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BOTANICAL

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THE ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS,

AND THEIR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

Go

Dr. FRIEDRICH WOEHLER, F.R.S,,

PRUSSIAN COUNCILLOR OF STATE FOR MEDICINE,
KNIGHT OF THE ORDER “POUR LE MERITE,”

A LEADER IN CHEMICAL SCIENCE FOR HALF A CENTURY,

And to

Dr. JOHN HALL GLADSTONE, F.R.S,,
PRESIDENT OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY,

A LABORIOUS AND ORIGINAL WORKER IN THE FIELD OF

CHEMISTRY,

Rebverentlhy Medicated.

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BOTANICAL |

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ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

OF

PLANTS AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES

THEIR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

BY

De, G. C. WITTSTEIN.

AUTHORISED TRANSLATION FROM THE GERMAN ORIGINAL, ENLARGED
WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS ;

BY

BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,
C.M.G., M. & Pa. D., F.R.S.

MELBOURNE:
M‘CARRON, BIRD & CO., 37 FLINDERS LANE WEST.

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—
PAGE
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE . 5 y 4 . A 5 e ; ix
AUTHOR’S PREFACE . : d 3 £ : 2 ; 3 4 Xili
INTRODUCTION . ‘ A : : P ; ; £ ; § XV
DIVISION I. PAGE
THE PROXIMATE CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS AND VEGETABLE Sup-
STANCES AS FAR AS HITHERTO KNOWN; THEIR PROPERTIES;
THEIR MODE OF PREPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION 1
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF ORGANIC CompouNDs . ; = 2 232
DIVISION II.
SYNOPSIS OF THOSE PLANTS, WHICH YIELD THE PROXIMATE Con-
STITUENTS DESCRIBED UNDER Division I. : 2 3 2 238
DIVISION III.
List OF THE PLANTS INDICATED IN THE PRECEDING Division, THE
ORDERS SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED ; : h Z F 260

PART II.
DIVISION 1.

APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS . 4 R 273

Viil

DIVISION II.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS .

DIVISION II.

GENERAL SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

. Quantitative Estimation of the Water

. Treatment with Ether

. Treatment with Alcohol.

. Treatment with Cold Water .

. Treatment with Boiling Water : :

. Treatment with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid .
VII.

VIII.

Treatment with Diluted Potash Solution
Distillation with Water .

IX. Distillation with Acid Water.
X, Distillation with Alkaline Water

TABLES OF COMPARISON .

ERRATA AND OMISSIONS .

PAGE
279

22
293
294
313
314
318
318
320
321
324
325
326
330

PREFACE OF THE TRANSLATOR.

Ar the time when Dr. Wirrstemn’s “ Anleitung zwr chemischen
Analyse von Pflanzentheilen auf ihre orgamischen Bestandtheile”
made its appearance, I was honoured by its distinguished author,
whose friendshipI have enjoyed for many years, by bringing this im-
portant work under my notice. Recognising its value in my own
laboratory, I became eager to render it accessible also to chemical
workers in the great British Empire, as well as in the North
American States, through an English version. The consent for a
translation was granted with equal liberality and disinterestedness
both by the author and Mr. C. H. Beck, of Noerdlingen, the pub-
lisher of the work. Circumstances, over which I could exercise no
control, and such as not readily occur except in the earlier phases
of a young colony, have retarded, to my deep regret, for a series
of years the issue of this translation, though the manuscripts were
mostly prepared long ago; thus I redeem but late the obligation
so far devolving on me, and this to the disadvantage of the author.
I feel great pleasure in acknowledging the co-operation of Mr. L.
RumMEL, who for some years conducted many phyto-chemic and
technic operations in my laboratory, in aiding me throughout in
the work of translation, and also in its revision, while it was pass-
ing through the press. Thus I effected a large saving of my time,
heavily taxed already by multifarious professional, departmental
and special literary duties, and often even sacrificed in defending the
dignity of a scientific position, or sustaining my means for
further progressive researches. These circumstances may also
plead excuse, should I not have realised the expectations, raised in

x

reference to this translation by the meritorious author or by the
Pharmaceutic Society of Victoria, which more particularly through
its President, Jos. Bosisto, Esq., M.P., and its Hon. Secretary,
©. R. BLAckKETT, Esq., promoted the issue of this English
edition. The delay, which arose in the publication, has had how-
ever one advantage; it is this, that I was enabled to supplement
the original work with many additional notes on new and well
authenticated phyto-chemic data, which transpired during the
last few years, some claiming local originality here. These addi-
tions, for which I myself must take the responsibility, are distin-
guished by the marks of parenthesis, and have met with Dr.
WITTSTEIN’S approbation. The “Zeitschrift des allgemeinen cester-
reichischen Apotheker-Vereins” was one of the main-sources of the
additional data, obtained for this translation. Moreover, in one
respect I have effected alterations in the original, for which the
author’s concession was also obtained; they consist in my re-writ-
ing the two chapters on the systematic names and arrangement of
all the plants, to chemical substances of which allusion is made in
the work. Researches on extended material, even since Professor
WITTSTEIN issued his volume, have not only modified in many cases
the systematic limits of the orders, genera and species of these
plants, but have also shed light on the origin of many medicinal and
other vegetable substances, coming within the scope of this work,
and formerly more or less involved in obscurity. Furthermore, I
have preferred in the enumerative chapter of plants a systematic
arrangement to an alphabetic sequence, and for this I have
adopted the Candollean (or reversed Jussieuan) system, with such
a change, as enabled me to distribute the monochlamydeous orders
(Conifere and Cycadez excepted) among the other dicotyledonous
ordinal groups, according to their greatest mutual affinities.
The atomic formulas have been left unaltered, as given in the
original; but a tabular exposition is appended, demonstrating the
symbols of molecules according to the modern doctrine, adopted in
most of the recent chemical works. Added are also as new
for convenience tabular comparisons of English with metric
weights and measures; furthermore, comparative tables of

x1

Celsius’ and Fahrenheit’s thermometers, and finally calculations
of the specific gravity of alcohol, according to the degrees of its
dilution.

The translation is effected not without a certain freedom,
extended even to the etymologic construction of the chemical
appellations; yet I have endeavoured to adhere to the original
text, so far as the different idioms of the two languages permitted.
If I have failed in fusing the translation into the best expressions
and forms, then I may frankly concede, that unless under remark-
able circumstances of exception we never will be able to wield
fully a language, which has not been that of our youth. If, after
much toil and expenditure (the print of this translation being
effected at my own private expense), I could wish, to reap any
reward for my aid in diffusing the knowledge of methods, adopted
by a leading masterly operator in phyto-chemistry, it would be,
that local observers in these southern colonies, as well as in
any other countries, teeming with an almost endless number of
yet novel objects for phyto-chemic inquiry for additional resources,
may be armed with auxiliary means for extending not only
in abstract the science of chemistry, but also the precincts of
therapeutics, and the realms of technology in reference to

vegetable products.

MELBOURNE, May, 1878.

“=

PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR.

Wiru the exception of a work* published ten years ago, literature
has as yet been wholly unrepresented by a manual of phyto-chemic
analysis. For this reason alone the above work met with a very
favourable reception, which moreover was doubtless enhanced by
the name of the author, who had for a long time been engaged in
researches of that particular direction. My expectations on receiving
it were great. “But although I found a considerable treasure of ex-
periences deposited therein, I had soon to arrive at the conclusion,
that the course recommended by the author renders the performance
of a phyto-chemical analysis an extremely tiresome and slow pro-
cess, and one requiring a large share of patience; consequently,
instead of animating to attempt analyses of such kind, it rather
deters therefrom. Besides, the course of the analysis indicated
therein did not meet with my approval.

I decided therefore, not being inexperienced myself in these
kinds of operations, to publish the method, which I have followed
for many years, and which after numerous repetitions and correc- '
tions has been proved most practical, since it is considerably
shorter than any other, and, I venture to say, is not less accurate.
By this I will not assume, that my work is not capable of im-
provement; indeed, I myself am striving for that incessantly still,
and shall gladly acknowledge any aid from anyone, who may pur-
sue the same objects.

* * Anleitung zur Analyse von Pflanzen und Pflanzentheilen,” von Friedr.
Rochleder, Wuerzburg.

Xiv

But to restrict this work merely to the methodical course of
investigation appeared to me too incomplete; on the contrary, I
considered it necessary to submit a short review of the apparatus
and reagents required for the investigation, as well as of the whole
of the proximate constituents hitherto known, in order that my
work might contain nearly everything most urgently required for
any phyto-chemical analysis, while dispensing with the necessity
of consulting other works, involving loss of time and often pro-
ducing unsatisfactory results.*

WITTSTEIN.

MvnicH, February, 1868.

* All temperatures given in this book refer to the centesimal (Celsius’)

thermometer.

INTRODUCTION.

THE chemical analysis of a plant is distinguished from that of a
mineral in several ways.

1. With a mineral the object of the analysis is the investigation
of the nature of its elements or of their simplest binary combi-
nations.

With a plant it is otherwise, because the elements, constituting
the same,* are few in number and always the same, namely, car-
bon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.f

It is true, all organic bodies do not contain these four elements
together ; but to all of them belongs carbon, with which in most
cases is combined oxygen and hydrogen, in some hydrogen, oxygen
and nitrogen, in others hydrogen and nitrogen, in others again
only hydrogen, and in a very small number only oxygen. Accord-
ing to the nature of their elements, the organic bodies form there-
fore the following five groups :

First group, carbon combined with oxygen,

Second ,, is > „ hydrogen,

Third ,, 5 fs ¥5 » . and oxygen,
Fourth ,, - u 5 AS „, nitrogen,
Fifth ,, er ” Pr s » „ and oxygen,

of which the third group in regard to members greatly excels the
other four groups.

* Once for all be it here remarked, that the investigation of plants in
regard to their inorganic constituents—the ash-analysis—is excluded from
this book, since I have published regarding this branch of science special
instructions already several years ago.

+ Sulphur, ‘present in a very few Br oximate constituents of plants, may
here remain unconsidered.

Xvi

General, perspicuous and readily applicable distinguishing charac-
teristics of these five groups are at present unknown; only the
determination, whether an organic body belongs to any of the
three first or any of the last two groups, that is, whether it is free
of nitrogen or nitrogenised, is as a rule easy, because nitrogenised
bodies mostly burn with a so-called horny odour and liberate
ammonia on application of alkalies. In dubious cases ignite the
body with sodium, treat the mass with water, add to the solution
subsulphate of iron and over-saturate afterwards with hydrochloric
acid, when in the presence of nitrogen a floccous turbidity of prus-
sian blue is produced.

The investigation, to which of these five groups an organic body
belongs and in what proportions the elements stand to each other,
is moreover the object of the so-called elementary analysis; con-
sequently the latter often extends into the province of special
phyto-chemic analysis, but, like ash analysis, needs not here to be
considered, since for their execution most text-books on organic
chemistry afford all the requisite instruction.

2. With a mineral the object pointed out before can only be
attained by complete dissolution. The solution takes place either
in one or in several operations, in the latter case under change of
the solvent. As solvents serve mostly acids, not so frequently
alkalies, seldom water, never alcohol or ether.

With a plant the determination of its constituents is likewise
ascertained by dissolution, but always with leaving a considerable
residue; and therefore this kind of solution belongs to those
operations, described by the term of extraction, The most im-
portant extracting agents are here ether, alcohol and water.. Of
less importance are acids and alkalies.

3. In a mineral analysis, the single constituents of the object of
examination are obtained either as such or in compounds of
accurately known constitution, but always in proportions of
weight expressing most accurately the composition of the mineral.

In a phyto-chemic analysis means for a precise separation of
the constituents are often still wanting. Quantitative determina-
tions often encounter invincible difficulties, can only, in com-

Xvi

paratively few cases, be executed satisfactorily, and a qualitative
result has mostly to satisfy the operator.

4. To fathom the chemical constitution of a mineral, one or a
few grams weight are almost always quite sufficient.

On the contrary, to ascertain qualitatively, and even super-
ficially, all the constituents of a plant, at least a hundred times
more material is required, but which, if a profound study of the
single constituents is aimed at, has still to be increased ten or
even a hundred fold.

5. It belongs to the rarest cases, generally only occurring after
intervals of years, to meet, in the analysis of a mineral, with a
constituent previously quite unknown, the discovery of which means
at the same time that of a new element.

In a phyto-chemic analysis, on the other hand, it is not un-
common to obtain constituents unknown before. It therefore
offers still a very fertile field for discoveries, though it ought not
to be overlooked, that the accurate decision in regard to the
correctness of such a discovery is mostly no easy task, because it
depends on the purity and quantity of the material, which is not
always so obtainable.

6. During the analysis of minerals a decomposition of the con-
stituents, as regards their elements, need of course not be appre-
hended; the occurring changes consist only in the absorption or
liberation of oxygen, sulphur, a few other elements—and volatile
acids; the relations of these to the object of examination, whether
they are constituents of the same or not, are already answered
satisfactorily by other operations of the analysis.

The phyto-chemic analysis, on the contrary, is never safe against
irretrievable losses, and this is the more impeding, because those
constituents are mostly lost, on the determination of which the
success of the whole operation mainly depends. The causes of
such losses are either the easy decomposibility, or the volatility,
or the solubility of many organic substances. To avoid such
losses must be the incessant endeavour of the analytic operator,
if he will not run the risk of losing the fruits of perhaps months
of toil.

xviii

In the preceding six paragraphs, on which it would be easy to
enlarge, I have explained sufficiently, that the execution of a
phyto-chemic analysis is one of those operations, the just perform-
ance of which demands in a high degree circumspectness and
accuracy. But the real value of such work is only obtained, when
the necessary chemical elementary knowledge is previously gained ;
and as such I must designate the complete theoretical and prac-
tical acquaintance with the qualitative and quantitative inorganic
analysis, with the principal laboratary operations, with the charac-
teristics of the most important groups of organic bodies, and with
their elementary analysis. He, who undertakes a phyto-chemic
analysis without being furnished with these treasures of knowledge,
enters helpless the field of research, and has, irrespective of loss of
time and means, no chance of results, while he may introduce
dubious or incorrect data inte science. Ancient phyto-chemic
analysts have sometimes in these respects committed themselves
enormously; but the modern operators ought not on that account
to relax, but ought to remember, that we are justified in de-
manding from them something better than from their predecessors,
and that perhaps the limits of their own exertions may in not too
distant a time be considerably surpassed. At all events, the
endeavours of the chemical worker must be incessantly directed
towards the goal of perfection, and in this spirit I shall welcome
also every contribution to the improvement of this work.

PART I.

\

DIVISION I.

THE PROXIMATE CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS AND
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES AS FAR AS HITHERTO
KNOWN; THEIR PROPERTIES; THEIR MODE OF
PREPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION,

My original intention was to bring this work into a kind of
systematic form—into a number of natural groups; but I relin-
quished this purpose on account of very many great difficulties.
A very large number of the vegetable substances, treated on in
the following pages, are as yet so imperfectly investigated, that it
is impossible to determine their real constitution; consequently
they could not have been brought into any system at all. More-
over, not a few of the better-known substances have properties,
which leave it doubtful to which of the groups they belong. For
instance, there are many dyeing substances, which possess all the
properties of resins or acids, and therefore can be placed just as
well among the resins as among the acids, and had to be looked
for sometimes amongst the resins, sometimes amongst the dyeing
substances, and sometimes amongst the acids. A special index
might have alleviated this difficulty; still, the system would not
have been better for allthat. I preferred, in order to follow out the
practical object, to bring all the names into one alphabetical order;
and to facilitate consultation by tables of synonymes.

The nature of a substance will be taught by its description. A
thorough investigation is wanting for a satisfactory result, and
herein lies an invitation to fill out gaps, and sometimes very con-
siderable ones, in our knowledge of vegetable compounds hitherto
considered peculiar. Whoever devotes his time to the solution
of such problems deserves more praise, I firmly believe, than he
who engages in the examination of vegetables not analysed before,

2

[Abieten. Liquid hydrocarbon, obtained by distillation from the
resin of Pinus Sabiniana. It is a colourless oil of a penetrating
orange-like odour, of 0'694 sp. gr. at 15°, boiling at 101°. Dis-
solves very little in water, in five parts alcohol of 95%. It
forms no compound with hydrochloric acid gas, and is slowly
decomposed by warm nitric acid. It absorbs a great quantity of
chlorine, and becomes thick. The A. is an excellent solvent for
fats and volatile oils, except castor oil, though the latter dissolves
two-thirds of its own volume of Abieten. Canada balsam dis-
solves two parts Abieten, Peru balsam one-fifth its volume.
Wenzel. |

Abietic Acid. The constitution of colophony, ü.e, of the
resinous substance exudated from coniferous trees by incisions of
the stem, and which is fused afterwards in order to volatilise the
essential oils, is, according to Maly, materially different, and
especially much less complicated than it was heretofore considered.
It is not a mixture of several isomeric acids (sylvic, pinic, pimaric
acids = C49 Ho O4 ), besides indifferent resins, but consists in the
main (more than 90%) of a peculiar acid in the anhydrous form,
named by the author Abietic acid, and composed according to the
formula Cgg Heg Og. It is a bibasic acid, and crystallises slowly
from a solution of colophony in common alcohol (of about 70%),
as hydrate = Cgg Hgz Og + 2 HO in crusty masses. The anhydrous
acid fuses at 100°, the hydrate not under 165°, without losing
water; and even in higher temperatures it does not lose more
water, until, through long-continued heating, it assumes a yellow
or brown colour and becomes decomposed. The so-called sylvic
acid was imperfectly purified abietic acid, the pinic acid nothing
but genuine colophony, and pimaric acid appears to be nothing
else but abietic acid.

Absinthin = Cy Hyg Og. The bitter ingredient of Artemisia
Absinthium. Precipitate the decoction with tannic acid, mix the
washed precipitate with oxyd of lead, dry, treat with alcohol,
digest the solution with animal charcoal and evaporate. The
remaining Absinthin has the appearance of slightly yellow drops
of oil, but solidifies to a hard, indistinctly crystallised mass. It
is friable to a powder, not influenced by the atmosphere, neutral,
not aromatic, of a very bitter taste, fuses at 120° to 125°; dis-
solves very little in cold and sparingly in hot water, readily in
alcohol, ether and alkalies; yields no sugar with diluted acids, and
dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a brown colour, which
changes slowly to a green-blue and becomes dark-blue by a few
drops of water, but separates grey flakes by an excess of the
latter.

Acetic Acid=C, Hz; O3; + HO. Discovered in the juice of
many plants, and especially of trees, Its properties are well

3

known. The salts formed by it are all soluble in water, most of
them readily so; they can be recognised with certainty by the
blood-red colour they acquire with salts of oxyd of iron, by
the smell of acetic acid they emit when heated with sulphuric acid
and alcohol, and by the odour of alkarsin (oxyd of kakodyl),
when heated dry with arsenious acid. Its production and quanti-
tative estimation can, as it belongs to the volatile acids, only be
effected by distilling the liquid in question with sulphuric acid
until the distillate no longer shows any acid reaction. Should the
liquid contain much organic matter, phosphoric instead of sul-
phuric acid has to be used, since towards the end of the operation,
the latter acid is decomposed by the organic matter into sulphur-
ous acid, which, in passing over, would contaminate the acetic acid.
The distillate has to be saturated with soda, dried, heated until it is
fused and weighed. One hundred parts by weight of this anhydrous -
salt contain 62:00 parts acetic acid. The result will be/more
exact by digesting the acid distillate with an excess of carbonate
of baryta, finely ground in water, and filtering after the acid
reaction has disappeared. The filtrate has to be precipitated with
sulphuric acid, and the resulting sulphate of baryta has to be
weighed. One hundred parts of the latter salt represent 43:78
parts acetic acid.

Achilleic Acid. Peculiar acid of Achillea Millefolium. In
order to obtain it, precipitate the decoction of the herb by acetate
of lead, decompose the deposit by sulphuret of hydrogen, over-
saturate the acid liquid (containing green colouring matter and
lime) with carbonate of potash, filter off from the lime, digest
with animal charcoal, decompose the potassium salt with acetate
of lead and the lead compound with sulphuret of hydrogen. A
colourless liquid, without smell and of very acid taste; its density
is 1:0148 in the utmost concentration, not volatile at 80°, is
assuming a darker colour by protracted heating; crystallises in
colourless prisms, soluble in two parts water, when exposed to the
atmosphere; the solution is not precipitated by the acetate, but
becomes turbid by the subacetate of lead; yields crystallisable
salts with alkalies.

Achillein, The preparation designated by this name is
nothing but an alcoholic extract of Achillea Millefolium, which has
been treated with animal charcoal and evaporated to dryness. It
has a yellow-brown colour, a peculiar smell and a bitter, not dis-
agreeable taste similar to milfoil, the plant yielding it. It
becomes moist by exposure to the atmosphere, and dissolves easily
in water and in alcohol; in ether only when mixed with a few
drops of acetic acid.

[Achillein (see Ivam). The evaporated, aqueous extract, on
treating with alcohol, yields up Achillein, Moschatin and organic

B 2

4

acids. Moschatin is thrown down by addition of water, and the
acids by subacetate of lead. Brittle, brown-red, hygroscopic mass
of a bitter taste, easily soluble in water, less so in alcohol; in-
soluble in ether. Contains nitrogen. Planta Reichenau. |

Acids, All organic acids as yet investigated are combinations
of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen—seldom without hydrogen,
and more seldom still with nitrogen; they have an acid reaction
and mostly an acid taste, and form salts with the bases. They are
very widely diffused, and it is highly probable that there exists
no vegetable organism, which does not contain one or the other; in-
deed, experience has shown that many plants contain more than
one. They exist very seldom in the free state in the organism,
but nearly always either partly or entirely saturated by anorganic
or by organic bases (alkaloids); in the event of the basic access
being incomplete, they are the cause of the acid reaction of vege-
table extracts. The substance found combined with fat acids, and
which serves as substitute for bases, is oxyd of glyceryl.

Acids are either volatile or not, as in the case of alkaloids. The
volatile acids are always obtained by distillation with a fixed
mineral acid, preferably phosphoric acid. For fuller information
see section ix., Division III., Part II., where the way of their
estimation is also indicated. The particulars for ascertaining, pre-
paring and estimating non-volatile acids will be found in sections
ii. and viii. The discovery of fat acids coincides in section il.
with the examination of fats.

Acolyetin, The root of Aconitum Lycoctonum contains no
aconitin, but in its stead two other organic bases, the one of
which has been termed Acolyctin, and the other, present in less
quantity, Lycoctonin. In order to isolate the Acolyctin, evaporate
or distil the alcohol from the tincture (treated beforehand as under
«“ Aconitin,” according to Geiger and Hesse, first with lime and
afterwards with sulphuric acid), remove from the residue—diluted
with water, if necessary—all resinous matters, decolourise with
animal charcoal, add carbonate of soda in sufficient quantity for a
decidedly alkaline reaction and bring to dryness. Grind the
substance, extract with chloroform or absolute alcohol, filter, add
some water, evaporate to a syrup, shake repeatedly with ether
(which dissolves the Lycoctonin), dry and pulverise. Whitish
powder of a bitter, not acrid taste, readily soluble in water, in
diluted and concentrated alcohol and in chloroform, but not in
ether; of alkaline reaction. When ether is added to the alcoholic
solution, the whole of it will either be converted into a paste, or the
Acolyctin will fall down as a white substance when more diluted.
It separates in drops on the bottom of the vessel when ether is
added to its solution in chloroform. The aqueous solution of the
pure Acolyctin and of its salts is precipitated by the carbonates of

5

alkalies. Ammonia has no effect on it at first, but after it has
been kept for some time the whole solidifies to a colourless jelly.
Tannic acid precipitates white, acetate of lead likewise, but an
excess of it re-dissolves the precipitate. Subacetate of lead
occasions no turbidness in the alcoholic solution, but a considerable
one in the aqueous solution. Molybdate of ammonia produces a
strong white turbidness with sulphate of Acolyctin. Chloride of
gold yields a pale yellow precipitate; concentrated sulphuric acid
causes no change of colour.

Aconellin = Narcotin.

Aconitic Acid =Cjz H3 O09 + 3HO. In the herb of species
of Aconitum and Delphinium Consolida, according to Baup also in
Equisetum (see Equisetic Acid). Extract with water, saturate with
carbonate of soda, precipitate the sulphuric and phosphoric acids
with acetate of baryta, filter, precipitate with acetate of lead,
wash the precipitate and decompose it in the moist state by sul-
phuret of hydrogen, separate the liquid by filtration from the
sulphide of lead, concentrate by evaporation, and leave it to
erystallise. It appears in white warts and needles, without smell,
of a pleasant acid taste, fuses at 140° and decomposes in higher
temperatures, dissolves readily in water, alcohol and ether. The
salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths are readily soluble, most
of the other salts only with difficulty.

Aconitin = Coo Hs; NO. Specific alkaloid of the root of
Aconitum Napellus, A. ferox and probably of other species of this
genus of Ranunculacee. Extract with hot water, acidulated by
sulphuric acid, press out, evaporate to a syrupy consistence, saturate
not quite sufficiently with carbonate of soda and add a sufficient
quantity of calcined magnesia to give it a faint alkaline reaction,
shake several times with ether, mix the ethereous solutions and
distil off the solvent, heat the remnant with water and add diluted
sulphuric acid by drops until it is dissolved, drive off the last
traces of ether, leave to cool, filter, precipitate the filtrate with
ammonia, collect the white flocky precipitate occasioned thereby,
wash and dry without application of heat. White, voluminous,
dull, amorphous, electric powder without odour, but even in the
most minute particles of remarkably irritating effect upon the
mucous membranes of the nose; of at first’ faintly bitter, after-
wards long-lasting acrid, burning and lastingly harsh taste. It
fuses at 80-85° under loss of 25 per cent. (water) and decomposes
in higher temperatures, while emitting vapours of acid reaction.
It dissolves in 1316 parts cold and in 43 parts boiling water, and
these solutions have a neutral reaction; very readily soluble in
alcohol, ether, benzol, chloroform and sulphide of carbon, and
these solutions have a faint alkaline reaction when concentrated ;

6

it also dissolves in diluted acids, but without yielding crystal-
lisable salts. It dissolves colourless in concentrated sulphuric
acid; and chromate of potash originates in the solution pale purple-
red zones, similar to those which are produced by subjecting strych-
nin to the same process, but much paler. Its solution in
concentrated nitric acid is gold-yellow. Caustic potash, ammonia
and carbonate of potash give a white precipitate; carbonate of
ammonia, bicarbonate and phosphate of soda none; chloride of
mercury, sulphocyanide of potassium and tannic acid a white one,
picric acid a yellow one, tincture of iodine a red-brown, chloride
of gold a yellow-white, and chloride of platinum none.

Acorn Sugar = QUERCIT.

Adansonin = Cag Hag O3. The bitter ingredient of the
bark of Adansonia digitata and A. Gregorii. In order to obtain
it in a pure state, evaporate the alcoholie extract to dryness, boil
with water, mix with finely ground oxyd of lead, filter, evaporate
nearly to dryness, shake with ether and leave the ethereous liquids
to evaporate without heat. Fine, white needles of a smell similar
to that of aloes or gentian, of extremely bitter taste, fusible by
heat, but becoming afterwards carbonised; dissolves in six parts
cold and three parts boiling ether, also readily soluble in absolute
and in common alcohol and perceptibly in water. The solutions
do not become turbid by alkalies and by metallic salts. Chloride
of iron imparts to the alcoholic solution a greenish tinge.

7Esculin = Cszg Hos Oog + 3 HO. In the bark of Atsculus
Hippocastanum; its occurrence in other plants (in the quassia,
sandalwood, &c.) has to be further proved yet. Exhaust with
alcohol of 80°, distil off the bulk of the alcohol and leave the
rest to stand in the cold for a few weeks. The A#., which will then
have separated, has to be washed with ice-cold water and recrystal-
lised repeatedly in ether-alcohol. Snow-white, fine crystalline
needles, often globularly arranged and of the appearance of a
loose powder, inodorous, of slightly bitter taste and of acid re-
action. It fuses at 160° under loss of the water, and is decomposed
in higher temparatures; dissolves in 672 parts cold, already in
124 parts boiling water. The cold saturated solution is colourless
and of a faint blue fluorescence, which becomes more marked after
the addition of well-water; it loses this property by acids, but re-
covers it through alkalies and alkaline earths. It dissolves in
diluted acids or alkalies more readily than in water; the alkaline
solution appears blue in the reflected and yellow in the trans-
mitted light. Dissolves in 120 parts absolute alcohol, in 100
parts alcohol of 82%, in 80 parts rectified alcohol, and in 24
parts boiling absolute alcohol. It changes into sugar and escule-
tin (Cjg Hg Og ) when boiled with diluted acids.

7

[Agaric Acid together with Agaric Resin have been prepared
by G. Fleury from Polyporus officinalis by extracting with ether.
Agaric resin is brown-red, pulverised light-brown; insoluble in
water, easily soluble in ether and in absolute alcohol, less in alco-
hol of 70%, also in methylic alcohol, chloroform, acetic acid, in-
soluble in benzol and sulphide of carbon; easily soluble in am-
monia and diluted potash-ley. It is only slightly bitter and fuses
at 89°7°.

Agaric Acid crystallises in fine, white needles, fuses at 145:7°,
not sublimable, dissolves easily in strong alcohol, less in chloro-
form, very little in ether and acetic acid, still less in sulphide of
carbon and benzol. Water dissolves very little of it, but assumes
an acid reaction. Its centesimal composition is C=63:44, H=
9°75, O= 26°81.]

Agaricin, Solid, crystallisable fat, contained in mushrooms
(Agaricus campestris and many other species), fusing between
148-150°, is not affected by caustic alkalies.

Agrostemmin, Alkaloid alleged to exist in the seeds of
Lychnis Githago. Obtained by extracting with alcohol of 40 per
cent. containing acetic acid, and by precipitating with calcined
magnesia. The precipitate to be treated with alcohol and left to
erystallise. Yellowish white, minute scales, fusible by heat and
slowly soluble in water, of perceptibly alkaline reaction and
yielding crystallisable salts with acids.

[Ailantic Acid, prepared by Narajan-Dagi from the bark of
Ailantus excelsa. The decoction of the bark is freed from
lime by oxalic acid, from gum and colouring matter by sub-
acetate of lead; the liquid is then evaporated after treating with
sulphuret of hydrogen. Reddish brown, very bitter, deliquescent
mass of wax-consistence, very easily soluble in water, less in
alcohol and ether, insoluble in chloroform and benzol.]

Albumin, The widest distributed of the protein-substances
and found in the sap of all vegetables, but occurring also in the
solid or curdled state. When these juices are heated to the
boiling point or only to 75°, the albumin loses its solubility and
separates in almost white flakes, frequently coloured green by
chlorophyll. By treating the coagulated mass successively with
alcohol, ether and water containing hydrochloric acid, the albu-
min remains after drying as a yellowish or grey-white trans-
parent mass, which swells up in water without dissolving in it,
and by its behaviour coincides with protein (see Protein-sub-
stances). In order to determine the quantity of albumin con-
tained in a liquid, collect after the latter has been purified in the
above manner in a weighed filter, and dry at 120°.

8

Alismin. An acrid and bitter substance, occurring in the
roots of Alisma Plantago, but only obtained in the extractive
form, and has as yet not been closely examined.

Alizarin = Cy Hg Og + 4 HO. In the root of Rubia tinc-
torum. Boil the pulverised root (madder) with water, precipitate
the decoction with sulphuric acid, and boil the well-washed pre-
cipitate with chloride of aluminium, in order to dissolve the dyeing
substances. The solution, when mixed with a little hydrochloric
acid, separates red flocks consisting of Alizarin, purpurin and
resin. These flocks have to be dissolved in alcohol, or in diluted
liquor of ammonia under addition of freshly precipitated alumina,
which combines with the dyeing matters. This compound has to
be boiled with concentrated solution of carbonate of soda, whereby
purpurin is dissolved with deep-red colour, while Alizarin-alumina
remains in the residue. The latter has to be freed from resinous
matter by washing with warm ether, and is then decomposed by
boiling with diluted hydrochloric acid. The remaining Alizarin
has to be recrystallised in alcohol. It appears in long translucent,
dark-yellow prisms of great lustre, of neutral reaction, and of
bitter taste; loses the water at 100° to 120°, turns opaque, darker
red, fuses afterwards, and sublimates at 215° in orange-red
needles; dissolves little in water, with purple colour in alkalies,
with blood-red colour in concentrated sulphuric acid, and is precipi-
table by water without change, with red-yellow colour in sulphide
of carbon, and with gold colour in alcohol and in ether.

[From the tubers of various Australian Droserae a substance
has been obtained, which in physical properties closely resembles,

and probably is identical with, Alizarin—Baron von Mueller
and Rummel. |

Alkaloids. Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen,
with or without oxygen, mostly of alkaline reaction, and able to
form salts with acids. Considering the short time (about fifty
years), which has elapsed since their existence has been discovered,
their number is rather considerable, and becomes greater con-
tinually, though only the minor portion of the plants as yet
treated for such have given positive results, perhaps because either
too little raw material has been employed, the quantity of alka-
loids in vegetables being comparatively small, or because the
proper method has not been adopted, or was not known, as is
partly the case even at present. Investigations in this branch of
phyto-chemistry are nevertheless so far progressing, that I may
venture some remarks regarding the approximate number and
distribution of alkaloids.

The classification of plants into natural groups satisfies not only
the botanist to a high degree, but also the chemist, for, just as the

. former comprises all the plants that show a certain harmony in

9

regard to morphology and anatomy into one separate group, so
the latter observes that the individuals of such a group resemble
each other by containing certain widely-distributed substances in
exceedingly large quantities (for instance, tannic acid, starch), or
by yielding certain compounds of peculiar character in regard to
smell, taste or effect on the animal organism, substances which are
either confined to one family or only present in but few others.
Of such substances, which appear to link together different
families, each group contains either one or more, and amongst
them are of high consequence the alkaloids. The number of
orders or suborders of plants amounts to about 400; when we admit
that on the average each of them contains two or three specific
alkaloids, it follows that the whole vegetable kingdom produces
about 1000, of which I need scarcely say only the minor portion
(about one-fifth) has become accurately known. In making this
computation, it has not been left out of regard, that some of the
vegetable families (Labiate, Composite) are at least largely free
of alkaloids, that some have only one in common (for instance,
Berberin belongs, as far as our knowledge goes, alike to
Anonacez, Berberidez, Cassie, Menispermez, Papaveracez,
Ranunculacez, Rutace), and that some families contain more
than two or three alkaloids (Cinchonee, Papaveraces,
Solanacex, &c.).

Whereas the presence of an essential oil in vegetables is imme-
diately recognised by the smell, general indications for the pre-
sence of alkaloids are wanting. Indeed, all the alkaloids known
at present possess a very perceptible taste, which is mostly bitter and
acrid, both to the highest degree; and those among them that are
volatile have also a specific odour; but these characteristics of
taste and smell are shared by many other substances devoid of
alkaloid properties. On the other hand, it would be unwarrant-
able to conclude from little or no taste the absence of alkaloids in
a plant, as the alkaloid, when only present in minute quantities,
may not be detected by means of tasting. In this case, the

isolation of the alkaloid is often surrounded by the greatest
difficulties.

Before examining any vegetables on alkaloids, it must be decided
first, if the latter are volatile or not. When a herb is endowed
with a strong smell, that becomes more striking by adding a solution
of caustic potash, the presence of a volatile alkaloid is evident.
The non-volatile alkaloids are not so easily found out, since they
may not be recognised by the taste; consequently, an alkaloid,
before it can be considered as such, must be isolated in almost a
pure form. Their estimation and isolation become therefore
simultaneously necessary. This process of isolation serves, at the
same time, for determining the quantity.

10

The fact that every aqueous extract of vegetables reddens the
litmus-paper shows, that the akaloids are not present in the free
state in the organism, but bound to acids as salts. Generally, these
salts dissolve readily in water, except the tannates, which dissolve
slowly or not at all. In the latter case, ü.e., when tannic acid is
present, the extraction, in order to be exhaustive, has to be carried
on by means of a very diluted mineral acid (100 parts water to
about two parts of sulphuric or hydrochloric acids). Alkalies and
alkaline earths decompose all these salts easily by combining with
the acid and leaving the alkaloid free, whereby the latter, accord-
ing to its nature, is either volatilised or remains in the solution or
is precipitated. By these characteristics is also indicated the way
for obtaining the alkaloids in general.

The volatile alkaloids are at ordinary temperature liquid, colour-
less, of a strong specific odour of the plant used for their prepara-
tion, mostly heavier than water (of those which are known, only
coniin is lighter than water), of alkaline reaction, readily soluble
in water, alcohol, ether and acids.

The non-volatile alkaloids are mostly white, seldom yellow,
without odour, mostly of an eminently bitter or acrid taste, of
amorphous or crystalline structure, heavier than water, fusible or
not, slowly or not at all soluble in water, but readily so in acids
and mostly in alcohol too, and partly in ether, of feeble alkaline
reaction even in the saturated alcoholic solution.

Alkanna-red = AncuusIn.

Alchornin., Peculiar substance, obtained from the bark of
Alchornea latifolia by extracting with alcohol, treating the extract
with ether, and evaporating the ethereous solution. White, pointed
crystals ; readily soluble in alcohol, ether and oil of turpentine,
but not in alkalies and diluted acids. Its existence has been re-
peatedly questioned.

Aloin = C3, Hyg O14+ HO. In the aloes (the dried juice of
the leaves of various species of the genus Aloe). In some sorts of
aloes it exists in the amorphous form, and can therefore not be ob-
tained pure. Best adapted for its isolation is the Barbadoes aloe.
Extract with cold water, evaporate in vacuo to a syrup, leave to
cool, collect the separated crystalline grains, press and recrystallise
in water of not more than 65°. It appears in sulphur-yellow grains
when crystallised in water, and in concentrically radiated needles
when crystallised in alcohol, of at first sweetish, afterwards intensely
bitter taste, without odour and of neutral reaction. It loses the
water on the waterbath, and when left there for a longer time it
loses more water and becomes partly converted into a brown, amor-
phous resin. Afterwards it fuses and decomposes gradually. Dis-
solves in 600 parts of cold water, readily in alcohol, ether and

11

alkalies. When any of these solutions are boiled, the Aloin becomes
uncrystallisable.

Aluchi-Resin, From an unknown tree of Madagascar. Almost
white on the outside, of black marble appearance on the inside,
opaque, solid, friable, of strongly aromatic, pepperlike smell and of
bitter taste. Contains volatile oil, a resin easily dissolving in
alcohol, another resin more difficult to dissolve in alcohol (the
latter crystalline to about 207), an acid in the free state, an amor-
phous bitter substance and a salt of ammonia.

Alyxia-Stereopten. Exudates on the inner surface of the
bark of Alyxia Reinwardti.* White, hair-shaped crystals of the
odour of cumarine, of faintly aromatic taste and of neutral reaction.
It sublimates at 75° to 87°, fuses in higher temperatures and becomes
brown afterwards; dissolves little in cold, better in warm water,
readily in alcohol, ether, acetic acid, oil of turpentine, caustic alka-
lies and carbonates of alkalies.

Amanitin, The alleged poisonous ingredient of the Fly-
Agaric (Agaricus muscarius), obtained as yet only as extract, con-
sequently impure.

[Ambrosin, A fossil resin, exudation of probably coniferous
trees of South Georgia. Resembles amber, yields on melting suc-
cinic acid and a fragrant volatile oil. Dissolves copiously in oil of
turpentine, alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbonate of potash, in
less quantity and without decomposition in concentrated mineral
acids. |

Ammoniacum, Gum-resinous exudation of Dorema ammo-
niacum. Yellowish white, half-transparent lumps, friable at low
temperature, of concheous fracture, disagreeable smell, faintly bitter
and acrid taste. Contains about 707/ resin, soluble in alcohol and
solution of alkalies, 18 gum, 4 bassorin, and a light volatile oil.

Amyedalin = Cu He; NO2+6 HO. Found in many plants
belonging to Rosacex, but its presence has been partly deduced
from the fact, that these vegetables produce hydrocyanic acid,
when distilled with water. Amygdalin has been obtained in
two different modifications, viz., (a) in the crystalline form
from the seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, Prunus Persica, Prunus
domestica, Prunus Laurocerasus, Prunus Padus, and from the leaves,
flowers and bark of the latter; (>) in the amorphous form from the
leaves of Prunus Persica and Prunus Laurocerasus and from the
seeds of Prunus Cerasus. Its presence has been deduced from the
hydrocyanic acid in the distillate of the following plants:—Prunus
capricida (leaves), Pr. spinosa (flowers and seeds), Pr. virginiana
(bark); Amelanchier vulgaris, Cotoneaster vulgaris, Crategus Oxya-

* Doubtless also in others of the many Australian, Indian, and Polynesian species
known in the root of A. ruscifolia.—F. vy. M.

12

cantha, Pyrus aucuparia, hybrida and torminalis (all flowers) ;
Spirea Aruncus, Japonica, sorbifolia (leaves).

The best material for the production of Amygdalin are bitter
almonds. These have to be separated from the bulk of fat-oil by
pressing; they are then extracted with strong alcohol and the latter
removed by distillation. The residue is separated from the oil
floating upon it, and mixed with half its volume of ether. The
Amygdalin subsides, and has to be pressed and recrystallised in
alcohol. It ecrystallises in alcohol with four equivalents water in
colourless scales of mother-of-pearl lustre (in water with six equi-
valents water in prisms), is without odour, of at first sweetish,
afterwards bitter taste, and of neutral reaction. It loses the whole
of the water at 120°, liquefies at 200°, turns brown and decomposes,
while evolving the odour of burnt sugar (caramel), afterwards of
hawthorn and at last of animal empyreumatic substances. It
dissolves at 8 to 12° in 15 parts water, in boiling water in un-
limited quantity; at 8 to 12°, in 904 parts alcohol of 0-819, in 148
parts alcohol of 0'939, in 12 parts boiling alcohol of 0°939; not
in ether. Its aqueous solution separates by adding dissolved
emulsin into hydrocyanic acid, oil of bitter almonds (Ci4 Hg O2 )
and grape sugar (Dextrose).

Amylum=Srarcu.

Amyrin, ‚See ARBOLABREA RESIN.

Anacahuit Tannie Acid = Cig Hy, O1. In the Anacahuit
wood (from Cordia Boissieri). Precipitate the aqueous infusion with
acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid, filter, pre-
cipitate the filtrate with ammonia, wash the precipitate and
decompose under water by sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and
evaporate. The solution is of a faint astringent taste, precipi-
tates chloride of iron with black-green and glue with brown
colour.

Anacardie Acid =Cy, Hs, O7. Obtained in combination
with lead in the preparation of Cardol. Wash with alcohol, de-
compose with hydrosulphide of ammonia, filter off from the
sulphide of lead and decompose the filtrate by sulphuric acid.
White, crystalline substance without smell in low temperature, in
higher of a peculiar odour and of faintly aromatic, afterwards
burning taste. It remains unaffected by heat at 150°, decomposes
at 200°, leaves greasy spots on paper; its solution in alcohol has a
decidedly acid reaction; dissolves readily in alcohol and in ether,
with faint blood-red colour in concentrated sulphuric acid. Yields
with bases partly crystalline, partly amorphous salts.

Anchusin = Czg Hz Og (Alkanna-red). The red dyeing
matter of Anchusa tinctoria. Remove foreign colouring matters
by extracting with cold water, dry, exhaust with alcohol, distil

13

the latter off from the tincture (after adding a few drops of
hydrochloric acid, in order to prevent the red matter from turning
green), evaporate on the water-bath to a thickish mass, shake with
ether, which assumes a dark-red colour, and with water; remove
the aqueous stratum and repeat the operation with fresh water
until the ethereous stratum has so far diminished as to become of
a thick fluidity, and evaporate the ether. Dark red-brown,
resinous, brittle mass of neutral reaction, fuses below 60°, vola-
tilises by careful heating in violet-red vapours similar to those of
iodine and condenses in voluminous flocks under partial decompo-
sition. Not soluble in water, but readily in alcohol and better
still in ether and oils with red, in concentrated sulphuric acid
with amethyst-colour, in alkalies with blue colour, and precipitable
in the latter solution by acids in brown-red flocks. The alcoholic
solution decomposes and becomes green with ammonia.

Andirin. Bitter substance of the wood of Andira anthel-
mintica, yellow-brown, soluble in water, alcohol and ether; only
known in the impure state.

Anemonie Acid = Ca Hy Oy. See Anemonın. White,
amorphous powder, without taste, of acid reaction, insoluble in
water, alcohol, ether, oils and diluted acids, combines with alkalies
in yellow colour.

Anemonin = Cz) Hy. Oy. In the herb of Anemone nemo-
rosa, pratensis, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus bulbosus, Flammula,
sceleratus*. The aqueous distillate of the above herbs, when kept
for some time in contact with the volatile oil, obtained by the
same operation, separates crystals of Anemonin and a white
pulverulent substance (Anemonic acid). Of the two substances
only Anemonin dissolves in alcohol, therefore it can be easily
separated. It appears in colourless, glossy prisms of the klino-
rhombic form, without odour, of highly poignant and burning
taste when fused, of neutral reaction; softens at 150° and decom-
poses afterwards (formerly believed to be volatile), dissolves very
little in cold water, dissolves in hot water and separates in crystals
on cooling; dissolves little in cold, readily in boiling alcohol; not
in cold, little in boiling ether; in chloroform; in fixed and volatile
oils ; in aqueous alkalies under decomposition.

Anethol = C2 Hig O2. Constitutes almost entirely the
volatile oils of Foeniculum officinale, of Artemisia Dracunculus,
of Pimpinella Anisum and of Illicium anisatum. It occurs in
the solid and in the liquid state. The former is obtained by
pressing the oil of the first, third or fourth of the above plants at
0° and by re-crystallising; the liquid is obtained from the oils of
the first or second herb by distilling, collecting the distillate of

* And numerous other plants of the order.—F. v. M.

14

206-225° and rectifying until of a constant boiling point, The
solid form appears in white lamine, smells more faintly and plea-
santly than anis-oil, fuses at 16°, boils at 220°, has at 12° a
density of 1'044, at 25° a density of 0°984. The liquid form
from fennel-oil does not congele at- 10° and boils at 225°; the
liquid from Tarragon-oil boils at 206°.

Angelic Acid = Ci H, O; + HO. Ingredient of the root of
Angelica Archangelica, of the Sumbul root (from Euryangium
Sumbul) and also of the essential oil of the flowers of An-
themis nobilis, the less volatile part of which in boiling with
alcoholic solution of caustic potash secedes into angelate and
valerate of potassa. It volatilises with the steam by distil-
ling the roots of Angelica with water, but may be obtained
more completely by boiling the roots with milk of lime, perco-
lating, concentrating the liquid and distilling with sulphuric acid.
The distillate has to be saturated with carbonate of soda; is then
evaporated, again distilled with sulphuric acid and kept in the
cold for some days. Collect the crystals, wash with cold water
and re-crystallise. It forms translucent, colourless prisms and
needles of peculiarly aromatic smell, and very acid, burning and
aromatic taste; fuses at 45°, and boils at 190°; dissolves slowly in
cold, most readily in hot water, alcohol and ether. Its salts are
mostly soluble in water; the lead, silver and copper salts slowly ;
the oxyd of iron salt is insoluble.

Angelicin, Crystalline resin of the root of Angelica Arch-
angelica. The alcoholic tincture of the above root separates in
evaporating into two liquids of different density, the denser one
being aqueous of light-yellow colour, and containing much sugar ;
the lighter supernatant one brown and resinous. The latter has,
after washing with water, to be saponified by caustic potash ; this
is dissolved in alcohol, subjected to carbonic acid, evaporated and
treated with ether, which dissolves Angelicin and leaves it pure
after evaporating. Fine, colourless needles, without smell; of
at first imperceptible, afterwards burning and aromatic taste,
easily fusible, not volatile, soluble in alcohol and in ether. [Ac-
cording to the latest researches of B. Brimmer, Angelicin has
been found to be identical with Hydrocarotin. ]

Angusturin. In the genuine Angustura bark from Galipea
officinalis and G. Cusparia. Obtained by extracting with alcohol
and evaporating. Fine, white crystals of a bitter and faintly
acrid taste, little soluble in water, more in alcohol and in acids,
not in ether and volatile oils ; is precipitable by tannic acid.

Anime, Exudation of the stem of Bursera gummifera and
Trachylobium Hornemanni. Yellow, transparent, of pleasant smell,
especially on warming, and of mastic-like taste; softens in the

15

mouth. Contains volatile oil and two crystalline resins, the one ot
which dissolves readily, the other slowly in alcohol.

Annatto Red = Cig Hız Og. The resinous dyeing matter of
Annatto (the pulp of the fruit of Bixa orellana), Extract with
water, and remove the aqueous solution containing yellow dyeing
matter and impurities, dry the residue and extract with alcohol,
evaporate the tincture, treat with ether and bring the solution to
dryness. Red, amorphous, soluble in alcohol, ether and ley of
potash ; turns blue with concentrated sulphuric acid.

Anthocyan, Exhaust with alcohol, evaporate and treat with
water; precipitate the blue solution with acetate of lead, decom-
pose the green precipitate by sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and
evaporate; extract with absolute alcohol and precipitate the
solution by ether, which throws down the Anthocyan in flocks.
Of amorphous form, soluble in water and in alcohol, turns red
with acids, green with alkalies, yields with alkaline earths‘ and
oxyd of lead green compounds insoluble in water.

Anthoxanthein, Extract with alcohol, evaporate, exhaust
with water, evaporate again, treat with absolute alcohol, dilute
the solution with water, precipitate with acetate of lead and
decompose the deposit with sulphuric acid; the Anthoxanthein
remains dissolved, and is obtained by evaporating as an amorphous
mass, soluble in water, alcohol and ether; becomes brown by
alkalies, and reassumes a pale colour with acids.

Anthoxanthin, Extract with hot alcohol, filter while hot,
and leave to stand in the cold; the A. subsides but mixed with
fat, removable by heating with a little alkali, decomposing by acids
and extracting with cold alcohol, which dissolves the fat acid.
Amorphous, resinous substance of a beautiful yellow colour,
insoluble in water, dissolves with gold-colour in alcohol, ether and
oils, little in alkalies.

Antiarin = Cos Hz O1 + 4 HO. In the sap of the Upas-
tree (Antiaris toxicaria) which forms an ingredient of the
Javanese arrow-poison. The above sap, mixed with alcohol to
prevent decomposition, has to be concentrated and exhausted with
boiling alcohol, the filtrate is evaporated to honey-consistence,
and boiled with water. The A. crystallises in the hot solution,
and is purified by rinsing and re-crystallising. Beautiful, silvery
leaflets, similar to the malate of lime, losing the water at 112°,
fusing at 220°, and decomposing afterwards, of neutral reaction,
without smell; dissolves in 254 parts cold and in 27 parts boiling
water, in 70 parts alcohol and in 2792 parts ether, more readily
in diluted acids and alkalies than in water; not precipitable by
tannic acid.

Antirrhinic Acid=Dicıtauıc AcıD, VOLATILE,

16

Apiin=Cz Hy, O1. In the leaves of Apium graveolens and
Carum Petroselinum. Boil the green herb (gathered before the
floral season) three times with water, percolate, wash the dark-
green jelly obtained on cooling with cold water, dry, treat several
times with boiling alcohol, mix the tinctures with water, distil the
alcohol, percolate, press the remaining thickish mass, edulcorate
with alcohol and boiling ether, and dry. Delicate, white powder,
without taste or smell, fuses at 180° without loss of weight,
decomposes in higher temperatures, dissolves readily in boiling
water and congeals to a jelly on cooling or when mixed with cold
water (even one part Aplin in 1500 parts water yields on cooling a
thin jelly); dissolves in 390 parts cold alcohol, more readily in
boiling alcohol, not in ether. The solution in boiling water assumes,
even when highly diluted, a deep blood-red colour with sub-sulphate
of iron. Yields sugar when boiled with diluted acids; dissolves
readily in caustic alkalies and their carbonates with yellowish
colour; precipitable by acids as a jelly.

Aporetin, Erythroretin and Pheoretin, Brown or black .
resins, obtained in analysing the root of rhubarb; they appear
to be products of decomposition.

Apyrin. Alleged alkaloid of the seeds of Attalea funifera.
Precipitable by oversaturating with ammonia the extract prepared
with diluted hydrochloric acid. White powder without smell or
taste, little soluble in water.

Arachidie Acid =Cy Hz O3 + HO. In the fat-oil of Arachis
hypogzea. Saponify the above oil by a solution of caustic soda,
decompose the soap with hydrochloric acid, macerate the fat acids
with alcohol, percolate, press the remnant and dissolve it in boiling
alcohol, collect the laminz formed on cooling and recrystallise until
they fuse at 75°. Minute, glossy lamin, assuming a porcelain ap-
pearance by keeping, fusible at 75°; not soluble in water, scarcely in
cold, readily in hot alcohol, very easily in ether. Its salts are
similar to stearates and palmitates, and dissolve as a rule spar-
ingly.

Arbolabrea Resin, Presumptively from Canarium commune.
Soft, grey-green, of a strong smell similar to turpentine, cubebs and
fennel, behaves similar to elemi. Contains a light green-yellow
volatile oil, a readily soluble and a sparingly soluble crystalline
resin, By treating successively with alcohol of different strengths
four different crystalline resins have been extracted, named Amy-
rin, Brein, Breidin and Bryoidin.

Arbutin=C2, Hig O14+HO. In the leaves of Arctostaphylos
Uva ursi. Precipitate the decoction with subacetate of lead
and evaporate the filtrate, freed from lead by sulphuret of hydro-
gen, to the point of crystallisation; the crystals have to be

17

purified by recrystallising with animal charcoal. Long, colourless
tufts of needles of silky lustre, losing the water at 100°, of bitter
taste, fusing at 170°; slowly soluble in cold, most readily in boiling
water, sparingly in alcohol, scarcely in ether, not precipitable by
metallic salts; do not reduce the salts of copper; separate when
boiled with diluted sulphuric acid into grape-sugar and hydro-
kinon (=Cjz He O4, Kawalier’s Arctuvin); become transformed
into kinon and formic acid by heating with superoxyd of manga-
nese and sulphuric acid.

Arctuvin, See ARBUTIN.

Aribin=C4s Ho Ng + 16 HO. In the bark of Pinckneya
pubens. Extract with water and sulphuric acid, concentrate, re-
move the gypsum, neutralise almost completely with carbonate of
soda, precipitate with acetate of lead, filter, treat with sulphuret
of hydrogen, filter, precipitate with carbonate of soda and shake
repeatedly with ether. Add hydrochloric acid to the ethereous
solution, collect the chloride of A. precipitated thereby, purify by
recrystallising, shake its aqueous solution with carbonate of soda
and ether, and leave the ethereous solution to erystallise. Colour-
less, quadrangular, flat columns; effloresce when exposed to the
atmosphere, turn white and opaque at 100° under loss of all the
water; may also be obtained crystallised anhydrous in colourless
rhombic pyramids and columns of great lustre ; of alkaline reaction
and of remarkably bitter taste. A. fuses at 229°, sublimates by
careful heating below the fusing-point in very fine long needles (empy-
reumatic products appear only by quickly heating) ; dissolves in 7762
parts cold, more abundantly in hot water, readily in alcohol, less
in ether, also in amyl-alcohol. Yields with acids easily crystal-
lisable salts, precipitable by caustic alkalies and their carbonates.

Aricin=Cyg Has Nz Og (isomeric with Brucin); according to
Pelletier: Coo Hig NO3. In the Quina de Cusco (from Cinchona
pubescens). Extract with acid water, treat the liquid with milk
of lime, wash and dry the precipitate and treat with alcohol, filter
hot, and purify the A. formed after cooling by recrystallising in
alcohol under aid of animal charcoal. Rigid needles, without taste
at first, afterwards of aromatic and acrid, and, when dissolved in
acids, of very bitter taste; of alkaline reaction, unalterable at 150°;
fuses at 188° without loss; decomposes in higher temperatures;
dissolves sparingly in water, more readily in alcohol than cincho-
nin, less than quinin, also in ether, in nitric acid with green
colour. Its salts are easily crystallisable and precipitable by caustic
alkalies and their carbonates; the precipitates dissolve a little in
ammonia,

Arnicin=C4) Hz Og. The bitter ingredient of Arnica mon-
tana, obtained from all parts of the plant. From the root: Boil with

Cc

18

water, press, exhaust the remnant with alcohol, digest the tincture
with oxyd of lead, remove the dissolved lead from the tincture by
means of sulphuret of hydrogen, distil off the alcohol, bring the
remnant to dryness and extract the A. by ether. The ethereous
solution, when mixed and agitated with a solution of caustic potash,
delivers up resin, fat and dyeing matter. Separate from the ley,
treat with animal charcoal and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the
remnant in weak alcohol and evaporate the filtrate or precipitate
with water. From the flowers: Exhaust with ether, distil off the
solvent, extract from the remnant the A. by alcohol of 0°850, and
purify the solution by animal charcoal. Gold-coloured amorphous
mass of bitter taste; dissolves little in water, readily in alcohol,
ether and alkalies; yields no sugar on treating with diluted acids.

Arnotta Red=Annatto Rep.
Arthanitin=CycLamin.

Asafeetida, Gum-resinous exudation of Ferula Asafetida.
Conglutinated grains of white colour, turned rose-red, violet
and brown by the atmosphere; friable in the cold; of nauseous
garlic odour and of acrid, bitter taste. Contains about 507 resin,
20 gum and 44 volatile oil. The resin is partly soluble in alcohol
and ether, and partly insoluble in the latter.

Asarabacca Camphor = Asaron.

Asaron=Cy Has Oi. Im the root of Asarum Europzeum,*
seems to be identical with Asarit. Distil the dried root with eight
parts water until three parts have distilled over. The A. will be
found partly in the neck of the retort and at the bottom of the
distillate in little white grains, partly crystallising in the distillate
when left to stand cold. Pellucid, quadrangular, tabular crystals
of pearly lustre and of 0°95 density, without smell or taste; fuse
at, 40°, sublimate in small quantities mostly undecomposed in
fumes of strong odour that provoke coughing, dissolve little in
hot water, readily in alcohol, ether and volatile oils, begin to boil
at 280°, but become decomposed while the temperature rises to
300°, without distilling in the least.

Asclepiadin, Emetic substance of the root of Vincetoxicum
officinale, obtained by extracting with strong alcohol. Pale
yellow, bitter, amorphous, hygroscopic matter, non-nitrogenised,
readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether-alcohol; without alka-
line properties.

Asclepion = Cs Hz, Og. In the milky juice of Asclepias
Syriaca. Warm the juice, treat the coagulated mass with ether,
evaporate the extract and purify by recrystallising in absolute
ether. White, cauliflowerlike mass or tufts of needles when

* And doubtless in other species.—F. v. M.

19

‚slowly evaporated; without smell or taste; fuses at 104°, decom-
poses in higher temperatures, not soluble in water and in alcohol,
readily in ether, less in acetic acid and volatile oils.

Asparagin=Cs Hg Na Og + 2 HO. Widely diffused in
germs and young shoots, as yet specially in Liliacez, Boraginex,
Malvacez (plants rich in mucilaginous sap), Graminex and Legu-
minose, also occurring in beet-roots, potato-sprigs and hop-shoots.
The best material for its preparation is the juice or the aqueous
extract of the respective vegetable substances, but as A. can not
be obtained by precipitation and as its quantity is generally incon-
siderable, the liquid has to be concentrated and kept in the cold
for several days. The Asparagin separates in small crystals
which have to be purified by recrystallisation. It forms colour-
less, hard, recto-rrhombic prisms without odour and of insipid
cooling taste, soluble in 40 parts cold and four parts boiling
water, also in weak alcohol, not in absolute alcohol and ether,
loses the water of crystallisation at 100° and fuses in higher tem-
peratures, while swelling considerably and emitting ammonia and
-a faint horny odour.

Aspartic Acid=Cs Hg NO; + HO. Lermer observed the
-occurrence of asparagin in the decoction of the germs of barley-
malt, when evaporated to syrup consistence; but when the above
syrup had been kept for some time, no asparagin could be ob-
served, but in its stead aspartic acid combined with magnesia.
Since the asparagin (=Cg Hg Nz O¢ ) behaves like the amide of
aspartic acid, and when boiled by itself in aqueous solution, but
more readily under co-operation of acids or bases, is converted into
aspartate of ammonia (Cg Hg No Og + 2 HO=NH, 0+Cg He
NO; ) from which the ammonia is instantly expelled by stronger
bases; it is easily explained how the asparagin disappears by-and-
bye in the syrup of malt and an aspartate takes its place. Though
it follows herefrom that originally no aspartic acid but only aspa-
ragin was contained in the malt, I thought it advisable not to
pass by the above acid, as it might occur in phytochemical ana-
lyses, no matter if pre-existing or originated in the course of the
analytic process.*

The aspartic acid would have to be looked for in the precipitates
occasioned by neutral or basic acetates of lead. After decomposing
the acid precipitates by sulphuret of hydrogen and concentrating
the liquid, it would separate, as it is little soluble in water. It
forms a white, shining crystalline powder without smell and
of acidulous afterwards broth-like taste, becomes decomposed by
heat, while evolving ammonia and a horny odour, and swelling
considerably ; dissolves in 128 parts cold, readily in hot water, still

* According to Scheibler, the asparagin of beet-roots reappears as aspartic acid in the
molasses obtained in the manufacture of beet-root sugar.—F. v. M.

c 2

20

less in weak alcohol, insoluble in strong alcohol. Most of its salts
dissolve in water.

Asperula Tannie Acid=Cy, Hg Og. In the herb of As-
perula odorata and Galium Mollugo*. Preeipitate the aqueous
extract with acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid,
filter, precipitate the filtrate with ammonia, wash the precipitate,
decompose under water with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and
evaporate. Faintly brownish, amorphous mass of acidulous,
acerb taste, dissolves in water and alcohol, slowly in ether, imparts
a dark-green tinge to chloride of iron, does not precipitate glue
and tartarated antimony.

Athamantin=Cs, Hy; O7. In Peucedanum Oreoselinum.
Desiccate the alcoholic extract of the roots or seeds, treat with
ether, decolourise the ethereous tincture by animal charcoal and
leave to evaporate spontaneously. Dissolve the crystalline rem-
nant in alcohol, dilute with much water and recrystallise the pre-
cipitate, obtained after some time, in alcohol. Colourless, long
needles, when heated of a peculiarly rancid, saponaceous odour, of
at first somewhat bitter and rancid, afterwards faintly harsh taste,
fusible at 79°, decomposes in higher temperatures while yielding
valerianic acid; insoluble in water, easily soluble in weak alcohol
and ether, more copiously in volatile and fixed oils and without
decomposition in sulphuric acid; separates by diluted sulphuric
acid and by alkalies into valerianic acid and oreoselon. (see
PEUCEDANIN).

Atherospermin=Cz Hz NO;. Alkaloid of the bark of
Atherosperma moschatum. Extract with warm water, acidified
by sulphuric acid, press and precipitate with carbonate of soda.
Wash and dry the precipitate and extract with sulphide of
carbon. Distil with water containing sulphuric acid, precipitate
the remaining liquid with ammonia, wash and dry the deposit.
A white, voluminous, highly electric powder of crystalline appear-
ance under the microscope, and of a pure and lasting bitter taste.
Tt assumes a yellowish colour in the direct sunlight; fuses at 128°,
and decomposes in higher temperatures, while emitting a smell
of putrid meat, and afterwards a faint odour of herrings. Water
dissolves only traces of it, but acquires a bitter taste; ether dissolves
at 16° 4/1900, when boiling 1/199; alcohol of 93° at 16° 1/39,
at the boiling point half its weight. The cold alcoholic solution
shows a decidedly alkaline reaction. Of greater solving power
are chloroform, sulphide of carbon, oil of turpentine and other
essential oils and diluted acids. Chlorine-water effects a yellow
solution, not changeable by ammonia. lIodic acid shows towards
A. the same reaction as towards morphin and oxyacanthin, viz.,

* And many congeneric plants.— F. v. M.

21

it becomes deoxygenised, and iodine is set free. The neutral
solution of the chloride of A. gives a white preeipitate with
caustic alkalies and the carbonates thereof, and with. the iodide,
ferrocyanide and sulphocyanide of potassium, and with chloride of
mercury; a yellowish white with bi-iodide of potassium; a lemon-
yellow with picric acid; a sulphur-colour with ferrocyanide of
potassium; a dirty-yellow with phospho-molybdic acid; an ochre
yellow with chloride of gold; a pale greenish-yellow with chloride
of platinum, and a yellow or orange precipitate with nitrate of
palladium.

Atherosperma Tannie Acid=C2 Hy O04. In the bark
of Atherosperma moschatum. Precipitate the decoction of the
bark with acetate of lead, treat the precipitate with acetic acid,
precipitate the filtrate by ammonia, decompose the precipitate
under water by sulphuret of hydrogen, and evaporate the filtrate.
Yellow liquid of faintly acid and astringent taste; greens ‘the
salts of oxyd of iron.

Atropin=C3,; Hs; NOg. In all parts of Atropa Belladonna,
Datura Stramonium, D. arborea, and very likely also in the other
species of this genus. Bruise the whole plant just when it begins
to blossom, under addition of a little water, press, boil the liquid,
strain, evaporate to syrup consistence, add soda-ley in excess,
shake, add twice its volume of alcohol of 90%, agitate repeatedly
for two days, leave to stand, decant the spirituous liquid,
acidify by sulphuric acid, distil off the alcohol, render the
remnant alkaline by soda-ley, shake with ether, decant the
ethereous liquid, distil off the ether, dissolve the remnant in
alcohol, filter and leave to evaporate slowly. When coloured
still, it has to be redissolved in alcohol and treated with animal
‘charcoal. Fine white needles without odour (when moist and
imperfectly purified of a nauseous, somewhat tobacco-like smell),
of nauseous and lasting bitter taste; fuses at 92° without loss of
weight, decomposes in higher temperatures for the greater part
under emitting vapours of alkaline reaction, while a small part
sublimates unchanged; dissolves in 300 parts of cold and in 50
parts boiling water, in 8 parts cold and in equal parts boiling
alcohol, in 60 parts cold and in 40 parts boiling ether; the
alcoholic solution shows a decidedly alkaline reaction. Caustic
alkalies and the carbonates dissolve it also, but decompose it on
heating. Dissolves easily in chloroform, oils, glycerin and
diluted acids. Concentrated nitric acid effects a pale-yellow
solution, which becomes of an orange-yellow colour on heating.
Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it without colour, but
becomes brown on heating while emitting an odour of orange and
sloe flowers.

22

Avenin. Peculiar protein substance of oats (Avena sativa).
To prepare it, grind the grains with water, dilute the pasty mass
with water, strain after twelve hours, filter the liquid, precipitate
with acetic acid, dissolve the precipitate in diluted liquor of
ammonia, precipitate again with acetic acid and purify the preci-
pitate by means of alcohol andether. The Avenin is greyish-white,
dissolves readily in water, does not coagulate by heat, dissolves
also in an excess of acetic and hydrochloric acids.

Azulen=Cig Hig + HO. Ingredient of volatile oils and
causes the blue and the brown or yellow-green colour of them, in
the latter cases when mixed with a yellow resin. It distils with
difficulty and can be obtained in the pure state by repeated
fractional distillations and rectification. It boils constantly at
302°, has a density of 0'910; its vapour is also of blue colour.
In the blue oil of chamomil there is scarcely 1 per cent. of
Azulen ; the patchouly oil (from Pogostemon Patchouly) with 6
per cent. and the wormwood oil with 3 per cent. Azulen are not
of a blue colour, because they contain a comparatively large
quantity of yellow resin.

Balsams. Natural combinations of resins with volatile oils,
viscid or fluid at ordinary temperatures, becoming thicker and
and often solid by age.

Balsam of Copaiva=Copaiva Batsam.
Balsam of Mace=Macer Batsam.
Balsam of Mecca=Mecca Batsam.
Balsam of Nutmeg—Nurtmec Batsam.
Balsam of Peru=Peru Batsam.

[Balsam of Sindor, Three varieties have been examined, two
of which are the exudations of the stem of Sindora species, the
third probably originating from a kind of Dipterocarpus. The
latter balsam is light-brown, thickish, of the odour of Copaiva
balsam, and of 09221 density at 27:°5°. By distillation with
water it yields a beautiful red-brown, translucid resin, and a
volatile oil of light-yellow colour, thin fluidity and 0-914 spec. gr.,
boiling at 246° to 255°, soluble in 4 to 5 parts cold, and 1 to 14
parts warm alcohol, of acid properties. The two other kinds
of balsam are distinguished from the first by not yielding
up their volatile oil to the vapours of water. The volatile
oils, obtained by heating the balsams to about 255°, are
of a yellowish or greenish-yellow colour, 0:904-907 spec. gr.
and soluble in alcohol. The resin was in one case brittle, yellow-
brown, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether and oil of turpentine,
producing with alcohol a brilliant varnish on glass; in the other

wee

23

case the resin was transparent, brittle, dark-brown, and soluble in
hot alcohol only with difficulty, but easily soluble in ether and
chloroform. |

Bases, Organic = Alkaloids.

Basilicum Stearopten = Ca Hz: 06. Obtained by the
distillation of Ocimum Basilicum with water. The oil floating
on the water solidifies almost entirely to a white, crystalline mass.
When recrystallised in alcohol it appears in quadrangular prisms
of a faint odour of the oil; when recrystallised in water, in
tetrahedrons almost devoid of taste ; it is neutral, dissolves little
in cold, readily in hot water or alcohol, in six parts of ether, also
in acids and alkalies. Isomeric or identical with the hydrate of
oil of turpentine.

Bassia Fat, from the seeds of Bassia butyracea, B. longifolia
and B. latifolia. Yellowish, slowly decolourised by light, of the
consistence of butter and of 0'953 spec. grav., fuses at 27° to
29°, dissolves little in alcohol, readily in ether; contains olein,
myristin, palmitin and stearin. (The last-mentioned was errone-
ously distinguished as Bassic acid),

Bassorin = Ciz Hio O10. Ingredient of Bassora-gum, Traga-
canth and similar gummous exudations of plants (cherry-gum,
anacardia gum), insoluble in water and swelling in it; can only
likely be object of phytochemical analyses in exudations of the
above and similar kinds. When such an exudation is treated
with cold water, it swells up considerably and dissolves partially ;
by straining and repeatedly treating with fresh water, the soluble
part is removed, but the remaining portion contains, like the
vegetable mucus, always more or less lime-compounds which can
only be removed by repeatedly treating with water containing
hydrochloric acid. When dry, the Bassorin is yellowish-white,
solid, brittle, transparent, without taste, swells in cold water to a
transparent jelly, without dissolving, but dissolves by continued
boiling to a gummous liquid, yields with diluted sulphuric acid
gum and sugar, with nitric acid, mucic and a little oxalic acids.

Bay Oil, obtained by distilling the berries of Laurus nobilis
with water. Greenish-yellow, of a thickish consistence, of the
odour of bay-berries and turpentine, of faintly acid reaction, and
0-932 density. It consists of two polymeric hydrocarbons,
Coo Hig, boiling at 164° and of 0-908 density, and Cs, Hos, boiling
at 250° and of 0°925 density, and of lauric acid =Co4 Hos O14.

Bay Oil from Guiana, Obtained by incisions, from the stem
of an unknown tree. When rectified and desiccated, colourless,
of the smell of oil of turpentine and lemons, of aromatic pungent
taste, of 0'864 density, boils at 150° to 163°.

24

Bdellium. Exudation of the stem of Balsamodendron Africa-
num and B. Roxburghii. KRed-brown, more or less transparent,
viscous or hard, of a myrrhlike odour, and of bitter taste. Con-
tains about 607, resin, fusing at 55° to 60°, 10% gum, 30%
bassorine, and a volatile oil.

Bebiric Acid, In the fruit of the Bebir-tree (Nectandra
Rodiei). Concentrate the cold aqueous extract of the fruit, filter
when cold, precipitate by ammonia bebirin and siperin and
mix the filtrate with nitrate of baryta. The impure precipitate
has to be washed with cold water, is dissolved in boiling water,
and left to crystallise. The crystals, purified by recrystallisation,
are dissolved in boiling water, and precipitated by acetate of lead;
the precipitate is washed and decomposed by sulphuret of hydro-
gen, and the filtrate is evaporated over sulphuric acid. At last it
has to be purified by dissolving in ether and evaporating in vacuo.
Deliquescent, white, crystalline mass of wax-lustre, fuses at
150°, and sublimates somewhat above 200° undecomposed in tufts
of needles. Its combinations with potash and soda are deliques-
cent, and soluble in alcohol; those with baryta, lime and magnesia
dissolve very little in water; the lead compound is little soluble
even in boiling water.

Bebirin=Cs; Hz; NOg. In the bark and fruit of the Bebir-
tree (Nectandra Rodiei), besides perhaps a second alkaloid (Sipi-
rin) and a peculiar acid; also in the bark and leaves of Buxus
sempervirens. Exhaust with boiling water containing sulphuric
acid, concentrate, leave to cool, separate from the deposit contain-
ing tannic acid and sulphate of lime and precipitate the filtrate
with ammonia. The dark-green precipitate is washed, dried
at the atmosphere (whereby it becomes black through tannic
acid) and dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid. The solution is
treated with animal charcoal and again precipitated by ammonia,
which occasions a white precipitate. Dry, dissolve in alcohol,
evaporate and treat the remnant with absolute ether, which dis-
solves the Bebirin and leaves behind the sipirin. Both sub-
stances have to be purified by treating their alcoholic solutions
with animal charcoal. White, highly electric powder of strong
and lasting bitter and faintly resinous taste, loses nothing of its
weight up to 120°, fuses at 180°, decomposes in a higher tempera-
ture, dissolves in 6650 parts cold and in 1466 parts boiling water,
in 5 parts absolute alcohol, also readily in weak alcohol, in 13
parts ether; of decidedly alkaline reaction, saturates acids com-
pletely and forms amorphous salts, separates iodine from iodic
iodic acid. Its salts have a very bitter and somewhat astringent
taste, are precipitated by caustic alkalies and the carbonates
thereof; the precipitates redissolve in liquids of potash or of

25

ammonia a little more copiously than in those of other precipi-
tating agents.

Belladonnin, Second alkaloid of Atropa Belladonna; it is
the yellow resin-like substance that prevents the crystallisation of
the atropin. Mode of isolation: Dissolve the crude atropin in
water by means of an acid, neutralise with carbonate of soda in
order to remove a fluorescent substance of bluish colour, filter
and add to the filtrate small quantities of carbonate of soda as
long as, according to the temperature and concentration of the
liquid, a conglutinating resinous or oily substance is formed. The
precipitation of a pulverulent body, occurring afterwards, has to
be avoided. Collect the precipitate on a linen cloth, rinse with
water, dissolve again in acid water, decolourise as much as possible
with animal charcoal, filter and, in order to prevent contamination
by atropin, precipitate as carefully as before with carhonate
of soda, collect, dissolve in absolute ether and evaporate.! A
colourless or in thicker layers yellowish, gum-like mass, drying
with difficulty, of not very bitter, but burning-acrid taste, fuses
by heat and decomposes afterwards under emission of heavy
white fumes of the odour of burning hippuric acid; dissolves
readily in ether and in alcohol, little in water; of strongly
alkaline reaction; dissolves also readily in acids while saturating
them completely, but is less basic than atropin. Its sulphate
yields with ammonia a white pulverulent precipitate that becomes
soon glutinous, a property in which it resembles hyoscyamin.
Tannic acid also precipitates the sulphate of B. white. The solu-
tion of B. in weak alcohol is precipitated by nitrate of silver,
chloride of gold and bi-iodide of potassium.

Benic Acid=Cy, Hyg O3 + HO. In the oil of Behen, from
Moringa oleifera. The fat acids separated by hydrochloric acid
from the soap obtained by means of soda-ley are pressed and
the remnant crystallised in alcohol. Shining, white needles,
similar to stearic acid; fuse at 76°.

Benzoic Acid=C,, H; O3 + HO. Contained in large quanti-
ties in the benzoin and other aromatic resins and balsams, mostly
accompanied by cinnamic acid; in small quantities in different
odoriferous seeds and roots; often confounded with cumarin. It
is obtained best and without much loss by boiling the respective
substance (finely contused when in a dry state) with milk of lime
and water, filtering, evaporating the filtrate, oversaturating when
cold with hydrochloric acid, collecting the crystalline deposit,
pressing, dissolving in the least possible quantity of hot water,
percolating, crystallising, collecting and drying. White laminz
and needles of mother-of-pearl lustre, mostly of faintly benzoic
odour ana of slightly acid taste, which fuse at 120°, boil at 239°,
but begin to volatilise already at 145°, while emitting vapours

26

which irritate the eyes considerably and provoke coughing. The
acid dissolves in 200 parts cold and in 24 parts boiling water, in
two parts of cold and in equal parts of boiling absolute alcohol, in
25 parts ether, also readily soluble in fixed and in volatile oils, and
without change and readily in concentrated sulphuric acid. Almost
all its salts dissolve in water and mostly readily so; the lead salt
and some other metallie salts dissolve sparingly, the salt of oxyd
of iron is insoluble.

Benzoin. Exudation of the stem of Styrax Benzoin and S.
officinale. Yellowish or brownish, often undermixed with white
almond-shaped masses, brittle, of peculiar pleasant smell and acrid,
balsamic taste, fuses easily while emitting vapours of benzoic
acid, yields to water only traces of benzoic acid, dissolves
readily in alcohol and in acetic acid and partly in ether. It
contains, besides 18 to 20 per cent. of benzoic acid and a little
volatile oil, four resins, distinguishable by the different degrees of
solubility. Some kinds contain also cinnamic acid.

Berberin= C49 Hır NOs + 9HO. Discovered (1824) in the
bark of Geoffroya inermis and called Jamaicin; afterwards
(1826) found in the bark of Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis and
called Xanthopierit; 1835 obtained from the bark of the root of
Berberis vulgaris and called Berberin, but only lately recognised
in its true nature. Occurs, according to recent observations, also
in the following plants and appears to be very widely distributed:
in the flowers of Berberis vulgaris, in an Indian and Mexican
species of Berberis, in the bark of Xylopia polycarpa, in the root
of Jateorrhiza Columbo and in the wood of Coscinium fenestra-
tum; in Jeffersonia diphylla, Leontice thalictroides and Podo-
phyllum peltatum; in Coptis Teeta, C. trifolia, Hydrastis
Canadensis and Xanthorrhiza apiifolia.—Boil the bark of the
root of Berberis with water, evaporate to honey-consistence,
treat with boiling alcohol, add one-eighth water, distil off the
alcohol and leave the remaining liquid to stand for some
days in the cold. Strain the mass, hardened by fine yellow
needles, press and recrystallise in hot water. This produet
being chloride of Berberin, has to be converted into the
sulphate, its solution mixed with solution of baryta until alkaline,
subjected to carbonic acid and evaporated. Draw out the B. with
alcohol and precipitate the solution with ether or recrystallise in
water. Fine, yellow needles of a pure and lasting bitter taste;
loses the water at 100°, fuses at 120° to a red-brown resin and de-
composes in higher temperatures, has a neutral reaction, dissolves
slowly in cold water and alcohol, readily in both when hot, not in
ether, readily in alkalies with brown colour; forms with acids
crystallisable salts of mostly gold-yellow colour, neutral and
bitter.

27

Betulin=Cso Ha O4. In the epidermis of the bark of
Betula alba. Exhaust the dry bark first with boiling water and,
after it has been dried again, with boiling alcohol and filter while
hot; when cold the B. separates and has to be recrystallised in
ether. Voluminous white flocks or warty masses, without smell
or taste; fuses at 200° with an odour of heated birch-bark; may be
sublimated in a current of air; insoluble in water; dissolves in
120 parts cold and in 80 parts hot alcohol, also in ether, oils and
alkalies and precipitable from the latter by acids; soluble in con-
centrated sulphuric acid and precipitable by water.

Betuloretic Acid=C72 Hes O10. Covers as a white resin the
young shoots and the upper surface of the young leaves of
Betula alba, and is obtained by removing it mechanically. It has
to be purified by dissolving in hot alcohol; evaporating ; dissolving
in ether, which leaves behind a black substance; evaporating ; dis-
solving the residue by solution of carbonate of soda, and preci-
pitating by an acid. White flakes or white friable mass softening
in the mouth, fusing at 94°, in alcoholic solution of very bitter
taste and acid reaction; dissolves also in ether and alkalies, and
with beautiful red colour in concentrated sulphuric acid.

Bicahyba Fat, from Myristica Bicahyba, similar to Nutmeg
balsam.

Birch-Stearopten=Berurin.

Boheic Acid=Cı Hg Oy + 2HO. Found as yet only in
small quantities in the black tea (from Thea Chinensis), besides
much iron-bluing tannic acid. The aqueous extract of tea is pre-
cipitated by acetate of lead; filtered; the filtrate (containing
acetate of lead) saturated by ammonia, the yellow precipitate
collected, washed, mixed with absolute alcohol, pervaded with
sulphuret of hydrogen ; filtered, and the filtrate evaporated in a
vacuum. Pale yellow, very hygroscopic substance, similar to
gallo-tannic acid; fuses at 100°; dissolves in every amount in water
and alcohol; the solution imparts a brown colour to chloride of
iron without precipitating it.

Boletic Acid=Fumaric Acrp.

Borneen=C2 His Constitutes (contaminated with a little
resin) the camphoric oil of Dryobalanops Camphora, and forms the
non-oxygenised constituent of the oil of valeriana. The portion
of the latter oil which, in rectifying, distils first, has to be distilled
again with recently-melted caustic potash, whereby valerol remains
as valerate of potash and borneol and Borneen distil over, from
which all borneol may be separated by repeated fractional distil-
lations, retaining only the first distilling portions. The Borneen
is a colourless oil of turpentine-like odour, lighter than water ;
boils at 160°.

28

Borneol or Solid Borneo Camphor=C2 Hig O2. In the
excavations of the stem of Dryobalanops Camphora, also occurring
in the crude oil of valerian. White, pellucid, easily friable, small
crystals, lighter than water (according to other authorities, heavier
than water), of the smell of camphor and pepper, and of burning
taste, boils at 212°, and is converted by heating with nitric acid
into ordinary camphor=C29 Hig O2.

Botany Bay Gum Resin, Exudation of the stem of various
species of Xanthorrhea. NRed-yellow, often with a green-grey
rind, brittle, of shining fracture, of pleasant balsamic odour and
acerb aromatic taste, fuses easily and burns with the smell of
storax. Contains in the main a resin, soluble in alcohol, ether,
alkalies, alkaline earths and oils; some volatile oil, a little benzoic
acid and bassorine. Yields by treating with nitric acid a large
quantity of picric acid.

Brasilin= Cs Ha O14. The dyeing substance of the Brasil-wood
and the Sappan-wood (from Peltophorum Linnzei, Czesalpinia Crista
and ©. Sappan). Cannot be obtained directly from these woods or
only with difficulty ; has been obtained from the crystalline deposit
occurring in a cask filled with extract of sappan-wood, by dissolving
in absolute alcohol and erystallising under exclusion of light and air.
Amber-yellow or brownish rhombo-hedra or klino-rhombic short
prisms, obtained in straw or gold coloured needles with 3 at. water
from a weak alcoholic solution, which lose the water at 90° while
turning brown, dissolve in water, alcohol and ether; the reddish
aqueous solution assumes a deep carmine colour by traces of alka-
lies or of alkaline earths.

Brassie Acid=Ervucic Acıp.
Breidin, Brein and Bryoidin. See ARBOLABREA Resın.

Brindonia Tallow, from the seeds of Garcinia Indica. Al-
most white, fuses at 44°, contains olein and stearin.

Brucin=C; Has Ne Og +8HO. Distribution and prepara-
tion—See under STRYCHNIN. The mother-ley obtained after the
first crystallisation of the strychnin, containing the whole of the
brucin and only a little strychnin, has to be mixed with as
much bi-oxalate of potash as to constitute 1/59 of the weight of
the seeds of Strychnos Nux vomica employed, and is then
evaporated to dryness. Grind the dry mass, treat with abso-
lute alcohol for two days, if possible at 0°; filter; wash out
with absolute alcohol; dissolve the remainder in water ; remove from
the solution the last traces of alcohol; digest with hydrate of mag-
nesia for some days; filter; extract the remnant without previous
drying with alcohol of 907/, and leave to evaporate. The Brucin
erystallises by slow evaporation in colourless quadrangular prisms,
often with a yellowish tinge and efllorescent at the air, fusible by

29

heat under loss of water and decomposed in higher temperatures.
It is of an intensely bitter taste, dissolves in 800 parts water,
most readily in alcohol, not in ether, easily in chloroform, in 70
parts of glycerin, very little in volatile, still less in fixed oils,
without colour in concentrated sulphuric acid; with rose-red
colour in chlorine-water, and changing to a dirty-yellow by ammonia
without turbidity. Nitric acid yields a vividly red solution, which
becomes yellow on warming, and is coloured purple-violet and
precipitated by subchloride of tin.

Bryonin=Cy; Hgo Os. The bitter substance of the root of
Bryonia alba. Treat the alcoholic extract of the root with cold
water, precipitate the solution by acetate of lead, filter, remove
from the filtrate the lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, neutralise
with carbonate of soda, precipitate with tannic acid, dissolve the
precipitate in alcohol, and mix intimately with hydrate of lime,
digest, filter, decolourise with animal charcoal and evaporate.
Colourless, very bitter substance, friable to a white powder, dis-
solves readily in water and alcohol, not in ether; yields with
diluted acids sugar and other products.

Buphthalmum Stearopten. Obtained by distilling the
flowers of Buphthalmum salicifolium (of a pleasant roselike odour)
with water and cooling the distillate to 0°, at which temperature
the stearopten separates. Yellow, silky, pointed crystals, melting
by the warmth of the hand to a yellowish oil of a faint but
pleasant odour, of faintly acid reaction, readily soluble in alcohol.

Butyric Acid=Cs H; O3 + HO. As yet onlyfound in the pulp
of the fruits of a few trees—Ceratonia Siliqua, Sapindus Saponaria,
Gingko biloba, Tamarindus Indica-—but undoubtedly widely diffused
throughout the vegetable kingdom. It is obtained by distilling the
respective substances with water containing a little sulphuric or
phosphoric acid. The distillate, in which the presence of butyric
acid may by the odour of rancid butter be easily detected,
has to be mixed with carbonate of baryta; concentrate; filter
when of neutral reaction, and bring to dryness. The remnant
(butyrate of baryta), when dried at 100°, is anhydrous, and contains
50-77% acid. In order to isolate the acid, the salt is dissolved in
three parts of cold water, mixed with one-third of its weight of
concentrated sulphuric acid, well stirred, filtered off from the
sulphate of baryta and rectified. In order to remove traces of
water, the acid has to stand for some days over chloride of
calcium, and is then decanted and rectified.

Colourless liquid of a penetrating smell of rancid butter and
acetic acid and of strong and pungent sour, afterwards sweetish
taste, has a density of 0°96 to 0°98, boils at 164°, is inflammable,
mixes in every proportion with water, alcohol and ether. Its

30

compounds are all soluble in water, and have, when moist, the
odour of fresh butter. Butyrie acid is not unfrequently con-
taminated by acetic acid, and may be recognised by the formation
of acetic ether, when heated with sulphuric acid and alcohol, but
the exact separation of the two acids from each other is very
difficult and has as yet not been carried out to satisfaction.

Buxin—Besirin.

Cacao Fat. Obtained by pressing the prepared beans of
Theobroma Cacao. White or yellowish-white, as hard as mutton
tallow, of 0:90 specific gravity, of a faint cacao-like odour and
mild taste, fuses at 30°, contains olein, stearin and a little
palmitin.

Caffeic Acid or Coffea Tannie Acid=Cı Hg O7. In the
seeds and leaves of Coffea Arabica, in the. root of Chioccoca
racemosa, in the leaves of Ilex Paraguayensis. Exhaust the
pulverised coffee-seeds with ether, boil the remaining powder -
with alcohol of 40%, mix the alcoholic filtrate with twice its
volume of water, remove the precipitated fatty flocks, boil, add
solution of acetate of lead and boil for a few moments, in order
to make the precipitate less voluminous and more easy to collect.
Wash the precipitate with diluted alcohol, decompose under water
with sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporate the filtrate on the
water bath. Brittle substance, friable to a yellowish powder, of
faintly acid and somewhat astringent taste, dissolves readily in
water and in alcohol of any strength, little in ether, imparts a
green colour to chloride of iron. Its compounds with lime and
baryta are yellow and turn green at the atmosphere (by the
formation of a new acid called Viridie acid=C i, Hg O7).

Caffein=Cıs Hip Na Os + 2 HO. In the fruit and leaves of
Coffea Arabica, in the leaves of Thea Chinensis, of Ilex
Paraguayensis, in the fruit of Paullinia sorbilis, of Lunanea
Bichi. Its preparation from the coffee-seeds is done in the
following way. Mix five parts seeds, ground as finely as pos-
sible, with one part hydrate of lime, digest with 25 parts alcohol
of 80%, filter and mix with alcohol, distil off the alcohol and
leave the remnant to become cold, remove the oil, evaporate
and purify the crystals by recrystallising. It forms long, flexible,
white, silky needles without odour and ‘of faintly bitter taste,
loses the water of crystallisation at 100°, fuses at 177°, sublimates
at 384° undecomposed (according to more recent observations:
fusing at 224° to 228° and sublimating already at 177°); dissolves
in about 60 parts water of 20°, in 9°5 parts boiling water, in 21
parts alcohol of 0.825, in 545 parts ether, in 9 parts chloroform ;
the solutions have a neutral reaction. It is also dissolved by volatile

31

oils but not by fixed oils. Tannic acid precipitates the aqueous
solution. When evaporated with hydrochloric acid and chlorate
of potash (or with chlorine-water), it leaves a remnant which
reddens the skin like alloxan and imparts to it a peculiar smell ;
the solution of the said residue, when mixed with alkalies and
salts of sub-exyd of iron, acquires an indigo-blue colour, and
ammonia imparts to the residue a purple-red (murexid) colour
which does not turn violet by alkalies (distinction from uric acid).

[J. Williams gives the following method for preparing Caffein.
Mix finely-pulverised guarana with one-third hydrate of lime
and moisten with water. After an hour or two exsiccate at a
gentle heat, and exhaust with boiling benzol; filter and evaporate,
but not to dryness. Treat with boiling water and digest on the
water-bath to the expulsion of all traces of benzol. Filter
through wet paper, and evaporate to a small bulk, from which the
C. will separate after twenty-four hours pure and colourless.—
According to H. M. Smith, Caffein is contained to the amount
of 0:1337%/ in the leaves of Ilex Cassine L.—Thomson avers that
in roasting coffee a great amount of Caffein is lost, which may be
regained by adapting to the burner a tube of about three feet length
wherein the vapours of C. are allowed to condense. One pound
of coffee yields on an average 75 grains of Caffein. C. is insoluble
in a concentrated solution of potassic carbonate. By treating an
infusion with subacetate of lead, concentrating and adding car-
bonate of potash, the C. is precipitated and may be obtained pure
by dissolving in alcohol and evaporating. By passing the gas,
evolved from chlorate of potash and hydrochloric acid, into an
aqueous solution of Caffein and evaporating to dryness on the
water-bath, a blood-red residue is obtained. One part Caffein in
1000 parts of water may thus be detected. |

Cailcedrin. Bitter substance of the Cailcedra-bark (from
Khaya Senegalensis). Extract with hot water, evaporate to a
honey consistence, treat with alcohol of 33° Baumé, add to the
solution sub-acetate of lead which precipitates a red dyeing
matter, filter, remove from the filtrate the alcohol by distillation,
dissolve again in a little alcohol, remove the lead by sulphuret of
hydrogen, evaporate, shake the aqueous liquid with chloroform
and bring the latter solution to dryness. A yellowish, gum-
resinous, brittle, very bitter substance, mollifies easily in hot
water, dissolves readily in alcohol, also in ether, chloroform, little
in water, of neutral reaction, yields a voluminous white precipi-
tate with ether. Consists of 64°9 C, 7°6 H and 27°5 O.

Calendulin. A substance, similar to vegetable mucilage,
in the flowers and leaves of Calendula officinalis. It is obtained
by treating the alcoholic extract, after it has been freed from a
green, waxlike substance, with water; a voluminous, slimy

32

mass remains, which does not dissolve in cold and only sparingly
in boiling water; it is transparent, yellow and brittle when dry,
and swells up in water. It dissolves readily in alcohol, acetie
acid and caustic alkalies, not in ether, oils and other diluted acids;
is not precipitable by tannic acid.

Californin. Neutral, bitter substance of the so-called Quina
California (from Cascarilla hexandra), Extract the bark with
alcohol, evaporate the extract, dissolve in water, precipitate the
solution by acetate of lead, filter, remove from the liquid the excess
of lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate, treat with strong
alcohol, agitate with charcoal, filter and add ether, which precipi-
tates the Californin. When dry, it is gold-yellow, amorphous,
dissolves abundantly in water and alcohol, not in ether; of
salicin-like taste, does not become coloured with sulphuric acid;
not precipitable by tannic acid, chloride of platinum, chloride of
mercury, chloride of iron and acetate of lead.

Calluna Tannie Acid=Cy, H; O . In Calluna vulgaris.
The alcoholic extract of the herb is distilled, the residue mixed
with water, filtered, and precipitated by acetate of lead. The
sediment has to be treated with diluted acetic acid, the filtered
solution is precipitated boiling hot with sub-acetate of lead, and
the deposit decomposed under water by sulphuret of hydrogen ;
the liquid is filtered and evaporated in a current of carbonic acid
gas. Amber-yellow mass, dissolves in water and alcohol, greens
the salts of oxyd of iron.

Camphor=C2) Hig O2. Contained in all parts of Cinna-
momum Camphora; obtained by distilling with water and
sublimating the raw product. A tough, white, transparent or
translucid substance of crystalline-granular structure of the
octahedrous form, of a peculiar, penetrating smell and bitter,
aromatic taste, of 0'988 to 0:998 specifie gravity at ordinary
temperature, at 0°=1:000, fuses at 175°, boils at 204° and
sublimates undecomposed, dissolves in about 1000 parts water,
most readily in alcohol, ether, wood-spirit, aceton and oils.

Camphor Oil (volatile) from Cinnamomum Camphora. Of
sherry-colour, has a density—0'945, deposits much camphor in the
cold and when left to evaporate by itself. By repeated rectifi-
cations a distillate free from camphor is obtained =Co9 Hig O,
which is as clear as water, of great light-refracting power and
very mobile, of the odour of camphor and oil of cajeput and of
0-91 specific gravity, and leaving a resin but no camphor, when
allowed to evaporate spontaneously.

Camphor Oil from Borneo, obtained from Dryobalanops.
See BORNEEN.

33

[Canauba Wax, the coating of the leaves of Copernicia cerifera.
It is yellow, harder than bees’ wax, of 099907 specific gravity
and 84° fusing point. Contains, according to N. Stony-Waskelyne,
amongst other ingredients, Melissin. |

Cane-Sugar (common sugar)—Cj2 Hy On. Diffused through-
out the vegetable kingdom, but especially in the stalks of Graminee,
in succulent roots (beet-roots for instance), in the sap of the stem
of several trees (maple, birch, lime, palm, walnut), in fruits
(always accompanied by other sorts of sugar), in seeds and flowers.
On a small scale it is obtained best by boiling the respective
vegetable substance, reduced to a proper state, with alcohol of
90%, filtering and keeping cold for rather a long time, to form in
crystals. It crystallises in large, pellucid klinorhombohedra, is the
hardest kind of sugar, of a pure sweet taste, has a density of 1-589
to 1-630, fuses at 160° without loss of weight to a clear, pale-
yellow liquid, turns brown above 180° under loss of weight,
acquires a bitter taste, swells up, becomes darker and is finally
reduced to coal; dissolves in one-third part cold, in any quantity
of hot water, little in strong alcohol, not in ether. The aqueous.
solution is tolerably permanent in the cold, but is converted into
grape-sugar and fruit-sugar by continued boiling, or more readily
by heating with diluted (not oxydising) acids, but gives rise to
coloured humus-like products when treated so for a longer time;
it becomes black by concentrated sulphuric acid and yields with
nitric acid in the heat much oxalic, but no mucic acid. When
boiled with alkalies and alkaline earths, the cane-sugar does not
become perceptibly brown; its aqueous solution, mixed with car-
bonate of soda and boiled with subnitrate of bismuth, does not
colour the latter. Cane-sugar does not reduce the alkaline tartarate
of copper when boiled with it; ferments with yeast only after being
converted into grape-sugar; is not precipitated by acetate of lead
unless ammonia be added.

Quantitative estimation of Cane Sugar.—Since its isolation in
the pure state is always connected with loss, methods have to be
applied which permit an estimation even in presence of other
matters; these are commonly, fermentation or treatment with an
alkaline solution of tartarate of copper.

1. By fermentation with yeast.—The quantity of sugar may be
ee either by the weight of the carbonic acid or of the
alcohol formed by this method. One hundred parts cane-sugar
were formerly supposed to yield after combining with 5:26 parts
water: 51:44 parts carbonic acid and 53-82 parts alcohol; but
according to Pasteur’s direct estimations only 49:12 parts carbonic
acid and 51-01 parts alcohol are formed, while the rest of the
sugar is used up in the formation of glycerin and of succinic
acid, This way of estimation can, of course, only be applied in

D

34 ‘

the absence of other kinds of sugar capable of fermentation, which
is a rare case. When other fermentable sugars are present, they
may be destroyed by heating with an alkali (hydrate of lime),
afterwards the whole has to be acidified again and mixed with
east.

i 2. By treating with an alkaline solution of tartarate of copper.
— The mode of operation is similar to that indicated under Starch,
i.e., convert the cane-sugar into grape-sugar by heating the respec-
tive substance for two hours with water containing 2°/, sulphuric
acid, saturate the acid liquid (cold) with soda-ley and determine
the amount of the grape-sugar by means of the copper solution.
One hundred parts grape-sugar, as found by the above method,
correspond to 95 parts cane-sugar. If, besides the cane-sugar,
other kinds of sugar be present which directly reduce the solution
of copper, the latter have to be determined first; afterwards a
new portion has to be treated with acid and the whole of the
sugar estimated as above. The first quantity, when subtracted
from the second, will represent the amount of cane sugar, converted
into grape-sugar by the acid.

Caoutchouc=Cy Hy. It is probably contained in every milky
juice of plants but has been obtained on a large scale chiefly
from Hevea elastica, Castilloa elastica, C. Markhamiana, Han-
cornia speciosa, Urceola elastica, Vahea Madagascariensis, V.
Comorensis, V. gummifera, V. Senegalensis, Landolphia Owariensis,
L. Heudelotii, L. florida, Willoughbya edulis, W. Martabanica,
Ficus macrophylla, Ficus elastica and some other species of these
genera. The commercial india-rubber is purified by dissolving in
chloroform and precipitating with alcohol. White and opaque as
long as it contains water in its pores, but colourless and trans-
parent after prolonged drying at the atmosphere, only in thicker
layers of a yellowish colour; elastic; without taste and smell ;
fuses at 160° and decomposes in higher temperatures; does not
dissolve in water, but swells up in hot water and becomes sticky ;
insoluble in acids and in alkalies; swells up in cold and moreso in
boiling alcohol without dissolving, dissolves only partly in sulphide
of carbon and in anhydrous ether (to about two-thirds), readily and
completely in chloroform.

Capric Acid=C» Hig O3 + HO. In the oil of the Cocoa-
nut (See Caproic Acıp). Oné hundred parts by weight of the
Caprate of baryta, consisting of scales of fat-lustre, are decom-
posed by a mixture of 47:5 parts concentrated sulphuric acid
and 47:5 parts water, and the separated fat-acid crystallised
in aleohol.— White mass, consisting of fine needles, of a faint
goat-like smell, similar to caproic acid, of an acid, burning and
disagreeable taste; has a density of 0-910, fuses at 30 to 46°, boils
above 100° and volatilises without decomposition, dissolves in 1000

oh eee

35

parts cold and a little more copiously in hot water, most readily in
alcohol and in ether. Its salts are fatty to the touch, and dissolve,
with the exception of those of the alkalies, sparingly in water, the

salt of baryta in 200 parts cold water and contains, when dried at

100°, 68.03°/, acid.

Caproic Acid=Cı2 Hy O3 + HO. Discovered, besides
other aromatic acids, in the oil of the fruit of Cocos nucifera, in
the root of Arnica montana aud in the flowers of Orchis hircina.
It is obtained from the above oil by saponifying with soda-ley,
distilling with sulphuric acid, neutralising the distillate, containing
caproic, caprylic and capric acids, with baryta, and evaporating.
The caprate of baryta crystallises first, afterwards the caprylate
and last the Caproate, which are purified by recrystallising. In
order to separate the Caproic acid from the salt of baryta, 100
parts of the latter have to be treated with a mixture of 29°63
parts concentrated sulphuric acid and 29-63 parts water. Decant
the Caproic acid floating on the surface after 24 hours, treat the
residue once more with a like mixture of acids, desiccate the
whole of the decanted acids by chloride of calcium and rectify.—
Limpid, thin oil of sweat-like odour and of pungently acid
and afterwards more sweetish taste of nitrous ether than
butyric acid ; of 0°930 spec. grav.; not solidifying at — 9°, boils at
about 200°, dissolves in 96 parts water, in every proportion in
alcohol and ether. Its salts are all soluble in water, least so
those of the heavy metals. The Caproate of baryta dried at 100°
is anhydrous and contains 58:28°/, acid.

Caprylic Acid=Cig Hı; O3 +HO. Occurrence—See CAPROIC
Acıd. Decompose the Caprylate of baryta by diluted sul-
phuric acid; the Caprylic acid rises to the surface like an oil,
is poured off, washed with water and distilled.—Colourless
liquid of sweat-like odour, and very acid and acrid taste, of 0'911
density, solidifies below 12°, fuses at 14° to 15°, crystallises
on slowly cooling in crystalline leaflets, boils at 236°, dissolves in
400 parts water at 100°, and on cooling separates again almost com-
pletely, mixes with alcohol and ether in every proportion. The
salts, except those of the alkalies, dissolve slowly. The baryta
compound, when dried at 100°, is anhydrous, and contains
63°80°/, acid.

Capsicin. A substance obtained from the Chillies or
Cayenne pepper (the fruit of Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C.
fastigiatum, C. frutescens, ©, longum) and representing the acridity
of the latter, but as yet not prepared in the pure state. Obtained
by extracting with alcohol, treating the alcoholic extract with
ether, and evaporating the ethereous solution.— Yellow or red-
brown, soft, of at first balsamic, afterwards extremely burning

D2

36

taste, dissolves little in water, readily in ether, alcohol, oil of
turpentine and alkalies. Capsicum contains also a crystalline:
resin, which, perhaps, is Capsicin in a purer state, and does not
dissolve in water and ether.

Capsulescic Acdd=Cs Hye O16. (Might be called ZEsculie
acid.—F. v. M.). In the capsules of the ripe fruit of Aisculus Hip-
pocastanum. Sublimates undecomposed ; isomeric with triacetyl-
gallic acid, behaves like the latter towards salts of oxyd of iron,
and likewise reddens the solution of caustic potash.

Caranna. Exudation of the stem of Bursera gummifera.
Dark-brown or green-brown, transparent at the edges, viscous, or
solid and brittle, smells faintly like ammoniacum, of a bitter taste,
and, when warmed, of a pleasant, balsamic odour, fuses readily..
Contains 96% resin, which readily dissolves in alcohol, ether and
alkalies.

Carapin. Bitter substance of the bark of Carapa Guianensis.
Is very similar to cailcedrin and tulucunin, and also prepared in
a like manner. Amorphous, resinous, readily soluble in alcohol
and chloroform, less so in ether and water. It differs from
tulucunin by striking no decided colour with acids. It consists of
55-040, 6:54H and 38-420.

Cardol=C; Hz) O4. The acrid, oily ingredient of the peri-
carp of Anacardium occidentale, Semecarpus Anacardium and of
several other species of both genera. Free the nuts from
the mild oily seeds, contuse the pericarp, exhaust with ether,
distil off the latter, and free the residue from tannic acid
by washing with water. Dissolve the remaining mixture,
of about 90% anacardic acid, 10°/, Cardol, and a little of
an ammonia compound in 15 to 20 parts alcohol, digest
the solution with freshly-precipitated hydrated oxyd of lead,
whereby ammonia is evolved and a violet compound of lead is
precipitated; filter again, and distil off the alcohol. Cardol of
a dark claret colour remains behind, the slightly-concentrated
alcoholic solution of which is mixed with water to turbidness and
afterwards with an aqueous solution of acetate of lead, boiled and
decolourised by adding subacetate of lead in minute quantities,
whereby a brown, sticky precipitate is formed. The lead is
removed from the solution by means of sulphuric acid, the
alcohol distilled off, and the remaining Cardol washed with
water.—Yellow, in thicker layers reddish oil of 0-978 density at
93°, without smell in the cold, when warm of a faint, pleasant
odour, neutral, irritates the skin and raises blisters; does not
volatilise without decomposition ; insoluble in water, readily soluble
in alcohol and ether, burns with a bright but very sooty, smoking
flame, dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with red colour,

37

also in strong potash-ley, which solution becomes red at the
air, and precipitates the salts of the earthy and the heavy
metals with red or violet colour.

Carminic Acid=C2g Hıı Oy. Occurs, according to Belhomme,
in the flowers of Monarda didyma.

Carotin=0s; Haı O2. In the root of the cultivated Daucus
Carota. Press the bruised roots and precipitate the liquid with
diluted sulphuric acid under addition of a little tannic acid. The
precipitate, consisting of Carotin, Hydrocarotin and chiefly of
albumin, is pressed, boiled six or seven times, when half dry,
with five to six times its quantity of alcohol of 80°/,
which dissolves hydrocarotin and mannit, and is then exhausted
by boiling six to eight times with sulphide of carbon. Distil
off the bulk of the sulphide of carbon and mix the residue with
an equal volume of absolute alcohol, leave to stand quiet and to
erystallise. The crystals of Carotin are washed at first with
alcohol of 80°/., afterwards with absolute alcohol until the
latter assumes only a slight yellow tinge—Dark-red, microscopic,
quadrangular, tabular crystals of velvet lustre and free of water,
the latter combining with it below 0° to a colourless, very unstable
hydrate, which disunites at a few degrees above 0°; smells, espe-
‚cially when warmed, strongly like Iris-root, becomes of a vivid
red at 100°, similar to metallic copper, fuses at 168° to a thick
dark-red fluid, of amorphous structure when cold; is destroyed in
higher temperatures, becomes readily discoloured by light and
loses completely its faculty of crystallising; does not dissolve in
water or in alkalies, scarcely in alcohol, while the amorphous C.
dissolves in it; slowly soluble in ether and chloroform, readily in
sulphide of carbon, benzol and oils, in concentrated sulphuric
acid with beautiful purplish-blue colour and precipitable from it
by water in dark-green flocks as amorphous Carotin.

Carthamin or Carthamie Acid=Ca Hig O1 The red
pigment of the flowers of Carthamus tinctorius. Exhaust the
flowers first with cold water, press out, mix the remaining mass
with water containing 15°/, crystallised carbonate of soda,
allow to stand for a few hours, press, neutralise the red alkaline
liquid almost completely with acetic acid, throw down the C. on
cotton which is left in the liquid for twenty-four hours, wash the
cotton with pure water and withdraw the C. from it by macerat-
ing in water containing 5°/, crystallised soda for half an
hour. The solution, when mixed with citric acid, throws down
the C. in flocks, which must be collected and dissolved in strong
alcohol; on evaporating the latter solution, the ©. subsides.—Dark
brown-red, amorphous powder of a green metallic lustre, not
volatile, dissolves very little in water with a faint red colour, in

38

alcohol with beautiful purple colour, not in ether and oils, readily
in solutions of the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies with deep
yellow-red colour, precipitable by acids; in concentrated sulphuric
acid blood-red.

Carthamus-Yellow, Is withdrawn from the safflower by
water. Precipitate the aqueous liquid, acidulated by acetic acid,
with acetate of lead; remove the white deposit, neutralise the
filtered liquid with ammonia, decompose the dirty orange-yellow
precipitate by diluted sulphuric acid, remove from the yellow
filtrate an excess of sulphuric acid by means of acetate of baryta,
evaporate the filtrate in a retort to a syrup, and withdraw the C.
by absolute alcohol. This solution is to be evaporated under
exclusion of the air to the consistence of syrup and mixed with
water, whereby decomposed C. subsides and the unaltered C.
remains dissolved. The solution is of a dark brown-yellow colour
and of acid reaction, of a bitter and salty taste, decomposes.
readily, when allowed to stand or warmed in contact with the air,
and throws down brown substances.

Carven=C2 Hig. In the oil of caraway, besides carvol;
is thin, limpid, of a faint pleasant taste and smell, has a density
of 0°861, boils at 173°.

Carvol=Co Hıı O2, contained, besides carven, in the oil of
caraway. Isolate from the crude oil by oft-repeated fractioned
distillation, the part which distils at 225 to 230°. Limpid, thin,
of the odour of carven, and of 0:953 density; boils above 250°.

Caryophyllic Acid=C» Hi, O3 + HO. In the oil of cloves,
besides a hydrocarbon isomeric with oil of turpentine, likewise
in the oils of pimento and of cinnamon-leaves, in the oils of
Canella alba and Dicypellium caryophyllatum. It is usually
obtained from the oil of cloves by heating with ley of potash,
whereby the hydrocarbon is volatilised; adding sulphuric or
phosphoric acids to the remaining liquid and distilling the
caryophyllic acid. It is a colourless oil of the smell and taste of
cloves and of 1:068 density, boils at 242° to 251°, has an acid
reaction, dissolves little in water, readily in alcohol, ether and
acetic acid. Its compounds are mostly crystallisable and, except.
the salt of baryta, readily decomposed by water and alcohol.

Caryophylin=C2) His Oz. In the cloves (from Eugenia
caryophyllata). Crystallises in the alcoholic tincture in white,
silky, spherically united needles, is without taste or smell and of
neutral reaction, begins to evaporate at 280°, without melting,
and sublimates completely ; not soluble in water and sparingly in
cold alcohol, but dissolves in boiling alcohol and readily in ether,
little in diluted acids and in alkalies.

39

Cascarillin, Bitter ingredient of the bark of Croton
Eleuteria and Croton Sloani. Precipitate the aqueous extract
with acetate of lead, remove the lead from the filtered liquid by
means of sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate, digest with animal
charcoal and concentrate until a pellicle forms on the surface,
wash the subsiding mass with alcohol and recrystallise in boiling
alcohol.— White, fine needles and tabular crystals, neutral, bitter,
fusible, non-nitrogenised, not volatile, very slowly soluble in
water, more readily in alcohol and ether, with purple-red colour
in concentrated sulphuric acid.

Castin, Bitter substance of the seeds of Vitex Agnus castus
(to be looked for in the numerous other species of the genus).
Separates in crystals from the alcoholic tincture, dissolves little in
water; soluble in alcohol and ether, precipitable by alkalies.

Castor Oil, Obtained by pressing the seeds of Ricinus com-
munis. Almost colourless, with a slight green-yellow tinge, of
thick fluidity, of indifferent smell and mild afterwards a little acrid
taste, has a density of 0°960, does not congeal at — 15°, but yields in
the cold a little granular matter; dissolves in any quantity of
absolute alcohol and ether, thickens at the air and becomes dry at
last; begins to boil at 265°, yielding various products. It
consists in the main of the glycerid of the ricinoleic acid. As
regards the solid fat there are different opinions; Bouis asserts
that it is the glycerid of a peculiar acid called by him Isocetic
acid, on account of its having the same composition as the cetic
acid of spermaceti.

Catechin or Catechuic Acid = Cy, Hs O; + 2 HO. In the
Catechu—the aqueous extract of the wood of Acacia Catechu, of
the nuts of Areca Catechu, and of the leaves of Nauclea Gambir;
also in the kino—the hardened juice of the stem of Pterocarpus
Marsupium. To prepare it, exhaust finely pulverised catechu with
cold water first and boil it afterwards with eight times its quantity
of water in a tubulated retort, while adding subacetate of lead,
until the solution is of a wine-yellow colour; filter the boiling
liquid and allow to cool under exclusion of the air. The white
granular mass which will have formed after 24 hours has to
be washed with cold water until every trace of lead is removed; it
is then pressed and dried in the vacuum.—A white, granular sub-
stance, consisting of fine needles, and after trituration representing
a white loose powder, but of a partly yellow-brown colour when
the air in drying was not completely excluded; without smell and
of a sweetish taste; dissolves in 16,000 parts of cold and in four
parts boiling water, readily in alcohol, in 120 parts cold and in
seven parts boiling ether; all these solutions have an acid reaction.
It imparts a dark-green colour to salts of oxyd of iron, yet pro-

40

duces no turbidity in a solution of glue, unless it be previously
treated with nitric acid, whereby a brown substance is precipitated.

Catechu Tannie Acid, In the Catechu (see Catechin) [also
in the bark of the Prickly Banksia of Western Australia.] Not
known in the pure state; is a product of decomposition of catechuic
acid (not the substance from which the latter is formed, as for-
merly stated). Macerate the catechu with ether, agitate the
solution with water, decant the ethereous liquid and evaporate to
dryness; dissolve in water and allow the catechuie acid to
crystallise. The mother-ley contains nearly pure Catechu tannic
acid. It precipitates the salts of oxyd of iron with a dirty-green
colour, also glue.

Cedrin, The bitter ingredient of the fruit of Simaba Cedron.
Remove a fatty substance by treating with ether, and dissolve the
bitter substance by means of alcohol. White, silky needles, still
more bitter than strychnin, little soluble in cold, readily in boil-
ing water, of neutral reaction.

Cellulose, See Frerin.
Centaurin = Cnicin.

Ceradia Resin = Ci Has O4. From Othonna furcata. Amber-
yellow, smells like elemi, has an acid reaction when dissolved in
alcohol.

Cerasin, See CHERRY Gum.

Ceratophyllin.* In Parmelia physoides [and probably also in
other Parmelias]. Pour lime-water on the lichen washed before
in cold water, let stand no longer than 15 hours, and precipitate
the slightly yellow solution with hydrochloric acid. Wash the
deposit with cold water and dry, exhaust with boiling alcohol of
75°/,, and boil the residue that has not been dissolved, with a con-
centrated solution of carbonate of soda. The C. is said to form in
crystals when the solution has cooled down.—Thin white prisms
of at first faintly afterwards strongly rancid and burning taste ;
fuses at 147° and sublimates in laminz; dissolves more readily in
hot than in cold water; also in cold concentrated sulphuric acid
unaltered, readily in alcohol, ether and alkalies, and precipitable from
the latter solution by acids; becomes purple-violet by choride of
iron.

Cerealin. Ingredient of the bran of the grains of cereals,
possessing in a high degree the faculty of converting starch into
dextrin—therefore a kind of diastase. To obtain it, treatthe bran
with several changes of diluted alcohol in order to remove foreign
matters; afterwards exhaust with cold water, filter and evaporate

* This term is apt to lead to a very different plant and might advantageously be changed
to Parmelin.—F. v. M.

41

at 40° to dryness. The remaining Cerealin is similar to albumin,
amorphous, nitrogenised, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol,
ether and oils. The aqueous solution curdles at 75°, and at the
same time the C. loses its activity.

Ceropinic Acid = Cz, Hz, O;. In the bark of Pinus sylvestris.
Obtained in the same manner as indicated under Pinocorretin,
and purified by recrystallising in ,alcohol with aid of animal
charcoal. White powder, consisting of microscopic crystals, fuses
at 100° and congeals like wax.

Cerosin = C4s Hsp O2. Wax-like substance which forms on
the surface of the stalks of the sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum)
and is easily collected by scraping. To purify it, digest first with
cold alcohol, dissolve afterwards in boiling alcohol and allow to
erystallise. It forms pale-yellow light laminz of mother-of-
pearl lustre, without odour and of 0-961 sp. gr., is hard, easily
friable, fuses at 82°; insoluble in water and cold alcohol, readily
soluble in boiling alcohol and congealing, when cold, to an
opodeldoc-like mass; insoluble in cold, slowly soluble in hot ether,
combines slowly with alkalies.

Ceroxylin or Ceroxylon Resin = Ca Hz2 O2. It is contained in
the Palm-wax, obtained by scraping the stem of Ceroxylon Andi-
cola and boiling the substance with water. It is obtained pure by
boiling the Palm-wax with alcohol, filtering while hot and allowing
the liquid to cool. The wax is then removed and the mother-ley
evaporated to form crystals. The crystallised resin appears in
white, fine needles, melts above 100°, dissolves little in cold,
readily in hot alcohol, also in ether and volatile oils.

Cetraric Acid=C3g Hig Org. In the Iceland-moss (Cetraria
Islandica). Boil with alcohol under addition of carbonate of
potash, strain, precipitate the decoction with diluted hydrochloric
acid and water, and remove from the deposit foreign matters as
lichenostearic acid, thallochlor, &c., by successively treating with
boiling alcohol of 427/ and ether, mixed with oil of rosemary or
camphor. From the remaining grey-white mixture of Cetraric acid
and an indifferent white compound, the former is dissolved by a
cold aqueous solution of bicarbonate of potash, and has to be
precipitated with hydrochloric acid and recrystallised in the least
possible quantity of boiling alcohol.—Snow-white, loose tissue of
shining, hair-shaped needles, very bitter, not volatile, loses at 100°
nothing of its weight, turns brown at 125° and decomposes; does
not dissolve in water, but imparts to it a faint, bitter taste when
boiled; is slowly soluble in cold, readily in boiling alcohol, little in
ether, not in oils; most readily in the hydrates and carbonates of
alkalies; the bright-yellow solutions have a very bitter taste, and
are precipitable by acids.

42

Chelerythrin=0Css Hy; NOs. In the root of Glaucium
luteum and allied species, also in all parts of Chelidonium majus,
Eschscholtzia Californica and Sanguinaria Canadensis (all plants
of the order of Papaveracez). Production from the root of
Chelidodium majus: macerate with water containing sulphuric acid,
preeipitate the liquid with ammonia, edulcorate, press and dissolve
the precipitate in alcohol acidulated with sulphurie acid, add
water and distil off the alcohoi, precipitate the remaining liquid
with ammonia, wash the deposit and dry between blotting-paper at
a gentle heat as quick as possible, reduce to powder and treat
with ether, which dissolves principally the Chelerythrin. After
evaporating the ether, a viscid, turpentine-like mass remains,
which must be dissolved in the least possible amount of water,
containing hydrochloric acid, in order to remove resin. The solu-
tion is evaporated to dryness and rinsed with ether, which leaves
behind chloride of Ch.; dissolve the latter in little cold water
which leaves undissolved in the main chloride of Chelidonin,
evaporate and redissolve, &c., as long as chloride of Chelidonin
is formed. From the last aqueous solution the Ch. is isolated by
ammonia, and has, after rinsing and drying, to be purified by
dissolving in ether and evaporating.—White grains of pearl lustre ;
remains after the ethereous solution has been evaporated, as a tur-
pentine-like mass which slowly solidifies to a shining, friable
substance; without taste by itself, but the alcoholic solution tastes.
burning, acrid and bitter; its dust induces vehement sneezing; it.
softens resin-like at 65°, is decomposed in higher temperatures,
is of alkaline reaction; assumes slowly a yellow-white colour when
exposed to the air and becomes red by traces of acid vapours ;
does not dissolve in water, but most readily in alcohol, ether and
oils. With acids, which impart to it a beautiful orange-red tint, it
forms crimson-red, neutral, partly crystallisable salts of a burning,
acrid taste, readily soluble in water and precipitable by alkalies
and by tannic acid.

Chelidonic Acid=Cy, Ha O1 +3 HO+2 Aq. As yet only
found in Chelidonium majus, aud present in all parts. Is
obtained when the aqueous extract is precipitated with nitrate of
lead, the deposit washed and treated first with very diluted nitric
acid (30 parts water and one part acid of 1:22 density), in order
to remove other compounds of lead, and afterwards decom-
posed boiling hot by sulphide of sodium. The excess of the latter
is destroyed by means of an acid (acetic acid), the filtered liquid
is evaporated, and the acid which will have separated is recrys-
tallised. It forms small, colourless needles, dissolves in 166 parts
cold and 36 parts boiling water, in 709 parts alcohol of 75°/,, is
without smell, of a strongly acid taste, is carbonised by heat, and
precipitated white by salts of lead, nitrate of silver and the nitrates

43

of mercury; most of its salts dissolve in water and are easily
cerystallisable.

Chelidonin=Cs; Hi; Ng Og + 2 HO. In Chelidonium majus,
principally in the root. After the extract of the root, prepared
with water and sulphuric acid and obtained for the production of
chelerythrin, has been precipitated by ammonia and the
chelerythrin withdrawn from the precipitate by ether—the
residue has to be dissolved in the least possible quantity of water,
containing some sulphuric acid and the solution mixed with double
its volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid, which throws
down chloride of Ch. This is decomposed by water containing
ammonia; is purified by repeatedly dissolving in a little acidulated
water, precipitating with hydrochloric acid and decomposing with
ammonia, and is recrystallised in boiling alcohol.—Colourless,
glassy, tabular crystals, of bitter taste similar to sulphate of
quinin (according to others: acrid not bitter); loses the water at
100°, fuses at 130° and is decomposed in higher temperatures ;
volatilises with the vapours of water, is insoluble in water,
slowly soluble in alcohol and ether. Its salts are colourless,
erystallisable and of acid reaction, dissolve in water, have a
strong and pure, bitter taste, and are precipitable by alkalies and
by tannic acid.

Chelidoxanthin, In the root, herb and flowers of Cheli-
donium majus. Withdraw the chelidonin and chelerythrin from
the root by water acidulated with sulphuric acid, exhaust the
residuum with hot water, mix the liquid with acetate of lead and
give access to sulphuret of hydrogen. The sulphide of lead,
washed with cold water, yields to boiling water Ch., which is
obtained on evaporating as a yellow, granular mass. This has to
be digested successively with water, containing ammonia, and
with ether to remove foreign matters; exhaust the remnant
with absolute alcohol, filter, evaporate and rinse the remaining
Ch. with cold diluted sulphuric acid, ammoniacal water and ether.
Dissolve it in hot water and allow slowly to crystallise.—Yellow,
friable mass or yellow, short needles ; tastes very bitter ; dissolves
very slowly in cold, better in hot water, imparting to it a strong
yellow colour, slowly in alcohol, not in ether, in concentrated
sulphuric acid with yellow-brown colour ; in the alcoholic solution
it is precipitable by tannic acid.

Chenopodin=Ciz His; NOs. Peculiar, nitrogenised body,
closely related to the alkaloids, from Chenopodium album and
other species of that genus. To obtain it, bruise the fresh
plant gathered before flowering, press, heat the juice to 80°,
strain off from the coagulated albumin, evaporate to honey
consistence, mix with alcohol of 90%, boil for a few moments,

44

pour off the liquid, boil the residue with several changes of
alcohol, leave the alcoholic liquids to stand in the cold, strain off
from the crystals of saltpetre, distil the alcohol and allow the
residue, concentrated to a syrup-like consistence, to stand cold for
a few days. The Ch., which will then have separated in granular
crystals, must be collected, agitated with ether and recrystallised
in boiling alcohol.—White, lustreless, permanent powder, under
the microscope, of the appearance of concentrically united needles,
without taste or smell; it loses nothing of its weight at 100°,
begins to sublimate at 200° in snow-white crystalline flocks,
sublimates completely at 225°, becomes liquid, begins to boil and
evolves a very penetrating nauseous odour. It dissolves in 11
parts cold and in 3 to 4 parts boiling water, in 202 parts cold and
in 77 parts boiling alcohol of 90%, is of neutral reaction ;
dissolves readily in diluted acids ; the chloride crystallises in cubes
and is precipitated with a light-yellow colour by chloride of
platinum.

Cherry Gum, Exudation of the stems and branches of Prunus
Amygdalus, P. Persica, P. Cerasus, P. domestica and P. Arme-
niaca. It is a mixture of about equal parts of arabin and cerasin
(compound of the metagummic acid = Cja Hy; Oy with lime); and
leaves the cerasin when treated with ‘cold water as a colourless,
pellucid easily friable mass, which swells up in cold water without
dissolving, and is insoluble in alcohol.

Chica Red =Cg Hg Og. In the Chica or Carajuru, a pigment
obtained from the leaves of Bignonia Chica in South America.
Digest the chica with alcohol acidulated with sulphuric acid,
neutralise the extract with carbonate of ammonia, wash the pre-
cipitate with boiling water and dry at 100°. It turns brown at
the light, is not soluble in water, readily so in alcohol with ruby-
red colour, little in ether with yellow, in alkalies with dirty-red
colour and precipitable by acids.

Chimaphilin, Yellow, crystalline compound in Pyrola (Chima-
phila) umbellata. Agitate with chloroform the tincture of the
herb prepared with diluted alcohol, let subside, throw away the
upper stratum and allow the liquid beneath to evaporate; the
substance, which will separate, has to be recrystallised in alcohol.
In the purest state it is to be obtained by distilling the herb with
water. The stalks yield more of it than the leaves.—Beautiful,
gold-yellow, long needles, without smell or taste, fusible, sublimate
unaltered; almost entirely insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol,
ether, chloroform, in fixed and in volatile oils; is carbonised by
concentrated sulphuric acid, not altered by concentrated nitric or
hydrochloric acids. The alcoholic solution is not affected by tannic
acid or chloride of mercury.

Chinamin = QUINAMIN.

45

|Chiratin = Cs: His Oz. Bitter substance, found by Hoehn
in all parts of Ophelia Chirata. Contained in the extract, pre-
pared with alcohol of 60°/,. It forms a light-yellow, very hygro-
scopic powder of a strong and lasting bitter taste, dissolves
sparingly in cold, better in hot water, easily in alcohol and in
ether, has a neutral reaction, does not act on alkaline copper solu-
tion, forms a copious, white, flaky precipitate with tannie acid.
With acids the Ch. separates into Ophelic acid and Chiratogenin =
Cag Hos Oc.)

Chlorogenic Acid (Payen)=Carreic Acıp.

Chlorogenin. A substance contained in the root of Rubia
tinctorum, and distinguished by the green colour it assumes when
boiled with acids, but as yet not obtained in the pure state.
According to Kraus it appears to be identic with Rochleder’s
Rubichloric acid and with Runge’s Rubiaceic acid. Remains, be-
sides sugar and mineral substances, in the liquid obtained for the
preparation of Rubian, after the precipitate produced by acids
has been filtered off. Precipitate the aqueous decoction of madder
with oxalic acid, filter and neutralise the liquid with chalk,
filter again and evaporate the liquid on the water-bath until a
dark-brown thick syrup is obtained. The latter dissolves in water
and leaves behind brown products of decomposition originated in
the course of the evaporation (while the solution has’ an acid re-
action on account of phosphoric acid, and assumes a green colour
when boiled with acids). Precipitate the solution with subacetate
of lead, remove the excess of lead in the filtered liquid by sul-
phuret of hydrogen, filter again and evaporate over sulphuric
acid; a brownish-yellow, honey-like substance is obtained, which
does not dry up again. This is Chlorogenin, mixed with a little
sugar, which exists readily formed in the madder, and with the
acetates of potash, lime and magnesia. It has a nauseous,
sweetish and bitter taste, throws down a brown powder when
evaporated in the aqueous solution, dissolves in alcohol, not in
ether; emits an offensive smell when boiled with diluted hydro-
chloric or sulphuric acid, becomes dark-green and throws down a
dark-green powder.

Chlorophyll is according to Fremy a mixture of a yellow and
a blue pigment. By shaking an alcoholic tincture of chlorophyll
with a mixture of two parts of ether and one part of moderately
diluted hydrochloric acid, the ether dissolves the yellow matter,
while the acid beneath assumes a beautiful blue colour. By
mixing the two liquids by means of alcohol the green colour is
restored. The yellow pigment, isolated in the above manner, is
called by Fremy Phylloxanthin, the blue Phyllocyanin. Closer
investigations of these two compounds are wanting.

46

[According to the researches made by Kraus, Sorby and others
on the green colouring matters of leaves, spectrum analysis has
revealed the existence of at least ten different colouring substances
more or less separable by means of sulphide of carbon, alcohol
and water, used in varying combinations. Amongst these substances
are a blue-green and a yellow-green, called respectively blue
and yellow chlorophyll, and five yellow substances: orange xantho-
phyll, xanthophyll, yellow xanthophyll, orange lichnoxanthin and
lichnoxanthin. As these colouring matters are rapidly decomposed
by acids, Fremy’s blue and yellow Chlorophylls are but products
of decomposition. Of the above colouring matters, orange xan-
thophyll occurs in considerable quantity in Oscillatoriz, blue chlo-
rophyll in olive Algze, xanthophyll in Porphyra vulgaris (Alge),
yellow xanthophyll in various pale-yellow flowers as Chrysanthe-
mums, &c., and lichnoxanthin in Clavaria fuciformis. Xanthophyll
and yellow xanthophyll give absorption-bands, not lichnoxanthin.
On addition of a little hydrochloric acid to the alcoholic solutions,
the first and the third of the three last-named matters fade slowly
without altering their colour, while the second is changed into
another yellow substance with two absorption-bands and then into
deep blue. These three yellow substances are all soluble in sul-
phide of carbon, they exist in green leaves and also generally in
yellow flowers though mixed in different proportions. |

[Solutions of Chlorophyll are decomposed by small quantities of
hydrochloric acid, and yield on filtration a solid black residue and
a yellowish-brown liquid. The latter, on addition of more hydro-
chloric acid, assumes a deep-green colour and yields by filtration a
yellow residue and a pure blue liquid. The above black matter
shows, according to Filhol, a crystalline structure of radiated
needles under the microscope in the case of Monocotyledons, but
is amorphous with Dicotyledons. It dissolves very sparingly in
cold alcohol of 85°/, abundantly on boiling, also in ether and ben-
zol with yellowish-brown, in sulphide of carbon with yellow, in
chloroform with violet, and in acetic acid with blue-violet colour.
Concentrated hydrochloric and sulphuric acids dissolve it slowly
with green colour, probably under decomposition. The solution
of the crystalline black matter in acetic acid assumes a splendid
green colour when mixed with traces of the acetates of copper or zine
and heated to boiling. |

Cholestearin = Cis Ha, O+HO. Exists, according to recent
investigations, also in the vegetable kingdom and especially in the
seeds and young parts of various plants (in malt, &c.) From peas
it is obtained in the following manner, Digest with warm alcohol
of 94°/,, evaporate to honey-consistence, dissolve in water, add
oxyd of lead, boil until clear, allow to cool, throw away the water,
treat again with hot alcohol, remove the lead in the tinctures by

47

means of sulphuret of hydrogen, leave to crystallise in the cold,
and recrystallise the Ch. in alcohol. —It forms large, white, leaf-
like crystals of mother-of-pearl lustre, without smell or taste,
lighter than water, loses the water when heated, fuses afterwards
(at 137°) and distils by careful heating undecomposed. In higher
temperatures it separates into various volatile products. It does
not dissolve in water, little in cold alcohol and oil of turpentine,
readily in hot alcohol, oils and ether; is not affected by caustic
alkalies.

Chrysophanic Acid = Coo Hg Og (called also according to its
origin Lapathin, Parietin or Parietic acid, Parmel-yellow, Rha-
ponticin, Rheic acid, Rumicin). In the roots of the genus Rheum
and Rumex, in Parmelia parietina and Squamaria elegans, and
probably many other Lichenes. Digest the Parmelia parietina or
the root of rhubarb with weak alcohol, containing caustic potash,
give to the strained liquid access of carbonic acid gas, dissolve the
deposit in alcohol of 50 mixed with a little caustic potash, filter
and precipitate with acetic acid. Dissolve the precipitate, after
filtering, in boiling alcohol, filter hot and add water, whereby
yellow flocks of Chr. are separated, which have to be purified by
recrystallisation in alcohol. —Delicate orange-yellow, felted needles,
similar to iodide of lead, of gold-lustre, almost without taste, fusing
at 162°; sublimate partly unaltered by careful heating; scarcely
soluble in cold, a little more in boiling water with bright yellow
colour, in 1125 parts alcohol of 85% at + 30°, in 224 parts boiling
alcohol, in ether, glacial acetic acid, amylalcohol, remarkably well
in benzol and oil of coal-tar, in concentrated sulphuric acid with
beautiful red colour and precipitable without alteration by water
with yellow colour, readily soluble in alkalies with red colour.

Chrysopicrin = VULPULIN.

Chrysorhamnin = Cyg Hy: O2. According to Kane in the
unripe so-called Yellow Berries (Grains of Avignon, from
Rhamnus tinctorius, R. infectorius, R. saxatilis, R. amygdalinus,
R. oleoides); yet Gellatly did not succeed in obtaining it either
from the ripe or the unripe berries. Obtained by extracting with
ether, it represents beautiful gold-coloured, silky, concentrically
united needles, dissolves scarcely in cold water, readily in alcohol
and in ether; by boiling with water, xanthorhamnin is produced;
it is not altered by acids and dissolves, apparently under decompo-
sition, in alkalies,

Cicutin. Volatile alkaloid, occurring in all parts of Cicuta
virosa, but as yet only obtained in the aqueous solution, and is
very imperfectly investigated.

[Cieuten=Ca Hy. A hydrocarbon contained in the volatile
oil of the root of Water-hemlock or Cowbane (Cicuta virosa). It

48

boils at 166°, rotates to the right and is of 087038 specific
gravity at 18°. It dissolves in every proportion in alcohol,
ether, chloroform, benzol and sulphide of carbon, dissolves iodine,
sulphur and phosphorus, and forms with water a crystalline
hydrate. It absorbs chlorine in large quantities, producing a thick
camphor-like liquid of the formula Cy) Ha Cl4.—Van Ankum].

[Cinchona Alkaloids, F. E. de Vrij gives the following
method for the separation and quantitative estimation of the five
Cinchona alkaloids—Quinin, Cinchonidin, Cinchonin, Quinidin and
the amorphous base, soluble in ether.—Mix at least five grammes
of the pulverised crude alkaloid with fifty grammes ether, shake
repeatedly and allow to rest till the next day. Filter and
evaporate the ethereous solution.

A. Portion soluble in ether. Dissolve the residue in 10 parts
proof spirit, mixed with 5°/, sulphuric acid. Add cautiously of
tincture of iodine as long as a precipitate ensues. The precipitate
contains the whole of the Qwinin as herapathit. Collect on a
filter, wash with proof spirit and dry at 100°. One part by
weight contains 0°565 parts Quinin.

The filtered liquid contains the amorphous base. Add sul-
phurous acid in alcohol until colourless, neutralise with caustic
soda, drive away the alcohol on the water-bath and precipitate by
slight excess of soda-ley.

B. Portion insoluble in ether. Add 40 parts hot water and
diluted acid, until only slightly alkaline and a sufficient quantity
of tartarate of potassa et soda, stir well and leave to rest till the
following day, when Cinchonidin, if present, will have separated
under the form of crystals of tartarate of Cinchonidin. Collect on
a filter, wash with a little water and dry at 100°. One part
contains 0°804 Cinchonidin.

The liquid after separation is mixed with dissolved iodide of
potassium and stirred. Quinidin falls down as a coarse crystalline
powder of hydriodide of Quinidin. Collect, wash with little water
and dry at 100°. One part contains 0'713 parts Quinidin.

The filtered liquid contains the Cinchonin, which is obtained by
precipitating with soda-ley, washing with water and drying. |

[Cinchona Oily Alkaloid, Howard’s = Cz Hig NO2. Found
in the mother-ley of Quinin. Obtained by treating the mother-ley
with ether, evaporating, dissolving in the smallest possible quan-
tity of oxalic acid, crystallising and recrystallising under addition
of animal charcoal. The alkaloid is separated by carbonate of
potash or soda.—A_ yellowish oil of bitter taste, easily decompos-
able by heat, readily soluble in alcohol and ether. Exhibits with
chlorine water and ammonia the reaction of Quinin and Quinidin.
Nitric acid produces a green-yellow colour. Of the salts the
oxalate crystallises best, the other compounds are exceedingly

49

soluble in water and partly of an oily nature. —Found by Howard
in the bark of Cinchona succirubra. |

Cinchonidin=C2 Hiz NO. In the Quina rubra granatensis
(called originally Quina pseudoregia), from Cinchona succirubra, C.
Calisaya, C. officinalis, C. lancifolia, Exhaust the bark reduced
to powder, with water acidulated by hydrochloric acid, treat
the solution with milk of lime, collect the deposit, dry, pulverise,
draw out with alcohol, evaporate the fluid, let crystallise and
purify by recrystallising in alcohol.—Forms colourless, long,
shining prisms; fuses at 167 to 170° and decomposes in higher
temperatures ; without smell, of bitter taste ; becomes electric by
friction ; dissolves in 3287 parts cold, and in 596 parts boiling
water, in 88 parts cold and in 19 parts boiling alcohol of 0.833,
in 398 parts cold ether of 0°740; the alcoholic solution has an
alkaline reaction; dissolves readily in diluted acids, also in
concentrated sulphuric acid without change; dissolves colourless
in chlorine-water, and ammonia produces in the solution a grey-
white precipitate, soluble in an excess of ammonia with pale
sherry colour. It saturates the acids completely, and forms well
erystallisable salts, which are permanently precipitated by caustic
alkalies and their carbonates, phosphate of soda, chloride of
mercury, chloride of platinum, chloride of gold, iodide of
potassium, sulphocyanide of potassium, nitrate of palladium and
by tannic acid.

Cinchonidin=Pasteur’s QuINIDIN.

Cinchonin=C2) Hig NO. Prevails in the grey and brown
and especially in the Huanoko Quina-barks, from Cinchona
micrantha, C. nitida, C. Peruviana, C. Pahudiana, C.
scrobiculata, C. cordifolia. Digest with water acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, press, concentrate the extracts, filter, precipitate
with ley of soda, wash the deposit and dissolve it in acetic acid,
precipitate again, dry the deposit, boil with alcohol and allow to
erystallise.— Forms white pellucid needles of alkaline reaction, of
slightly bitter taste, fuses only when decomposition is setting in,
and evaporates partly undecomposed (according to others: it fuses
at 150 to 160° and sublimates partly in white needles); dissolves
in 3670 parts cold, and in 2500 parts boiling water, in 126 parts
absolute, and in 115 parts alcohol of 907% at 15°, in 40 parts
boiling alcohol, in 600 parts cold and in 470 parts boiling ether,
in 23 parts chloroform, little in oils ; dissolves colourless in chlorine-
water, and is precipitated white by ammonia ; dissolves colourless
in concentrated sulphuric acid and is not coloured on heating ;
insoluble in alkalies. Neutralises the acids and yields mostly
crystallisable salts, the solutions of which turn dark red-
brown in the sunlight.

E

50

Cinchovatin = Arıcın.
Cinnamein = O1ıL oF BALSAM OF PERv.
Cinnamen = STYRoL.

Cinnamie Acid=Cıs H7 O3 + HO. In the balsam of Peru
(from Myroxylon Pereirze), balsam of Tolu (Myroxylon toluiferum),
liquid storax (from Liquidambar orientalis), perhaps also in other
odoriferous resins. May be prepared like benzoic acid. Crystal-
lises in colourless klinorhombic prisms and needles, smells and
tastes faintly like cinnamon, liquifies at 129°, boils at 300° and
sublimates in pungent, cough-producing vapours ; dissolves little
in cold, readily in boiling water, in alcohol and ether; is of acid
reaction; the aqueous solution evolves, when boiled with peroxyd
of lead, or with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid, oil of
bitter almonds and the remaining liquid contains benzoic acid.
Its salts are soluble in water and crystallisable, very similar to
the benzoates ; the least soluble is the silver-salt ; the lead-salt is
also little soluble.

Cissampelin = BEpirın.

Cisso-Tannie Acid=Co Hyg Oje: The pigment of the red
autumnal leaves of Vitus hederacea, occurs also in the ripe
fruits of Fragaria vesca and its congeners. Treat the leaves with
alcohol of 80%, add to the tincture one-fifth of water and distil
the alcohol, evaporate the remaining liquid to honey consistence
and treat with cold water, which yields a dark-red solution, while
a kermes-red powder (see below) remains undissolved. The red
solution has an adstringent and bitter taste, is coloured dark-green
by chloride of iron, and is precipitated by glue, tartarated antimony
and acetate of lead (olive-green by the latter). The solution
becomes turbid by age and throws down the same kind of powder
as forms on dissolving the extract. This red powder, insoluble or
changed Cisso-Tannic Acid=Cs2 Hog Oos, is, when dry, dense,
dark-brown, shining, brittle, of bitter and acerb taste, carbonises
quietly when heated, is insoluble in water, readily soluble in
alcohol with blood-red colour, in ammonia with dark brown-yellow
colour ; the alcoholic solution behaves towards chloride of iron,

glue, tartarated antimony and acetate of lead like the original
acid.

Citric Acid=Cıa H;0,, + 3 HO + 2 Aq. Widely diffused,
free and mixed with more or less malic acid in fruits, or bound to
bases in various roots, herbs, barks, &c. It is precipitated from the
extracts by acetate of lead; the deposit, when decomposed by
sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporated, yields the acid in crystals.
Rectorhombic, translucent, colourless crystals, without odour and
of a pure and strong acid taste, lose their lustre at the air, give
up at 100° 2 eq. water, fuse at 150° and decompose in higher

5l

temperatures ; dissolve readily in water, alcohol and ether.
Citrie acid is distinguished from the similar tartaric acid by the
following tests. It evolves on heating no smell of burning
sugar, but a different empyreumatic odour ; it forms no scantily
soluble acid salt with potash, and is not turbidified by lime-water
in the cold, but yields with it when heated a precipitate, which
disappears again on cooling. The salts of the alkalies are readily
soluble in water, those of the other bases slowly or not in water.
‘The salt obtained by acetate of lead and dried at 120° is=3 PbO +
Ci + HO, and contains 32-68% acid.

Cnicin=Cy Has O15. In the leaves of Carbenia benedicta,
Centaurea Calcitrapa and other Cynarocephalous plants of
‘Composite. Is prepared like Salicin. Crystallises in white,
silky needles, has a remarkably bitter taste; permanent at the air,
neutral, fusible, not volatilisable without decomposition ; dissolves
sparingly in cold, much better in boiling water, readily in alcohol,
wood-spirit, scarcely in ether, not in oil of turpentine and in fixed
oils, in concentrated sulphuric acid with beautiful red colour,
turning black when heated.

Cocain=Cz3 Hig NOg. In the leaves of Erythroxylon Coca.
Exhaust with water of 60° to 80°, precipitate the liquid with
acetate of lead, precipitate the filtered solution with a saturated
solution of sulphate of soda, filter, concentrate, render slightly
alkaline by means of carbonate of soda, and shake repeatedly with
ether. Distil off the bulk of the ether from the ethereous solu-
tions, leave the rest of the solvent to evaporate in the cold,
and withdraw a part of the pigment from the remaining impure
C. by distributing it in cold water. Now pour a thin layer of the
impure chloride of C. into Graham’s dialysator made of
parchment-paper, and leave to diffuse in three changes of water
for three days, whereby most of the chloride of C. will be
diffused into the water, while much of the pigment remains in the
dialysator. ‘Throw down the C. in the solution with carbonate of
soda, dissolve in alcohol, add of acetic acid enough to render it
acid, and allow to evaporate spontaneously over sulphuric acid.
The C. remains free of acetic acid, and is withdrawn from the
remnant by ether, while the foreign matters are left undissolved
and combined with acetic acid under the form of oily drops.—It
erystallises in large, colourless klinorhombic prisms of at first
somewhat bitter, afterwards cooling taste; of alkaline reaction,
fuses at 98°, may be sublimated for a small part with careful
heating, dissolves in 704 parts cold and a little more copiously in
hot water, readily in alcohol, and better still in ether; readily in
diluted acids, in concentrated sulphuric acid without colour, but is
carbonised by heat; separates when heated with concentrated
hydrochloric acid into benzoic acid and a new crystalline base of

E 2

52

sweetish bitter taste (Eegonin). Forms with acids crystallisable
salts; liquor of ammonia, carbonate of ammonia, and caustic
potash produce in the chloride of ©. solution white precipitates,.
soluble in excess of the reagent; carbonate of soda gives a per-
manent precipitate which becomes crystalline on keeping; the
bicarbonates of alkalies and phosphate of soda do not affect the
solution; bi-iodiole of potassium causes a kermes-brown, picric
acid a yellow precipitate, tannic acid (only when mixed with some
hydrochloric acid) white flocks; Coca-tannic acid precipitates
nothing.

Coca-Tannie Acid. In the leaves of Erythroxylon Coca. It is
obtained besides cocain, when the leaves are exhausted with
alcohol acidulated with sulphuric acid; the tincture digested with
hydrate of lime, filtered, neutralised with sulphuric acid and freed
“ from the alcohol by distillation; in the remaining liquid the cocain
is precipitated by carbonate of soda, and can be removed by
shaking with ether, while the Coca Tannic acid, remains dis-
solved in the aqueous solution. Evaporate from the latter any
traces of ether; neutralise with nitric acid, remove the sulphuric
acid by means of nitrate of baryta, the excess of the latter with
carbonate of ammonia, neutralise and precipitate with acetate of
lead; the washed deposit has to be decomposed under water by
sulphuret of hydrogen, and the liquid is then evaporated.—Brown-
red, amorphous, hygroscopic substance of slightly acerb taste,
fusible by heat, colours’ chloride of iron brown-green, precipitates.
tartarated antimony, but not glue.

Coccognic Acid. In the seeds of Daphne Gnidium. Digest
with alcohol, treat the alcoholic extract with water, and evaporate
the aqueous solution.—Colourless, quadrangular prisms of a pecu-
liar acidulous taste, the solution of which is not turbidified by
lime-water, chloride of baryum, acetate of lead or subsulphate of
iron.

Cocoa Oil, obtained from the fruit-seeds of Cocos nucifera by
boiling with water and skimming; is white, of butter-consistence,
of a rather disagreeable, somewhat cheese-like odour and mild
taste, fuses at 20° to 22°, turns easily rancid, dissolves readily in
alcohol, and contains, combined with glyceryl, much laurostearic,
also oleic, a little palmitic, myristic, caproic, caprylic and capric
acids.

[Coccognin, Indifferent substance, discovered by A. Cassel-
mann in the fruits of Daphne Mezereum. The fruits are
pulverised and freed from oil by pressing and treating with
sulphide of carbon, The residue is then extracted three times.
with alcohol of 95% and the solvent distilled off. The extract is
freed from resin by alcohol of 70% and the residue dissolved in

53

boiling alcohol of 95°). The C. deposited on cooling is
purified by recrystallisations.—The C. appears as a white powder,
under the microscope as needle-shaped, sericeous crystals; of
poignantly acrid taste and without odour. It is insoluble in cold,
very sparingly in hot water, readily soluble in alcohol, insoluble in
ether; of neutral reaction. Alkalies dissolve it with yellow,
afterwards red colour. Subacetate of lead forms with it on
heating a yellow precipitate. It may be fused and sublimed by
careful heating without any residue, while emitting the odour
‚of cumarin. |

Codein = C35 Ha, NOg+2HO. In the opium. Exhaust,
according to Robertson-Gregory’s method for obtaining the most
important ingredients, the opium with water of 38°, evaporate the
liquid under addition of pulverised chalk to a syrup, add chloride
of calcium in excess, and boil for a few minutes. Dilute the fluid
cold with a moderate quantity of water, whereby resinous flocks,
meconate of lime and dyeing substances are thrown down, filter,
evaporate under addition of a piece of chalk to the point of
crystallisation, and separate the liquid from the sediment. The
crystals, a mixture or double-salt of the chloride of morphin
and Codein, obtained on cooling and concentrating, are freed from
the black mother-ley by pressing and purified by recrystallising.
Dissolve these in water and add ammonia, which precipitates the
morphin. In concentrating the filtered liquid chloride of Codein
‚crystallises first predominantly, and has to be freed from the bulk
-of chloride of ammonium by recrystallisation ; it is then dissolved in
hot water and decomposed by concentrated ley of potash, whereby
a part of the Codein separates in the form of an oil, afterwards con-
gealing, and another part erystallises on cooling. Wash with
water, dissolve in ether, and evaporate under addition of water.—
Forms small, white, silky scales, of little taste (its salts are bitter),
fuses at 100° under loss of water, and decomposes afterwards; dis-
solves in 80 parts cold and in 17 parts boiling water, more readily in
alcohol and in ether, in liquor of ammonia about as much as in water,
in concentrated sulphuric acid without colour and turning brown
by heat, in concentrated nitric acid under explosion with red
‚colour, is not affected by chloride of iron and iodic acid. Combines
with acids to mostly crystallisable salts which are almost insoluble
in ether and not precipitated by ammonia or carbonate of soda,
but are so incompletely by caustic potash.

Colchicin=C3, Hyg NO. In all parts of Colchicum autum-
nale. Exhaust the seeds with alcohol of 90%, evaporate to a
syrup, and mix hot with twenty times its quantity of water.
Allow to rest, remove the fat-oil from the surface and precipitate
the filtered liquid with subacetate of lead, remove from the filtered
liquid the lead with phosphate of soda, and precipitate the Colchi-

54

cin with tannic acid. Collect and wash the deposit and mix
intimately in the moist state with oxyd of lead, dry the mixture
by heat and exhaust’ with hot alcohol, evaporate the tincture to a
syrup-like consistence and allow to dry over sulphuric acid in the
vacuum. To get it completely pure, it must be thrown down re-
peatedly with tannic acid and treated with oxyd of lead as above.—
Light-yellow, brittle, adhering like a resin when triturated, of a
faintly aromatic hay-like odour; dissolves readily in water and
alcohol, not in ether, has even in a very diluted solution a strong
and lastingly bitter taste, is of neutral reaction, fuses at 140° and
is decomposed by higher temperatures, yields an intensely yellow
precipitate with mineral acids and alkalies, is thrown down by
tannic acid, the chlorides of mercury and of gold; dissolves in
concentrated sulphuric acid with dark-green colour which changes
soon into yellow and is altered by nitric acid successively into
blue, violet, and brown, and lastly yellow again, which becomes.
of a dark-red colour with ammonia. The Colchicin possesses no
basic properties, and is even changed into a weak acid when
treated with a mineral acid, and assumes thereby a crystalline
appearance, but without altering its composition. This slightly
acid compound has been called Colchicein; it forms white warty
masses and needles, tastes much less bitter than Colchicin, and
is of a slightly acid reaction, but possesses the same poisonous.
properties as the latter.

Colocynthin=C;5 Hy O2. In the pulp of the fruit, less in
the seeds, of Cucumis Colocynthis. Treat the aqueous extract after
drying with cold water, precipitate the filtered liquid with acetate
of lead, filter again and precipitate with sub-acetate of lead, strain
and remove the excess of lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, precipi-
tate with tannic acid, collect and wash the deposit, mix it with
hydrated oxyd of lead, warm and exhaust with alcohol, decolourise:
the tincture with animal charcoal, filter, dry and shake with ether
(anhydrous)which leaves the C. in the pure state—Amorphous,
yellow, crystallises in white-yellow tufts when the alcoholic solu-
tion is slowly evaporated, has an intensely bitter taste, burns when.
heated, dissolves in 8 parts cold and in 6 parts boiling water, in 6
parts aqueous and in 10 parts absolute alcohol, not in ether, in
concentrated sulphuric acid with crimson-red colour ; secedes with
diluted acids into sugar and another product.

Colombie Acid=Cs2 Hoe Oy2 + HO. Besides colombin and
berberin in the Colombo-root (from Jateorrhiza palmata).
Digest hot the dried alcoholie extract of the root with milk of
lime, saturate the filtered liquid with hydrochloric acid, which
causes a yellow amorphous precipitate, remove from the latter the
berberin by washing with water, and the colombin by boiling
with ether, dissolve the rest in ley of potash and adduce carbonic

55

acid gas, oversaturate the fitered liquid with hydrochloric acid,
wash the white flocks, which will separate, with water and dry.—
Amorphous, pale straw-yellow powder, of strongly acid reaction,
tastes less bitter than colombin, is almost insoluble in water, dis-
solves with yellow colour in alcohol, very little in ether, better in
acetid acid, with brown-yellow colour in potash-ley.

Colombin=C12 Hz Oy. The indifferent bitter ingredient of
the Colombo-root (from Jateorrhiza palmata). Exhaust with
alcohol of 75°/., distil off the alcohol from the tincture, evaporate
to dryness on the water-bath, dissolve in water, shake with ether,
evaporate the ethereous solution and purify the crystallised C. by
pressing and recrystallising in ether.—Forms white or transparent
prisms and needles, without smell, very bitter, neutral; fuses like
wax, decomposes in higher temperatures; dissolves little in cold
water, alcohol and ether, in 30 to 40 parts boiling alcohol, in
acetic acid, a little in volatile oils, in alkalies and re-precipitable
by acids, in concentrated sulphuric acid with orange, afterwards
dark-red colour; not precipitable by metallic salts.

Colophony. See Asietic Acıp.

Conessin=Cs; Hz NO. In the seeds and bark of Wrightia
antidysenterica. Exhaust the bark with water containing a small
admixture of hydrochloric acid, precipitate the extract with am-
monia, treat the deposit with alcohol, evaporate the tincture to a
syrup’s thickness, bring to dryness with acetate of lead and with
a little ammonia and treat with ether. The C. remains after
evaporating.— White, amorphous powder of very bitter, acrid and
rancid taste, is destroyed by heat, dissolves in alcohol, ether and
chloroform; according to other observers it dissolves little in
alcohol, ether and sulphide of carbon.

Conhydrin=Cig Hy; NO2. Alkaloid of Conium maculatum,
existing besides coniin in the flowers and seeds. Exhaust with
water containing a little sulphuric acid, saturate the moderately
concentrated extract with an excess of lime or caustic potash,
distil and saturate the alkaline distillate with sulphuric acid,
evaporate to a syrup’s consistence, shake with alkohol and evapo-
rate the alcoholic solution, add potash-ley, shake with ether and
let the ether evaporate from the ethereous solution. The residue
when subjected to distillation yields at first oil-like coniin with a
little ether and water and afterwards a dry crystalline substance.
This when purified by pressing, &e., is pure Conhydrin.—It repre-
sents colourless, iridescent laminz of mother-of-pearl lustre, smells
faintly like coniin, liquifies with a gentle heat and sublimates
already below 100°, dissolves moderately in water, readily in
alcohol and in ether, is of strongly alkaline reaction and dislodges
the ammonia from its compounds. It yields with hydrochloric

56

acid an uncrystallisable salt (whereas chloride of coniin erystallises
and is permanent at the air); is converted into coniin when heated
with anhydrous phosphoric acid.

[Coniferin= Oss H3s Oo4 6G HO. Glucosid, detected by he
Hartig in the cambium liquid of coniferous trees, viz.:—Pinus
Abies, P. picea, P. Strobus, P. Cembra, and P. Larix. It is
obtained from the juice by boiling, filtering, and inspissating to
one-fifth of its volume, when the C. after cooling separates in crys-
tals, which have to be pressed and recrystallised from water or
alcohol under addition of animal charcoal.—It forms white, seri-
ceous, delicate needles or warty masses consisting of concentrically
grouped spearlets. They lose their water of crystallisation at 100°,
fuse at 185°, and congeal after cooling to a glassy mass. In higher
temperatures, the C. turns brown and becomes carbonised under
emission of caramel odour and a peculiar aromatic smell. It
dissolves little in cold, copiously in hot water, sparingly in strong
alcohol, not in ether. The taste of the aqueous solution is slightly
bitter. It turns the polarised light to the left. Sulphuric acid
colours C. dark violet. The solution in hydrochloric acid, on
heating and evaporating, throws down an intensely-blue body,
Treated with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid, C. is con-
verted into vanillic acid, which might serve as a substitute for
vanilla. |

Coniin=Cis Hi; N. In all parts of Conium maculatum,
most copiously in the seeds. Distil the latter with water and an
admixture of lime, saturate the distillate with sulphuric acid,
evaporate almost to dryness, agitate the granular remnant with a
mixture of two parts absolute alcohol and one part ether,
evaporate the solution, distil the remaining mass with potash ley
and desiccate with chloride of calcium.—Limpid, oily fluid of
penetrating nauseous hemlock-odour, and of acrid, nauseous,
tobacco-like taste, of 0°89 density, boils at 170°, has a strongly
alkaline reaction, dissolves in 100 parts water; the solution
becomes cloudy when warmed, and clears again on cooling;
dissolves readily in alcohol, ether and oils, and neutralises the
acids completely. The aqueous solution is precipitable by tannic
acid.

Convallamarin=C4 Hi Os. Precipitate the aqueous
decoction of the root of Convallaria majalis or the decoction of
the whole herb, as obtained for the preparation of convallarin,
with subacetate of lead, remove the lead from the filtered liquid
by means of carbonate of soda, precipitate with tannic acid, wash
and dry the deposit, exhaust with alcohol, remove the tannic acid
by digesting the tincture with slaked lime, distil off the alcohol
from the filtrate, free the remaining liquid from the rest of the
lime by adducing carbonic acid gas and evaporate to dryness.

57

The C. thus obtained, contains resin and mineral substances ; the
former may be removed by means of ether; the latter by dis-
solving repeatedly in water, precipitating with tannic acid and
treating as above.—White powder, intermixed with small crystals
of a peculiar, lasting, sweet-bitter taste ; is softened by heat and
afterwards destroyed; dissolves readily in water and in alcohol, not
in ether, is soluble unaltered in liquor of ammonia, assumes a
beautiful violet colour with concentrated sulphuric acid ; is resolved
by diluted acids into sugar and a resin (Convallamaretin).

Convallarin=Cz, Hs, Oy. Im Convallaria majalis. Boil
with water the whole herb, collected with the roots while
blossoming or shortly after the time of inflorescence, employ the
decoction for the preparation of Convallamarin (see this), exhaust
the remnant with alcohol of 0°84, precipitate the tinctures with
subacetate of lead, remove the lead from the filtrate by sulphuret
of hydrogen, distil off the alcohol and let crystallise. The
crystals, mixed with resin and chlorophyll, must be pressed and
washed with ether.—Forms rectangular prisms, has a rancid taste
when dissolved in water or alcohol, fuses at 100° and is after-
wards destroyed, dissolves very little in water, readily in alcohol,
not in ether, divides under the action of diluted acids into sugar
and a resin (Convallaretin).

Convolvulin=Cg2 Hso Ose. The main ingredient of the resin
of Ipomaca Purga. Boil the root first with water, afterwards
with alcohol, add water to the tincture until it shows traces of
turbidity, boil with animal charcoal, filter and evaporate. The
yellowish, brittle resin is reduced to powder, exhausted with
ether, dissolved in absolute alcohol and precipitated by ether.—
Colourless substance, at 100° brittle and reducible to a white
powder, without taste or smell, fuses at 150° without loss and de-
composes afterwards, has a slightly acid reaction when dissolved
in alcohol, dissolves very little in water, in any quantity of
aleohol, not in ether or in oils, both fixed and volatile ones,
readily in acetic acid, in concentrated sulphuric acid with carmine-
red colour, in alkalies and and alkaline earths under formation of
an acid and not reprecipitable by acids, breaks up with diluted
acids into sugar and an oily product.

Copaiva Balsam. Exudation of the stems of various kinds of
Copaifera. Is pale-yellow, of honey consistence, of 0°94 to 0°95
density, has a peculiar, unpleasant balsamic smell and an aromatic,
bitter taste, of acid reaction, dissolves copiously in alcohol of 90%,
mixes with ether and oils in every proportion, dissolves mostly
clear in liquor of ammonia and in potash-ley, hardens with 1-16th
caustic lime or magnesia to a solid paste. Consists of volatile oil
(up to 80°/.), of two resins, the one of which is prevailing and
hard (copaivic acid), the other soft, and of metacopaivic acid.

6

58

Copaivie Acid=C Hoy O3 + HO. In the balsam of Copaiva
as hard resin besides a volatile oil and a soft resin. To prepare
it, mix nine parts balsam with two or more parts liquor of am-
monia of 0-95, and let stand cold in a closed vessel whereby at.
10° only after several weeks, at — 12° after twenty-four hours, white,
shining needle-like crystals will be formed. Drain and shake the
crystals with a little ether, which dissolves the balsam and leaves.
the crystals little altered, press and recrystallise in absolute
alcohol.—Long, translucid or transparent, colourless crystals of
faint smell and bitter taste, of acid reaction, insoluble in water,
readily soluble in absolute alcohol, less so in aqueous alcohol and
in ether, in permanent and volatile oils, in concentrated sulphuric
acid with red-brown colour; also in potash-ley but reprecipitated
by an excess of the solvent.

Copal. Resimous exudation of several trees, viz., Valeria.
Indica, Hymenza Courbaril, Trachylobium Gaertnerianum,
Cynometra Spruceana, Vouapea phaseolocarpa, Bursera Copal, and
other species of these genera. Shows, according to its origin,
some physical and chemical distinctions, but is in general pale or
brownish-yellow, translucid or transparent, hard and_ brittle,
without taste or smell, heavier than water, fusible without
noticeable smell, but with a change of properties, yields in higher
temperatures volatile oil and water. It dissolves little in absolute
alcohol, more readily when exposed to the air for a long time,
more readily still after melting or with an admixture of camphor ;
swells up in ether and dissolves completely, also in caustic alkalies,
copiously in chloroform, slowly in benzol and castor oil, partly in
sulphide of carbon and in volatile oils. Five mostly acid resins
have been obtained from Copal through the agency of different.
solvents.

Copalchin, Alkaloid of the Copalchi-bark (from Croton
niveus), of which is only known that it is distinctly crystalline,
tastes similar to quinin, dissolves in ether, is precipitated white
by alkalies from its solution in acids, and behaves towards
chlorine and ammonia like quinin (turns dark-green).

Coriamyrtin=Cy Hy, O.,. Bitter ingredient of the leaves
and fruits of Coriaria myrtifolia. Precipitate the juice of the
fresh or the aqueous extract of the dried plant with subacetate of
lead, remove the excess of lead from the filtered liquid by means of
sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporate to the consistence of syrup.
The residue yields up to ether the C. which is obtained by
evaporation, and purified by recrystallising in alcohol.—Forms
white, four to six sided klinorhombie prisms, very bitter ; loses
nothing of its weight at 200°, fuses at 220°, is decomposed by
higher temperatures; of neutral reaction; dissolves at 22° in
70 parts cold and a little more in boiling water ; in 50 parts cold,

59

very copiously in boiling alcohol, also in ether, benzol, chloroform,
scarcely in sulphide of carbon ; is converted by diluted acids into
sugar and a resin,

Corksubstance =SuBErin.

Cornin or Cornie Acid. Crystalline bitter substance of the
root and bark of Cornus florida, and probably also in that of other
species. The aqueous extract is repeatedly shaken with freshly
precipitated oxyd of lead; filtered; evaporated to honey-
consistence ; treated with absolute alcohol, and the tincture
evaporated.—Fine silky needle-like crystals of very bitter taste,
readily soluble in water and alcohol, slowly in ether, of slightly
acid reaction, not precipitable by alkalies, tannic acid, salts of iron
and baryta, or neutral salts of lead; but precipitated by
subacetate of lead and nitrate of silver.

Cortici-pino Tannie Acid—=Cig H; O7. In the bark of aged
stems of Pinus sylvestris. Distribute the lead-salt obtained in the
preparation of Pinicorretin, in water, decompose with sulphuret of
hydrogen, remove the sulphide of lead by filtration, and evaporate
in a current of carbonic acid gas.—Bright red-powder, the aqueous
solution of which turns green with chloride of iron.

Corydalin=Cyg Hop NO;. Alkaloid of the tubers of Corydalis
tuberosa and C. fabacea. Exhaust with water acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, press, throw down the liquid with carbonate of
-soda, collect the deposit, wash, dry, and exhaust with water and
an admixture of hydrochloric acid, precipitate the filtered liquid
with carbonate of soda, collect, wash and dry the deposit, shake
with oil of turpentine, pour off the oil containing the C., shake it
with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, precipitate the
aqueous solution with carbonate of soda, collect, wash, and dry the
deposit.—White voluminous strongly adhering powder, without
smell or taste, very bitter when dissolved, assumes a citron-yellow
colour when exposed to the sunlight, fuses at 70° without loss
of weight, and decomposes in higher temperatures; insoluble in
water, dissolves in nine parts of alcohol of 90% at ordinary
temperature, and in equal parts when boiling hot, in three parts
of ether, not in solutions of alkalies ; in concentrated nitric acid
with yellow colour, and with the same colour in concentrated
sulphuric acid, but changing slowly into violet; is precipitable by
tannic acid, by the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies, the chlorides
of mercury, of gold, and of platinum. Yields amorphous resinous
salts.

Crataegin. Crystalline, bitter substance of the bark of the
branchlets of Crataegus Oxyacantha. Obtained by boiling with
water, treating the decoction with caustic lime, &c. Crystallises
in warty masses similar to grape-sugar, is grey-white, tastes very

60

bitter, dissolves readily in water, less so in alcohol, not in ether, is
neutral, and contains no nitrogen.

Crocin=C;g H4z Oz. The yellow pigment of the stigmata of
Crocus sativus and of the fruits of Gardenia grandiflora, also occur-
ring in Fabiana imbricata. Remove the fat substances of saffron
by ether, boil with water, precipitate the decoction with sub-
acetate of lead, wash the deposit, and decompose under water by
sulphuret of hydrogen, collect the sulphide of lead which retains
the C., treat with boiling alcohol, and evaporate the solution.—
Bright-red powder, without odour, decomposes above 100°, dis-
solves in water with orange colour, readily in alcohol, with great
difficulty in ether, readily in diluted alkalies, turns blue with
concentrated sulphuric, green with nitric, black-brown with hydro-
chloric acids; changes when heated with diluted acids into sugar,
and a deep-red powder, which is sparingly soluble in water
(Crocetin).

Croton Oil, Obtained by pressing the seeds of Croton Tiglium.
Brown, of thick fluidity and of very rancid odour, irritates strongly
the skin, and acts as a drastic; becomes turbid at a moderate cold,
and slowly changes at the air to a thick, viscous mass. Dissolves
in twenty-three parts alcohol of 85°/,, is not solidified by hypo-
nitric acid. It contains Crotonol (substance irritating the skin),
a product of decomposition of the latter, causing the smell, and as
glycerids: stearic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids; two or
more liquid acids belonging to the same series as oleic acid, but
differing from the latter; also, angelic [Tiglinic acid, according to
Genther and Froehlich] and crotonic acids. A mixture of the two
latter acids appears to constitute the Iatrophic acid of Pelletier
and Caventon, and the Crotonic acid of the earlier chemists.

Crotonol = Cig Hy, O4. In the fat-oil of the seeds of Croton
Tiglium, forming 4°/, of the oil; is the ingredient which irritates
the skin, but not the drastic principle. Shake the oil with an
alcoholic solution of caustic soda sufficient to form an emulsion ;
warm gently for a few hours, add water or a solution of common
salt, and remove the oil, which will form on the surface, by repeatedly
filtering through wet paper. The aqueous liquid, when mixed
with water and hydrochloric acid, separates another oil which is
to be dissolved in cold alcohol, digested with hydrated oxyd of
lead until the acid reaction has disappeared (whereby a flocky,
afterwards conglutinating precipitate is formed), and mixed with a
little caustic soda and much water. A milky liquid is produced,
which becomes clear after the oil has subsided. Wash the latter,
first by itself, and afterwards dissolved in ether, with water, and
evaporate the ethereous solution in a vacuum. The Crotonol
remains pure. Colourless or slightly wine-yellow, viscid, turpen-
tine-like mass of a faint, peculiar odour; not distillable, is changed

61

when boiled with potash-ley into a brown resin, which does not
rubify the skin.

Cubebin=C2 Hig Og. Must not be confounded’ with cubeb-
stearopten. The cubebs, freed from the volatile oil by distillation
with water and pressing, are to be dried and exhausted with
boiling alcohol. Evaporate the tinctures to honey-consistence, and
remove foreign matters by treating with potash-ley; wash the
remaining C. with water, and purify by repeatedly recrystallising
in alcohol.—Forms small, white needle-like crystals or silky
lamine, neutral, without taste or smell; fuses at 120°, loses at
200° nothing of its weight, and decomposes afterwards; dissolves
scarcely in cold, very little in hot water, at 20° in 76 parts
absolute, and in 140 parts alcohol of 0°850, in ten parts boiling
alcohol, in 26 parts ether, little in chloroform; but in oils, also in
acetic acid; is not changed by alkalies, becomes blood-red through
concentrated sulphuric acid, and is destroyed by heat; is not
changed by hot hydrochloric acid.

Cumarin=Cig Hg O04. Found as yet in the following vege-
tables: Aeranthus fragrans, Nigritella alpina, Orchis purpurea,
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Hierochloa borealis and other species
of that genus; Asperula odorata, Dipterix odorata, Melilotus oft-
cinalis and congeneric plants; fruit of Myroxylon toluiferum ;
Herniaria glabra, Liatris odoratissima; bark of Prunus Mahaleb.
To prepare it, exhaust with alcohol, distil off the alcohol from the
tinctures, let the remnant crystallise and recrystallise in water or
alcohol.—Forms colourless silky leaflets, of very aromatic odour,
of aromatic and pungent taste ; fuses at 67°, boils at 270° and
sublimates unaltered ; is of neutral reaction ; dissolves scarcely in
cold, readily in boiling water, most readily in alcohol, ether, vola-
tile and fixed oils; yields by fusion with caustic potash salicylic
acid.

CGuminol=C% Hiz Os. In the volatile oil of the seeds of
Cuminum Cyminum and of Cicuta virosa besides Cymen=Cg) Hy.
To be looked for in many other Umbelliferee. The crude volatile
oil is submitted to distillation; at 200° the whole of the cymen
has distilled besides much Cuminol, the remaining oil is pure
Cuminol which has to be distilled in a current of carbonic acid
gas.—Colourless or yellowish oil of strong odour of cumin and of
acrid, burning taste, of 0-972 density, boils at 220°.

Curarin=C2) His N. Alkaloid of the vegetable arrow-poison
Curare of South America, obtained from Strychnos Guianensis.
To prepare it, boil the curare under addition of a little carbonate
of soda with:absolute alcohol, distil off the alcohol from the
filtered tincture and dissolve the remnant in water; the aqueous
solution is thrown down with chloride of mercury, the deposit

62

washed and decomposed with sulphuret of hydrogen and the solu-
tion containing impure chloride of C. purified by repeatedly
precipitating with chloride of mercury.—It crystallises in
colourless, quadrangular prisms of lasting bitter taste, becomes
moist at the air, dissolves in water and alcohol in every propor-
tion, less readily in chloroform and amylaleohol ; not soluble in
anhydrous ether, benzol, oil of turpentine and sulphide of carbon ;
has a slightly alkaline reaction, saturates the acids completely and
yields crystallisable salts; assumes with concentrated sulphuric
acid a beautiful blue, with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid
(like strychnin) a violet and with concentrated nitric acid a purple-
red colour.

Curcumin, The yellow resinous pigment of Curcuma longa.
Treat the root, exhausted by water, with alcohol, evaporate to
dryness, treat with ether, which leaves a brown extractive sub-
stance, and evaporate the ethereous solution.—Red-brown, of a
beautiful yellow colour when finely divided or dissolved, of acrid,
pepper-like taste, fuses above 50°, dissolves little in boiling water,
readily in alcohol, ether and oils, becomes brown-red by alkalies,
yellow-red by boric acid, carmine-red by diluted sulphuric acid.

Cusconin=ARicin.
Cusparin= ANcusTURIN.
Cyanin=AnrHocyan.

Cyclamin=C2s Hig O12. The poisonous ingredient of the
tubers of Cyclamen Europzeum; also, but in less quantity, in the
roots of Primula veris, Anagallis arvensis, Limosella aquatica,
and doubtless in many other Primulacez, Scrophularine and
allied plants. Treat the bruised root with cold water, evaporate
the liquid to honey-consistence, exhaust with alcohol and allow to
evaporate.—Forms small, white crystals or white, amorphous,
lustreless, friable mass, becomes brown in the light, swells up in
damp air, has a very acrid, rancid taste and neutral reaction; is
not volatile; dissolves in 500 parts water, becomes transparent in
contact with cold water, afterwards viscid and dissolyes readily ;
the solution yields a froth like soap-water, becomes cloudy at 60°
to 70° from the separation of coagulated C. and resumes its clear-
ness when cold and kept for several days; dissolves in alcohol,
wood spirit, acetic acid and glycerin, not in sulphide of carbon,
chloroform, ether and oils, is completely precipitated by tannic
acid, but not by metallic salts; dissolves in alkalies, in diluted
acids more readily than in water ; is decomposed by synaptase and
yields sugar.

Cylicodaphne Fat, obtained from the fruit of Tetranthera
calophylla. Fuses at 45°, contains 14°/, olein and 85°/, lauro-
stearin.

63

Cymen or Cymol=C2 Hi. In the volatile oils of Cuminum
Cyminum, Cicuta virosa, Carum Ajowan, also in the oil of Thymus
vulgaris and expected to exist in many other plants of Umbelli-
ferze and Labiate. That portion of the oil of cumin which dis-
tils below 200°, has to be rectified over melting caustic potash,
which retains the whole of the cuminol as cumate of potash.—
Colourless oil of great light-refracting power, smells pleasantly like
lemons; of 0°86 density; boils at 171°.

Cynapin, Alkaloid said to occur in /Bthusa Cynapium, to
crystallise in prisms, to dissolve in water and alcohol, but not in
ether, to possess an alkaline reaction and to yield a crystallisable
salt with sulphuric acid.

Cyperus Oil=O1L oF CYPERUS ESCULENTUS.

Cytisin. Alkaloid of the ripe seeds of Cytisus Laburnum.
Throw down the aqueous extract with subacetate of lead, filter,
precipitate with tannic acid, mix the deposit with oxyd of lead,
dry, exhaust with alcohol, evaporate the tincture, saturate with
nitric acid, mix the well-crystallising salt with oxyd of lead, dry
and exhaust with absolute alcohol. The pure C. crystallises in the
latter as a colourless, radiated crystalline, deliquescent mass which
sublimates undecomposed by careful heating; has a strongly alka-
line reaction and saturates the acids completely.

; [Dambonit = Cs Hs Og. Variety of sugar, found by A. Girard

in the Gaboon caoutchouc, which is the exudation of Landolphia
Owariensis and other species of that genus. It is obtained from
the recently-inspissated juice by treating with aqueous alcohol.—
It is white, of a sweet taste, easily soluble in water and aqueous
alcohol, sparingly in absolute alcohol. It crystallises from alcohol
in six-sided prisms, from water in oblique prisms with 14 HO.
It is not fermentable and does not reduce the alkaline copper
solution. D. becomes carbonised by hot sulphuric acid, and is
oxydised to oxalic and formic acids by hot nitric acid. Concen-
trated alkalies are without any influence on D. even at 100° C.,
though they lessen its solubility in water. Lime-water, baryta-
water, and acetate of lead produce no precipitates. Jodide of
potassium forms with D. beautiful crystals of a double salt. With
fuming hydroiodic and hydrochloric acids, D. separates into
methyl compounds and a substance polymeric with glucose (Dam-
bose=Cg He Og ). Dambose is not fermentable and does not
reduce the alkaline copper solution. ]

Dammara Resin. (a) Indian, from Dammara orientalis, is pale-
yellow, clear and transparent, sometimes with a white powder on
the surface; it breaks easily with a concheous, shining fracture;
almost without smell and taste, fuses at 73° (according to other
experiments at 150°), dissolves in alcohol and ether only partially,

64

completely in volatile and fixed oils, not in acetic and hydrochlorie
acids, liquor of ammonia and potash-ley. Contains dammaryl,
hydrate of dammaryl and dammarylic acid, described below.
(b) New Zealand D., from Dammara australis, is of a pale amber
colour, transparent inside, translucid in the outer layers and
covered with an opaque crust, evolves on friction a turpentine
odour, fuses in boiling water and does not appear to be chemically
different from the Indian dammara. (The Dammaras of Australia
and the South Sea Islands produce similar resins. —F. v. M.)

Dammaryl=C.o Ha. In the Indian dammara-resin, which
yields 13°/, of it, probably also in that of New Zealand. Exhaust
with warm alcohol of 82°/,, which removes soluble resins, treat the
rest with ether, concentrate the ethereous solution and throw the
remnant into boiling water for a few seconds, collect and dry as
quickly as possible in a vacuum.—White, amorphous, magnesia-
like powder of high lustre, not electric by friction, mollifies at
145°, fuses at 190° and becomes decomposed in higher tempera-
tures ; does not dissolve in water or in alcohol, readily in cold
ether and warm oils, not in alkalies; is easily oxydised by the air.

Dammaryl Hydrate=2 Cy Hzsz + HO. Remains after
treating the dammara-resin with alcohol and ether to the extent
of 8°/,, as a grey, dough-like mass which retains the ether tena-
ciously, and becomes after drying shining, brittle and easily friable ;
mollifies at 205°, fuses at 215°; is insoluble in alcohol, ether,
acetic acid, and alkalies; dissolves completely in hot oil of
turpentine, better in petroleum, little in fixed oils.

Dammarylie Acid=Cy; Hsg O3. Dammara-resin when
treated with weak alcohol, yields to it 36°/,. By evaporating the
solution, boiling the residue with water, to remove traces of
alcohol, and drying, the hydrate of the acid=C,; Hz, O3 + HO
is obtained as a white, highly electric powder, fusing at 56° and of
acid reaction when dissolved.—By treating the resin with absolute
alcohol, 46% are dissolved ; the dissolved part is the anhydrous
acid, similar to the above, but whiter, fusing at 60° and of more
acid reaction.

Daphnin= Cee Has Ösg + 8 HO. Bitter glucosid of the bark
of Daphne alpina and Daphne Mezereum and others, also obtained
from the flowers of these plants. Prepare an alcoholic extract of
the fresh bark and exhaust the former with ether, boil the
undissolved portion in water, allow to rest for twenty-four hours
in order to remove the resin, throw down with acetate of lead,
remove the deposit and precipitate the D. in the liquid with sub-
acetate of lead. Decompose the deposit under water with sul-
phuret of hydrogen, evaporate the filtered liquid to the consistence
of syrup, dilute, filter off from the resin, concentrate again, &c.,

65

and lastly free the syrup-like liquid from any resin by frequently
shaking with ether. The aqueous liquid, separated from the
ether, consolidates soon afterwards to crystals of D. which have
to be washed and recrystallised in hot water.—Colourless,
rectangular prisms or needles of moderately bitter, afterwards
acerb taste, neutral; lose the water at 100° and become opaque ;
fuse at 200° ‘and decompose in higher temperatures; dissolve
little in cold, readily in hot water, a little more readily in cold
alcohol than in water, most readily in boiling alcohol, not in ether,
in the oxyds and carbonates of alkalies with gold-yellow colour ;
are decomposed when boiled with diluted acids, also by emulsin
and by yeast, into sugar and another crystalline product
(Daphnetin= C3 Hı4 Ois)-

Datiscin=C.y Hy: Oo. Bitter glucosid in the herb and root
of Datisca cannabina. Exhaust the root with wood-spirit,
evaporate to syrup-consistence, throw down resinous substances
with hot water, evaporate the decanted liquid and let crystallise.
The impure D. is pressed, dissolved in alcohol, mixed with water,
filtered off from the resin and obtained pure by evaporation.—
Colourless needle-like or laminate silky crystals, soft and trans-
parent like grape-sugar, neutral; fuses at 180° and is destroyed
afterwards while evolving an odour of burnt sugar, dissolves
little in cold, better in hot water, readily in alcohol, less so in
ether; the solutions have a strongly bitter taste and neutral
reaction ; dissolves in alkalies with yellow colour, and is in these
solutions precipitated and discoloured by acids; decomposes on
heating with diluted acids into sugar and Datiscetin=Cz9 Hıo O12.
Is precipitable by tannic acid, acetate and subacetate of lead, by
the salts of oxyds of iron, of copper and zinc.

Daturin=Arrorin.

Delphinin=C;s Hs, NO,. Alkaloid of the seeds of Delphinium
Staphisagria. Mix the bruised seeds with water so as to form a
thin pulp, warm over the water-bath for several hours, strain,
remove the bulk of the fat by pressing, digest the remaining mass
with strong alcohol, press again, distil off the alcohol from the
tincture, treat the remaining oleo-resinous mass with water to
which some hydrochloric acid is admixed, precipitate the filtered
liquid with ammonia, wash and dry the deposit and exhaust with
ether, which leaves impure staphisagrin as a brownish resin and
dissolves the D. without colour. The D. remains after evapo-
rating as a transparent, resinous, slightly-coloured mass. To
purify it completely, dissolve again in water and hydrochloric
acid, precipitate with ammonia, dissolve the deposit in ether, and
leave to evaporate by itself. The pure precipitated D. is entirely
white; when obtained by evaporation from the ethereous solution,
it has an amorphous resinous appearance. It has a lasting acrid

F

66

taste and a strongly alkaline reaction, is almost insoluble in water,
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and acids.

Deutocatechuic Acid=CATEcHvic Acıp.

Dextrin = Cı2 Hyo Oy. With this name a gum-like product,
obtained from starch under the agency of diastase or acids, is
designated, which differs from common gum by turning the
polarised light strongly to the right, while gum arabic turns it to
the left, and by yielding no mucic acid with nitric acid. Neither
are its solutions clouded by subacetate of lead, chloride of iron or
silicate of potash. Consequently it ought not to be coloured (red)
by iodine, a fact which must here be particularly stated, because
such a property is sometimes ascribed to D., but which only
takes place when it is contaminated with a kind of modified
starch, as indeed often occurs with different commercial kinds
of D. Asis the case with gum, D. seems not to be wanting in
any plant; yet it is often confounded with the former on account
of its great similarity, and perhaps because it is constantly asso-
ciated with it.—Its isolation and quantitative estimation corre-
spond with that of gum. It will be easy from the above to
distinguish it; but not when it is associated with gum, because
it is distinguished from the latter more by negative than by
positive qualities, except in the behaviour towards polarised light,
which is entirely opposite to that of gum and becomes modified,
when the two substances are mixed together.

Dextroglucose=GRAPE SUGAR.

Diastase, Nitrogenised ingredient of the germinated barley
(Hordeum vulgare) which possesses in a high degree the property
of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. It is obtained when
the contused malt is macerated with cold water, pressed, the
liquid mixed with a little alcohol, the filtered liquor completely
precipitated with alcohol, the deposit washed, redissolved in water,
precipitated with alcohol, and lastly dried on a glass-plate at a
very gentle heat. After triturating, it forms a white, amorphous
powder without taste or smell; dissolves in weak, not in strong
alcohol; is not precipitable by subacetate‘ of lead. The aqueous
solution when heated to the boiling point becomes cloudy and
inactive; it even becomes decomposed on keeping and turns acid.

Dica Fat obtained from the dica-bread (the seeds of Irwingia
Barteri). Similar to Cacao fat; fuses at 30° to 33°, contains
laurin and myristin.

Digitaletin = Cy Has Oys. (According to Waltz, the
Digitalin of Homolle). In Digitalis purpurea and D. lutea, and
doubtless several congeners; ingredient of the crude digitalin.
The leaves are reduced to powder and freed from chlorophyll by
ether. They are then exhausted with alcohol, and the tincture is

67

precipitated with alcoholic acetate of lead: the filtered liquid is
freed from the surplus of lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, decolour-
ised with animal charcoal and allowed to evaporate spontaneously.
— White, warty mass; has a very bitter taste when dissolved in
cold water; fuses at 175°, and decomposes in higher temperatures ;
dissolves in 848 parts cold, in 500 parts at 45°, and in 222 parts
boiling water, in 34 parts cold alcohol of 0°85, in 21/5 to 24
parts at the boiling heat; in 1960 parts cold, and in 1470 parts ©
boiling ether; changes into sugar, and a resin when boiled with
diluted acids.

Dieitalic Acid, Non-Volatile, In Digitalis purpurea, Eva-
porate the aqueous infusion of the leaves to syrup-consistence, add
alcohol of 92°/, as long as a precipitate ensues, filter after a few
days, distil off the alcohol and evaporate to the consistence of
thick honey. Exhaust the latter with several changes of hot
ether until it has nearly lost the bitter taste whereby digitalin or
an allied substance and Digitalic acid are dissolved. Add to the
ethereous tinctures by degrees, caustic baryta until alkaline, collect
the yellow deposit, wash with ether until it has lost the bitter
taste, afterwards with alcohol until the latter passes off colourless
and decompose (the deposit) under water with (best an insutticient
quantity of) diluted sulphuric acid. Evaporate the reddish, very
acid, filtered liquid as much as possible under exclusion of the air,
allow to stand cold, decant from brown flocks that will have sub-
sided, precipitate any traces of Digitalate of baryta with alcohol of
95%, and evaporate the filtered liquid in a vacuum. The crystals,
obtained from the brown mother-ley, are recrystallised in alcohol,
if possible under exclusion of the air. White needle-like crystals
of not unpleasant acid taste, and of faint peculiar smell; fuses by
heat, and is decomposed afterwards; changes also readily under the
influence of light and air, especially in the presence of alkalies ;
dissolves most readily in water and alcohol, less in ether. The
salts of the alkalies, alkaline earths and of zinc oxyd dissolve in
water.

Digitalic Acid, Volatile=Cip H»O3 + HO (of the same atomic
composition as valerianic acid). In Digitalis purpurea. Distil
the herb with water, saturate the distilled liquid with carbonate
of soda, evaporate to dryness, dissolve in a little water, add oxalic
acid and distil. The acid is floating on the distillate as a colourless
oil of strongly acid reaction, smells like the bruised herb, faintly
resembling valerianic acid, of disagreeable taste, forms with lead
oxyd a crystallisable salt, soluble in water.

Dieitalin=C;; Hig Og (according to Walta). Occurrence
like Digitaletin. Exhaust the pulverised herb with water in a
displacement apparatus, digest the liquids with lead oxyd and a
little subacetate of lead until the latter test ceases to cause any

F 2

68

cloudiness, throw down the lead in solution by sulphuric acid,
neutralise with ammonia, precipitate with tannic acid, mix the
washed deposit with hydrated lead oxyd, dry, exhaust with
alcohol, decolourise (if necessary) with animal charcoal, and
evaporate.— Yellowish, amorphous mass, very bitter, fuses at 137°
and is destroyed in higher temperatures, dissolves in 125 parts
cold and in 42 parts hot water, in 23 parts cold and in 12 parts
hot alcohol, in 20,000 parts cold and in 10,000 parts hot ether, in
80 parts chloroform, breaks up when boiled with diluted acids
into sugar and two other products.

[Dieitalin, crystallised =C5o Hy Ozo. Alkaloid, discovered by
C. A. Nativelle in the herb of Digitalis purpurea, gathered in
spring. To prepare it, add to 100 parts of the coarsely pulverised
herb 25 parts acetate of lead and 100 parts water, and after
twelve hours exhaust with water in a displacement apparatus.
The residue is exhausted with 300 parts of proof spirit, and to the
liquid is added a solution of 4 parts phosphate of soda.
Remove the precipitate by filtering and drive off the spirit by
distillation on a water-bath. By evaporating the residue on a
water-bath to about one-tenth, a pitch-like mass is obtained,
which is washed with water and left on blotting-paper to dry at
the air. The two or three parts of the pitch-like body, obtained in
this way, are dissolved in double their quantity of alcohol of
60°/, and allowed to stand until yellow radiated crystals have
formed, together with those of an inactive body. Separate the
crystals from the mother-ley and wash with alcohol of 357
to remove the inactive principle. Dissolve the remaining crystals
in boiling alcohol of 80°/, boil a few minutes with animal
charcoal, filter, evaporate half the alcohol and allow to crystallise.
Separate the crystals from the mother-ley and dry over a water-
bath. Finely pulverise the crystals and shake strongly with 20
parts chloroform pure and especially free from alcohol. After
twenty-four hours filter and distil to dryness. The remaining
yellow Digitalin is dissolved in alcohol of 80°/,, boiled with a little
washed animal charcoal and crystallised. After repeating the
latter process several times, the Digitalin is obtained pure.—D. is
neutral, without odour, of an intense, lasting bitterness. It
dissolves in chloroform in every proportion ; in twelve parts cold
and six parts boiling alcohol, not so well in absolute alcohol. Ether,
benzol and water dissolve only traces. Sulphuric acid dissolves
it with green colour which turns to a light-red through vapour
of bromine and becomes green again on addition of water.
Nitric acid dissolves it without colouration, but soon changing to
yellow. Hydrochloric acid dissolves it with green-yellow colour,
turning slowly to an emerald green. Heated above 100° it
becomes very elastic; heated on platinum-foil it melts without
colouration to a transparent mass, evolves copious white vapours,

69

becomes brown and disappears completely. It acts as a strong
poison. |

Digitoleic Acid. In Digitalis purpurea. Precipitate the
extract of the leaves cold with subacetate of lead, boil the washed
deposit with a solution of carbonate of soda for a quarter of an
hour, saturate the brown filtrate with an excess of diluted
sulphuric acid which throws down flakes that have to be collected,
washed, dried and boiled with alcohol of 85°/,. Evaporate the
alcoholic solution, treat the remnant of crystalline structure re-
peatedly with ether, and let the liquids evaporate. A green oil
remains, which soon solidifies into a granular, crystalline mass.
Dissolve in aqueous bicarbonate of soda, precipitate with acetic
acid, wash, dissolve in ether and evaporate.—Green, concentrically
united crystalline needles, fusing at 30°, of no disagreeable odour,
of bitter and acrid taste; has an acid reaction when dissolved in
alcohol, leaves greasy spots on paper; little soluble in water,
readily in alcohol and in ether, forms with the oxyds of metals
insoluble yellow or green floccous salts.

Diosmin. Bitter ingredient of the Buccu-leaves (from Barosma
serratifolia, B. crenulata, B. betulina.) Crystallises from the
alcoholic tincture, is insoluble in water, dissolves in alcohol, ether,
volatile oils and diluted acids.

[Ditamin. Alkaloid, obtained by Jobst and Hesse from Dita-bark
(from Alstonia scholaris). Precipitate the aqueous decoction of the
bark successively with acetate and subacetate of lead, remove the de-
posit, treat the liquid with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter, acidulate
the filtrate and precipitate with phospho-tungstic acid. Mix the
precipitate with excess of solution of baryta, shake with ether and
treat the ethereous solution of impure Ditamin with acetic acid,
Acetate of D. is thus obtained, which is subsequently converted
into the pure base.—It forms a white amorphous powder of a
slightly bitter taste, easily soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol and
alcohol. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it with reddish
colour, which becomes violet on heating. Concentrated nitric acid
dissolves it yellow, on gently heating dark-green, them orange-red
under evolution of orange vapour. It melts at 75° to a yellow
liquid, which at 130° becomes deep brown-red. Dissolved in
alcohol it has an alkaline reaction and neutralises acids, forming
solutions of very bitter taste, which are precipitated, yellow by
chloride of platinum; impure yellow by chloride of gold; white
by chloride of mercury, iodide of potassio-mercury, iodide and
sulphocyanide of potassium, tannic and phospho-tungstic acids.

By exhausting the Dita-bark with petroleum ether, the same
authors obtained EcHicauTscHIN—=Cos; Hz» Os, soluble also in
chloroform, ether and benzol, sparingly even in boiling alcohol;
EcHIcERIN=C39 Hoy O2, EcuitiIn=C32 Has O2, EcHITEIN=

70

Cy Hs; Oo and ECHIRETIN=C3; Hog O>a, all of which are obtained
from the dried petroleum-extract by means of boiling alcohol.
Echitin is an indifferent body, crystallising in delicate white
leaflets; Echitein is also indifferent and crystalline; Echiretin is
resinous and closely resembles resins, obtained by Heintz from the
milky juices of Brosimum (Galactodendron) utile and of Taberna-
montana utilis. ]

Dragon’s-blood, Exudation of different plants, viz.:—Calamus
Rotang and some other species, Deemonorops Draco, Dracena
Draco, and Pterocarpus Draco. Dark red-brown, when pulverised
carmine-red, without taste or smell, readily soluble in alcohol with
red colour, also more or less completely in ether, oils, and alkalies,
fuses at 210° and is destroyed in higher temperatures. The puri-
fied resin is composed according to the formula Cyo Ha Og.

Dulcamarin = Ces; H;o NOo. Alkaloid, found besides solanin,
in the twigs of the bitter-sweet (Solanum Dulcamara). To pre-
pare it, exhaust with alcohol of 807, press, mix the tincture with
water, distil off the alcohol completely, filter the remaining liquid,
throw down with tannic acid, mix the washed deposit with newly-
precipitated hydrate of lead oxyd, dry, triturate, draw out with
alcohol of 90%, and let the tincture evaporate.—Pale-yellow,
translucid, resinous, brittle, permanent mass, when pulverised
white with a tinge of yellow; without smell, evolving the odour
of fresh bitter-sweet when moistened with alcohol or water and
warmed; tastes at first very bitter, afterwards lastingly sweet.
When heated to 100° the D., dried at the air, loses 8 of water,
up to 120° it undergoes no further diminution of weight, but
becomes a little sticky, at 165° it softens, above 200° it liquifies,
but then already partially decomposed, by more heat it is reduced
to coal, while emitting a very faint horny odour and evolving
vapours of acid reaction. Water dissolves of the D. only 1/1075
its own weight; the solution smells and tastes slighty like bitter-
sweet, is of neutral reaction, is precipitated white by tannic acid
not altered by other reagents. Alcohol of 90% dissolves 1/19, when
warm considerably more; the solution has a faintly alkaline re-
action and is precipitable by the chlorides of platinum and of
mercury. Ether dissolves 1/1449. Im liquor of ammonia it swells
up like a jelly without dissolving.

[According to the latest researches of Dr. Geissler, the Dulca-

marin, prepared as above, is not pure. To purify it, dissolve in
water, allow to stand for some time, add to the filtrate acetate of
lead, filter, wash the precipitate, suspend in alcohol and decompose
with sulphuret of hydrogen. Evaporate the filtered liquid, dis-
solve the remnant in alcohol and evaporate to dryness. The re-
maining pure Dulcamarin has the composition Cy, Hs Oo and
behaves as a glucosid, separating into Dulcamaritin=Cs2 Hog Og

71

and glucose when boiled with dilute mineral acids. Dulcamarin
forms a slightly yellowish powder, permanent, without odour, of
at first very bitter, afterwards lasting sweet taste. It melts by heat
and decomposes at 205°. It dissolves in 30 parts cold and 25
parts hot water, in 8% parts cold and 5 parts hot alcohol; also in
acetic ether. The solutions have a more or less red-brown colour
and are neutral. The aqueous solution, on shaking, gives a dense
froth. It is insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, sulphide of carbon. ]

Duleit=Ch> His O12. In a sweet product of unknown origin
from Madagascar, dissolves in boiling water and crystallises on
cooling. Also in Melampyrum nemorosum and probably in its
congeners and named at first melampyrit. To obtain it from the
last-named plant, the decoction is precipitated with acetate of lead,
the filtered liquid boiled with lead oxyd, filtered and treated with
sulphuret of hydrogen. Remove the sulphide of lead and evapo-
rate to a thin syrup-consistence, allow to recrystallise in the cold
and purify the crystals of D. by repeatedly recrystallising in
water.—Colourless, very lustrous, klinorhombic prisms, slightly
sweet, not rotating; fuses at 182°, behaves otherwise in the heat
like mannit, dissolves readily in water, scarcely in boiling alcohol,
yields with nitric acid oxalic and mucic acids, behaves toward
concentrated and diluted sulphuric acid, alkalies, solution of
copper, yeast and salts of lead like mannit.

Ecbalin, Elaterid, Hydroelaterin and Prophetin, bitter and
resinous substances of Ecballion Elaterium and Cucumis Pro-
phetarum, closely related to Elaterin; their individuality has to
be further proved yet.

Ecbolin, One of the three alkaloids (Ecbolin, Ergotin and
Trimethylamin) of the ergot (the mycelium of Cordyceps pur-
purea) of Secale cereale. Is obtained, when the aqueous extract
is precipitated with acetate of lead, the excess of lead removed
from the filtered liquid by sulphuret of hydrogen, the liquid con-
centrated and chloride of mercury is added gradually until it
ceases to produce a deposit. The latter is washed, decomposed
with sulphuret of hydrogen, the filtered liquid (containing hydro-
chloride of Ecbolin), after driving off the sulphuret of hydrogen,
mixed with phosphate of silver and, after filtering, with hydrate
of lime, any excess of lime removed by carbonic acid, and the
filtered liquid evaporated with a gentle heat.—Brownish, amor-
phous mass, slightly bitter, of alkaline reaction, dissolves in
water and alcohol, little in wood spirit, not in ether and chloro-
form; neutralises the acids completely and forms amorphous,
mostly deliquescent salts. Is precipitable by phospho-molybdic
acid, the chlorides of mereury, of platinum and of gold, by tannic
acid, cyanide of potassium, bi-iodide of potassium, chlorine-water
and ammonia, bromine-water.

I
i)

Elaie Acid=Oreıc Acıp.
Elain = Oreın.
Elaterit. See EcpoLın.

Elaterin= C49 Has Oy. In the fruit of Ecballion Elaterium.
Press the fruits, evaporate the juice to honey-consistence, treat
with alcohol, precipitate the solution with alcoholic acetate of lead,
remove the lead from the filtrate by sulphuret of hydrogen, evapo-
rate and edulcorate the remnant with ether, dissolve the residue
in alcohol, and throw down the E. from the liquid with water.—
Colourless, lustrous, tabular or needle-like crystals; tastes very
bitter; fuses at 200°, decomposes in higher temperatures; has a
neutral reaction; is insoluble in water, dissolves in 15 parts cold
and in 2 parts hot alcohol, in 290 parts ether, little in oils, in
concentrated sulphuric acid and precipitable from it by water
without change, not in diluted acids and alkalies.

Elecampane-Stereopten= HELENIN.

Elemi, Exudation of the stem of Bursera Icicariba. Tough
light-yellow or greenish-yéllow mass, has a fennel-like smell and
aromatic bitter taste, sinks in water, dissolves with difficulty but
completely in alcohol. Contains 60% readily soluble resin of acid
reaction=Cyo He O4; 247% slowly soluble, crystalline resin,
Elemin=C% Hs; O; and 124% volatile oil.

Ellagie Acid = C23 Hg O16+6 HO. In the Turkish nutgalls
(from Quercus infectoria), and, it appears, in the root of Poten-
tilla Tormentilla. By fermenting the pulverised nutgalls with a
little water and at a moderate heat, the tannic acid changes into
gallic acid, the products of decomposition of sugar and Ellagic
acid. Press out, boil the press-cake with water, and press and
filter the liquid, milky, from separated E. while still hot; a yel-
low-white powder impure E. remains on the filter, it is dissolved in
diluted potash-ley, and the filtered liquid evaporated at the air,
whereby green-white scales of Ellagate of potash subside, which
have to be rinsed with water and decomposed with diluted hydro-
chloric acid, which throws down the E.—Pale-yellow, light powder,
consisting of microscopic needles, without taste, of slightly acid
reaction, loses at 120° four equivalents and up to 200° two
more equivalents of water, sublimates afterwards, without fusing,
partly undecomposed in sulphur-yellow needles, dissolves even in
boiling water very little, little in alcohol, not in ether, readily in
fixed alkalies, little in liquor of ammonia, in concentrated sulphuric
acid unaltered in the heat and re-precipitable by water. Its salts
easily decompose in the moist state, and only those of the alkalies
dissolve in water.

73

Emetin=C. Hz39 Nz Oj. Alkaloid of the different kinds of
the Ipecacuanha-root, from Cephelis Ipecacuanha and possibly in
roots of other Rubiacez of emetic property. Boil with water,
evaporate the decoction to dryness, treat with alcohol, filter and dis-
til off the alcohol, evaporate again to dryness and exhaust with water
acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Precipitate the solution with
chloride of mercury, wash the deposit with cold water and dissolve
in alcohol, precipitate the mercury with sulphide of baryum,
remove the latter with sulphuric acid, dilute with water, distil off
the alcohol, throw down the E. with ammonia, wash with cold
water and dry.—White powder, slightly bitter, of alkaline
reaction, fuses at 50° and is destroyed in higher temperatures,
dissolves slowly in cold, a little more in hot water, readily in
alcohol, not in ether and oils, readily in acids, not in the hydrates
and carbonates of alkalies ; becomes dark olive-green with concen-
trated sulphuricacid. Its salts are not crystallisable.

[Glénard prepares Emetin by mixing the pulverised root or the
extract with lime, exhausting with ether , evapor ating the ethereous
solution to dryness, dissolving the residue in dilute hydrochloric
acid and precipitating the E. with ammonia. The composition of
the E., dried at 110°, was found to be Cy, H, NO, The chloride
forms tufty, united needles, and is almost colourless. ]

Emodin=Cs His O13. In the root of Rheum Emodi,
probably also in other species of this genus of Polygonez.
Macerate the root with water, dry again and exhaust with benzol,
distil off most of the benzol, press the remnant converted into a
crystalline pulp after cooling, treat again with benzol, which
dissolves chrysophanic acid and leaves intact a reddish, sparingly
soluble substance ; dissolve the latter in hot benzol, leave to cool
and purify by reerystallising in hot and highly concentrated acetic
acid and in hot alcohol.—Lustrous, deep orange-red, brittle,
klinorhombic prisms ; does not fuse below 250° and sublimates to
a slight extent in yellow fumes. It dissolves, similar to chry-
sophanic acid, in liquor of ammonia with violet-red colour, more
readily in alcohol and amylalcohol, not so readily in benzol.

Emulsin, The peculiar albuminous matter of almonds and of the
seeds of some trees allied to Prunus Amygdalus; exists dissolved in
the emulsions of these seeds, and causes their milky appearance by
suspending the fat oil. To the E. belongs the remarkable property
of decomposing amygdalin into hydrocyanic acid and other pro-
ducts. It is obtained, when an emulsion of sweet almonds is
agitated with four times its volume of ether, and allowed to rest
for a few days; the clear aqueous solution is separated from the
supernatant ether, and from insoluble particles; precipitated with
alcohol and dried in a vacuum.—Horny substance, or when tritu-
rated white powder without smell or taste, soluble in cold water;

74

but the solution coagulates in the heat like common albumin, and
the coagulated E. has lost its power of decomposing amygdalin.
‚See also Synaptase.

Emulsin of Mustard=MYyeosın.

Equisetic Acid=Cı HO;+HO. As yet only found in some
species of the genus Equisetum; it has also been named Maleic
acid, because it is formed during the destructive distillation of
malic acid (at 200°). To separate and obtain it, boil the com-
minuted herb with water, neutralise the decoction with carbonate
of soda, remove sulphuric and phosphoric acids with acetate of
baryta, precipitate the Equisetic acid with acetate of lead, wash
the deposit, decompose with sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporate
the filtered liquid.-—It crystallises in large, klinorhombic prisms,
tastes very acid, fuses by heat (according to Lassaigne at 47°5°,
according to Pelouze at 130°), and sublimes almost undecomposed,
dissolves readily in water, alcohol and ether. All its salts are
soluble in water, except the neutral lead-salt and those of silver
and copper. Its quantitative estimation is best effected through
the neutral lead-salt, which is anhydrous when dried at 100°, and
contains 30°44°/, acid.—According to Baup, Equisetic acid is
identical with Aconitic acid, consequently tribasic, and having the
formula Cja H3 O9 +3 HO; nor is it sublimable. See Aconitic
Acid.

ireotie Acid. Peculiar volatile acid of ergot. To obtain it,
distil the extract prepared by cold water with sulphuric acid, and
remove any formic acid by gently warming the distillate. An
acid liquid remains, which, with lead, silver and baryum, yields
salts, insoluble in water, but soluble in acids.

Ergotin, One of the three alkaloids (Ecbolin, Ergotin, and
Trimethylamin) of ergot. Precipitate the aqueous extract of the
drug with acetate of lead, free the filtrate from lead by sulphuret
of hydrogen, concentrate the liquid and add pulverised chloride of
mercury as long as a precipitate ensues; filter and precipitate the
filtrate with phospho-molybdie acid, digest the precipitate, while
still moist, with water and carbonate of baryta; filter and evapo-
rate the liquid to dryness. The Ergotin closely resembles ecbolin,
but differs from it by not being precipitated by the chlorides of
mercury and platinum (unless under addition of ether-alcohol) and
by cyanide of potassium.

The name of Ergotin has been formerly applied to another dif-
ferent substance of ergot, and prepared by boiling the pulverised
drug, previously freed from fat by means of ether, with alcohol,
evaporating the tincture, adding water to the residue, and collect-
ing the separated flocky mass. Fine reddish-brown powder;
smells specifically, especially when hot; tastes acrid, bitter, and

cu

75

aromatic; decomposes by heat without fusing; dissolves only by
traces in water and in ether, with red-brown colour in alcohol,
also in alkalies, not in diluted acids.

[Ergotinin, An alkaloid, found by Touret in ergot. Treat
the coarsely pulverised ergot with boiling alcohol of 86°/,, and
remove the alcohol from the tinctures by distillation on a water-
bath. The residue, when cold, separates into three layers, a solid
fat, an aqueous solution and resin. Wash the resin with ether
and dissolve the fat in the latter, filter, shake the solution re-
peatedly with dilute sulphuric acid (1:15), then the separated acid
liquid with excess of potash-ley, finally with chloroform, and
evaporate the latter solution under exclusion of air. The aqueous
solution, obtained together with the fat, likewise yields E. It is
filtered and subjected to distillation on an oil-bath, and in a
current of hydrogen. When all the alcohol is expelled, the
residue is rendered alkaline by carbonate of potash and distilled
again. Impure trimethylamin passes over. The remaining
syrupy liquid is acidulated, washed with ether, supersaturated
with carbonate of potash, and treated as before with chloroform.
—The E. is solid, soluble in ether, alcohol and chloroform, of
strongly alkaline reaction, is precipitated by iodide of potassio-
mercury, biiodide of potassium, phosphomolybdic and tannic acids,
the chlorides of gold and platinum, and by aqueous bromine.
Concentrated sulphuric acid colours it first orange, then deep
violet-blue. It changes easily at the air, its salts turning
first pale, then darker red. Alkalies likewise decompose it,
especially when warm, under formation of trimethylamin. The
rapid spoiling of pulverised ergot seems to be attributable to the
decomposition of the Ergotinin. |

Ericinol=C% Hyg O2. It is a product of decomposition of
ericolin, but exists ready-formed in the volatile oils of the Ericacez,
mentioned under Ericolin. The volatile oil of Ledum palustre,
for instance, is a mixture, containing valeric and other volatile
acids, amongst which an oil-like acid =Cjg Hıo Os; further, a
hydrocarbon isomeric with oil of turpentine, and boiling at 160°;
and Erieinol. After the oil of Ledum has been repeatedly
shaken with concentrated potash-ley and thereby freed from acids,
it is washed and desiccated, a mixture of the hydrocarbon with
some resin and Ericinol remaining. By distilling the mixed oils
and reserving the portion which passes over at 236° to 250°,
Erieinol is obtained almost pure. This Ericinol boils at 240° to
242°, is blue-green, of disagreeable smell and burning, nauseous,
bitter taste. After rectifying it with a little caustic potash, it is
partly decolourised, of 0874 density at 20°, and has the composition
=C2x Hig O2. On boiling with excess of lime-hydrate, a hydro-
carbon =C29 His is obtained.

76

Ericolin=Cs H;s Ou. Bitter glucosid of Arctostaphylos
Uva ursi, Calluna vulgaris, Erica herbacea, Ledum palustre, Rho-
dodendron ferrugineum, consequently a widely distributed con-
stituent of the Ericacex, and to be sought for in many other co-
ordinal plants. Boil (preferably Ledum palustre) with water,
strain, precipitate with subacetate of lead, evaporate the filtered
liquid to one-third in a retort, remove by filtering the lead com-
pound which will have separated; throw down the rest of the lead
from the liquid with sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate to honey-
consistence and extract the Ericolin by means: of dehydrated
ether-alcohol. The residue left after the evaporation of the latter
is dissolved several times with ether-alcohol and evaporated until
it dissolves without any residue.—Brown-yellow powder, © con-
glutinating at 100°; of very bitter taste, breaks up, when heated
with diluted sulphuric acid, into sugar and Ericinol.

Erucie Acid=C4 Hy O3 + HO. In the fixed oils of white
and black mustard and of rape. Saponify the oil with soda-ley,
decompose with hydrochloric acid, dissolve the fat acids in hot
alcohol, keep in a cold place, press the separated mass and recrys-
tallise.—-White, glossy, thin crystallised needles, without smell or
taste, fusing at 32° to 33°; decomposed in higher temperatures;
of acid reaction; dissolve most readily in alcohol and in ether.

Erucin, Peculiar crystalline substance of the seeds of Bras-
sica alba. Mix the seeds, ground to a powder, with a little water,
allow to rest (in order to develop the acridness), treat with ether,
evaporate the ethereous solution to honey-consistence and leave it
to stand at the open air. After some time, hard crystalline bodies
will form, which are insoluble in water and alkalies, dissolve slowly
in alcohol, readily in ether and oils, do not redden the salts of
iron oxyd and contain no sulphur.

Erythrie Acid=Cyp Ho: Og. Exists in the lichen Lecanora
tartarea, more abundantly in Roccella Montagnei. Boil the lichen
with water, strain, rinse the white flocks and crystals which will
have separated after cooling with cold water, re-dissolve in hot |
water, filter off from the little black or brown deposit and leave to
stand in a cold place.—It crystallises in colourless, fine needles, has
neither taste nor smell, fuses a little above 100°, is destroyed in
higher temperatures, dissolves in 240 parts of boiling water, better
in alcohol and in ether, becomes red through ammonia under
access of the air, yields orsellic ether on boiling with alcohol. The
alcoholic solution assumes a purple-red colour with chloride of iron
and turns yellow without cloudiness on addition of ammonia;
nitrate of silver effects no alteration in the alcoholic solution;
ammonia, when added to the mixture, yields a white precipitate
that turns black on boiling, while it covers the glass with a bright
film of silver.

77

Erythrophyll. See Cissorannic Acıp.
Erythroretin, See Aroretin.

Erythrozym, Peculiar nitrogenised matter of the root of
Rubia tinctorum. Treat one part madder on a linen cloth with
nine parts water of 38°, mix the extract with an equal volume of
alcohol, collect the subsiding dark red-brown flocks and exhaust
with boiling alcohol, wash the remaining impure E. with cold
water until the latter is no longer precipitated by acetate of lead,
and dry on a water-bath.—Black, hard mass, difficult to pulverise,
burns with a horny odour, yields with water a thickish red-
brown fluid, but does not properly dissolve.

Eschscholtzia Alkaloids, From the root and herb of
Eschscholtzia Californica Waltz obtained, besides a little chelery-
thrin, an acrid alkaloid and a bitter one. (a) Acrid alkaloid.
Exhaust with water and an admixture of acetic acid, throw down
chelerythrin and the acrid alkaloid with ammonia (the bitter
alkaloid remaining in solution), wash the deposit, dry and dissolve
in ether, evaporate, dissolve again in water acidulated as before,
precipitate with ammonia, &c.; or remove the dyeing matters by
digesting with animal charcoal.— White powder, almost tasteless
by itself, but very bitter when dissolved in alcohol or ether ;
of alkaline reaction, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol
and ether. Forms neutral, colourless salts, precipitable by the
hydrates and carbonates of alkalies and by tannic acid. Becomes
not violet with sulphuric acid. (6) Bitter alkaloid. After the
chelerythrin and the acrid base have been removed by ammonia
from the extract of the herb as above, the liquid is neutralised
with acetic acid, precipitated with tannic acid and otherwise
treated like Porphyroxin (from Sanguinaria). — Crystalline,
easily fusible mass of nauseous bitter taste and alkaline reaction,
imparts to concentrated sulphuric acid a beautiful violet colour,
which is observable even with a solution containing 1% of the
alkaloid by allowing one drop of the solution to float on the
sulphuric acid.

Eserin= Puysostiemin.

Essential (ethereal or volatile) Oils are compounds of car-
bon and hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, or sulphur.
Their distribution throughout the vegetable kingdom is so general
that it is difficult to single out a plant which does not, by its pecu-
liar odour, betray the presence of at least traces of volatile oils
contained either in the flowers, seeds, pericarps, leaves and barks,
or, though less frequently, in woods, and which oils often show a
marked difference in physical and chemical properties when
obtained from different parts of the same plant. The taste of
these oils is generally hot and aromatic and their odour analogous

78

to the material employed for their preparation, but intensified to
the highest degree. Besides these, another class of oils occurs,
which like oil of bitter almonds, mustard, &c., do not exist ready
formed in the living organism, but owe their formation to a kind
of fermentation or breaking up of an inodorous substance into
different products, one of which is the respective volatile oil.

Three processes are commonly employed for obtaining the iso-
lated oils, viz.:—Pressing, Extraction by means of solvents, and
Distillation.

The first of these methods is only practicable with materials
which, like orange-peels, are very rich in oils. As it is wasteful
and generally yields an oil contaminated with fat, wax, resin,
&e., this operation is restricted to a few materials only.

The method of Extraction (commonly by means of ether) is
adopted either with small quantities of the raw material, or with
substances very poor in oil, or with oils, like those of turnsole,
jasmin, reseda, violets, suffering decomposition by heat. By this
process all the other constituents, soluble in ether, of the raw
material are of course likewise extracted, and accordingly the
remnant, after the spontaneous evaporation of the solvent, con-
tains generally also fixed oils, wax, chlorophyll, resins, &c.,
although the larger portion of these impurities, with the exception
of the fixed oils, separate during evaporation from the volatile oil.
It is therefore not possible to obtain a pure product by either
pressing or extracting in the usual way.

Distillation by means of water is by far the most common
method of obtaining ethereal oils. Usually the properly commi-
nuted substance is mixed with six or eight times its weight of
water, and the mixture left to rest for a day. The whole is then
submitted to distillation (with proper means for refrigeration), until
the distilled water ceases to separate any oil, or until it is nearly
devoid of odour. To prevent any contamination of the oil, by
partial charring of the contents of the still with empyreumatic
products, the distillation is effected more properly by forcing steam
through the substance operated on.

The essential oils obtained by distillation, and when freshly
prepared, are as a rule colourless or pale-yellowish, seldom, like
the oils of a few of the Composite and Myrtacez, of a blue or
green colour. They are also commonly of thin fluidity (at mean
temperature) and of great light refracting and dispersing power ;
sometimes they are of thickish consistence, partly or completely
solid and in the latter case distinguished by the name of camphor
or stearopten, while the liquid part is called in contradistinction
eleeopten and which may often be obtained solid or in erystals by
refrigerating to 0° or below. The specific gravities of volatile
oils range from 0'800 to 1'100; their boiling points are in all
instances higher than 100°, seldom below 150°, but often as high

— ee

79

as 300° and more. The hydrocarbon-oils are, as a rule, more
volatile than those containing oxygen, and the volatility seems to
diminish with the increasing percentage of the latter.

The quantitative estimation of volatile oils is very difficult and
can only be done approximately. When the oil has been obtained
by distillation and spontaneous separation from the aqueous
distillate, that portion of the oil which remains dissolved in the
water, has also to be accounted for [irrespective of the fact, that
the proportionate quantity of volatile oils is subject in the same
species to much fluctuation according to the soil, climate and local
influences.—F. v. M.], and which is calculated as constituting
one-tenth per cent. of the weight of the whole aqueous distillate,
when the oil was a hydrocarbon ; and one-fifth per cent. when an
oxygenised oil.

A thorough analysis of volatile oils requires not only a vast
quantity of material but also much time and circumspection.
After distillation the oil is first freed from any water by agitating
occasionally and for several days with fused chloride of calcium.
It is then poured off and examined in regard to reaction with
litmus-paper, specific gravity, boiling point, and its behaviour in
low temperature.

The determination of the boiling-point is carried on in a retort,
not more than half filled with the oil, and through the tubulus of
which a thermometer, indicating at least 300° above zero, is
passed so as to touch with its bulb the surface of the oil, while
the neck of the retort is adapted to a Goebel’s or Liebig’s
condensor. As crude volatile oils are commonly mixtures of
different oils, in most instances the boiling point gradually rises
during the operation. A difference of only a few degrees is not
regarded as of much consequence, but as soon as the boiling-point
riges 10° or 20° and remains constant there, the receiver is
changed and the first distillate poured into a glass-phial with
a well closing glass stopper. Meanwhile, the distillation is
carried on, but not quite to dryness, to prevent contamination
with empyreumatic products, and each portion of the distillate
differing by ten or more degrees, is collected separately. These
different oils are then examined separately in regard to their
physical properties (specific gravity, colour, smell, taste, fluidity,
vapour-density, rotatory power, &c.), and chemical constitution. In
cases, where material enough is at hand, the same process of
fractional distillation is advantageously repeated with each
separate portion, to secure greater precision of results.

Some volatile oils are combinations of an acid and a neutral
body, and often separate into these different parts during distilla-
tion, the neutral portion (mostly a hydro-carbon or an ether) being
more volatile and passing over first, while the acid oil (always
oxygenised) distils much later.

80

But to effect a complete separation, it is better to previously
mix the oil with potash, or soda-ley, which combines with the
acid, allowing the neutral or basic oil to distil first. By adding to
the residue in the retort afterwards sulphuric or better phos-
phoric acid and distilling again, the acid oil is obtained pure.

[Estimation of Essential Oils according to Osse.— Treat five
grammes of the finely pulverised substance cold with twenty-
five cubic centimeters of petroleum ether (of a boiling-point not
above 40°), shake for a few hours, let subside, evaporate one cubic
centimeter of the clear liquid in a current of air, weigh the re-
maining mixture of wax or fat and oil, evaporate the volatile oil
at 110° and weigh again. The latter weight deducted from the
first gives the amount of the essential oil. |

[Eucalyptus Constituents, The leaves of Eucalyptus
globulus, according to H. Weber, contain besides the volatile oil
the following substances:—l. A white body, crystallising in
needles, mixed with a resinous, amorphous mass, both of acid
reaction. 2. An acid, yellow resin of bitter taste. 3. Euca-
lyptic acid, precipitable by lead salts. 4. Eucalyptin, a neutral,
crystallisable, bitter substance, soluble in ether and alcohol, partly
in water. Used as a remedy against intermittent fevers. |

Eucalin. See MELITosE. .
Eugenic Acid=Caryoruytiic Acıp.

Eugenin=C2 His O, (isomeric with cuminic acid and caryo-
phyllic acid). Separates slowly from the turbid aqueous
distillate of cloves overcharged with volatile oil.—Delicate
white, pellucid, pearly lamin®, turning yellow by keeping; of
a faint odour of cloves; dissolves readily in alcohol and ether;
assumes, like caryophyllic acid, a blood-red colour with cold nitric
acid.

Eupatorin, Bitter ingredient of the leaves and flowers of
Eupatorium cannabinum (probably obtainable from numerous
species of this genus.—F. v. M.) It is obtained by precipitating
the aqueous extract with slaked lime, digesting the precipitate,
after it has absorbed carbonic acid from the air, with alcohol and
evaporating the tincture to dryness.— White powder of a bitter
and pungent taste, insoluble in water, soluble in absolute alcohol
and in ether, said to yield a crystalline salt with sulphuric acid.

Euphorbium, The hardened milky juice of several species of
the genus Euphorbia. Dirty-yellow, white inside, brittle, porous
lumps without smell and of excessively acrid taste. Contains
about 60% resin (Euphorbin=C Hıs O), 14% wax, 5% caout-

chouc and various salts.

81 ;

Euphrasia Tannie Acid=Cszz Ha) Orr. Peculiar tannic acid
of Euphrasia officinalis, greening the iron salts, and only obtained
in combination with lead; precipitable by glue and by tartarated
antimony.

Evernic Acid=C3z4 Hig Oy. Besides Usnic acid in Evernia
prunastri. Precipitate the extract of the lichen, prepared
with diluted milk of lime, "with hydrochloric acid and boil the
deposit with weak alcohol; or dry and exhaust with ether. The
solution of the E. is purified by recrystallisation under aid of
animal charcoal.—Colourless crystalline needles, inodorous and
tasteless, of acid reaction; lose at 100° nothing of their weight;
fuse at about 164°; are afterwards decomposed and yield beside
other products a sublimate of orcin; are insoluble in cold and
dissolve slightly in boiling water, also in cold and very abundantly
in hot alcohol; readily in ether, also in alkalies, the solution in
ammonia turning slowly to a deep-red by exposure to the air.

Extractive Substances. By extracting vegetable matters with
water or alcohol, a more cr less yellow or brown liquid is obtained
which becomes darker on evaporating under the influence of the
air, and remains as a stiff pasty mass difficult to dry and quickly
absorbing moisture when exposed to the air. This product has the
general name of extract, and represents a mixture of the most
different matters and salts of the plant employed. The general
characteristics of extracts are as follows: solubility in water and
alcohol, insolubility in ether, amorphous condition, non-volatility,
hygroscopicity, and finally inclination to decompose when in
solution under concurrence of heat and air. Among the substances
common to all extracts are gum, sugar, pigments, salts, &c.,
because they are soluble in water and alcohol, and are accordingly
carried into the extracts. In cases where one or the other of the
aforesaid substances predominates and in default of sufliciently
accurate analysis, or when no mode of isolation is known, the
remaining mixture, called extract, is spoken of and designated
according to its predominating character, as bitter, sweet, astrin-
gent, gummous, colouring, resinous, &c., extractive substance.

It follows therefore that the name “extractive substance” does.
not mean a well-defined body, but comprises a mixture of sub-
stances, which advancing knowledge will teach to separate.

Fats. Non-volatile compounds of carbon with hydrogen and
comparatively little oxygen; widely distributed throughout the
vegetable empire, and most abundantly occurring in seeds; at a
mean temperature of all consistencies from that of an oil to a solid;
colourless or yellowish, with a greenish or brownish shade ; of im-
perceptible or faint odour and taste; leave a permanent spot on
paper, are lighter than water (spec. grav. between 0°88 and 0-95) ;
the solid fats fuse almost without exception below 100°; not in-

G

82

flammable by themselves, but burning by means of a wick with a
bright, smoky flame; insoluble in water, slightly soluble in
alcohol, mostly abundantly soluble in ether and volatile oils, also
in chloroform and sulphide of carbon. They form with strong
bases, under formation of glycerin, soaps, which dissolve in water
and alcohol when formed by the real alkalies, but are insoluble in
those two liquids when composed of any other base. From parts
rich in oil (for instance, from the seeds) most of the oil may be
obtained by proper comminution and strong pressure at a gentle
heat; but as this method gives very inaccurate results, it is
necessary for a quantitative analysis to extract the oil by means
of ether (benzol, ether, petroleum ether) as shown in No. II.,
Division III, Part II.

Fiber=Cye Hip Oy. After the whole or part of a plant has
been exhausted by means of ether, alcohol, water, diluted acids
and alkalies, a substance remains which is commonly called Fiber,
Cellulose or Skeleton. Treated as above, it is generally of a
brownish colour on account of impurities, and contains besides a
variable amount of mineral matters, which remain after incinera-
tion as ash, the weight of which has to be deducted from the
weight of the Fiber, previously dried thoroughly at 110°.

To obtain Fiber in a purer state the colouring matters have
to be destroyed by a proper agent which has no influence on the
Fiber itself. Best adapted for this purpose is so-called chloride of
lime. Reduce one part of the latter with water to a soft pulp
(in a glass or porcelain mortar), dilute with more water, until the
whole represents ten parts, let settle in a high cylindrical glass
vessel covered with a glass-plate; filter, and mix the Fiber, treated
as above, in a similar vessel with enough of the solution to be
covered completely; cover with a glass-plate and let stand cold
for twenty-four hours in a dark place. After the bleaching has
been completed, the solution is poured off, and the Fiber washed
with a few changes of pure water, and afterwards with water
strongly acidulated by hydro-chlorie acid, in order to dissolve the
small quantity of lime, precipitated on the Fiber. It is then
collected on filtering-paper, washed and dried. Should the Fiber by
the one day’s exposure not be completely decolourised, reaction will
become more powerful by adding to the above mixture of chloride
of lime solution and Fiber, enough of hydro-chlorie acid to
render it strongly acid; leave to stand covered in a dark place for
another day, bring on a filter, wash and dry.

There are certain dark pigments which are not destroyed even
by this second treatment, but which may be bleached to white-
yellow by means of warm nitric acid of 1:20. To use a stronger
acid, would not be advisable on account of its destructive action
on the Fiber itself.

83

Cellulose, thus purified, is white, of loose texture, without
taste, becomes carbonised by heat without fusing, and burns
‘completely away (leaving nothing or only traces of ash), is not
affected by ether, alcohol, water, diluted acids, alkalies or solution
of chloride of lime; but dissolves even at ordinary temperature in
the blue ammoniacal solution of sulphate of copper, and acquires,
when kept in a cold concentrated solution of chloride of zinc, the
property of turning blue with iodine, also to dissolve in it, when
warmed, under conversion into sugar, which latter, however, is
destroyed by the continued application of heat.

Filicie Acid=Cog Hı Og +HO. Found in the rhizoma of
Aspidium Filix mas. Exhaust with ether (free from alcohol),
evaporate to an oily consistence, leave to stand cold for a few days,
collect on a filter the acid, which will have separated in yellow
crusts, wash with small quantities of a mixture of equal volumes of
absolute alcohol and ether, afterwards with a mixture of two
volumes of alcohol and one volume of ether, until the remnant
becomes of a pale lemon-yellow, and recrystallise in hot ether.—
Small, green-yellow, rhombic laminz or loose, light-yellow, crys-
talline powder of faint odour, and slightly nauseous taste; becomes
electric by rubbing; fuses at 161°, and decomposes afterwards ;
has an acid reaction when dissolved in ether; is insoluble in
water, slightly soluble in aqueous, better in boiling absolute
alcohol, little in cold, better in hot ether, readily in sulphide of
carbon, fixed and volatile oils. Yields with alkalies salts, which
dissolve in water, with other bases insoluble compounds.

Filixoleic Acid. In the rhizoma of Aspidium Filix mas; is
scarcely different from oleic acid.

Flavequisetin, Yellow pigment, found in Equisetum fluviatile,
is only known in the impure state.

Formic Acid=C, HO; + HO. As yet it has been found
only in a few plants, viz., in the leaves, bark and wood of the
Conifers, in the fruits of Sapindus Saponaria, Tamarindus Indica,
the leaves of Urtica urens, Sempervivum tectorum ; but exists, in
all likelihood, in many other plants. As itis a volatile acid (it has
an acrid, pungent odour, similar to acetic acid), it must be first and
best looked for in the water which has been distilled from the
respective plants. Saturate this distillate with a little excess of
carbonate of soda, evaporate to a small bulk, neutralise carefully
with nitric acid, add nitrate of silver and heat; if the liquid
becomes grey from reduced silver Formic acid was present.

The whole of the Formic acid is obtained by distilling the
respective substance with water containing phosphoric acid. (See
No. IX., Division III., Part II.)

G2

84

To estimate the amount of Formic acid, over-saturate a weighed
or measured quantity of the distillate with carbonate of soda.
evaporate to dryness, expose the triturated mass to a temperature
of 110° until thoroughly dry; weigh; extract with alcohol of
95°, and note down the weight of the residue, consisting of
carbonate of soda, chloride of sodium, &c. The difference of the
two weights represents the Formate of soda, which contains
54°387 Formic acid.

On the other hand, should, as frequently happens, such organic
acids, as likewise yield soda-compounds soluble in strong alcohol,
be present in the aqueous distillate, then the alcoholic solution of
the soda-salts is evaporated to dryness, and the residue mixed
with nitrate of silver in the proportion of 1 part residue to 24
parts nitrate of silver ; the whole is then gently heated, until the
reduction of the resulting Formate of silver to the metallic state
is completed ; 100 parts of this reduced silver, washed and dried
on a filter, indicate 34:26 parts Formic acid.

The Formate of silver, like all compounds of that acid, is freely
soluble in water, and only separates from very concentrated solu-
tions as a white, curdled mass, which, on addition of water,
dissolves again. As the silver salts of acids, belonging to the
same series as Formic (like acetic, propionic, valerianic, &c.), do
not undergo reduction under the same conditions, their presence
does not interfere with the above result.

If the reduced silver, obtained by this process, should be found
to contain chloride of silver, it is necessary to treat it with nitric
acid, which leaves the chloride behind. The latter is collected,
weighed, and serves to correct the estimate by deducting for every
100 parts of chloride, 25:8 parts Formic acid, or the amount of
the Formic acid is calculated from the reduced silver, minus the
chloride of silver.

Frangulin = RHuAmNoxANTHIN.

Fraxin = C54 Hgo O34+-HO. Glucosid of the barks of Fraxinus
excelsior, Aesculus Hippocastanum, A. Pavia, and of allied species
of those genera. Precipitate the decoction of ash-bark, collected
in spring during the floral season of the tree, with acetate of lead,
the filtered liquid with subacetate of lead ; press the latter deposit,
decompose under water with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter, evapo-
rate the filtrate to syrup consistence, collect any crystals formed,
wash the latter with water, afterwards with a little spirit of wine,
and purify by reerystallisation. — Tuftily united, white, lustrous
needles, inodorous, slightly bitter and acerb, losing the water at
110°, fusing at 320° under decomposition; dissolve in 1000 parts
cold, readily in hot water, little in cold, readily in hot alcohol,
not in ether; the largely-diluted alcoholic or aqueous solution shows,
especially in the presence of traces of alkalies, a blue or bluish-

85

‚green fluorescence which disappears through acids ; it separates on
access of diluted acids into sugar and Fraxetin=C39 Hye O46, a
crystalline body slightly acerb to the taste.

Fraxinin obtained, according to Keller, from the bark of the
Ash-tree, is mannit.

Fruit Sugar ER NA Hyg Oj. Cane-sugar in
solution by keeping, or more quickly by heating with diluted acids,
is converted into inverted sugar, and instead of rotating to the
right, acquires the property of rotating to the left; which change
amounts for every 100° of the original dextro-rotation, to 38°
levo-rotation at 14°, provided the inversion has been complete.
During inversion cane-sugar assimilates 5:26°/, water, forming
inverted sugar, i.¢., a mixture of equal parts of dextro-glucose (grape-
sugar) and of levo-glucose : 2 Ci Hi On +2 HO=C}j2 Hy2 On.

Fruit-sugar occurs as inverted sugar in honey, in many succu-
lent fruits, and other saccharine vegetable parts. Its isolated
occurrence has as yet not been proved with certainty, yet some
kinds of pears and apples contain more fruit than grape-sugar.
To obtain Fruit-sugar pure, mix ten parts inverted sugar intimately
with six parts lime-hydrate and 100 parts water, whereby the at
first fluid mass congeals after some shaking, and on hard pressure
‚allows grape-sugar lime to run off, while the solid residue, de-
composed after washing by oxalic acid, yields Fruit-sugar. In like
manner the inverted sugar, occurring in fruits, may be decomposed.
Pure Fruit-sugar is, after heating to 100°, a colourless, uncrys-
tallisable syrup, or an amorphous, hard mass, as sweet as cane-
sugar, dissolves more readily in alcohol than grape-sugar, under-
goes directly with yeast the vinous fermentation, and behaves
towards alkaline solutions of tartarate of copper like grape-sugar.

Fruittannie Acid. Occurs in unripe apples, pears, and some
other fruits, and disappears on ripening, while the amount of sugar
increases proportionately. By mixing the filtered juice of the
above fruits with starch paste and adding iodine, iodine-starch is
formed, but not before the whole of the tannic acid has been con-
verted into an iodine compound. To obtain the latter, add to the
juice of unripe fruits tincture of iodine in small quantities until
the colour of the iodine no longer disappears ; a brown precipitate
is formed after a few moments, which has to be washed with
water. Yellow, amorphous powder, insoluble in water and alcohol,
is decomposed by boiling with diluted acids, yielding grape-sugar.

Fumaric Acid = Cs Hy Og + 2 HO, also called boletic, lichenic,
and paramaleic acid, the latter on account of its occurrence,
together with maleic (equisetic) acid, among the products of the
destructive distillation of malic acid; has been found hitherto in
Fumariaceae, Lichenes (for instance, Cetraria Islandica), Fungi

86

(species of Boletus, &c.), and Glaucium luteum. To obtain it,.
precipitate the decoction with acetate of lead, separate the
deposit by filtration, wash cold and boil with water, filter hot and
allow the liquid to stand cold. The crystallised fumarate of lead
is reduced to a fine powder, decomposed under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen, and the liquid evaporated.—The Fumaric
acid crystallises in needles, scales, or warty granules; is inodorous,
of a strongly acid taste and reaction, fuses with heat and sub-
limates, dissolves only in two to three hundred parts cold water,
abundantly in hot water, readily in alcohol and ether. The fuma-
rates of the alkalies dissolve readily in water, those of most of the:
other bases slowly, the fumarate of silver not at all; the latter
becomes anhydrous at 100°, and contains 29-70% acid.

Fumarin, Alleged alkaloid of Fumaria officinalis. It is said
to be obtained in the following way. Treat the bruised herb with
diluted acetic acid, evaporate to a syrup, exhaust with alcohol,
decolourise the tincture with animal charcoal, and evaporate. It
crystallises in fine needles, as acetate of Fumarin. Dissolve the
salt in water, and add an alkali which throws down the Fumarin,
as a cloddy mass which may be obtained in crystals from hot
alcohol. The compounds of Fumarin have a lasting bitter taste.

Fungic Acid, See Matic Acip.

Galambutter. From Bassia longifolia, B. latifolia, and B. buty-
racea, obtained by boiling the fruits with water. Dirty red and
white, transparent, of lard consistence, has a faint smell and pro-
nounced cocoa-like taste. Oil’of Illipe seems identical with this.

Galbanum. Gum-resinous exudation of Peucedanum galbani-
ferum and Polylophium Galbanum. More or less brown-yellow;,
at ordinary temperature tough, brittle when cold, of disagreeable
smell and acrid, bitter taste; contains as main ingredients: vola-
tile oil, resin and gum.

Galbanum Resin = C52 Has Oj. Free the galbanum from the
volatile oil by distillation with water, separate the remaining resin
from the supernatant turbid liquid, boil it with milk of lime,
throw down the dark-yellow solution with hydrochloric acid, wash
the white-yellow flocks, dissolve in ether and evaporate. Amor-
phous, white flocks, after the evaporation of the ether honey-
yellow mass, tasteless, insoluble in water, readily soluble in
alcohol, also in common ether, not completely in absolute ether,
difticultly in potash-ley, yields no sugar with diluted acids; forms a
blue oil and other products when submitted to destructive distil-
lation.

Galipein= AveustuRIN.

Galitannie Acid=Cy4 Hg Ojo. Found in the herb of Galium
verum and G. Aparine; (occurring, doubtless, in numerous.

87

other species. —F. v. M). Precipitate the aqueous decoc-
tion with acetate of lead, filter, precipitate with subacetate
of lead, decompose this second deposit with sulphuret of
hydrogen, filter off from the sulphuret of lead, precipitate the
liquor with acetate of lead in order to remove the rest of citric
acid; throw down the filtrate with subacetate of lead, and decom-
pose the precipitate with sulphuret of hydrogen; a solution is
obtained of slightly bitter, styptic taste, imparting a beautiful
green colour to chloride of iron.

Gallic Acid=Cy, Hz O; +3 HO+2 Aq. This acid is said to
exist in many vegetables, especially in those containing tannin; but
as Gallic acid has not yet been obtained with certainty as decom-
position-product from any iron-greening tannic acid, but only from
two iron-blueing tannic acids, 7.e., from ordinary and Chinese nut-
galls, and from sumach, it seems at least improbable, that Gallic
acid should occur ready formed in other plants than those named
already (and in species closely allied to them.—F. v. M.).

In order to obtain the Gallic acid which may exist ready formed
in a vegetable extract, the always co-existing tannic acid is first
removed by means of glue, either dissolved in water, or better, in
the form of animal membrane (isinglass) soaked in cold water.
The liquid, after it has been separated from the tannate of glue, is
evaporated to an extract, exhausted with strong alcohol, the solu-
tion evaporated again, and treated with ether. During the
evaporation of the ether, the gallic acid forms in crystals.—It
erystallises in white, silky needles, is inodorous, of an acidulous
styptic taste, decomposes at 210° under partial decomposition and
formation of a sublimate of pyrogallie aid=Cj2 H ¢ Og ; fuses at
226°, dissolves in 100 parts cold and in 3 parts boiling water,
readily in alcohol, less readily in ether; the aqueous solution throws
down neither glue nor alkaloids, but precipitates the salts of oxyd
of iron with a dark-blue colour, like that produced by gallotannic
acid; the gallate of iron (the above deposit) differs from the
tannate of iron by its great solubility in acetic acid and in the
hydrates and carbonates of alkalies (incl. ammonia), while of the
tannate of iron only traces are dissolved by acetic acid, and the
iron tannate is decomposed completely by the hydrates and
carbonates of potash and soda, and partly by ammonia, in the
former case under formation of oxyd of iron. Only the gallates of
alkalies and of the alkaline earths are soluble in water.

Gallotannie Acid=C;; Ho: Os... In certain excrescences on
the branches of a few plants, produced by the puncture of insects,
viz., in Turkish nutgalls (from Quercus infectoria), in Chinese
nutgalls (from Rhus semialata), and in the bark of the sumach
tree (Rhus coriaria), and some other species. It cannot be
decided at present, if it is still more widely distributed (see Kino-

88

tannic acid). To obtain it, extract pulverised nutgalls with common
ether of 0°740 to 0'750; evaporate the tincture to dryness, and
remove resin, fat, and gallic acid with anhydrous ether.— White,
or slightly yellowish, loose, amorphous, resinous, easily friable
mass of faint, mostly a little ethereous odour, of highly adstringent
taste, and of strongly acid reaction; fuses incompletely with heat,
swells up, and becomes carbonised, yielding a sublimate of pyro-
gallic acid (Cjg Hg O¢). Dissolves most readily in water, more
readily in hydrated than in anhydrous alcohol, slightly in anhy-
drous ether, readily in hydrated ether, which solution soon
separates into two portions, the lower of which contains most of
the acid with water and a little ether, and the upper stratum
a little of the acid only, water, and most of the ether. It secedes
on boiling with diluted sulphuric acid into gallic acid and glucose,
likewise with alkalies; but then the sugar is instantly changed
into humus-like products. It throws down the glue in grey elastic
flocks, which re-dissolve in an excess of the glue. It does not
alter the salts of suboxyd of iron, but precipitates the solutions of
the oxyd blue or blue-black, even when very much diluted; this
precipitate 1s in appearance quite similar to the one obtained by
gallic acid, but differs from it by its behaviour towards alkalies
and acetic acid (see Gallic acid). Only the tannates of the alkalies
are soluble in water, but decompose easily when exposed to the
air, ven the aqueous solution of the pure acid becomes soon
decomposed, turns mouldy, and deposes gallic acid.

Gamboge, Exudation of the stem of Garcinia Cochinchinensis,
(G. pictoria and G. Morella), more or less brown yellow, yields a
bright yellow powder, has a faint odour and an acrid, rancid,
afterwards sweetish taste. Contains about 807% resin and 187%
gum. The resin, also called Gambogic acid, obtained by
extracting with ether, is cherry-red, almost opaque, yields a beau-
tiful yellow powder, is inodorous and tasteless, dissolves readily in
alcohol and ether, in alkalies, in concentrated sulphuric acid with
red colour, and precipitable by water without change, has an acid
reaction, and is composed according to the formula Cy Hos Og.

Gardenia Tannic Acids, Inthe Chinese wongshy (the fruits of
Gardenia grandiflora).

First Acid=Cyg Hog Oog + 8 HO. Exhaust the fruits with alco-
hol, evaporate the extracts in a current of carbonic acid gas, remove
by means of a moistened filter the oil, which separates on cooling
and on addition of water, and precipitate the red-yellow filtrate
with acetate of lead, which throws down pigment and the First
acid (the filtrate serves for the preparation of chlorrubin). De-
compose the precipitate under water with sulphuret of hydrogen,
filter, again precipitate the filtrate with acetate of lead, decompose
again with sulphuret of hydrogen, whereby the whole of the

u,

89

pigment remains with the sulphide of lead, filter, and evaporate in
a current of carbonic acid gas. Amorphous, brown-yellow mass,
the solution of which greens chloride of iron.

Second Acid=Cyg Hog Oog + HO. Boil the fruits, after ex-
hausting with alcohol, with water, concentrate the decoctions,
throw down the jelly with alcohol, strain, precipitate with acetate
of lead, treat the deposit with a little acetic acid, filter, remove the
lead from the solution by means of sulphuret of hydrogen, and
evaporate to dryness.

Gaultierilen = Cy) Hys. Contained in the oil of Gaul-
tiera procumbens, and probably other species of the genus, up to
about one-tenth of its weight. Distil the oil with potash-ley,
wash the distillate, consisting of wood spirit and Gaultierilen,
first with a very weak solution of caustic potash, afterwards with
pure water, desiccate the undissolved oil with chloride of calcium,

and rectify over potassium. Colourless, thin, smells rather

pleasantly pepper-like. Is lighter than water. Boils at 160°.

[Gelsemic Acid, Is, according to Professor Sonnenschein, iden-
tical with Aesculin. |

[Gelsemin. Alkaloid discovered by Wormley in the herb of
Gelsemium nitidum. Prepared from the aqueous liquid which
has served for the production of gelsemic acid. After the g. acid
has been extracted by chloroform, the aqueous liquid is rendered
slightly alkaline with potassa, and repeatedly shaken with chloro-
form. On evaporating the latter, a hard gummous body remains,
which has to be treated with water acidulated by hydrochloric
acid in order to dissolve the alkaloid. Filter, concentrate to one-
sixteenth of the original fluid extract, add caustic potash in slight
excess, collect the precipitate, wash with water anddry. Dissolve
again in acidulated water, precipitate with potash and extract
with ether. After evaporation the G. remains as a hard shining
mass, yielding a colourless powder. The G. is a strong poison of

an intensely bitter taste, and forms salts with acids. It is

sparingly soluble in water, easily in ether (25 parts), and in’
chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid colours it red-brown,
the solution becoming purple on careful heating; nitric acid dis-
solves it with green, hydrochloric acid with yellow colour, A
little below 100° C. it fuses to a viscid mass which congeals to a
translucid body ; in higher temperatures it sublimes unaltered. The
Gelsemin compoundsare precipitated by caustic alkalies; an excess of
the latter redissolves the precipitates. Bichromate of potash pro-
duces a copious yellow, amorphous precipitate, sparingly soluble in
acetic acid ; picric acid yellow; biiodide of potassium brown even
with diluted ( 1/10000 ) solutions; bromine in hydrobromic acid

yellow ; the chlorides of gold and of platinum likewise ; sulpho-

cyanide of potassium dirty white in moderately diluted solution ;

90

cyanide of potassium blue-green; chloride of mercury white.
Concentrated solutions are also precipitated by iodide and by
ferro-cyanide of potassium. |

Gentian Bitter=C40 Hz, Os + 2 HO. The bitter ingredient
of the root of Gentiana lutea. Digest the fresh root (the dried root
gives no crystalline bitter) with alcohol of 70%, evaporate to
honey-consistence, dissolve in three times its weight of water,
shake the solution twice with animal charcoal, rinse the latter in
cold water, dry and boil with alcohol of 807%. This tincture,
when freed from the whole of the alcohol by heating, separates on
cooling, or better by diluting with water, a resin which has to be
removed, and the liquid digested with .oxyd of lead. Filter hot,
remove the lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate to a syrup
consistence and shake with ether. After being left in contact for
one day the mixture solidifies to a crystalline mass, which has to
be pressed and recrystallised in a little hot water with aid of a little
animal charcoal.—Colourless, radially united needles, eftlorescent
at the air, of a strong and pure bitter taste; neutral; loses its
water at 100°; fuses at 120° to 125°, becomes carbonised in
higher temperatures while emitting an odour of burnt sugar;
dissolves readily in water and in hydrated alcohol, less readily
in absolute alcohol, not in ether; in concentrated sulphuric
acid colourless, changing to a beautiful carmine red on heating ;
decomposes with diluted sulphuric acid into sugar and another
product; is soluble in alkalies with yellow colour.

Gentianin, or Gentianic Acid=Cas Hy Oyo. In the root of
Gentiana lutea, but is not the bitter ingredient. Withdraw from
the root most of the bitter ingredient by means of cold water, dry
the root and exhaust with strong alcohol, evaporate to a syrup,
pour water on it, and remove thereby the substances soluble in
water, leaving a sediment which contains Gentianin, fat, resin, and
the bitter substance. Remove the fat with ether, and recrys-
tallise in alcohol.—Light, long, pale, yellow, silky needle-like
crystals, inodorous and tasteless, neutral, unchangeable at
250°; becomes brown at 300°, sublimates with careful heating,
dissolves in 5000 parts cold and in 3850 parts hot water, in 500
parts of cold and in 90 parts boiling alcohol, in 2000 parts ether;
is not changed by diluted acids; dissolves readily in alkalies.
with yellow colour, forming salts.

Gentisin=GENTIANIN.

Geraniin, After the roots of species of Geranium are ex-
tracted with alcohol, part of the alcohol distilled off from the
tincture, the tannic acid removed from the remaining liquid by
adding hydrate of lime, the liquid filtered and evaporated, the
resin that separates removed, and the liquid brought to dryness ;.

91

there remains a honey-yellow, transparent, very hygroscopic mass:
of very bitter taste, readily soluble in water and aqueous alcohol,
not in ether and absolute alcohol, not precipitable by metallic
salts.

Getah Lahoe, The milky juice of Ficus subracemosa and F.
variegata, hardened at the air, has in appearance some similarity
with crude gutta-percha, is outside of a blackish-grey, inside of a
delicate pink colour, very porous, brittle, becomes by continued
rubbing soft and plastic like wax, is easily lighted and burns with
a white, smoking flame, becomes sticky at 35°, liquid at 75°, floats
on water, is not soluble in cold alcohol, dissolves in hot alcohol,
leaving undissolved a brownish, very viscid mass; the brown
solution, on cooling, throws down most of the dissolved substances
under the form of a white granular powder. Ether, chloroform,
benzol, and oil of turpentine dissolve the G. at ordinary tempera-
ture, with the exception of the said brownish mass. Caustic
alkalies affect it only after continued boiling, while dissolving the
brownish mass and leaving the G. white. The G. may conse-
quently be regarded as a kind of wax. |

Gingkoic Acid=Cis Haz O3 + HO. Peculiar, solid fat-
acid of the fruit of Gingko biloba, is obtained by extracting with
ether, evaporating the solution and cooling the remaining fat
down to 0°, when the acid will crystallise in concentrically
radiated needles of yellow colour. It dissolves readily in alcohol
and in ether, is of strongly acid reaction, fuses at 35°. The ging-
koate of lead is viscid, that of baryta sparingly soluble in water,
readily soluble in alcohol ; the gingkoate of silver is insoluble in
alcohol.

Glaucin, Alkaloid, contained in the herb of Glaucium luteum,
not in the root. Bruise the herb with acetic acid, press, boil the
liquid, strain, add a little nitric acid and precipitate warm with
nitrate of lead. After cooling, filter off the fumarate of lead
deposit, remove from the liquid excess of lead by sulphuret of
hydrogen, neutralise the filtrate and precipitate with tannic acid.
Mix the washed and pressed deposit moist intimately with hydrate
of lime, exhaust the mixture with alcohol, impregnate the filtered
liquid with carbonic acid, evaporate, wash the remnant with a
little cold water, in order to remove dyeing matter, and crystallise
the remaining Glaucin in hot water.—White crusts consisting of
minute scales of pearly lustre, separates from ether as a turpentine-
like, at first almost oily mass, which hardens by keeping, fuses
under water to an oil, is destroyed in higher temperatures, tastes
bitter and very acrid, has an alkaline reaction, reddens at the air
and more rapidly in the sunlight, dissolves in water, better when
hot, most readily in alcohol and ether, assumes, when heated with
concentrated sulphuric acid—until the acid begins to evaporate, a

92

beautiful blue-violet colour, which passes to a dark peach-flower
red on addition of water, and yields an indigo-blue precipitate
with ammonia. It neutralises the acids, and forms white salts of
a burning, acrid taste, precipitable by ammonia with white colour.

Glaucopicrin. Alkaloid of the root of Glaucium luteum,
besides Chelerythrin. Exhaust with water containing acetic acid,
precipitate the chelerythrin by means of ammonia, saturate the
filtered liquid with acetic acid, precipitate with tannic acid,
triturate the washed deposit with hydrate of lime and alcohol,
warm, subject the filtrate to carbonic acid, distil off the alcohol,
filter, evaporate the liquor, and exhaust the remainder with ether.
The residue left after the evaporation of the ether, yields by
washing with water and a little ether, a comparatively pure pro-
duct, which has to be crystallised in hot water, while impure Gl. is
dissolved by the ether. Dissolve the latter after the evaporation
of the ether, in water and acetic acid mixed with subacetate of lead,
and adduce sulphuret of hydrogen. Filter off the sulphide of
lead, withdraw from it by repeatedly boiling with water and
acetic acid the Gl. mixed up with it, saturate these solutions and
the liquid filtered off from the sulphide of lead with sulphate of
soda, and precipitate with ammonia. The precipitate may be
obtained in the pure state, but with difficulty, by dissolving
in ether, and evaporating the latter. Another alkaloid, pre-
cipitable by tannin together with Gl., remains with the almost
pure Gl. in small quantity; it forms a salt which crystallises in
needles, but soon efiloresces.—Snow-white, permanent grains, -
bitter; dissolves readily in water, especially hot, and covers the
concentrated solution with a pellicle on cooling, which soon
becomes crystalline and sinks to the bottom ; dissolves in alcohol,
not so well in ether, yields neutral white salts of a bitter and
nauseous taste.

Gliadin. See GLUTEN.

Globularia Resin = Cio Has Og, The fragrant resin of the
leaves of Globularia Alypum. From the alcoholic extract of
the leaves the bitter substance (Globularin) is extracted by water,
while Globularia Resin remains. Dissolve the latter in alcohol,
digest with animal charcoal, and precipitate the filtered solution
with water. Olive-green, translucid, plastic mass, of the smell of
the leaves.

Globularin= Ceo Ha Oog. The bitter ingredient of the leaves
of Globularia Alypum. The alcoholic extract is to be distilled,
the remnant dissolved in water, digested hot with oxyd of lead for
a considerable time, filtered, the lquid evaporated on the water-
bath, the remnant freed from a yellow pigment by ether, dissolved
in water, precipitated with tannin, the deposit dissolved in

93

alcohol, the solution digested with oxyd of lead, filtered, and the
liquid brought to dryness. White, bitter powder, soluble in
water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, converted by digestion with
diluted sulphuric acid into sugar and other products.

Globularia Tannie Acid=Cig Hig Oy In the leaves of
Globularia Alypum. Is precipitated from the aqueous solution of the
alcoholic extract by digestion with oxyd of lead. (See Globularin.)
Divide the precipitate in alcohol, decompose with diluted sulphuric
acid, shake the green-brown liquor with a little carbonate of lead
and precipitate with alcoholic acetate of lead. Isolated by sul-
phuret of hydrogen, it is only known in solution which imparts a
dark-green colour to chloride of iron.

Glucose = Grape Sugar.

[Glucosids are organic compounds of a high atomic weight and
great chemical complexity. They are resolved by heating with
dilute acids, or sometimes even when left in contact with certain
protein-substances, under assimilation of water, into sugar (fer-
mentable or not), and one or more other products, generally an
essential oil or a resinous body. They also in most cases exhibit
the following properties:—They are crystalline or amorphous,
neutral, or slightly acid; without odour, of a bitter or acrid taste;
fusible, but without sublimation, and carbonised by prolonged
heating ; they dissolve easily in alcohol, less so in water, sparingly
or not at all in ether, under decomposition in alkalies with yellow,
and in concentrated sulphuric acid with blue, violet, or red colour.

—F. v. M.]

Gluten, A substance which has been formerly considered as a
peculiar proximate constituent of the vegetable’ kingdom, but
which is now proved to be only a mixture of different protein
substances. It occurs especially in the seeds of the cereals and of
leguminous plants. It is obtained best by kneading wheat-flour
under cold water until the water passes from it clear and without
a milky appearance (by taking up starch). When fresh, it is of a
greyish-white, very viscid, glutinous, elastic, tasteless, of insipid
odour; when dried, it appears grey-yellow, horny, brittle, mollities
in cold water and dissolves a little; the solution curdles at 62°;
by boiling with water it becomes hard and insoluble. Hot alcohol
withdraws from it so-called gliadin, which is itself amixture of gluten,
mucin and gum, and leaves undissolved the so-called vegetable
fibrin as a brownish-grey matter, containing sulphur and nitrogen.
(Some authors believe the latter to be coagulated albumin).

Glutin. Peculiar protein substance, ingredient of gluten. By
boiling gluten with alcohol, a solution is obtained which yields on
evaporating the so-called gliadin, ie, a mixture of Glutin and
mucin and gum. By distilling the solution with water, most of

94

the Glutin separates together with mucin, while a portion only
remains dissolved in water by means of the gum. From this
aqueous solution the gum is thrown down with alcohol and
the liquid evaporated. Glutin is pale, yellow, tough, more or less
glutinous, tasteless, of a faint peculiar odour, dries to a yellow
transparent mass. It only swells up in water and soon becomes
putrid; it dissolves in hot alcohol, in cold alcohol only partially,
also partially in acetic acid, not in ether, readily in potash-ley.
Glycerin=C;H; O3 + 3 HO. Almost in every fat combined
with fat-acids, and separated from the latter by saponification.
Saponify any fat with soda-ley, decompose the soap with diluted
sulphuric acid, filter, saturate the liquid with carbonate of soda,
evaporate, shake the pulpy remnant with strong alcohol, and
evaporate the solution. To remove all water, keep for a rather long
time at a temperature of 120°. Colourless syrup of a pure sweet
taste, uncrystallisable, inodorous, neutral, of 1:27 density; distils
partly when boiled with water; decomposes when heated by
itself, while evolving vapours (acrolein) of a highly offensive and
acrid odour; burns on the open fire like an oil; mixes with
water and alcohol in every proportion; is insoluble in ether.

[Glycerin on a large scale, and perfectly colourless and pure, is
now obtained as a bye-product from soap and candleworks, when
the fats are distilled by high-pressure steam, and are thereby
decomposed into fat-acids and glycerin.—F. v. M.]

Glyeyrrhizin=C;is Has Ois. In the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra
and G. echinata and in Monesia bark (from Lucuma glycyphlaea) ;
it is not decided yet if the substances of similar properties from
the leaves of Abrus precatorius, from the root of Polypodium
vulgare and from Sarcocolla are identical with Glyeyrrhizin. Ma-
cerate in water, boil the solution, filter, concentrate and precipitate
with diluted sulphuric acid. The at first pale yellow flocks unite
slowly to a dark-brown viscid mass, which has to be washed
repeatedly with water until free from sulphuric acid (on testing
with soluble salts of baryta); it is then dissolved in alcohol of 80%,
and the moderately-concentrated solution mixed with small
quantities of ether; a brown resin, which separates after a short
time, is removed, the ether-alcoholic solution evaporated on the
water-bath, redissolved in alcohol, mixed with ether, filtered and
evaporated.—Amorphous, yellow-white powder, smells in the alco-
holic solution similar to an infusion of liquorice ; has an intensely
bitter-sweet taste, is of a strongly acid reaction when dissolved in
water, fuses at 200°, and is destroyed in a higher temperature ;
dissolves slowly in cold, readily in hot water, with yellow colour,
and a small portion separates on cooling under the form of resinous
drops; dissolves abundantly in alcohol, less readily (according to
others not at all) in ether; is not fermentable; is precipitated in

95

flocks by mineral and vegetable acids. The flocks are a compound
of G with acids (according to others pure G.); combines with bases ;
alkalies increase its solubility in water, metallic salts throw the

G. down.

Goemin. Proximate constituent of carrageen or gcemon
(Chondrus crispus), and bearer of the mucilaginous properties of
the drug. Contains much nitrogen and sulphur. To prepare it
‘boil ne alga with water for a few hours, strain, precipitate the
liquid with alcohol, rinse with alcohol, redissolve in water and
evaporate the solution.—Thin, transparent, elastic laminz similar
to isinglass, without smell and taste, swells up in cold water and
dissolves when warmed to a mucilage of neutral reaction; dissolves
also in hot hydrochloric and in nitric acid under formation of
oxalic acid, in the ordinary mixture of nitric and hydrochloric
acid under formation of sulphuric acid; soluble also in alkalies.

Consists of 21:80 C, 4°87 H, 21:36 N, 2°51 S, 49-46 O.

Grape Sugar, or Dextro-glucose, called also from its origin
honey sugar, starch sugar, or simply glucose =Cyg Hıa Oy +
2HO. Abundantly in sweet fruits, often associated with cane-
sugar, always associated with so much levo-glucose, that the
mixture may be regarded as inverted sugar. (See Fruir Sugar.)
It is produced from the juice of grapes by boiling, neutralising
the free acid with chalk, evaporating to half the volume, leaving
to subside, clarifying with albumen if necessary, and evaporating
to the consistency of a syrup. The Grape-sugar forms into er ystals
on keeping, and is recrystallised in water.— White, opaque, semi-
spherical, or cauliflower-like mass, consisting of microscopic, sex-
angular tabular crystals, tastes less sweet than cane-sugar and at
the same time mealy when in the solid state; softens at 60°,
deliquesces at 90° to 100° under loss of all its water, and solidifies
to a colourless amorphous mass; loses at 170° two more equivalents
of water, and carbonises afterwards with the odour of burnt sugar.
The fused Grape-sugar deliquesces at the air first under absor ption
of water, and solidifies again as soon as the quantity of water
absorbed is sufficient for the formation of crystals to a crystalline
granular mass. The Grape-sugar which has been desiccated with-
out fusing (in a current of air ‘of 55° to 60°), and is obtained as a
white powder, absorbs no water from the air. Grape-sugar
dissolves in 1} parts cold, in every proportion in boiling water,
in 50 parts cold, and in 4 parts boiling alcohol of 0'837, “scarcely
in ether; but yields with nitric acid, oxalic, no mucic acid;
dissolves in cold concentrated sulphuric acid without colouration,
but is charred by heat; turns brown on continued boiling with
dilute sulphuric acid; is readily decomposed and turns. dark
brown when heated sali alkalies and alkaline earths, colours the
subnitrate of bismuth grey brown when boiled with it under

96

addition of carbonate of soda; reduces the alkaline tartrate of
copper (1 equivalent Grape-sugar forms 10 equivalents copper
suboxyd = Cu 2 O); ferments directly with yeast, is not precipit-
able by acetate and sub-acetate of lead, but is so by ammoniacal
acetate of lead, and this precipitate assumes by keeping at the air,
or more quickly when warmed, a red colour.

The quantitative estimation of Grape-sugar can, like that of cane-
sugar, be accomplished either by fermentation or by means of a solu-
tion of copper. But it must be borne in mind that in the first case
the water which cane-sugar assimilates, before it becomes converted
into carbonic acid and alcohol, is already present in Grape-sugar.
Consequently, if 100 parts cane-sugar yield 49°12 parts carbonic
acid, and 51:01 parts alcohol, 105-26 parts anhydrous Grape-sugar
will effect the same transformation; or, 46°66 parts carbonic aid
and 48-46 parts alcohol are obtainable from 100 parts anhydrous
. Grape-sugar.

In the second case, of course, the saccharine liquid wants no
preliminary treatment except, when acid, to be oversaturated with
caustic potash or soda, before it is titrated with the solution of
copper.

Gratiolin = Co Hg, Oy, The bitter ingredient of Gratiola
officinalis [and its congeners.—F. v. M.]. Precipitate the
aqueous decoction of the herb with subacetate of lead; mix the
filtered liquid with carbonate of soda, but not in excess; filter,
precipitate with tannic acid, collect the deposit and mix it with
hydrated lead oxyd; treat the mixture with alcohol, filter and
decolourise the tincture with animal charcoal; dry after filter-
ing, exhaust the residue successively with absolute ether and
with cold water, dry and recrystallise in boiling alcohol
or in boiling water. The ether dissolves mainly gratio-
lacrin, the cold water gratiosolin.—White powder, crystal-
lising from alcohol in warty masses, from water in fine silky
needles; tastes at first very slightly, afterwards strongly bitter;
has a faint smell; fuses at 200° without change, but is destroyed
in higher temperatures; mollifies on heating with water and rises
to the surface like an oil; dissolves in 893 parts cold and in 476
parts boiling water, most readily in alcohol, in 1000 parts cold,
and in 666 parts boiling ether, in concentrated sulphuric acid with
dark-red colour, and precipitable from it by water; decomposes on
heating with diluted sulphuric acid into sugar and other products.

Gratiosolin=C1g Hi O2. The aqueous gold-coloured solu-
tion obtained during the process of preparing gratiolin is digested
with animal charcoal, filtered, dried on the water-bath, and traces
of gratiolacrin removed by anhydrous ether.—Amorphous, bright-
red mass, friable to a yellow powder, has a peculiar smell and a
nauseous, bitter taste, is permanent at the air, fuses at 125°, is

97

destroyed in higher temperatures, dissolves in 7 parts cold and in
5 parts boiling water, in 3 parts cold and 2 parts boiling alcohol,
in 1700 parts cold and in 1100 parts boiling ether, readily in
liquor of ammonia, in concentrated sulphuric acid with brown-
red colour; secedes on heating with diluted acids or alkalies into
sugar and some other product.

Green Acid, Occurring in the roots of many Dipsacex, Com-
posite and Umbellifere, forming with ammonia a yellow com-
pound which becomes blue-green at the air, resembles caffe-tannic,
rubichloric and valeria-tannic acids. Exhaust (say, the root of
Scabiosa succisa) with alcohol, precipitate the tincture with ether,
collect and wash the white precipitate with ether, and throw down
its aqueous solution with acetate of lead. After this precipitate is
decomposed under water with sulphuret of hydrogen and the
filtered liquid evaporated, the green acid remains as an amorphous,
yellow, brittle, acid mass.

Guacin, Resinous bitter substance of the leaves of Mikania
Guaco (and perhaps other Guaco-plants). Draw out with ether,
treat the ethereous extract with alcohol, the alcoholic extract with
boiling water, the aqueous extract again with alcohol, and evapo-
rate the latter solution to dryness.—Yellowish-brown, resinous,
very bitter, fuses at 100°, dissolves very slightly in cold, abun-
dantly in boiling water, most readily in alcohol and ether.

Guaiacie Acid=Cı2 Hg Og, In the wood and resin of
Guaiacum officinale. Dissolve the resin in alcohol, concentrate the
solution to one-quarter its volume, separate after cooling the acid,
yellowish liquid from the subsiding resin by filtering, evaporate:
the former to a syrup-consistence, exhaust with ether, evaporate
the solution and sublimate the acid from the obtained warty mass
containing resin over a carefully-conducted fire.—White, shining,
needle-like crystals, much more soluble in water than benzoic or
cinnamic acids, also soluble in alcohol and ether. Requires
further comparisons with benzoic acid.

Guaiaconic Acid=Csg Heo Oj. Constitutes about 70% of
guaiacum resin. An alcoholic solution of guaiacum resin is mixed
with an alcoholic solution of caustic potash; the liquid is separated
from a solid product, consisting of acid guaiacum resin and potash,
and evaporated at a temperature of 30°. A thick syrup-like fluid
remains, which mixes with absolute alcohol under separation of
some acid guaiacum resin combined with potash. Remove the
mass, pervade the liquid with carbonic acid, filter, mix the filtrate
with water and a little hydrochloric acid, evaporate the alcohol,
and wash the resin thus obtained with warm water. It appears,
after drying, as a brittle, brown mass. This resin, by treating
with ether, is decomposed into Guaiaconic acid, which dissolves,
and into guaiacum beta resin remaining undissolved. Separate

H

98

the acid in the ethereous solution with potash-ley, throw away the
supernatant ether ; dilute the alkaline solution with water, and throw
down with acetate of lead. The grey-green precipitate is decom-
posed under water with sulphuret of hydrogen; the deposit is dried
and extracted by alcohol, which dissolves the Guaiaconic acid and
leaves it on evaporating.—Light-brown, brittle mass of concheous
fracture, friable to a paler, inodorous, and tasteless powder ;
neutral; fuses at 95° to 100°, and decomposes afterwards; is
insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, acetic acid,
chloroform, scarcely in benzol and sulphide of carbon, in concen-
trated sulphuric acid with beautiful cherry-red colour, and
precipitable from it by water in violet flocks, containing sulphur.

Guaiacum Beta Resin=Cyo Hy Oj. Constitutes 10% of
guaiacum-resin. Is obtained during the preparation of guaiaconic
acid, and forms the residue insoluble in ether ; withdraw from it
all guaiaconic acid by treating the substance mixed with sand
with ether, dissolve in alcohol, decolourise with animal charcoal
and precipitate by pouring the solution into ether. The brown
flocks are purified by dissolving anew and precipitating, and
lastly dissolved in alcohol and again separated with water.—Red-
brown powder, neutral, fusing at 200° to a black mass, is insoluble
in water, readily soluble in alcohol and alkalies, not in ether,
sulphide of carbon, chloroform, and benzol.

Guaiacum Yellow, Yellow pigment of guaiacum resin. Boil
the pulverised resin with caustic lime, filter, evaporate the liquid,
in order to remove most of the lime as carbonate, and with it
most of the acid guaiacum resin; extract the remnant with water,
oversaturate the solution with acetic acid, filter again, and allow
to stand for arather long time. Small, pale-brown, tabular crystals
are formed, which dissolve slowly in much water, while leaving a
resin ; readily soluble in ether and alcohol, and crystallising in the
latter on evaporating at ordinary temperature.—Pale-yellow,
quadratic, octahedrous, or tabular crystals, modorous, bitter, fusible
by heat and afterwards decomposing, sparingly soluble in water ;
soluble in alkalies and alkaline earths, in alcohol, ether, sulphide
of carbon; difficultly in chloroform, benzol, oil cf turpentine;
scarcely a little in acids.

Guaiacum Resin. From the stem of Guaiacum officinale,
partly exudating spontaneously, partly obtained by extracting
with alcohol. Is greenish outside, inside reddish or greenish-
brown, brittle, grey-white when pulverised, turns greenish at the
air, has a balsamic odour, and a sweetish-bitter taste which is at
the same time acrid and irritating to the throat ; dissolves readily
in alcohol, 90% in ether (the beta-resin is insoluble); readily in
alkalies and re-precipitable by acids ; fuses easily, and burns after-
wards with a strong aromatic smell. The tincture turns blue

99

with many oxydising substances (nitrous acid, chlorine, &c.). It
consists of about 70°/, guaiaconic acid, 10°/, acid guaiacum-resin,
10°/, beta-resin, and of guaiacic acid, and guaiacum-yellow.

Guaiaretic Acid=Cy Has Os + HO. Im guaiacum-resin,
constituting 10°/, of it. Boil the pulverised resin with half
its weight of caustic lime and sufficient water for half an hour,
strain, dry the residue and exhaust with hot alcohol, distil off
the alcohol from the tincture, dissolve the remnant in soda-ley,
allow the solution to stand cold, press the soda salt, recrystallise
in water with a little caustic soda, decompose with hydrochloric
acid, and crystallise in alcohol.—Soft, small warty and scaly
crystals, of a faint odour of vanilla, when crystallised in acetic
acid inodorous brittle needles, when crystallised in diluted alcohol
shining laminz ; fuses at 75° to 80° under loss of water, by rapidly
heating mostly volatilised without decomposition ; insoluble in
water, dissolves in 1°8 parts alcohol of 90°/., likewise in ether,
also in chloroform, sulphide of carbon, acetic acid, benzol ; in con-
centrated sulphuric acid with purple colour, and reprecipitable by
water with white colour ; little soluble in liquor of ammonia. Its
compounds with the fixed alkalies dissolve readily in water.

Gum=Cy. Hy Oy. Just as scarcely any part of a plant is
without fibre, so in all likelihood no plant is without gum ; at all
events, gum is obtained in every phyto-chemical analysis, though the
quantity obtained is sometimes exceedingly small. Being in-
soluble in ether, and as alcohol dissolves scarcely traces of it, the
gum always occurs in aqueous extracts, being extracted completely
on account of its ready solubility in the solvent. The qualitative and
quantitative determination is effected by boiling the extract (pre-
pared with cold water) for a short time, filtering off a flocky tur-
bidity (albumen), concentrating to a small bulk at a gentle heat, and
mixing the residue with alcohol of 957, in small quantities as long
as any cloudiness is produced. The viscid, dough-like precipitate is
washed with alcohol, re-dissolved in as little water as possible, the
solution precipitated as before with alcohol, the deposit washed
with alcohol, dried at 100°, and weighed.

The gum, as obtained by this process, contains generally more or
less foreign matters, as inulin, sugar, dyeing substances, mineral
salts, &c., to remove which completely is most difficult or im-
possible. Should the gum, thus repeatedly precipitated with
alcohol and then dried perfectly, be soluble in an equal weight of
cold water, then it contains either no inulin or only so little
(one-fifth per cent. or less) that this can be left out of considera-
tion. But, as inulin is convertible into gum with comparative
ease, it is also possible that a portion of the gum obtained may
have been originally inulin.

Another contamination of the gum, obtained as above, consists
of pigments of various kinds. They are almost never absent, ead

Hw 2

100

are indicated by the more or less darkened colour of the gum.
They are so obstinately attached to it as to be removable only by
bleaching, which would destroy also part of the gum. Fortunately,
the quantity of the adhering pigment is always so minute as to be
practically of no consequence in the quantitative analysis.

By the repeated precipitation with alcohol any sugar present in
the gum may be expected to be thoroughly removed. Any
remaining traces may be discovered as follows:—Dissolve from
10 to 20 grains of the dried and pulverised gum in a little water,
add one drop of a solution of sulphate of copper (1 part to 9 parts
water), and enough of solution of caustic potash or soda to give it
a decidedly alkaline reaction. It must yield with pure gum a
clear, blue liquid, and must remain so when heated to the boiling
point; while in the presence of sugar the colour will be changed,
and a red powder (suboxyd of copper) subsides. Gum free from
sugar has no disoxydising effect upon the salts of oxyd of copper,
but effects only a blue solution with excess of potash or soda.
The best kinds even of commercial gum arabic contain traces of
sugar, which may be thoroughly removed from the finely pul-
verised gum by treating with alcohol.

Another and very frequent impurity of gum obtained as above,
or exudating spontaneously, consists in mineral substances
(alkalies and alkaline earths), which are combined either with the
gum itself, while this acts as a weak acid, and has, therefore,
an acid reaction when dissolved in water; or, less frequently, these
alkalies are fixed to stronger acids (phosphoric acid, &c.) forming
compounds which dissolve slowly or not at all in alcohol. Their
presence is best ascertained by incinerating a portion of the gum
at the air. If a remnant is left, mineral substances were present,
and the weight of the ashes thus obtained has, therefore, to be
subtracted from that of the gum. To prepare a gum free from
mineral substances, its aqueous solution has to be strongly
acidified with hydrochloric acid and precipitated with alcohol; the
deposit is washed with alcohol and redissolved in water, again
acidified with hydrochloric acid and precipitated with alcohol, and
these operations are repeated several times.

Different gums have different reactions with the same reagents.
Gum Arabic (from Acacia Arabica, A. Seyal and other species)
is precipitated from its aqueous solution by subacetate of
lead, chloride of iron, and silicate of potash; it becomes thick
with borax solution, and is not affected by acetate of lead;
whereas many other gums, on the contrary, are precipitated by
acetate of lead, yet are not affected by subacetate of lead, chloride
of iron, silicate of potash and borax. A cold concentrated
sulphuric acid colours pulverised gum, only after several hours,
but renders it black instantly on heating; when boiled with
diluted sulphuric acid it is converted into grape sugar. Nitric acid
produces oxalic and mucic acids. Iodine shows itself inactive to gum.

101

Gum-Resins. Genuine mixtures of resin, volatile oil and
gum; soft or hard at a mean temperature.

Gurjunie Acid=C. Hz, Og. Forms an ingredient of the
gurjun-balsam or so-called wood-oil, an exudation from various
species of the genus Dipterocarpus, especially Dipterocarpus tur-
binatus, and remains together with other substances when the
balsam is distilled with water, while a volatile oil=Cy Hg2 passes
over. Dissolve the residue in hot patash-ley, add to the red-
brown solution chloride of ammonium in excess; filter and pre-
cipitate the liquid with hydrochloric acid. The acid subsiding in
dense yellow flocks, is dissolved in ether, and yields after evapora-
tion of the latter, a crusty mass, which has to be recrystallised in
alcohol.—Forms colourless, crumbly crusts of slightly acid reac-
tion, fuses at 220°, boils at 260° and decomposes afterwards ; is
insoluble in water ; dissolves difficultly in weak, readily in strong
alcohol and in ether, slowly in benzol and sulphide of carbon,
readily in alkalies forming soaps. The salts of other bases are
insoluble in water.

Gutta Co Hz, the main ingredient of gutta-percha. Dissolve
the gutta-percha, purified by treating with water and hydrochloric
acid in hot ether, press quickly the mass formed on cooling,
dissolve again in hot ether and wash the re-separated portion
with cold ether and alcohol, whereby it becomes a jelly-like mass.
The pressed substance is immediately to be heated to 100°, in
order to prevent oxydation, and is then dried.— White, fine
powder, when free of air bubbles heavier than water, fuses at 150°
to a viscid mass, and is destroyed in higher temperatures ; is
insoluble in alcohol and in cold ether, readily soluble in sulphide
of carbon and chloroform, less readily in benzol and oil of
turpentine. ©

Gutta-Percha, the hardened milky juice of Isonandra Gutta,
Sideroxylon attenuatum, Ceratophorus Leerii, Payena macro-
phylla, Bassia sericea, Mimusops Elengi, Mimusops Manil-
kara, Imbricaria coriacea, and probably other saponaceous trees.
Is pale-yellow, grey-white or reddish, almost as hard as wood,
tough and flexible at + 25°, at 48° plastic and of a doughy consis-
tence, consequently mollifying in hot water; yields to water only
a little acid and an extractive substance, dissolves in absolute
alcohol partially (22%), little in cold ether, readily in warm ether,
sulphide of carbon, and chloroform, less readily in benzol and oil
of turpentine, not in acids and alkalies. Consists mainly upwards
to about 80°/, of a hydrocarbon (gutta), and contains besides
casein an organic acid, a resin soluble in ether and oil of turpen-
tine, another resin soluble in alcohol, and an extractive substance.

Gyrophoric Acid=Lecanoric Acıp.

102

Hematoxylin=C32 Hy, O12 + 6 HO. In the wood of Hxma-
toxylon Campechianum. Mix the commercial extract with much
sand, macerate the whole with several changes of ether, evaporate
the brown-yellow solutions to a syrup-like consistence, mix with
water and allow to crystallise. Wash the crystals with cold
water, press and recrystallise in water containing a little sulphurous
acid.—Colourless, snow-white, or pale straw-yellow quadratic
prisms, lose by keeping 4 equivalents, at 100° the last 2 equivalents
of water without melting when slowly heated. It has a strong
liquorice-like very lasting taste, not bitter or acerb; is destroyed
in high temperatures ; dissolves little and slowly in cold, abund-
antly in boiling water, more readily in alcohol than in ether, in
liquor of ammonia with at first pink, then beautiful purple-red
colour under formation of heematein= C32 Hja O49; fixed alkalies and
their carbonates have a similar effect, likewise lime-water and solu-
tion of baryta ; is precipitated pure white by acetate and by subacetate
of lead, the precipitate assuming quickly a blue colour at the air.

Hagenic Acid. Supposed peculiar acid of the flowers of
Hagenia Abyssinica, occurring in combination with ammonia.
Explicit statements are wanting.

Harmalin=C2g Hy, Na O2. Alkaloid of the seeds of Peganum
Harmala. After the solution of the chlorides of harmin and
Harmalin, as stated under Harmin, has been mixed with a little
ammonia, harmin subsides, while Harmalin remains dissolved.
Precipitate this solution with excess of ammonia, triturate and
mix the deposit with water, add acetic acid until it is almost com-
pletely dissolved, throw down the filtrate with nitrate of soda,
with chloride of sodium or with hydrochloric acid, wash the sub-
siding salt with a diluted solution of the precipitating agent, and
purify by treating its aqueous solution with animal charcoal.
Precipitate the solution with potash-ley ; wash the deposit with
water, afterwards with absolute alcohol, dissolve in boiling
absolute alcohol, and leave to cool under exclusion of the air.—
Forms colourless, klinorhombic crystals; is almost tasteless by
itself ; when dissolved of a pure bitter taste; loses at 190° nothing
of its weight, fuses afterwards and decomposes. Newly precipi-
tated or moist Harmalin assumes at the air, more especially if under
the influence of vapours of ammonia, a brown colour, dissolves very
little in water, little in cold, readily in boiling alcohol, little in
ether, slighly in volatile oils, is converted into harmin by heating
its nitrate with alcoholic hydrochloric acid. Neutralises the acids
and forms readily soluble, crystallisable salts. These and their
solutions are yellow, taste bitter, and are precipitated by caustic
alkalies ; they dissolve more readily in pure water than in water
containing acids or salts, and are precipitated in aqueous solutions.
by acids and by salts.

103

Harmin=C25 Hiz2 Na O2. Alkaloid of the seeds of Peganum
Harmala. Exhaust with cold water, containing sulphuric or
hydrochloric acid, neutralise the free acid of the extracts, and add
a large quantity of a concentrated solution of chloride of sodium to
throw down the hydrochlorides of Harmin and harmalin. Wash
these with a solution of chloride of sodium, dissolve in cold water,
which leaves behind dyeing matter, decolourise with animal charcoal,
and drop into the filtrate, heated to 50° to 60°, and under stirring,
ammonia, until a precipitate begins to form, which rapidly
increases under continued stirring without the addition of more
ammonia and usually contains the whole of the Harmin, but no
harmalin. Collect the deposit obtained hereby, precipitate, if the
filtrate contains any more Harmin, the latter by carefully adding
ammonia, or remove any harmalin present from the precipitate by
dissolving the whole of it in an acid, and partially precipitating as
above. The presence or absence of harmalin for the above
operation may be ascertained under the microscope, for Harmin
forms needle-like crystals, while harmalin crystallises in lamellary
form. The Harmin is afterwards purified by recrystallising and
decolourising with charcoal.—Forms colourless, brittle prisms of
great lustre and light-refracting power, tasteless, bitter in solution,
permanent at the air; is almost insoluble in water, slowly soluble
in cold, more readily in boiling alcohol, slightly in ether, less so in
volatile and fixed oils. Forms with acids colourless, or slightly
yellowish, crystalline salts, the concentrated solutions of which
have a yellowish colour, while in the diluted state (especially in
alcohol) they exhibit a bluish fluorescence. The salts dissolve
mostly more copiously in pure than in acid water, and their
aqueous solutions are precipitated by hydrochloric and nitric acids
and by chloride of sodium and nitrate of soda. Caustic alkalies
throw down the base.

Hazelnut Oil, obtained by pressing the seeds of Corylus
Avellana and other species of that genus. Pale-yellow, thickish,
mild, inodorous, of 0'924 density, solidifies at 19°. Belongs to
the non-drying oils.

Hederic Acid = Cs Hog Og. In the seeds of Hedera Helix.
Free the seeds from fat by means of ether, boil the remnant with
several changes of alcohol, distil off one quarter of the alcohol
from the tinctures and allow the impure acid to separate. It is
difficult to procure it in the pure state, and has been only once
obtained pure by keeping the ether-alcoholic solution at rest for
some time.—Fine, white, soft crystalline needles and lamelle,
inodorous, of very acrid taste and slightly acid reaction, not fusible
by heat, insoluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol, in con-
centrated sulphuric acid with beautiful purple-colour. Yields
amorphous, jelly-like salts with alkalies and alkaline earths,

104

soluble in alcohol, but scarcely or not in water. Nitrate of
silver produces in the alcoholic solution of hederate of ammonia
a white precipitate, which dissolves in hot alcohol and subsides
on cooling in a crystalline state.

Hedera-Tannic Acid, In the seeds of Hedera Helix. Is
obtained from the seeds, exhausted successively with ether and
with alcohol (to be used for the preparation of hederic acid), by
boiling with water. Mix the decoction with acetic acid and
acetate of lead, remove the precipitate and throw down the liquid
with ammonia. ‘The beautiful yellow precipitate is slightly
washed (being soluble), afterwards decomposed under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen and the solution filtered. The liquid yields
on evaporating the acid but in an impure state. — Inodorous,
amorphous, acid substance, the solution of which colours the
salts of iron-oxyd dark-green, but does not precipitate glue.

Helenin=Cjs Hy, O;. In the root of Inula Helenium.
Exhaust with alcohol, and mix the tincture hot with three times
its volume of water. It becomes cloudy, and the Helenin
subsides slowly in a crystalline form.—Forms white, friable,
quadrangular prisms and needles of faint smell and taste,
insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and ether; fuses at
75°, boils at 275° to 280° under partial decomposition, dissolves in
concentrated sulphuric acid with red colour, which becomes
slowly darker.

[According to Kallen, Helenin is resolvable into two crystal-
jisable substances, for one of which he retains the name Helenin=
Cig Hg Og. It is devoid of odour and taste, fusible at 110°. The
other is Alant-camphor=C2z0 Hig Os, with a smell and taste sug-
gestive of peppermint; fuses at 64°; yields cymol by distillation
with phosphorus-pentasulphide. |

Helianthie Acid=Ci4 Hy Og. In the seeds of Helianthus
annuus. Exhaust the seeds, freed from the husks, with hot
alcohol, distil off the latter from the tincture, filter the residue,
precipitate the liquid with acetate of lead, decompose the washed
precipitate under water with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and
evaporate the liquid.—Brownish-yellow, amorphous mass, friable
to a slightly coloured powder, fusible by heat; dissolves readily in
water and alcohol, not in ether; imparts a splendid dark-green
colour to chloride of iron, which changes to violet on addition
of ammonia; does not precipitate glue.

Helleborein=Cs2 H4 Ogo. One of the two glucosids of the
root of Helleborus niger and H. viridis, and present in larger
quantity than the other. It is obtained by boiling with water,
precipitating with subacetate of lead, removing the excess of lead
by sulphate or phosphate of soda, evaporating, precipitating with

105

tannic acid, mixing the washed preeipitate with alcohol, adding
oxyd of lead, drying, extracting with hot alcohol, preeipitating the
Helleborein from the highly concentrated solution with ether,
separating.the H. before it conglutinates, and drying in a
vacuum. By repeatedly dissolving in alcohol and precipitating
with ether, it is obtained completely pure.—Crystallises from the
concentrated alcoholic solution slowly in translucid warty masses
of about the size of peas, composed of microscopic needles, turning
readily to a chalky white at the air and yielding a yellowish-
white, very hygroscopic powder. Tastes sweetish, dissolves most
readily in water and aqueous liquids, less readily in alcohol;
insoluble in ether. The aqueous solution has a slightly acidulous
reaction, and dries to a yellowish resin. At 160° it becomes
straw-yellow and conglutinates, at 220° to 230° it turns brown
and becomes paste-like, at 280° viscid and is charred, Concen-
trated sulphuric acid dissolves it with brown-red colour, passing
slowly into violet. Alkalies and alkaline earths do not affect it.
Diluted acids quickly decompose it on boiling under formation of
sugar and of another product appearing in violet-blue flocks.

Helleborin=C72 Hi Oy. The other of the two glucosids of the
root of Helborus niger and H. viridis; only occurring in small
quantity. To prepare it, boil with alcohol, concentrate the decoctions
to a small volume; shake repeatedly with much hot water, and
évaporate the aqueous solutions after removing the supernatant
fixed oil. The H., which then separates, is collected, washed
with water, and recrystallised repeatedly in boiling water until it is
snow-white. — Dazzling white, concentrically arranged needles,
almost tasteless when dry, but of an extremely acrid and burning
taste when dissolved in alcohol. It is insoluble in water, slightly
soluble in ether and fixed oils, but readily so in boiling alcohol
and in chloroform. Above 250°, it fuses and becomes carbonised.
Concentrated sulphuric acid imparts to it a magnificent crimson-
red colour, and dissolves it slowly with the same colour. This
reaction is much more intense and sensitive than the similar one of
salicin. By immediately diluting the solution with water, most of
the H. subsides unaltered, only a small part having undergone a
decomposition into sugar and a resin. The same decomposition
takes place on boiling with diluted acids, while aqueous alkalies
have no effect.

Helonin=C}4 Hy NO3. Resinous substance, not belonging to
the alkaloids, from the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale. Is obtained
by treating the impure veratrin, precipitated by caustic potash
after Couerbe’s method, with water in order to remove sabadillin
and sabadillin-hydrate. Extract the veratrin from the residue by
means of ether, dissolve the insoluble part in alcohol, and evapo-
rate the solution.—-It is brown, solid, insoluble in water, ether,

106

and alkalies, soluble in alcohol, fuses at 185°, combines with acids,
but does not neutralise them.

Hempseed Oil=0Oil of Cannabis sativa.

Hesperidin. Bitter ingredient of the unripe bitter oranges, and
of the white spongy parts of the fruit-peelings of bitter oranges
and lemons. Exhaust with water, concentrate, treat the extract
with strong alcohol, evaporate, add water and allow to crystallise
slowly.—Delicate, silky, bitter, needle-like crystals, united to
warty concrescences; dissolves very little in cold, in six parts
boiling water; slightly in cold, most readily in hot alcohol; not in
ether and oils. According to recent investigations it appears
to be a glucosid, said to contain instead of sugar duleit
=Cyg Hı4 Og, a non-fermentable kind of sugar.

Huanokin=C2 Hiz NO (isomeric with Cinchonin). Alkaloid
occurring in the Quina huanoko plana (from Cinchona micrantha),
distinguishable by the following characteristics. It crystallises in
small colourless prisms; is tasteless, of slightly alkaline reaction,
which becomes more decided in an alcoholic solution, but then
possessing a slightly bitter taste; fuses readily, and sublimates by
a stronger heat; is insoluble in water; dissolves in 400 parts
cold, and in 110 parts boiling alcohol of 807, in 600 parts cold,
and in 470 parts boiling ether.

Hurin. Acrid, crystalline substance of the milky juice of
Hura crepitans. It is obtained after the milky juice has been
evaporated and boiled with alcohol, the alcoholic solution evapo-
rated and exhausted with water, the residue extracted with ether,
and the etherous solution evaporated; as an oily, afterwards
crystalline substance of acrid and burning taste, of alkaline
reaction, fusing above 100°, boiling afterwards and evaporating
in extremely pungent vapours; readily soluble in alcohol, ether,
and oils, not in water; not changed by alkalies.

Hydrastin=C4 Has NO. Alkaloid, associated with ber-
berin, in the root of Hydrastis Canadensis. The mother-ley
remaining from the preparation of berberin is freed from alcohol,
is diluted with water and cautiously mixed with ammonia until
the precipitate, consisting of resins, remains permanent. The
filtered liquid, when mixed with a little excess of ammonia, forms
a drab-coloured precipitate, which has to be washed and re-
crystallised in alcohol with aid of charcoal.— White, very glossy,
quadrangular prisms, turning opaque on drying, undissolved
tasteless, when dissolved of a bitter and acrid taste; narcotic; of
alkaline reaction; fuses at 135°, decomposes afterwards; scarcely
dissolves in water, readily in alcohol, ether, chloroform and
benzol, not in alkalies. Its salts are not crystallisable, but readily
soluble and very bitter.

107

Hydrocarotin=Csg Hzo O2. Besides carotin in the culti-
vated root of Daucus Carota. The alcoholic solution of hydro-
carotin and mannit. obtained in the preparation of Carotin, throws
down on cooling a red brown mucilaginous deposit, and forms,
after the latter has been removed and the liquid allowed to rest for
eight days, crystals, consisting of Hydrocarotin and mannit.
Remove the mannit by dissolving in water, and purify the H. by
recrystallising several times in the least possible quantity of boil-
ing alcohol, and lastly by boiling with water.—Forms colourless,
large, flexible, rhombic lamellae, without taste or smell; floats on
water like a fat, without being wetted; becomes at 100° hard and
brittle, a little above 100° yellowish and soft, then dark yellow,
fuses at 126° without loss of weight, and consolidates again resin-
like; is destroyed by a higher temperature; is insoluble in water,
soluble in boiling alcohol and crystallising almost entirely on
cooling; readily soluble in ether, sulphide of carbon, chloroform,
benzol, oils, in concentrated sulphuric acid, with vividly red
colour, and thrown down by water in the amorphous state; not
soluble in alkalies.

Hydroelaterin. See EcBouım.

Hydrocyanic Acid=HC, N or HCy., does probably not exist
as such in the living vegetable organism, but appears always,
when amygdalin (see ‘‘ Amygdalin”) is decomposed under access of
water. It is easily detected by its odour of bitter almonds, or by
distilling the substance in question with water, adding to the
distillate potash-ley in sufficient quantity to blue litmus-paper,
then a stale solution of subsulphate of iron, and after agitation
hydrochloric acid in excess, when a deep blue precipitate or a
sunilar colouration will indicate the presence of Hydrocyanic acid.
[Very minute traces of H. acid are, according to Almen, detected
by adding to the colourless distillate one drop each of diluted
soda-ley and of hydrosulphide of ammonium, evaporating the
whole, on the water-bath, acidifying with 1-2 drops of hydrochloric
acid, and adding a little chloride of iron. A more or less blood-
red colouration ensues through the formation of sulphocyanide of
iron. |

Quantitatively the amount of Hydrocyanic acid is determined
by mixing, the distillate or a certain fraction of it, with nitrate of
silver, then with ammonia in excess, and after agitation with
excess of nitric acid. The precipitate is collected, washed and
dried at 100°. After noting down its weight, it is heated in
a porcelain crucible, until reduced to the metallic state. The
remaining silver is dissolved in nitric acid, and any insoluble
portion (chloride of silver), filtered off, washed, dried at 100°, and
its weight deducted from that of the first precipitate. The rest
gives the weight of the pure cyanide of silver, which, divided by

108

five, represents the amount of Hydrocyanic acid.—Or, the result-
ing filtered solution of nitrate of silver is mixed with hydrochloric
acid, the deposit collected, washed, dried, and weighed. This
weight, divided by 5.35, also gives the quantity of H. acid.

Volumetrically, the same object of estimation is completed with
greater expedition and unaffected by the presence or absence of
hydrochloric or formic acids. For this purpose, dissolve 3°15
grammes of fused nitrate of silver in water, until the whole
amounts to 100 cubic centimeters. On the other hand, add to the
distillate in question, or to a certain fraction of it, potash-ley in
excess, then a few drops of chloride of sodium solution, and at last
cautiously, and under continual stirring, just enough of the nitrate
of silver solution to obtain a slight precipitate, which does not re-
dissolve. Every cubic centimeter of the silver solution, used for
this purpose, indicates 0-01 gramme Hydrocyanic acid.

To compute from the quantity of H. acid the amount of
amygdalin, originally present, the following equation will serve as
a guide:—One equivalent Amygdalin=C% Hoz NOo, + 4 HO is
equal to 1 eq. Hydrocyanic acid=HC2 N + 2 eq. Grape-sugar=
2 Ca Hig Oy2 + 1 eq. Oil of bitter almonds=Cy, Hg Og. It
follows herefrom, that by multiplying the weight of the Hydro-
cyanic acid with 17, we obtain the weight of the amygdalin as
required.

Hygrin. Alkaloid, besides cocain (see this), in the coca-leaves.
When, in the preparation of cocain, more of the soda is added to
the slightly alkaline liquid, from which the cocain has been
removed by means of ether, Hygrin and a neutral oil of tobacco-
odour are dissolved by once more shaking with ether, and remain
behind after the ether has been distilled off. By heating this
residue to the boiling point, the temperature rises quickly to 280°,
a brown alkaline oil passes over and a black resin remains. The
distillate when kept at 140° for several hours in a current of
hydrogen gas, allows the greater part (a) of a yellow colour to
pass over, the rest being only volatilized at 140° to 230°, and
condensing to a thick brown oil (6). Both portions contain
Hygrin, but contaminated in 5 with a neutral oil, and in « with
other volatile substances. To remove any ammonia present, @ is
converted into the oxalate and dissolved in absolute alcohol, the
liquid is evaporated, and the remnant is mixed with potash-ley,
which separates the H. as an oil. After heating this alkaline
solution to the boiling-point in a current of hydrogen gas,
Hygrin, dissolved in water, passes over. It is separated from the
distillate by ether and remains after the ether has been distilled
off. The neutral oil, present besides Hygrin in 6, is removed by
dissolving 6 in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, shaking
with ether and decanting the ethereous liquid; the solution,

109

containing the hydrochloric acid, is then oversaturated with soda-ley
and the H. withdrawn from it by ether.—Thick, pale-yellow oil of
strongly alkaline reaction, of burning taste and of an odour of trime-
thylamin ; forms white vapours with volatile acids; does dissolve in
water but not in every proportion, readily in alcohol and in ether;
the aqueous solution throws down subchloride of tin white,
sulphate of iron yellowish, sulphate of copper pale-blue, chloride
of mercury and nitrate of silver white (the latter deposit soon
changing to brown). Hygrin forms with hydrochloric acid a
crystalline, deliquescent salt; this is precipitated by bi-iodide
of potassium red-brown, by subchloride of tin white, by chloride
of mercury white, partly in flocks and partly in oily drops; by
chloride of platinum dirty white-yellow, by picric acid yellow, by
tannic acid white.

Hyoscyamin = C2) Hy; NO. Alkaloid of the genus Hyoscy-
amus. Exhaust the seeds at 50° with alcohol, containing 27
sulphuric acid, render the tincture slightly alkaline with baryta;
filter after a short digestion, precipitate the baryta with sulphuric
acid, distil the alcohol from the acid liquid, neutralise the
remnant as exactly as possible with carbonate of potash, filter,
render alkaline with carbonate of potash, and shake with ether.
Decant the ethereous solution, distil off the ether, dissolve the
remnant in water, filter, mix the liquid with a mixture of 1 part
kaolin, 1 part pulverised charcoal, and 2 parts ivory-black, so as
to form a pulp, spread over porcelain plates, let dry at the
sun, triturate, exhaust with ether, evaporate the solution, fuse the
remnant carefully and recrystallise in ether.—It forms tuftily
united, colourless, silky needles, is inodorous (smells narcotic in
the impure state), has a nauseous, poignant, tobacco-like taste
and a strongly alkaline reaction ; dissolves slowly in water, but
more readily than atropin, more readily in alcohol, ether, and
acids. When heated with pure soda-ley under a pressure of 14
atmospheres, and for a rather long time, it evolves vapours of
strongly alkaline reaction, and the crystalline remnant yields, by
means of hydrochloric acid, a white crystalline body, stated by
Kletzinsky to be santonin.

[HyvoscyamiIn=C39 Ha; NO,, is, according to Hoehn and Reich-
ardt, prepared in the following manner from the seeds of Hyos-
cyamus niger. The seeds are freed from fat-oil by means of
ether, then extracted with alcohol and sulphuric acid, the liquid
evaporated, freed from a resinous mass; nearly neutralised with
soda, and precipitated by tannic acid. The well-washed pre-
cipitate is spread on porous clay, and still moist mixed with
excess of lime and exhausted with strong alcohol. The filtrate
is acidified with sulphuric acid; evaporated; freed by ether from
fat and colouring matter; mixed with excess of soda-ley, and

110

the alkaloid extracted by ether. The ethereous solution is
purified by shaking with water and evaporated, leaving the H. as
an oily liquid, solidifying over sulphuric acid to a crystalline
warty mass of wax consistence, fusing at 90°C. The aqueous solu-
tion has a strongly alkaline reaction. Precipitates are produced
by alkalies (in concentrated solutions), by tannic acid white;
iodine-water, kermes-brown; chloride of mercury, white; chloride
of gold, yellow-brown, easily soluble in excess, and becoming de-
composed by keeping; chloride of platinum gives a resinous pre-
cipitate. Heated with alkalies the H. separates into Hyoseic acid
and Hyoscin. |

Hypogaeic Acid=C32 Hoy O3 +HO. In the oil of the earth-
nut (the fixed oil of the seeds of Arachis hypogaea). Saponify
with soda-ley, decompose the soap with sulphuric acid, dissolve
the fat-acids in alcohol, throw down with acetate of magnesia and
ammonia the arachic and palmitic acids, filter and mix the
liquids with an alcoholic solution of acetate of lead and ammonia.
Press the precipitate, dissolve in ether, shake the solution with
hydrochloric acid, remove the chloride of lead, shake the filtered
liquid with water previously boiled, decant the ether, evaporate,
press the remaining crystalline mass and recrystallise in alcohol.
—Forms colourless, concentrically arranged needles, tasteless and
inodorous, fusing at 34°; becomes yellow-red, rancid, and un-
crystallisable at the air, and this even in very low temperatures ;
is readily soluble in alcohol and ether; is converted by nitrous
acid into an acid of the same composition, but fusing at 38°
(analogous to elaidic acid).

Iatrophic Acid, See Croron Ort.

Igasuric Acid. See Marıc Acıp.

Igasurin, Alkaloid, supposed to occur in the seeds of Strychnos
Nux vomica, but which requires further investigations. It is
said to be nearly related to brucin.

Nlicie Acid. In the leaves of [lex Aquifolium [and doubtless
in other species of the genus.—F. v. M.]. Only known in com-
bination with bases. Precipitate the aqueous decoction with
subacetate of lead, free the filtrate from lead by sulphuret of
hydrogen, warm with hydrated lead oxyd, remove again from
the filtrate any dissolved lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, and
evaporate to the consistence of syrup; purify the lamellae, which
will have formed after several days, by pressing, dissolving in
water, precipitating with alcohol and recrystallising, whereby
colourless ilicate of lime is obtained. This salt contains 18%
lime, dissolves readily in water, not in alcohol, does not precipi-
tate the salts of manganese, zinc, iron, copper and silver, but
throws down sub-chloride of tin and acetate of lead.

111

Nlicin., Bitter ingredient of the leaves of Ilex Aquifolium, only
known in the impure state.

Tlixanthin= C3; Hy O2. Yellow pigment of the leaves of
Dex Aquifolium, scarcely present during winter, but copiously
in the hotter part of the summer. The alcoholic extract
is distilled, the remnant filtered and allowed to rest cold; the
grains which will have formed after a few days are dried, washed
with ether (to remove chlorophyll) dissolved in alcohol, freed from
the latter by evaporation and addition of water, and recrystallised
in hot water.—Forms straw-yellow, microscopic needles, fusible at
198°, destroyed in higher temperatures; dissolves scarcely in cold,
readily with yellow colour in hot water, also in alcohol, not in
ether; the aqueous solution turns orange with alkalies and
becomes colourless on addition of sulphuric acid, no further
change being observable even on boiling; assumes a sap-green
colour with chloride of iron.

Imperatorin = Peucepanin.

Indican = Cs2 Hs; NO3,. Substance forming the indigo-blue of
Isatis tinctoria. Exhaust the leaves in a displacement apparatus
with cold alcohol, precipitate the green tincture with a solution of
acetate of lead in alcohol and a little ammonia, wash the pale-
green deposit with cold alcohol, and decompose under water by
means of carbonic acid gas. The deposit becomes decolourised and
yields a yellow solution, which has to be freed from any dissolved
lead by means of sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporated over
sulphuric acid.—Yellow or light brown syrup-like liquid, which
can not be obtained dry without decomposition, has a slightly
bitter, unpleasant taste and an acid reaction, dissolves in water,
alcohol and ether, is decomposed even by a gentle heat, even cold
by diluted acids, under formation of blue flocks. The formation of
the blue indigo is represented by the following equation:—
Cs2 H 31 NO34+4HO = C1s H; NO a+ 3012 Hy Ox (indiglucin).

Indigo-blue=Cis H; NOs. Contained in many plants,
especially those of the genera Indigofera, Isatis and Polygonum,
but is only formed on drying. Plants, turning blue on drying,
are known also among the genera Asclepias, Croton, Galega,
Marsdenia, Mercurialis, Nerium, Phytolacca, and Pimelea, and
should be tested for indigo-pigment. To ascertain the presence of
indigo, the respective green parts are extracted with warm water,
and the clear solution allowed to rest at a temperature not below
15°; the original indigo compound is decomposed by a kind of
fermentation, and the blue pigment subsides. — Pure Indigo-blue is
deep blue, assumes on rubbing a copper-red colour, is inodorous
and tasteless, fuses with heat, and sublimates at 228°, mostly
undecomposed, in purple-red fumes, which condense to crystalline

112

masses; is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, diluted acids, and
alkalies, dissolves unaltered in fuming sulphuric acid, is destroyed
by nitric acid and chlorine, dissolves in alkalies in the presence of
a reducing substance, as subsulphate of iron, grape-sugar, de.
The solutions contain indigo-white=Cig H; NO + HO, which
forms again Indigo-blue on contact with the air.

Inosit = Cy. Hy, O12 + 4 HO. Found in the green fruit of
Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum and Robinia Pseudacacia, in
the leaves of Brassica oleracea, Digitalis purpurea, and Taraxacum
officinale, in the shoots of Solanum tuberosum, in the herb and
green fruit of Asparagus officinalis, in Agaricus piperitus, A.
croceus, and others. Bruise the husks of French beans, press,
evaporate the juice to a syrup, and mix with alcohol, sufficient to
produce a permanent turbidity; the crystals, which will have
formed, are purified by repeatedly recrystallising in water, with
aid of animal charcoal.—Rhombic, tabular crystals, one inch long
and about a quarter inch thick, or cauliflower-like conglomera-
tions, of a pure, sweet taste, without rotation, turn opaque in dry
air, over sulphuric acid, or at 100°, and lose all their water of
crystallisation, fuse only above 210°, afterwards decomposed,
dissolve in 6 parts cold water, slightly in strong alcohol, not in
absolute alcohol and in ether, yield with nitric acid oxalic acid,
dissolve in sulphuric acid, when cold or heated to 100°, without
colouration, but become black in higher temperatures. Is not
altered on boiling either with diluted sulphuric acid or with
alkalies and alkaline earths, does not reduce the alkaline tartarate
of copper, and does not ferment with yeast.

Inulin=Cj2 Hip Oy. Occurs throughout the whole order of
Composite, replacing the starch and especially contained in the
roots, but has also been met with in other plants, and seems to be
widely distributed. In the living plant it exists dissolved in the
cellular juice, from which it may be precipitated by means of
water-absorbing agents as alcohol, glycerin, calcium-chloride, &c.,
under the form of white, tasteless granules similar to starch, but
assuming a brown instead of a blue colour with solutions of
iodine. [According to Sachs, Inulin is obtained in “sphzro-
crystals” by immersing the roots of Composite in alcohol or
glycerin.] In the dried plant it appears (as observed under the
microscope) under the form of brittle, pellucid, amorphous masses,
soluble by access of water but reprecipitated by alcohol.-—It is
prepared by boiling the substance in question, after exhaustion
with ether and alcohol, with the least possible quantity of water
for a quarter of an hour, straining or filtering hot, and allowing
to cool, when a portion of the Inulin will separate, another portion
being obtainable by evaporating and cooling as before, while the
rest becomes converted into gum and subsequently into sugar.

‚113

Cold water dissolves only one-fifth per cent. Inulin, while boiling
water takes up large quantities, but readily converts the Inulin,
especially by prolonged boiling, into gum. It is not possible to
separate the two bodies completely, though they are distinguish-
able by gum yielding mucic acid on treating with nitric acid,
whereas Inulin forms different products.

[ALEuRON, a substance closely related to Inulin, has been dis-
covered by Hartig, in the seeds of a great many and widely
different plants, either replacing or associated with starch. It re-
sembles the latter in size, form and colour, but differs by its easy
solubility in water, dilute acids and alkalies. With iodine it be-
comes brown, and with acid nitrate of mercury it acquires a
brick-red colour. The surface of its granules presents under the
microscope a dotted appearance. It is insoluble in volatile and
fixed oils, alcohol and ether, and may, by means of these liquids,
be washed out of the respective parts and collected like starch.
Aleuron, in some cases, has a characteristic colour, which is green
in the seeds of Pistacia, indigo-blue in Cheiranthus annuus, rose-
red in Hibiscus, brown in Arachis, yellow in Ailanthus, Frangula,
Myristica, Lupinus luteus. |

Inverted Sugar, See FRUIT SUGAR, also GRAPE SUGAR.

Ipecacuanhic Acid =C,, Hy O;. In the root of Cephaelis
Ipecacuanha. Precipitate the aqueous extract with subacetate of
lead, wash the deposit with alcohol, dissolve in diluted acetic acid,
mix the solution with subacetate of lead, afterwards with ammonia;
wash the deposit obtained with the strongest alcohol, divide under
ether, and decompose with sulphuret of hydrogen. The liquid,
separated from the sulphide of lead, has to be evaporated in a
current of carbonic acid gas; the remnant is mixed with water,
filtered off from the fat, and the filtered liquid digested with
animal charcoal and evaporated.—Amorphous, reddish brown mass,
very hygroscopic, very bitter, fusible; dissolves readily in water,
also in alcohol, less readily in ether; colours salts of oxyd of iron
green, which becomes violet on addition of a little ammonia, and
with more ammonia ink-black.

Iris-Steraopten = C15 Hig 04, obtained by distilling the root of
Iris Florentina with water. White scales, of a pleasant odour of
violets, lighter than water, readily soluble in alcohol. [Is identical
with Myristic acid. Flueckiger and Hanbury |.

Isocetic Acid = C39 Hx» O3 + HO (therefore of the same com-
position as cetic acid from spermaceti). Forms the glycerid of the
solid part of castor-oil. It fuses at 55°, crystallises from alcohol in
lamelle.

{Ivain. Indifferent bitter substance, contained, according to
v. Planta-Reichenau, in the herb of Achillea moschata, together with

I

114

Iva oil, achillein, and moschatin. The alcoholic extract of the
plant is mixed with acetate of lead, filtered, the filtrate treated
with sulphuret of hydrogen, filtered and evaporated. The brown
residue is freed from achillein and moschatin by means of acetic
acid, which leaves behind the Ivain.—The I is yellow, of the
consistence of turpentine, easily soluble in alcohol, and of an
intensely bitter taste. ]

Ivy Resin, Exudation of the stem of Hedera Helix. Red-
brown or greenish, transparent, brittle mass, of a faint aromatic
smell, and likewise acrid taste. Contains about 237% resin, 7°/,
gum, and many impurities.

Jalapin=Ccg Hse O3. In the tubers of Ipomcea Orizabensis
and Convolvulus Scammonia. The crude resin is obtained by
extracting with alcohol, mixing with water, distilling off the
alcohol and drying the remaining mass. Dissolve this in much
alcohol, mix the solution with water until turbid, boil the mixture
repeatedly with animal charcoal, precipitate the filtrate, coloured
still, with acetate of lead and a little ammonia, which forms a
small quantity of a green-brown deposit; filter, free the liquid by
means of sulphuret of hydrogen, heating and subsequent filtering
from lead; distil off the alcohol, knead the remaining resin re-
peatedly in hot water, dissolve in ether and evaporate.—Coloutrless,
transparent in thin layers, amorphous, brittle, even at 100°, softens
at 123°, fuses at 150°; inodorous, tasteless, has a scarcely per-
ceptible acid reaction when dissolved in water; dissolves very little
in water, most readily in wood spirit, alcohol, ether, chloroform,
acetic acid, benzol, oil of turpentine, in cold concentrated sulphuric
acid with a beautiful red colour, changing into brown-black under
formation of sugar ; splits, when heated with diluted acids, into
sugar and jalapinol, =Cs2 Hs; O7, a white mass, shaped like the
particles of cauliflower. [Is, according to Flueckiger and Hanbury,
identical with Convolvulin].

Jamaicin— BERBERIN.

Japanese Wax, Obtained from the leaves, branches, and fruits
of Rhus succedanea by boiling with water—Yellowish-white,
smells and tastes a little acrid, and affects the throat;
softer and more unctuous than beeswax, also more friable; has an
acid reaction, fuses at 45°, contains palmitin but no olein; is,
according to Berthelot, perhaps di-palmitin.

Jervin=Coo Hus Na O;. Alkaloid besides veratrin of the
root of ‘Veratrum album. Treat the alcoholic extract with water
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, precipitate the solution with
carbonate of soda, dissolve the deposit in alcohol, digest with
charcoal, distil off the alcohol, press the crystalline residue in
order to remove most of the difficultly erystallisable veratrin, and

115

rinse with a little alcohol. — Forms white crystals, fusible, insoluble in
water, readily soluble in alcohol; yields with acetic acid a readily
soluble salt, with hydrochloric, nitrie and sulphuric acids salts
which dissolve sparingly in water and in acids.

Juniperin. Resinous substance of the fruits of Juniperus
communis and other species of Juniperus. Effect a distillation
with water, after the fruits have been macerated with cold water;
strain the remaining mass hot, let cool, collect the sediment, treat
it first with cold, then with boiling alcohol, and distil off the
alcohol from the united tinctures. The remaining liquid throws
down successively wax, resin, at last Juniperin as a yellow powder,
which conglomerates like a resin. This has to be washed and
ground up with water, whereby it dissolves in 60 parts of water
and passes, when this solution is shaken with ether, into the
latter, remaining after the evaporation of the solvent as a light-
yellow, brittle, “tasteless mass, which burns with the odour of
juniper, dissolves in ammonia with gold-yellow, in concentrated
sulphuric acid with light-yellow colour.

Kaempherid. In the root of Alpinia Galanga. Exhaust
with ether, evaporate the liquid and recrystallise in alcohol. —
Light-yellowish lamelle of mother-of-pearl lustre, without smell
or taste, fusible by heat and decomposing afterwards; scarcely
dissolving in water, in 25 parts cold ether, in 50 parts cold
alcohol, better in both when hot, also a little in acids, readily
in caustic alkalies without change. It is decomposed by concen
trated sulphuric acid under various changes of colour. Consists
of 65°32 C, 4:40 H, and 30-28 ©.

Kawahin= Meruysticin.

Kinotannic Acid. In kino, an induration of the sap exu-

dated from incisions of the stem of Pterocarpus Marsupium. It
‘is regarded by some as different from, by others as identical with,
gallotannic acid.

{Kinotannic Acid has been found by J. Wiesner to exist in
combination with a kind of gum in the Eucalyptus kino, a
spontaneous exudation of the stem of E ucalypts. Pyrocatechin
was invariably found to be present in small quantities, and ina few
instances also Catechin. |

Kokum-Butter=Brinponia Tatiow.

Koussin = Cos Hx. O;. The active ingredient (vermifuge) of
the kousso-flowers (from Hagenia Abyssinica). Digest with alcohol,
containing lime; press, let subside, filter, draw off the alcohol, allow
the residue to rest warm and uncovered for some time, in order to
remove the last traces of alcohol, filter, oversaturate slightly with
acetic acid, collect the deposit, wash with cold water, and dry with
a very gentle heat.—White, often a little yellowish powder of

1 Oy

116

erystalline appearance under the microscope, easily friable, in-
odorous, of an acrid bitter taste. At 140° it turns grey, at 150°
brown, at 194° it fuses, and becomes carbonised with more heat.
It dissolves slightly in water, at 17° in 1300 parts alcohol of 457,
and in 12 parts alcohol of 90%, in hot alcohol and in ether almost
in every proportion. The solutions have an acid reaction. It is
also rather soluble in hydrated alkalies. Chloride of iron forms
in the aqueous as well as in the alcoholic solution a strong brown,
acetate of lead a grey-yellow precipitate. Concentrated sulphuric
acid dissolves Koussin with yellow-brown colour; the solution, at
first clear, becomes spontaneously turbid after a few minutes, and
throws down white flocks.

Labdanum = Lapanum.

Laburnin, Alkaloid of the unmatured seeds of Cytisus La-
burnum. It is obtained from the aqueous extract, which has been
purified by subacetate of lead, by precipitating with phospho-
molybdic acid and boiling the deposit, after mixing with chalk and
drying, with alcohol. The base is afterwards purified by isolating
it from the platinum salt. It does not combine with acids, and
forms large concretions of crystals, consisting of klinorhombic
prisms containing water of crystallisation; dissolves most readily
in water, difficultly in absolute alcohol, scarcely in ether, and
evolves with caustic potash ammonia even when cold.

Lactic Acid =C. H; O; + HO. As this acid is easily formed
during the spontaneous decomposition or fermentation of vegetable
extracts, its presence in the living plants must be traced with great
caution; especially it must be ascertained, if no kind of fermenta-
tion takes place while the analysis is carried on. However,
Lactic acid is no uncommon ingredient of plants, and I, for my
part, have encountered it not rarely in the examination of the
constituents of plants, though it may often have been overlooked
on account of its not being endowed with any striking properties,
and because it yields no precipitate with metallic salts. The
Lactates of the alkalies being very deliquescent, it is probable that
the hygroscopicity of vegetable extracts is not occasioned by
malates, as generally assumed, but by alkaline Lactates. The
presence of Lactic acid is ascertained by the following process :—
Free the aqueous liquid from all precipitable matters by means of
acetate and subacetate of lead, remove excess of lead by carbonate
of ammonia, evaporate to a liquid of syrup consistency, add a
concentrated solution of acetate or chloride of zinc, and leave the
mixture to stand cold for several days. In the presence of Lactic
acid crystalline crusts will be formed of Lactate of zinc, slowly
soluble only in 50 parts cold water. This salt has the formula Zn
O+ L + 3 HO (in 100: 27°13 Zn O, 54:69 L, and 18:18 HO);
it loses at 100° all its water and contains then 66°837 acid. From

117

it the acid may be obtained by admitting sulphuret of hydrogen
and evaporating, towards the end of the operation, in a vacuum. —
It forms a colourless syrup-like liquid of 1:21 density, is in-
odorous, has a strong and pure acid taste, mixes with water and
alcohol in every proportion, dissolves less readily in ether, becomes
anhydrous = Cg H; O; at 130° and solidifies on cooling to a pale-
yellow mass of very bitter taste; it is decomposed in a higher
temperature. All the Lactates dissolve in water, though many of
them only sparingly in cold.

Lactucerin = C39 Hoy O2. Im Lactucarium (the hardened
milky juice of Lactuca virosa and other species). Boil with
alcohol, filter hot and recrystallise the warty masses obtained, on
cooling, in alcohol with aid of animal charcoal; it is well to with-
draw first from the lactucarium the bitter substance by means of
water.—Forms fine, colourless, concentrically united columnar
prisms, without taste or smell; neutral; fuses between 150° and
200°, sublimates mostly undecomposed in a current of carbonic
acid gas; is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils;
is not altered by potash dissolved in alcohol; is not precipitable
from the alcoholic solution by metallic salts.

Lactucin = Ca Hi, Og + HO. The bitter ingredient of Lac-
tucarium. Treat and press a few times with cold water and boil
repeatedly with water, evaporate the united liquids until equal in
weight to half the lactucarium employed, separate the substance,
settled to a granular mass, from the mother-ley, and dissolve in
hot water, precipitate with subacetate of lead, wash the deposit with
hot water, adduce to the filtered liquid sulphuret of hydrogen,
filter again, evaporate and allow to stand cold. The Lactucin
forms in crystals, and by concentrating the mother-ley still further
an additional quantity will be obtained. Recrystallise in hot
alcohol with aid of animal charcoal.—Forms white, pearly scales,
similar to boric acid; fusible; becomes charred in higher tempera-
tures; has a strong and pure bitter taste; dissolves scarcely in
cold water, in hot water less readily than in alcohol, not in ether,
readily in acetic acid; is decomposed by alkalies and loses its
bitterness. Is not glucosid.

Lactucon = Lactucerin.

Ladanum. Exudation of Cistus Creticus, and to some extent
also from C. ladaniferus, ©. Ledon, C. laurifolius, and C. mon-
speliensis.—Black-brown, soft, of pleasant smell and of bitter taste.
Contains 867 resin, 7%, wax, and some volatile oil.

Laetia-Resin. Exudation of the stem of Laetia apetala.—
Small, yellow-white, translucid, brittle grains of concheous fracture,
and of faintly aromatic smell; slowly soluble in alcohol, yielding a
volatile oil when distilled with water.

118

Laevo-slucose=FRrUIT SUGAR.
Lapathin = CurysopHAnIc Acıp.

Laricin=Ch Hi, O4. The purgative ingredient of the
Larch-agaric, Polyporus officinalis. It is separated with difficulty
from the accompanying resin.—Is in the pure state a white,
amorphous powder of bitter taste, dissolves readily in alcohol and
oil of turpentine; forms with boiling water a paste.

Laserpitin. = Cig Hg O1. Bitter substance of the root of
Laserpitium latifolium. Treat with alcohol of 80%, distil off the
alcohol from the tinctures, separate the upper resinous layer of the
residue from the aqueous lower one; allow the former to stand at
the air until it is converted into a crumbly crystalline pulp;
collect it in a filter, remove most of the resin by washing with
weak alcohol; next dissolve in alcohol, precipitate the rest of the
resin with subacetate of lead dissolved in aleohol; remove from the
filtered liquid the excess of lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, and
leave the liquid to evaporate spontaneously. At first a flocky
matter is formed, the pure substance crystallising later.

The Laserpitin crystallises in colourless prisms, has neither
smell nor taste, only the resinous L. has a bitter taste; is insoluble
in water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, sulphide of
carbon, oil of turpentine, benzol, and fixed oils; the alcoholic
solution has a neutral reaction and strongly bitter taste. It fuses
at 114° without loss of weight, and sublimates in higher tem-
peratures undecomposed. It does not dissolve in alkalies and
diluted acids; dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with cherry-
red colour, also in fuming nitric acid. The alcoholic solution is
not precipitated by acetate of lead, nitrate of silver, chloride of
mercury, iodide of potassium, and alkalies. It separates when
heated with a concentrated aqueous or better alcoholic solution of
caustic potash, into angelic acid, and into a brown resin (Laserol).

Laurie Acid = Co, Has O3 + HO. In the fat of the fruit of
Laurus nobilis, Ocotea Pichurim, Tetranthera calophylla, Irvingia
Barteri, Cocos nucifera, Croton Tiglium, combined with glyceryl _
oxyd. Saponify the solid fat of the bay-berries (the laurostearin)
with soda-ley, separate the soap with common salt, and decompose
with tartaric acid. The Lauric acid, which rises to the top, is
purified by repeatedly melting with water and by recrystallising in
alcohol. Appears in white, tuft-like, brittle, crystalline needles of
0-883 density at + 20°; fuses at 43°5°; volatile with the vapours
of boiling water; is insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol
and in ether, the solutions having an acid reaction. The Laurate
of baryta contains 71'387, the Laurate of lead 63:12Y acid.

Laurostearin = Cs, Hs) Og. As to occurrence see Lauric
Acid, Expose the fixed bay-oil to the sunlight, and press off the

119

solid fat after the green colour has disappeared; dissolve in warm
alcohol, and precipitate by evaporating and mixing with water.—
Snow-white, voluminous, easily friable, inodorous mass, consisting
of concentrically united needles; fuses at 45°, dissolves sparingly
in cold, better in hot alcohol, readily in ether.

Leeanoric Acid = Cs2 Hyg 013+ HO. In various lichens of the
genera Evernia, Lecanora, Roccella, Variolaria. Extract with
ether, evaporate, wash the remnant with cold ether until the
latter passes off uncoloured, boil with water to remove orsellic
ether, and recrystallise in alcohol.— White, radially united erystal-
line needles without taste or smell, of acid reaction; not volatile;
dissolve in 2500 parts of boiling water and crytallise on cooling;
yield when boiled with water, orsellic acid = Cig Hr O7 + HO, the
latter yielding orcin by continued boiling under evolution of
carbonic acid; dissolve in 150 parts cold alcohol of 80%, in 15
‘parts of boiling alcohol under formation of orsellic ether=
C, Hs O+ Cig Hz O7; in 80 parts of ether. Lecanoric acid forms
with alkalies easily crystallising salts.

Ledum-Tannie Acid =Cj, Hg Og. In the leaves of Ledum
palustre. Add to the aqueous decoction solution of acetate of
lead by drops, until a sample of the precipitate dissolves com-
pletely in acetic acid, filter and precipitate with subacetate of
lead. The deposit, after washing, is decomposed with sulphuret of
hydrogen, the sulphide of lead is removed and the liquid evapo-
rated.—Reddish powder, dissolves in water and in alcohol, the
solutions becoming dark-green by chloride of iron; throws down
on boiling with diluted acids a yellow or red powder (Ledoxanthin).

Legumin, Peculiar protein substance, occurring principally
and in large quantity (up to 20°/, or 30°/,) in the seeds of the
leguminous plants. To prepare it, treat peas, &c., with warm
water, precipitate with acetic acid, wash the deposit with a little
cold water, treat with alcohol and ether, redissolve in potash-ley,
precipitate with acetic acid and wash again with water, alcohol
and ether.—White powder with a yellowish tinge, dissolves in
cold and hot water. The solution becomes covered with a pellicle on
evaporating, and the Legumin is thereby converted into the
insoluble modification. Acetic acid throws down Legumin, and
does not redissolve it when added in excess; sulphuric acid
behaves in the same manner, while oxalic, tartaric, citric and malic
acids do not precipitate the Legumin from solutions. For other
properties see Protein substances,

Lepidin, Peculiar substance, occurring in every species of the
genus Lepidium, prevailingly in the younger parts and in the seeds.
It is obtained by boiling with water acidulated with sulphuric
acid, saturating the decoction with carbonate of lime, filtering,

120

evaporating the liquid to a honey consistence, extracting with
alcohol and evaporating the solution.—Brown, transparent mass,
yielding a yellow powder; permanent at the air; of a faint smell,
and of very bitter taste; softens when warm; dissolves readily in
water and alcohol, slightly in oils, not in ether, combines neither
with bases nor with acids.

Lichenie Acid=Fumaric Acıp.

Lichenin=Cj2 Hyo Oy. In lichens and in algae, observed
for instance in the following genera :—Cetraria, Cladonia, Evernia,
Parmelia, Ramalina, Sticta, Usnea; Delesseria, Fucus, Helminto-
chorton. Is not distributed in isclated grains like starch, but as a
turgid mass uniformly embedded between the cells. Free, for
instance Cetraria Islandica, from the bitter substance by macerating
with a weak solution of carbonate of soda and by washing; boil
with water for two hours, strain hot, press, collect the jelly,
separated after cooling, on a cloth; press, redissolve in little boiling
water; precipitate with alcohol and dry the deposit.—Colourless
or yellowish, hard, brittle, transparent mass of vitreous fracture
and difficult to pulverise, inodorous and tasteless, not volatile,
swells up considerably in cold water, dissolves in boiling water to
a thick slime, of a jelly-like appearance when concentrated; is
insoluble in alcohol and ether, becomes blue with iodine, dissolves
in warm nitric acid to a thin liquid, and yields on heating oxalic
but no mucic acid; is converted into sugar when boiled with
water containing sulphuric acid. The aqueous solution, when
boiled by itself, loses its property of gelatinising. Alkalies and
alkaline earths dissolve the Lichenin likewise.

Lichenstarch=Lichenin.

Licheno-stearic Acid = C23 Has O5; + HO. In Cetraria
Islandica, also in Agaricus muscarius, and, doubtless, in numerous
other lichens and algae. DBoil the Cetraria for half an hour
with alcohol and a little carbonate of potash, strain, mix the
liquid with an excess of hydrochloric acid and four to five times
its volume of water, wash the deposit with water and boil it
several times with alcohol of 42 to 45 /. The alcoholic solutions
deposit, on cooling, a mixture of Licheno-stearin, Cetraric acid,
and another substance from which the Licheno-stearin acid is
dissolved by boiling petroleum and subsides after cooling, or better
when the petroleum is distilled off partly. It is purified by re-
erystallising in alcohol under aid of animal charcoal.—Loose,
white mass, consisting of fine, pearly, crystalline lamellz, inodo-
rous, of a rancid taste and affecting the throat; not bitter; fuses
at 120° without loss of weight; is not volatile; insoluble in water,
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils. The Licheno-stearates
are permanent at the air, only soluble in water with aid of alkalies,
the solutions yielding a froth on boiling.

121

Ligustrin

Lilacin

Limonin = Cy, Hs O1. In the seeds of oranges and lemons
(Citrus Aurantium and C. medica). Bruise, draw out with cold
alcohol and let the solutions evaporate.-—White powder, consisting
of microscopic crystals; has a strong and pure bitter taste; is not
altered at 200°; fuses at 244°; dissolves very little in water,
readily in alcohol; very little in ether, in concentrated sulphuric
acid with blood-red colour, and percipitable from it by water; not
soluble in liquor of ammonia, readily in potash-ley, and precipitable
from it by acids.

Linoleic Acid=C32 Hy; O3 +HO. In linseed oil, poppy oil,
perhaps also in other drying oils. Saponify with soda-ley, salt
out, dissolve the soap in much water, precipitate with chloride of
calcium, wash, press and treat the lime-soap with ether, which
dissolves the Linoleate of lime, but not the other oleates. The
ethereous solution is decomposed with cold hydrochloric acid, the
L. acid remaining dissolved in the ether; this solution is decanted
and the ether distilled at a temperature as low as possible, in
a current of hydrogen gas; the remnant is dissolved in alcohol and
precipitated with ammonia and chloride of baryum; the precipitate
is dissolved in ether and repeatedly recrystallised in ether; the
Linoleate of baryta is decomposed by shaking with ether and
hydrochloric acid, and the solution evaporated in a vacuum.—
Slightly yellowish, thin oil of 0°926 density at 14°, of a highly
light-refracting power; tastes at first mild, afterwards acrid; has
an acidulous reaction ; is still liquid at—18°; dissolves not in water,
readily in ether, less so in alcohol, becomes viscid by keeping at the
air; forms with nitrous acid no elaidic acid, but a glutinous resin,
suberic acid and very little oxalic acid. Its neutral salts show a
great propensity for forming acid salts, they become coloured at
the air and odorous.

Linseed Oil, Obtained by pressing the seeds of Linum usitatis-
simum. Is yellow, smells and tastes peculiarly, has 0°934 density,
does not congeal at—15°, separates at—18° a little solid fat, dissolves
in 32 parts alcohol of 0°820, in 1.6 parts ether. Forms with
alkalies very soft soaps, consists of about nine-tenths linoleate of
glyceryl, and one-tenth palmitin. Dries at the air.

\ = SYRINGIN.

Liriodendrin. Bitter aromatic substance of the bark of the
root of Liriodendron tulipifera. Is obtained by extracting with
alcohol, evaporating the tincture, washing the impure L. which
has separated, with diluted potash-ley, in order to remove resin
and dyeing matter; dissolving in alcohol; diluting the solution
with water, until it turbifies, and crystallising—Forms colourless
scales, similar to boric acid, or concentrically arranged needles,

122

smells faintly aromatic, tastes warming, bitter; fuses at 83°, subli-
mates partly undecomposed, partly yielding ammoniacal products; is
almost insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and ether, not
in aqueous alkalies and diluted acids, is not decomposed by con-
centrated nitric, but by hydrochloric and concentrated sulphuric
acids.

[Lobelacrin. Isolated by Enders from the herb of Lobelia inflata
by exhausting the drug with alcohol and distilling the liquid in
presence of charcoal, which then retained the acrid principle.
The charcoal was washed with water and then treated with boiling
alcohol. This, on evaporation, yielded a green extract, which was
further purified by means of chloroform. Warty tufts were thus
finally obtained, yet always of a brownish colour. The tufts are
readily soluble in ether and chloroform, but only slightly in
water; they possess the acrid taste of the herb. Lobelacrin is
decomposed by merely boiling with water; by the influence of
acids or alkalies it is resolved into sugar and Lobelic acid. The
latter is soluble both in water and alcohol, and is nonvolatile; it
yields a soluble salt with baryta, whereas the lead-salt is insoluble
in water. |

Lobetin, Alkaloid-like substance. of the stalks and leaves of
Lobelia inflata, said to act similarly to nicotin, but as yet only
obtained in the impure state, namely, by extracting with water,
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, evaporating, treating the extract
with alcohol, and evaporating the tincture. —Shining yellow, gum-
mous, hygroscopic mass of an acrid tobacco-like taste; dissolves
readily in water and in alcohol, not in ether; is precipitable by
tannic acid, bi-iodide of potassium, iodide of potassio-mercury,
nitrate of silver, chloride of gold and chloride of platinum.

Lupinin. Bitter substance of the seeds of Lupinus albus, and
probably of many other species. Draw out with hot alcohol, evapor-
ate the tinctures to dryness, treat the mass with water, digest the
aqueous solution with charcoal and evaporate to the consistence of
a syrup, which throws down the L. in small, white, amorphous
grains.—It is transparent, brittle like gum arabic, deliquesces at
the air, dissolves readily in water and in weak alcohol, not in
absolute alcohol and in ether, is not perceptibly altered by acids
and by alkalies.

Lupulic Acid=C3 Hs; O, The bitter ingredient of hops
(Humulus Lupulus), in the purest state. Exhaust with ether,
distil off the ether from the extracts, treat the remaining thick
mass with cold alcohol of 90°/_, concentrate the alcoholic tincture,
dissolve the residue again in ether, shake this ethereous solution
repeatedly with strong potash-ley in order to remove resinous
bodies, shake then with water, which takes up mostly the bitter

123

substance, and precipitate this aqueous solution with sulphate of
copper. The precipitate of fine, blue, microscopic needles, being a
combination of the bitter substance with oxide of copper, has to
be washed with a little ether. Dissolve in more ether, decompose
the solution with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter off from the sulphide
of copper and evaporate in a current of carbonic acid gas. The re-
maining brown, crystalline mass is freed from the adhering mother
liquor by means of nitro-benzol.—Colourless, rhombic prisms of
great lustre, brittle and breaking under a gentle pressure ; tasteless,
but of a pure and pleasant bitter, when dissolved in alcohol;
insoluble in water, most readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro-
form, sulphide of carbon, benzol, oil of turpentine, &e.; of a de-
cidedly acid reaction.

[Lupulin. A liquid, volatile alkaloid contained, besides Tri-
methylamin, in hops. It has. the odour of Coniin, and assumes a
violet hue when treated with chromate of potash and sulphuric
acid.—Griessmayer. |

Luteolin=Cs; Hg Oy. Yellow pigment of weld (Reseda
luteola). Draw out the herb with alcohol of 80°/,, evaporate the
tinctures, collect the L. formed on keeping and dry, wash
with a little cold ether, dissolve in alcohol, pour the solution into
water, heat to the boiling point, filter, and let crystallise.—
Pure yellow, silky needles, inodorous, of a slightly bitter and
acrid taste, and of acidulous reaction; fuse above 320° under
partial decomposition; dissolve in 14,000 parts cold and in 5000
parts boiling water, in 377 parts alcohol, and in 625 parts ether,
readily in warm concentrated acetic acid.

Lycoctonin. Peculiar alkaloid of the root of Aconitum Lycoc-
tonum. Its preparation is partly given under “ Acolyctin.” The
ether, employed for the purification of acolyctin, and containing
Lycoctonin, is allowed to evaporate, the- opaque white, usually
warty, crystals obtained are washed with ether, and afterwards
with cold water and dried.—It tastes strongly bitter, has an
alkaline reaction, dissolves readily in alcohol, less readily in ether,
slightly in water; the alcoholic solution does not become turbid
with ether, and scarcely so with water. Concentrated sulphuric
acid colours it yellow. In several of its properties it shows a
similarity with narcotin, but is distinguished by its ready
solubility in alcohol, py its decided alkalinity and by the form of
its crystals. The neutral sulphates and the hydrochlorids of L.
are precipitated white by tannic acid.

Lycopodium Bitter. Found in Lycopodium Chamecyparis-
sias. Prepare, according to Boedeker and Kamp, from the herb at
first an alcoholic, afterwards from the remnant an aqueous extract,
precipitate the aqueous solution of the latter with acetate and

124
a

subacetate of lead, and evaporate the filtered liquid, freed from
the lead by sulphuret of hydrogen. The remnant, when ex-
tracted with alcohol, yields grape-sugar to it, while the bitter
substance remains undissolved, and has to be dissolved in water
and precipitated with subacetate of lead. The deposit is decom-
posed under water with sulphuret of hydrogen, the solution,
separated from the sulphide of lead, is required to ferment with
yeast, then dried and extracted with absolute alcohol, The alcohol
dissolves the Bitter and leaves after evaporating a syrup-like
liquid undermixed with colourless needles.—-Neutral, non-nitro-
genised, of very bitter, nauseous taste, dissolves in water, alcohol
and ether, reduces the alkaline solution of copper, after being boiled
with diluted sulphuric acid.

Lycopodium-Resin = C35 Hs: O4 In Lycopodium Chameecy-
parissias. Evaporate the mother-ley, left from the preparation of
the lycopodium-stearon (see this), treat the remnant with water
and boil the insoluble portion with a little soda-ley. After cooling,
this resin separates and has to be recrystallized in boiling aleohol.—
Is insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and in ether, fuses
at 170° under decomposition, is slightly soluble in cold alkalies, but
becomes decomposed by heating.

Lycopodium-Stearon=Cz) Hzgo Os, Found in Lycopodium
Chameecyparissias. Separates from the alcoholic tincture of the herb
on evaporating, and is obtained by washing with cold alcohol and
water and by repeatedly dissolving in boiling alcohol, after cooling
as a jelly, which dries to a starch-like mass.—Amorphous, inodor-
ous and tasteless mass, fusing at 100°, burns on heating with an
odour of fat, has a neutral reaction, is insoluble in cold, slightly
soluble in boiling water, in cold alcohol and in ether, abundantly
so in these liquids at boiling heat.

Mace Balsam, Obtained by pressing the covering of the seed
(mace) of Myristica fragrans. Is of a rather thin fluidity, when
newly drawn, smells and tastes like mace, deposes on keeping a
white, granular substance.

Madarin=MuDarın.

Madder Orange=Rvustiacty.

[Magnolin, Bitter substance found by Wallace Procter in the
fruits of Magnolia umbrella) The M. crystallises from weak
alcohol in needles, and from strong alcohol or petroleum ether in
prisms; is less bitter than Liriodendrin, but produces a scratching
sensation in the throat; is almost insoluble in cold, slightly soluble
in boiling water, abundantly in alcohol, chloroform, sulphide of
carbon, and petroleum ether, especially when warm; is also easily
soluble in fat-oils, and less copiously in hot glycerin; has a
neutral reaction; evolves no ammonia with potash; is precipitated

125

from the potash or soda solution by acids; becomes red with con-
centrated sulphuric acid, with concentrated nitric acid brown and
resinous. Iodine has no action on it. The crystals of M. melt
at 80° to 82°, becoming amorphous; at 125° they emit white
vapours which condense to oily drops and consist partly of un-
altered M. and partly of a resinous mass. ]

Maleic Acid=Egaviseric Acip.

Malic Acid=C, Hz, O; + HO. A widely-distributed substance,
and perhaps the commonest of all vegetable acids. It has been
observed in all parts of plants, principally and most abundantly in
fruits, especially in unripe and acid ones. Several of the acids that
have been found in plants and are described under different names,
are probably nothing but Malic acid, as for instance Igasuric acid
of the seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, and Braconnot’s Fungic acid.
When a vegetable extract yields with lime-water no turbidity
either cold or hot, the presence of Malic acid may be inferred; yet
it may even possibly be present when a turbidity does ensue,
because one plant often contains two and more organic acids.
Malic acid is distinguished and prepared on a small scale in this
manner. Neutralise the respective liquid when acid with
ammonia, precipitate with acetate of lead, leave to subside for
one day in a cold place and collect the deposit on a filter, wash
with cold water, mix with more water under stirring, boil and
filter boiling hot. Boil again with water all that has been left
undissolved until the whole is either dissolved or the remnant
has beenexhausted. The Malate of lead crystallises from the liquids,
when kept cold, and more of it is obtained by concentrating
the mother-ley. The whole of the Malate of lead is ground up
with water to a fine pulp, the latter is decomposed with sulphuret
of hydrogen, and the liquid is evaporated first with a gentle
heat and afterwards in a vacuum, when it will yield the pure acid
in crystalline needles, united to warty masses.—It is inodorous,
of a pure and strongly acid taste, deliquesces at the air, dissolves
most readily in water, alcohol and ether; the aqueous solution is
not clouded by lime-water either cold or hot. It fuses at 83°
and becomes decomposed in a higher temperature. The Malates
dissolve nearly all in water, most of them readily so.

The quantitative estimation of Malic acid cannot be effected
through precipitation with metallic salts, because those Malates
are either not insoluble in water or are decomposed during washing.
If the quantity of Malic acid has to be determined in a liquid
which contains no other acid, the solution is warmed with carbonate
of baryta, until the acid reaction has disappeared. It is then
filtered off from the excess of carbonate of baryta, is evaporated
to dryness and heated for some time at 100°; 100 parts of this
anhydrous Malate of baryta contains 43-09 parts acid.

126

Mangostan-Resin=Cs¢ Ho: Or. Exudation of the stem of
Garcinia Mangostana. Of a beautiful lemon-yellow colour;
brittle; inodorous and tasteless; fuses at 110°; dissolves readily
in alcohol and in ether, Is decomposed by liquor of ammonia
into two resins, the one of which fuses at 80°, and the other
at 115°.

Mangostin=C4 Ha Oy. In the fruit-peels of Garcinia
Mangostana. Boil the peels, after exhausting with hot water,
with alcohol, evaporate the tincture until amorphous, yellow
masses of resin and Mangostin are formed, dissolve the latter
in alcohol and add to the solution, heated to the boiling-point,
water in small quantities, until it becomes turbid. On cooling,
the resin subsides and the liquid, after being poured off and
kept for some time, throws down the Mangostin, which has to
be purified by dissolving in alcohol and precipitating with sub-
acetate of lead. The precipitate after washing is mixed with
alcohol and decomposed by sulphuret of hydrogen, the filtered
alcoholic liquid is mixed with water and allowed to rest until
crystals are formed, which have to be recrystallised in diluted
alcohol.— Thin laminz of a beautiful gold colour, inodorous and
tasteless, fusible at 190°, partly sublimating at a higher heat,
neutral, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and
alkalies.

Mannit=Ch2 Hy, Oi. In considerable quantity in the manna,
a sweet exudation obtained by incisions into the stem of Fraxinus
Ornus and Fr. rotundifolia, and also occurring in many other
plants, being contained in their roots, stalks, leaves, barks, seeds,
and also nearly in all fungi. To prepare it from the manna, allow
the aqueous solution to ferment with yeast, in order to destroy the
sugar, decolourise with animal charcoal, evaporate so as to
form crystals, and recrystallise. Or, boil with alcohol, filter hot,
let crystallise and recrystallise.—Forms long rhombic, concen-
trically or tuftily united needles of a slight and pleasant sweet taste,
without rotating power ; loses at 120° nothing of its weight; fuses
at 166°, volatilises when kept in a fused state in small quantity
and sublimates unaltered; begins to boil at 200°, while a portion
volatises and another portion loses 2 eq. water being converted into
mannitan, but the largest portion remains undecomposed ; above
250° it swells up and is destroyed. It dissolves in 6 parts cold and
in any quantity of hot water, almost insoluble in cold absolute
alcohol, in hot aqueous alcohol in large quantity (in 1430 to 1660
parts absolute alcohol at 14°, in 84 to 90 parts alcohol of 0.898 at
15°, not soluble in ether. Yields with nitric acid, oxalic, but
no mucic acid, dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid without
colouration, is not altered on boiling with diluted sulphuric acid,
with aqueous alkalies and with alkaline tartarate of copper; is

127

not able to ferment with yeast, is not precipitable by acetate and
subacetate of lead, but by the ammoniacal acetate of that metal.

Marrubin. Bitter substance of Marrubium vulgare. Draw
out with hot water, digest the liquid with animal charcoal, which
takes up the bitter substance; treat the coal with alcohol, distil
off the alcohol from the tincture, warm the remaining liquid, until
every trace of alcohol is removed, withdraw the Marrubin from
the thick mass by means of ether, and allow the solution to
evaporate slowly.—It crystallises in colourless, rhombic, tabular
crystals, from the alcoholic solution in needles, tastes strongly
bitter, fuses at 60°, decomposes in higher temperatures, is almost
‘insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in hot water, readily in
alcohol and in ether; has a neutral reaction; dissolves in concen-
trated sulphuric acid with brown-yellow colour, in hot con-
centrated nitric acid with yellowish colour; hydrochloric acid
and alkalies have no effect.

Marum Camphor, passes over in the distillation of Tecurium
Marum with cold water.—White leaflets, heavier than water,
of a disagreeable aromatic smell and taste.

Masopin=C4 HzgO02. A crystalline resin, main ingredient
of the dschilte (the hardened sap of a Mexican tree, Achras
Sapota). To prepare it, boil the dschilte with water, and treat the
remaining viscid, elastic body with absolute alcohol, which leaves
the adherent caoutchouc undissolved. Precipitate the Masopin
from the alcoholic solution with water, and recrystallise in ether.—
White needles, of silky lustre, devoid of taste and smell; fuse at
155° without loss of weight, exhaling a pleasant odour, and
solidify afterwards to an amorphous, vitreous mass, the fusing
point of which is only 69° to 70°.

Mastich, Exudation of Pistacia Lentiscus. Yellowish white,
transparent grains, on the fracture of glass-like lustre, of faint
smell, of aromatic and somewhat bitter taste, softens on masti-
cating, fuses at 80°, readily soluble in absolute alcohol, ether and
oils, in alcohol of 80°/, to the extent of four-fifths, and leaving
a soft resin (masticin). The readily soluble portion of the resin
has the formula Cy H3; O4, the slowly soluble Cio Hz; Og.

Maynas-Resin=Css Hyg Og. From incisions in the stem of
Calophyllum Caloba and C. longifolium, in the South American
province of Maynas.—Crystallises from boiling alcohol in beauti-
fully yellow rhombic prisms, fuses at 105°, is afterwards decom-
posed, is insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether,
acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils, also in alkalies; in concentrated
sulphuric acid with beautiful red colour.

Mecca Balsam. Exudation of the stem of Balsamodendron
Opobalsamum. Of thin fluidity, pale yellow, of 0°95 density,

128

smells pleasantly, tastes bitter and warming, becomes thicker by
age, afterwards solid and darker, dissolves readily in alcohol and
ether. Contains about 10°/, of volatile oil and two resins, the
one of which dissolves readily in cold alcohol, the other sparingly.
Some kinds also contain gum.

Meconie Acid=Cıs Hs Ou + 6 HO. As yet only found in
opium. Mix the alcoholic solution of opium with a solution of
chloride of baryum, and decompose the precipitate of Meconate of
baryta with sulphuric acid. It crystallizes in colourless, mica-like
lamine, is inodorous, of acid taste, cooling afterwards a little bitter ;
loses at 120° all its water of crystallisation; fuses at 150 to 200°
and becomes decomposed, yielding a new acid (pyromeconie acid
—Cj Hz O; ); dissolves moderately in water, readily in alcohol;
the aqueous solution is decomposed on boiling under formation of
carbonic acid and another new acid (comenic acid =Cyz H4 Oo).
Salts of oxyd of iron impart to Meconic acid a vividly red colour.

Meconin=C2 Hio Os, Indifferent substance of opium (the
hardened milky juice of the green capsules of Papaver somniferum).
Precipitate the extract, obtained by maceration with water, with
ammonia; filter, evaporate the liquid to a syrup consistence and
leave to stand cold for a few weeks; press the brown crystals thus
obtained, boil with alcohol of 36° B., concentrate the solution,
crystallise what has formed first in boiling water with aid of animal
charcoal, next in hot aleohol.—Colourless needles, inodorous ; of no
perceptible taste at first, afterwards acrid or bitter. Meconin fuses
at 90°, distils at 155° unaltered; dissolves in 700 parts cold and in
20 parts boiling water, in alcohol, ether, acetic acid and volatile oils.

Melampyrit= Dvuteir.

Melezitose=Ciz Hy On. Peculiar sweet substance of the
manna of Briancon, effusing from the stem of Pinus Larix. Extract
the above manna with boiling water, evaporate the extract to a
syrup consistence and keep in a cold place. The Melezitose then
forms slowly and has to be recrystallised in aleohol.—Minute, short,
microscopic crystals, constituting a white mealy powder about as
sweet as grape-sugar ; effloresce readily at the air, lose in heating about
4 per cent. of water, fuse below 140° without further change; are
decomposed at 200°, dissolve readily in water, scarcely in cold,
slightly in boiling alcohol, not in ether; become carbonised by cold
concentrated sulphuric acid; yield with nitric acid oxalic acid, with
diluted sulphuric acid on heating grape-sugar (more readily than
trehalose, but less so than cane-sugar). Melezitose generally
undergoes with beer-yeast a slow alcoholic fermentation; is not
altered by heating with alkalies or alkaline tartarate of cooper; is
precipitable by ammoniacal acetate of lead.

Melin= Rut.

129

Melitose=Cı2 Hy; O1 + 3 HO. Distinct sweet matter of the
peculiar manna of various kinds of the genus Eucalyptus.
Crystallises, on evaporating the aqueous solution of the manna, and
is purified with animal charcoal. From water Melitose erystallises
in felted needles, from alcohol in well-formed but small crystals ;
it has a slightly sweet taste, loses at 100° 2 equivalents water, at
130° another eq., while evolving a peculiar odour and becoming
anhydrous and of the appearance of a pale-yellow translucent mass ;
it fuses on rapidly heating to 94° to 100° under loss of 11°23°/,
(5 eq.) water, smells like caramel, when heated to a higher tem-
perature, and is afterwards carbonised; dissolves in water almost
like mannit; in hot alcohol more extensively than mannit, yields
with nitric acid a little mucic and more oxalic acid, separates on
heating with diluted sulphuric acid into equal parts fermentable
and unfermentable sugars (the latter called by Berthelot Eucalin =
Cy. Hig O12); yields with yeast half as much alcohol and carbonic
acid as grape-sugar; is not altered on boiling with alkalies, alkaline
earths or alkaline tartarate of copper; is precipitated by ammoniacal
acetate of lead.

Melonemetin, Emetic ingredient of the root of Cucumis
Melo, obtained in the impure state by treating the aqueous
extract with alcohol and evaporating the tincture to dryness.—
Brown, hard, glossy, deliquescent mass; tastes acrid and some-
what bitter; dissolves most readily in water, alkalies and alcohol,
but not so well in strong alcohol; not in ether, acetic acid and oils.

Menispermin =Csg Hz, NO,. Alkaloid of the seed-husks of
Coceulus indicus of Anamirta paniculata. Exhaust the contused
husks with boiling alcohol of 36° B., filter, distil off the alcohol, with-
draw from the residue picrotoxin by means of boiling water and after-
wards the Menispermin and paramenispermin by acidulated water ;
precipitate the latter two bases with ammonia, dissolve the deposit in
diluted acetic acid, precipitate again with ammonia, dry the
deposit, draw out with alcohol and allow the solution to evaporate
spontaneously, whereby a yellow alkaline resin with crystals of
Menispermin and a yellowish slimy mass are obtained. Pick
out the crystals as well as possible, remove from the yellow
gelatinous mass the resin by means of cold alcohol, afterwards, by
rinsing with cold ether, the rest of the Menispermin, which
remains after the evaporation of the ether, and purify all the
crystals obtained by rinsing with cold alcohol. The yellowish
slime, dissolved in absolute alcohol, yields, after evaporating,
paramenispermin. — Forms white, half-translucid, quadratic
prisms, similar to cyanide of mercury; tasteless; fuses at 120°, and
is destroyed in higher temperatures; is insoluble in water, soluble
in alcohol, ether and diluted acids, forming salts with the latter,
which are precipitable by alkalies.

K

130

Menyanthin=Cco His O2s. In the leaves of Menyanthes
trifoliata. Prepare with little water a very concentrated aqueous
extract, and digest with roughly pounded boneblack, to absorb
the bitter substance. Wash the boneblack with cold water and
extract with boiling alcohol; filter hot, distil the solution,
evaporate the residue to treacle consistence, and treat repeatedly
with ether, to remove a substance of: rancid taste; dissolve the
extract in water; precipitate the solution with tannic acid; knead
the precipitate after it has become of a tough plasticity
repeatedly with pure water, dissolve in six times its weight of
alcohol, filter, mix the filtrate with carbonate of lead, add an
equal volume of water to the alcoholic solution, and heat over the
water-bath under continual stirring, until carbonic acid ceases to
be evolved. Treat the dry mass with hot alcohol, shake the
filtrate with boneblack, filter, distil off the alcohol, throw down
the M. from the residue with tannic acid, and proceed as before. —
White amorphous mass, yielding after trituration a pure-white
permanent powder; neutral, of a strong and pure bitter taste;
becomes soft at 60° to 65°, but is completely fused only at
115°; carbonises in a higher temperature; dissolves somewhat
slowly in cold, readily in hot water and in alcohol; not in ether,
but in concentrated sulphuric acid, with yellow-brown colour,
which by access of the air gradually changes to a violet colour, in
concentrated nitric acid with yellowish tinge, in concentrated hydro-
chloric acid colourless, in alkalies unaltered; is not precipitable
by metallic salts; changes on heating with diluted sulphuric or
hydrochloric acid into sugar and a volatile oil. The latter
(Menyanthol=Cyg Hg O2) has an agreeable smell like bitter
almonds, and shows also in other respects similarity with oil of
bitter almonds; has a very burning taste ; solidifies after a few days’
rest to a white crystalline mass, probably a new acid, called
provisionally menyanthic acid.

Mereurialin, Volatile alkaloid of Mercurialis annua. Is ob-
tained by distilling the herb and fruits with lime and water,
saturating the distillate with sulphuric acid, evaporating to dryness,
shaking the salty mass with absolute alcohol, &c., and proceeding
as with coniin, to which also it greatly resembles.—Limpid,
colourless, oily liquid of a very penetrating narcotic odour, similar
to coniin and nicotin, of a strongly alkaline reaction; becomes
converted at the air into a soft, resinous body; begins to boil at
140°; yields with platinum-chloride a double salt in beautiful
mother-of-pearl-like laminze, combines also with carbonic acid.

Metacetonic Acid=ProPrIonIc AcıD.

[Metacopaivie Acid=C4 Hz 05. Discovered by E. G. Strauss
in the balsam of Maracaibo, a kind of copaiva-balsam, exported
from Columbia. Obtained by treating the balsam with soda-ley,

131

filtering, mixing with chloride of ammonium, filtering again and
neutralising with excess of hydrochloric acid. The precipitate is
dissolved in hot alcohol and crystallised.—The M. acid crystallises
in leaflets, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, easily soluble in
ether, soluble also in warm petroleum, in potash-ley and ammonia.
Fuses at 205°-206°. Is, according to Flueckiger and Hanbury,
probably identical with Gurjunic acid, which itself may be regarded
as Hydrated Abietic acid. |

Metamorphin, Obtained only once in the preparation of
morphin (after the method, indicated there, with lime, &c.), as
hydrochloride of Metamorphin. This salt was decomposed with
an equivalent weight of silver-sulphate, the chloride of silver
removed by filtering, the liquid digested with carbonate of baryta
and the Metamor phin withdrawn. by alcohol from the mixture
consisting of sulphate of baryta, carbonate of baryta and Meta-
morphin. — Forms flat, concentrically united prisms; has at first no
perceptible, but afterwards a very slightly pungent, not bitter taste;
becomes at 100° opaque, grey-brown at 130° without fusing, but fuses
on rapidly heating to a colourless liquid; has a neutral reaction
when dissolved in water, and a slightly alkaline one when dissolved
in alcohol ; dissolves in 6000 parts cold and in 70 parts boiling water,
in 330 parts cold and 9 parts boiling alcohol of 90%, not in ether,
in the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies ; gives the same reactions
with sulphuric, nitric, and iodic acids as morphin; becomes grey-
blue with chloride of iron.

Methysticin. Peculiar crystalline body of the so-called kawa-
root (from Piper methysticum). Evaporate the alcoholic tincture
to honey-consistence, treat with alcohol, let the solution crystallise
and purify the crystals by recrystallisation.—Colourless, inodorous
and tasteless, neutral crystals, fusible at 130°, decomposing in a
higher temperature, insoluble in water (according to other statement:
slightly soluble in cold, more readily in hot water), scarcely in cold
alcohol, ether and volatile oils, abundantly in hot alcohol and in hot
volatile oils; in hydrochloric acid with yellow, in nitric acid with
red, in pure sulphuric acid with beautiful violet, in commercial
sulphuric acid with blood-red colour.

Morin=Cig Hg Ojo (isomeric with morus-tannic acid). The
yellow pigment of the wood of Maclura tinctoria. Boil the wood
with water, concentrate the decoction to a small bulk, keep in a cold
place, collect the yellow sediment which will have formed, press,
dissolve in hot alcohol, dilute with ten times its quantity of water,
collect the deposit of morin-lime, boil with a solution of oxalic
acid in alcohol, filter hot and let crystallise—White crystalline
powder, passing exposed to ammoniacal vapours into a faint
yellow; of slightly bitter, not acerb taste; of acidulous reaction ;
loses water at 180°, remains so unaltered up to 250°, decomposes

ie 2

132

in still higher temperatures yielding pyrocatechuic acid ; dissolves in
4000 parts cold and in 1000 parts boiling water, readily in alcohol
with dark-yellow colour, also readily in ether; is precipitable by
glue.

Morindin=C2s Hy; O1. Yellow dye of the root of Morinda
citrifolia. Boil with alcohol, filter hot, recrystallise what has been
separated on cooling in alcohol, and afterwards in alcohol contain-
ing some hydrochloric acid, in order to remove anorganic salts.—
Forms sulphur-yellow, fine needles, of silky lustre, fusible by heat
and decomposing in higher temperatures; dissolves little in cold
with yellow colour, and readily in boiling water; forming a jelly-
like substance after cooling; slightly soluble in cold absolute,
copiously in diluted boiling alcohol; not in ether; in alkalies with
orange-red, in concentrated sulphuric acid with purple-red colour;
precipitates the salts of the alkaline earths and of the earth-metals,
likewise sub-acetate of lead.

Moringic Acid, In the oil of ben (from Moringa oleifera), is
probably identical with oleic acid.

Morus Tannic Acid=Cıs Hg Oy. In the wood of Maclura
tinctoria, as secretion in the interior of the logs. Recrystallise
these secretions repeatedly in boiling water, dissolve in more
boiling water containing hydrochloric acid, filter the solution,
which has become turbid after cooling by the formation of a
reddish resin, and allow the solution to stand quiet, when the
acid will slowly separate.—It crystallises in light-yellow, micros-
copic needles, has a sweetish astringent taste and an acid reaction ;
fuses at 200° and decomposes afterwards; dissolves in 6°4 parts
cold, and in 2°14 parts boiling water with yellow colour; readily
in alcohol, ether and wood-spirit, not in volatile and fixed oils;
is precipitable by glue, likewise with dark-green colour by salts of
oxyd of iron.

Morphin=C3, Hip NOg +2 HO. In opium, in the ripe and
in the green capsules and probably in all the other parts of
Papaver somniferum, also in the capsules of Papaver Rhoeas,
and other species of that genus [and in the herb of Argemone
Mexicana.] Boil the opium with water, press, and repeat these
operations twice; evaporate to one-half, add milk of lime; boil for
a quarter of an hour, strain, press, boil the remaining mass twice
with water, concentrate the whole of the calcareous liquids to a
small bulk, add chloride of ammonium, heat for an hour or as
long as ammonia is evolved, leave to stand cold for eight days,
collect the sediment, wash with cold water, dissolve in hydrochloric
acid, treat the solution again with lime and chloride of ammonium,
dissolve the deposit again in hydrochloric acid, digest the solution
with coal, filter, precipitate with ammonia and dry the deposit.—

133

Forms fine, white needles of silky lustre, or, when obtained from
the alcoholic solution and by slow evaporation, considerably long,
colourless, half-translucid, klinorhombic prisms, inodorous, slightly
bitter, in solution very bitter; loses at 120° its water and turns
opaque, fuses afterwards and becomes decomposed; dissolves in
1000 parts of cold and in 500 parts boiling water, in 30 parts
cold and in 20 parts boiling alcohol of 80°/., with decidedly alka-
line reaction; not soluble in ether, but in 60 parts chloro-
form, also in amylalcohol; most readily in diluted acids, in con-
centrated sulphuric acid yellowish, in concentrated nitric acid red
afterwards yellow, in concentrated sulphuric acid containing a
little nitric acid, violet-red; separates from iodie acid instantly
iodine with brown colour, blues the salts of oxyd of iron; dissolves
in fixed caustic alkalies and in alkaline earths, little in ammonia ;
neutralises the acids completely. Its salts are for the most part
crystallisable, taste very bitter, dissolve in water and in alcohol,
not in amylalcohol, are only precipitable by tannic acid when quite
neutral.

[Moschatin, See Ivam and Acuinitery. Contained, besides
achillein, in the alcoholic solution of the aqueous extract. Dissolve
the flocculent mass, obtained by treating the alcoholic residue with
water in absolute alcohol, evaporate to dryness on the water-bath,
heat with water, and wash with cold water, until the mass becomes
brittle under water.—A slightly hygroscopic powder of aromatic,
bitter taste, soluble in absolute alcohol, scarcely in water. |

Moss-starch=LicHenin.
Mucilage=VEGETABLE MUCILAGE.

Mucin, Peculiar protein substance contained in crude gluten ;
but the complete isolation of which has not been achieved yet.
See Gluten and Glutin.

Mudarin. Peculiar bitter substance of the root of Calotropis
gigantea and C. procera. Is obtained by treating the alcoholic
extract with water and evaporating the solution.—Light-brown,
pellucid, brittle, inodorous, of nauseous bitter taste, insoluble in
ether and in oils. The cold concentrated aqueous solution becomes
turbid when gently heated, gelatinises and splits up at last com-
pletely into water and a pitch-like coagulum which does not
redissolve on cooling, but does so slowly on addition of fresh
water. The alcoholic solution does not coagulate.

Mycose= C2 Hy, On + 2 HO. Peculiar kind of sugar of
ergot (the mycelium of Cordiceps purpurea). Precipitate the-
aqueous extract with subacetate of lead; remove any lead from
the filtrate by means of sulphuret of hydrogen; evaporate to a
syrup consistence, and purify the crystals which will have formed
after some time by rinsing with alcohol and recrystallising in

134

water. —Crystallises in rhombic prisms, tastes sweet, but less so
than cane-sugar, fuses at 100° without a perceptible loss of weight,
intumesces at 130°, and loses 2 eq. water; becomes solid again and
loses no more water; fuses at 210° again, becomes next brown,
and smells unmistakably like caramel. Dissolves in less than its
equal weight of water, in boiling alcohol not quite to the extent
of 1°/,; is not altered by alkalies or by alkaline tartarate of
copper; yields with nitric acid, oxalic, but no mucie acid; is
converted, hy heating with diluted sulphuric acid, into grape-
sugar. Rotates three times more to the right than cane-sugar,
and even more than dextrin.

Myrica Wax. Obtained by boiling the berries of Myrica
cerifera, M. cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata, with water.—
Pale green, transparent, brittle and friable when cold, smells and
tastes aromatic; has 1:00 density; fuses at 44 to 49°. Contains
much palmitic, little myristic acid, mostly in the free state; no
oleic, nor any volatile acids.

Myristic Acid=Cas Hy; O; + HO. As for distribution, see
Myristin. Saponify myristin with soda-ley; decompose the soap
with a mineral acid and crystallise in alcohol what has separated.—
White, wart-like groups or fine leaflets, fusing at 53.8°; insoluble
in water; soluble in 545 parts alcohol of 50°/, at 17°; in 7 parts
absolute alcohol at 16°; and in 4-part at the boiling heat; in 2

parts ether at 16°. The Myristates of the alkalies dissolve
undecomposed in water.

Myristin = Coo Hygg Oy (Us Hs Og + 3 Cog Hay O3 ). Princi-
pally in the fat of the seeds of Myristica fragrans, M. Otoba,
M. sebifera, and of other kinds of this genus, in the fat of Cocos
nucifera, in the fat of Bassia species, of Myrica cerifera and other
congeners, of the Dica-bread (the fruit of Irvingia Barteri).
Dissolve the nutmeg-balsam in 4 parts boiling alcohol, let the
mixture cool, and wash what has crystallised with alcohol.—
White, opaque, or silky shining mealy mass, of granular appear-
ance under the microscope, inodorous and tasteless, fuses at 52°;
is insoluble in water, soluble in 4458 parts absolute alcohol at 17°,
in 3 parts boiling alcohol, in 7} part ether at 17°, and in 34
parts boiling ether.

Myronic Acid. As Myronate of potash=KO+Cg His
NS; Oyo in the seeds of Brassica nigra. Press the seeds, draw
out with alcohol of 85% at first cold, then at 50° to 60°, treat
afterwards with cold or warm water, neutralise the free acid in
the aqueous extract with carbonate of baryta, evaporate to a
syrup consistence, remove mucous substances by digesting with
weak alcohol, and evaporate the filtrate to the formation of
crystals. The Myronate of potash crystallises in limpid, short,

135

rhombic prisms of glass lustre, is permanent at the air, neutral,
has a refreshing bitter taste, dissolves readily in water, decomposes
in aqueous solutions and in the presence of myrosin (emulsin of
the white mustard) into KO + 2 SO; + HO, Cs H; NSz and
into Cy2 Hye Oye, the latter body being identical with grape-sugar.
From the Myronate of potash the Myronic acid is obtained by
removing the potash with tartaric acid, or by converting the
potash-salt into the baryta compound, and decomposing the
latter with sulphnric acid.—The Myronic acid forms a colourless
and inodorous syrup-like liquid, has a bitter taste and an acid
reaction; decomposes readily with heat; dissolves readily in
water and in alcohol, scarcely in ether, forms with potash, soda,
ammonia and baryta crystallisable, with lime, oxyd of lead and
oxyd of silver amorphous salts of bitter taste.

Myrosin, The albuminous or emulsin-like constituent of the
black and white mustard seeds, Brassica alba and B. nigra, and
which gives rise to the formation of volatile mustard oil from the
myronate of potash, contained in black mustard seeds, and by the
concurrence of water. From the black mustard it cannot be
obtained, as it is instantly decomposed through the myronate of
potash when brought into contact with water. From the white mus-
tard seeds it is obtained by treating with cold water; the filtered
liquid is evaporated to the consistence of syrup at a temperature
not exceeding 40° and mixed with alcohol; the Myrosin, precipi-
tated thereby, is redissolved in water, and the solution brought to
dryness with a gentle heat.—It is in physical properties very
similar to emulsin of almonds; yields with water a slimy solution
which coagulates at 60°, and likewise readily through alcohol and
acids. It has not been possible as yet to separate it from
albumin.

[According to Will and Koerner, Myronate of potash (Sinigrin),
when dissolved in water and brought into contact with myrosin,
splits into Sulphocyanide of Allyl (mustard oil), Bisulphate of
potash, and grape-sugar. |

Myroxocarpin=C.g Hg; Oo. Peculiar, crystalline matter of the
white balsam of Peru, the latter being obtained by pressing the
inner parts of the fruit and the seeds of Myroxylon Pereire.
Digest the balsam with alcohol of moderate strength, and leave
the clear liquid to evaporate; the crystals which have formed are
purified by animal charcoal and by recrystallising.—The crystals
are colourless, inodorous, and tasteless, hard, glossy, flat, thin,
more than one inch long, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol
and in ether, neutral, fusible at 115°, and mostly decomposing
in higher temperatures. Acids and alkalies have scarcely any
effect; nitric acid converts it slowly into oxalic acid and an amor-
phous resin.

136

Myrrh, Exudation of the stem of Balsamodendron Myrrha.
Yellow-brown, of a wax or resin-like gloss, brittle, of balsamie
odour, and of bitter aromatic taste. Contains about 457% resin,
41% gum, 2.5°/, volatile oil. The resin (myrrhin) is red-brown,
brittle, has (warm) a myrrh-like odour, fuses at 90-95°, dissolves in
alcohol, ether, acetic acid, only partially in hot potash-ley, and
consists of Cag H33 Oyo.

Napellin, Besides Aconitin the other peculiar alkaloid of the
root of Aconitum Napellus, and some other kinds of the same
genus of Ranunculacex. To prepare it, withdraw the aconitin
from the raw aconitin with the least possible quantity of pure
ether, dissolve the residue in absolute alcohol, filter, add acetate
of lead as long as it causes any turbidity, agitate and let digest,
filter, throw down the excess of lead by sulphuret of hydrogen,
leave to digest warm, filter, evaporate the alcohol, add carbonate
of potash, bring to dryness, exhaust with absolute alcohol, filter
through animal charcoal and bring to dryness.—Triturated, a white,
electric powder of bitter and afterwards burning taste, dissolves with
some difficulty in ether, considerably more readily in water and
in alcohol than aconitin, has a decidedly alkaline reaction, saturates
the acids completely; is not (on account of its solubility in water)
precipitated by ammonia from the aqueous solutions of its salts.

[According to later researches of Huebschmann, Napellin is
probably identical with Acolyctin. |

Narcein=C4g Ho NOs. In opium. Mix the aqueous extract of
opium, after it has been freed from meconin, morphin, narcotin,
and meconic acid, by oversaturating it with ammonia, cooling,
filtering, concentrating the filtrate, and precipitating with solution of
baryta:—with carbonate of ammonia, in order to remove the excess
of baryta, and evaporate to a liquid of syrup thickness.—The
impure Narcein crystallises after a few days, and has to be purified
by pressing off the mother-ley, and recrystallising in alcohol.
Traces of codein and of meconin are removed by ether. It erystal-
lises in white, silky, shining, delicate needles, tastes slightly
bitter with an almost metallic aftertaste, fuses at 92°, and is
decomposed in higher temperatures; dissolves in 375 parts cold
and in 230 parts hot water (according to Anderson, it dissolves
readily in hot water), readily in alcohol, not in ether, has no
alkaline reaction, is dissolved more readily by ammonia and by
the diluted fixed alkalies than by water, but is separated as an
oily liquid by addition of much concentrated potash-ley even from
the hot solution. With diluted nitric acid a yellow liquid is
obtained on heating, which evolves the odour of a volatile base
with caustic potash; with concentrated nitric acid oxalic acid is
obtained. It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with an
intensely red colour, and turns green on heating. With strong

137

hydrochloric acid it does not strike the blue colour observed by
Pelletier. The sulphate, nitrate and hydrochloride of Narcein
are crystallisable, yet of acid reaction.

Narcotin=C; He; NO]. In the unripe and the matured
capsules of Papaver somniferum; also alleged to exist in the root of
Aconitum Napellus, and called at first Aconellin. Exhaust opium
with cold water, treat it afterwards with water containing hydro-
chlorie acid, precipitate the latter solution with bicarbonate of
soda, exhaust the deposit with alcohol of 80%, distil one-half to
two-thirds of the alcohol, and pour the remnant boiling hot into a
flat vessel. The Narcotin will soon crystallise and has to be
washed with cold alcohol and recrystallised in hot alcohol. Or,
begin by drawing out the opium with water and hydrochloric
acid, and precipitate the Narcotin from the liquid by means of
chloride of sodium; dissolve the deposit in hydrochloric acid,
precipitate with potash and recrystalise in alcohol.— Forms
colourless needles of pearly lustre, inodorous and tasteless, neutral ;
fuses at 170° and decomposes afterwards; is insoluble in cold
water, not or very slightly soluble in boiling water, in 100 parts
cold and in 20 parts boiling alcohol of 857, in 126 parts cold and
in 40 parts boiling ether, most readily in chloroform, little in oils,
not in alkalies, readily in acids; becomes yellow and then orange
with concentrated sulphuric acid; with nitric acid yellow, and on
warming red; with sulphuric acid, containing a little nitric acid,
beautifully blood-red. Its salts have an acid reaction, are mostly
uncrystallisable, have a more bitter taste than the salts of morphin;
dissolve in water, alcohol and ether; those formed with weak acids
are decomposed by much water, those formed with volatile acids
partly lose the acid in evaporating. The hydrates and the carbon-
~ ates of alkalies precipitate the Narcotin completely.

Narthecic Acid. Peculiar crystalline acid of the herb of
Narthecium ossifragum. Draw out with water, containing a
little soda, precipitate the extract, acidified by acetic acid, with
acetate of lead and afterwards with subacetate of lead, decompose
the latter deposit with sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate the filtrate
to honey consistence, draw out with ether and evaporate the
latter.— White, needle-shaped crystals of acid taste, not volatile,
soluble in water, alcohol and ether, yields with the pure and with
the earthy alkalies readily soluble salts, which are precipitable by
most of the salts of heavy metals.

Narthecin. Peculiar rancid constituent of the herb of Narthe-
cium ossifragum. Exhaust with water, draw out the remnant
with alcohol, precipitate the tincture with acetate of lead, de-
colourise with animal charcoal, remove the excess of lead by
sulphuret of hydrogen, distil off most of the alcohol, allow the
remnant to evaporate spontaneously, and purify by recrystallising

138

in ether.—White, wart-shaped mass, of a very rancid taste, fuses
at 35°, and remains then in the amorphous state; has an acid
reaction; dissolves little in water, readily in alcohol and in ether,
also in alkalies, and reprecipitable by acids; is not volatile.

[Nataloin=C3, Hig O15. Crystallised bitter substance, dis-
covered by Flueckiger from Natal-aloes. By triturating the
drogue with an equal weight or less of alcohol at 49° or below, the
Nataloin is left behind in pale-yellow crystals.—The Nataloin
dissolves at 15°5° in 70 parts common alcohol, in 60 parts of a
mixture of 1 ether and 3 alcohol, in 35 parts methyl-aleohol, in 50
parts acetic ether, in 1236 parts ether, and in 230 parts absolute
alcohol. It is of a pure bitter taste, gives out no water at 100°,
fuses at 180° to 189°. It dissolves in concentrated sulphuric
acid, the solution becoming beautifully green on the addition of
nitre or chlorate of potash. Nitric acid yields with Nataloin oxalic
acid ; alkaline liquids dissolve Nataloin under darkening. The three
varieties of aloin, obtained respectively from Barbadoes, Natal, and
Zanzibar, are named by Flueckiger Barbaloin (Aloin), Nataloin,
and Socalein. They are distinguished, according to Histed, by the
following reactions:—A drop of nitric acid gives, with a few
particles of Barbaloin or Nataloin (not with Socalein), a vivid
crimson. Nataloin (not Barbaloin or Socalein), assumes a fine blue
colour by adding a minute quantity to a drop or two of concen-
trated sulphuric acid, then allowing the vapour of a rod touched
with nitric acid to pass over the surface. |

[Neai-camphor= C2) Hıs Oo, Obtained from Blumea balsamifera.
White crystals, precisely like Borneo-camphor, which they also
resemble in odour and hardness, as well as in being a little heavier
than water, and not so volatile as camphor. The alcoholic solution
rotates to the left as powerfully as Borneo-camphor to the right.
Boiling nitric acid converts Ngai-camphor into a laevogyrie cam-
phor=Ca His O2, identical with the camphor of Chrysanthemum
Parthenium, and distinguished from common camphor only by the
optical properties. —PLowmaN. |

Nicotianin=C4 Hs: Na Og, Separates on the surface of the
aqueous distillate of tobacco.— White lamine, smelling like tobacco
smoke, have not an acrid, but a warm and bitter aromatic taste;
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, also in potash-ley, the latter
solution yielding nicotin by distillation.

Nicotin = CH; N. Volatile alkaloid of Nicotiana species. Draw
out the comminuted tobacco-leaves with hot water, containing
1°/, sulphuric acid, strain, press, concentrate the liquid to syrup
thickness, add one-twentieth of the weight of the leaves pulverised
charcoal, evaporate to dryness, pulverise, treat warm with alcohol
of 90°/., allow to cool, filter, drive off the alcohol, add water, filter

139

off the resin that has formed, distil the liquid with caustie potash,
saturate the distillate with sulphuric acid, bring almost to dryness,
and shake the mass with absolute alcohol, which dissolves only the
sulphate of Nicotin, leaving the sulphate of ammonia. Drive off
the aleohol from the solution, pour the remaining concentrated
aqueous solution of sulphate of Nicotin into a glass-stoppered bottle,
add a few pieces of caustic potash, add ether after solution, shake,
pour the ether, containing the Nicotin, into another stoppered bottle,
and allow to evaporate spontaneously.—Colourless oil of a nauseous
odour of tobacco, of an extremely acrid and burning taste, fluid at
—10°; density=1:033; boils at 240-250°, distils under partial de-
composition, has a strongly alkaline reaction, is coloured brown by
the light or the air, dissolves in water in every quantity, likewise
in alcohol and in ether, readily in fixed oils, less in volatile oils;
saturates the acids completely.

Nigellin, Bitter substance of the seeds of Nigella sativa, as
yet only obtained as extract.

Nucin. In the green fruit-shells of Juglans regia. Draw out
with benzol or with sulphide of carbon for only a brief time,
evaporate, mix the remnant with quartz-sand and sublimate at 60°
to 80°.—Red-yellow, very glossy, very brittle needles, sublimate
unaltered; non-nitrogenised; insoluble in water, sparingly soluble
in alcohol, readily in ether. Nucin acquires a beautiful purple
colour with the hydrates, the carbonates, the borates and the
phosphates of alkalies and with subacetate of lead; dissolves
copiously in the above alkalies and alkaline salts, and is reprecipi-
tated in brown-red flocks from these solutions by acids.

[Nucitannin, Contained, according to T. L. Phipson, in the
epidermis of the walnut (Juglans regia), and procurable therefrom
by means of water or alcohol. N. is related to the tannic acids,
and separates with mineral acids into sugar, acetic acid and a new
acid, Red acid. The latter dissolves easily in alcohol and ammonia,
little in cold water; with alkalies it forms dark-red salts, with lead
a brown amorphous salt. |

Nutmeg-balsam, Obtained by pressing the seeds of Myristica
fragrans.—Brownish-yellow, with a great many white, granular,
crystalline veins, presenting a marble appearance; smells and
tastes strongly of nutmegs, is moderately hard, of 0°956 density,
fuses at 47°, dissolves slowly in cold alcohol, readily in ether, chloro-
form, sulphide of carbon and benzol. Contains volatile oil (6°/,),
myristin (70°/,), olein (20°/.), an acid resin, butyrin, and traces of
other volatile acids.

Oenolin or Oenolic Acid=Co Hy O9 + HO. The red
dyeing matter of the skins of grapes (from Vitis vinifera). Wash
the skinny parts with water, and draw out with water containing

140

acetic acid, precipitate the solution with acetate of lead, and
decompose the deposit, after washing and while still moist, with
sulphuret of hydrogen. The sulphide of lead, after washing, yields
up the dyeing matter to alcoholic acetic acid, impure Oenolin
remaining after evaporating, and which is freed from fat by
boiling with ether.-—An almost black mass, yielding a beautiful
violet powder, or a red-brown one when dried at a temperature
of 100° to 120°; permanent at the air; intumesces in the heat and
becomes decomposed, is insoluble in water, yet dissolves in water
containing acetic or tartaric acid, likewise in wood spirit, not in
pure alcohol, but in alcohol containing even very little acetic acid,
with blue, with more acetic acid with red colour; not in ether,
benzol, chloroform, sulphide of carbon, volatile and fixed oils.
Acetate of lead occasions in the alcoholic solutions a purely blue
precipitate, nitrate of lead a violet one, subacetate of lead blue
and a little brownish, subsulphate of iron blue-violet, sulphate of
iron dark nut-brown, chloride of iron yellowish, acetate of copper
nut-brown, subchloride of tin violet-red, subnitrate of mercury a
precipitate of the colour of wine-yeast, nitrate of mercury light-
brown, nitrate of silver brown-red; alum causes no precipitate.

Oil of Achillea Millefolium (milfoil). Obtained by distil-
lation with water. The oil of the flowers is dark-blue, of sub-
acid reaction and 0°92 sp. gr. The oil of the herb is also blue
and of a deeper colour than oil of chamomile, thick and of almost
butter consistence when cold, of strong smell, tastes similar to the
herb, afterwards a little burning, has a density of 0°852-0-917.
The oil of the fruits is greenish. The oil of the root is colourless
or slightly yellowish, smells peculiar and disagreeable, somewhat
like valerian, has an unpleasant, but not penetrating or burning
taste, is lighter than water.

[Oil of Achillea moschata (oil of iva). Obtained by distilling
the herb, before flowering, with water.—Clear yellowish liquid,
of a very pleasant, strongly ethereous odour, and bitter, warming
taste. Boils at 180° to 210°.]

Oil of Achillea nobilis (showy milfoil). Obtained by aqueous
distillation of the herb, the flowers or the fruits.—Pale-yellow,
thick; of a very strong smell, similar, but more refined, than oil
of milfoil, and at the same time somewhat camphor-like; of an
aromatic, camphoraceous and somewhat bitter taste; of 0°97-98
density; dissolves readily in alcohol.

Oil of Acorus Calamus (sweet flag). Obtained by distillation
with water from the rhizome,—Pale to dark yellow; of a strong
penetrating odour similar to the root, and of an aromatic bitter,
burning, slightly camphoraceous taste; of 0-89-98 density; dissolves
readily in alcohol; boils at 195°, after the more volatile part (pro-
bably a hydrocarbon isomeric with oil of turpentine) has passed over.

141

Oil of Aleurites triloba (kekune, the candle-nut tree). Fixed
oil, obtained from the seeds by boiling with water. —Is thin,
inodorous, and tasteless. Acts as a mild purgative.

Oil of Allium sativum (garlic) =Cs H; S. Obtained by
distillation with water from the bulbs; also from the leaves of
Sisymbrium Alliaria, and mixed with oil of mustard from the
herbs and seeds of Thlaspi arvense and other Crucifere; seems,
like oil of mustard, not to exist ready formed (certainly not in
cruciferous plants), but to be produced by the action of water.
In the raw state it is brownish yellow; of the most intense garlic
odour; heavier than water and slowly soluble in it; it is partly
decomposed on rectifying and an oil=Cg Hs S passes over as
a pale-yellow or colourless liquid of great light-refracting power
and of a less nauseous odour; lighter than water; without action
on metallic potassium; soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid,
with purple-red colour, changing to a deep indigo-blue with hydro-
chloric gas, and precipitating much sulphide of silver from a solution
of the nitrate.

Oil of Alpinia Galanga, A. officinarum (galingal). Obtained
by distillation with water from the tubers.—Smells similar to
cajeput oil; is lighter than water; dissolves readily in alcohol; of a
similar constitution as oil of cajeput.

Oil of Andropogon (lemon grass). Obtained by aqueous
distillation of A. Iwarancusa, A. Calamus, A. citratus, A.
Martini, A. Schoenanthus, A. muricatus.—Colourless or yellowish ;
thin; smells penetrating, aromatic, similar to roses, but fainter;
has an acrid taste, similar to oil of citron; of neutral reaction;
lighter than water; boils at 147° and above. Is a mixture of
different oils. [It yields a solid compound with bisulphide of soda
solution.—Flueckiger and Hanbury. |

Oil of Anemone, See ANEMONIN.

Oil of Anime, Obtained by the distillation of the resin.
—Limpid; of a strong but not unpleasant odour, and of hot taste.

Oil of Anthemis nobilis (chamomile). Obtained by aqueous
distillation from the flowers.—Blue or greenish; is a mixture
of a hydrocarbon Cy) Hyg with angelic and valerianic acids,
which remain in rectifying the oil with potashley. The hydro-
carbon has a pleasant, lemon-like smell and boils at 175°.

[According to Demareay, oil of chamomile is a mixture of
several compound ethers, principally the angelates and valerates of
butyl and amyl. |

Oil of Apium eraveolens (celery). Obtained by aqueous
distillation of the herb and fruits.—Colourless or pale yellow; of
penetrating odour; of a sweetish, warming taste, of 0'881
density ; dissolves readily in alcohol.

142

Oil of Archangelica officinalis (angelica). Obtained by
aqueous distillation of the root.—Colourless, lighter than water, of
a penetrating odour, and tastes like the root.

[Oil of Argemone Mexicana, Fat-oil, obtained by pressing
the seeds. —Light-yellow, still liquid at 5° C., of a slightly nauseous
odour and raw taste, dries, dissolves in five to six times its volume
of alcohol of 90°/,, becomes dirty-brown with concentrated sul-
phuric, red with nitric acid, is easily saponified. |

Oil of Aristolochia Serpentaria, Obtained by distillation with
water from the root.—Light-brown, lighter than water; has the
smell and taste of valerian and of camphor.

Oil of Arnica montana, Obtained by distilling with water the
flowers and the root. The former is blue or brownish-green, the
latter brownish-yellow.

Oil of Artemisia Absynthium (wormwood)=C2 Hyg O2.
Obtained by aqueous distillation from the leaves and flowers.—
Dark-green, smells and tastes of the plant, of 0°973 density, boils
at 205°, and dissolves readily in alcohol. When distilled with
another volatile oil, it yields to it the colouring matter.

Oil of Artemisia Cina and A. Sieberi (worm seed)=
Ca} Hop O3. Obtained by aqueous distillation from the flowers.—
Colourless to yellowish, smells of the drug; has an acrid, burning,
aromatic taste; is neutral; of 0°925-945 density: boils at 175° after
rectification ; = a sae eine of cinzeben = Cop Hy.6, cimeeben-
stearopten = Cop Hıs O2, and a little propionate of propyl.

Oil of Artemisia Dracunculus (tarragon). Obtained by dis-
tilling the leaves with water.—Of 0-935 density ; boils at 200° to
206° ; consists entirely or wholly of anethol.

Oil of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort). Obtained by distilling
the root with water.—Pale greenish-yellow ; butter-like ; crystal-
line ; of penetrating peculiar odour ; tastes nauseous, somewhat
bitter, at first burning, afterwards cooling ; neutral ; lighter than
water ; readily soluble in alcohol.

Oil of Asa-foetida, Obtained by distillation with water.—
Yellowish ; heavier than water ; of a strong garlic-odour; dissolves
to a considerable extent in water, readily in alcohol ; boils at 130°
to 140°; is a mixture of two oils Cja Hi Sand Cı2 Hi Se.

Oil of Asarum Europeum, Obtained by distilling the root
with water.— Yellowish, thickish, ighter than water (according to
other observations, of 1'018 sp. gr.) ; smells valerian-like ; of burn-
ing, acrid taste, neutral ; contains oxygen.

Oil of Aspidium Filix mas (male fern). By treating the
ether-extract of the tubers with water containing ammonia, filieie
acid passes into the water, while the oil remains in the ether, to be

143

obtained by evaporation.—It is dark grass-green, thicker than
olive oil; of a mild, afterwards rancid taste ; smells like the root ;
remains liquid at temperatures much below 0°.

[Oil of Atherosperma moschatum (Australian sassafras). Ob-
tained by aqueous distillation from the bark.—Thin, unctuous, pale
yellow when fresh, becomes yellowish-brown by age. Resembles
in odour sassafras oil with an admixture of caraways. Taste
aromatic, bitter, prickling on the tongue. Sp. gr. 1°04. Boils at
230° to 245°. Report of Exhibition of 1862].

Oil of Atropa Belladonna (deadly night-shade). Obtained by
pressing the seeds.—A little thicker than linseed oil, inodorous, of
mild taste, of 0°925 density, dries slowly, becomes very thick and
turbid at — 16°, congeals completely at — 27°.

Oil of Balsam of Copaiva=C2 Hig. Obtained by distillation
with water. Is colourless, thin; smells similar to the balsam ;
has an acrid, lasting, bitter taste, of 0°88 to 0°91 density ; boils at
245°.

Oil of Balsam of Peru=Cz» Hu Os (Cu HrO + Cis Hr
O3), Cinnamein or Cinnamate of Benzyl. Boil the balsam with
a Solution of soda and wash with water. The remnant separates
into a resin and a yellow-brown liquid. Heat the latter to 170°,
distil with steam of the same temperature, and desiccate the distil-
late with chloride of calcium.—A colourless oil of great light-re-
fracting power, liquid at — 12°; has a faint, pleasant smell and
an acrid, aromatic taste; of 1'098 density ; of neutral reaction ;
boils at 340° to 350° and distils under partial decomposition ; dis-
solves scarcely in water, readily in alcohol and in ether ; is decom-
posed by potash-ley into benzyl alcohol and cinnamate of potash.

Oil of Bassia. See Bassıa Fat and GALAM-BUTTER.

Oil of Betula alba (birch). Obtained by distilling the leaves
with water. —Colourless, thin; of a pleasant balsamic odour, similar
to young birch-leaves or roses; tastes at first mild, sweetish, after-
wards peculiarly balsamic, acrid, and hot; becomes a little turbid
and thickish at 0°, but not hard or crystalline even at — 10°; is
lighter than water; dissolves in 8 parts alcohol of 0'850. [Not
to be confounded with the oil of birch-bark, obtained by dry dis-
tillation, and utilised in the preparation of the fragrant Russian
leather.—F. v. M.]

Oil of Brassica alba and B. nigra (mustard). Fixed oil,
obtained by pressing the seeds. Is yellow; of 0°917-920 density;
of mild smell and taste; thickens at—12°; is not drying. Con-
tains the glycerides of erucic and sinapoleic acids.

Oil of Brassica nigra=Cs H; NS. Obtained by distillation
with water, but does not pre-exist. Oils of similar, but as yet

144

undefined constitution, are also obtained from the root of Cochlearia
Armoracia and of Sisymbrium Alliaria ; from the herb of Cochlearia
officinalis; from the herb and seeds of Iberis amara; mixtures of
the oils of mustard and of garlic are obtained from the herb and
seeds of Thlaspi arvense; from the seeds of Nasturtium officinale;
Thlaspi Bursa pastoris; peculiar oils, containing sulphur, are fur-
nished by Lepidium sativum, Raphanus sativus, &c. —It is colour-
less or yellowish; of an intensely penetrating smell and taste of
mustard; of 1:01 density; dissolves slightly in water; readily in
alcohol and in ether; attacks potassium metal violently, forming
another oil and sulphocyanide of potassium; decomposes, on heat-
ing with monosulphide of potassium, into the sulphocyanide and
oil of garlic; absorbs much ammonia and is converted into a white
crystalline mass of thiosinamin=Cg Hg Ne So.

Oil of Brassica oleracea= Rare-oit.

Oil of Buphthalmum, See BUPHTHALMUM-STEAROPTEN.

Oil of Bursera gummifera = C2) Hig. Obtained by distilling

the Gomart-resin (an exudation of the stem) with water. Is
similar to oil of turpentine.

Oil of Camelina sativa, Obtained by pressing the seeds.
Thicker than hempseed-oil, inodorous and tasteless; of 0°925
density; freezes at—19°; yields soft soaps. Dries at the air.

Oil of Canella alba (white cinnamon). Obtained by distilling
the bark with water. It is a mixture of caryophyllic (eugenic)
acid, an oil similar to that of cajeput and an oxygenised oil.

Oil of Cannabis sativa (hemp). The fixed oil is obtained by
pressing the seeds.—At first greenish or brownish-yellow; turns
yellow at the air; has a mild taste; specific gravity=0'927 ;
dissolves in thirty parts cold and in any proportion of boiling
absolute alcohol; saponifies with difficulty, the soaps not being
so soft as those of linseed oil; belongs to the non-drying oils.

The volatile oil is obtained by distilling the herb with water.
Pale-yellow; smells like the green herb; tastes aromatic, not
burning, but penetrating; is lighter than water. [According to
Personne, it consists of two hydrocarbons—one liquid (Cannaben
—Cjs Ha), the other solid, forming platy crystals (Hydride of
Cannaben=Cjg H»»).]

Oil of Carapa Guianensis. Obtained by distilling the seeds
with water.—Colourless, unctuous; of very bitter taste; becomes
solid at 4°.

Oil of Carum Carvi (caraway). Obtained by distilling the
fruit with water.—Colourless or pale-yellow; thin; of a strong
taste and smell of the fruit; of 0:91-97 density; begins to boil at
175°, Carven passing over, while Carvol distils up to 252°.

145

Oil of Carum Petroselinum (parsley)=C29 His. Obtained,
besides a less volatile stearopten (see Parsley-stearopten), by dis-
tilling the fruits with water.—Is freshly distilled greenish-yellow,
rectified colourless ; thin ; smells like the fruit; of 1:01-1:04 density;
solidifies between 2° and 8°; boils between 160° and 170°; dissolves
readily in alcohol.

Oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican tea). Obtained
by distilling the herb with water.—Pale to greenish-yellow, recti-
fied colourless; very thin; of great light-refracting power; smells
strongly of the herb; tastes strongly aromatic and cooling similar
to peppermint ; of 0-902 density; boils at 179-181°; dissolves
readily in alcohol.

Oil of Chrysanthemum Parthenium (pyrethrum). Obtained
by distillation with water from the flowering herb.—Greenish ;
deposits on keeping stearopten ; distils between 165-220°.

Oil of Cinnamomum Burmanni (massoy). Obtained by the
aqueous distillation of the bark.—Consists of a light, of a heavy
oil, and of stearopten. The first is colourless, mobile; smells
similar to sassafras. The heavy oil is thicker, like the first of
acrid and pungent taste, but of fainter smell; is less volatile;
becomes thick at —10°, but not crystalline. The stearopten is
white, pulverulent, inodorous, almost tasteless, heavier than water.

Oil of Cinnamomum Camphora, See Campnor.

Oil of Cinnamomum Culilaban, Obtained like the preceding
oil.— Colourless; smells like the oils of cajeput and cloves mixed ;
is heavier than water.

Oil of Cinnamomunm Zeilanicum and C, Cassia (cinnamon)
=Cig Hg O3. Obtained by distilling with water the bark and
flowers of the first and the bark of the latter.—Yellow, rectified
colourless, of the pleasant odour and burning taste of cinnamon;
of 1'008 density; boils at 220°.—A steropten = C55 Hog Oyo sub-
sides slowly from the oil and appears, after re-crystallisation in
alcohol, under the form of colourless and inodorous, highly
shining, brittle prisms. The oil of the leaves of C. Zeilanicum is
very similar to that of cloves ; of 1:053 density; contains caryo-
phyllic and benzoic acids and a hydrocarbon C5 H4.

Oil of Citrus Aurantium (orange). The oil of the flowers
is obtained by aqueous distillation, and consists of an oil, easily
soluble in water—constituting the so-called Aqua Naphe-—and
another sparingly soluble, which is colourless or yellowish, of
extremely pleasant odour, of neutral reaction, of 0°85-90 density;
forms stearopten on keeping.—The oil of the fruit=C2 Hyg, is
obtained by pressing the rind, and is purified by rectification. It
has a pleasant smell, 0:830-0°880 density, and boils at 180°, The
oil of C. Aurantium var. sinensis is obtained from the rind of the

L

146

fruit in the same manner, and has the same composition as the
preceding. It resembles oil of lemon.

Oil of Citrus Bergamia (bergamot). Prepared like oil of C.
Aurantium, from the fruit.—-Colourless, thin, of very pleasant
odour; of 0°860-0°870 density; boils at 183°. Is a mixture of a
hydrocarbon = C29 Hyg, and a hydrate of the same.

Oil of Citrus Limetta=Ca Hy. Obtained like oil of lemon,
and greatly resembling it.
Oil of Citrus medica (lemon)=C2 Hy. Obtained like the

preceding.—Colourless or yellowish, thin; of pleasant lemon-odour,
and 0:840—0°860 density; boils at 160°-175°.

Oil of Cochlearia officinalis (scurvy grass) =Cg H; SO. Ob-
tained by distillation with water from the herb of Cochlearia
officinalis, C. Danica and C. Anglica.—Possesses the pungently
acrid smell and taste of the green herb in the highest degree; has a
density =0°942.—The so-called Cochlearia stearopten, which forms
in the aqueous and spirituous distillates of the herb, is a substance
erystallising in small iridescent laminae and needles of a faint
odour, but acrid aromatic taste; of 1'248 density; fuses at 45°,
sublimates unaltered, and consists of Cg H, O2 (Cg Hs + 2 HO=
hydrate of allyl).

Oil of Convolvulus scoparius and C. floridus (rosewood).
Obtained by distilling the root and stem with water.—Pale-yellow,
thin, lighter than water; smells of roses and cubebs, a little rancid ;
has a bitter, aromatic taste.

Oil of Coriandrum sativum (coriander)=C29 Hig Og. Ob-
tained by aqueous distillation from the fruits.—Colourless or
yellowish, of the smell and taste of the fruits; neutral; of 0:859-
0-871 density; boils at 150°, but not constantly.

Oil of Corylus Avellana. See HAZELNUT-OIL.

Oil of Crocus sativus. Obtained by distillation with water
from the stigmata.—Yellow, thin, lighter than water, of the
specific odour of saffron; becomes slowly converted into a solid
mass, which sinks in water. [The oil is, according to Rochleder, a
decomposition product of crocin. ]

Oil of Croton Eluteria and C. Sloani (cascarilla). Obtained
by distillation with water from the bark.—Dark yellow; smells of
camphor, lemons, and thyme; has an aromatic, somewhat bitter
taste; of 0'938 density; begins to boil at 180°, the boiling point
rising afterwards. Consists of, at least, two different oils, the more
volatile of which is probably a hydrocarbon.

Oil of Croton Tiglium=Croron Om.

147

Oil of Cucurbita Pepo (pumpkin). Obtained from the seeds
by pressing.—Pale-yellow, thick, inodorous, and tasteless; of 0-923
density; solidifies at — 15°; dries slowly.

Oil of Curcuma longa, Obtained by distillation with water
from the root.—Citron-yellow, thin, of penetrating smell and hot
taste.

Oil of Curcuma Zedoaria (zedoary). Obtained, like the fore-
going, from the tubers.—Pale-yellow, turbid, thick, heavier than
water ; has a peculiar fragrant, camphor-like odour, and a some-
what bitter, hot, camphoraceous taste.

Oil of Cyperus esculentus (earth-nut). Obtained by pressing
the tubers.—Yellow, inodorous, mild; of 0'919 density; solidifies
at 0°; is readily saponified ; hardens with hyponitric acid.

Oil of Dahlia purpurea, Obtained by aqueous distillation
from the tubers.—Yellowish; smells very strongly like the tubers;
has a sweetish, afterwards sub-acrid taste; sinks slowly in water;
becomes thick like butter, somewhat crystalline, and separates
benzoic acid.

[Oil of Daphne Mezereum. Fat-oil obtained by pressing the
fruits.— Yellowish, drying oil of at first sweet, afterwards burning-
sharp and acrid taste, and of 0°8903 density at 15°C. It dissolves
in ether, sulphide of carbon and benzol, less in strong alcohol; does
not solidify at — 16°. It forms with concentrated sulphuric acid a
deep-red, heavy liquid; with concentrated nitric acid a red
mass of a bitter-almond-like odour. It consists, according to A.
Casselmann, of about 107% stearin, palmitin and myristin, and of
90% linolein and olein, with traces of volatile fat acids and
coccognin. |

Oil of Daucus Carota (carrot). Obtained by distilling the root
with water.—Has a peculiar strong, penetrating smell, and a
similar taste, warming and somewhat disagreeable; of 0-886
density.

Oil of Dicypellium caryophyllatum (clove-bark). Obtained
by distilling the bark with water.—Is heavier than water; re-
sembles in odour oil of cloves, and is somewhat similarly consti-
tuted.

Oil of Dryobalanops. See BoRNEEN and BoRNEOL.

Oil of Elais Guineensis, See Paum-ort.

Oil of Elemi=Cz2 Hıs. Obtained by aqueous distillation.—
Colourless, mobile, smells like elemi-resin ; has an acrid taste; of
0°850 density; boils at 166°-174°,

Oil of Elettaria Cardamomum (cardamom). Obtained by
distilling the seeds with water.—Pale-yellow, of the odour and
taste of the seeds, of 0:92-0:94 density; neutral; deposits a stea-

L 2

148

ropten=C2) Ha2 O¢, which is isometric, or identical with hydrate
of oil of turpentine.

[Oil of Eriostemon squameus, Obtained by distilling the
leaves with water.-—Pale-yellow, lighter than water; of a taste and
odour similar to, but milder than, oil of rue. Hep. of Exh. of1862.]

Oil of Excrecaria, See TALLOW, CHINESE.

[Oil of Eucalyptus. Obtained by distillation with water from
the leaves and branchlets of various species of Eucalyptus, especially
E. amygdalina, the first samples of which were exhibited by Baron
F. v. Mueller in 1854, and subsequently in 1862 prepared by Mr.
Johnson, and especially by Mr. J. Bosisto.—The oils, obtained
from different species, often vary very considerably in physical
properties, as will be seen by the following short description of a
few of the oils:—Z. amygdalina: Pale-yellow, thin; of pungent
odour, resembling, but coarser than, lemons ; tastes rather mild,
and cooling, afterwards bitter ; of 0°881 sp. gr. at 15°; boils at
165°-188°; deposits stearopten at — 18°, which melts at — 3°;
becomes resinous at the air. £. oleosa: Thin, mobile, pale-yellow,
of mild taste ; flavour camphoraceous, suggestive of turpentine ;
odour mint-like; sp. gr. =0°911; boils at 161°-177°. £.sideroxylon:
Thin, limpid, very pale-yellow, taste and smell like E. oleosa; sp.
gr.=0°923; boils at 155°-178°. E. goniocalyxz: Pale-yellow; of
pungent, penetrating, rather disagreeable odour; taste exceedingly
unpleasant; sp. gr.=0°918; boils at 152°-175°. E. globulus: Very
pale-yellow, thin; of cajeput-like odour, but of less disagreeable,
more cooling, and mint-like taste; of 0'917 sp. gr.; boils at
149°-177°. E. corymboza: Smells slightly of lemons and roses;
tastes slightly bitter, somewhat camphor-like; colourless; of 0°881
sp. gr. at 15°. #. obliqua: Reddish-yellow, of mild odour and
bitter taste ; of 0'899 sp. gr.; boils at 171°-195°; becomes turbid
at — 18°. E. fissilis: Pale reddish-yellow; smells similar to the pre-
ceding oil; of 0.903 sp. gr.; boils at 177°-196°. EZ. odorata:
Pale-yellowish with a greenish tinge ; smells aromatic; sp. gr.=
0899-922 ; boils between 157° and 199°. EZ. longifolia: Of oily
consistence ; taste aromatic, cooling; odour fragrant, camphor-like ;
of 0-940 sp. gr.; boils at 194°-215°. 4H. rostrata: Pale yellow to
reddish-amber; smells and tastes like E. odorata; of 0:918 sp. gr.;
boils at 137°-181°. #. viminalis: Pale yellowish-green ; of dis-
agreeable, but not penetrating smell; of 0.921 sp. gr.; boils at
159°-182°. All these oils are now manufactured on a large scale
by Mr. J. Bosisto, who, by untiring energy, by expenditure of
capital, and by perseverance, has succeeded in establishing the
Eucalyptus oils amongst the prominent articles of commerce.
(Report of the Exhibition of 1862.)

The Eucalyptus oils dissolve resins, &c., with great ease.
These substances, arranged according to their diminishing solu-

149

bility, form the following series :—Camphor, rosin, mastich,
callitris-sandarac, elemi, sandarac, kaurie-gum, dammara, asphalt,
xanthorrhea-resin, dragon’s-blood, benzoin, copal, amber, anime,
shellac, caoutchouc, beeswax. Gutta-percha is not dissolved.
(Rep. of Exh. of 1862.) According to Cloez, Eucalyptus oil contains
hydrocarbons and a distinct compound, Eucalyptol=Co4 Ha O2,
obtained by repeated fractional distillations. Eucalyptol is a very
mobile, colourless liquid, boiling at 175°, and of 0-905 sp. gr. at 8°.
It rotates polarised light to the right ( [«]= + 10'42°), remains
liquid at — 18°; is little soluble in water, completely in alcohol, the
solution having a rose-like odour when highly diluted. Eucalyptol
is slowly acted upon by nitric acid ; converted into a tarry mass
by concentrated sulphuric acid ; forms, when distilled with phos-
phoric anhydride, Eucalyptin=C2s Hig, a liquid boiling at 165°,
and of 0'836 density. ]

Oil of Eugenia caryophyllus (cloves). Obtained by distilling
the flower-buds and flower-stalks with water. —Colourless, but be-
‚comes coloured by age; of the smell and taste of cloves; of 1:030-
1:060 density. Is a mixture of eugenic acid and a hydrocarbon=
Coo Hie. The latter is obtained by distilling the crude oil with
potash-ley, washing the oily product, desiccating with calcium-
chloride, and rectifying. It is colourless, of great light-refracting
power; smells like oil of turpentine, but dissolves more sparingly
in alcohol; is of 0°910 density; boils at 142° to 151°.

Oil of Euonymus Europeus, Obtained by pressing the
seeds.—Pale-yellow; smells like rape-oil, tastes bitter, afterwards
rancid; has 0°938 density; solidifies at — 12°; yields the bitter
principle to warm water; dissolves with difficulty in alcohol with
an acid reaction. Contains olein, palmitin, acetin, and free benzoic
acid,

Oil of Fagus sylvatica (beech). Obtained by pressing the
seeds.—Yellow, of a mild and pleasant taste; of 0°920 density;
becomes thick and turbid at — 10°, solidifies at — 17°; turns
easily rancid.

Oil of Foeniculum officinale (fennel). Obtained by distilling
the fruits with water.—Pale-yellow; smells and tastes like the
fruit, sweetish and aromatic; solidifies below 10°; is of 0°968
density at 20°; consists of a hydrocarbon isomeric with oil of
turpentine, boiling at 185° to 190°, and of liquid and solid
anethol.

Oil of Galipea Cusparia (angustura). Obtained by distilling
the bark with water.—Pale-yellow; smells peculiarly aromatic,
similar to Ligusticum; tastes at first mild, afterwards acrid; has a
density of 0'934; boils at 266°. Is a mixture of a hydrocarbon
and an oxygenised oil.

150

Oil of Galbanum. Obtained by distilling the gum-resin with
water. —Colourless, of galbanum-odour; of 0:904 density; boils at
160°; is isomeric with oil of turpentine.

Oil of Garcinia, See Brinpoenta TALLow.
Oil of Gaultiera. See SALICYLATE OF METHYL.

Oil of Geum urbanum (avens). Obtained by distilling the
root with water.—Greenish-yellow, of butter-consistence, smells of
cloves.

Oil of Hedwigia balsamifera. Obtained by distillation with
water from the balsam.—Yellow, has a pleasant turpentine-like
odour and a hot taste; is lighter than water.

Oil of Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Obtained by pressing
the seeds.—Pale-yellow, thicker than hempseed oil, of 0:926
density, dries slowly; becomes turbid even at an ordinary tempera-
ture; solidifies completely at — 16°.

Oil of Hesperis matronalis, Obtained by pressing the seeds.
—Greenish, turns brown on keeping; of 0°928 density; almost
inodorous, drying readily; still completely liquid at — 15°.

Oil of Humulus Lupulus (hops)=C29 Hıs, mixed with Cop Hig
+ 2 HO. Obtained by aqueous distillation from the female
flowers. —Colourless or yellowish, thin; smells penetrating-narcotic
of hops; tastes hot, slightly bitter like wild marjoram and thyme;
is neutral, of 0°910 density. The hydrocarbon distils between
125°-175°, the hydrate at 210°.

Oil of Hyoscyamus niger (henbane). Obtained by pressing
the seeds.—Pale green-yellow, rather thin, inodorous, mild, of
0913 density, dissolves scarcely in 60 parts absolute alcohol.

Oil of Hyssopus officinalis (hyssop). Obtained by distilling
the herb with water.—Colourless, of peculiar odour; of acrid,
camphoraceous taste and of neutral reaction; has a density of
0-88-0:98 ; distils between 142° and 162°, the last portion coloured ;
is a mixture of at least two different oils.

Oil of Tatropha Curcas, From the pressed seeds, called physic-
nuts.—Colourless, inodorous, mild, of 0°91 density, congeals at — 8°
butter-like; dissolves scarcely in alcohol; contains the glycerids of
ricinoleic and isocetie acids.

Oil of Ilicium anisatum (star-anise). Obtained by distilling
the capsules with water.—Yellowish, of a sweetly aromatic smell
and taste, of 0-976 density at 20°; separates cold a stearopten
consisting of anethol.

Oil of Mlipe. See Garam BUTTER.
Oil of Iris, See Irıs STEAROPTEN.
Oil of Irvingia, See Dica Far.

151

Oil of Juglans regia. See WALnuT Ott.

Oil of Juniperus communis=C2 His. Obtained by distil-
ling the berry-like fruits with water.—Colourless or yellowish,
smells strongly of the fruits; of 0°847—-0°870 density ; dissolves little
in alcohol. The oil of the ripe fruits boils at 205°; deposits on
keeping or in a cold place a stearopten, which is heavier than
water. The oil of the unripe fruits contains a more volatile oil,
boiling at 155°, and another boiling at 205°, like the oil of the ripe
ones.

Oil of Juniperus Sabina (savin)=C2 Hig. Obtained by dis-
tilling the branchlets with water.—Colourless, of a strong taste
and smell of the shrub, of 0:89-0°94 density; boils at 155°-161°.

Oil of Juniperus vireiniana (pencil or red cedar). Obtained
by distilling the wood with water.—A soft, white, crystalline mass
of a peculiar aromatic smell; solidifies at 27° after desiccation,
distils on the main at 282°.—Mixture of a liquid hydrocarbon and
an oxygenised stearopten. The hydrocarbon, Cedren=C39 Hay, is
obtained by pressing the crude oil and rectifying the liquid
portion, when cedren passes over at 264°-268°, and is re-distilled
with metallic potassium. It is now colourless, of 0°948 density,
and boils at 237°. The cedar-stearopten forms white needles of
satin-lustre, and fuses at 79°.

Oil of Laurus nobilis= Bay Om.

Oil of Lavandula (lavender). Obtained by aqueous distilla-
tion from the flowers of L. Steechas, L. angustifolia, and L. lati-
folia.— Pale-yellow, thin, of a pleasant smell of the flowers; has a
burning, bitter, aromatic, acrid taste; is neutral, of 0°876—0°880
density, boils at 185°-188°, dissolves readily in alcohol. Its com-
position is Cz) Hag O4, but it consists of two portions, a liquid
and a solid one, the latter being identical with common camphor.—
The oil, distilled from the stalks and leaves or from the whole
herb, is called oil of Spike. It smells not so pleasant as oil of
Lavender, has a greater density and contains more stearopten.

Oil of Ledum palustre (wild rosemary). Obtained by distil-
lation with water.—Consists in the main of a hydrocarbon= C9 Hie,
and of an oxygenised oil. It has, fresh, the composition Co H¢3 O5.
From the oil soon a stearopten crystallises, which forms colourless,
fine prisms of a faint odour of the herb, and somewhat similar to
roses and turpentime; of a warming, aromatic taste; fuses with
a gentle heat, sublimates at a higher temperature, and contains a
hydrocarbon= Co) Hyg, and its hydrate=5C 9 Hg + 3HO.

Oil of Lepidium sativum (cress). Obtained by pressing the
seeds. — Brown-yellow, of specific taste and odour, of 0'924
density; becomes thick and turbid at — 6°, solid at — 15°; dries
slowly.

152

Oil of Linum, See Linseed OıL.
Oil of Lucuma, See SuHea BUTTER.

Oil of Lycopus Europeus. Obtained from the herb by dis-
tillation with water.—Green, butter-like; smells like the herb; has
an acrid taste.

Oil of Madia sativa, Obtained by pressing the seeds.— Deep-
yellow, thick, mild, of 0-935 density; solidifies at — 10° to — 17°;
dries slowly.

Oil of Matricaria Chamomilla (German chamomile). Ob-
tained from the flowers by distillation with water.—Dark-blue,
thick, smells strongly of the flowers, tastes aromatic hot, is lighter

than water. Has nearly the same composition as common cam-
phor=Cy% Hıs O2.

| According to Kachler it contains caprie acid, an oil isomeric
or polymeric with common camphor, and boiling at 150°-165°;
another oil of the same composition, deep-blue, of 281°-289°
boiling point, and identical with blue oil of galbanum (of 281°
boiling point); also a small quantity of hydrocarbon=C% Hıe-
The distilled water contains, besides, propionic acid. |

Oil of Melaleuca (cajeput). Obtained by aqueous distillation
from the foliage and branchlets of different species, especially M.
Leucodendron.—Pale-green, rectified colourless, of a penetrating
camphoraceous smell and burning taste, of 0°91—-0:94 density;
boils at 175°; dissolves readily in alcohol.

[M. ericifolia, Pale-yellow, taste and smell like cajeput-oil ;
thin, of 0°899-0:902 density, boils at 149°-184°.—M. Wilsonii.
Resembles cajeput-oil; of 0-925 density.—M. parviflora. Of oily
consistence and amber colour, 0°938 density; boils at 185°-209°;
resembles the foregoing.—M. uncinata. Green, smells like M.
ericifolia with an admixture of peppermint.—M. genistifolia.
Pale greenish-yellow, mild in odour and taste —M. squarrosa.
Green, of disagreeable taste—J/. linarifolia. Light straw-
coloured, mobile; of rather pleasant, cajeput-like odour; taste very
agreeable, suggestive of mace, afterwards mint-like; of 0-903
density; boils at 175°-187°.—Rep. of Exh. of 1862.]

Oil of Melissa officinalis (balm). Obtained from the whole herb
by aqueous distillation.—Pale-yellow, thin, of a pleasant lemon-
like smell and of 0:85-0:92 density.

Oil of Mentha, Obtained by distilling the herb with water.-—
M. piperita (peppermint): Colourless, yellowish or greenish-
yellow, of peculiar odour and burning, camphoraceous, then cooling
taste; of 0°84—0-92 density ; boils at 188°-193°; dissolves readily
in alcohol.—M. Pulegium (penny-royal)=Co Hig O2. Of 0°927
density; boils at 183°-188°.—M. viridis (spearmint): Of 0°91-

153

0:93 density; after the stearopten has been removed by rectifica-
tion, of 0'876 density; boils rather constantly at 160°. [Glad-
stone found in the crude oil a hydrocarbon almost identical with
oil of turpentine, mixed with an oxydised oil=Co9 Hy, O2, which
is isomeric with carvol, of 0°951 density, 225° boiling point, and
bearer of the peculiar smell of the plant.—M. australis: Like
peppermint-oil of second quality.—MZ. gracilis: Odour between
peppermint and penny-royal; of 0-914 density. —M. laxiflora: Of
coarse smell; of fiery, bitter, very unpleasant, nauseous taste ; of

0:924 density.—Rep. of Exh. of 1862. |

Oil of Mercurialis annua, Obtained from the (dried) herb
by distillation with water.—Of a thickish consistence. The green
herb is said to yield no oil.

Oil of Moringa oleifera (ben). Fat-oil of the seeds.—Pale-
yellowish, of 0-912 density ; fluid at 25°, thick at 15°, solid at lower
temperatures; inodorous, of a pleasant mild taste (according to
others, acrid and bitter); saponifies slowly ; contains a peculiar,
solid fat-acid, Benic acid=Cy, Has O4.—The oil of M. aptera
contains a .peculiar but liquid fat-acid, Moringic acid, which
scarcely differs from oleic acid.

Oil of Myrica, See Myrica Wax.

Oil of Myrica Gale (gale). Obtained by distilling the leaves with
water.—Brownish-yellow, at 12° thickish ; of a peculiar, pleasant,
balsamic odour ; tastes at first mild, afterwards hot, and lastingly
styptic; is of neutral reaction, of 0°876 density ; dissolves in 40
parts alcohol of 0.875.

Oil of Myristica fragrans, Obtained by distillation with
water.—(a) From mace, the covering of the seeds; yellowish, thin,
smells strongly like mace, of a burning aromatic taste ; separates
no solid at — 12°, begins to boil at 160°, the temperature slowly
rising to 180°. The composition of the oil is 30%, Hig + HO, the
more volatile portion being a hydrocarbon of thyme-like odour,
0-853 density.---(b) From the seeds (nutmegs). Nearly colourless,
thin, of a strong smell and taste of the seeds, neutral; yields no
sediment, even at — 7°; is of 0:850 density; commences to boil at
160°, the temperature rising slowly beyond 200°. Its composition
is exactly like oil of mace.

Oil of Myrrh=Cy Hy, Os. Obtained by distillation with
water. Pale-yellow, thickish, of the taste and smell of myrrh ;
lighter than water ; of acid reaction.

Oil of Myrtus communis (myrtle). Obtained from the leaves,
flowers, and fresh fruits by aqueous distillation.—Yellowish or
greenish yellow, lighter than water.

154

Oil of Narcissus Jonquilla (jonquil). Extracted from the
flowers by ether.—Yellow, of butter consistence, of pleasant smell
of the flowers.

[Oil of Nasturtium officinale. Obtained by distillation.— Boils.
between 120-280°. Consists in the main of Cyg Hg N, which boils
at 253°3°, and is of 1:0014 sp. gr. at 18°.—Horruan.]

Oil ot Nicotiana Tabacum (tobacco). Fixed oil of the seeds.—
Gold-yellow, inodorous, mild, of 0°917 density, liquid even at
— 15°; dissolves in 168 parts alcohol of 93 7; saponifies easily; is.
not drying. See also NICOTIANIN.

Oil of Nigella sativa, Obtained by distilling the seeds with
water.—Colourless, with a bluish fluorescence ; lighter than water,
smells like a mixture of fennel and oil of bitter almonds.

Oil of (Enanthe Phellandrium, Essential oil of the fruits.—
Yellow or brownish, thin; smells and tastes penetrating, similar to-
the fruit ; is of 0°852 density, and neutral reaction.

Oil of Olea Europea=Otive Or.

Oil of Olibanum, Obtained by aqueousdistillation.— Yellowish,
thin ; smells turpentine-like, but pleasanter; of 0°866 density ;
boils at 162°; consists of two oils, one of which contains oxygen,
the other being a hydrocarbon = C29 Hie-

Oil of Origanum Majorana (sweet marjoram). Obtained from
the herb by aqueous distillation.— Yellow-green, of a lighter hue
after rectification; of a penetrating odour of the herb; of a warm-
ing, acrid, slightly bitter taste; of sub-acid reaction and 0°89
density; boils almost constantly at 163°; forms by age or intense
cold a stearopten=Cy4 Hı5 O5.

Oil of Origanum vulgare (wild marjoram)=C59 Hy O. Ob-
tained like the preceding.—Pale or brown-yellow, smells strongly
of the herb, has an acrid aromatic taste, is neutral, of 0-86-90
density; forms a stearopten on keeping.

Oil of Osmitopsis asteriscoides = C2) His O2. Obtained
from the flowers by aqueous distillation.—Yellowish, rectified
colourless, thin; smells penetrating, unpleasant of camphor and
cajeput; has a burning, rancid taste; dissolves readily in alcohol ;
has a density of 0°921; boils at 178°.

Oil of Papaver somniferum (poppy). Fixed oil of the seeds.
—Gold-yellow, thin, has a slightly acrid taste and a density of
0-924; solidifies at — 18°; dries at the air more readily than linseed
oil; dissolves in 25 parts cold and in 6 parts hot alcohol; saponifies
easily.

[Oil of Pastinaca sativa. Obtained from the fruits of aqueous
distillation.—Colourless, clear, of not unpleasant odour and

155

aromatic taste, of neutral reaction and 0'8672 density at 175°;
consists for the greater part of butyrate of octyl (capryl). Von
RENESSE. |

Oil of Pelargonium, Obtained by aqueous distillation from the
leaves and flowers of P. odoratissimum, P. Radula and P. capi-
tatum.—Colourless, of thick fluidity and roselike odour, becomes
turbid at 0°. Consists of pelargonic acid and a neutral oil.

Oil of Pencedanum. Obtained by aqueous distillation.—(a)
From the herb of P. Oreoselinum : Of a strong, aromatic, juniper-
like odour and 0'840 density; boils at 163°; hydrocarbon=
Ca, Hig.—(6) From the root of P. Ostruthium : Colourless or
pale-yellow, thin, of penetrating odour; of a warm, camphoraceous
taste similar to oil of carrots. Is a mixture of various hydrates of

a hydrocarbon = Cop Hie-

Oil of Philadelphus coronarius. Obtained from the flowers
by extraction with ether.—Gold-yellow, in large quantities nar-
cotic; of a delicious odour when diffused.

Oil of Pimenta officinalis (allspice). Obtained from the
fruits by aqueous distillation. Greatly resembles oil of cloves; has
also a similar constitution; of 1:030 density.

Oil of Pimpinella, Obtained by distillation with water.—(q)
From the fruits of P. Aniswm (anis): Colourless or yellowish,
possessing in a high degree the odour and the sweetish aromatic
taste of the fruits; liquefies at 17°; has at 20° a density of 0-977;
dissolves readily in alcohol; contains variable quantities of an
eleopten and a stearopten, of the latter 25% to 80%. As for
constitution, see Anethol.—(b) From the root of Pimpinella
nigra: Light-blue, lighter than water, of a less penetrating odour
than the following oil; of a burning taste of the root, afterwards
irritating the throat.—(e): From the root of P. saaifraga (pim-
pernel) ; gold-yellow, thin, lighter than water, resembles in
smell parsley-fruits; has a nauseous, bitter, afterwards rancid
taste.

Oil of Pinus. The volatile oil (oil of turpentine =C2) His)
pervades all parts of the numerous species of the above genus,
and is mostly obtained from the resinous exudations by distil-
lation with water. It is colourless, thin, of 0°850-0-880 density,
boils at 150°-160°; has a strong, specific smell and taste; dissolves
only by traces in water, sparingly in alcohol, readily in ether; is
converted by hydrochloric gas into two compounds, a solid and a
liquid one.

The fat-oils of Pinus are obtained by pressing the seeds. (a)
From P. Abies: Brown-yellow, of turpentine-like smell and taste,
and 0-928 density; remains liquid at — 15°.—(6) From P. Picea:
Brown-yellow; of pleasant, balsamic odour and mild, aromatic

156

taste; of 0'926 density. Is a mixture of resin, a volatile and a
fat-oil, the latter more slowly drying and more readily soluble in
absolute alcohol, than other drying oils.—(c) From P. sylvestris:
Brown-yellow, of turpentine-like taste and smell, and of 0-931
density ; becomes thicker at — 16°, at — 27° whitish and turbid, at
— 30° solid; dries readily.

Oil of Pinus Sabiniana= ABIETEN.

Oil of Piper Cubeba, Obtained from the fruits (cubebs) by
aqueous distillation.—Colourless, thick; the portion which distils
last in rectifying almost of butter-consistence; has a density of
0-936; distils mostly at 250°-260°; has a faint aromatic odour, and
a warming taste like camphor and peppermint; is of neutral
reaction, and consists of a liquid hydrocarbon and an oxygenised
stearopten. The hydrocarbon, Cubeben=Cz9 Hog, distils first, is
less thick than the crude oil, and has a density of 0:919.—The
stearopten=Cz9 Hog O2, is obtained by cold pressing and re-
crystallising from alcohol. It forms colourless, klinorhombie
prisms of glass-lustre; smells faintly like cubebs; tastes hot, after-
wards cooling; is of neutral reaction; liquefies at 69° to an oil of
0:926 density; boils at 150°; sublimates unchanged in small
quantities ; dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, oils, and acetic acid,
not in alkalies.

Oil of Piper angustifolium (matico). Obtained by distillation
from the leaves.—Pale-green, somewhat thick, of a strong, cam-
phoraceous smell and taste; is, when long kept, heavier than water,
becomes thicker, and at last crystalline.

Oil of Piper nigrum (pepper) = C29 His. Obtained from the
fruits by distilling with water.—Colourless, thin, of a hot peppery
taste and smell, and 0-864 density; boils at 167°5° to 170°.

[Oil of Pittosporum undulatum, Obtained from the flowers
by distillation.—Limpid, colourless, lighter than water; of an
exceedingly agreeable, jasmine-like odour; taste disagreeably hot
and bitter, slightly reminding of turpentine and rue.—Rep. of

Exh. of 1862.]

Oil of Populus (poplar). Obtained by aqueous distillation from
the leaf-buds of P. nigra and other species.—Colourless, lighter
than water ; of pleasant, balsamic odour.

Oil of Primula Auricula, ‚See PRIMROSE-STEAROPTEN.

[Oil of Prostanthera, Obtained from the leaves by aqueous
distillation. —P. Lasianthos: Greenish-yellow, of mint-like odour
and taste, and 0:912 density.—P. rotundifolia: Of darker colour
and 0.941 density, otherwise resembling the foregoing oil.— Rep. of
Esch. of 1862.]

157

Oil of Prunus Amyegdalus, The fat-oil (almond-oil) is
obtained by pressing the seeds.—Yellowish, mild, thinner than
olive-oil; of 0'920 density; becomes thickish at — 10°, at — 16°
white and at —- 21° of butter-consistence; contains more olein than
olive-oil; dissolves in 25 parts cold and in 6 parts hot alcohol, in
any quantity of ether; does not dry.

The volatile oil, Oil of Bitter Almonds=C}4 Hg O2, does not
exist ready formed, but is produced from amygdalin, when in con-
tact with water and emulsin, together with hydrocyanic acid. Of
plants, yielding those two products, many are known in the order
of Rosacex (see Amygdalin). The oil, obtained by distillation, is
freed from hydrocyanice acid by shaking with potash-ley or
hydrated iron-suboxyd and water or mercury-oxyd and water;
then poured off and rectified.—A_ colourless, thin oil of peculiar
obour and burning aromatic taste; of 1'043 density; boils at
180°; dissolves in 30 parts water, readily in alcohol and ether; is,
by keeping at the air, converted into benzoic acid; solidifies under
the influence of ammonia slowly to a crystalline mass (hydro-
benzamid).

Oil of Quercus, Obtained by distilling the fruit (acorns) of
Q. robur with water.—Of butter-consistence and peculiar, strong
smell; lighter than water.

Oil of Reseda luteola, Obtained by pressing the seeds.—
Dark-green, thin, of nauseous taste and smell; of 0-935 density;
remains liquid at — 15°; dries readily.

Oil of Reseda odorata, Obtained from the flowers by ex-
traction with ether.—Is yellowish, thickish through the admixture
of wax; lighter than water; of a most pleasant odour.

Oil of Ricinus=CastTor Or.

Oil of Rosa. Obtained by aqueous distillation from. the
flowers of various roses, especially from R. centifolia, R. Damas-
cena, R. Indica, R. moschata, and R. sempervirens.—Colourless, at
11°-16° of lamellar-erystalline appearance, fuses at 20° to 30°, has
a fragrant rose-odour and a mild, somewhat sweetish flavour; is of
0:870 density at 18°, and boils at 227°. It is a mixture of an
inodorous stearopten=Cıs Hıs, fusing at 32° to 35°, distilling un-
decomposed at 280°-300°, and an oxygenised el®opten, which is
the odoriferous principle. [According to R. Baur, the eleopten is
convertible into the stearopten by treating with zinc, hydrochloric
acid, and alcohol. |

Oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). Obtained from the
leaves and flowers by aqueous distillation.—Colourless or yellow-
ish, tastes and smells of the herb, somewhat camphorlike; of
0°886-0:933 density; dissolves readily in alcohol. It is a

158

mixture of hydrocarbon, isomeric with oil of turpentine, and an
oxygenised oil.

Oil of Rubus Idacus, See RASPBERRY-STEAROPTEN.

Oil of Ruta graveolens (rue). Obtained from the whole
plant by distillation as usual. — Colourless, has a strong smell
and taste of the herb, is of 0'831 density, congeals at — 1° to
2° completely to a mass of lamine, boils at 228°-230°. Is in the
main capryl aldehyd=C29 Ha O2.

Oil of Sagapenum, By distilling the resin with water.—
Thin, yellow, lighter than water; fresh of a nauseous, garlic-like
odour, assuming by and by the smell of turpentine; yields, on
drying, a translucid varnish; dissolves readily in alcohol.

Oil of Salvia officinalis (sage). Obtained from the herb
by aqueous distillation.—Greenish-yellow, has the smell and taste
of the herb; is of 0°864 density; boils between 130° and 160°,
Is a mixture of several oxygenised oils, also of a stearopten,
which forms spontaneously on keeping.

Oil of Sambucus nigra (elder). Obtained from the flowers by
distillation.—Light-yellow, thin or of butter-consistence, smells
strongly of the flowers; has a bitter, burning, afterwards cooling
taste; is lighter than water.

Oil of Sassafras officinalis=Cis Hıo O2. Obtained from the
root by distillation with water.—Brownish-yellow ; of a fennel-like
smell and taste, and 1:09 density ; boils between 115° to 228°.
[Consists, according to Grimaux and Ruotte, of Safren = C29 Hyg,
Safrol = Co Hıo O4, and a very small amount of a phenol. Safren
boils at 155°-157°, is dextro-rotating (+174° for 10 centimeters),
and has at 0° a density of 0°8345. Safrol is optically inactive, of
11141 density at 0°, and boils at 231°-233°. It must be distilled
in a current of hydrogen gas. |

Oil of Sesamum orientale (sesamé). Obtained by pressing
the seeds.—Light-yellow, inodorous, mild, of 0°919 density at 23°,
congeals at — 5°. Sesame oil, either pure or mixed with oils of
almond or olive, assumes a beautiful transient green colour, when
agitated with a mixture of one-half volume of nitric and one-half
volume of sulphuric acid.

Oil of Spiraea Ulmaria (meadow-sweet)=C29 Hig O4. Ob-
tained from the flowers by aqueous distillation. The erude oil
contains also salicylous acid and a stearopten, from both of which
it is purified by agitating with potash-ley and subsequent rectifi-
cation. —Colourless, lighter than water, similar in smell to salicylous
acid, of a slightly burning taste, partly solidifying by cold; readily
dissolving in alcohol.

Oil of Storax. See STYROL.

159

Oil of Syringa vulgaris (lilac). Extracted from the flowers
by ether.—Amber-yellow, smells similar to the flowers; deposits on
keeping a hard, wax-like substance.

Oil of Tanacetum vulgare (tansy). Distilled with water from
the herb and flowers.—Yellow, thin, of the specific odour of the
plant, lighter than water.

Oil of Teucrium Marum, See MARUM-CAMPHOR.

Oil of Thea Chinensis (tea). Obtained by distilling Chinese
tea with water, shaking the turbid distillate with ether, pouring
the ethereous solution off, and evaporating.—Lemon-yellow,
lighter than water, solidifies on keeping, is of a strongly narcotic
tea-like odour and a similar taste, but without any astringency.

Oil of Theobroma, See Cacao-rat.

Oil of Thuya occidentalis, Distilled from the green parts by
water.—Colourless to greenish-yellow, of 0°925 density and cam-
phoraceous smell and taste, boils at 190°, and for the greater part
at 193°-197°; dissolves readily in alcohol. Is a mixture of at
least two oxygenised oils.

Oil of Thymus Serpillum, Obtained by distiilation with
water.—Gold-yellow; of a pleasant odour of lemon and thyme, and
‚of an aromatic, somewhat bitter taste ; of 0°89-0-91 density.

Oil of Tilia Europea, Distilled hy water from the flowers.—
‘Colourless or yellowish, lighter than water, smells strongly and
pleasantly of the fresh flowers, has a sweetish taste; dissolves
readily in alcohol.

Oil of Tropacotum majus. Obtained by distilling the fruits
with water.—Yellow, heavier than water ; of a peculiar, strongly
aromatic odour and acrid, burning taste; inflames the skin even
more than mustard-oil; boils at 120°-130°; contains sulphur.
[Contains, according to A. W. Hofmann, as chief constituent on
ol=Cj Hy, N, of aromatic odour, colourless, of 1:0146 density
at 18°; boils at 226°. The same compound also occurs in the
ethereal oil of Lepidium sativum, obtained from the herb, the
aqueous distillate of which requires agitating with benzol, in order
to deliver up the oil. |

Oil of Turpentine, See OıL oF Pinus.

Oil of Valeriana officinalis, Distilled from the root by water.
— Thin, yellowish, neutral; smells of the dried root; is of 0-90-0-96
density; dissolves readily in alcohol. It is a mixture of valerol
(70%)=Ciz Hio O2, valeren or borneen=Cy 9 His, borneol =
Coo Hig Os, and valerianic acid.

Oil of Vitis vinifera, Obtained by pressing the seeds (raisin-
stones).—Colourless or yellowish, almost devoid of smell; has a

160

sweetish, aromatic taste; of 0'920 density; solidifies to butter-
consistence at — 11°; turns readily rancid, yellow, and thick at the
air; yields very soft soaps. [Contains, according to Fritz, mainly
erucic, also stearic and palmitic acids as glycerids. |

[Oil of Zieria Smithii, Distilled from the leaves by water.—
Pale-yellow, of the taste and odour of rue; of 0'950 density.
—Rep. of Exh. of 1862.]

Oil of Zingiber officinale (ginger) = C2) Hig+ HO. Obtained
from the tubers by aqueous distillation.— Yellowish, very thin,
smells strongly of ginger, tastes burning-aromatic; has a density of

0°893; boils at 246°.

Oleandrin. Alkaloid of the leaves and branches of Nerium
Oleander, accompanied by another alkaloid named Pseudo-curarin.
To prepare it, precipitate the concentrated aqueous decoction
exactly with tannic acid, treat the deposit, after washing with a
little cold water, for a short time only with an aqueous solution of
tannic acid. Tannate of pseudo-curarin is hereby dissolved, and
the tannate of Oleandrin remains. The latter, after dissolving in
ether, is treated with hydrate of lime, in order to remove tannic
acid and chlorophyll, and the filtrate is allowed to evaporate spon-
taneously.—Slightly yellowish, resin-like; very bitter, slightly
soluble in water, readily so in alcohol and in ether, forms with
acids uncrystallisable salts; is precipitable by chloride of gold and
by chloride of platinum. It acts as a poison.

Oleic Acid=Csg Hs; O3 + HO. Contained as tri-olein in most
of the (non-drying) liquid and solid fats. Saponify for instance
oil of almonds or olive-oil with soda-ley, decompose the soap with
hydrochloric acid, digest the separated fat-acids for several hours
at 100° with lead-oxyd and treat the product with ether, the latter
dissolving the Oleate of lead, while leaving behind the compounds
of lead with the solid fat-acids. The ethereous solution, when
agitated with an excess of aqueous hydrochloric acid, throws down
chloride of lead, which sinks to the bottom of the lower aqueous
fluid, while the Oleic acid remains with the ether and is obtained
after the evaporation of the solvent, though contaminated by the
products of oxydation and by dyeing matters. To remove these,
allow the acid to solidify at — 6° to 7° and press between blotting
paper, which absorbs the impurities.—Forms beautiful, snow-white
needles, inodorous and tasteless; has a neutral reaction even when
unchanged and dissolved in alcohol; fuses at 14°, congeals at 4° to
a hard crystalline mass, is of 0-898 density at 15°, evaporates in a
vacuum without decomposition, becomes brown above 100° and
decomposes more and more; is in the solid state unalterable at
the air, but absorbs, when liquid, much oxygen and turns rancid;
is insoluble in water and mixes with alcohol and ether in every

161

proportion. The Oleates are soft, frequently oily, or readily
fusible to an oil; they dissolve more readily in alcohol, and
especially in ether, than in water. The Oleic acid forms a solid
mass with hyponitric acid.

Olein (Tri-olein)=Cjog Hio, O72 =Cg Hs O3 + 3 C36 Hag Os.
Forms the main ingredient of the non-drying oils, and is in less
quantity contained also in solid fats. Expose any fixed oil of
this kind to a temperature of — 5°, press, treat the liquid portion
again toa temperature of — 10°, and press again, removing the solid
part.—Neutral oil, inodorous, of mild taste, and of 0-914 density ;
remains liquid below — 10°; volatilizes in a vacuum, undecomposed,
and partly at ordinary temperature; dissolves very little in
alcohol, copiously in ether, is more readily saponified than the
drying oils and the solid fats; becomes rancid at the air, and of a
thicker consistence in thin layers, but not dry. Is solidified by
hyponitric acid.

Olibanum, Gum-resinous exudation of Boswellia Carterii.—
Yellowish or brownish grains, on the surface of a mealy appear-
ance, of a faint aromatic smell, which becomes stronger on
warming, of an aromatic, somewhat acrid, bitter taste ; contains
56% resin, 317 gum, 67/, bassorin, and 57% ‘volatile oil. "The resin
is reddish ‘yellow, brittle, tasteless, softens at 100°, but fuses only
at a much higher temperature, oat consists of Ca H32 Og.

Olivamarin, Bitter ingredient of all parts of Olea Europea,
occurring especially in the leaves, and still more in the unma-
tured fruits, but as yet only known as extract.

Olive Oil, Obtained by pressing the succulent part of the
fruit of Olea Europzea.—Greenish yellow, of mild and pleasant
taste, and of 0'916 density ; congeals partly at 10° to granules, at
0° completely ; dissolves very little in wood spirit and alcohol.
Consists in the main of 307/, palmitin, and of 70% olein.

Olivil = C23 Hig O19 + 2 HO. In the gum of the olive-tree,
associated with resin and with a little benzoic acid. Treat the gum
with ether, which dissolves the resin; boil the residue with alcohol
of 36° B. ; filter hot and let cool. A crystalline pulp is obtained,
which has to be washed with cold alcohol, and recrystallised in
boiling alcohol—Forms colourless crystals, inodorous, of a bitter-
sweet and slightly aromatic taste, neutral, fuses at 120°, losing its
water ; decomposes in a higher temperature ; dissolves little in
cold, in 32 parts boiling water, readily in alcohol, wood spirit, and
concentrated acetic acid, little in ether and oils ; turns blood-red
with concentrated sulphuric acid, and becomes later carbonized ;
is not altered by diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acids.

Onocerin=C2, Hoo O2. Im the root of Ononis spinosa.
Evaporate the alcoholic tincture of the root to the consistence of
M

162

syrup, press the crystals which will have formed after a few days;
wash with cold water, and re-crystallise with aid of animal char-
coal.—Small, delicate, very voluminous crystals of a beautiful
satin-lustre ; inodorous and tasteless, highly electrified by friction,
neutral, fusible, insoluble in water, soluble in boiling alcohol, very
little so in ether, readily in warm oil of turpentine ; unaffected by
alkalies and hydrochloric acid.

Ononid = Cs; He. Oy. Bitter-sweet substance of the dried
root of Ononis spinosa, perhaps formed on drying from glycyrr-
hizin, Precipitate the aqueous decoction with diluted sulphuric
acid; wash the brown flocks with cold water, dry, dissolve in
absolute alcohol, evaporate the solution to dryness, and repeat
dissolving and evaporating until the remnant is perfectly soluble
in absolute alcohol.—Dark-yellow, amorphous, brittle mass of at
first bitter, afterwards lasting sweet taste; has an acid reaction;
fuses by heat and becomes decomposed ; dissolves in water and
alcohol ; is precipitable by metallic salts,

Ononin=Ceg H3s Og. Crystalline substance of the root of
Ononis spinosa. Precipitate the decoction with acetate of lead;
impregnate the filtrate with sulphuret of hydrogen; wash the
deposit, consisting of sulphide of lead and of Ononin, dry, boil
with alcohol, and recrystallise the Ononin which has been dis-
solved out, with aid of animal charcoal. — Forms colourless,
quadrangular needles or leaflets, odorous and tasteless; fuses at
235°, is decomposed by more heat; is insoluble in cold, little soluble
in boiling water, sparingly in strong alcohol, almost insoluble in
ether ; dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid, with red-yellow
colour, passing to cherry-red; separates, on boiling with diluted
acids, into sugar and Formonetin (formate of Ononetin=Cy¢ Hig
Oo + C2 HOs), the latter separating in a crystalline form; by
boiling with alkalies or with alkaline earths formic acid is formed
and crystalline Onospin=C;s Hs Oos. Formonetin is tasteless,
Onospin nearly so.

[Ophelic Acid=C2¢ Hz On. Discovered by Hoehn in the
root and herb of Ophelia Chirata. Prepared by extracting the
pulverised herb with alcohol of 60%, &c.— A deliquescent, syrupy,
yellowish-brown substance, of at first slightly acid, afterwards
intensely and lastingly bitter taste, of gentian-like odour, espe-
cially on warming ; dissolves in water, alcohol, and ether; reduces
alkaline copper and silver solutions; becomes darker by alkalies,
reddish-yellow by chloride of iron, dirty green by sulphate of
copper, yellow by neutral and basic acetates of lead; yields with
acids amorphous combinations. |

Opian=Narcorin.

163

Opianin=Ces Has Nz Oo. In opium, but as yet only found
in the Egyptian kind. Draw out with water, precipitate the
liquid with ammonia, wash the deposit (mixture of morphin and
Opianin) with water and alcohol, dry, dissolve in hot alcohol, de-
colourise by means of animal charcoal, and leave to crystallise,
when the Opianin will separate first.—Forms colourless, klino-
rhombic crystals, inodorous, of a strong and lasting bitter taste
when dissolved in alcohol; of strongly alkaline reaction; remains
unaltered up to 100°, is decomposed by more heat ; is insoluble in
water, slightly soluble in boiling alcohol, in sulphuric acid, con-
taining nitric acid, with blood-red colour. Is believed by some to
be identical with narcotin.

Opianyl = Meconin.

[Opium Alkaloids, C. Hesse describes some new bases ob-
tained in the following manner :—The aqueous extract of opium
is precipitated by excess of soda or lime, and shaken with ether.
From the latter the bases are removed by acetic acid; the acid
solution is slowly added to a moderately diluted potash or soda
ley; after 24 hours the precipitate is filtered off, and the filtrate,
after being acidified by hydrochloric acid, is again supersaturated
with ammonia. The liquid, together with the precipitate, is
treated with chloroform, the latter solution with acetic acid, and
the acid solution with ammonia, which produces a precipitate con-
taining Lanthopin=C4g Hz; NOg. After 24 hours the liquid is
added to potash-ley, and becomes turbid by Codein, which is re-
moved by ether. The solution contains yet Meconidin, Codamin,
Laudanin, and the base X, all of which pass into the ether on
addition of chloride of ammonium. Onevaporating the ethereous
solution as slowly as possible, Zaudanin=Cy Ho; NO«, erystal-
lises first. After washing the mother-ley with bicarbonate of
soda under addition of ether, Codamin = C33 Ha; NO«, erystal-
lises. The yet remaining Meconidin = Cy Ha; NOg is separated
from the base X by acidifying the mother-ley and saturating with
chloride of sodium ; the precipitate is dissolved in weak acetic
acid, and thrown down again by chloride of sodium. The pre-
cipitate is dissolved in water, mixed with bicarbonate of soda,
shaken with ether, and decolourised by animal charcoal. On
evaporating the ether, the Meconidin remains as a yellowish
amorphous mass. |

Opobalsamum siceum=Toru Batsam.
Opobalsamum verum=Mecca Basan.

Opoponax, Gum-resinous exudation of Opopanax Chironium-
From red-yellow to nearly white, opaque, of a disagreeable
balsamic odour, and of a bitter and acrid taste. Contains 42%
resin, and besides, gum, caoutchouc, wax, and volatile oil. The

M 2

164

resin is red-yellow, fuses at 50°, dissolves in alcohol, ether, and
alkalies, and has the formula Cy Ha; O14.

Orcin=Cy, Hs O4 +2 HO. Peculiar, sweet substance; occurs in
Lecanora, Roccella, and Variolaria, lichens used for the preparatio
of archil and litmus. To obtain it, draw out with alcohol, evapo-
rate the solution, keep cold, pour off from the resin which will
have formed, evaporate the liquid to honey-consistence, draw out
with water, evaporate the aqueous solution to the consistence of
syrup, keep cold, and purify the crystals which will have formed,
by recrystallising—Forms colourless crystals, which become
anhydrous when dried in a vacuum and recrystallised in anhy-
drous ether; of a very sweet but disagreeable taste, of neutral
reaction ; fuses with a gentle heat, losing its water; boils at about
280°, and distils undecomposed; dissolves most readily in water,
alcohol and in ether. The aqueous solution yields, with chloride
of iron, a dark-red precipitate, from which the Orcin is dissolved
by ammonia ; sub-acetate of lead gives a white precipitate, turning
quickly red at the air. The solution, mixed with a little ammonia,
becomes slowly brown-red when exposed to the air, under forma-
tion of Orcem=Cy, H; NOg. Nitrate of silver, chloride of
mercury and sulphate of copper produce no precipitates with
Orcin. When mixed with nitrate of silver, and afterwards with
ammonia, a flocky precipitate is formed; on boiling the silver is
deposited as a mirror, and the liquid turns red.

Oreoselon, See PEUCEDANIN.
Otoba-fat, from Myristica Otoba, is similar to nutmeg-balsam.

Oxalic Acid=C2 O; + HO + 2 eq. water. It occurs as an
acid Oxalate of alkalies in the stalks and leaves of Oxalidee,
Polygonex, and Chenopodex, and is widely distributed as Oxa-
late of lime, especially in roots and woods. The Oxalate of lime,
being insoluble in water and in vegetable acids (acetic acid, &e.),
does not pass into the aqueous vegetable extract. Oxalic acid was
formerly produced from species of Oxalis and Rumex, these herbs
containing a large quantity of the acid ; but at present it is pro-
duced more economically by the action of nitric acid on sugar, or
by treating certain organic substances (sawdust, &c.) with caustic
alkalies at rather high temperatures.—The pure Oxalie acid
crystallises in colourless and inodorous klinorhombie prisms and
needles of a strongly acid taste; it loses in a gentle heat its
water of crystallisation (2 eq.), and volatilizes in a stronger heat
(at 150°) mostly undecomposed in white, pungent vapours; on
rapidly heating it fuses at 98°, and is completely decomposed at
155° into formic acid, water, oxyd of carbon, and carbonic acid.
It dissolves in 10 parts cold, and in equal parts boiling water ; in
21 parts cold, and in 2 parts boiling alcohol; little in ether.

165

Heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, it separates into carbonic
acid and oxyd of carbon. Most of the Oxalates are insoluble in
water; few of them dissolve in a solution of Oxalic acid or of
chloride ammonium; all dissolve in diluted nitric acid, though
more sparingly than most of the salts of the other organic acids,
which are by themselves insoluble in water ; the soluble Oxalates
precipitate the salts of lime, including the sulphate, from their
solutions, except in the presence of an excess of any strong mineral
acid.

The qualitative and quantitative determination of Oxalic acid
is based upon its behaviour towards lime, with which it yields a
white, pulverulent precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, and con-
vertible into carbonate of lime at a low red-heat without turning
black. As the Oxalic acid generally occurs as Oxalate of lime, it
is generally contained in the extract prepared by diluted hydro-
chloric acid. See No. vi., Div. iii., Pt. ii.

Oxyacanthin=Cz2 Hs; NO]. Alkaloid, besides berberin in
the root bark of Berberis vulgaris, and also discovered in another
species of Berberis from Mexico, and likely to occur in many other
species. Dilute the mother-ley obtained in the preparation of the
chloride of berberin with water; precipitate with carbonate of
soda, wash the precipitate with water, treat with hydrochloric
acid, filter, precipitate with ammonia, wash and dry the precipi-
tate, draw out with ether, evaporate the solution, treat again
with hydrochloric acid, precipitate with ammonia and dry.—Snow-
white, amorphous, highly electric powder, turning yellow at the
sunlight ; is converted into fine needles by pouring on it a little
ether or alcohol ; has a pure bitter taste and an alkaline reaction ;
loses at 100° 3:13°/ ; fuses at 139°,and becomes later decomposed ;
nearly insoluble in water, in 30 parts cold, and in one part boiling
alcohol of 90, in 125 parts cold, and in 4 parts boiling ether,
most readily in chloroform, also in oils, in concentrated sulphuric
acid with brown-red colour; liberates iodine from iodie acid;

- combines with acids to mostly crystallisable salts, soluble in water
and in alcohol.

Oxypinotannic Acid=Cı4 Hs O9. Occurring towards mid-
winter in the leaves of Pinus sylvestris and allied species. Is
obtained in the preparation of pinopicrin (see this) as Oxypinotan-
nate of lead. Treat this with diluted acetic acid, throw down
the filtrate with sub-acetate of lead, wash the precipitate, decom-
pose with sulphuret of hydrogen, and evaporate the filtered liquid
over the water-bath.—A grey or brownish powder, inodorous, of a
very astringent taste ; dissolves readily in water and in alcohol,
precipitates neither glue nor tartarated antimony, imparts a green
colour to salts of oxyd of iron. By boiling with diluted sulphuric
acid a red powder is formed, but no sugar.

166

[Oxynarcotin=C4u Ha; NO. Alkaloid, discovered by Beckett
and Wright in opium. When partly purified Narcein is boiled
with water, a crystalline mass remains, which is dissolved in hot,
dilute sulphuric acid, filtered and exactly neutralised with carbo-
nate of soda. The dense, crystalline deposit, after resting for
several hours, is separated from the liquid and repeatedly boiled
with small quantities of water. The remaining crystals of O. are
freed from traces of Narcein by hot alcohol, dissolved in hydro-
chloric acid, re-precipitated by a small excess of potash-ley, washed
and dried.—It forms small, asbestos-like, sandy crystals, little
soluble in water and alcohol, even at the boiling heat. The con-
centrated solutions of its salts are precipitated by pure alkalies
and their carbonates, but only slowly when diluted. |

Palmitie Acid =Cs2 Hz, O3 + HO. As to occurrence see
Palmitin. Saponify palm oil with soda-ley, decompose the soap
with sulphuric acid, and recrystallise repeatedly in alcohol, until
the fusing point remains constant.—Small, white scales, odorous
and tasteless, readily friable; fuse at 62°; have an acid reaction;
distil almost unaltered; are insoluble in water, dissolve in alcohol
of 0'820 at 40° in every proportion, readily in ether. The palmi-
tates of alkalies dissolve in water and in alcohol.

Palmitin (Tri-palmitin)—=Cjo2 Hog Oy. As palmitate of gly-
ceryl = Cg Hs O3 + 3 Cz: Hzı O3 widely distributed among the
fats of the vegetable kingdom, and especially abundantly in
palmoil (from Elais Guineensis), in the tallow of Excaecaria
sebifera, in Japanese wax (from Rhus succedanea in the wax of
Myrica cerifera). Press the palm-oil strongly between calico, boil
the remnant repeatedly with alcohol, in order to remove free
palmitic and oleic acids, and recrystallise the remnant repeatedly
in ether.—Small, pearly crystals, fusing at 61°, slightly soluble in
boiling absolute alcohol, readily so in ether.

Palm-Oil, | Obtained from the pericarp of Elais Guineensis.—
Yellow, of butter-consistence, smells of violets, has a mild taste,
fuses at 27°, when older, only at 32° to 36°; turns easily rancid,
bleaches at the sunlight. Contains olein and palmitin.

Panaquilon=C2, Ha; O1s. Peculiar ingredient of the root of
the American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Macerate with
cold water, boil the solution, filter, evaporate to a syrup-consist-
ence; mix with a concentrated solution of sulphate of soda, which
yields a dense, brown deposit, which has to be washed with the
same salt solution, and treated with absolute alcohol, the latter
dissolving the Panaquilon, Evaporate the alcoholic solution, and
dissolve the remnant in water; decolourise by means of animal
charcoal; filter, evaporate and purify by redissolving in absolute
alcohol.— Amorphous, yellow powder, has a taste similar to gly-

167

cyrrhizin, but more bitter; fuses under decomposition, dissolves
readily in water, and in alcohol, not in ether; becomes brown with
alkalies; is precipitable by tannic acid, but not by other acids, or
the chlorides of mercury and of platinum. Concentrated acids
convert it under evolution of carbonic acid into a new body:
crystalline, tasteless and insoluble in water.

Papaverin=C4 Hz; NOs, In opium. Precipitate the aqueous
extract with soda-ley, treat with alcohol the deposit, consisting in
the main of morphin, evaporate the brown tincture, dissolve the
remnant in diluted acid and mix with ammonia, producing, at
first, a brown resinous deposit. Dissolve the latter in diluted
hydrochloric acid, and add acetate of potash, which separates a
dark resin. Wash this with water, and boil with ether, the Papaverin
erystallising on cooling from the ethereous solution.—Forms white
needles of slightly alkaline reaction; is insoluble in water; with
difficulty soluble in cold alcohol and ether, readily when warm;
becomes blue or purple with concentrated sulphuric acid; dissolves
in nitric acid unaltered; but is decomposed on warming the solu-
tion. Its salts are mostly sparingly soluble in water.

Paramaleic Acid=Fumaric Act.

Paramenispermin, Composed like menispermin, and obtained
together with it. Forms quadrangular rhombic prisms or concen-
trically radiated masses, fuses at 250° and sublimates undecom-
posed, is insoluble in water, soluble in absolute alcohol and in
diluted acids, scarcely in ether; forms no salts with acids.

Paramorphin=THresarn.
Pararhodeoretin=JALArın.

Parellin or Parellic Acid=Cıs Hg Os + HO. Is sometimes
obtained in the preparation of lecanoric acid from Lecanora
Parella. The two acids are distinguished by their behaviour
towards a solution of baryta. The lecanoric acid forms with the
latter a soluble, the Parellic acid an insoluble salt. The Parellate
of baryta is decomposed by hydrochloric acid, and the subsiding
Parellin is recrystallised in alcohol_—Forms colourless crystals,
which lose their water at 100°, bitter when masticated or in
alcoholic solution, the latter being of an acid reaction; fuses
and becomes decomposed by heat; dissolves scantily in cold
water, better in alcohol, and is thrown down by water as a jelly;
is also soluble in ether.

Paricin=Cy, He; Ne Og. Alkaloid of the Quina Carabaya
from Cinchona succirubra. Exhaust with alcohol of 80°/., distil
off the alcohol from the solutions, evaporate to dryness, draw out
with water and some hydrochloric acid, precipitate the solution
with carbonate of soda, wash and dry the deposit, dissolve in

168

ether, evaporate, treat with water mixed with some hydrochlorie
acid, decolourise the solution with animal charcoal, filter, throw
down with carbonate of soda and dry.—Yellow, amorphous,
resinous mass of very bitter taste, dissolves little in water,
readily in alcohol and in ether, assumes a beautiful dark-green
colour with nitric acid, likewise with concentrated sulphuric acid,
but is destroyed afterwards. Yields amorphous salts.

Paridin=C,, Hy, O7 + 2 HO. Acrid substance of Paris
quadrifolia. Exhaust the dried herb with water and acetic acid,
prepare from the residue an alcoholic extract, remove from the
latter the fat and chlorophyll by means of ether, dissolve the
remaining extract in alcohol of 0'920, decolourise the solution
with animal charcoal, filter warm, distil off the alcohol, dissolve
the remnant in 16 to 20 parts hot water and allow the solution
to stand cold for a few hours and the Paridin to form in crystals,
which have to be purified by recrystallising.—Forms fine, shining
lamin or needles, at first tasteless, then poignantly acrid not
bitter, loses its water at 100°; dissolves little in cold, a little more
in hot water, much more readily in alcohol, little in ether;
becomes red with concentrated sulphuric acid, and with phosphoric
acid.

Parietic Acid

Parietin

Parillin=Sumiracın.

Parsley-Stearopten=C2, Hy, Os. In the herb and seed of
Carum Petroselinum besides a liquid volatile oil. Distil with
water, collect the crystals forming in the distillate, press and
recrystallise from alcohol. The stearopten is mostly contained in
the oil that passes over towards the end of the distillation.-—
Forms fine, white, sexangular needles, heavier than water ; smells
faintly of parsley, has a burning, camphor-like, afterwards
rancid taste; neutral; fuses at 30°, boils at 300° under decompo-
sition; dissolves slightly in cold, more readily in hot water, readily
in alcohol, ether, volatile and fixed oils.

\ —CHRYSOPHANIC ACID.

Paviin=Fraxın.

[Paytin =Csı Hj, NO + HO. Alkaloid, discovered by Hesse
in Quina blanca de Payta. The coarsely pulverised bark is ex-
tracted with alcohol; the solution is evaporated, saturated with an
excess of soda, and shaken with ether, which takes up the alkaloid.
The latter is converted into the sulphate, almost completely neutra-
lised with ammonia, and mixed with excess of iodide of potassium.
The precipitate is rendered alkaline with solution of soda and
shaken with ether, which on evaporation leaves the P. in well
defined colourless crystals.—The P. is of alkaline reaction, and
bitter taste, dissolves easily in ether, benzol, chloroform, petro-

169

leum ether, and alcohol, little in water; fuses at 156°; does not
completely neutralise acids. ]

Pectin. A matter, the chemical constitution of which is not
known. It contains a larger amount of oxygen than the carbo-
hydrates, and cannot therefore be regarded as one of theseries. It
occurs especially in fleshy fruits and roots, and is recognisable by
its property of coagulating like a jelly, when the juice of such
vegetable parts is mixed with alcohol. By pressing this jelly, re-
dissolving in hot water, precipitating with alcohol, and drying the
deposit of Pectin, it is obtained as an almost colourless, gummous,
half-transparent, foliated, tasteless substance, which dissolves in
water toa slimy and very thick liquid ; it yields with nitric acid
oxalic and mucic acids, with diluted sulphuric acid no sugar but
other kinds of metamorphoses, as likewise by boiling with water.
It contains always one or more per cent. of lime-compounds.
Pectin, gum, and mucilage cannot be separated from each other,
as they are all prepared and isolated in the same manner; as a
distinguishing character of Pectin from either of the two serves
its property of setting into a jelly, as mentioned above.

Pelargonic Acid=Cis Hy; O3 + HO. In the volatile oil of
Pelargonium. Distil the herb with water, saturate the distillate
with baryta, distil off the neutral oil, and decompose the remaining
Pelargonate of baryta with sulphuric acid. The acid separates,
and has, after washing, to be desiccated by means of chloride of
calcium.—Colourless, oily liquid, smells faintly of butyric acid;
congeals when cold, and fuses at 10° ; boils at 260°, and distils
unaltered; dissolves little in water, readily in alcohol and in
ether. The Pelargonates of the alkalies and of the alkaline
earths are soluble in water.

Pelosin=C35 Ha, NO¢. Alkaloid of the root of Cissampelos
Pareira. Boil with water containing sulphuric acid, saturate the
united decotions with carbonate of soda, collect the deposit, wash,
dry, re-dissolve in acid water, treat with animal charcoal, filter,
precipitate again with carbonate of soda, dry, draw out with
absolute ether, and evaporate the ethereous solution.— Yellowish,
amorphous mass, friable to a white powder, of a disagreeable
sweetish-bitter taste, of alkaline reaction ; dissolves not or little
in water, most readily in alcohol, slowly but abundantly in ether;
with ether containing water, hydrated Pelosin (with 3 eq. water:
a nearly white amorphous powder) is formed, which does not dis-
solve in ether. It fuses readily when warmed, and is decomposed
by more heat; becomes brown when exposed to damp air, especially
in the presence of alkalies. Its salts are not crystallisable, only
the chloride of P. forms warty concrescences. [According to
Flueckiger and Hanbury, Pelosin is identical with Bebirin.]

170

Peppermint-Stearopten=C» Hz O2. Forms in the oil of
peppermint when kept at a low temperature. Colourless, trans-
lucent, shining prisms, of the smell and taste of the oil, fusible at
25° to 36°, boiling at 208° to 213°, readily soluble in alcohol.
Yields with anhydrous phosphorie acid the hydrocarbon Men-
then= Ca Hyg.

Pereirin, Alkaloid of the Pereira-bark, which comes from
Picramnia ciliata. Draw out with acidulated water, precipitate
the extract with ammonia, withdraw the P. from the deposit with
ether, evaporate and purify by dissolving in acid water and precipi-
tating with ammonia.—White-yellow, amorphous powder, very
bitter, of alkaline reaction, fuses without loss of weight and is
afterwards decomposed, dissolves very little in water, imparting to
it a bitter taste, also in alcohol and in ether, in concentrated sul-
phurie acid with a beautiful violet colour passing into brown, on
dilution with water successively into olive-green and grass-green ;
readily soluble in diluted acids, forming neutral, amorphous salts,
mostly soluble in water and in alcohol.

Peru-Balsam or Black Peru-Balsam, Exudation, aided by
artificial heat, of the stem of Myroxylon Pereirz (Flueckiger and
Hanbury), according to former authors, also of M. peruiferum and
M. pubescens. It is similar in colour and consistence to dark
molasses, smells vanilla-like but somewhat empyreumatic, tastes a
little bitter, sharp and burning, has a density of 1'15-1'16 and an
acid reaction, dissolves completely in strong alcohol, partially in
ether and oils.—It consists of about 23°/, resin (agreeing with
the resins of tolu-balsam and benzoin), a little styracin, 7°/,
cinnamomic acid and 69°/, volatile oil. The latter is not
obtainable by simple distillation, but the Balsam has to be
treated first with soda-solution, as directed under Oil of Balsam of
Peru.

Peucedanin = C2, Hy, O¢. Crystalline substance of the root
of Peucedanum officinale and P. Ostruthium. By concentrating
the alcoholic extract of the root, the P. crystallises and has to be
recrystallised in alecohol.—It forms colourless, rhombic prisms
without smell and taste, while the alcoholic solution has a
burning, aromatic and long-lasting acrid taste; it fuses at 75° and
is decomposed with more heat, is insoluble in water, little soluble
in cold, readily in hot alcohol, in ether, in volatile and in
fixed oils, likewise unaltered in concentrated but not in diluted
sulphuric acid; decomposes with alcoholic potash into angelic acid
and Oreoselon=C,4 H; O3, isomeric with benzoic acid. The
latter is a yellowish-white, crystalline, inodorous and tasteless
substance, fusible at 190°, becomes carbonised by more heat,
is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and in ether,

171

readily in concentrated sulphurie acid and in concentrated potash-
ley, but in both not unaltered.

Phaeoretin. See AroRETIN.

Phaseolin, Ingredient of French beans (seeds of Phaseolus
vulgaris), which, like amygdalin of almonds, produces a volatile
oil by decomposition. The beans which have no smell in the
dry state, evolve, after being moistened with water, a disagreeable
peculiar odour, caused by the formation of a volatile oil. By
extracting the pulverised beans with absolute alcohol, they lose,
like bitter almonds, the power of forming this oil with water.
The Ph. has as yet only been obtained in the amorphous state,
viz., by extracting with alcohol, treating the extract with ether
(to remove the sugar) and evaporating the ethereous solution.

Phillyrin=C;: Hz; Oo + 3 HO. Bitter glucosid of the
bark of Phillyrea angustifolia and P. latifolia. Boil the bark with
water, clarify the decoction with albumen, precipitate with milk
of lime, press the black-green precipitate (compound of lime with
an acid resin and Ph.) after keeping for a long period, treat
repeatedly with alcohol, shake the tinctures with animal charcoal
and evaporate.— Forms silvery scales, inodorous, tasteless at first,
then bitter; loses the water over sulphuric acid, or at 50° to
60°; fuses at 160°, and is decomposed by more heat; dissolves in
1300 parts cold, and copiously in boiling water, in 40 parts cold,
and more readily in boiling alcohol; not in ether, oils, in warm
acetic acid; is not altered by alkalies, separates, on boiling with
diluted acids, into sugar and another crystalline product (philly-
genin); dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a violet-red
colour.

Pholobaphen=Cx) Hg Os. Red pigment of the bark of
many trees (species of Betula, Pinus, Cinchona, Platanus, &e.), also
in the Polyporus annosus, and probably many of its congeners.
Exhaust with ether first, draw out with alcohol afterwards, evapo-
rate the alcoholic solution, boil with water and dry what has re-
mained undissolved.—Red powder, inodorous, not fusible, insoluble
in water and in diluted acids, readily soluble in alkalies with deep
brown-red colour, almost insoluble in alcohol when previously dried
at 100°.

Phlorrhizin=Ci Ho, Oo + 4 HO. Bitter glucosid of the
bark of the root of fruit trees (apple, pear, cherry, plum tree), in
less quantity in the bark of the stem and of the branches, also in
the leaves of the apple tree, and, to all appearance, in the bark of
the root of Ribes rubrum; not in the bark of the apricot, peach,
almond, and walnut tree. Best adapted for its preparation is the
root-bark of the apple tree. Draw out with weak alcohol, distil
and re-crystallise what will have formed in the remaining liquid,

172

with aid of animal charcoal.—-Forms white, silky, often concentri-
cally united needles of bitter, then sweetish taste, and of neutral
reaction ; loses the water at 100°, fuses at 109° to a colourless
resin, becomes hard again at 130°, fuses again at 158° to 160°, and
becomes decomposed with more heat; dissolves in 833 parts cold
water, most readily at 50°, and in every proportion in boiling water,
readily in alcohol, wood spirit, acetic acid, very little in ether, in
warm concentrated sulphuric acid under decomposition with a red
colour; breaks up, on heating with diluted acids, into grape-sugar
and phlorrhetin (C39 H14 O10); becomes with ammonia successively
orange-red, purple and dark blue.

Phrysalin=C2g Hyg Oyo. The bitter ingredient of the leaves of
Physalis Alkekengi. Exhaust with cold water, add to 1 liter of
the liquid 20 grammes of chloroform, shake with two changes of
the latter, evaporate the chloroform, dissolve the remnant in hot
alcohol, shake with animal charcoal, throw down the filtrate with
water, wash the deposit and dry.—Voluminous, white, or slightly
yellowish powder, becomes electric by friction, not crystalline;
of at first slight, afterwards lasting bitter taste; softens at 180°,
becomes plastic at 190°, decomposes afterwards, dissolves very
little in cold, a little more in boiling water, readily in alcohol and
in chloroform, little in ether, very little in diluted acids, readily in
liquor of ammonia.

Physodin=Cy, Hy. O1e. Crystalline resin of Parmelia phy-
- sodes. Draw out with ether, evaporate, wash the remaining white
powder with alcohol, and recrystallise in boiling anhydrous
alcohol.— White, loose mass, consisting of microscopic needles (or
larger crystals by spontaneous evaporation), neutral, fuses at 1259,
behaves to water like a resin; is insoluble in alcohol of 80%, dis-
solves in boiling absolute alcohol, not in ether, acetic acid, readily
in the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies.

Physostigmin=C39 Ha N3 O4. Alkaloid of the Calabar
bean (Physostigma venenosum). Mix the newly prepared
alcoholic extract with an excess of bicarbonate of soda, shake the
solution with an adequate quantity of ether, treat the ethereous
solution with a very diluted acid, separate the acid solution com-
pletely from the ether, drive off the ether which has dissolved in the
aqueous solution, filter through wet paper, add an excess of bicarbo-
nate of soda, shake again withether andevaporate the latter.—Forms
colourless, rhombic laminee*; fuses at 45°, becomes slightly decom-
posed when kept for a longer time at a temperature of 100°; dis-
solves readily in alcohol, ether, benzol, sulphide of carbon, chloro-
form, less readily in cold water; is of strongly alkaline reaction, and
neutralises the acids completely. When divided under water, and

* Vée describes the Ph. as rhombic leaflets, fusible at 69°.

173

impregnated with carbonic acid gas, it dissolves soon, and yields a
tasteless solution of alkaline reaction, but becomes slowly decom-
posed, and more quickly when warmed, while assuming a red
colour. The salts of the Ph. are like the pure base, tasteless.
Alkalies precipitate the Ph. from the solution of the salts, but
decompose them at the same time with a red colour. They are
also precipitable by chloride of mercury, chloride of gold, tannie
acid, iodide of potassio-mercury.

Phytomelin = Rurin.
Pichurim tallow = LAUROSTEARIN.

Picrolichenin=C2, Hz Oy. Crystalline bitter substance of
Pertusaria communis. Evaporate the alcoholic tincture of the
lichen to a syrup consistence, and allow to stand cold; the crystals
which will have formed after a few weeks have to be purified by
washing with a weak solution of carbonate of potash, and by
repeatedly recrystallising in alcohol.—Forms colourless, shining,
rhombic pyramids, inodorous, very bitter; fuses above the fusing
point of sulphur, is decomposed by more heat; is insoluble in cold,
slightly soluble in hot water, readily in alcohol, ether, sulphide of
carbon, volatile oils, acetic acid, and in caustic alkalies.

Picrotoxin=C2 Hy. Os. Indifferent bitter substance of Coc-
culus indicus, the seeds of Anamirta paniculata. Pulverise the
seeds, remove most of the fixed oil by pressing, extract the
presscake with alcohol, bring the tinctures to dryness with
pulverised charcoal, grind the mass, draw out with ether,
drive off the ether from the tincture after addition of water,
remove the supernatant congealed fat, allow the Picrotoxin to
erystallise from the liquid, and recrystallise in alcohol. — White
crusts and shining needles, inodorous, extremely bitter, fusible by
heat, and decomposed in higher temperatures; dissolves in 150
parts cold, and in 25 parts boiling water, in 10 parts cold, and in
equal parts boiling alcohol, in 24 parts ether, also in diluted
alkalies; the latter solution turns yellow on heating, and leaves a
brick-red residue.

Pimaric Acid, See Asretic Act.

Pine-sugar= Print.

Pinie Acid, See Astetic Acı.

Pinit =Cj2 Hı2 Oi. Peculiar kind of sugar in the sap of Pinus
Lambertiana. Dissolve the crude, hardened sap in water, de-
colourise the solution with animal charcoal, allow to evaporate
spontaneously and recrystallise the crystals which have formed. —
Forms colourless, hard, radiated warts, nearly as sweet as cane-
sugar; fuses above 150°; is of 1:52 density, and of neutral reaction ;
is carbonised on heating, with an odour of burnt sugar; dissolves

174

most readily in water, little in aqueous, scarcely in absolute alco-
hol, not in chloroform ; yields with nitric acid nitro-compounds
and a little oxalic acid; is not altered by diluted sulphuric acid,
even on boiling; becomes black with sulphuric acid poured rapidly
on it, but dissolves when brought into contact with it gradually
and with a moderate heat; does not ferment with yeast, is not
altered when boiled with potash-ley, ammonia, baryta, alkaline
tartarate of copper, or chloride of iron.

Pinocorretin=C2; Hy) O; (isomeric with Quinovic acid), In
the bark of Pinus sylvestris. Boil the bark freed from the outer
layers, with alcohol of 40%, remove by filtering the ceropie acid
which forms in the decoction on cooling; evaporate most of the
alcohol, mix the remnant with water and precipitate the turbid
liquid with acetate of lead, throwing down pinocortannic acid and
Pinocorretin, while cortici-pinotannic acid and sugar remain dis-
solved. The washed precipitate of lead, when treated with very
dilute acetic acid, separates into pinocortannie acid, which dissolves
(and may be obtained from the solution by precipitating with sub-
acetate of lead, decomposing the deposit with sulphuret of hydrogen,
and evaporating the filtrate under exclusion of the air) into a
glutinous, dark residue, which has to be dissolved in strong
alcohol, and is to be treated with sulphuret of hydrogen and
filtered off from the sulphide of lead. The filtrate, on evaporating,
leaves Pinocorretin, to be purified by dissolving in alcohol, filtering
and evaporating the liquid. The solution, containing cortici-
pinotannic acid and sugar, is freed from the former by precipi-
tating with sub-acetate of lead, which forms cortiei-pinotannate of
lead.—The Pinocorretin is a black-brown, glutinous mass, almost
completely soluble in ammonia.

Pinocortannic Acid=C32 Hyg O23. In the bark of Pinus
sylvestris. As to preparation, see Pinocorretin. — Red-brown
powder, after drying very scantily soluble in water, turning green
with chloride of iron.

Pinopierin=C4 Hs; O2. In the leaves and bark of Pinus
sylvestris and allied species, also in the green parts of Thuja
occidentalis and congeneric plants. Draw out with alcohol of 407%,
distil off the alcohol, mix the remnant with water, pour off from
the subsiding resinous mass, mix the liquid with a few drops of a
solution of acetate of lead, filter, precipitate from the filtrate the
oxy-pinotannic acid with acetate of lead, and after removing the
deposit throw down the pinotannic acid with sub-acetate of lead
boiling hot, filter, treat the filtrate with sulphuret of hydrogen,
evaporate the liquid, freed from the sulphide of lead, in a current
of carbonic acid gas to honey consistence, and shake with anhy-
drous ether-alecohol, which dissolves the Pinopicrin and leaves the
sugar. Precipitate from the solution a small quantity of foreign

175

matter by sub-acetate of lead, treat the filtrate with sulphuret of
hydrogen, remove the sulphide of lead and evaporate.— Vivid-
yellow powder, hygroscopic, of very bitter taste; softens at 55°,
completely liquified at 100°, is decomposed by more heat; dissolves
readily in water, also in alcohol, ether-alcohol, and in aqueous not
in pure ether; the aqueous solution evolves immediately on
heating the odour of ericinol (Ca Hig O2), while breaking up
completely into this substance and into sugar.

Pinotannie Acid=Cy, Hg Og. Contained towards midwinter
in the leaves of old trees of Pinus sylvestris and other true pines,
also in the green parts of Thuja occidentalis and allied trees. Is
obtained in the preparation of pinopicrin [see this] as Pinotannate
of lead. Heat the liquid, from which the oxypinotannic acid has
been precipitated by acetate of lead, to the boiling point, precipi-
tate carefully with sub-acetate of lead, and let cool. Decompose
the washed precipitate with sulphuret of hydrogen, warm the
liquid together with the sulphide of lead, filter, and bring to dry-
ness in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas.—Yellow-red; if pre-
pared from thuja, brownish-yellow powder ; of slightly bitter and
acerb taste, becomes soft and glutinous at 100°, dissolves readily
in water, alcohol, and ether; does not precipitate glue, precipitates
chloride of iron with brown-red colour. By heating with diluted
acids, a red product is obtained.

Piperin=C3, Hyg NOs. Alkaloid of the fruit of Piper nigrum
and P. longum. Exhaust the powder with cold water, digest the
remnant with alcohol of 807, evaporate the tincture to honey
consistence, wash with cold water, dissolve the residue in alcohol,
add a little hydrate of lime, digest for one day, filter and allow to
crystallise.—Colourless (if not quite pure yellow), glassy, flat,
klinorhombie prisms, almost tasteless (when yellow of pepper-like
taste), neutral, fusible at 110°, decomposed by more heat; insoluble
in cold, little soluble in hot water, in 30 parts cold and in 1 part
boiling alcohol, in 100 parts ether, readily in acetic acid.

Pipitzahoie Acid=C3 Hz Os. Discovered by Rio de la Loza
in the Raiz (root) del Pipitzahuac, which comes from Perezia
Humboldtiana. Draw out with alcohol, evaporate, and purify by
recrystallising.—Tufts of gold-yellow, foliated crystals; fusible at
100°, and sublimable in gold-yellow leaflets; dissolves scarcely in
water, readily in alcohol and in ether; alkalies produce a purple
colour in the solutions, and yield amorphous compounds, which
dissolve readily in water, alcohol, and in ether.

[Pittosporin. Glucosid of the bark and fruits of Pittosporum
undulatum, The pulverised bark is extracted with hot alcohol,
filtered when cold, mixed with an equal bulk of ether, filtered
again, and evaporated.—Whitish, loose powder of at first sweetish,

176

afterwards bitter and acrid taste; dissolves in water and alcohol,
not in ether; froths with water, gives precipitates with acetate
and sub-acetate of lead. Separates, by boiling with diluted acids,
into sugar and a white substance, insoluble in water.—Baron F.
von Mueller and L. Rummel. |

Pityxylonie Acid = Cy; Hz Os. In the stem of Pinus
sylvestris, probably also in Pinus Abies and other species. Boil
the finely rasped wood with water, strain, evaporate the liquid
mixed with carbonate of baryta to a small bulk, filter, evaporate
again and treat the remnant with ether. Digest the exhausted
mass with alcohol, which dissolves the P. acid, and leaves it after
evaporation.—Brown-yellow, amorphous, hygroscopic mass, very
bitter, of acid reaction; dissolves slowly in cold, readily in boiling
water with pale-yellow colour, readily in alkaline water.

Plumbagin. Acrid, crystalline ingredient of Plumbago Europza.
Draw out the bark of the root with ether, evaporate the liquid,
boil the extract with water and purify the Plumbagin, which will
have subsided on cooling from the decoction, by recrystallising in
ether or in ether-alcohol.—Crystallises in delicate, orange-yellow,
tuftily-united needles, tastes at first sweetish, irritating, afterwards
burning and acrid, fuses readily, volatilizes partly unaltered, is of
neutral reaction, dissolves sparingly in cold, more in hot water,
readily in alcohol and in ether. Sulphuric and nitric acids dissolve
it with yellow colour, ammonia with red colour, and acids restore
the yellow colour. The aqueous solution becomes likewise
coloured with sub-acetate of lead, under formation of a carmine-
red precipitate.

Pollenin, The main ingredient of the pollen remains, after
the pollen has been treated successively with water, alcohol,
ether, diluted acids and alkalies.—Subtle, light, tasteless powder,
putrifies in the moist state under evolution of ammonia. Is most
likely not quite pure in this state, and perhaps in the main
cellulose.

Polychroit=Crocın.
Polygalin=Saronin.

[Polygonic acid, Prepared by Rademaker from the herb of
Polygonum hydropiper, by exhausting with dilute alcohol, evapo-
rating to one-third, filtermg and precipitating the filtrate by
acetate of lead. The precipitate is well-washed, decomposed by
sulphuret of hydrogen and the filtrate treated with ether, which
dissolves the P. acid, and leaves it behind on evaporation.—Green,
deliquescent, crystals of an acrid, bitter taste, and strongly acid
reaction, soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, less so in
aqueous alcohol; neutralise the bases completely, forming well-
defined salts. |

177

Populin=C% H22 O16 + «HO. Besides salicin the other glu-
cosid of the bark, the leaves and the roots of species of Populus.
Boil with water, precitate with subacetate of lead, free the filtrate
from lead by sulphuric acid, concentrate, boil with animal charcoal
and allow the salicin to crystallise. The mother-ley yields with
carbonate of potash a deposit of Populin, which has to be
recrystallised in hot water.—Forms white, silky, shining, very
voluminous needles, of the appearance of starch or of magnesia,
tastes irritating, sweet, similar to liquorice, looses at 100° the
whole of its water, fuses at 180°, and decomposes with more heat,
yielding benzoic acid. Dissolves in 2000 parts cold, and in 70
parts boiling water, in 100 parts cold absolute alcohol, in boiling
alcohol more readily than in boiling water, scarcely in ether,
behaves towards concentrated sulphuric acid like salicin, forms,
on boiling with dilute sulphuric acid, benzoic acid, grape-sugar and
saliretin, on heating with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid
much salicylous acid. Is not precipitable by any metallic salt.

Porphyroxin. In opium. Exhaust with hot ether, warm the
remnant with water and a little carbonate of potash, and treat
again with hot ether, which dissolves codein, thebain, porphyroxin,
and caoutchouc; all these substances remaining after the spon-
taneous evaporation of the ether. Dissolve the remnant in diluted
hydrochloric acid, filter and precipitate with ammonia, which
throws down thebain and Porphyroxin, while codein remains
dissolved. Dissolve the deposit, after drying and triturating, in
boiling ether, and leave to evaporate at the air, obtaining thereby
crystals of thebain and resinous Porphyroxin, separable by alcohol,
which dissolves the P. readily.—Fine, shining needles, neutral,
insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and in ether; assumes
with concentrated sulphuric acid or with nitro-sulphurie acid, an
olive-green colour; dissolves colourless in diluted sulphuric, hydro-
chloric, and nitric acids, the solutions turning purple-red on
boiling, but not the solution in acetic acid. Alkalies decolourise
the red liquids, and produce a white precipitate, but all acids (also
acetic acid) reproduce the red colour even when cold.

Porphyroxin, This particular alkaloid, according to what is
known, is not identical with Porphyroxin of opium. It occurs in
the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, accompanied by chelerythrin
and puccin. Draw out with water mixed with some acetic acid;
precipitate the chelerythrin from the liquid by means of ammonia,
neutralise the filtrate with acetic acid exactly, precipitate with
tannic acid, wash the precipitate, mix intimately with lime, dry,
draw out with alcohol, impregnate with carbonic acid, distil off
the alcohol, bring the remnant to dryness, treat with boiling
water, evaporate the solution, dissolve the remnant in ether,
evaporate the ether and recrystallise in alcohol.—Small, white

N

178

tabular crystals, inodorous and tasteless, very little soluble in
water, better in alcohol and in ether; form with acids colourless,
neutral, crystallisable, bitter salts.

Primrose Stearopten, Passes over with the water in the
distillation of the root of Primula Auricula and subsides in the
turbid distillate. Has a strong and peculiar, pleasant odour; its
alcoholic solution imparts a deep-red colour to solutions of iron.

Primulin, Indifferent, crystalline substance of the root of
Primula veris. Treat the aqueous and well-dried extract of the
root repeatedly with alcohol of 90°/., evaporate the spirituous
liquids slowly, press the separated crystalline mass between
blotting paper, redissolve in alcohol, digest with carbonate of lead,
filter and let crystallise.—Forms colourless needles or lustreless
grains, inodorous and tasteless, neutral, readily soluble in water,
also in alcohol (but more in aqueous than in anhydrous), not in
ether, fuses by heat and decomposes in higher temperatures. Is
not precipitable by metallic salts.

[Dr. L. Mutschler states, that according to his researches
Primulin is identical with Cyclamin, and appears to be widely
distributed among the order of Primulacex. He also believes
that Cyclamin and Primulin may probably be identical with
Saponin. |

Prophetin. See EcBaLın.

Propionic Acid=C,; H; O; + HO. Has been found as yet
only occasionally in the aqueous distillates of a few vegetable
parts (Flores Millefolii, &c.), but is probably more widely
distributed. Its presence in such a distillate is recognisable
to some extent by its odour, resembling butyric and pyro-acetic
acids. By saturating this distillate with carbonate of soda,
drying and mixing the salts with sulphuric acid, the said odour
becomes very striking, and on heating the salt by itself, the odour
of alkarsin is evolved. The acid, after being isolated from the
concentrated solution of the Propionate of soda by means of sul-
phuric acid, floats upon the surface in the form of an oily liquid
and disappears only on addition of more water. The Propionates
are unctuous to the touch, and are all soluble in water.. The Pro-

pionate of soda, dried at 100°, is anhydrous and contains 64°87 7%
acid.

Protein Substances. In the vegetable and more so in the
animal kingdom there exist, either dissolved or as solids, a number
of amorphous, not volatile, inodorous and tasteless, nitrogenised,
indifferent substances, which exhibit a great analogy in their com-
position and in their general properties. Being originally formed
in the vegetable organism, they from thence are introduced by the
food into the animal body, and are found there again with little or

ie

no alteration. Amongst the Protein-substances are classed albumin,
fibrin, casein, legumin, &c., and which bear the same relation to
each other as cellulose, starch, gum, sugar, &e. The bodies
belonging to each of these two series, have nearly the same
chemical composition and are convertible into each other, while
the one series comprises the nitrogenised compounds which pre-
ponderate in the animal kingdom, the other the carbohydrates
predominating in the vegetable life. These latter may be con-
sidered to contain as their radical the cellulose=Cj2 Hıo O10;
starch having the same composition, while gum and sugar contain
in addition one equivalent of water.

Mulder tried to show that those nitrogenised substances con-
tained also a common radical, which is combined in the various
Protein substances with varying quantities of sulphur and partly
also of phosphor. He named this radical Protein, and expressed
its composition by the formula Cz. Ho; Nz O0, which demands
in 100: 57:29C, 6°64H, 14°85N, and 21'220. In the free
state, and combined with two equivalents water, Mulder’s Pro-
tein is obtained by dissolving any of the abovenamed matters in
potash-ley, boiling the solution until, by addition of an acid,
sulphuret of hydrogen is evolved, neutralising carefully with
acetic acid, and washing the gelatinous deposit with water. When
freshly precipitated it is a transparent, grey, flocky mass, which
becomes hard and brittle after drying, inodorous and tasteless;
fuses by heat, yields ammoniacal and other products, and leaves a
slowly, but completely combustible coal; it sinks in water, swells
up and resumes a gelatinous appearance; is insoluble in water,
alcohol, ether, oils. By continued boiling with water it is par-
tially dissolved, but at the same time altered in its properties.
Acetic, tartaric, citric, malic and phosphoric acids dissolve it
readily, also diluted mineral acids; concentrated acids throw down
from the solution a combination of Protein and acid, insoluble in
the liquid. From the acid solutions the Protein is precipitated
by ferrocyanide and ferricyanide of potassium, tannic acid, most
of the metallic salts and by neutralisation with an alkali. Diluted
sulphuric acid colours Protein purple-red on boiling. Concentrated
hydrochloric acid dissolves it with indigo-blue colour, the solution
turning black on boiling. Concentrated nitric acid colours it
yellow. Nitrate of mercury, containing nitrous acid, produces on
warming a red tinge. With sugar and sulphuric acid it assumes a
beautiful purple violet colour.

According to recent investigations the above Protein retains
more than 1 per cent. of sulphur, from which it cannot be freed.
It is on this account that the Protein-theory has been abandoned
by many chemists, though, to my belief, without a just cause, as
the proportions of the four elements C, H, N and O to each other
are not altered by the presence or absence of sulphur. Besides

N2

180

Protein is in the same condition as many other organic radicals,
which though not isolated as yet, are nevertheless acknowledged
or assumed to exist.

The Protein substances behave in general like Protein (con-
taminated with sulphur); in their composition they only differ
from it sometimes by a larger amount of sulphur, sometimes by
an additional amount of phosphor; but jn all instances they
contain certain inorganic salts, notably phosphate of lime, and
therefore leave, when incinerated, an ash, the quantity of which
often amounts to 10%.

Prussic Acid=Hyprocyanic Acıp.

Pseudocurarin, As to distribution see Oleandrin. Boil the
solution of tannate of Ps. obtained in the preparation of olean-
drin, with oxyd of lead, evaporate the filtrate almost to dryness,
remove from it the oleandrin by ether, dissolve the remnant in
alcohol and evaporate the filtrate. The residue is Pseudocurarin.
— A yellowish gum-like amorphous mass without smell or taste;
most readily soluble in water and in alcohol, not in ether; forms
with acids salts which do not crystallise; is not precipitable by the
chlorides of platinum or of mercury. Acts not poisonous.

Pseudomorphin=C3, Hip NOg + 2 HO. In Opium. Is
best obtained by connecting its preparation with that of morphin
after the well known method of Robertson-Gregory (see Codein).
By adding to the purified mixture of the chlorides of morphin—
codein, ete., in alcoholic solution, a small excess of ammonia, the
Ps. remains dissolved, while only the morphin is thrown down.
Saturate the solution, freed from the morphin, with a slight excess
of hydrochloric acid, distil off the alcohol and strain the remaining
solution through a coal filter. The solution, which is now com-
pletely clear, but mostly coloured, yields, on neutralising with
diluted ammonia, a voluminous deposit, consisting chiefly of Ps.,
which has to be collected, washed and dissolved in acetic acid.
Add to the filtered solution carefully as much diluted ammonia as
enables the liquid, after the precipitation, to redden very slightly
blue litmus-paper. By this operation the Ps. subsides, which by
combining with hydrochloric acid, yields a well-crystallising salt,
which is purified by re-crystallisation in water. Finally dissolve
the purified salt in much hot water and decompose by ammonia.—
Fine, crystalline deposit, suspended in a liquid of a vivid, silky
lustre, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, sulphide of
carbon, diluted sulphuric acid, and in solutions of carbonate of
soda, readily soluble in potash and soda-ley, and also a little in
milk of lime, slightly in liquor of ammonia, readily in alcoholic
ammonia; is of neutral reaction, does not saturate the acids, is
tasteless in its combinations; dissolves in concentrated sulphuric
acid, with olive-green colour, in concentrated nitric acid with

181

orange-red colour, passing soon into yellow as with morphin; be-
comes blue with chloride of iron.

Pseudoveratrin= HELoNIn.

Pteritannic Acid=C.; Hy; Os. In the rhizoma of Aspidium
Filix mas. The ethereous solution, obtained in the preparation of
tannaspidic acid, leaves on evaporating a black-brown residue,
which has to be digested with petroleum as long as the latter
assumes a brown colour. Collect the undissolved powder, press,
triturate, and boil with water, dissolve the remaining resinous mass
in ether and evaporate.—Black-brown, amorphous, shining mass,
friable to a drab-coloured electric powder, tasteless, of a faint smell,
of acidulous reaction, fuses with a gentle heat, is insoluble in water,
dissolves in strong, less in diluted alcohol, readily in ether, not in
volatile and in fixed oils; precipitates glue.

Puccin. In the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, associated with
chelerythrin and porphyroxin. Draw out with water and sulphuric
acid, precipitate the solution with ammonia, wash the deposit with
water, dry, draw out with ether, digest the solution with animal
charcoal, filter and add sulphuric acid, which produces a deposit of
sulphate of chelerythrin of a pale-cinnabar colour, insoluble in
ether, like all other salts of this alkaloid. The ethereous solution
leaves, after filtering and evaporating, a dark-red, amorphous
residue, which has to be redissolved in ether and mixed with
diluted sulphuric acid, in order to remove the rest of the chelery-
thrin. After filtering and evaporating to dryness, the dark-red
mass is treated with alcohol and the Puccin is thrown down from
the solution with water.—Appears, after drying, as a red, tasteless
powder, insoluble in cold water, fusing to a resin in boiling water.

The alcoholic solution becomes pale-yellow with animal charcoal,
and leaves a pale-red residue, which turns to a deep-red with
hydrochloric acid and forms pinkish needles.

Pulsatilla camphor=Aneuonin.

Purpurin=Cjs Hg O¢. In the madder (from Rubia tinc-
torum). Allow the pulverised root to ferment with yeast and
water, wash with water, and boil with a solution of alum. Let
cool and add sulphuric acid, which yields reddish flocks of purpu-
rin, which have to be freed from alumina by boiling with diluted
hydrochloric acid, and are recrystallised in alcohol or in ether.—
Forms red needles, anhydrous (crystallising from weak alcohol as
orange-yellow needles with 1 equiv. of water); fuses by heat and
sublimates at 225°, mostly leaving a little coal; dissolves more
readily in water than alizarin with a reddish, in diluted acids with
yellow, readily in alkalies with crimson colour, also readily in
alcohol and of a deeper red than alizarin, most readily in ether ;

182

unaltered in concentrated sulphuric acid and reprecipitable by
water; yields a purple deposit with acetate of lead.

[Pyrocatechin has been found by E. v. Gorup-Besanez in the
green leaves of Vitis quinquefolia. Wiesner also recognised it as
ingredient of the Eucalyptus kino, and F. A. Fliickiger likewise
as constituent of the kinoes of Pterocarpus Marsupium and Butea
frondosa. |

Pyrrhopin=CHELERYTHRIN.

Quassiin=C2) Hy: Os. In the wood and bark of Quassia amara,
Picraena excelsa and Simaruba amara. Treat the alcoholic
extract with water, bring the solution to honey-consistence, treat
repeatedly with small quantities of absolute alcohol, evaporate the
solutions to dryness, draw out with hot water, decolourise the
pale-yellow solution with animal charcoal, and evaporate.—Fine,
white, silky, shining needles, permanent at the air, inodorous,
neutral, very bitter, fuse a little less readily than colophony,
decompose in higher temperatures, dissolve in 222 parts cold, more
readily in hot water, readily in alcohol, very little in ether; the
alcoholic solution is precipitable by tannic acid in dense, white
flocks.

Quercetin=C4¢ Hig Oo. In the grains of Avignon (the fruits.
of Rhamnus gr&cus, R. prunifolius, R. infectorius, R. saxatilis,
R. amygdalinus, R. oleoides), readily formed; probably in many
other plants, too, as in the yellow berries of Hippophaé rhamnoides,
according to Filhol, also in the green leaves, and in the flowers.
Gellatly’s Rhamnetin is alleged to be Quercetin. Draw out the
berries with ether containing alcohol, evaporate the gold-coloured
solution, mix the remnant with water, dissolve in alcohol what
- has been separated and evaporate the solution under addition of
water.—Very fine, small, bright-yellow needles or citron-yellow
powder, tasteless, of a slightly salty and somewhat styptic taste
(according to other statements, very bitter like quinin), when dis-
solved in water, fusible above 250° and sublimable partly unde-
composed; scarcely soluble in cold water, little in boiling water,
readily even in weak alcohol, much less so in ether, readily in
alkaline liquids with gold-yellow colour; turning dark-green with
chloride of iron, and dark-red when warmed.

Quercin, Bitter ingredient of the bark of Quercus Robur.
Draw out with milk of lime, precipitate the filtrate with carbonate
of potash, evaporate the filtrate to honey-consistence, treat with
alcohol, evaporate the tincture and recrystallise.—Small, white,
inodorous, bitter crystals, readily soluble in water and in aqueous
alcohol, not in absolute alcohol and in ether, has a neutral reaction,
turns orange-yellow with concentrated sulphuric acid, dissolves
also in lime-water.

sn

183

Quercit=Cy2 Hie Oi. Peculiar kind of sugar of the fruits of
Quercus racemosa and sessiliflora. Throw down, hot, with lime
the tannic acid from an aqueous extract of acorns, filter, destroy
any fermentable sugar by fermentation with yeast, evaporate to a
syrup-consistence, wash the crystals which will form with cold
alcohol, and recrystallise in water or in weak alcohol.—Forms
hard, permanent, klinorhombic crystals of sweet taste, unaltered
at 215°, fusing at 235°, partly sublimating, soluble in 8 to 10 parts
cold water, also in hot weak alcohol, does not ferment with yeast,
yields with nitric acid, on heating, oxalic but no mucic acid, dis-
solves in concentrated sulphuric acid colourless, is not altered on
boiling with alkalies; acetate of copper, or with alkaline tartarate
of copper.

Quereitrin=C7ro Has Og. Yellow glucosid of the bark of
Quercus tinctoria. Formerly confounded with rutin. Boil the
bark with water, leave the decoction to stand cold, collect the
Quereitrin which has formed, trıturate it with a little alcohol of
35° B. to a pulpy state, heat over the water-bath, collect on
calico, remove impurities by pressing, dissolve the remnant in a
larger quantity of boiling alcohol, filter hot, mix with boiling
water until it becomes turbid, and allow to stand cold. Collect
the crystals of Quercitrin, and purify by again submitting them to
the same treatment.—Forms sulphur or chrome-yellow, microscopic,
rhombic, tabular crystals, inodorous and tasteless, slightly bitter
when dissolved; fuses after desiccation at 168°; yields in higher
temperatures crystals of quercetin under decomposition; dissolves
in 2485 parts cold and in 143 parts boiling water, the straw-yellow
solution becoming colourless by acids; dissolves in 23 parts cold
and in 4 parts boiling alcohol, little in ether, most readily in
diluted alkalies, these solutions turning dark at the air; breaks
up on boiling with diluted acids into sugar and quercetin.

Quina-Red=Cı2 Hr O7. In the bark of the genus Cinchona,
produced by the oxydation of tannic acid. Draw out with diluted
liquor of ammonia, precipitate the red-brown solution with hydro-
chloric acid, wash and heat the deposit (Quinovin and Quina-red)
with thin milk of lime, dissolving the quinovin and leaving
Quina-red lime undissolved, wash the latter with hot water; de-
compose with diluted hydrochloric acid, wash the deposit of
Quina-red, redissolve in ammonia, precipitate with hydrochloric .
acid, wash the precipitate, dissolve in alcohol, filter and evaporate
to dryness.—Red-brown, inodorous and tasteless, not fusible, in-
soluble in water and in diluted acids, readily soluble in alcohol,
ether, alkalies with dark-red colour; the ammoniacal solution
after a rather long time throws down the glue on addition of water.

Quinie Acid=C,, Hı On + HO. In the genuine quina-
barks (from Cinchona), in the Quina Maracaibo, Quina nova

184

Surinamensis (from Cascarilla magnifolia), in the seeds and leaves
of Coffea Arabica, in species of Galium (G. Mollugo, &e.); in species
of Vaccinium (V. Myrtillus, &e.), and probably in the following
plants, the leaves of which yield kinon (quinon) on heating with
sulphuric acid and peroxyd of manganese, viz.:—Cyclopia lati-
folia, and others; Fraxinus excelsior, and others; Hedera Helix,
Nex Aquifolium, Ilex Paraguayensis, Ligustrum vulgare, and
other species; Quercus Ilex, Quercus Robur, and other oaks;
Ulmus campestris, and other species. It appears hereby that
Quinic acid is not confined to the genus of Cinchona, as formerly
stated, but that it belongs largely to the family of Rubiaceae,
and to many other orders of plants widely distant in natural
affinities.

Preparation from the quina bark: Evaporate the liquid ob-
tained in the preparation of quinin, by precipitating the sulphuric
acid extract with milk of lme to the consistence of a syrup,
decant from the lime-sulphate, evaporate over the water-bath to
honey consistence, boil with alcohol several times and dissolve the
remnant in little water. The solution yields, after a few days,
a crystalline mass, which has to be strongly pressed, and is purified
by recrystallisation. From the bilberry herb: Boil the green
herb, gathered in spring, with water and lime, evaporate the
decoction, and throw down the Quinate of lime with alcohol.
Dissolve the glutinous precipitate in water mixed with some
acetic acid, free from dyeing matters by means of acetate of lead
and evaporate the filtrate, after removing the lead, to the density
of a syrup, when Quinate of lime will form in crystals after a few
days. The Quinate of lime, obtained by any of these methods, is
purified by repeatedly recrystallising or by precipitating with alcohol
of 36° B., and by dissolving in alcohol of 18° B. In order to isolate
the acid, the Quinate of lime is dissolved in water and decomposed
by oxalic acid. The filtered liquid is freed from the excess of
oxalic acid by means of acetate of lead, the excess of the latter by
sulphuret of hydrogen, and the filtered liquid is then allowed
to crystallise.

Forms large, hard, tabular, klino-rhombic crystals with a
characteristic hemitropism on the right side of the horizontal axis;
has a pure and strong acid taste; loses at 109° nothing of its
weight, fuses at 161°, and decomposes by more heat; dissolves in
24 parts cold and in less hot water, more readily in aqueous
than in strong alcohol, scarcely in ether. By heating with super-
oxyd of manganese and sulphuric acid an orange coloured, needle-
shaped sublimate of Quinon (Cig Hy O4) is obtained. The
Quinates are mostly crystallisable and of neutral reaction; with
the exception of the basic Quinate of lead, soluble in water, not in
strong alcohol; yield by the destructive distillation tannic acid and
(uinon.

185

[Quinamin. Alkaloid found by Hesse in the bark of Cinchona
suceirubra.— Very delicate, long, asbestos-like, white prisms, of
alkaline reaction, readily soluble in ether, alcohol and petroleum-
ether, little soluble in dilute alcohol, insoluble in water, potash-ley
and ammonia. The sulphate and chloride are easily soluble.
Chloride of platinum forms only in concentrated solutions a yellow
precipitate. Chloride of gold becomes reduced io the metal.
Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves the Quinamin colourless,
yellow to brown on heating; with concentrated nitric acid it
becomes first yellow, then orange, and at last colourless. The
Quinamin fuses at 172°, and on cooling, presents a radiated, crystal-
line mass; in higher temperatures it becomes brown and amor-
phous. It has a bitter taste. |

Quinidin=Cıs Hy, NO. In species of Cinchona. The prepara-
tion is similar to that of cinchonidin.—A ppears in colourless, hard,
klinorhomboidal prisms of glass-lustre and of moderately bitter
taste; fuses at 175° without loss of weight and is decomposed by
more heat, dissolves at 17° in 2580 pts., at 100° in 1858 pts. water,
in 143 pts. ether, and in 12 pts. alcohol of 0°835°. The solution in
chlorine-water is not altered by ammonia. Most of its salts dis-
solve more readily than those of quinin.

Quinin=C2 Hi, NO2+ 3 HO. In all true quina-barks of the
genus Cinchona, always accompanied by larger or smaller quantities
of cinchonin, in some barks also by quinidin, cinchonidin, and by
other bases. Draw out with water acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, saturate the liquid with an excess of hydrate of lime, collect
the deposit, wash, dry, treat with ether, evaporate the solution,
dissolve the remnant in the least possible quantity of water and
sulphuric acid, prepare the pure sulphate by evaporating and
decompose the sulphate by soda-ley. — Loose, white, easily
friable mass or silky tufts of needles (crystallised from alcohol),
loses only a little hygroscopic water at 100° to 150°, fuses at 196°
without loss of weight, and decomposes in a higher temperature ;
has a very bitter taste, dissolves in 364 parts cold water, in 6 parts
cold and in 2 parts boiling alcohol of 0'820, in 21 parts ether, in
2-6 parts chloroform, in benzol, in 200 parts glycerin, in 62 parts
fixed oils; in chlorine water colourless, the solution, when over-
saturated with ammonia, assuming a grass-green colour and
yielding a precipitate of the same colour; in concentrated sulphuric
acid colourless, the solution turning yellow-brown on heating.
The solutions of its salts become brown in the direct sunlight,
and are precipitable by the hydrates and by the carbonates of
alkalies.

Quinotannie Acid=Cı Hs Oo, In the barks of the genus

Cinchona. Boil with water, mix the decoction with a little burnt
magnesia, precipitating thereby quina-red; throw down the filtrate

186

with acetate of lead, decompose the deposit under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen; precipitate the liquid after filtering off
from the sulphide of lead (quinovin and a little quina-red), with
sub-acetate of lead; dissolve the deposit, after filtering, in diluted
acetic acid (quina-red remaining undissolved), and precipitate the
acid filtrate with ammonia. Wash the lght-yellow deposit, de-
compose by sulphuret of hydrogen, filter off from the sulphide of
lead, and precipitate the filtrate again with alcoholic solution of
acetate of lead. After the deposit, consisting of Quinotannate of
lead, has been decomposed under water with sulphuret of hydrogen,
and after the liquid, freed from the sulphide of lead by filtering,
has been evaporated in a vacuum over sulphuric acid and of a
mixture of sub-sulphate of iron and lime, the Quinotannie acid
remains, though already a little altered.—It is light-yellow, friable,
very electric and hygroscopic; of an acidulous and very acerb, not
bitter taste; dissolves readily in water, alcohol, and ether; yields
on heating no pyrocatechuic acid; is precipitable by glue, becomes
green with salts of oxyd of iron.

Quinova-Red=Cı2 He O;5. In Quina-nova bark (from
Cinchona species). Precipitate the decoction of the bark with
acetate of lead, decompose the precipitate, consisting almost entirely
of the Red, under water by means of sulphuret of hydrogen,
wash the resulting mixture of Quinova-red and sulphide of lead
with water, and boil with alcohol, and precipitate the Quinova-red
from the filtrate by means of much water. — Almost black, lustrous,
resinous substance, friable to a dark-red powder; dissolves.
sparingly in water, readily in alcohol, ether, and alkalies ; is pre-
cipitable from the alcoholic solution by an alcoholic solution of
acetate of lead, not by tartarated antimony.

Quinova-Tannie Acid=Cy, Hy Og. Inthe bark Quina nova
or Surinamensis (from Cascarilla magnifolia). Precipitate the
decoction with acetate of lead, remove the deposit, containing
quinova-red, divide the filtered liquid into three parts, precipitate
one of them completely by sub-acetate of lead, and mix with the
remaining two parts. The deposit, which contains quinovin, the
rest of the quinova-red, and a little Quinova-tannie acid (but
which cannot be used with advantage for the preparation of the
latter) is also removed, and the liquid precipitated by sub-acetate
of lead. Decompose the washed precipitate under water by
sulphuret of hydrogen, remove the sulphide of lead, drive away
the sulphuret of hydrogen by heating, add acetate of lead, and
mix the filtrate with a great quantity of strong alcohol, whereby
flocks of Quinova-tannate of lead are obtained. From these isolate
the acid by sulphuret of hydrogen, and evaporate in a current of
carbonic acid gas.—Amber-yellow, translucid, friable substance, of
acerb and slightly bitter taste; dissolves in water and alcohol, not.

187

in ether, does not precipitate glue, colours chloride of iron dark-
green ; is not precipitated by tartarated antimony and acetate of
lead, but is so by sub-acetate of lead, and by a solution of acetate
of lead in alcohol. The aqueous solution throws down a red
powder (quinova-red) when allowed to stand at the air.

Quinovic Acid=Ca Hig O;. Found in the leaves of Pinus
sylvestris, and in the green parts of Thuja occidentalis and many
other conifere. Boil with alcohol of 407/, remove from the ex-
tracts the alcohol by evaporating, mix the remnant with water,
dissolve the green resinous deposit in alcohol of 407/, precipitate
the solution with alcoholic acetate of lead, throw down the excess
of lead in the filtered liquid with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and
distil the alcohol; dissolve the remaining resin in very diluted
potash-ley; throw down the resins by chloride of calcium, saturate
the filtered liquid with hydrochloric acid, which precipitates pale-
yellow flocks of Quinovic acid. These have to be re-dissolved in
very diluted potash-ley, purified by treating with animal charcoal
and precipitated with hydrochloric acid. — White or slightly

yellowish, brittle mass, friable to a highly electric powder.

Racemic Acid =C, Hs 0; + HO + Ag. Observed as yet
only in cream of tartar, associated with tartaric acid. The isola-
tion and purification of this acid is identical with that of tartaric
acid. It is distinguished from the latter by the klinorhomboidal
form of its crystals, by its tendency to eflloresce at the air, and by
losing one equivalent of water at 100°, and then having exactly
the same composition as tartaric acid. Its aqueous solution be-
comes turbid by sulphate of lime and the deposit obtained by lime
water is insoluble in chloride of ammonium.

Rape-Oil, Obtained by pressing the seeds of several varieties
of Brassica oleracea; is brownish-yellow, originally mild, assumes.
by keeping a nauseous odour and taste, is of 0-912 to 0:920 density,
thickens below, 0°. Not drying.

Raspberry Camphor. Obtained by distillation with water from
the fruits of Rubus Ideus.—Small, white lamin, either lighter
or heavier than water, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and alka-
lies.

Ratanhia Tannie Acid=Ciıs Hs O;. In the Ratanhia-root
and in the bark of the root of Savanilla-Ratanhia (from Krameria
triandra and K. Ixina). Exhaust with ether, treat the ethereous.
extract with alcohol and evaporate the solution.—Ruby-red,
amorphous, permanent at the air, of a bitter and astringent taste,
of acidulous reaction, fusible by heat, dissolves in water, alcohol, °
ether; colours and precipitates chloride of iron dark-green, precipi-
tates glue, not tartarated antimony; becomes decomposed with

188

diluted acids into a brown-red, hard resin (ratanhia-red =
Cio He O3, also existing ready formed in the root), and into a
sweet body which reduces the solution of copper.

[Ratanhin=C2 Hıs NO, (Peckolt’s Angelin). Contained in
the American Ratanhia extract (according to Ruge), and in the
resin of Hillia spectabilis. In order to prepare it from the last-
named substance, the pulverised resin is repeatedly digested with
water, the residue dissolved in water and hydrochloric acid and
evaporated with a gentle heat to form crystals. The crystals are
freed from the mother-ley by pressing, again dissolved in acid
water and recrystallised. After repeating this process six or seven

. times, a white crystalline mass is obtained, which is dissolved in
boiling distilled water and set aside to erystallise.—The Ratanhin,
purified in this way, presents delicate, flexible needles, of a pure
white colour and a vivid satin lustre. It is nearly insoluble in
cold, and only sparingly soluble in boiling water; it is still less
soluble in alcohol, both cold and boiling, and almost insoluble in
ether. It is tasteless, without odour, and of neutral reaction. R.
dissolves in acid and in alkaline liquids, but is thrown down again
on neutralising the solution. It is likewise precipitated by alcohol,
alcohol-ether, and in acid solutions by phosphomolybdie acid and
by Nessler’s reagent, not by chloride of platinum. Heated above
150° it melts and volatilises in a higher temperature, while
emitting a not unpleasant aromatic odour. Quickly heated, it
becomes carbonised with a horny odour and under formation of
inflammable gases. Ratanhin, when formed into a thin pulp with
water and an adequate quantity of dilute nitric acid, and boiled
for some time, becomes first of a rose colour, and then changes
from blood-red to violet and blue, while exhibiting a splendid
red fluorescence. |

Red Pigment of Berries is mostly anthocyan, reddened by
acids; yet there are some exceptions. For instance, the red of
strawberries behaves like cissotannic acid, likewise, the red pig-
ment of the berries of Ligustrum vulgare behaves differently and
is named ligulin.

Red Pigment of Flowers is mostly anthocyan, reddened by
acids.

[Resianin, found by T. L. Phipson in the green pericarp of the
walnut (Juglans regia). | Crystallises in yellow, protracted
octahedra or needles, little soluble in water, better in alcohol and
benzol; becomes after a few hours transformed into black, amor-
phous Regianic acid; forms with alkalies soluble salts of a splendid
purple colour, with oxyd of lead an insoluble, brown-violet salt.
On boiling the aqueous or alcoholic solutions of R. with hydro-
chloric acid, Regianic acid separates as a dense, black precipitate. |

189

Resins, A very large and widely-diffused class of bodies,
which seem to originate from volatile oils by the oxydising
influence of the atmosphere. Combined with volatile oils, they
either exude spontaneously, or by the aid of incisions, or are
extracted by solvents. They exhibit the following characteristics:
They are colourless or coloured, translucid or transparent, not
brittle, mostly amorphous, seldom crystalline, assume negative
electricity with friction, are of 0°93 to 1:20 density, inodorous or
odoriferous from traces of volatile oil, tasteless, or bitter and acrid,
fusible by heat, are decomposed by more heat under carbonisation,
burn with a smoking flame; they are insoluble in water, soluble in
alcohol (sometimes only in the strongest), mostly in ether and in
oils, the solutions being mostly of acid reaction; they dissolve as a
rule in alkalies, yielding soap-like compounds. They contain
principally carbon and hydrogen, mostly oxygen, too, butnonitrogen,

Rhamnin, Yellow, crystalline ingredient of the unmatured
berries of Rhamnus cathartica, associated with rhamnocathartin.
Press the berries, boil the remnant repeatedly with water
and allow the decoctions to stand cold. Purify the cauliflower-
shaped crystals which are formed, by pressing, dissolving in boiling
alcohol, washing the crystals that have for med with cold water and
weak alcohol, and by recrystallising in boiling alcohol with aid of
animal charcoal.—Forms pale-yellow, cauliflower-shaped, small
grains, seldom tuftily united needles, of a slight, peculiar taste,
fuses by heat and decomposes afterwards; not or scarcely soluble
in cold water, swells up considerably in boiling water, dissolves
little in cold, readily in boiling alcohol, not in ether; in cold con-
centrated sulphuric and also in hydrochloric acid with saffron-
yellow colour and precipitable by water, also in hot diluted
sulphuric acid, and crystallising from it on cooling; in the hydrates
and carbonates of alkalies with saffron-yellow colour, and precipi-
table by acids.

Rhamnocarthartin, The uncrystallisable bitter substance of
the berries of Rhamnus cathartica. Evaporate the juice of the
ripe berries to honey-consistence, exhaust with hot alcohol, evapo-
rate the tinctures and mix the remnant with water, which throws
down yellow-green, pulverulent rhamnotannic acid; the filtrate,
when shaken with animal charcoal until devoid of bitter taste,
yields up the Rh. to the coal. Wash the latter with cold water,
dry, treat with hot alcohol and evaporate the tincture.—Trans-
parent, amorphous, yellowish, brittle mass, friable to a yellow
powder, assumes on friction a peculiar smell, tastes most nauseously
bitter and acrid, is of neutral reaction, tolerably permanent at the
air, fuses by heat to a yellow oil and is afterwards decomposed,
dissolves in water in ever y proportion, likewise in alcohol, not in
ether; the aqueous solution assumes with alkalies or with ‘subace-

190

tate of lead a brownish, gold-yellow colour without any deposit,
and becomes colourless with acids; colours chloride of iron dark-
brown-green.

Rhamnotanniec Acid, Is obtained in the preparation of
rhamnocathartin and is purified by washing, drying, dissolving in
ether and evaporating.—Green-yellow, amorphous, easily-friable
mass of a bitter and acerb taste, fusible, dissolves scarcely in cold,
slightly in boiling water, readily in alcohol and in ether, colours
and precipitates the salts of oxyd of iron olive-green, precipitates
also slowly tartarated antimony, but not glue.

Rhamnoxanthin=Cy2 Hs Os or Cyo Heo Oxo. Yellow, crystal-
line substance of the bark of the root and of the stem, also of the
seeds of Rhamnus cathartica and Rh. Frangula and doubtless
many other species. Cover the branchlets of Rh. Frangula with
sulphide of carbon and keep for three to four days, evaporate the
liquid to dryness, treat the remnant with alcohol, which leaves the
fat undissolved, evaporate again and recrystallise in ether.-—Citron-
yellow, crystalline mass of a dull, silky lustre, without taste or
smell; fuses at 226° under evolution of yellow fumes, and subli-
mates under partial decomposition in gold-yellow needles; is not
soluble in water, dissolves in 160 parts warm alcohol of 80%, and
separates from it on cooling almost completely; scarcely soluble in
ether, soluble in sulphide of carbon, fixed and volatile oils, in con-
centrated sulphuric acid with dark-ruby-red colour and reprecipi-
table by water, in hot concentrated nitric acid unaltered; in
alkalies with a splendid purple colour.

Rhaponticin \ CG
h 5 —CHRYSOPHANIC ACID.
Rheic Acid 2

[Rhinanthin=0C;s H52 Os + sHO. Glucosid, discovered by
Ludwig in the seed of Alectorolophus hirsutus. To prepare it
treat the pulverised seeds with strong, boiling alcohol, evaporate
the filtrate to dryness, remove the oil by means of ether, dissolve
the residue in water, filter and evaporate to a syrupy consistence.
The crystals, which will slowly form, are to be purified by reerys-
tallisation.—The R. forms colourless crystals of a bitter-sweet
taste; is readily soluble in water and in alcohol, not in ether; of a
neutral reaction. It is not precipitated by subacetate of lead,
reduces ammoniacal silver solution when warmed, and separates
with acids into glucose and a dark-blue-green body, soluble in
alcohol but not in water. Heated with sulphuric or hydrochloric
acids, R. turns brown, while emitting an aromatic rye odour. |

Rhodeoretin=Convolvulin.

Rhodotannic Acid=Cy, Hg O;. In the leaves of Rhododen-
dron ferrugineum and probably many of the congeners. Distil
the alcoholic extract; mix the remnant with water, filter, precipi-

.’

291

tate the filtrate with acetate of lead, treat the deposit with diluted
acetic acid, filter, heat the filtrate to boiling point and precipitate
with subacetate of lead. Decompose the deposit under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporate the filtrate in a current of
carbonic acid gas.—Amber-yellow powder of an acidulous, acerb
taste, greens the salts of oxyd of iron, separates on heating with
diluted acids a red-yellow powder (Rhodoxanthin=2 C4 Hr Og
+ HO).

Rhoeadin=C;> Ha; NO. Peculiar alkaloid occurring in all
parts of Papaver Rhoeas and allied species. Treat the whole herb
with warm water, concentrate the extract, oversaturate with car-
bonate of soda and shake repeatedly with ether. Transfer the Rhoea-
din from the ethereous solution to an aqueous solution of bitartarate
of soda by shaking, throwaway the ether and precipitate the aqueous
liquid with ammonia, wash the deposit, dry, and boil with alcohol,
in order to remove dyeing matters and an alkaloid which exists in
the plant in small quantity only, and seems to be thebain. The
Rhoeadin remains by this process for the greatest part undissolved,
To purify it completely, dissolve the remnant in acetic acid, shake
with animal charcoal and precipitate with ammonia.—Forms small,
white prisms, tasteless either by itself or in solution; fuses at 232°
without loss of weight, becomes brown and sublimates partly; is
almost insoluble in ether (in 1280 parts), benzol, chloroform,
alcohol, water, liquor of ammonia, soda-ley and lime-water; the
alcoholic solution has a scarcely perceptible alkaline reaction.
Dissolves in acids, without being able to neutralise them or even
to remain in contact with them without alteration (to turn red),
especially hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, yielding purple-red
solutions. Alkalies restore the original colour. The red coloura-
tion is accompanied by the production of a colouring substance,
and of a new alkaloid of highly basic properties and of the same
composition as Rhoeadin. Concentrated sulphuric and nitric
acids dissolve the Rhoeadin under decomposition, the former acid
with olive-green, the latter with yellow colour. The colourless
solution of Rh. is precipitable by tannin, chloride of mercury, etc.

Rhoitannie Acid = Cis Hys Os. In the leaves of Rhus
Toxicodendron. Shake the ethereous extract with warm water,
filter, allow to rest for two days, filter anew, throw down sulphuric
and phosphoric acids by means of a little acetate of lead, filter
and precipitate completely with acetate of lead, decompose the
latter deposit under water with sulphuret of hydrogen; filter and
evaporate.—Amorphous, yellowish-green, gum-like mass, of slightly
bitter taste and acidulous reaction, colours and precipitates the
salts of oxyd of iron dark green, colours tartarated antimony dark

yellow without precipitation, turbidifies solutions of glue when
concentrated.

192

Ricinin, In the seeds of Ricinus communis. Boil repeatedly
with water, evaporate the liquids, after the fixed oil has been re-
moved as completely as possible, to honey-consistence, boil with
alcohol, filter, free the tincture from the resin after 24 hours, and
distil off the alcohol. In the remnant, crystals of Ricinin are
formed after some time, which have to be purified by recrystal-
lising in alcohol with aid of animal charcoal.—Forms colourless,
rectangular prisms and scaly lamin of a slight taste of bitter
almonds; fuses by heat, sublimates unaltered; dissolves in water
and in alcohol, scarcely in ether, in benzol, in concentrated
sulphuric acid without colour, the solution assuming a green tinge
with chromate of potash; in nitric acid without decomposition.

Ricinoleic Acid=Czg Hz; 0; + HO. In the oil of the seeds
of Ricinus communis. Saponify, salt out, decompose the soap with
hydrochloric acid, and refrigerate the oily mixture containing the
R. acid and a little solid acids, under addition of 4 volume of alcohol
to a temperature of—10° to —12°, when the solid acids will erystal-
lise. After removing the latter, and driving off the alcohol,
Ricinoleate of lead is obtained by digestion with oxyd of lead, and
which has to be dissolved in ether, and is decomposed with water
and hydrochloric acid. Purify the R. acid which remains after the
evaporation of the ethereous liquid by dissolving in liquor of am-
monia, precipitating with chloride of baryum, recrystallising the
baryum-compound in alcohol, decomposing with tartaric acid and
washing with water.—Light wine-yellow, syrup like liquid of 0°94
density, inodorous, of a strong and lasting, disagreeable, acrid taste,
dissolved in alcohol of acid reaction, congeals at —6° to —10°
(according to others at 0°) to a granular mass, dissolves in alcohol
and in ether in every proportion, The Ricinoleates dissolve all
in alcohol, some of them also in ether, are not liable to oxydise
by keeping.

Riozolie Acid=Pıiritzanoıc Aci.

Robinin=C;, Hz O32-+11 HO. Yellow, crystalline glucosid of
the flowers of Robinia Pseudacacia. Boil with water, use the decoc-
tion six to eight times for boiling anew fresh flowers, evaporate to a
syrup thickness, treat with hot alcohol, filter, distil the alcohol off
and allow the remnant to form in crystals. Dissolve the latter,
after freeing from the bulk of the mother-ley by pressing and
washing with cold alcohol, in boiling water, and mix the solution
with acetate of lead, which throws down foreign matters and
leaves the Robinin dissolved. The R. is obtained by evaporating
the filtrate, freed from the lead by sulphuret of hydrogen, and is
then recrystallised in water.—Forms very fine, straw-yellow
needles of a slight satin-lustre, neutral, tasteless, in aqueous solu-
tion of a slightly astringent taste; loses its water at 100°, fuses at
195°, and decomposes in a higher temperature, producing quercetin

193

and an odour of burnt sugar; dissolves little in cold, readily in
boiling water, the light-yellow solutions becoming colourless with
acids; little soluble in cold, more so in hot alcohol, not in ether,
readily in alkalies with gold-yellow colour; the ammoniacal solu-
tion becomes brown by keeping, but not the solutions of the fixed
alkalies; breaks up with diluted acids into sugar and quercetin.

Roccellic Acid=C3, Hz Og + 2 HO. In Roccella fuciformis
and in Lecanora tartarea. Treat with water and ammonia, preci-
pitate the filtrate with chloride of calcium, decompose the deposit
with hydrochloric acid and purify the crystals that have formed
by dissolving in ether.—Forms delicate, white, silvery, quadrangu-
lar, tabular crystals, obtained in short needles from alcohol,
inodorous and tasteless, of acid reaction in the alcoholic solution ;
fuses at 130° without loss of weight, evaporates partly below 200°,
and is partly converted into the anhydrous acid and decomposed
by a higher temperature; is quite insoluble in water, dissolves in
1:8 parts alcohol of 0'819, readily in ether ; forms with alkalies half-
acid soluble, with the other bases mostly insoluble salts.

Roccellinin=C3¢g Hyg O14. In Roccella tinctoria. Treat with
water containing lime, filter, precipitate the filtrate with hydro-
chloric acid and boil the deposit, consisting of Roccellinin and
lecanoric acid (named formerly forsellic acid), repeatedly with
water, leaving the R. undissolved, which has to be recrystallised
in alcohol. —Fine, hair-shaped crystals of silky gloss, insoluble in
water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol and in ether, a little more
when hot, readily in alkalies and in alkaline earths; assumes a
permanent green-yellow colour with solutions of chloride of lime.

Rottlerin (Kamalin)=Cj. Hy Og. In the kamala, the
stellated hairs and glandules that cover the fruit of Mallotus
Philipinensis. It crystallises from the ethereous tincture in yellow
needles of a silky gloss, fuses by heat and becomes decomposed
in higher temperatures; is insoluble in water; dissolves in alkalies
with deep-red colour, little in cold, more in boiling alcohol, and
readily in ether.

Ruberythric Acid=C72 Hy O40 or Osg Ho Oz}. In the root
of Rubia tinctorum, according to Rochleder; Schunck believes the
above acid to be a product of decomposition of rubian, and perhay s
identical with a substance named by him rubianic acid. Precipitate
with acetate of lead the aqueous decoction of madder, remove the
deposit (which may be used for the preparation of alizarin and
purpurin), and precipitate the filtrate with subacetate of lead, but
not in excess, producing a dark flesh-coloured and almost brick-red
deposit, which contains Ruberythric, rubichloric, a little citric and
phosphoric acids. Decompose the deposit under water with sul-
phuret of hydrogen; separate the liquid, containing mostly rubi-

10)

194

chlorie acid, by filtering off the sulphide of lead. Wash the
latter for a short time and withdraw from it theR. acid by means
of boiling alcohol. Evaporate the alcoholic solution to 4, add water
and a little solution of baryta, thereby obtaining a white deposit,
which has to be removed when, after addition of more solution of
baryta, Ruberythrate of baryta will be precipitated in erimson-red
flocks. Collect the latter, dissolve in diluted acetie acid, neutralise
the solution with ammonia almost completely, and add subacetate
of lead, which throws down the compound of lead with a cinnabar-
red colour. This compound has to be washed with diluted alcohol,
and is decomposed under alcohol with sulphuret of hydrogen. Heat
the whole to the boiling point, filter hot and evaporate, obtaining
thereby light-yellow crystals of R. acid, which have to be purified
by pressing and by recrystallising in a little water.—The Rube-
rythric acid forms yellow needles of a silky gloss, slightly bitter;
loses at 100° nothing of its weight ; dissolves slowly in cold, readily
in hot water ; the aqueous solutions become cloudy when heated
with hydrochloric acid, and form on boiling a yellow jelly, which
conglomerates to flakes of alizarin; dissolves in alcohol and in
ether with gold-yellow colour (Schunck’s rubianie acid is insoluble
in ether); dissolves in aqueous alkalies with blood-red colour, the
solutions assuming on boiling the purple-red hue of the alkaline
solutions of alizarin and throwing down alizarin after the addition
of acids.

Rubiacin = C3. Hy, Oy. Im the root of Rubia tinctorum,
perhaps combined with lime. Proceed at first, as indicated under
Rubian ; mix the residue, remaining after the edulcoration of the
rubian, with the remnant left after the evaporation of the alcohol,
containing verantin and rubiretin, and treat the mixture with a
boiling solution of chloride or of nitrate of iron. Rubiretin and
Rubiacin dissolve (the latter partly as such, partly by oxydation
as rubiacate of iron-oxyd) in the liquid, while verantin remains in
combination with oxyd of iron. Filter the deep red-brown solution
after short boiling, keep the remnant for the preparation of veran-
tin, precipitate from the filtrate with hydrochloric acid Rubiacin,
rubiacic acid, and rubiretin, as a yellow (after washing, brown)
deposit, dissolve moist in boiling alcohol, dissolving Rubiacin and
rubiretin and separating the former on cooling in small, citron-
yellow crystals. By evaporating more of the alcohol, a mixture of
Rubiacin and rubiretin is obtained as a dark brown-red residue,
which forms on boiling with water dark-brown drops of rubiretin,
while Rubiacin remains suspended as a light powder, and is easily
decanted. After repeating the boiling with water several times,
and pouring off the yellow powder which has formed, rubiretin
remains as a dark, red-brown mass.—Forms splendid tabular
crystals and needles, similar to iodide of lead, of a strong, reddish-

195

green lustre; dissolves slightly in boiling water with reddish-yellow
colour, little in cold, more in boiling alcohol, readily in ether, little
in diluted sulphurie acid, in concentrated sulphurie acid with
yellow colour and undecomposed even on boiling, in ammonia
with brownish, in potash-ley with rose-red, in soda-ley with orange
colour, turning blood-red on boiling.

Rubian = Csg H34 Oso. Bitter glucosid of the root of Rubia
tinctorum. Boil with water and precipitate the decoction with
diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acids, to produce a dark-brown
deposit which, freed by cold water from the acid, contains different
substances, viz., Rubian, alizarin, rubiacin, rubiretin, verantin,
pectic acid, and a dark-brown decomposition-product. (In the
filtrate remains chlorogenin and sugar). Boil the deposit moist
with several changes of alcohol as long as the latter assumes a
yellow colour, pectic acid and the decomposition-product remaining
undissolved, while the dark-brown decoction on cooling frequently
throws down the verantin as a dark-brown resinous powder,
removable by filtering. Heat the alcoholic solution to boiling,
adding newly precipitated hydrate of alumina and allow to digest
until the solution is nearly decolourised, precipitating thereby
alizarin, Rubian, rubiacin, and portions of rubiretin and verantin.
Collect the alumina-deposit and add to it, after washing with
alcohol, a concentrated boiling solution of carbonate of potash,
filter the deep-red solution, containing all the other substances,
from the undissolved alizarin-alumina (convertible into pure ali-
zarin as described above); precipitate the alkaline filtrate with
hydrochloric acid, to throw down Rubian, rubiacin, rubiretin, and
-verantin, collect the deposit and wash thoroughly with water. As
soon as the water passes off without acid reaction, the Rubian,
being insoluble in acid water but soluble in pure water, begins to
dissolve, imparting to the latter a yellow colour and a bitter taste.
By dissolving it in this manner and evaporating the filtered liquid,
it is obtained as a yellow extract. The latter is freed from pectic
acid by dissolving in alcohol, but retains 5% to 8% inorganic
substances, from which it cannot be separated.—Hard, dry, brittle,
amorphous mass, similar to dried varnish or to gum-arabic, perma-
nent at the air, dark yellow, intensely bitter, is decomposed at
130° under loss of water; gives out orange-coloured vapours,
consisting mostly of alizarin, when heated to a higher temperature,
and leaves much coal; fuses on platinum-foil, dissolves most readily
in water, a little less so in alcohol, not in ether, in concentrated
sulphuric acid with blood-red colour, and becomes carbonised by
heat; is decomposed by boiling with diluted sulphuric or hydro-
chloric acid, into sugar and into opalescent, afterwards orange-
coloured flocks, consisting of alizarin, rubiretin, rubiacin and
verantin; dissolves in hot caustic potash-ley with blood-red, then

o 2

196

purple-red colour under decomposition. The Rubian in aqueous:
solutions also becomes blood-red with caustic baryta or ammonia.
The aqueous solution of Rubian is not precipitated by acids; is
not altered on boiling with phosphoric, oxalic, acetic, or tartaric
acids, is not precipitated by alum or the acetates of alumina, lead,
copper, or zine, the chloride of tin, mercury, gold, the sub-nitrate
of mercury, or the nitrate of silver.

Rubichlorie Acid=Ci, Hs O9. In the root and herb of Rubia
tinctorum, in the herb of Asperula odorata, Galium Aparine, G.
Molugo and G. verum, and probably therefore largely present in
that group of the Rubiacez to which these herbs belong. Occurs
in traces in the deposit produced by acetate of lead from the
aqueous decoctions of the above vegetable parts; in a little larger
quantity in the deposit produced by sub-acetate of lead, in the
filtrate, and in the largest quantity in the deposit, effected by
ammonia, from the liquid remaining after the filtration of the
two former precipitations. In operating with Asperula adorata,
for instance, the third mentioned deposit has to be washed with
alcohol, and is then, suspended in alcohol, decomposed with
sulphuret of hydrogen. Free the liquid from the sulphide of
lead and from the sulphuret of hydrogen, precipitate again with
alcoholic solution of acetate of lead and a little ammonia, decompose
the deposit in alcohol with sulphuret of hydrogen; filter and
evaporatein a vacuum.—Colourless or slightly yellowish, amorphous
mass, inodorous, of an insipid nauseous taste, dissolves readily in
water and in alcohol, not in ether, becomes yellow with alkalies
and is decolourised by acids; becomes on heating with hydro-
chlorie acid blue, afterwards green, forming dark-green flocks
(chlorrubin), under formation of formic acid.

Rubiretin=C1 Hs O 4 (isomeric with hydrated benzoic acid).
In the root of Rubia tinctorum. It takes its origin, according to
Higgin, like verantin by the boiling with water or as decomposition-
product of purpurin, according to Strecker and Wolff, under the
influence of alkalies. As to preparation see Rubian and Rubiacin.—
Dark reddish-brown brittle resin, soft at 65°, fuses at 100°, yields
usually with more heat a slight sublimate of alizarin, dissolves
little in boiling water, readily in alcohol, in alkalies with purple-
red colour.

Rubitannie Acid =Cy, Hg O9. In the leaves of Rubia tinc-
torum. Precipitate the aqueous extract by means of acetate of
lead, treat the deposit with diluted acetic acid, filter, precipitate the
liquid with ammonia, wash the deposit with alcohol and decompose
under alcohol with sulphuret of hydrogen; mix the liquid, afterit has
been filtered and the alcohol is driven off, with water, precipitate
with subacetate of lead, decompose the deposit under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen and evaporate the filtered liquid.—Very

197

hygroscopic, precipitates the salts of oxyd of iron with a beautiful
green colour.

Rumicin=Curysoruanic Acip.

Rutin or Rutie Acid=Cs50 Has O39 +4 HO. Glucosid of Ruta
graveolens, of the flower-buds of Capparis spinosa, of the Waifa
(the flower-buds of Sophora japonica). Formerly confounded with
quercitrin. The safflower-yellow is, according to Stein, uncrystal-
lisable Rutin, as likewise the pigments of straw, of Aithalium, of
Hippophaé, and of Fagopyrum [also, according to Mylius, of Sedum
acre]. Boil the herb of cultivated rue with vinegar, press and let
rest ; wash the slowly forming Rutin with cold water, boil with a
mixture of 1 pt. acetic acid and 4 pts. water, filter, allow to crys-
tallise, wash the crystals, dissolve in boiling alcohol, treat the
solution with animal charcoal, filter and let crystallise.—Forms
light-yellow, fine needles of a feeble, silky gloss, inodorous and
tasteless, bitter in solution ; neutral ; loses its water at 160°, con-
glutinates at 190°, fuses and becomes carbonized with a smell of
burnt sugar; dissolves scarcely in cold, in 185 pts. of boiling water,
little in cold absolute alcohol, readily in boiling alcohol of 76 7,
not in ether, readily in alkalies and in alkaline earths, and repre-
cipitable unaltered by acids; yields on heating with diluted acids
sugar and quercetin.

Sabadillic Acid. Peculiar volatile fat-acid of the melanthaceous
group of Liliacex, especially observed in the seeds of Schcenocaulon
officinale and of Colchicum autumnale, and in the root of Veratrum
album. Treat preferably the seeds of Schcenocaulon (or Sabadilla)
with ether, evaporate the solution, saponify the fixed oil, which
has separated, with potash-ley, decompose the soap with tartaric
acid, distil the aqueous liquid, saturate the distillate with baryta
and distil the desiccated Sabadillate of baryta with concentrated
phosphoric acid.—The 8. acid sublimates in white needles of
mother-of-pearl lustre, fusible at 20°, of the odour of butyric acid,
soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

Sabadillin=Coo Hiz3 NO;. Alkaloid, associated with veratrin
in the seeds of Scheenocaulon officinale. Is obtained by extracting
with alcohol, distilling the tincture, dissolving the remnant in
diluted sulphuric acid, digesting the solution with animal charcoal,
and precipitating with caustic potash. The deposit consists of
veratrin, Sabadillin, and sabadillin-hydrate, and contains besides
two, not basic substances (only one of which, the helonin, has been
closely investigated). To separate these substances, redissolve the
deposit in diluted sulphuric acid, add nitric acid as long as a black,
pitch-like deposit is produced, precipitate the filtered solution with
potash-ley, wash the deposit, dry, dissolve in absolute alcohol,
evaporate the solution and boil the remnant with water, veratrin

198

and helonin remaining behind, while Sabadillin and sabadillin-
hydrate are dissolved.—From the aqueous solution nearly the whole
of the Sabadillin crystallises in slightly reddish, concentrically
arranged, sexangular prisms, which become white by recrystallising.
It has an extremely acrid taste, fuses at 200°, losing 9:53 / water,
is decomposed in higher temperatures ; dissolves little in cold,
readily in boiling water, also in alcohol, but erystallises not from
it; is insoluble in ether. It has a strongly alkaline reaction, and
forms with acids mostly crystallisable salts.

Sabadillin-Hydrate = Co His NO¢ (=C2o His NO; + HO).
By evaporating the liquid from which the sabadillin has erystal-
lised, oily drops are formed, congealing to a red-brown, resin-like, .
brittle substance.—Dissolves readily in water and in alcohol, not
in ether, is of alkaline reaction, forms with acids amorphous
salts.

Sagapenum, Gum-resinous exudation of Ferula persica and F.
Scovitziana. Yellow, brown, or reddish conglutinated grains of
garlic-odour and of acrid, bitter taste, softening with the warmth
of the hand. Contains two resins, gum, bassorin and volatile oil.—
One of the resins is red-yellow, pellucid, at first tough, smells
faintly garlic-like, tastes mild, afterwards bitter, dissolves readily
in alcohol and in ether, little in ammonia and in oils, partially in
potash-ley. The other resin is brown-yellow, brittle, inodorous and
tasteless, dissolves readily in alcohol and in warm potash-ley, not
in ether, ammonia and oils.

Salicin=Ca Hyg O14. Bitter glucosid of the bark, the leaves,
and other parts of species of Salix and Populus, probably also in
some species of Spirzea, which yield salicylous acid when distilled
with water. Boil the bark with water containing lime, clarify the
decoctions with albumen, strain, evaporate to a syrup consistence,
add pulverised charcoal, dry, extract with alcohol, distil the tinc-
ture and allow the remnant to crystallise. Recrystallise what has
formed in water with aid of animal charcoal.—Forms small, white,
shining needles and scales, is inodorous, of a very bitter taste
similar to willow-bark ; fuses at 198° without loss of weight, de-
composes in a stronger heat; dissolves in 22 parts cold and in half
part boiling water, in 30 parts cold and in three parts boiling
alcohol of 80 %, not in ether; has a neutral reaction ; dissolves in
concentrated sulphuric acid with purple-red colour, and water pre-
cipitates a dark-red powder from the solution ; yields, on boiling:
with diluted sulphuric acid, grape-sugar and a resinous substance
(saliretin = Cy4 H 6 O2); on heating with the superoxyds of lead
and manganese, or with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid,
formic and carbonic acids are produced, in the latter case associated
with salicylous acid. Metallic salts yield no precipitates.

199
Salicylate of Methyl=Ci Hs Og =Ca H3 O+Cy Hs Os.

In the herb of Gaultiera procumbens, and doubtless of other
species; it forms in the main the oil of wintergreen, obtained from
that plant by distillation with water, and has also been observed
lately as constituent of Monotropa Hypopitys. In the rectification
of the above oil a light oil of the composition of oil of turpentine
passes over at 200°; the boiling point rises rapidly, and when it is
as high as 222° Salicylate of Methyl begins to distil.—This is a
colourless oil, of a pleasant and very penetrating odour, and of a
sweet, aromatic, refreshing taste, of 1°18 density, boils at 222°,
dissolves little in water, the solution becoming purple-violet with
salts of oxyd of iron ; mixes with alcohol, ether, and oils in every
proportion, splits up with aqueous alkalies into salicylic acid and
wood-spirit, forms with bases compounds wherein | eq. H is sub-
stituted by 1 eq. metal, the potassium-compound dissolving readily
in water, not so readily that of sodium, still less those of baryum,
zinc, lead, copper, and mercury.

Salicylic Acid=C), H; O; + HO. In the flowers of Spireea
Ulmaria, combined with methyl in Gaultiera procumbens. May be
obtained from the distillation of the crude salicylite of soda (see
Salicylous acid), or by extracting the above flowers with ether,
distilling the ether from the solution, dissolving the remnant in
water, saturating the solution (containing salicylic and tannic
acids) with carbonate of soda, evaporating and distilling with
sulphuric acid. The aqueous distillate, by slow evaporation, yields
the acid in colourless needles. From the oil of Gaultiera it is
obtained by heating with strong potash-ley, until the whole of the
wood-spirit is driven off, precipitating the remnant with hydro-
chloric acid, washing the deposit with hot water and recrystallising
from hot alcohol.—The Salicylic acid erystallises in colourless
needles and in tolerably large quadrangular prisms, has a sweetish,
acid, afterwards irritating taste, reddens litmus paper, fuses at
150°, sublimates unaltered at 200° without boiling, dissolves
little in cold, abundantly in hot water, readily in wood-spirit,
alcohol and ether. The aqueous solution, like salicylous acid,
colours the salts of oxyd of iron purple-violet. The Salicylates of
the alkalies, of the alkaline earths and of zine dissolve readily in
water, those of lead, copper and silver with difficulty, all being
erystallisable. The aqueous solutions of the Salicylates of alkalies
turn brown at the air. In the destructive distillation most of its
salts yield carbolic acid and carbonates.

Salicylous Acid=Cy, H; O3. Found as yet in all parts, but
especially in the flowers of Spirzea Ulmaria; also in other herba-
ceous kinds of Spirza, in the flowers of Crepis fetida, but seems
to be only formed under the concurrence of water. It is obtained
by distilling with water. The acid distillate is saturated with

200

soda, evaporated to dryness, and the remaining salt distilled with
sulphuric or better phosphoric acid, when Salicylous acid passes over
first and salicylic acid sublimates afterwards in long needles. The
liquid distillate is desiccated by chloride of calcium, and rectified. —
Colourless, oily liquid, smells pleasantly aromatic, somewhat like
bitter almonds; has a burning aromatic taste, congeals at —20° to
a translucent crystalline mass; has a density of 1'173, boils
between 160° and 170°; reddens litmus-paper first, and bleaches
it afterwards; dissolves copiously in water, in every proportion in
alcohol and ether; in alkalies with yellow colour; the aqueous
solution, even when largely diluted, colours the salts of oxyd of
iron purple-violet. The Salicylites of the alkalies are yellow and
moderately soluble, and give the same reaction with oxyd of iron
compounds as the free acid. Tae Salicylites of the other metallic
bases are for the greater part insoluble in water.

[Samaderin, De Vry’s Glucosid (?) of the bark of Samadera
indica. Obtained by treating the alcoholic extract with water,
digesting the aqueous liquid with charcoal, and exhausting the
latter by hot alcohol.—Is extremely bitter, and only obtained in
the amorphous state. ]

Sandal-Red=SantTatin.

Sandarac, Resinous exudation of Callitris quadrivalvis. Pale-
yellow grains, similar to mastic, but not softening in the mouth,
readily soluble in alcohol of 807/, also in ether. By treating with
cold alcohol of 60%, one-third remains undissolved (sandaracin).
It contains three resins, one of which is precipitable from the
alcoholic solution by alcoholic potash, while the two other ones are

separable by alcohol of 60%.
Saneuinarin— CHELERYTHRIN,

[Santal=Cig Hg Og. Obtained by Weidel from sandal-wood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) by exhausting with boiling water, con-
taining a little potash; precipitating with hydrochloric acid; dis-
solving the precipitate in boiling alcohol, and allowing to erystal-
lise.—Forms colourless crystals, devoid of taste or smell, not —
soluble in water, benzol, chloroform, sulphide of carbon, and but
sparingly in ether; yields with potash ‘a faintly yellow solution,
which soon turns red and green. |

Santalin or Santalic Acid= C39 Hig Oy. The red pigment of
the wood of Pterocarpus santalinus. Boil the ethereous or the
alcoholic extract with water, the 8. remaining undissolved.—
Forms microscopic, beautifully red prisms, odorous and taste-
less, of an acid reaction; fuses at 104°, decomposes above the
fusing point; is insoluble in water, dissolves readily in alcohol
with blood-red, in ether with yellow colour, less in fixed and in
volatile oils, readily in acetic acid and precipitable therefrom by

207

water, likewise in concentrated sulphuric acid, in alkalies with a
violet-red hue. Combines with bases to amorphous salts, the
soluble ones (of the alkalies) possessing a slightly acerb taste.

Santonin or Santonie Acid—=C3. Hig Os. Bitter, resinous
acid of wormseed (Artemisia Cina and A. Siberi). Digest with
alcohol of 40% and with hydrate of lime, strain, distil the alcohol,
filter the remnant, concentrate and acidify with acetic acid. Collect
the Santonin which has formed, wash with cold alcohol and re-
erystallise from boiling alcohol with aid of animal charcoal.—
Forms colourless, klino-rhombic needles and tabular crystals, in-
odorous, slightly bitter; more bitter when dissolved in alcohol;
fuses at 169°, sublimates and becomes decomposed afterwards;
turns yellow slowly in diffused, rapidly in direct sunlight; dis-
solves in 5000 parts cold and in 250 parts boiling water, in 43
parts cold and in 3 parts boiling alcohol of 80°/, in 75 parts cold
and in 42 parts boiling ether, in 4°35 parts chloroform, the solu-
tions being of neutral reaction; in diluted acids not more
abundantly than in water; readily in alkalies and in alkaline
earths, also in oils, undecomposed and colourless in concentrated
sulphuric acid and reprecipitable by water. It behaves to-
wards bases like a weak acid; the compounds of the alkalies and
alkaline earths being soluble in water, not the other compounds.

Sapan-Red=Brasırın.

Saponin—=Czg Has Os. (Named, also, according to the origin,
Githagin, Monesin, Monninin, Polygalin, Quillajin, Senegin,
Struthiin.) In plants of various orders, especially in Caryo-
phyllez, as in the root and herb of Saponaria officinalis, in the
root of Gypsophila Struthium, in the root and seed of Lychnis
Githago, in the root-bark of Acacia lophantha, and perhaps
other species, in the root of Monninia polystachya and Polygala
Senega, in the Monesia-bark (Lucuma glycyphlea), in the root of
Quillaja Saponaria, in the fruit of Sapindus Saponaria and
Aesculus Hippocastanum; in the root of Polypodium vulgare,
and many other ferns. Boil, preferably, the root of Gypsophila
Struthium, with alcohol of 0'824; let the decoctions stand cold,
collect the sediment of Saponin, wash with ether and alcohol,
and dry at 100°. — White, not crystalline, powder, which produces
sneezing, of at first sweetish, afterwards burning, pungent and
lastingly acrid taste, of neutral reaction, readily soluble in water,
yielding a dense froth, even in solutions containing 1-10th °/,;
dissolves more readily in aqueous than in strong alcohol, in 400
parts absolute alcohol, yielding solutions devoid of the frothy
property; insoluble in ether and in volatile oils; is decomposed
by heat; breaks up on boiling with diluted sulphuric acid into a
carbo-hydrate and other products; dissolves little in cold alkalies,
more in warm ones; is precipitable by acetate and sub-acetate.

202

Scillitin. In the fleshy bulb of Urginia Scilla. Bruise the
fresh bulbs, digest with water mixed with some sulphuric acid,
filter, saturate the filtrate with lime, evaporate, allow to stand
cold, remove the sulphate of lime, bring the liquid to dryness,
treat with strong alcohol and evaporate the tincture.—Small,
white, hard prisms, of a bitter, not acrid taste, insoluble in water
and in oils, soluble in 120 parts alcohol.

Scoparin=Cy Ha Ox. Yellow, crystalline pigment of
Cytisus scoparius. Boil the herb with water, evaporate the
decoction to a small bulk, leave to stand cold for a day, collect
the greenish-brown jelly on a cloth, wash with cold water, treat
with boiling alcohol, filter and evaporate slowly.—Small, light-
yellow crytals, inodorous and tasteless, neutral, slowly soluble in
cold water and in alcohol, readily soluble in both when warm;
also easily dissoluble in the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies,
also in limewater and in solution of baryta, in concentrated acids. It
becomes dark green with solution of chloride of lime, is converted
into picric acid by nitric acid; is precipitable by acetate and
subacetate of lead.

Scrophularin, Bitter ingredient of Scrophularia aquatica, S.
nodosa, and allied species, obtained as yet only in the impure
state.

Sebacic Acid=STEARIC Acip.

Secalin=TriMETHYLAMIN.

Senegin=Saponin.

Sericic Acid = Myristic Acip.

Sericin = Myristin.

[Nicopirin=C32 Hy2 Oi. Glucosid, found by Peckolt in the
root-bark of Bowdichia virgilioides. Exhaust the powdered bark
with absolute ether, distil and treat the residue with cold alcohol of
32° B.; dissolve the remaining crystalline mass in boiling aleohol
with a little animal charcoal, filter and allow to crystallise.—Con-
glomerated needles of bitter, slightly pungent taste, slightly alka-
line, soluble in ether and boiling alcohol, not in water, fusible to-
a clear liquid, and burning away without residue. |

Sinapoleic Acid=Csg H3;O3 + HO. The liquid fat-acid of
the oils of black and white mustard and of rape; is prepared like-
oleic acid.

Sheabutter. Probably from Lucuma Parkii; is greenish-
white, fuses at 43°, and consists of about 307 olein and of 70%
stearin.

Sinalbin=SıyAPIn-SULPHOCYANIDE.

203

Sinapin Sulphocyanide=C32 Ha; NOy + C2 NS2 H. Ob-
served in the seeds of Brassica alba, B. nigra and Arabis perfoliata.
Free the pulverised seeds completely from the fixed oil by means
of ether, exhaust with absolute alcohol (which dissolves a little
sinapin), boil the remnant with alcohol of 90%, press, repeat the
operation twice, and distil the tinctures, when the Sinapin-Sulpho-
cyanide will crystallise from the remaining liquid.—It appears in
white, very voluminous, pearly, tuftily united needles, is inodorous,
has a bitter and mustard-like taste; is of neutral reaction, fuses at
130°, decomposes by more heat, dissolves in water and in alcohol
with yellow colour, more readily when warm, the solutions be-
coming colourless with even traces of an acid; is insoluble in
ether, sulphide of carbon and oil of turpentine, reddens the salts
of oxyd of iron. [According to Will, Sinapin-sulphocyanide, or more
properly called Sinalbin, has the composition Cg Hu N 2 84 Oz.
When placed into contact with water and myrosin, it breaks up
into Sulphocyanate of Acrinyl, Sulphate of Sinapin and sugar. |

Sinapisin, According to Simon, a fat occurring in the black
mustard-seeds, and not saponifiable. Treat the pulverised seeds
with alcohol of 94°/, evaporate the tincture to honey consistence,
treat with ether, evaporate the ethereous liquid to honey consist:
ence, remove sugar, oil, and resin by washing with small quanti-
ties of ether, dissolve the residue in alcohol of 90°/, decolourise the
solution by means of animal charcoal, filter and evaporate. Re-
erystallise the scaly crystalline mass in ether.—Forms snow-white
scales, dissolves readily in alcohol, ether and oils, not in acids or
in alkalies; may be sublimated.

Sinigrin = Myronate or Porassium.

Sipirin. As to occurrence and preparation see Bebirin. Dark-
red-brown, glossy, resinous mass, dissolves very slightly in water,
readily in alcohol, not in ether, neutralises the acids, forming olive-
brown salts.—Is, according to Tilley, impure Bebirin.

Smilacin=Cy. Hz Oy. In the sarsaparilla, in the quina-
root, and in other species of the genus Smilax. Boil with water,
precipitate the decoction with hydrochloric acid, wash the deposit
and dissolve in diluted sulphuric acid, precipitate with ammonia,
and purify, if necessary, by redissolving in alcohol and treating
with animal charcoal. Or, draw out with alcohol, precipitate the
tincture with water, wash the deposit with ether, dissolve in
alcohol, and decolourise with animal charcoal.—White warty mass
or loose powder, permanent at the air, inodorous, of a bitter and
acrid, somewhat astringent and nauseous taste, of neutral reaction,
fuses by heat, and decomposes in higher temperatures, dissolves
searcely in cold, more copiously in hot water, yielding a froth by
shaking; little soluble in cold, most readily in boiling alcohol, to

204

a frothy liquid, scarcely in ether ; dissolves in volatile, less in fixed
oils, in caustic alkalies, in cold concentrated sulphuric acid, and re-
precipitable by water unaltered; also in concentrated hydrochloric
acid.

[Socaloin = Cs; His O5 + 5 HO. Prepared by Histed from
Zanzibar or Socotrine aloes by moistening the pulverised drogue
with alcohol of 0°960 sp. gr., pressing strongly between calico,
dissolving the crystalline yellow residue in warm, weak alcohol,
and purifying the crystals by recrystallisation.—Forms tufted
needle-shaped prisms of a sweetish, afterwards bitter taste; melts
at 118-120°; dissolves in 30 parts alcohol, 9 parts acetic ether,
380 parts pure ether, 90 parts water, and abundantly in methyl-
alcohol. Over concentrated sulphuric acid it loses 127/ of its
weight, and at 100° 147. ]

Soft Resins. Viscid at ordinary temperature; are mostly ob-
tained from vegetable parts by extracting with alcohol or with
ether, and are probably in most cases mixtures of resin and of
volatile or fixed oils, or may be hydrates. They are distinguish-
able from balsams by the absence of smell.

Solanin=Cso Hy NO3. Specific alkaloid of the genus
Solanum, easily obtained from the twigs of S. Dulcamara, the
berries of S. nigrum, the sprouts of Solanum tuberosum, in 8.
verbascifolium, and to be found in numerous other species of Sola-
num. Best adapted for its preparation are the sprouts of
potatoes. Bruise them fresh, draw out with water and acetic acid,
precipitate the liquid with acetate of lead, add milk of lime to the
strained liquid, treat the deposit obtained thereby with alcohol,
evaporate the tincture and purify the remaining Solanin by re-
peatedly dissolving in alcohol.—White, flat, quadrangular prisms
of mother-of-pearl lustre, or a powder of similar appearance; in-
odorous, of a disagreeable, somewhat bitter, long lasting, rancid,
and acrid taste, of very slightly alkaline reaction; fuses, but not
without decomposition; dissolves little in water, the solution
yielding a froth on shaking; is almost devoid of alkaline reaction ;
becomes turbid with tannic acid; dissolves in alcohol slowly, with
a slightly alkaline reaction; not soluble in ether; dissolves in con-
centrated sulphuric acid with successively brown and violet hue;
breaks up when heated with diluted sulphuric acid (also hydro-
chloric or oxalic acid) into sugar, and another stronger base
(Solanidin=C59 Hy NO 2).

Sorbin=Cj2 Hy Oy. Peculiar kind of sugar of the ripe fruits
of Pyrus aucuparia. Forms in the juice, when the latter is kept
for a long time, and is purified by recrystallising with aid of
animal charcoal.—Forms colourless, rhombic crystals of the taste
of cane-sugar, fuses on heating, and burns with the odour of burnt

205

sugar; dissolves in half part cold water, not in” cold, little in
boiling alcohol, yields oxalic acid by heating with nitric acid,
assumes a red-yellow colour with cold concentrated sulphuric acid,
and turns black when heated ; is not alteredon heating with diluted
sulphuric acid; becomes brown on heating with potash-ley, lime,
baryta, and oxyd of lead, while evolving the odour of burnt sugar;
reduces alkaline tartarate of copper; is not able to ferment with
yeast; is not precipitable by subacetate of lead, but is so by
ammoniacal acetate of lead.

Spartein=C3zo Hz N. Volatile alkaloid of Cytisus scoparius.
Concentrate the acid mother-ley of the impure scoparin (see this),
distil with excess of carbonate of soda, saturate the distillate with
chloride of sodium and distil again, ammonia passing over at
first, followed by a colourless heavy oil which has to be freed from
ammonia by washing with cold water.—Colourless, oily, thick
liquid, heavier than water, of a faint odour, somewhat similar to
anilin, of a very bitter taste, boils at 288°, dissolves little in
water, but dissolves a little water when left in contact with it,
and becomes turbid; has a strongly alkaline reaction; saturates
the acids completely.

Spirea Yellow=C,; Hs O07. Yellow matter of the flowers of
Spirea Ulmaria. Treat the flowers with ether, distil the ether
from the tincture, mix the remnant with warm water to throw
down impure dyeing matter, while a green oil floats on the water;
remove the latter, dissolve the dyeing matter in hot water, remove
the fat, which forms on cooling, and evaporate to dryness.—
Yellow powder, consisting of fine needles, insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol and in ether with dark-green, or, when diluted,
yellow colour; soluble in alkalies, in concentrated sulphuric acid
with deep-yellow colour and reprecipitable by water unaltered.

Staphisagrin=Cs2 Ho; NO;. Alkaloid of the seeds of Del-
phinium Staphisagria, is obtained by the method indicated under
Delphinin.-—Yellow-brownish resin of acrid taste, fuses at 200°,
is almost insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol, insoluble
in ether, dissolves readily in acids, but is not able to neutralise
them.

Starch=Cj2 Hy Oi. A substance widely distributed in many
vegetable organisms and especially in roots, in subterraneous
stems and in seeds, but is also frequently met with in stems and
in unmatured fruits, and the presence of which is recognised best
by its property of acquiring with iodine a violet or dark-blue
colour. The iodine used for this purpose may be kept ready pre-
pared by dissolving 3 parts iodine and 4 parts iodide of potassium
in 93 parts water.—LKasy as the recognition of starch is, it fre-
quently causes much trouble to separate it completely from the

206

vegetable tissues, and with small quantities all efforts are in vain;
with large quantities the final result depends on the vegetable
tissues being reduced to a proper state by bruising, cutting, &c.,
and even then a small percentage of starch is retained tenaciously
by the cellular membranes. Dry substances must be pulverised
as fine as possible, and are converted into a paste with water;
fleshy or tough parts have to be treated on a grater; the mass, ob-
tained in either way, is brought on a square or circular piece of
silk gauze (so-called bolting silk-gauze, Nos. 10-13), the latter is
made to assume the shape of a bag and tied so as to enclose the
contents firmly. The whole bag is then put into a basin contain-
ing pure water, is held by one hand above the knot, and is
kneaded by the forefinger and thumb of the other hand. After
the water has become very milky, it is poured into a glass
jar capable of holding at least four to six times more water.
Now put the bag into fresh water and knead again for some time,
pour the liquid into the glass, and repeat these operations as often
as the water becomes milky. Afterwards allow the liquids, all
mixed together in the glass jar, to subside, collect the sedi-
ment on a filter, wash with pure cold water until the filtrate is
found to leave no residue on evaporating, dry at first at a
temperature not exceeding 40°, afterwards at 100°, and determine
the weight.

Usually, instead of silk-gauze, linen or calico is used for the
same purpose, but the starch-grains cannot pass through linen
with equal facility; more kneading is therefore required, causing
other parts (fibres, membranes) to pervade the pores and to con-
taminate the product. Even with silk-gauze part of those im-
purities are liable to pass through, unless another covering of the
bag of the same material be employed, in which case it is possible
to obtain the starch as nearly pure as possible.

After the Starch has been obtained, the remnant has to be
tested on its thorough exhaustion by throwing a small sample,
while moist, into a porcelain dish containing a solution of iodine
diluted to a gold-yellow colour. If no violet or blue colouration
ensues, the remnant is free from Starch; but if the latter be indi-
cated by a more or less blue tinge, its quantity is determined in
another way, suitable also in all cases where the mechanical pro-
cess would be impracticable. But before this can be done, the
substance has to be exhausted first successively by ether, alcohol
and cold water in order to free it from any traces of sugar, gum,
&c., which might be present.

This indirect estimation of Starch is effected by converting it
into grape-sugar and by submitting the latter to the agency of an
alkaline solution of sulphate of copper, containing tartaric acid
(see under “Reagents,” in Part II). For this purpose the
substance is dried after having been treated to the above-named

207

solvents, and is put into a glass-flask containing an equal
weight of concentrated sulphuric acid, which is diluted with 50
times its weight of water; the contents of the flask are then
heated to boil gently. From time to time a drop of the liquid is
taken out with a glass-rod and put into a porcelain dish, adding a
drop of solution of iodine. When neither a blue nor a violet or
reddish colour is produced, the flask is left to cool, the acid
liquid (containing the Starch as grape-sugar) is filtered and washed
until the acid reaction has disappeared; the liquid is mixed with
the water used for washing; saturated (cold) with soda-ley, and
its volume ascertained by cubic-centimeters.

Now, measure from the blue alkaline solution of sulphate of
copper, 10 cubic centimeters, pour them into a flask, holding
about 100 cubic centimeters, add 40 cubic centimeters water,
heat the mixture to a gentle boiling heat, and add of the above
neutralised solution of sugar gradually and in intervals, until every
trace of blue has disappeared, and in its stead a yellowish tinge
is observable. To find out the exact moment of the change of
colour, place the flask on a piece of white paper. This de-
colouration of the cupric solution takes place after 0:05 grammes
of grape-sugar, corresponding to 0:045 grammes of starch, have
been added. It is easy herefrom to calculate the concentration of
the liquid in question, and its previous amount of Starch. The
quantity of Starch found in this way has to be added, if necessary,
to that obtained before by kneading the substance.

The sulphuric acid, used for converting the Starch into grape-
sugar, being very diluted, neither vegetable fibrin nor pectin
which might be present, affect by changes of theirs the calculation.

Though, under all circumstances, the Starch is characterised with
certainty and precision by its behaviour to iodine; there are dif-
ferences of form and size, which to determine demands a micro-
scope magnifying at least 400 diameters. Should it not be pos-
sible to isolate the Starch, thin slices of the substance, wherein
Starch has been indicated by iodine, are submitted to the micro-
scopical examination.

Stearic Acid = Cs, Hz; O3 + HO. Contained as tristearin
in fats, especially solid ones. Saponify with soda-ley, decompose
the soap with hydrochloric acid, dissolve the fat-acids in hot
alcohol, allow to crystallise, press and recrystallise repeatedly,
until the product fuses at 69°1° to 69'2°. Shea-butter is of all
vegetable and animal fats the best adapted for preparing pure
' stearic acid, as it contains only the one solid fat-acid.—Forms
pearly needles and leaflets, inodorous and tasteless, of perceptibly
acid reaction, fuses at 69-1° to 69:2°, has at 9° to 11° a density
of 1-000, boils and distils in a vacuum unaltered, is not soluble in
water, dissolves in 40 parts cold absolute and in every proportion

208

in boiling alcohol, in 8°3 parts cold and in every proportion of
boiling ether, in 34 parts sulphide of carbon, in 44 parts of benzol,
in 10 parts cold concentrated sulphuric acid colourless. The
stearates have the consistency of hard soaps and plasters, and are
insoluble in water, except the stearates of the alkalies.

Stearin (Tri-stearin) = Cia Hy40 O»=0g H; O 3+ 3 Osg Hs;
Og. Is found principally in solid fats. Press, for instance, the
shea-butter, which contains as solid fat only Stearin, and re-
erystallise in hot alcohol.— White, pearly, radiated warty mass,
fine needles and leaflets, inodorous and tasteless, of 0-986 density
at 15°, fuses at 62°, dissolves not perceptibly in cold, in 6-7
parts boiling absolute alcohol, in 15 parts boiling alcohol of
0'805, in 66 parts boiling alcohol of 0°822 (on cooling the Stearin
separates almost entirely), in 225 parts cold ether, most abundantly
in boiling, readily in volatile oils,

Stearoptens, See EssEnTIaL OILs.

Stillistearic Acid, In the fat of Excecaria sebifera; coincides
with palmitic acid.

Storax, liquid. Exudation of the stem of Liquidambar
orientalis. Dark-brown or greenish-grey, partly ash-grey mass of
turpentine consistence, has a very pleasant balsamie odour similar
to solid storax, a pungent aromatic taste, and an acid reaction. —
Consists of a resin, cinnamic acid, volatile oil (Styrol), and a
neutral crystalline body (Styracin=Cinnamate of Cinnamyl.

Storax, solid. Exudation of the stem of Styrax officinale.
Appears mostly as a brown, glossy, somewhat glutinoas mass,
readily softening by the warmth of the hand, of an extremely
pleasant balsamic odour, tastes sweetish-aromatic, stimulating and
slightly bitter, and dissolves entirely in alcohol. Consists of resin,
volatile oil and benzoic acid.

Stramonin, Peculiar, indifferent body of the seeds of Datura
Stramonium, and some other species. Is obtained from the oil
that forms by treating the alcoholic tincture with hydrate of lime
and acidifying the filtered liquid, and has to be purified by re-
erystallising.—White, small, inodorous and tasteless crystals,
fusible at 150°, sublimating unaltered on careful heating, insoluble
in water, slowly soluble in alcohol, better in ether, also in fixed
and in volatile oils and in kreosot; of neutral reaction, concen-
trated sulphuric acid yields a blood-red solution, diluted acids
or alkalies have no effect. Metallic salts produce no deposit.

[Strophanthin. Poisonous principle of the Kombi-arrow-
poison of West Africa, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus
hispidus, or another species of Strophanthus. Fraser obtained
the Str. from the alcoholic extract of the seeds. |

209

Strychnin=Cy Ho Na O4 +2 HO. In various species of
the genus Strychnos, for instance in the seeds and bark of Str.
Nux © vomica, in the seeds of Str. Ignatia, in the wood of Str. colu-
brina, in the root of Str. Tieute, therefore also in the arrow-poison,
prepared from such like plants, associated with brucin. For its pre-
paration preferably the seeds of Str. Nux vomica are used. Digest
them in the rasped state with three changes of alcohol of 40 vA ; distil
the alcohol from the liquids, purified “by straining, pressing and
subsiding, evaporate the remaining liquid, until its weisht be
equal to that of the seeds employed, precipitate with acetate of
lead, filter, digest the filtrate cold with burnt magnesia for several
days, collect the sediment, wash, dry, triturate and digest warm
with alcohol of 80%. Distil the tincture to a small volume, let
rest cold, collect the crystals of Str yehnin, wash with weak alcohol
and recrystallise in hot alcohol of 80°/ (the mother-ley separated
from the previously formed Strychnin, may be used for the
preparation of brucin).—The Strychnin crystallises in white,
quadrangular, acuminated prisms, is inodorous, of an insufferably
bitter taste, undergoes no alteration in a gentle heat, fuses with
more heat to a pale-yellow liquid and decomposes afterwards;
dissolves in about 6000 parts water, in 120 parts cold and in 10
parts boiling alcohol of 80%, to solutions of a slightly alkaline
reaction; is not soluble in ether and in alkalies; dissolves incom-
pletely in chlorine water, producing by addition of ammonia
voluminous white flocks, which change soon to rose-red; dissolves
readily in concentrated sulphuric acid without colouration, the
solution assuming a purple-violet hue on addition of a few particles
of chromate of potash or of ferricyanide of potassium; nitric acid,
when cold, dissolves the Str. colourless, the solution turning
greenish-yellow on heating, and assuming a milky appearance
with subchloride of tin.

[Strychnin, when mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid,
assumes on addition of oxyd of cerium a beautiful blue colour,
slowly changing to purple, and lasting several days. A very deli-
cate test. |

Styracin=Cs; Hıs O4, or Cinnamate of Cinnamyl=Cg Hy O
+ Cig Hz O3. Crystalline substance of liquid storax (from
Liquidambar orientalis), and probably also of balsam of Peru
(from Myroxylon Pereirse). Treat liquid storax with 5 to 6 parts
diluted soda-ley at a temperature not above 30°, until the remnant
has become colourless, wash, dry, dissolve in ether-alcohol, and
allow to crystallise.—Crystallises in colourless prisms and needles,
inodorous, tasteless, fuses at 44°, is not volatile, insoluble in water,
little soluble in cold alcohol, in 3 parts ether, yields on heating
with chromate of potash and sulphuric acid, oil of bitter almonds,
benzoic acid, and a resin.

P

210

Styrol=Cig Hg. The volatile oil of liquid storax. Distil the
latter with water containing some carbonate of soda (to retain
cinnamic acid), shake the oil floating on the distillate with chloride
of calcium and rectify.—It is colourless, thin, smells like liquid
storax, has a burning taste and 0°924 density, boils at 145°75°
under conversion into an isomeric solid body (metastyrol) which
is devoid of taste and smell, but is reconverted on slowly heating
into the former liquid state.

Suberin, a modified woody fibre, main ingredient of the outer
bark of Quercus Suber. Remains after the treatment of the rasped
cork with water, alcohol, ether, and hydrochloric acid as a reddish-
grey, very light, soft, elastic mass of cellular structure.

Succinic Acid =Cy, Ha O3 + HO. It undoubtedly occurs
very frequently in the vegetable kingdom, though its presence,
as recorded in most statements, has not been proved sufliciently.
It is said to exist in turpentine, in the herbs of Lactuca sativa and
L. virosa, and in Artemisia Absinthium; sometimes it is probably
a product of decomposition of vegetable extracts, and therefore no
primary constituent of plants. Its occurrence in turpentine is
rendered probable by the fact that amber, which contains a large
amount of the acid, comes from an extinct coniferous tree. The
Suceinic Acid in plants is combined with a base, and is in this
state readily dissolved by water. Acetate of lead throws it down,
yielding a compound which becomes anhydrous at 130°, and con-
tains 30°947/ acid. From the Succinate of lead the acid can be
obtained without loss only by means of sulphuret of hydrogen ;
the liquid, after being separated from the sulphide of lead, yields,
on evaporation, the acid as a hydrate. With larger quantities and
when a small loss is of no consequence, the Succinate of lead is
digested warm, with } its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid,
and with the necessary quantity of water; it is then filtered, eva-
porated to form in crystals, and purified by recrystallisation.—The
pure acid forms klnorhombic prisms, inodorous, of a moderately
acid taste, fuses at 180°, boils at 235°, and volatilises undecom-
posed in white, acrid fumes; dissolves in 25 parts cold and in two
parts boiling water, readily in alcohol and in ether. Most of the
Succinates are soluble in water.

Sugar, See Fruit, CANE AND GRAPE SUGAR.

Sulphosinapin |

Sulphosinapie Acid ~ =Srvapin-SuLpHOcyANIDE.

Sulphosinapisin j

Surinamin, In the bark of Geoffroya Surinamensis. Treat
the alcoholic extract of the bark with water, filter, precipitate
with subacetate of lead, remove the lead from the filtrate by means
of sulphuret of hydrogen, filter and evaporate, whereby a part of

211

the Surinamin is obtained. The rest is got by digesting the liquid
with magnesia, filtering and evaporating again. Wash the Surinamin
with cold water and recrystallise in hot water.—Forms white,
very fine, voluminous, cotton-like needles of insipid taste ; neutral;
is partly carbonised and partly sublimates on heating; dissolves
very little in cold, readily in boiling water, almost insoluble in
cold, little soluble in boiling alcohol, readily in diluted acids, also
in potash-ley.

Sycoceryl-Alcohol=Cz¢ Hz O2. As acetate of Sycoceryl in
the resin of Ficus rubiginosa. Withdraw the sycoretin from the
resin by means of cold alcohol, and boil the remnant with alcohol,
the solution forming on cooling crystals of acetate of sycoceryl
and afterwards a small quantity of another flocky substance. By
cooling the solution to 40°, straining the crystals, recrystallising in
boiling alcohol and treating at 30° with ether so as to leave a
little of the substance undissolved, the acetate of Sycoceryl is ob-
tained pure, while a neutral crystalline substance, insoluble in
ether, remains. Decompose the acetate through boiling with a
solution of caustic soda in alcohol, precipitate the Sycoceryl-alcohol
which has formed with water and recrystallise in alcohol.—Forms
wawellite-like, very thin crystals, similar to caffein; fuses at 90°,
and is volatilised partly undecomposed by more heat; is insoluble
in water and in alkalies, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol,
and chloroform,

Sycoceryl-Acetate=Csg Hy» O+C1 Hz O3, Ingredient of
the resin of Ficus rubiginosa, and doubtless of other species,
obtained from it according to the foregoing paragraph.—Appears
in thin, mica-like leaflets or sexangular tabular crystals; neutral;
fuses at 118° to 120°, distils unaltered, dissolves most readily
in hot alcohol, in acetic acid, aceton, ether, benzol, oil of tur-
pentine.

Sycoretin, In the resin of Ficus rubiginosa. This resin
separates on treating with cold alcohol into about 73°% soluble
Sycoretin, 14 sycoceryl-acetate, soluble in hot alcohol, and 13
residue (caoutchouc, sand and fragments of bark). By mixing
with water the neutral, light-brown solution in cold alcohol, the
Sycoretin subsides and may be obtained colourless by repeatedly
dissolving and precipitating.—Amorphous, white, neutral, very
brittle, very electric; fuses in boiling water and floats on it like an
oil, fuses by itself only at 300°, and decomposes afterwards; is
insoluble in water, diluted acids and alkalies, readily soluble in
alcohol, ether, chloroform, oil of turpentine; in concentrated
sulphuric acid with a beautiful green colour without formation of
sugar.

Sylvie Acid, See Asreric Actin.

P2

212

Synaptase. This is the nitrogenised body which possesses
the. faculty of separating amygdalin into hydrocyanic acid and its
other products, and which, in combination with albumen, consti-
tutes emulsin. It is obtained by mixing the press-residue of
sweet almonds with water, pressing after two hours, filtering the
liquid, precipitating the albumen with acetic acid, filtering again,
removing the gum by acetate of lead, precipitating excess of lead
by sulphuret of hydrogen and mixing the filtrate with alcohol,
which throws down the Synaptase ; the latter has to be washed with
alcohol and dried in a vacuum.— Yellowish-white, either brittle
and glossy like gluten, or opaque and spongy like sarcocolla, very
soluble in cold water, almost insoluble in alcohol; the aqueous
solution becomes soon decomposed at the air, curdles at 60°, is not
precipitable by acids or by acetate of lead, but considerably so by
tannic acid; acts strongly upon amygdalin even at 80°. The
Synaptase does not behave towards starch similarly to diastase.

Syringin=C3g Has O2.+2 HO. ‘Tasteless glucosid of the bark
of Syringa vulgaris, and other species especially developed in early
spring, found in the leaves and half-matured fruits, and only in
traces in the leafbuds; it disappears during the progress of vege-
tation, and in its stead appears syringopicrin; is also contained in
the bark of Ligustrum vulgare and other Privets. Precipitate
the decoction of the bark with subacetate of lead, treat the filtrate
with sulphuret of hydrogen, filter, evaporate to a syrup consistence,
press the crystalline mass and recrystallise in hot water with aid of
animal charcoal.—Forms long, colourless needles, tasteless, neutral;
loses its water at 115°, fuses at 212°, and becomes decomposed
with the odour of burnt sugar; dissolves slowly in cold, readily
in hot water, in alcohol, not in ether; dissolves in concentrated
sulphuric acid with dark-blue colour, and forms, on addition of
water, grey-blue flocks; dissolves in concentrated nitric acid with
deep-red colour; breaks up with diluted acids under formation of
sugar; is not precipitable by metallic salts.

Syringopierin=Cas Hos O17. Bitter glucosid of the bark of
Syringa vulgaris. Remains after the preparation of syringin in
the mother-ley and is absorbed by animal charcoal. Wash the coal
with warm water and boil with alcohol, which dissolves the 8S. and
leaves it, after evaporating, in the form of a brown syrup-like
liquid. Purify by dissolving in alcohol, decolourising with animal
charcoal, evaporating and treating the remnant with ether, which
dissolves an acrid substance, leaving theS. undissolved.— Yellowish,
pellucid mass, friable to a permanent white powder, of a very
bitter taste and of acidulous reaction; fuses below 100° and is de-
composed by more heat; dissolves readily in water and in alcohol,
not in ether, is not altered or precipitated by alkalies, by chloride
of iron or by sub-acetate of lead, seems to yield sugar on treating

213

with diluted sulphurie acid, for the liquid, obtained by this treat-
ment, reduces the alkaline tartarate of copper.

Tacamahac. Exudation of the stem of Bursera tomentosa and
of Calophyllum Inophyllum. The resin of the first-named tree is
light-brown, opaque, of pleasant odour and of lasting bitter taste;
dissolves almost completely in alcohol. The resin of the other tree
is yellowish, smells after lavender, has a slightly acidulous taste ;
dissolves readily in alcohol and in alkalies.

Taiguic Acid, The yellow pigment of the Taigu-wood of Para-
guay, the origin of which is unknown. Obtained from the wood
by means of cold alcohol, and purified by treating repeatedly with
alcohol and with ether.—Forms beautiful yellow crystals, turning
slowly brown at the air, tasteless; fuses at 135°, volatilises at 180°
undecomposed; contains no nitrogen; dissolves in 1000 parts boil-
ing water, in 86 parts alcohol of 0.840, in 19 parts ether, in 16
parts aceton, in 45 parts benzol, also in sulphide of carbon, petro-
leum, in alkalies with red colour.

Tallow, Chinese. The fatty covering of the seeds of Ex-
caecaria sebifera (the kernels contain a liquid fat). It yields a
greenish-white tallow-like fat, fusing at 44°, and a white one, fusing
at 37°; both containing olein and palmitin.

Tanghinin, The poisonous ingredient of the seeds of Tanghinia
venenifera. Is obtained by extracting with ether from the seeds
which have been freed by pressing from most of the fixed oil, and
by evaporating the tincture.—Colourless crystals of a very bitter
and acrid taste, fusible with a gentle heat, not volatile, insoluble
in water, soluble in alcohol and in ether, little affected by acids or
by alkalies.

Tannaspidie Acid =C2g Hy, On. In the rhizome of Aspidium
Filixmas and some other species. Boil with alcohol of 75 to 80 /
and mix the decoction with water, hydrochloric acid and pulverised
sulphate of soda, to produce a precipitate, which contains Tannas-
pidie and pteritannic acids. Collect this deposit, wash with solu-
tion of sulphate of soda, press, triturate with water and digest at
60 to 80° with water containing hydrochloric acid, for half an hour,
removing thereby ammonia and other bases. Wash the remnant
with water, dry and exhaust with anhydrous ether, which dissolves
the pteritannic acid. Filter, warm the residue with strong alcohol,
add a few drops of solution of acetate of lead, throw down the latter
with sulphuret of hydrogen (to make the liquid apt for filtering),
filter and evaporate the filtrate in a current of hydrogen and at
last in a vacuum over sulphuric acid; the Tannaspidic acid thus
obtained is pure when it is quite insoluble in water and in ether,
but completely soluble in alcohol.—Black-brown, amorphous, glossy
mass, friable to a spaniol-coloured powder, inodorous, of slightly

214

adstringent taste and of acidulous reaction; is insoluble in volatile
and in fixed oils, its alcoholic solution precipitates the glue, not
the tartarated antimony, greens chloride of iron; throws down a
red powder when digested hot with diluted acids.

Tannicorticipinie Acid=C23 Hyg Oy. Known in the bark of
Pinus sylvestris from 20-25 years old trees. Boil with alcohol of
40; distil the alcohol completely from the tincture, remove a
viscid resin from the remnant by filtering, precipitate the filtrate
with acetate of lead, wash the deposit and add subacetate of lead
to the filtered liquid, obtaining thereby a deposit, which contains,
like the first, Tannicorticipinate of lead. Treat the deposit, pro-
duced by acetate of lead, three times with acetic acid, but avoid
to dissolve the whole; free from the undissolved portion containing
resin, by filtration, precipitate the liquids with subacetate of lead,
collect the deposit, wash and decompose under water with sulphuret
of hydrogen. The liquid, freed by filtering from the sulphuret of
lead and evaporated to half its volume in a current of carbonic acid
gas, forms brown-red crusts of the T. acid. B.—Decompose the
deposit, obtained by subacetate of lead, under water with sulphuret
of hydrogen, evaporate the filtrate in a current of carbonic acid
gas, dissolve the remnant in alcohol, precipitate with alcoholic
acetate of lead, wash and decompose the deposit under water with
sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate the filtrate in a current of car-
bonic acid gas, and dry at 100°.—Reddish-brown powder of
astringent taste, colours chloride of iron—at first dark-green,
afterwards red-brown, and produces at last a black-green deposit;
yields a red product by heating with diluted acids.

Tannic Acids, Derive their name from one of their generally
known properties, viz., of tanning animal membrane, 7.e. of con-
verting it into a durable compound, called leather. They are also
distinguished by their faculty of forming with glue compounds
more or less soluble in water; by their acid reaction towards
litmus-paper ; by their astringent, but not acid, taste; by their
amorphous condition ; by their property of forming deep-blue or
green, sometimes brown, compounds with iron oxyd or with iron
oxyd-suboxyd, not with pure iron suboxyd; and by their disposi-
tion to decompose in aqueous solutions and under access of the air
and more readily so in the presence of alkalies.

The number of Tannic acids is very large, but of their chemical
constitution we know as yet little or nothing. This accounts for
the confusion which prevails in regard to their classification.
Provisionally they are generally divided into acids which blue,
and into those which green the iron-salts ; but the colours of the
liquids or of the deposits which are produced by the mutual action
of these bodies and of iron-salts vary for one and the same sub-
stance, according to the state of oxydation of the iron, and are also

215

influenced by the nature of the acid constituent of the iron-salt, by
the greater or less acidity, and by the concentration of the liquids,
and all this to such an extent that it is possible to produce all the
gradations of blue or of green, and sometimes even from blue to
green with the same substance. Besides, as stated already, there
are a few Tannic acids which, under the same conditions, produce
neither of the two colours, but only a dirty-brown deposit. Even
the property of precipitating glue does not seem to be general, as
evidenced by a few of the iron-greening acids,

Another distinguishing feature of Tannins is their behaviour,
when submitted to dry distillation. Those which produce green
iron compounds, yield, under these conditions, Pyrocatechin (Pyro-
catechuic acid), while the Tannic acids of the blue reaction with
iron-salts yield sometimes Pyrogallic, sometimes Pyrocatechuic
acid.

Tannic acids are widely diffused in plants, especially prerennial
ones. They occur in all parts of their organism, but predominantly
in roots, barks, and young woods, less frequently in the teguments
of fruits and seeds, seldom in the leaves. If not present in too
small quantity, they are easily detected by the taste and by the
reaction of their solutions with glue and iron-salts. Some plants
contain two different Tannic acids, z.e., one of them producing a
green iron compound, the other a blue one under equal conditions ;
or the two acids may appear identical in regard to iron-salts, but
yet differ in other respects. For instance, the Tannic acids of nut-
galls, and of oak-bark, produce severally blue iron-precipitates, but
the former substance, by dry distillation, yields Pyrogallic acid,
while the latter does not.

To determine quantitatively the amount of a Tannic acid, of
whatever kind: prepare an aqueous solution or extract of one to
two grammes of the substance in question, add to the filtered liquid.
solution of acetate of baryta, as long as a precipitate ensues, filter
and precipitate the filtrate with acetate of lead, collect the deposit
on a filter, wash dry at 120°, and note down the weight of the dry
precipitate of Tannate of lead, incinerate the latter in a porcelain
crucible at a red heat, nalen with nitric acid, and heat again,
ascertain the weight of the remaining lead-oxyd, and deduct this
from the weight of the dried Tannate of lead—the rest represents
the weight of the Tannic acid.

Tanningenic Acid=Catrecuurtc Acıp.

Tannopinic Acid=Cas Hy; O13. Known to exist in the leaves
of Pinus sylvestris, and during ; spring-time, to replace the oxypino-
tannic acid, oxydises readily in warm, moist air, yields a red
product on heating with diluted acids,

216

Tartaric Acid=C, Hz O5; + HO. Occurs rather frequently,
either in the free state or half or completely saturated, especially
in sour, unmatured, and in sweet berries (for instance, in grapes) ;
in small quantity in roots, barks, woods, herbage, and abundantly
in Lycopodium complanatum, and probably to be found in most
allied plants. From the aqueous extracts of vegetable substances
it always passes into the deposit produced by acetate of lead, and
into the liquid that results, after the deposit has been decomposed
by sulphuret of hydrogen, and from which it may be obtained in
crystals by slow evaporation. The deposit of lead, should it con-
tain no other acid, may be used for its quantitative determination by
drying at 100° and weighing. In 100 parts, are contained 37.08
parts acid. The pure acid erystallises in colourless, klinorhombie
prisms and pyramids, is inodorous, of a pure and strongly acid
taste, fuses at 170° and becomes carbonised with the odour of
burnt sugar; dissolves in 2 parts cold and in 1 part hot water,
also readily in alcohol, in 36 parts ether. The aqueous solution
yields with lime-water a deposit soluble in sal-ammoniac. With
potash, it forms tartar. The Tartarates of the true alkalies are in
the neutral state readily soluble in water, the acid ones only
sparingly ; the neutral Tartarates of most of the other bases are
sparingly, or not, soluble in water, but soluble in tartaric and in
hydrochloric or in nitric acids. All Tartarates dissolve in liquor
of ammonia and in the hydrates of potash and of soda, with the
exception of Tartarate of silver, which does not dissolve in the
latter two liquids, and of Tartarate of mercury, which does not
dissolve in any of the three.

Taxin, Alkaloid of the leaves of Taxus baccata, prepared ac-
cording to Stas’ method of the forensic investigation of alkaloids.
— A white, loose, amorphous powder, very bitter, slowly soluble
in water, readily in alcohol and in ether, fusible to a yellow resin
by a gentle heat; also soluble in diluted acids, the solutions of
which yield no crystals. Precipitable by caustic alkalies, tannic
acid, tincture of iodine, not by chloride of platinum. Concentrated
sulphuric acid effects a purple-red solution which becomes decolor-
ised by water.

Thallochlor. The green pigment of Cetraria islandica. Exists
in the ether, containing oil of rosemary, used for washing the
cetraric acid (see this). Evaporate to dryness the solution, re-
maining after the cetraric acid has been removed by crystallisation,
dissolve the remnant in boiling alcohol, dilute the alcohol with
water until of a strength of about 42°/, and filter boiling hot.
Repeat this several times, in order to remove lichestearie acid,
and draw out the dried remnant with petroleum. Thallochlor
and fat are dissolved, while cetraric acid and brown substances
remain behind. Submit the solution to distillation under addition

217

of water, dry the remnant, until the whole of the petroleum is
driven away, dissolve in alcohol and throw down the Th. either
by digesting with hydrate of lime or better by alcoholic acetate of
lead. The green flocks obtained are, after filtering and boiling
with ether, separated from the lead-oxyd by means of acetic acid.
—Brittle, green mass, insoluble in water, scarcely soluble in hydro-
chloric acid, soluble in strong alcohol, ether, and oils.

Thebain = Cs Ha; NOg, In opium, to all appearance in Papaver
Rhoeas too, associated with rhoeadin. By heating, as indicated
under morphin, the aqueous extract of opium with milk of lime,
the morphin remains dissolved, while the Thebain is left in the
lime-sediment. Wash the latter, dry, boil with alcohol, evaporate
the extract and treat the remaining brown, granular mass with
ether, which dissolves the Thebain, and leaves it on evaporating
as a brown, crystalline mass. Purify by dissolving in acid, precipit-
ating with ammonia and recrystallising in alcohol or in ether.—
White, silvery, quadratic leaflets, also needles, grains and cauli-
flower-shaped masses, very electric on rubbing, of a more acrid and
styptic than bitter taste, of alkaline reaction; fuses at 150° with-
out loss of weight, and decomposes in a higher temperature;
dissolves not, or slightly in water; readily in alcohol, ether,
diluted acids, becomes deep-red with concentrated sulphuric acid,
and dissolves with yellow colour; becomes blood-red with sul-
phuric acid, containing nitric acid. Its salts are not crystallisable
from water, but are so from alcohol and from ether.

Thein = Carrern.

Theobromin = ©: Hs N4 O4. Alkaloid of the seeds of Theo-
broma Cacao. Precipitate the aqueous extract of the prepared
seeds with acetate of lead, filter, free the filtrate from lead by
sulphuret of hydrogen, concentrate to honey-consistence, boil with
alcohol, evaporate the tincture and recrystallise what has formed.
— White, crystalline powder, inodorous, of a bitter taste, slightly
similar to cacao, sublimates at 290° to 295°, fusing at the same
time; dissolves in 1600 parts of cold and in 55 parts boiling
water, in 1460 parts cold and 47 parts boiling alcohol of 80 °/.,
in 17,000 parts cold and in 600 parts boiling ether; all these
solutions having a neutral reaction; dissolves readily in alkalies
and in diluted acids. The very diluted solution in nitric acid,
yields with nitrate of silver a silvery-white, crystalline deposit ;
the ammoniacal solution yields with nitrate of silver a jelly-like
deposit soluble in warm liquor of ammonia. On boiling this
solution ammonia is evolved and a colourless, granular, crystalline
deposit of Theobromin-silver = Cy, Hz Ag Ny Og is obtained.

Thujin=Cyo Hay O2. Dissolve the deposit, obtained in the
following paragraph by means of acetate of lead, in diluted acetic

218

acid, filter, precipitate the filtrate with subacetate of lead, decom-
pose the deposit under water with sulphuret of hydrogen, heat the
whole mixture, filter hot and evaporate in a current of carbonic
acid gas and ina vacuum. Dissolve the crystals which have formed
in boiling water under addition of alcohol, and recrystallise.—
Forms glossy, citron-yellow, microscopic, tabular crystals of
astringent taste; is decomposed by heat, insoluble in water, readily
soluble in alcohol, separates by diluted acids into sugar and thujetin
(Cog His O1¢), dissolves in alkalies under decomposition, colours
chloride of iron dark-green.

Thujogenin = Cas Hy Oy. Known to occur in small quantity
in the green parts of Thuja occidentalis, is also obtained on
warming thujin with hydrochloric acid. Boil with alcohol, strain,
let cool, separate from the wax, distil the alcohol from the filtrate,
and mix the remnant with water, and with a few drops of dissolved
acetate of lead, in order to facilitate filtering. Precipitate the
filtrate completely with acetate of lead and reserve the yellow
deposit, containing thujin and thujetin (Cog Hı4 O16) for the pre-
paration of these substances. The filtered liquid produces with
subacetate of lead another deposit, containing the Thujogenin;
divide in water, decompose with sulphuret of hydrogen, heat the
liquid with the sulphide of lead, filter hot, and evaporate in a
current of carbonic acid gas and in a vacuum, when the Th. will
form in flocks.—Microscopie needles, very sparingly soluble in
water, readily in alcohol ; the latter solution assuming a splendid
green-blue colour with ammonia.

Thymen=C» His. Forms with cymen the more volatile part
of the oil of thyme. Rectify repeatedly with caustic potash the
portion of the raw oil which distils between 160°and 165°, and distil
afterwards by itself, when the Thymen will pass over at 160°to 165°
and the cymen at 175°.—It is colourless, of a pleasant odour of
thyme, of 0-868 density.

Thymo]=C29 Hy, 02. The solid ingredient of oil of thyme, also
contained in the volatile oil of Monarda punctata and of the seeds
of Carum Ajowan. Distil the oil of thyme by itself, when thymen
and cymen pass over first and afterwards Thymol; press the latter,
after it has solidified, and recrystallise from alcohol.-—Thin, rhom-
boidal, tabular crystals of a pungent, aromatic taste, neutral, fusing
at 44° to 50°, boiling at 220° to 230°, of a density=1-028 when
solid, in the liquid state lighter than water.

Tobaccocamphor=N 1CoTIANIN.

Tolen = Co His. In the balsam of Tolu. The oil, obtained
from the latter by distillation with water, is a mixture of cinna-
mein (according to Flueckiger and Hanbury, it contains no
cinnamein), cinnamic acid and Tolen; the latter distils, on heating
the oil for a rather long time, to 160°, and is obtained pure by

219

repeatedly rectifying with hydrated potash and retaining the
portion which distils first—Colourless, thin, smells like elemi, has
a pungent, acrid, pepper-like taste; of 0°858 density; boils at
154° to 160°.

Tolubalsam. Exudation of the stem of Myroxylon toluiferum.
In the fresh state thickish, yellow, becomes slowly darker and
solid, has a very pleasant smell. The dry balsam is also named
Opobalsamum siccum. Consists of resin, volatile oil, and cinnamic
acid, The resin dissolves readily in alkalies, and has the formula
Cig Hıo O5. The volatile oil, obtained by distilling the balsam
with water, contains a hydrocarbon (Tolen = C2) Hyg).

Toncacamphor=Cumarin.

Tragacanth-substance= Bassoriy.

Trehalose = Cy. Hy; On + 2 HO. Peculiar kind of sugar in
the trehala-manna of Syria, an amylaceous substance, gathered by
coleopterous insects, and converted by them into a cocoon, con-
sisting of about 66% starch, 5 gum, and 29 Trehalose. The latter
forms rectorhombic crystals, has a less sweet taste than cane-sugar,
loses at 25° to 30° partly, at 100° completely, 2 equivalents water ;
fuses on rapidly heating to 100°; but is not fused even at 180°, if
desiccated before. Dissolves readily in water, is almost insoluble
in cold, soluble in boiling alcohol, not in ether, ferments with yeast
very slowly and incompletely; is not altered through boiling with
alkalies, alkaline earths and alkaline tartarate of copper; yields
with nitric acid, oxalic, but no mucic acid, is carbonised on heating
with concentrated sulphuric acid, becomes converted into grape-
sugar by heating with diluted sulphuric acid, is precipitated by
ammoniacal acetate of lead.

Trimethylamin=(C; Hy N (isomeric with propylamin and
formerly confounded with it). Volatile alkaloid of the herb of
Chenopodium olidum, of the flowers of various Pomacez (for
instance, Crateegus coccinea, ©. monogyna, ©. Oxyacantha, Pyruscom-
munis, P. aucuparia), of the seeds of Fagus sylvatica, of the ergot,
of the rust fungus of wheat. Is obtained by distilling with a fixed
alkali and water, saturating the distillate with sulphuric acid,
evaporating, shaking the salty mass with ether-alcohol, removing
the sulphate of ammonia by filtration, evaporating the filtrate,
shaking the residue with potash-ley and afterwards with ether,
decanting the ether and evaporating the ethereous solution in a
vacuum.—Colourless liquid of a nauseous, ammoniacal, herring-like
odour; precipitable by tannic acid, bi-iodide of potassium, chloride
of mercury and iodide of potassio-mercury, soluble in water, alcohol
and ether in every proportion.

[Tritiein=Ci2 Hy Oy. Contained in the juice of the roots of
Triticum repens.—A tasteless, amorphous, gummy substance,

220

easily transformed into laevulose (fruit-sugar), if its concentrated
solution is kept for a short time at 110°. Treated with nitric acid,
it yields oxalic acid. Deflects in solution polarised light to the
left.—H. MUELLER. |

Tulueunin=Cy Hy, Os. Bitter ingredient of the bark of
Carapa guianensis. Boil the bark with water, evaporate the
decoctions to a thick syrup consistence, treat repeatedly with
alcohol of 33° Baumé, warm the whole of the alcoholic solutions,
add milk of lime, which precipitates almost completely the
colouring matters, let subside, filter, add water to the filtrate,
distil the alcohol, concentrate the residue to honey-consistence,
treat with strong alcohol, evaporate the solution to a syrup con-
sistence, shake the latter with chloroform and allow the chloroform
solution to evaporate.—Pale-yellow, amorphous substance, of very
bitter taste and of acidulous reaction, dissolves not in ether,
readily in alcohol, chloroform, in 150 parts cold, and a little more
in hot water. With concentrated sulphuric acid it becomes at
first brown, then slowly blue; by adding immediately after the
acid a few drops of water a splendid blue colouration is instantly
produced which lasts more than twenty-four hours. A similar
blue tinge is obtained with hydrochloric and phosphoric acids,
also with warm citric, tartaric and oxalic, not with acetic or nitric
acids.

Turpentine, This name was originally applied to the resinous
exudation of the terebinth-tree (Pistacia Terebinthus), and which
is obtained either spontaneously or by incisions made in the stem;
but afterwards all the similar exudations of coniferous trees in
general have been termed likewise. The Turpentines are, as a
rule, yellowish-white, very viscid, transparent or translucid masses
of honey-consistence and of acid reaction, of a peculiar, strong,
mostly unpleasant odour, and generally of a burning, aromatic, bitter,
disagreeable taste; consist chiefly of resin and volatile oil. They
dissolve in alcohol more or less readily, in ether, in oils, also in
potash-ley, the latter solution being precipitable by excess of
potash. According to their origin they have different names.

Turpethin = Cos H;6 Os. (Isomeric with jalapin, but not
identical with it.) Resinous glucosid of the root of Ipomexa
Turpethum. Shake with ether (which dissolves about 57/) the
crude resin obtained by alcohol, &c. dissolve the remnant in alcohol,
precipitate with ether and dry.—It is not decolourised by animal
charcoal, is brown-yellow; inodorous, has at first no perceptible,
afterwards an acrid and bitter taste, fuses at. 183°, dissolves
readily in alcohol, not in ether, separates on boiling with diluted
acids into sugar and Turpetholic acid =C32 Ha, Og, a white mass
consisting of microscopic needles and tufts, soluble in alcohol, less
so in ether.

221

Tyrosin = Cig Hıı NOs. Has as yet been found only in the
South American ratanhia extract from Krameria triandra, K. Ixina
and K. secundiflora. To prepare the Tyrosin, precipitate the aqueous
solution of the extract first with glue, afterwards with subsulphate
of iron and next with lime, evaporate the liquid, to deposit at first
sulphate and carbonate of lime, afterwards Tyrosin, which has to
be recrystallised in hot water. — White, loose, warty mass, com-
posed of fine needles, or isolated silky needles, without smell or
taste ; is decomposed by heat; dissolves in 2788 parts cold and in
138 parts boiling water, not in alcohol and ether, readily in the
hydrates and carbonates of alkalies and in alkaline earths, like-
wise in diluted acids, in concentrated sulphuric acid, and the latter
solution, after it has been saturated with carbonate of lime, and
freed from the sulphate of lime by filtering, assumes a violet hue
with chloride of iron.

[Umbelliferon=Cıs Hg Os, seems, according to Flueckiger
and Hanbury, to pre-exist to a small extent in galbanum, asafe-
tida and ammoniacum, and is also obtained by the dry distillation
of resins of umbelliferous plants in general and of Daphne Mez-
ereum.—It forms colourless, acicular crystals, soluble in water,
ether, and chloroform. Its solution in water exhibits, especially
on addition of an alkali, a brilliant blue fluorescence, which is
destroyed by an acid. It may be prepared from galbanum, by
heating the latter for some time to 100° with hydrochloric acid,
and treating the cold acid liquid with ether or chloroform, which
takes up the Umbelliferon. ]

Urson = Cy Hs, O4. Crystalline substance of the leaves of
Arctostaphylos (also found by Tonner in the leaves of Epacris spp.).
Exhaust the leaves with ether, wash with ether the crystalline
sediment, obtained by evaporation, and recrystallise from alcohol.
—Forms colourless, silky needles, without taste and smell, fusible
at 198° to 200°, boils in higher temperatures, and sublimes un-
altered; is insoluble in water, diluted acids and alkalies, sparingly
in alcohol and in ether.

Usnie Acid=Csg Hig Oy. In various kinds of Usnea, Cla-
donia, Evernia, Lecanora, Parmelia, Ramalina; is best obtained
from Cladonia rangiferina or from Usnea florida. Boil with thin
milk of lime, throw down the Usnic acid from the dark yellow
solution by means of hydrochloric acid, dry the deposit and purify
by recrystallisation from alcohol with aid of animal charcoal.—
Appears in sulphur-yellow, pellucid needles and leaflets, friable to
an electric powder; tasteless; fuses at 203°, is decomposed in
higher temperatures, and yields a sublimate of Beta-orcin; is not
moistened by and is insoluble in water, dissolves in alcohol and in
ether, still more when warm, in concentrated sulphuric acid with
yellow colour, and precipitable by water unaltered, readily in

222

alkalies, but becomes decomposed on boiling. Forms salts with
bases; those of the alkalies are colourless, erystallisable, become
slowly coloured at the air; those of the other bases are obtained
in amorphous flocks by precipitation.

Valeren= BorneEen.

Valerianic or Valerie Acid=Cio Hp O3 + HO + 2 Ag. In
the root and herb of Valeriana officinalis, in the root of Archange-
lica officinalis, Peucedanum Oreoselinum, and of other Umbelliferz,
in the flowers of Anthemis nobilis and other Composite, in various
parts of Sambucus nigra and allied species, and probably widely
distributed besides. To obtain it, distil the respective vegetable
substances with water, saturate the distillate with carbonate of
soda, evaporate to dryness, distil the salt with sulphuric acid and
a little water, when a concentrated aqueous solution is obtained,
on the surface of which most of the acid floats as an oil. This oil
is the tri-hydrate; by distilling it by itself a milky fluid passes
over, followed by a clear liquid, which is the mono-hydrate. The
latter is a colourless, thin, oily liquid, smells peculiarly and more
disagreeably than valerian, and at the same time like putrid cheese,
has a burning, acid, afterwards aromatic, sweet, and apple-like
taste; is of 0.935 density; boils at 132°; dissolves in 30 parts
water, mixes with alcohol and ether in every proportion. The
Valerates smell like the free acid, after putrid cheese, those of the
alkalies and alkaline earths are fatty to the touch, dissolve readily
in water, and have a sweet taste; those of the other bases are
partly readily, partly slowly, and partly not soluble. The Vale-
rate of lead is readily soluble.

As regards the quantitative estimation of Valerianic Acid, the
latter, after being separated from the respective vegetable sub-
stance by distillation, ought to be in such a state of concentration
as partly to float on the aqueous liquid. Now, add slowly and
gradually cold water, until the oily liquid has disappeared, and
ascertain the weight of the whole. One hundred parts of this
cold, concentrated, aqueous solution of Valerianic Acid contain,
or are equal to, 2.941 parts anhydrous acid.

Valeriantannic AGidS=Cy, Hy Os and Cyzg Hs O9. In the
root of Valeriana officinalis. Draw out with absolute alcohol,
precipitate the tincture with an alcoholic solution of acetate of
lead; filter and precipitate again with ammonia. The first deposit
contains an acid=Cy, Hg Og, which does not produce a green
colouration with chloride of iron. The other deposit contains
a tannic acid = Cj2 Hg Og, which turns iron combinations green.

Vanillin = Vanituic Acıp.

Vanillie Acid = Cz; H22 Oz. In the fruit of Vanilla aromatica.
Forms the crystals, which eflloresce on the fruit by keeping. To

223

prepare it, treat the fruit with alcohol, evaporate the tincture to
an extract, dilute with water to syrup-consistence, shake with ether,
evaporate the ethereous solution and recrystallise from hot water.
—Forms colourless, hard, quadrangular needles, has a pure but
faint vanilla-like odour, and a similar afterwards pungent taste ;
fuses at 82°, sublimes above 260°, but unaltered only when
rapidly heated; dissolves in 198 parts cold and in 11 parts
boiling water, in 6 parts cold alcohol of 93 °/,, and in equal
parts boiling alcohol, in 64 parts cold and in equal parts boiling
ether, also in las and fixed oils, the solutions in alcohol ad
ether, having a slightly acid reaction; the aqueous solution
assumes a splendid dark-violet tinge with chloride of iron, and
yields a pale-yellow deposit with chlovide of platinum, and a
yellowish-white one with acetate of lead, but is not affected by
the nitrates of the suboxyds of palladium and mercur y, and of the
oxyds of silver.

[To estimate the amount of V. acid in Vanilla, Tiemann and
Haarmann exhaust the finely-cut pods with ether, agitate the
ethereous tincture with a solution of bisulphite of soda, which
combines with the V. acid, and is decomposed by sulphuric acid. |

Variolarin, Known to exist in Pertusaria communis. Ex-
haust this lichen with boiling alcohol, evaporate to honey-con-
sistence; remove from it the orcin by means of water, treat with
ether and allow the latter to evaporate, leaving a crystalline
remnant, which has to be freed from a soft resin by washing with
cold alcohol, and is then dissolved in boiling alcohol. On cooling,
long white needles are formed, which dissolve readily in alcohol
and in ether, fuse with a gentle heat, decomposing afterwards, and
are not altered by alkalies or by acids.

Vateria Tallow, obtained from the fruit of Vateria Indica.
White or yellow, fatty and waxlike to the touch, of a globularly
radiated fracture; of a faint, pleasant odour; tasteless; of 0.926
density; fuses at 364°.

Vegetable Mucilage or simply Mucilage=Ci2 Hio O1. Under
this, in a chemical sense, undefined name, certain matters are com-
prised, which differ from gum, and are obtained on treating various
vegetable substances with cold water, under the form of thickish,
turbid, ropy liquids. Prominently rich in it are various
seeds (from the orders. of Labiatae, Lineae, Plantagineae,
Rosaceae, etc.); but also leaves, stalks, barks, roots, for
instance, Asperifoliae, Malvaceae, Orchideae, Algae, etc. By
mixing with alcohol a liquid prepared as above with cold
water, and freed, if necessary, from albumen by boiling and strain-
ing, the Mucilage immediately separates, but charged with no
inconsiderable quantities of lime-salts, which may be abstracted

224

for the greatest part from the deposit by alcohol containing
hydrochlorie acid.—The Mucilage is, after drying, yellowish, not
so translucid as gum, more tough than brittle; swells up consi-
derably in water, and dissolves to turbid, ropy, neutral liquids,
which in many cases are thrown down by acids and by many salts
that do not affect the solution of gum, as for instance by alum,
subchloride of tin, acetate of lead; but on the other hand they are
not turbidified by silicate of potash, nor thickened by borax.
Nitric acid produces oxalic and partly mucic acid. By the agency
of diluted sulphuric acid, at first gum, then sugar is formed. The
different behaviour of different Mucilages is probably caused by
the greater or less amount of salts, though this assumption is con-
tradicted by Frank (Chem. Jahresb. für 1865, 598).

The presence of Mucilage can be best detected by directly treat-
ing with cold water. For this purpose the roots, barks, leaves and
stalks have to be reduced to a proper state by bruising, cutting,
etc.; seeds are left whole, as they contain the mucus in the epi-
dermis, and with them, bruising would be either superfluous or
detrimental to the purity of the product, because the water would
dissolve, or keep suspended, substances that could not be easily
removed, as albuminous substances, oils, etc.—-The quantitative
estimation of Mucilage is also effected by direct treatment with
cold water; after subsiding and straining, the liquid must be boiled
afew moments. Now, strain off the flocky deposit of albumen,
evaporate to a small bulk, precipitate with alcohol, wash the
deposit with alcohol and dry at 110°. As salts of lime (generally
the phosphate) are always present, their weight has to be deter-
mined by incinerating a weighed quantity of the dried Mucilage
and weighing the ash. The weight of the latter has to be deducted
from that of the Mucilage.

Verantin=Ci; H; O;. In the root of Rubia tinctorum.
Liberate the Verantin oxyd of iron (see Rubiacin) from the
metallic base by boiling with hydrochloric acid, wash and dissolve
in boiling alcohol, when the Verantin will separate on cooling as
a brown powder.—Reddish-brown, amorphous powder similar in
appearance to snuff or ground roasted coffee; fuses scarcely in
boiling water and dissolves sparingly in it, dissolves readily in
boiling alcohol and separates on cooling in a pulverulent form,
the solution retaining an acid reaction; dissolves in alkalies with
a brown colour; is decomposed by heat.

Veratrie Acid=Cis Hy O7 ++ HO. In the seeds of Scheno-
caulon officinale. Exhaust the pulverised seeds with alcohol
acidulated with sulphuric acid, add to the tincture hydrate of
potash, filter, distil the alcohol, collect the veratrin thus deposited
and saturate the mother-ley with excess of sulphuric acid, when
the V. acid will crystallise slowly before or after evaporation.

Wash with cold water and recrystallise in alcohol. —Forms
colourless needles; reddens moist litmus paper; loses water on
heating and becomes opaque, fuses and sublimes completely ;
dissolves slowly in cold, more readily in boiling water, readily in
alcohol, not in ether. The Veratrates of alkalies are crystallisable
and soluble in water, those of silver and of lead dissolve sparingly.

Veratrin=Co: Hs N2Oi5. Alkaloid of the seeds of Schoeno-
caulon officinale and of some allied plants. Exhaust with alcohol
of 70% to 80%, add a little water to the tinctures and distil the
alcohol, evaporate the remaining liquid under addition of pul-
verised charcoal to dryness, triturate the mass, treat with water
mixed with concentrated sulphuric acid, filter, precipitate the
solution with carbonate of soda, wash the deposit, divide in
water, and add slowly and gradually diluted sulphuric acid to
redissolution, digest the solution with animal charcoal, filter,
precipitate with ammonia and dry the deposit after washing.
To free the Veratrin from resin, dissolve in alcohol of 607, filter
if necessary, and evaporate. A white crystalline powder is formed,
mixed with a brown resinous matter, which is removable by
washing with cold water. The crystalline Veratrin has to be
recrystallised from strong alcohol.—A tolerably white, light,
amorphous powder, or, in the purest state, small, colourless
erystals of an extremely acrid burning taste, inodorous, the dust
of which produces violent sneezing and irritation, fuses and
decomposes in higher temperatures, is insoluble in water, dissolves
in 3 parts alcohol of 80°% at the ordinary temperature, much more
when boiling hot, the solution being of strongly alkaline reaction ;
dissolves also readily in ether when the product is quite pure,
but the amorphous V. only in 50 parts. Concentrated sulphuric
acid colours it passingly yellow, then carmine-red; concentrated
hydrochloric acid produces, especially on warming, a deep dark-
violet solution, on the surface of which small drops of oil begin to
form.

Veratrin Resin = Heronin.
Vinetin = OxvacanTuin.

Violin, Alkaloid of all parts of Viola odorata, Free the alco-
holic extract of the root from chlorophyll and fat by means of
ether, boil the residue with diluted sulphuric acid, in order to
volatilise acetic acid, add hydrated oxyd of lead in excess, dry,
treat with alcohol and evaporate the solution.—Pale-yellow
powder, bitter, fusible, inflammable like a resin in higher tempera-
tures; dissolves in water more and in alcohol less than emetin, not
in ether, combines with acids.

Viridie Acid, See Carreic Acıp.
Q

226

Virola Tallow. From Myristica sebifera, is similar to nutmeg
balsam.

Visein=Cy Has O1g = Cao Hao + 16 HO. Exudes from the
receptacle and floral envelope of Atractylis gummifera; is found in
the leaves and branches of [lex Aquifolum, Viscum album, and
especially in the berries of the latter, and of various kinds of
Loranthus ; has also been observed as constituent of other plants.
[It is very plentiful in the fruits of Pittosporam undulatum. |
Bruise the berries of Viscum with water, wash with water, treat
afterwards with alcohol, and lastly with ether, evaporate the
ethereous solutions, knead the glutinous yellowish mass, left after
evaporation, first with alcohol, then with water, and heat to 120°,
until all the water is driven off.—Clear mass of honey consistence ;
may be drawn out into threads; almost inodorous and tasteless; of
an oily appearance at 100°, begins to boil at 210°, a thin yellow
oil of 0'856 density distilling at 235°; has the density of water,
and leaves greasy spots on paper.

Volatile Acids, Such as pass over in the distillation of vege-
tables with water, but are quickly decomposed, and have as yet
not been isolated in the pure form ; have been observed in plants
of the following genera: Aconitum, Arum, Clematis, Ranunculus,
Daphne, Pimelea, Polygonum, and many Fungi.

Vulpulin or Vulpie Acid=Css Hy, Oy. Im Cetraria vulpina
and in Parmelia parietina, but in the latter only when it has been
gathered, not from trees, but, in the undeveloped state, from sand-
stone rocks. From the Parmelia the Vulpulin can be withdrawn
‘nearly pure by sulphide of carbon. The Cetraria has to be soaked’
first in lukewarm water, containing a little lime; strain after a
few hours, repeat the same treatment, saturate the united solutions
with excessof hydrochloric acid, wash the flocks which have separated
with cold water, and recrystallise from hot water or from alcohol.
—Forms sulphur-yellow, translucid, large, rhombic pyramids or
needles, crystallized from sulphide of carbon of the colour of bi-
chromate of potash; fuses at 110°, and sublimes in small yellow
laminar scales or needles, with the odour of benzoin; tasteless by
itself, dissolved in alcohol, very bitter; is, even in boiling water,
nearly insoluble, readily soluble in sulphide of carbon, in 376 parts
cold, and in 200 parts boiling alcohol of 807%, in 588 parts cold,
and in 88 parts boiling alcohol of 90%; also sparingly in boiling
absolute alcohol, more readily in ether, and most readily in chloro-
form, in concentrated sulphuric acid with brown-red colour, which
turns pale-yellow on addition of water.

Walnut Oil, Obtained by pressing the seeds of Juglans regia.
Originally greenish, becomes soon pale-yellow, inodorous, of mild
taste and of 0.926 density, congeals at —18°, butter-like, becomes

227

hard at —27°, dries better at the air than linseed oil, yields like
this soft soaps.

Xanthin, according to Higgin. In the root of Rubia tinctorum.
Precipitate the fresh, filtered infusion of madder with acetate of
lead, wash the deposit, decompose with sulphuret of hydrogen and
boil the sulphide of lead with water. The solutions, after they
have been neutralised with ammonia and digested with a little
hydrated alumina, which deposit alizarin and rubiacin, yield the
Xanthin on evaporating the filtrate and on extracting the residue.
(By this method are obtained, according to Schunck, rubian and
products of decomposition of the latter).—Dark-brown, deliques-
cent, gummous body, bitter (neither acerb nor sweet), fuses and
decomposes in higher temperatures, dissolves readily in water with
a beautiful yellow colour, also readily in alcohol, little in ether,
in alkalies with purple-red hue. The aqueous solution is precipi-
table by alum and by subacetate of lead, but not by acetate of
lead.

Xanthorhamnin= Cg Hg O2s + 10 HO, according to Gellatly.
In the matured grains of Avignon (from Rhamnus infertorius and
some other congeners), or, according to Kane, a decomposition-
product of the chrysorhamnin of the unripe berries. After boiling
the unripe berries with water for a few minutes and drying, no
chrysorhamnin is obtained, but in its stead Xanthorhamnin. Like-
wise Xanthorhamnin is obtained from chrysorhamnin by boiling the
latter-with water under access of air. Gellatly boils the unripe pul-
verised berries with alcohol, frees the not too much concentrated
tincture from a slowly forming dark-brown resin by repeated decan-
tations, allows to crystallise and purifies by recrystallising.—Forms
pale-yellow, shining silky tufts of almost tasteless crystals; loses its
water at 100°; does not fuse at 130°; dissolves readily in cold and
in hot water, and in alcohol, not in ether; colours black the
solutions of iron; decomposes with diluted acids into sugar and
Rhamnetin = Cy Hjo O19, forms with alkalies brown solutions.

Xanthotannie Acid=Cıs Hıs O4. The yellow matter of
autumnal leaves. Exhaust, for instance, elm-leaves with alcohol,
evaporate the tinctures, filter off the wax, precipitate the filtrate
with water, filter again, precipitate with acetate of lead and
decompose the deposit by sulphuret of hydrogen. The liquid
separated from the sulphide of lead, has an astringent taste, acid
reaction and precipitates glue.

Xanthoxylen=Cz Hy. Obtained by distilling the so-called
Japanese pepper (seeds of Xanthoxylum piperitum) with water,
desiccating the oil with chloride of calcium and rectifying by means
of potassium. Colourless, of great light-refracting power, and of a
pleasant aromatic odour; boils at 162°.

Q 2

228

Xanthoxylin=C Haı Oi. Forms in the volatile oil (xanth-
oxylen), obtained by distillation with water, from Xanthoxylum
piperitum, and remains, after the oil has been freed from xanth-
oxylen by distillation at 130°. May also be obtained by evaporating
the alcoholic tincture, and by freeing the crystals from resin by
washing with liquor of ammonia.—Large, colourless, silky, klino-
rhombic crystals, neutral, smellsfaintly like stearin ; tastes aromatic,
fuses at 80°, volatilises in higher temperatures undecomposed ;
dissolves not in water, readily in alcohol and in ether.

Xylochlorie Acid=C3 Hz; Oz. Green pigment of decaying
wood, especially that of beech. Treat with diluted liquor of
ammonia, precipitate the green solution with hydrochloric acid,
wash and dry the deposit.—Dark-green, friable mass, tasteless,
not fusible, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, diluted acids, becomes
carbonised with concentrated sulphuric acid; is readily soluble in
liquor of ammonia, the solution being of deep olive-green colour,
and of neutral reaction, after the excess of ammonia has been
driven off, yielding by spontaneous evaporation a green residue
soluble completely in water. This aqueous solution is precipi-
tated by chloride of iron and by acetate of lead dirty green, by
sulphate of copper, and by subnitrate of mercury olive-green.

Xylostein, Bitter substance obtained from the berries of
Lonicera Xylosteum. Boil the berries with water, precipitate the
decoction with acetate of lead, remove excess of lead from the
filtrate by sulphuret of hydrogen, evaporate to a syrup consistence,
shake repeatedly with ether and evaporate the latter.—Crystallises
in long, colourless needles or prisms, is inodorous, neutral, non-
nitrogenised, of a slightly bitter taste; fuses at 100°, gives out a
crystalline sublimate in higher temperatures under carbonisation ;
dissolves sparingly in cold, readily in boiling water, most readily
in alcohol and in ether; is precipitable by subacetate of lead, yields
with diluted acids, sugar, and other products.

bo
bo
ie}

IN SDR DRUIDE:

[Aricin = C23 Has Nz O4 Alkaloid, prepared from the Quina
de Cusco by O. Hesse.—Beautiful, white prisms, fusing at 188°,
of very feebly alkaline reaction, and very slightly astringent, not
bitter taste, dissolves very easily in chloroform, rather easily in
ether (1: 20), in 235 parts alcohol of 80%. It behaves towards
nitric and sulphuric acids like cusconin, and is precipitable by the
same re-agents as cusconin and by iodide of potassium and tannic
acid. Acetic acid likewise precipitates the solution of A. in hy-
drochloric acid under the form of small, white granules, very
difficultly soluble in cold, more readily in boiling water, and
erystallising therefrom in crystals after cooling. |

[Capsaicin. The active principle of the fruits of Capsicum
annuum, prepared by Tresh.—Colourless prisms of extremely
pungent taste, fusible and volatile without decomposition by itself
and by the steam of water, the vapours strongly irritating the
respiratory organs. The C. dissolves little in cold water, better
in boiling water, easily in strong alcohol and ether; also in potash
ley, and reprecipitable from the latter solution by addition of a
solution of ammonium chloride. |

[Cusconin=C23 Hog Na Oy + 2 HO. Prepared by O. Hesse,
from the Quina de Cusco.— White leaflets, or short prisms of dull
lustre, fuses at 110°, of very slightly alkaline reaction in alcoholic
solution, dissolves in 35 parts ether, better in alcohol and aceton, very
easily in. chloroform, little in benzol and petroleum-ether; becomes
green with nitric acid, and dissolves with greenish-yellow colour,
with the same colour in concentrated sulphuric acid, changing to
dark-brown on warming. Its solution in hydrochloric acid is
precipitable by ammonia, soda, the sulphocyanide, bi-iodide, ferro-
and ferricyanide of potassium, the chlorides of gold and of
platinum, iodide of potassio-mercury, phosphotungstic acid. Its
salts, when neutral and dissolved in water, react acid, and taste at
first rancid, then slightly bitter; the neutral sulphate at last
cooling, burning similar to inferior peppermint oil. |

[Erythrophlaein, Alkaloid, discovered by Gallois and Hardy
in the bark of Erythrophlaeum guinense.—It forms a clear, amber-
yellow mass, of crystalline structure under the microscope, dissolves

230

in water, alcohol, amylalcohol, acetic ether, very little in ether,
chloroform, benzol; forms salts with acids. Concentrated potash-
ley, also ammonia, yield crystalline precipitates in the solution of
the hydrochloride. Precipitates are likewise formed by chloride
of platinum, picric acid, potassium bi-iodide, the iodides of
potassio-mercury, potassio-bismuth and potassio-cadmium, bi-
chromate of potash, the chlorides of mercury and gold, and the
subchloride of palladium. With hypermanganate of potash and
sulphuric acid a similar but feebler violet colour is formed, as with
strychnin. It acts as a strong poison. ]

[Gardenin=C23 Hy; Oi. Crystalline resin of the Dikamali
resin from Gardenia lucida. Crystallises from the hot, alcoholic
solution in yellow needles, which melt at 155°.—FLUECKIGER. |

[Giyeyphyllin. Glucosid of the leaves of Smilax glycyphylla.—
Brownish-yellow, amorphous mass, or, by slow evaporation of the
ethereous solution, concentrically united tufts of crystals of
aromatic odour and bitter-sweet taste ; dissolves better in hot than
in cold water, easily in alcohol and in ether; breaks up on boiling
with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid into sugar and another
product.—Baron F. von MUELLER and L. RumMet. |

[Jurubebin, Alkaloid of the fruits of Solanum paniculatum.—
Amorphous mass of bitter taste and slightly aromatic odour, little
soluble in water, easily in liquor of ammonia, alcohol and chloro-
form. The hydrochloride of J. is crystalline and yields in solution
precipitates with most alkaloid-reagents except chloride of plati-
num, picric and chromic acids.—F. V. GREENE. |

[Muscarin=C ;H 3 NO2. Poisonous alkaloid of the Fly-agarie
(Agaricus muscarius), isolated from the extract by dilute hydro-
chloric acid, evaporating the liquid to crystals and pressing the
latter between blotting paper, which absorbs the deliquescent
Muscarin salt, while the chloride of a non-poisonous alkaloid,
Amanitin=C, Hj3 NO remains behind.—KoPPE AND SCHMIEDE-
BERG. |

[Nucit=Ciz Hyg Ow + 4 HO. Peculiar kind of sugar, con-
tained in the leaves of the walnut tree (Juglans regia.) It erystal-
lises in klinorhombic prisms of 1:54 sp. gr., has a sweet taste,
dissolves easily in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform, is non-
rotating, does not reduce copper salts, is unable to ferment even
after boiling with dilute sulphuric acid. Treated with nitric acid
it forms neither mucic nor oxalic acids——Tannet AND Vır
LIERS. |

[Ostruthin=C,, Hi; O02. Discovered by v. Gorup-Besanez in
the root of Peucedanum Ostruthium.—Odourless and almost taste-
less, klinorhombic crystals, fusing at 115°, resolidifying at 91°;
sublimable under decomposition, burning at the air with a bright,

231

smoky flame. The O. yields on trituration an electric powder, is
of neutral reaction, is insoluble in cold water, whereas boiling
water dissolves only traces, little soluble in benzol and petroleum-
ether, easily in alcoholand ether. The alcoholic solution exhibits,
especially after addition of a little water, a blue fluorescence. It
dissolves also in caustic potash, soda and ammonia, and is there-
from reprecipitated by carbonic acid. It is not precipitable by
metallic salts, and forms with hydrochloric acid gas in alcoholic
solution crystals of hydrochloride of Ostruthin. |

[Oxynarcotin=C» Hs; NOs. Alkaloid prepared by Beckelt
and Wright, from the mother-liquor remaining in the preparation
and purification of narcein from opium. It forms small, mica-like,
sandy crystals, little soluble in water and alcohol, even on boiling,
similar in appearance to narcotin, but differing from it by its
sparing solubility in hot water and alcohol, and its insolubility in
benzol, ether and chloroform. Fixed alkalies and their carbonates
precipitate the O. from its concentrated solutions, not or only
partially after some time from diluted ones. Analogous to the
hydrochlorides of narcotin and narcein, the hydrochloride of O. by
hot water breaks up into free acid and a basic salt. |

[Picroroccellin. Nitrogenised, neutral substance, found by
Stenhouse and Groves, in Roccella fuciformis.—It erystallises in
long, colourless prisms, of considerable lustre, and of very bitter
taste, insoluble in water, petroleum and sulphide of carbon, little
soluble in ether and benzol, moderately soluble in boiling alcohol.
It fuses at 192° to 194°, and decomposes afterwards. Dissolves in
concentrated sulphuric acid, with yellow colour on warming, re-
precipitable as yellow powder on addition of water. The same
takes place with nitric acid. On heating P. for ten minutes at
220°, or on boiling with dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, it is
converted into Xanthoroccellin, a nitrogenised body, crystallising in
long, slender, yellow needles. |

[Thevetosin, Poisonous glucosid, discovered by Herrera in
the seeds of Thevetia yccotli—White, quadrangular prisms, in-
odorous, of intensely acrid taste, not soluble in water, very little
soluble in ether, sulphide of carbon, fixed and volatile oils, easily
soluble in alcohol. Yields, with dilute sulpburic acid, sugar and a
resin. The alcoholic solution is not changed by nitrate of silver,
the chlorides of platinum, gold and iron, iodide and iodate of
potassium, tannic acid, the hydrates and carbonates of alkalies,
ferro- and ferricyanide of potassium. |

bo

bo

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Those formulas marked with an asterisk, as they differ from the text, are the results
of more recent inwestigations.

Abietic acid = Os Hes OÖ;

Absinthin = Co9 Hog O4

Acetic acid = Cy Hy O3

Aconitic acid = Cg Hg O¢

Aconitin = Cs) Hay NO;

Adansonin = Cyg H72 O33

Aesculin — Co, Ho, Ors

Aesculetin = Cy Hg O4

* A lizarin — C4 Hs O4 (Graeb. et
Lieb.)

* A loin =Cy7 Ho) O7 (Fl.et Hanb.)

Amygdalin — Ca, Ha, NOy (an-
hydrous)

Anacahuit tannic acid = Cg Hy,
Os

Anacardie acid = C44. Has O7

Anchusin = Cjs Hap O4

Anemonic acid = Cy; Hy4 O7

Anemonin = Cy; Hy. Og

Anethol = Cjo Hi. O

Angelic acid = C; Hg O2

Annatto red = Cg Hig OÖ

Antiarin = Cu Ho O; + 2 He O

Apiin = Coq Hos O13

Arachidie acid = C29 Hyo O2

Arbutin = Co4 Hy O1 = Ha O
Hydrokinon — Cy Hg O3

Aribin = Co3 Ho Ng + 8 Hy O

*Aricin = Cinchonidin (Hesse)

Arnicin = Co) Hap O4

Asaron = Ca» Has Os

Asclepion = Cop H34 O3

Asparagin=C, Hg Na O3 + Hz O

Aspartic acid = Cy H, NOx

Asperula tannic acid = C; Hg O4

Athamantin = Co, Hp O7

Atherospermin = C39 H49 Na O

Atherosperma tannic acid — Cy
Hy O2

Atropin = Cr Hos NO;

Azulen = Cig Hog O

Basilicum stearopten = Cyo Hop
Oz

Bassorin = Cg Hyo O5

Bay oil hydrocarbons = Cjo Hy
and Cis Ho4

Bebirin = Cy Ho NOs

Benic acid = Co Hy Oo

Benzoic acid — Cz Hg Os

Berberin = Coo Hi; NO, (anhy-
drous)

Betulin = Co; H4 Oo

Betuloretic acid = Czg Hgg O

Boheic acid = Cz Hyp Og

Borneen = Cjo Hig

Borneol = Cio His O

Brasilin = Coo Hoo O7

Brucin = Co3 Hog Ny O4 +4 He O

Bryonin = C4g Ho O9

Butyric acid = Cy Hg O3

Caffeic acid = Cis Hıs O;
Viridie acid = Cu Hy: O7

Caffem = Cg Hyo N; O3 =F He O

Calluna tannic acid = Cy4 Hy4 Og

Camphor = Cyp Hig O

Camphor oil = C2) Hg2 O

Cane-sugar = Cy Hos On

Caoutchouc = Cop H32

233

Capric acid Cıo Hap O2

Caproic acid = Cg Hıa O2

Caprylic acid = Cg Hig O3

Capsulaescic acid = Cy3 Hıa Og

Cardol = Co1 Hz Os

Carminie acid = Cys Hı4 Os

Carotin = Cig Ho, O

Carthamin = Cy4 His O7

Carven = Co Hig

Carvol = Cio Hı OÖ

Caryophyllic acid = Cjo Hig O2

Caryophyllin = Cyo Hig O

*Catechuic acid = Cy3 Hıa O5

Ceradia resin = Co9 Hog Ov

Ceropinic acid = Czg Hes O5

Cerosin — Coy Hz, O

Ceroxylin = Ca Hz O

Cetraric acid = Cig Hyg Os

Chelerythrin — Cyy Hy; NOx

*Chelidonic acid — C; Hy O;

Chelidonin — Cy Hy N3 Oz =>
Hz O

Chenopodin = Cg Hiz NO;
Metagummie acid = Cia Ha

On

Chica red — Cg Hg O3

Chiratin — Cag Hag O15

Chiratogenin = Cj3 Ha4 O3

*Cholestearin — Cag Ha, O

Chrysophanie acid = Cyyp Hg O3

Chrysorhammin = C23 Ha O11

Cicuten = Cjo Hig

Cinchona alkaloid, Howard’s =
C29 Hos Nz O3

*Cinchonidin — Ca Ho, Na O

Cinchonin — Coo Hog No O

Cinnamic acid — Cg Hg O3

Cissotannic acid — Cio Hype Os

Citric acid — Cg Hg O7

Cnicin — Co H;s O15

Cocain = Cig Hı9 NO,

Codein — Cis Ho NO; + Hy O

Colchicin — Cy7 Hyg NO;

Colocynthin = C55 Hg Oo3

poopie acid = Cys H4g O13

== = Co H>4 O7 (Boe-

9)

deker)

Colombin — Co Hy Or
Conessin = Co, H4, No OÖ
Conhydrin — Cg Hy; NO
Coniferin—Cj¢ Hoe Og +2 Hs O
Coniin = Cg Hy; N
Convallamarin = C23 H44 O12
Convallarin — Ca, Hea Oy
Convolvulin = C3; Hz;o O1e
Copaivic acid = Cy9 Hap O3
Coriamyrtin = Co Hag O14
Corticipino tannic acid = Cyg Hy,

7
Corydalin = Cyg H;g Na O7
Crocin — Cap His O1

5 = Cig Ho O13, He O
(Rochleder )

Crotonol = Cy Hy4 O 2

*Cubebin = C33 H34 Oo

Cumarin = Cy Hg O2

Cuminol = Cjo Hy2 O

Curarin — Co His N
*Curcumin = Co Hy 013
Cyclamin = Cag H3a Ox
Cymen (cymol) = Cjo Hı4
Dambonit = Cy Hg O3
Dambose = C3 Hg O3
Dammaryl = C29 Hz
Dammaryl-hydrate = 4 C29 H32
at Ho O
Dammarylic acid = Cy; Hza O3
*Daphnin = Cs; Hes O19
Daphnetin = Cyy Hy4 O9
Datiscin — Ca} Ho: Oj2
Datiscetin = Cy; Ho O6
Delphinin = Cos Hz; NO2
| Dextrin = Cg Hypo O5
Digitaletin = Cy: Has Og
Digitalie acid, volatile = C5 Hio
Os
Digitalin _— Cag Hag O14
» crystallised = Ca; Hy O15
Dragon’s blood = C29 Ha O4
Dulcamarın — Os Hjoo No O9
” (Geissler) = Coo Ho4 On
Dulcamaritin — Cie Has
Duleit == Ce Hy4 Og
| Elaterin — Cr Hos Os

234

Elemi resin — C29 H32 O3
Elemin — C40 Hee O
Ellagic acid — Cy Hg Og + 3
Hs O
Emetin — Co H39 No Os
” — C39 Has Na Og (Lefort)
Emodin = C49 Hap O13
Equisetic acid — Aconitic acid
Ericinol = Cro Hıs O
Ericolin — Oz H;g Os
Erucic acid — C22 Hya Oo
Erythric acid = Ca, H22 O19
Eugenin — Ojo Hıa O3
Euphorbin = Co H33 O

Euphrasia tannic acid — C32 Hyo |

O7
Evernic acid — Cy7 Hıs O7
Fiber (Cellulose) = Cg Ho O;
* Filicie acıd = Cy4 His Os
Formic acid — CH» O3
*Fraxin = Ci6 His On
*Fraxetin — Cio Hg Os
Fruit-sugar = Ce Hı2 O¢
Fumarie acid — Cy Hy O4
Galbanum resin — Cog Has O5
Galium tannic acid — C7 Hg O;
Gallic acid = C7 He Os
Gallotannic acid — Ca, Ho. O47
Gambogie acid = Czy Ho O4
Gardenia tannic acid No. 1 — Ca,
Has O13
” ” ” No. 2 = C23
Has O13
Gaultierylen = Cio Hic
Gentianin — Cra Ayo OÖ;
Gentiopierin = Ca Ha Oi +
Ha O
Ginkgoie acid = C24 Hyg Oz
. Globularia resin — C29 Haze Os
Globularia tannic acid — Cg Hıa
07;
Globularin = C39 Ha O14
Glycerin = C3 Hg O3
Glycyrrhizin = Co4 Hag Op»
Gratiolin = Cao Hy34 O7
Gratiosolin — C46 Ha Oos
Guaiacic acid = Cy2 Hig O¢

Guaiaconic acid — C33 Hyo O49
Guaiacum Beta resin = C29 Hao.
O¢
*Guaiaretic acid — Cop Has O4
Gum = Ci Ha O1
Gurjunic acid — Cy, Hes Og
Gutta = C20 H3a
Haematoxylin = Og Hu O6 + 3
Ha O

Harmalin = Cy3 Hy, Ne O
Harmin = C3 Hy, Na OÖ
Hederic acid = Cy, Hog O4
Helenin = Cig Hog O1

» = Og Hg O (Kallen)
Helianthic acid = C7 Ho O4
Helleborein — Os Hu O45
Helleborin = Cz¢ Hy: Og
Helonin = O4 Hyg No Oz
Huanokin = Cx) Hoy No OÖ
Hydrastin — C22 Ha; NOs
Hydrocarotin — Cis Ha, O
Hydrocyanic acid — CN H
*Hyoscyamin — Cy; Ho; NOs:
Hypogaeic acid = Cig Hy O2
Ilixanthin = Cy7 Haa Oy
Indican = Cog Hs; NO;
Indigo blue = Cs H; NO
Tnosit — Cg H» Og + 2 He O
Inulin = Cg Hyo O5
Tpecacuanhic acid = C4 Hig O7
Tris stearopten — Myristic Acid
Isocetic acid = Cy; H39 Oe
Jalapin — Convolvulin
*Jervin = Cao Hag No Os
* Koussin = C31 Has Oxo
Lactic acid = C3 Hg O3
Lactucerin = Cyg Has O
*Lactucin = Cy, Hy, O3 + He OÖ
Laricin = Cz Hype Os
Laserpitin = Cos Has O7
Lauric acid = Cy2 Hoy O2
Laurostearin — C27 H;o O4
Lecanoric acid — Cyg Hı4 O7
Ledum tannic acid — C7; Hs O3
Lichenin — Os Ho O;
Lichenostearic acid = C14 Ha4 Oz
Limonin — C44 Hz Ow

9

7

Linoleic acid — Cig Has O2
Lupulic acid = Cs2 H;o O7
Luteolin — Cy. Hg O;
Lycopodium resin — Cig H32 O3
Lycopodium stearon = Ci5 H30

2

Malic acid — Cy Hg O;
Mangostan resin = Cjg Hay O;
Mangostin = Co) Ha O;
Mannit — Cg His O¢
Masopin = C22 H3¢6 O
Maynas resin — O4 Hy: O4
Meconic acid—C; H, O7 +3 H2O
Meconin — Cio Hy O4
Melezitose — Cyy Hoe O1
Melitose — Cy Hoo On
Menispermin — Cig Ho, NO»
Menyanthin — C39 Hag O14
Morin — Co Hg O;
Morindin — C23 Hso O15
Morus tannic acid — Cog Hg Os
Morphin = Cr Hy NO; + Ha O
Mycose = Ca Ho» On +9 Ha O
Myristic acid = O1 Hos Oz
Myristin = C45 Hoss Og
*Myronate of Potash = Cyo Hig

KNS3 O10
Myroxocarpin — C24 Ha; O3

Narcein — Co3 H>s9 NO9
*Narcotin = Usa Ho3 NO,

Nataloin — Cs; Has O11

Nicotianin — Co9 H3a Na Oz

Nicotin = C; H; N

Oenolin = Cio Hy Os

Oil of Allium sativum = C3 H; S

Artemisia Absinthium —
Cio Hig O

A. Cina = Cy Hao O

Balsam of Copaiva=C1o Hy,
” Peru=Cje Hy, Oo

Brassica nigra Cy H; NS

Bursera gummifera — Cjo
ie

Carum Petroselinum = C19
Hig

Cinnamomum = Cy Hs O

Citrus medica = Co Hyg

30

Oil of Citrus Limetta — Cig Hyg

Coriandrum sativum — Co
His O

Elemi — Cro Hig

Humulus Lupulus =
Hig et Cio Hig O

Juniperus communis = Cjo
Hig

9?

Cio

» Sabina = Co Hig
Myrrh = Cio Hy O
Origanum vulgare = Cs

Hg O
Osmitopsis ast. = Co Hyg O
Pinus = Co Hig
Piper nigrum = Cio Hig
Sassafrass offic. — Cy HnO
Spiraea Ulmaria = Co Hyg

2

Zingiber officinale = 2 Cyo
Hyg + He O

Oleic acid = Cig Hz, Oz

Olein = Cra Hjo4 Og

Olivil = Cu Hyg O0; + Hz O

Onocerin = Cja Hay O

Ononid = Cyg Ha Og

Ononin = C39 Hq Oj3

Ophelic acid = Cj3 Hoo O10

Opianin = Cog Hr2 Ny O21

Orcin = C; Hg 0. + Hs OÖ

Oxalic acid = Cz He O4

Oxyacanthin — C39 Hag Na On

Oxypinotannic acid — Cy, Hig

9
Palmitic acid = Cig Haa Oo
Palmitin = Cs; Hgg O¢
Panaquilon = Cja Hs; O9
Papaverin = Ca Hy, NO,
Parellin=Cy He O, (anhydrous)
Paricin = Ca; Ho; No Os
Paridin = Cyg Has O7 +
Parsley stearopten

2 4,0
ce His

4

Paytin = Co; Ha, No O+ Hz O

Pelargonic acid = Cy Hig O3

Pelosin = Bebirin

Peppermint stearopten = C9 Ho
O

236

Peucedanin = Cyg Hyg O3
Phillyrin = Ca, Ha, Oy (anhy-
drous)
Phlobaphen = Cio Hg O4
Phlorrhizin = Co; Hoy Op + 2
Ha O
Physalin = Cu Hig OÖ;
Physodin = Cy. Hy: Og
Physostigmin = Cy; Ho; N3 Os
Picrolichenin — Ca Hs Og
Picrotoxin = Cio Hye O4
Pinocorretin = Ca, Hg O5
Pinocortannic acid = Cso Has
O23
Pinopicrin — Ca Hag On
Pinotannic acid = C7 Hg O4
Piperin = Cy, Hig NO3
Pipitzahoic acid — Cy; Hoo O3
Pityxylonic acid = Cs, Hyo Og
Populin = Coo Hy. Og + 2He O
Primulin = Cyclamin
Propionic acid — C3 Hg O3
Pseudomorphin = Cy; Hyg NO4
+H», O
Pteritannic acid = Cy. Hı; O4
Purpurin — Cy Hy O3
Pyrocatechin — Cg Hg O2
Quassiin = Cio Hye Os
Quercetin — Co His On
Quereit = Cg Hy. O;
Quercitrin = Os; Hg O0
Quina red — Cy Hy4 Oz
Quinic acid = Cz; Hy. O¢
*Quinidin — Cop Hoy Na Oo
Quinin = Co) Hoy Na O3
Quinotannic acid — Cy4 Hyg O9
Quinova red = Cy. Hy O;
Quinova tannic acid = C7 Hy O4
Quinovic acid = Coy Has O;
Racemic acid = Cy Hg O6
Ratanhia tannic acid = Cyg Hig
0;
Ratanhin = Cy) Hi3 NOs
Rhamnoxanthin — Cao Hoo O1
Rhinanthin = Cy9 Hs2 Ooo + 4
Hz OÖ
Rhodotannic acid = Cyy Hıa O7

Rhoeadin = Cz; Ha; NOg
Rhoitannic acid — Cyg Hog Oj
Ricinoleic acid = Cig H34 O3
Robinin — Cs Ho Ox2 + 11
H3 OÖ
Roccellic acid = Cy7 H32 O4
Roccellinin — Cig Hig O7
Rottlerin = Cu Hig O3"
Ruberythric acid = Czg H4o O29
Rubiacin — C1s Hy O;
Rubian — Cag Ha4 O15
Rubichlorie acid = Cy, Hig O9
Rubiretin — C7 He Oz
Rubitannic acid — Cj4 Hig O9
Rutin = Cy; Hog O1, + 2 He O
Sabadillin — Cao Has No Os
Sabadillin hydrate — C29 Hog No

Os
Salacin = Cy3 Hıs O7
Salicylate of Methyl —Cg Hg O3
Salicylic acid = C7 Hg O3

| *Salicylous acid = C7 Hg O3
| Santal — Cg He O3

Santalin = Cy; Hy, O;
Santonin = Cy5 Hıs O3

Saponin = Cig Hos O2

Scoparin = Co, Hs Oxo

Sicopirin — Cig Hy2 O;

Sinapoleic acid = Cig Hag Oz

*Sinapin sulphocyanide (or Sin-
albin) = Uso Ha No Sa (07
(Will.)

Smilacin — Co; H34 O7

Solanin — Co Hr NOj¢

Sorbin — Ce Hype Os

Spartein = Cy; Has N

Spiraea yellow = Cy; Hig O7

Staphisagrin = Cig H23 NOg

*Starch = Cys Ho O1; (Musculus)

Stearic acid — Cyg Has Oe

Stearin — C57 H;1o Os

Strychnin = Co,
Ha O

Styracin = Cig His Os

Styrol = Cg Hs

Succinie acid = Cy Hg O4

Sycoceryl alcohol = Cig Ho O

N O2 +

22

237

Sycoceryl acetate — Cay Hye Oz
Syringin = Cig Ho. Oro + H, O
Syringopicrin = C5 Hig O17
Tannaspidic acid = Cog Has O11
Tannicorticipinic acid = Cy, Hıs
Og
Tannopinic acid — Cag Hao O13
Tartaric acid — Cy Hg 0%
Thebain — Cio Ho NO3
Theobromin = C7 Hz Ny O3
Thujin = Cao Hoe (075)
Thujogenin = Cu Hy2 O7
Thymen = Cy) Hig
Thymol — Cx Ay O
Tolen — Cio Hig
Trehalose — Cy H» On a. Hoe O
Trimethylamin — C3 Hy N
Tulucunin (so Hog Og
Turpethin Cz4 H;s Or6

Tyrosin = Cy Hy, NOs

Urson — Ca H34 Oz

Usnic acid = Cyg Hıs O7

Valerianic acid — C5 Hy O2

Valerian tannic acid — C7 Hy O4
and Cy Hie Oo

*Vanillin — Cyg Hg O¢ (P. Carles)

Vegetable mucilage —Cg Hjo O5

Verantin — Cis Hyo OÖ;

Veratric acid = Cp Hy O4

Veratrin — C29 Hs. Na Os

Viscin — Cao Hys Os

Vulpulin = Cig Hu O;

Xanthorhamnin — C23 Has O14 +
5H> O

Xanthotannic acid — Cy Hs O2

Xanthoxylen = Cjo Hig

Xanthoxylin —C29 Ha4 Og

Xylochloric acid Cy; Ha O12

DEV ES TO Ns SIT

SYNOPSIS OF THOSE PLANTS, WHICH YIELD THE
PROXIMATE CONSTITUENTS, DESCRIBED
UNDER DIVISION LI.

Abrus precatorius, L. Leguminos®. Leaf: Glycyrrhizin or allied
principle. ;

Acacia Arabica, W. A. Seyal, Del.; A Verek, G. et P.; A.
stenocarpa, Hochst.; A. horrida, Willd; A.\decurrens, Willd.; A.
pycnantha, Benth.; A. harpophylla, F. v. M.; A. homalophylla,
Cunn.; A. microbotrya, Benth. and several others. Leguminose.
Exudation of stem and branches: gum.

Acacia Catechu, W.; A. Suma, Kurz; A. decurrens, W. and
various other species. Wood and bark: Catechu-tannie and
Catechuic acids; gum.

Acacia lophantha, W. Root-bark: Saponin.

Achillea Millefolium, L. Composite. Whole plant: Achillein;
Achilleie acid; volatile oil.

Achillea moschata, Jacq. Whole plant: Ivain; Achillein; Mos-
chatin; volatile oil.

Achillea nobilis, L. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Achras Sapota, L. Sapotacex. Exudation of stem: Masopin.

Aconitum ferox, Wall. Ranunculaceze. Root: Aconitin.

Aconitum Lycoctonwm, L. Root: Acolyetin; Lycoctonin.

Aconitum Napellus, L. Root: Aconitin; Acolyctin; Mannit;
sugar.

Aconitum, several species. Whole plant: Aconitic acid.

Acorus Calamus, L. Aroidex. Root: volatile oil.

Adansonia digitata, L.; A. Gregori, F.v. M. Malvacex. Bark:
Adansonin.

Aeranthus fragrans, LdAl. Orchidee. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Aesculus Hippocastamım, L. Sapindacee. Fruit: Saponin;
Aesculic acid; Aesculin and Fraxin in the bark.

Aesculus Pavia, L. Bark: Fraxin.

Aethusa Cynapium, L. Umbellifere. Whole plant: Cynapin.

239

Agaricus campestris, L. Fungi. Agaricin.
» croceus, Pers. Inosit.
» muscarius, L. Amanitin; Licheno-stearic acid; Muscarin.
„. prperitus, L. Inosit.

Ailantus excelsa, Roxb. Simarubee. Bark: Ailantie acid.

Alchornea latifolia, Sw. Euphorbiacee. Bark: Alchornin.

Aleurites triloba, Forst. Euphorbiacex. Seed: fat-oil.

Alisma Plantago, L. Alismacex. Root: Alismin.

Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. Asperifolie. Root: Alkanna-red.

Allium sativum, Le Liliacee. Bulb: volatile oil.

Aloe, several species. Liliaceae. Leaf: Aloin = Barbaloin; Nata-
loin; Socaloin.

Alpinia Galanga, Sw.; A. officinarum, Hance. Scitamine®. Root:
Kaempferid; volatile oil.

Alsidium Helmintochorton, Kuetz. Algae. Lichenin.

Alstonia constricta, F.v. M. Apocynex. Bark: bitter resin; vo-
latile oil; tannic acid.

Alstonia scholaris, R. Br. Bark: Ditamin; Echicerin ; Echitin ;
Echitein; Echiretin; Echicoutchin.

Althaea officinalis, L. Malvacex. Root: Asparagin; mucilage.

Alyzia stellata, R. et S. Apocynex. Bark: Alyxia-stearopten.

Amelanchier vulgaris, Moench. Rosacee. Flower: Amygdalin.

Ammi Copticum, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: Thymol; Cymol.

Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe. Scitamineze. Seeds: volatile oil.

Amyris Plumieri, D.C. Burseracex. Exudation of stem: Elemi.

Anacardium occidentale, Rottb. Anacardiacee. Pericarp: Ana-
cardic acid; Cardol.

Anagallis arvensis, L. Primulacez. Root; Cyclamin.

Anamirta paniculata, Colebr. Menispermex®. Pericarp: Menis-
permin; Paramenispermin. Seed: Pikrotoxin; Stearin.

Andira anthelminthica, Benth. Leguminose. Wood: Andirin.

Andropogon Ivarancusa, Roxb.; A. Calamus, Royle; A. citratus,
D. C.; A. Martini, Roxb.; A. Schenanthus, L.; A. muricatus,
Retz. Graminee. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Anemone nemorosa, L.; A. pratensis, L.; A. Pulsatilla, L. Ranun-
culacex. Whole plant: Anemonic acid; Anemonin.

Anthemis nobilis, L. Composite. Flower: volatile oil; Angelic
and Valerianic acids; Butyl and Amyl.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. Graminex. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. Urticacee. Juice of stem: Antiarin.

Apwm graveolens, L. Umbellifere. Leaf: volatile oil; Apiin.
Fruit: volatile oil.

Arabis perfoliata, Lam. Crucifere. Seed: Sinapin.

Arachis hypogaea, L. Leguminose. Seed: fat-oil, containing
Arabic and Hypogaeic acids.

Aralia quinquefolia, Dec. et Pl. Araliacee. Root (Ginseng):
Panaquilon.

240

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm. Umbellifere. Root: volatile oil;
Hydrocarotin; Angelic and Valerianic acids.

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, Spr. Ericacee. Leaf: Arbutin; Eri-
colin; Ericinol ; Urson.

Areca Catechu, L. Palmacee. Fruit: Catechutannie and Cate-
chuic acids.

Argemone Mexicana, L. Papaveraceze. Seed: fat-oil.

Aristolochia Serpentaria, L. Aristolochiex. Root: volatile oil.

Arnica montana, L. Composite. Whole plant: Arnicin.—Flower
and root: volatile oil—Root: Caproic and Caprylic acids.

Artemisia Absinthium, L. Composite. Whole plant: Absinthiin,
—Leaf and flower: volatile oil—Herb: Succinic acid.

Artemisia Cina, Berg. A. Sieberi, Besser. Flower: volatile oil;
Santonin.

Dracunculus, L. Herb: volatile oil with Anethol.

5 vulgaris, L. Root: volatile oil.

Arum, several species. Aroidee. Whole plant: volatile acrid
principle.

Asarum Europaeum, L. Aristolochiee. Root: volatile oil with
Asaron.

Asclepias Syriaca, L. Asclepiadee. Milky juice: Asclepion.

Asparagus officinalis, L. Liliacee. Herb and green fruit: Inosit.
— Young shoots: Asparagin.

Asperula odorata, L. Rubiacee. Whole plant: Asperula-tannie
and Rubichloric acids; Cumarin.

Aspidium Filix Mas., Sw. Filices. Root: fat-oil; Filixoleie,
Filicic, Pteritannic and Tannaspidic acids.

Astragalus, several species. Leguminose. Exudation of stem:
Bassorin.

Atherosperma moschatum, Lab. Monimiee. Bark: Atherosper-
min; Atherosperma-tannic acid; volatile oil.

Atractylis gummifera, L. Composite. Exudation of flower: Viscin.

Atropa Belladonna, L. Solanex. Whole plant: Atropin ; Bella-
donnin.—Seed : fat-oil.

Attalea funifera, Mart. Palmacex. Seed: Apyrin.

Avena sativa, L. Graminee. Fruit: Avenin.

Balsamodendron Africanum, Arn. et B. B. Roxburghri, Arnott.
Burseracex. Exudation of stem: Gum resin (Bdellium).

Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Knuth. Exudation of stem:
Balsam of Mecca with volatile oil.

Balsamodendron VUyrrha, Ehrenb. Exudation of stem, Myrrh,
consisting of gum, resin and volatile oil.

Banksia species. Proteacex. Bark: Catechu-tannic acid.

Barosma serratifolia, Willd.; B. crenulata, Hk.; B. betulina, Brt.
Rutacex. Leaf: Diosmin; volatile oil; mucilage.

Bassia butyracea, Rxb.; B. latifolia, Rxb.; B. longifolia, L.
Sapotacew. Seed: Galam-butter with Myristin.

2?

241

Bassia sericea, Blume. Yields part of the Java gutta-percha.

Berberis vulgaris, L. and other species. Berberidex. Flower
and root-bark: Berberin.—Root-bark: Oxyacanthin.

Beta vulgaris, L. Salsolacee. Root: Cane-sugar; Asparagin.

Betula alba, L. Amentacexe. Leaf: volatile oil.— Leaf and
shoots: Betuloretic acid.—Bark: Betulin.—Bark and its
spongy excrescences: Phlobaphen.

Bignonia Chica, Humb. et B. Bignoniacee. Leaf: Chica-red.

Bixa Orellana, L. Bixacex. Fruit pulp: Annatto-red.

Blumea balsamifera, DC. Composite. Whole herb: Ngai-cam-
phor.

Boswellia Carterii, Brdw. Burseracee. Exudation of stem:
Olibanum, consisting of gum resin and volatile oil.

Bowdichia virgilioides, H. B.-K. Leguminose. Root-bark:
Sicopirin.

Brassica alba, Vis. Crucifere. Seed: fat-oil with Erucic and
Sinapoleic acids; Erucin; Sinapin; Myrosin.

Brassica nigra, Koch. Seed: fat-oil with Erucic and Sinapoleic
acids; Sinapin; Sinapisin; Myronie Acid; Myrosin.

Brassica oleracea, L. Seed: fat-oil with Erucic and Sinapoleic
acids.—Leaf: Inosit.

Bryonia alba, L. Cucurbitacex. Root: Bryonin.

Buphthalmum salieifolium, L. Composite. Flower: Buphthal-
mum stearopten.

Bursera gummifera, Jacq. Burseracee. Exudation of stem:
Caranna-resin with volatile oil; Central American Anime.

Bursera Icicariba, Benth. Exudation of stem: Elemi-resin with
volatile oil.

Butea frondosa, Roxb. Leguminos®. Furnishes part of the East
Indian Kino; also, some Catechu.

Buxus sempervirens, L. Euphorbiacee. Bark: Bebirin.

Cesalpinia Crista, L.; C. Sappan, L. . Leguminose. Wood:
Brasilin.

Calamus Rotang, L. Palmacex. Inflorescence: Dragon’s blood.

Calendula officinalis, L. Composite. Leaf and flower: Calen-
dulin.

Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent. Conifer. Exudation of stem:
Sandarac.

Calluna vulgaris, Sal. Ericacee. Whole plant: Ericolin; Eri-
cinol; Calluna-tannic acid.

Calophyllum Calaba, Jacq.; C. longifolium, Willd. Guttiferee.
Exudation of stem: Maynas-resin.

Calophyllum Inophyllum, L. Exudation of stem: Tacamahac.

Calotropis gigantea, R. Br.; C. procera, R. Br. Asclepiadex.
Root: Mudarin.

Camelina sativa, Crantz. Cruciferz. Seed: fat-oil. .

R

242

Camellia Thea, Link. Ternstremiacexe. Leaf: Caffein; Boheie
acid.

Canarium commune, L. and allied species. Burseracee. Exu-
dation of stem: Arbolabrea-resin.

Canella alba, Murr. Canellacex. Bark: volatile oil with Caryo-
phyllic acid; Mannit.

Cannabis sativa, L. Urticacee. Herb: volatile oil.—Seed: fat-
oil.

Capparis spinosa, L. Capparidee. Flower buds: Rutin.

Capsicum annuum, L.; C. baccatum, L.; C. fastigiatum, Bl. Sola-
nacex. Fruit: Capsiein.

Carapa Gwianensis, Aubl. Meliacee. Bark: Carapin; Tulu-
cunin; volatile oil.

Carbenia benedicta, Benth. Composite. Herb: Cnicin.

Carthamus tinctorius, L. Composite. Flower: Carthamin and
Carthamus yellow.

Carum Ajowan, Benth. Umbellifere. Fruit: volatile oil with
Cymol and Thymol.

Carum Carui, L. Fruit: volatile oil with Carven and Carvol.

Carum Petroselinum, Benth. Fruit and herb: volatile oil with
stearopten.

Cascarilla hexandra, Wedd. Rubiacee. Bark: Paricin.

Cascarilla magnifolia, Wedd. Bark: Quina-red; Quinie and
Quinova-tannic acids.

Cassia acutifolia, Del.; C. angustifolia, Vahl. Leguminos®. Leaf:
Cathartic acid.

Castilloa elastica, Cerv.; C. Markhamiana, Collins. Urticacee.
Ule-Caoutchouc, nearly as good as that of Hevea Guianensis.

Centaurea Calcitrapa, L. Composite. Herb: Cnicin.

Cephailis Ipecacuanha, Rich. Rubiacex. Root: Emetin; Ipe-
cacuanhie acid.

Ceratonia Siliqua, L. Leguminos®. Fruit: Butyric acid.

Ceratophorus Leerii, Hassk. Sapotacex. Yields part of the
Sumatra gutta-percha.

Ceroxylon andicola, H. et B. Palmacee. Exudation of stem:
Ceroxylin.

Cetraria. Several species. Lichenes: Lichenin.

Cetraria Islandica, Achar. Thallochlor; Cetraric, Fumaric and
Lichenostearic acids.

Chelidonium majus, L. Papaveraceze. Whole plant: Chelery-
thrin; Chelidonin; Chelidoxanthin ; Chelidonie acid.

Chenopodium album, L. Salsolacee. Whole plant: Chenopodin,

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. Herb: volatile oil.

Chenopodium olidum, Curtis. Whole plant: Trimethylamin.

Chiococea racemosa, Jacq. BRubiacex. Root: Caffe-tannic acid.

Chlorea vulpina, Nyl. Lichenes. Vulpulin.

243

Chondodendron tomentosum, R. et P. Menispermez. Root:
Bebirin.

Chondrus crispus, Stackh. Alge. Gcemin.

Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Pres. Composite. Whole plant:
volatile oil.

Cicuta virosa, L. Umbellifere. Whole plant: Cicutin.—Seed:
volatile oil with Cuminol, Cymen and Cicuten.

Cinchona species. Rubiacee. Bark contains alkaloids as below:

Cinchona Calisaya, Wedd. Quinin; Cinchonidin.

cordifolia, R. et P. Quinin; Cinchonin.

» glandulifera, R. et P. Quinin.

» lancifolia, Mutis. Quinin; Cinchonidin.

micrantha, R. et P. Cinchonin; Quinidin; Huanokin.

nitida, R. et P. Cinchonin; Quinidin.

officinalis, L. Quinin ; Cinchonidin.

» Pahudiana, How. Cinchonin.

Perwviana, How. Cinchonin; Quinidin.

» pubescens, Vahl. Aricin=Cinchonidin (Hesse).

scrobiculata, H. et Be Quinin; Cinchonin.

2?

» succirubra, Pav. Quinin; Cinchonidin; Quinidin;
Paricin; Quinamin; Howard’s Cinchona alkaloid.
Cinchona, several species. Bark: Quina-red; Phlobaphen;

Quinic and Quino-tannic acids.
Cinnamomum Burmanni, Blume. Lauracex. Bark: volatile oil.
eo Camphora, F. Nees. Wood: camphor and volatile
oil.

Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Bark: volatile oil.

7 Zeylanicum, ©. G. Nees. Leaf, flower and bark:
volatile oil.

Cinnamomum Culilaban, Blume. Bark: volatile oil.

Cissampelos Pareira, L. Menispermee. Root; Bebirin.

Cistus Creticus, L. C. ladaniferus, L.; C. Ledon, Lam.; C. lawri-
folius, L.; C. Monspeliensis, L. Cistacex. Exudation of
branches: Labdanum.

Citrus Aurantium, L. Rutacee. Flower: volatile oil—Unripe
fruit and rind: Hesperidin.—Rind of ripe fruit: volatile oil.—
Seed: Limonin.

Citrus Aurantium, var. Bergamia, Riss. Rind of fruit: volatile
oil.

Citrus Aurantium, var. dulcis, Volk. Rind of fruit: volatile oil.

medica, L. Rind of fruit: volatile oil—Seed: Limonin.

a „ var. Limetta, Risso. Rind of fruit: volatile oil.

Oladonia rangiferina, Hotim. Lichenes. Usnic acid.

„ several species. Lichenin.

Clematis, several species. Ranunculacee. Whole plant: volatile
acrid substance.

Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. Polygonex. West Indian Kino.

2)

244

Cochlearia Armoracia, L. Crucifer®e. Root: volatile oil.
3 officinalis, L.; C. Anglica, L.; ©. Danica, L. Herb:
volatile oil.
Cocos nucifera, L. Palmacez. Seed: Cocos-fat with Laurostearin,
Myristin, Caproic, Caprylic and Caprice acids.
Coffea Arabica, L. Rubiacee. Leaf and seed: Caffein; Caffe-
tannic and Quinic acids.
Colchicum autumnale, L. Liliacee. Whole plant: Colchicin.—
Seed : Sabadillic acid.
Conium maculatum, L. Umbelliferee. Whole plant: Coniin.—
Flower and fruit: Coniin and Conhydrin.
Convallaria majalis, L. Liliacex. “Whole plant: Convallarin.—
Root: Convallamarin.
Convolvulus Scammonia, L. Convolvulacex. Root: Jalapin.
5 scoparius, L. fil.; C. floridus, L. fil. Stem and root:
volatile oil.
Copaifera, several species. Leguminose. Exudation of stem:
Copaivic and Metacopaivic acids; volatile oil.
Copernicia cerifera, Mart. Palmacex. Covering of leaf: Canauba
wax.
Coptis Teeta, Wall. Ranunculacez. _ Root: Berberin.
Cordia Boissieri, A. DC. Asperifolie. Wood: Anacahuit-tannic
acid.
Cordyceps purpurea, Fr. Fungi. Mycelium (ergot): Ecbolin,
Ergotin ; Trimethylamin; Ergotinin; Ergotic acid ; Mycose.
Coriandrum sativum, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: volatile oil.
Coriaria myrtifolia, L. Phytolaccex. Leaf and fruit: Coriaria-
myrtin.
Cornus florida, L. Cornacex. Root-bark: Cornin.
Corydalis fabacea, Pers.; C. tuberosa, Cand. Fumariacex. Root:
Corydalin.
Corylus Avellana, L. Amentacex. Seed: fat-oil.
Coscinium fenestratum, Colebr. Menispermeze. Wood: Berberin.
Cotoneaster vulgaris, Lindl. Rosacex. Flower: Amygdalin.
Crategus coceinea, L. Rosacex. Flower: Trimethylamin.
Crategus Oxyacantha, L. Flower: Trimethylamin: Amygdalin.
— Bark of branches : Cratzegin.
Crepis fetida, L. Composite. Flower: Salicylous acid.
Crocus sativus, L. Iridee. Pistil: volatile oil; Crocin.
Croton Eleutheria, Benn.; C. Sloanei, Benn, Euphorbiacee.
Bark: Cascarillin; volatile oil.
Croton erythrinum, Mart. Furnishes Brazilian Kino.
» niveum, Jacq. Bark: Copalchin.
» Lighum, L. Seed: fat-oil with Crotonol and Laurostearin.
Cucumis Colocynthis, L. Cucurbitacee, Fruit: Colocynthin.
Ke Melo, L. Root: Melonemetin; cane-sugar.
og Prophetarum, L. Fruit: Prophetin.

245

Cucurbita Pepo, L. Cucurbitacex. Seed: drying fat-oil.

Cuminum Cyminum, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: volatile oil.

Curcuma longa, L. Scitaminer. Root: Curcumin, volatile oil.
PA Zedoaria, Roxb. Root: volatile oil.

Cyclamen Europeum, L. Primulacex. Root: Cyclamin.

Cyclopia latifolia, Cand. Leguminose. Leaf: Quinic acid.

Cynometra Spruceana, Benth. Leguminose. Exudation of stem:
Brazilian Copal.

Cyperus esculentus, L. Cyperaceze. Root: fat-oil.

Cytisus Laburnum, L. Leguminose. Ripe seed: Cytisin.—Un-
ripe seed: Laburnin.

Cytisus scoparius, Link. Whole plant: Spartein; Scoparin.

Demonorops Draco, Mart. Palmacez. Exudation of stem:
Dragon’s blood.

Dahlia purpurea, Poir. Composite. Root: volatile oil.

Dammara australis, Lamb. Conifere. Exudation of stem: Dam-
mar resin with Dammaryl and Dammarylic acid.

Dammara orientalis, Lamb. Exudation of stem: Dammar-resin.

Daphne alpina, L. Thymelee. Bark: Daphnin.

» Gnidium, L. Seed: Coccognic acid.
» Mezereum, L. Bark: Daphnin.—Fruit: Coccognin and
drying fat-oil.

Datisca cannabina, L. Datiscacex. Root: Datiscin.

Datura Stramonium, L. Solanacee. Whole plant: Daturin,
Stramonin.

Daucus Carota, L. Umbellifere. Root: volatile oil, Carotin,
Hydrocarotin.

Delesseria, several species. Algze. Lichenin.

Delphinium Consolida, L. Ranunculacee. Herb: Aconitic=
Equisetic acid.

Delphinium Staphisagria, L. Seed: Delphinin; Staphisagrin.

Dieypellium coryophyllatum, Nees. Lauracex. Bark: volatile-oil.

Digitalis lutea, L. Scrophularine. Leaf: Digitaletin; Digitalin.

» purpurea, L. Leaf: Digitaletin ; Digitalin ; Digitoleic,
volatile and non-volatile Digitalic acids; Inosit.

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gertn. ; D. incamus, Roxb.; D. alatus,
Roxb.; D. Zeylanicus, Thw. ; D. hispidus, Thw.; D. trinervis,
Bl.; D. gracilis, Bl.; D. littoralis, Bl.; D. retusus, Bl. Diptero-
carpee. Exudation of stem: Gurjunic acid; volatile oil.

Dipteryx odorata, Schreb. Leguminos®. Seed: Cumarin.

Dorema ammoniacum, D. Don. Umbellifere. Exudation of stalk
and root: Ammoniacum.

Dracena Draco, L. Liliacex. Exudation of stem : Dragon’s blood.

Drosera, many species. Droseracez. Root and herb: Alizarin,
or an allied substance.

Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr. Dipterocarpeze. Wood: Borneol ;
Borneen.

246

Eeballion EBlaterium, A. Rich. Cucurbitacex. Fruit: Elaterid,
Elaterin; Hydroelaterin ; Pectin.

Hlais Guineensis, Jacq. Palmacex. Pericarp: Palm-oil.

Elettaria Cardamomum, White. Scitaminez. Seed: volatile oil.

Epacris species. Epacridee. Leaf: Urson.

Lquisetum fluviatile, L. Equisetacee. Whole plant: Flave-
quisetin.

Lquisetum, several species. Whole plant: Aconitic (= Equisetic)
acid. ;

Erica carnea, L. Ericacex. Whole plant: Ericinol; Ericolin.

Erythrophlaeum Guinense, G. Don. Leguminose. Bark: Ery-
throphlaein.

Erythroxylon Coca, Lam. Liner. Leaf: Cocain: Hygrin; Coca-
tannic acid.

Eschscholtzia Californica, Cham. Papaveracezee. Whole plant:
Chelerythrin; an acrid and a bitter alkaloid.

Eucalyptus, many species. Myrtacee. Leaf: volatile oil; Eu-
calyptin; Eucalyptic acid.—Bark: Kino-tannic acid; Pyrocate-
chin; Catechin.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith. Botany Bay Kino.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schl. Port Phillip Kino.

© viminalis, Labill. Eucalyptus-manna with Melitose.

Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb. Myrtacez. Flower: volatile oil
with Caryophyllic acid; Caryophyllin; Eugenin.

Euonymus Europaeus, L. Celastrinese. Seed: fat-oil.

Eupatorium cannabinum, L. Composite. Leaf and flower:
Eupatorin.

Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Euphorbiacee, Exudation of stalk:
Euphorbium.

Euphrasia officinalis, L. Scrophularine. Whole plant: Euphra-
sia-tannic acid.

Euryangium Sumbul, Kauffm. Umbellifere. Angelic acid.

Evernia prunastri, Ach. Lichenes. Evernic acid.

Evernia, several species. Lichenin; Lecanoric and Usnic acids.

Excecaria sebifera, J. M. Euphorbiacex. Pericarp: vegetable
tallow with Palmitin.

Fabiana imbricata, R. et P. Solanacee. Flower: Crocin.

Fagopyrum cymosun:, Meissn.; F. emarginatum, Meissn.; F. escu-
lentum, Meench; F. Tartaricum, Gertn. Polygonex. Whole
plant: variety of Indigo.

Fagus silvatica, L. Amentacee. Seed: fat-oil; Trimethylamin.

Ferula Asa-fetida, L.; F. alliacea, Boiss; F. Narthex, Boiss. Um-
bellifere. Exudation of stalk and root: Asafetida; volatile oil.

Ferula erubescens, Boiss. Exudation of stalk and root: Gal-
banum; volatile oil.

Ferula Persica, W. F. Szovitsiana, DC. Exudation of stalk and
root’ Sagapenum; volatile oil.

247

Ficus elastica, Roxb. Urticacex. Exudation of stem: Assam-
Caoutchouc.

Ficus rubiginosa, Dsf. Exudation of stem: Sycoretin; Sycoceryl
acetate.

Ficus subracemosa, Blume; F. variegata, Blume; Exudation of
stem: Getah-Lahöe.

Feniculum officinale, All. Umbellifere. Fruit: volatile oil with
Anethol.

Fragaria vesca, L. Rosacee. Fruit: Cisso-tannic acid.

Fraxinus excelsior, L. Oleacex. Leaf: Quinic acid.—Bark:
Fraxin.

Fraxinus Ornus, L. Exudation of stem: Mannit; Fraxin.

Fumaria officinalis, L. Fumariacee. Whole plant: Fumarin.

Galipea Cusparia, St. Hil. Rutacee. Bark: Angusturin; vola-
tile oil.

Galium Aparine, L. Rubiacee. Whole plant: Galium-tannic
and Rubichloric acids.

Galium Mollugo, L. Whole plant: Asperula-tannic, Quinic and
Rubichlorie acids.

Galium verum, L. Whole plant: Galium-tannic and Rubichloric
acids.

Garcinia Indica, Chois. Guttifere. Seed: Brindonia-tallow.

7 Mangostana, L. Exudation of stem: Mangostan-resin.

—Pericarp: Mangostin.

Garcinia pictoria, Roxb.; G. Morella, Desr.; G. Cochinchinensis,
Chois. Exudation of stem: Gamboge.

Gardenia grandiflora, Lour.; @. lucida, Roxb. Rubiacex. Pods:
Gardenin.

Gaultiera procumbens, L. Ericacex. Whole plant: volatile oil
with Methyl-salicylate.

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux. Loganiacex. Whole plant: Gel-
semin, /Esculin.

Gentiana lutea, L. Gentianee. Root; Gentiano-picrin (=Gen-
tiamarin); Gentianin.

Geoffroya inermis, Wright. Leguminos®. Bark; Berberin.

ir Surinamensis, Bondt. Bark: Surinamin.

Geranium, many species. Geraniaceze. Root: Geraniin.

Geum urbanum, L. Rosacew. Root: volatile oil.

Ginkgo biloba, Salish. Conifer. Fruit: Butyric and Ginkgoic acids.

Glaucium luteum, Scop. Papaveracex. Herb: Glaucin; Fumaric
acid.—Root: Chelerythrin; Glaucopicrin.

Globularia Alypum, L. Scrophularine. Leaf: Globularin; Glo-
bulariz resin; Globularia-tannic acid.

Glycyrrhiza echinata, L.; G. glabra, L. Leguminose. Root:
Glycyrrhizin; Asparagin.

Gratiola officinalis, L.; @. Peruviana, L. Scrophularine. Whole
plant: Gratiolin; Gratiosolin.

248

Guaiacum officinale, 1; G. sanctum, L. Zygophyllee. Exuda-
tion of stem: Guaiacum-resin with Guaiacum beta-resin; Guaia-
cum yellow; Guaiacic, Guaiaconic and Guaiaretic acids.

Gypsophila Struthium, L. Caryophyllee. Root: Saponin.

Hematoxylon Campechianum, L. Leguminose. Wood: Hema-
toxylin. :

Hagenia Abyssinica, Lamarck. Rosacee. Flower: Koussin; Ha-
genic acid.

Hancornia speciosa, Gomes. Apocynese. Pernambuco Caoutchoue.

Hedera Helix, L. Araliacee. Leaf: Quinic acid.—Seed: Hedera-
tannic and Hederic acids.

Hedwigia balsamifera, Sw. Burseracez. Balsam and volatile oil.

Helianthus annuus, 1. Composite. Seed: drying fat oil; Helian-
thic acid.

Helleborus niger, L.; H. viridis, L. Ranunculacex. Root: Helle-
borin; Helleborein.

Heracleum Sphondylium, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: Capryl-alcohol ;
Capryl-acetate.

Heracleum villosum, Fischer. Fruit: Capryl-acetate; Capryl-buty-
rate.

Herniaria glabra, L. Paronychiex. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Hesperis matronalis, L. Cruciferee. Seed: drying fat-oil.

Hevea Guianensis, Aub]. and other species. Euphorbiacex. Ex-
udation of stem: best Para-Caoutchouc.

Hierochloa borealis, Roem. et Sch. Graminee. Whole plant:
Cumarin.

Hillia spectabilis, Fr. Vand. Rubiacee. Exudation of stem:
Ratanhin.

Hippophaé rhamnoides, L. Eleagnex. Fruit: Quercetin.

Hordeum vulgare, L. Gramine®. Fruit: Hordein.—Germinated
fruit (malt): Asparagin; Aspartic acid; Diastase; Cholestearin.

Humulus Lupulus, L. Urticacex. Leaf and flower: Lupulin ;
Trimethylamin ; volatile oil.

Hura erepitans, L. Euphorbiacex. Exudation of stem: Hurin.

Hybanthus Ipecacuanha, F. v. M. Violacex. Root: Emetin.

Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Ranunculacex. Root: Berberin; Hy-
drastin.

Hymencea Candolleana, H. et B.; H. confertiflora, Mart.; H. con-
fertifolia, Hayne; H. Courbaril, L.; H. latifolia, Hayne; 4.
Martiana, Hayne; H. Olfersiana, Hayne; H. rotundata, Hayne;
H. stilbocarpa, Hayne; H. Sellowiana, Hayne; H. venosa, Vahl.
Leguminos®. Exudation of stem: Copal.

Hyoscyamus niger. L. Solanacex. Whole plant: Hyoseyamin.
—Seed: fat-oil.

Hyssopus officinalis, L. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Jateorrhiza palmata, Miers. Menispermexz. Root: Berberin ;
Colombin; Colombie acid.

249

Jatropha Curcas, L. Euphorbiacex. Seed: fat-oil (Glycerids of
Ricinoleic and Isocetic acids).
Icica heptaphylla, Aubl. Burseracee. Anime-Tacamahac (Batka).
Ilex Aquifolium, L. Aquifoliacee. Leaf: Tlicin; Ilixanthin ;
Tlicic and Quinic acids; Viscin.
Ilex Cassine, L. Leaf: Coffein.
» Paraguensis, St. Hil. Leaf: Coffein ; Coffeic and Quinic
acids.
Illicium anisatum, L. Magnoliacee. Fruit: volatile oil, with
Anethol.
Imbricaria coriacea, A. DC. Sapotacex. Yields part of the
Madagascar gutta-percha.
Indigofera Anil, L.; I. argentea, L.; I. tinctoria, L. Leguminose.
Whole plant: Indigo.
Inula Helenium, L. Composite. Root: Helenin; Inulin.
Jonidium Ipecacuanha, Vent. Violacex. Root: Emetin.
Ipomea Orizabensis, Steud. Convolvulacee. Root: Convolvulin.
» Lurga, Wender. Root: Convolvulin.
» Turpethum, R. Br. Root: Turpethin.
Iris Florentina, L. Iridee. Root: Myristic acid.
Irvingia Barteri, J. Hook. Simarubez. Seed (Dica-bread):
Dica-fat, with Laurostearin and Myristin.
Isatis indigofera, Fort.; I. tinctoria, L.; and other species.
Crucifere. Whole plant: Indican.
Isonandra Gutta, Hook. Sapotacee. Exudation of stem: gutta-
percha.
Jeffersonia diphylla, Bart. Berberidex. Root: Berberin.
Juglans regia, L. Juglandes. Green pericarp: Nucin; Nucitannin;
Regianin.—Seed: fat-oil.
Juniperus communis, L. Conifere. Fruit: Juniperin; volatile oil.
5 Sabina, L. Branches: volatile oil.
% Virginiana, L. Wood: volatile oil with Cedren and
Cedar-stearopten.
Khaya Senegalensis, A. Juss. Meliacee. Bark: Cailcedrin.
Krameria triandra, R. et P.; K. ixina, L.; K. secundiflora, DC.
Polygalee. Root: Ratanhia-tannic acid ; Tyrosin.
Lactuca sativa, L.; L. virosa, L. Composite. Exudation of
stalk (Lactucarium) : Lactucin; Lactucerin; Succinic acid.
Ladenbergia, several species. Rubiacex. Bark: Paytin.
Laetia apetala, Jacq. Bixacee. .Exudation of stem: Laetia-
resin. :
Laserpitium latifolium, L. Umbellifere. Root: Laserpitin.
Laurus nobilis, L, Lauracee. Fruit: fat-oil, with Laurostearin
and Lauric acid; volatile oil.
Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrh.; Z. latifoka, Vill.; Z. Stoechas, L.
Labiate. Flower: volatile oil— Whole plant: volatile oil.

S

250

Lecanora, several species. Lichenes. Lecanoric and Usnic acids ;
Orcin.

Lecanora Parella, Achar. Parellin.

hs Tartarea, Achar. Erythrie and Roccellie acids.

Ledum palustre, L. Ericacee. Whole plant: volatile oil with
Ericinol ; Ericolin; Ledum-tannie acid.

Leontice thalictroides, L. Berberidex. Root: Berberin.

Lepidium, several species. Crucifere. Whole plant: Lepidin ;

volatile oil.—Seed : Drying oil.

Liatris odoratissima, Wlld. Composite. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Ligustrum vulgare, L. Oleacex. Leaf: Quinic acid. —Bark :
Ligustrin.

Limosella aquatica, L. Scrophularine. Root: Cyclamin.

Linum usitatissimum, L. Line. Seed: drying oil with Linoleic
acid ; mucilage.

Liqudambar orientalis, Mill. Saxifragex. Exudation of stem:
Styrol; Styracin; Cinnamic acid.

Liriodendron tulipifera, L. Magnoliacee. Root-bark : Lirioden-
drin.

Lobelia inflata, L. Campanulaceee. Whole plant: Lobeliin ;
Lobelacrin.

Lonicera xylostewm, L. Caprifoliaceee. Fruit: Xylostein.

Lucuma glycyphlaea, Mart. et Eichl. Sapotacezee. Bark: Glycyr-
rhizin; Saponin.

Lucuma Parkii, R. Br. Seeds: Shea-butter.

LIunanea Bichi, DC. Sterculiacee. Fruit: Coffein.

Lupinus albus, L.; L. luteus, L. and other species. Leguminoss.
Seed: Lupinin.

Lychnis Githago, Lam. Caryophyllee. Seed: Agrostemmin ;
Saponin.

Lycopodium Chamecyparissus, Al. Br. Lycopodiaceze. Whole
plant: Lycopodiamarin ; Lycopodium-stearon; Lycopodium-
resin.

Lycopodium complanatum, L. Whole plant: Tartarie acid.

Lycopus Europeus, L. Labiat®e. Herb: volatile oil.

Maclura tinctoria, D. Don. Urticacee. Wood: Morin; Morus-
tannic acid.

Madia sativa, Mol. Composite. Seed: drying oil.

Magnolia umbrella, Lam. Magnoliacee. Fruit: Magnolin.

Mallotus Philippinensis, J. M. Euphorbiacex. Fruit hairs and
glands (Kamala): Rottlerin.

Marrubium vulgare, L. Labiate. Whole plant: Marrubiin.

Matricaria Chamomilla, L. Composite. Flower: volatile
oil.

Melaleuca Leucadendron, L. and many other species. Myrtacez.
Foliage: volatile oil.

251

Melampyrum nemorosum, L. Scrophularine. Whole plant:
Duleit.

Melilotus officinalis, Desr. Leguminose. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Melissa officinalis, L. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Mentha australis, R. Br.; M. gracilis, R. Br.; M. laxiflora, Bth.;
M. piperita, L.; M. Pulegium, L.; M. viridis, L.; and other
species. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Gentianee. Whole plant: Menyanthin.

Mercurialis annua, L. Euphorbiacee. Whole plant: volatile
oil; Mercurialin.

Mikania Guaco, H. et B. Composite. Leaf: Guacin.

Mimusops Elengi, L. Sapotacex. Yields part of the Indian
gutta-percha.

Mimusops Manilkara, G. Don. Yields part of the China and
Manilla gutta-percha.

Monarda didyma, L. Labiate. Flower: Carmic acid, or an
allied one.

Monarda punctata, L. Whole plant: volatile oil with Thymol.

Monnina polystachya, R. et P. Polygalex. Root: Saponin.

Monotropa Hypopitys, L. Ericacee. Whole plant: volatile oil
with Methyl-salicylate.

Morinda eitrifolia, L. Rubiace. Root: Morindin.

Moringa oleifera, Lam.; M. aptera, Gertn. Moringacee. Seed:
fat-oil, with Benic and Moringic acids.

Myrica cerifera, L.; M. cordifolia, L.; M. quereifolia, L.; M. serrata,
Lam. Amentacex. Fruit: Myrica-wax with Palmitin and
Myristin.

Myrica Gale, L. Leaf: volatile oil.

Myristica Bicahyba, Schott. Myristicee. Seed: Bicahyba-fat
with volatile oil.

Myristica fragrans, Houtt. Pericarp (mace): fat; volatile oil.—
Seed (nutmeg): fat with Myristin and volatile oil.

Myristica Otaba, H. et B. Seed: Otaba-fat with volatile oil.

a sebifera, Sw. Seed: Virola-tallow with volatile oil.

Myroxylon Pereira, Kl. Leguminose. Exudation of stem (black
balsam of Peru): Resin; Styracin; Benzyl-cinnamate; Cinnamic
acid.—Fruit-juice (white balsam of Peru): Myroxocarpin.

Myroaylon toluiferum, L. fil. Fruit: Cumarin.—Exudation of
stem (balsam of Tolu): Resin; Tolen; Cinnamie acid.

Myrtus communis, L. Myrtacez. Foliage, flower and fruit:
volatile oil.

Narcissus Jonquilla, L. Amaryllidee. Flower: volatile oil.

Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. Liliacee. Herb: Narthecin ;
Narthecic acid.

Nasturtium officinale, L. Crucifere. Herb: volatile oil.

Nectandra Rodiet, Schomb, Lauracee. Bark: Bebirin; Sipirin;
Bebiric acid,

252

Nerium Oleander, L. Apocynee. Flower: Salicylous acid.—
Foliage and branches: Oleandrin; Pseudocurarin.

Nicotiana, many species. Solanacee. Whole plant: Nicotin ;
Nicotianin.

Nicotiana Tabacum, L. Seed: fat-oil.

Nigella sativa, L. Ranuncwacee. Seed: Nigellin; volatile oil.

Nigritella angustifolia, Rich. Orchidee. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Ocimum Basilicum, L. Labiate. Whole plant: Basilicum-
stearopten.

Ocotea Pichurim, Kunth. Lauracexe. Fruit: fat-oil with Lauro-
stearin and Lauric acid.

Oenanthe Phellandrium, Lam. Umbellifere. Seed: volatile oil.

Olea Europea, L. Oleacee. Whole plant: Olivamarin.—Fruit ;
fat-oil.—Exudation of stem: Olivil.

Ononis spinosa, L. Leguminose. Root: Ononid; Onocerin,

Ophelia Chirata, Griseb. Gentianee. Whole plant: Chiratin;
Ophelic acid.

Opopanax Chironiwm, Koch. Umbellifere. Exudation of stalk
and root: Opopanax.

Orchis, many species. Orchidee. Tuber: Mucilage.

» hüreina, Sw. Flower: Caproic acid.
„ purpurea, Huds. Whole plant: Cumarin.

Origanum Majorana, L. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.

fe vulgare, L. Whole plant: volatile oil.

Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cass. Composite. Flower: volatile oil.

Othonna furcata, Benth. Composite. Exudation of stem:
Ceradia-resin.

Papaver Rheas, L. Papaveracex. Whole plant: Morphin;
Rheeadin and probably also Thebain.

Papaver somniferum, L. Seed: drying oil.—Exudation of peri-
carp: Codein; Metamorphin; Morphin; Narcein; Narcotin;
Opianin; Papaverin; Porphyroxin; Pseudo-morphin; Thebain ;
Lanthopin; Meconidin; Codamin; Laudanin; Meconin;
Meconic acid.

Paris quadrifolia, L. Liliacee. Whole plant: Paridin.

Parmelia parietina, Ach. Lichenes. Chrysophanie acid.

5 many species. Lichenin; Usnic acid.
» physodes, Ach. Physodin; Ceratophyllin.

Pastinaca sativa, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: Capryl-butyrate.

Paullinia sorbilis, Mart. Sapindacez. Fruit: Coffein.

Payena macrophylla, Benth. Sapotacee. Yields part of the
Java gutta-percha.

Peganum Harmala, L. Rutacee. Seed: Harmalin; Harmin.

Pelargonium odoratissimum, Ait.; P. Radula, Ait.; P. capitatum,
Ait. Geraniacee. Leaf and flower: Pelargonic acid; volatile
oil.

Peltophorum Linnei, Bth. Leguminose. Wood: Brasilin.

253

Perezia Humboldti, A. Gr. Composite. Root: Pipitzahoie acid.
Pertusaria communis, Fries. Lichenes. Picrolichenin; Vario-
larin.
Peucedanum galbaniferum, Benth. Umbellifere. Exudation of
stalk and root: Galbanum with volatile oil.
Peucedanum officinale, L. Root: Peucedanin.
Oreoselinum, Cuss. Foliage: volatile oil.—Root:
Athamantin; Valerianic acid.
Peucedanum Ost ‘uthium, Koch. Root: volatile oil; Ostruthin;
Peucedanin.
Pharbitis Nil, Choisy. Convolvulacee. Seed: Convolvulin.
Phaseolus vulgaris, L. Leguminose. Unripe fruit: Inosit.—Seed:
Phaseolin.
Philadelphus coronarius, L. Saxifragex. Flower: volatile oil.
Phillyrea latifolia, L.; Ph. angustifolia, L. Oleacee. Bark:
Phillyrin.
Physalis Alkekengi, L. Solanacex. Leaf: Physalin.
Physostigma venenosum, Balf. Leguminose. Seed: Physo-
stigmin.
Poren excelsa, Lindl. Simarubee. Wood and bark: Quassiin.
Picramnia ciliata, Mart. Simarubee. Bark: Pereirin.
Pimenta officinalis, Lindl. Myrtacee. Fruit: volatile oil.
Pimpinella Anisum, L. Umbellifere. Fruit: volatile oil, with
Anethol.
Pimpinella nigra, L. Root: volatile oil.
er Saxifraga, L. Root: volatile oil.
Pinckneya pubens, Rich. Rubiacex. Bark: Aribin,
Pinus Abies, Du Roi. Conifere. Wood and bark: Formic acid.—
Seed: fat-oil.
Pinus balsamea, L.; P. Fraseri, Pursch. Canada-balsam.
» Lambertiana, Dougl. Exudation of stem: Pinit.
» Zarix, L. Exudation of stem: Melezitose; Venetian
turpentine.
Pinus, many species. Whole plant and exudation of stem:
Abietic acid; volatile oil; Coniferin.
Pinus Picea, Du Roi. Seed: drying oil.
» Sabiniana, Dougl. Exudation of stem: Abieten; resin.
» silvestris, L. Wood: Pityxylonic acid.—Foliage ; Pinopicrin ;
Quinovic acid; Oxypino-tannic, Pino-tannic and Tanno-pinic
acids.— Bark: Pino-pierin; Pino-corretin; Phlobaphen; Cor-
ticipino-tannic, Pinocortic-tannic and Tannocortici-pinic acids, —
Seed: drying oil.
Piper angustifolium, R. et P. Piperacex. Leaf: volatile oil.
» Cubeba, L. fil.; Fruit: volatile oil; Cubelin; stearopten.
longum, L.; P. oficinarum, C. DC. Fruit: Piperin.
» methysticum, Forst. Root: Methysticin.
» Mmigrum, L. Fruit: Piperin; volatile oil.

254

Pistacia Lentiscus, L. Anacardiacee. FExudation of stem:
Mastich.

Pistacia Terebinthus, L. Exudation of stem: turpentine of Chios.

Pisum sativum, L. Leguminose. Unripe fruit: Inosit;
Cholestearin.

Pittosporum undulatum, Vent. Pittosporee. Flower: volatile
oil.— Bark: Pittosporin; Viscin.

Plantago decumbens, Forsk. Plantagine. Seed: mucilage.

Platanus orientalis, L. Platanee. Bark: Phlobaphen.

Plumbago Europea, L. Plumbagine. Root: Plumbagin.

Podophyllum peltatum, L. Berberidee. Root: Berberin; Saponin.

Polygala Senega, L. Polygalee. Root: Saponin.

Polygonum aviculare, L.; P. barbatum, L.; P. Chinense, L.;
P. tinctorium, Lour. Polygonez. Whole plant: Indigo.

Polygonum Hydropiper, L. Whole plant: Polygonic acid; volatile
acrid principle.

Polylophium Galbanum, F.v.M. Umbellifere. Exudation of
stem and root: Galbanum with volatile oil.

Polypodium vulgare, L. Filices. Root: Glycyrrhizin and Saponin
or allied substances.

Polyporus officinalis, Fries. Fungi. Laricin; Agaric acid.

Populus, several species. Amentacee. Whole plant: Populin ;
Saliein.—Leaf buds: volatile oil.

Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibth. Rosacez. Root: Ellagic acid.

Primula auricula, L. Primulacee. Root: Auricula stearopten.

- veris, L. Root: Primulin=Cyclamin.

Prostanthera lasianthos, Labill.; P. rotundifolia, R. Br. La-
biate. Leaf: volatile oil.

Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hk. Rosacex. Seed: Amygdalin ;
Emulsin ; Synaptase; fat-oil.

Prunus Cerasus, L. Seed: Amygdalin.—Exudation of stem: gum.

domestica, L. Seed: Amygdalin.—Exudation of stem: gum.

Laurocerasus, L. Leaf and seed: Amygdalin.

Mahaleb, L. Bark: Cumarin.

Padus, L. Leaf, flower, bark, seed: Amygdalin.

» Persica, J. Hook. Leaf and seed: Amygdalin. Exudation
of stem: gum.

Prunus spinosa, L. Flower, seed: Amygdalin.
» Virginiana, L. Bark: Amygdalin.

Psychotria emetica, Mutis. Rubiaceew. Root: Emetin.

Pterocarpus Draco, L. Leguminos®. Exudation of stem: Dragon’s
blood.

Pterocarpus erinaceus, Poiret. Exudation of stem: West African
Kino.

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Rxb. Exudation of stem (Malabar and
Amboina-Kino): Catechuic and Kino-tannic acids.

Pterocarpus santalinus, L. fil. Wood; Santalin; Santal,

255

Punica Granatum, L. Lythracee. Fruit and root: Tannic
acid; Mannit.

Pyrola umbellata, L. Ericacex. Whole plant: Chimaphilin.

Pyrus Aria, Ehrh.; P. torminalis, Ehrh. Rosacex. Flower:
Amygdalin.

Pyrus aucuparia, Gaertn. Flower: Amygdalin; Trimethylamin.
— Fruit: Sorbin.

Pyrus communis, L. Flower: Trimethylamin.

» Cydonia, L. Seeds: mucilage.
» Malus, L. Root-bark: Phlorrhizin.
Quassia amara,L. Simarubee. Wood and bark: Quassiin.
Quercus coccinea, Wang. Amentacee. Bark: Quercitrin.
5 Tlex, L. Leaf: Quinic acid or an allied acid.
» wmfectoria, Oliv. Galls of branches: Ellagie and Gallo-
tannic acids.

Quercus Robur, L. Fruit: Quercit; volatile oil.—Bark: Quercin;
Tannic acid.

Quercus Suber, L. Bark: Cork substance.

Quillaja Saponaria, Mol. Rosacee. Root: Saponin.

Ramalina, several species. Lichenes. Lichenin; Usnic acid.
Ranunculus bulbosus, L.; R. Flammula, L.; R. sceleratus, L.
Ranunculacex. Whole plant: Anemonic acid; Anemonin,
Ranunculus, many species. Whole plant: volatile acrid matter.
Reseda Luteola, L. Resedacee. Whole plant: Luteolin.—Seed:

drying-oil.

Reseda odorata, L. Flower: volatile oil.

Rhamnus cathartieus, L. Rhamnacex. Fruit: Rhamno-cathartin ;
Rhamnin; Rhamno-xanthin; Rhamno-tannic acid.—Bark of
stem and root: Rhamno-xanthin.

Rhammus Frangala, L. Fruit, bark of stem and root: Rhamno-
xanthin.

Rhammus prunifolius, Sbth.; LR. infeetorius, L.; R. sawatilis, L.; LR.
amygdalinus, Desf.; R. oleoides, L.; FR. Grecus, Reut. Fruit:
Chryso-rhamnin; Quercetin; Xanthorhamnin.

Rheum australe, D. Don. Polygonez. Root: Emodin.

Rheum officinale, Baill., and several other species. Root:
Chrysophanic acid; Aporetin; Erythroretin; Phzoretin.

Rhinanthus major, Ehrh. Scrophularine. Seed: Rhinanthin.

Rhododendron ferrugineum, L. Ericacex. Leaf: Ericinol ; Eri-
colin; Rhodotannic acid.

Rhus coriaria, L. Anacardiacee. Bark: Gallotannic acid.

„ semialata, Marr. Galls of branches: Tannic acid.
„ succedanea, L. Fruit, leaf and branches: Japanese wax
with Palmitin.

Rhus toxicodendron, L. Leaf: Rhoitannic acid.

Ribes rubrum, L. Saxifragese. Root-bark: Phlorrhizin.

Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil. Rubiacex. Root: Emetin.

256

Ricinus communis, L. Euphorbiacee. Seed: Ricinin ; fat-oil
with Isocetic and Ricinoleic acids.
Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Leguminos®. Flower: Robinin.—Un-
ripe fruit: Inosit.
Roccella fuciformis, Ach. Lichenes. Roccellic and Erythrie acids.
» tinctoria, Cand. Roccellinin.
Roccella, several species. Lecanoric acid; Orcin.
Rosa centifolia, L.; R. Damascena, Mill.; R. moschata, Mill.; R.
Indica, L.; R. sempervirens, L. Rosacex. Flower: volatile oil.
Rosmarinus officinalis, L. Labiate. Leaf and flower: volatile oil.
Rubia tinctorum, L. Rubiacee. Herb: Rubichlorie and Rubi-
tannic acids.— Root: Chlorogenin ; Xanthin ; Alizarin; Pur-
purin; Ruberythric acid; Rubiacin; Rubian; Rubiretin ;
Verantin; Erythrozym ; Rubichlorie acid.
Rubus Ideus, L. Rosacee. Fruit: Raspberry-stearopten.
Rumex, many species. Polygonee. Root: Chrysophanic acid.
Ruta graveolens, L. Rutaceze. Whole plant: volatile oil; Rutin.
Saccharum officinarum, L. Graminee. Stalk: Cane-sugar ;
Cerosin.
Salix, many species. Amentacex. Whole plant: Salicin.
alvia officinalis, L. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.
Samadera Indica, Geertn. Simarubee. Bark: Samaderin.
Sambucus nigra, L. Caprifoliacee. Flower: volatile oil.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. Papaveracee. Whole plant:
Chelerythrin.—Root: Porphyroxin; Puccin.
Sapindus Saponaria, L. Sapindacee. Fruit: Saponin; Formic
and Butyric acids.
Saponaria officinalis, L. Caryophyllee. Herb and root:
Saponin.
Sassafras officinale, Hayne. Lauracee. Root: volatile oil.
Scabiosa succisa, L. Dipsacex. Root: green acid.
Schenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. Liliacee. Seed: Sabadillin;
Veratrin; Sabadillic and Veratric acids.
Scrophularia aquatica, L.; S. nodosa, L. Scrophularinee. Whole
plant: Scrophularin,
Sedum acre, L. Saxifragex. Whole plant: Rutin.
Semecarpus Anacardium, L. fil. and other species. Anacar-
diacex. Pericarp: Cardol.
Sempervivum tectorum, L. Saxifragex. Leaf: Formic acid.
Sesamum Indicum, L. Pedalinee. Seed: fat-oil.
Sideroxylon attenuatum, A. DC. Sapotacee. Yields part of the
Indian and also Philippine gutta-percha.
Sideroxylon Muelleri, J. Hook. Exudation of stem: Batata.
Simaba Cedron, Planch. Simarubex. Fruit: Cedrin.
Simaruba amara, Aubl. Simarubex. Wood, bark: Quassiin.
Sindora, several species. Leguminose. Balsam of Sindor (also
obtained from species of Dipterocarpus).

257

Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop. Cruciferee. Herb: volatile oil.—
Root: volatile oil.

Smilax China, L.; S. cordato-ovata, Rich.; S. medica, Cham. et.
Schl.; S. officinalis, Humb.; S. papyracea, Duh.; S. Parhampui,
Ruiz. Liliacee. Root: Smilacin.

Smilax glycyphylla, Smith. Leaves: Glycyphyllin.

Solanum Dulcamara, L. Solanacee. Stalk: Dulcamarin;
Solanin.

Solanum nigrum, L. Fruit: Solanin.

» paniculatum, L. Fruit: Jurubebin.
», tuberosum, L. Fruit: Solanin.—Germs: Solanin;
Inosit.—Tuber: Starch.

Solanum verbaseifolium, L. Fruit: Solanin.

Sophora Japonica, L. Leguminos®e. Flower buds: Rutin.

Spirea Aruncus, L.; S. Japonica, L. fil.; S. sorbifolia, L. Rosacex.
Leaf: Amygdalin.

Spirea Ulmaria, L. Flower: volatile oil; Spirsa-yellow; Sali-
cylous and Salicylic acids.

Squamaria elegans, Hoffm. Lichenes. Chrysophanic acid.

Sticta, many species. Lichenes. Lichenin.

Strophanthus hispidus, DC. Apocyneze. Seed: Strophanthin.

Strychnos colubrina, L. Loganiacex. Wood: Brucin; Strychnin.

Mr Guianensis, Mart. Curare: Curarin.

» Lgnatia, Berg. Seed: Brucin; Strychnin.

+ Nux vomica, L. Bark,seed: Brucin; Strychnin; Malic
acid.

Strychnos Tieute, Lesch. Root: Brucin; Strychnin.

Styrax Benzoin, Dryand. Styracee. Exudation of stem: Ben-
zoin with Benzoic acid.

Styrax officinalis, L. Exudation of stem: Storax.

Syringa vulgaris, L. Oleacex. Flower: volatile oil.—Leaf and
fruit: Syringin.—Bark: Syringin; Syringo-picrin.

Tagetes glandulifera, Schrank. Composite. Herb and flower:
volatile oil.

Tamarindus Indica, L. Leguminose. Fruit: Tartaric, Citric,
Acetic acids; sugar; Pectin.

Tanacetum vulgare, L. Composite. Herb and flower: volatile
oil.

Tanghinia venenifera, Poir. Apocynee. Seed: Tanghinin.

Taraxacum officinale, Web. Composite. Leaf: Inosit.

Taxus baccata, L. Conifere. Leaf: Taxin.

Tetranthera calophylla, Mig. Lauracee. Fruit: Fat with Lauro-
stearin.

Teuerium Marum, L. Labiat®. Whole plant: Marum-stearopten.

Theobroma Cacao, L. Sterculiacee. Seed: Theobromin; Cacao-
fat.

Thevetia Yeoth, A. de Cand. Apocynex. Seeds: Thevetosin.

us

258

Thlaspi arvense, L. Crucifere. Herb and seed: volatile oil.
Thuya occidentalis, L. Conifere. Green parts: volatile oil.
Thymus Serpillum, L. Labiate. Whole plant: volatile oil.
„ vulgaris, L. Whole plant: volatile oil with Cymen,
Thymen, Thymol.
Tilia Europea, L. Tiliacee. Flower: volatile oil.
Trachylobium Geertnerianum, Hayne; 7. Hornemanni, Hayne.
Leguminose. Exudation of stem: Copal.
Triticum repens, L. Gramine®. Root: Tritiein.
" vulgare, Vill. Fruit: Starch; Gluten with Glutin,
Mucin, &e.
Tropeolum majus, L. Geraniacee. Whole plant: Tropzolic
acid.—Seed: volatile oil.
Ulmus campestris, L. Urticacex. Leaf: Quinic acid or one allied.
» fulva, Mich. Bark: mucilage.
Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.; U. acida, Roxb. Rubiacee. Leaf:
Catechu-tannic and Catechuic acids ; Quercetin.
Urceola elastica, Roxb. Apocynez. Borneo and Sumatra caout-
choue.
Urginia Scilla, Steinh. Liliacee. Tuber: Scillitin; mucilage.
Urtica wrens, L. Urticacex. Leaf: Formic acid.
Usnea florida, Hoffm. Lichenes. Usnie acid.
Usnea, several species. Lichenin.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. Ericacee. Whole plant: Quinie acid.
Vahea gummifera, Lam.; V. Madagascariensis, Bojer. Apocynez.
Exudation of stem: Madagascar caoutchoue.
Vahea Comorensis, Bojer. Anjonan caoutchoue.
» florida (Landolphia florida, Benth.) Niger caoutchoue,
with other Vaheas of the section Landolphia.
», Heudelotii (Landolphia Heudelotii, A. DC). Cazamanca
caoutchouc.
Owariensis (Landolphia Owariensis, Beauv). West-African
caoutchouc ; Dambonit.
Senegalensis, A. DC. Senegambia caoutchouc.
Valeri iana officinalis, L. Valerianex. Herb: Valerianie acid.—
. Root: volatile oil with Borneen and Borneol; Valerianic and
Valeriana-tannic acids.
Vanilla aromatica, Sw.; V. Guianensis, Splitg.; V. planifolia,
Andr.; V. sativa, Lindl. Orchidee. Fruit: Vanillic acid.
Variolaria, many species. Lichenes. Lecanoric acid; Orcin,
Vateria Indica, L. Dipterocarpex. Fruit: Vateria tallow.—
Copal.
Veratrum album, L.; V. viride, Aiton. Liliacez. Root: Jervin;
Sabadillie acid.
Vincetowicum officinale, Meench. Asclepiadeze. Root: Asclepiadin.
Viola odorata, L. Violacee. Whole plant: Violin.
Viscum album, L. Loranthacex. Fruit, foliage and branches: Viscin.

”

259

Vitex Agnus castus, L. Verbenacex. Seed: Castin.

Vitis quinquefolia, Lam. Vinifere. Red autumnal leaf: Cisso-
tannic acid and Pyrocatechin.

Vitis vinifera, L. Fruit: Oenolin; Tartaric and Racemic acids.—
Seed: fat-oil.

Vouapa phaseolocarpa, Hayne. Leguminose. Exudation of
stem: Copal.

Willoughbya edulis, Roxb. Apocynes. Chittagong caoutchouc,

$ Martabanica, Wall. And other species. Martaban
caoutchouc.

Wrightia antidysenterica, R. Br. Apocynex. Bark: Conessin.

Aanthorrhiza apiifolia, L’Herit. Ranunculacee. Root: Ber-
berin.

Xanthorrhea australis, Br.; X. arborea, Br.; X. Preissii, Endl.;
A, quadrangulata, F. v. M.; X. semiplana, F. v. M. Liliacex.
Exudation of stem: Botany Bay resin with Benzoic acid; vola-
tile oil; Bassorin.

Xanthoxylon Caribeum, Lam.; X. fraxineum, Willd. Rutacex.
Bark: Berberin.

Xanthoxylon piperitum, Cand. Fruit: volatile oil with Xanthoxy-
len and Xanthoxylin.

"ylopia polycarpa, J. Hook. et Th. Anonacex. Bark: Berberin.

Zieria Smithii, Andr. Rubiacex. Leaf: volatile oil.

Zingiber officinale, L. Scitaminez. Root: volatile oil.

DIV TS Pom. 177717

LIST OF THE PLANTS, INDICATED IN THE PRE-
CEDING DIVISION, THE ORDERS SYSTEMATICALLY
ARRANGED.

I. DICOTYLEDONEE.

1. DiALYPETALE. Magnoliacee.

Ranunculacew. ; Dllieium anisatum, L.
Liriodendron tulipifera, L.

es EL Magnolia umbrella, Lamarck.

er Lycoctonum, L.
2 Seal lt Anonacee.
= other species. ‘
Anemone nemorosa, L. Xylopia polycarpa, J. Hook.et Th.
# pratensis, L.
M Pulsatilla, L. Myristicec.
Clematis, several species. Myristica Bicahyba, Schott.
Coptis Teeta, Wall. . fragrans, Houtt.

Delphinium Consolida, L. Otaba, H. et B.

7 Staphisagria, L. na sebifera, Sw.
Helleborus niger, L.
a viridis, L. Te
Hydrastis Canadensis, L. ae
Nigella sativa, L. Cinnamomum Burmanni, Blume.
Ranunculus bulbosus, L. > Camphora,F.Nees.
= Flammula, L. 7 Cassia, Blume.
„ sceleratus, L. by Culilaban, Blume.
many other species. 4 Zeylanicum, C. G.

Xanthorrhiza aplifolia, L’Herit. Nees.

261

Dicypellium caryophyllatum, C.
. Nees.

Laurus nobilis, L.

Nectandra Rodiei, Schomb.

Ocotea Pichurim, Kunth.

Sassafras officinalis, Hayne.

Tetranthera calophylla, Miq.

Monimiee.
Atherosperma moschatum, Lab.

Menispermacee.
Anamirta paniculata, Colebr.
Chondodendron tomentosum, R.

et P.
Cissampelos Pariera, L.
Coscinium fenestratum, Colebr.
Jateorrhiza palmate, Miers.

Berberidee.
Berberis vulgaris, L.
Jeffersonia diphylla, Bart.
Leontice thalictroides, L.
Podophyllum peltatum, L.

Papaveracew.

Argemone Mexicana, L.
Chelidonium majus, L.
Eschscholtzia Californica, Cham.
Glaucium luteum, Scop.
Papaver Rhoeas, L.

» somniferum, L.
Sanguinaria:Canadensis, L,

Fumariacee.

Corydalis fabacea, Pers.
7 tuberosa, Cand.
Fumaria officinalis, L.

Crucifere.
Arabis perfoliata, Lain.
Brassica alba, Vis.
ee nova, Koch.
a oleracea, L.
Camelina sativa, Crantz.

Cochlearia Armoracia, L.

Re Anglica, L.

a Danica, L.

55 officinalis, L.
Hesperis matronalis, L.
Isatis indigofera, Fort.

», tinctoria, L.
Lepidium, several species.
Nasturtium officinale, L.
Sisymbrium Alliaria, Scop.
Thlaspi arvense, L

Capparidew.

Capparis spinosa, L.

Droseracew.

Drosera, many species.

Violacew.

Hybanthus (Ionidium) Ipecacu-
atiha, F. v.M.
Viola odorata, L.

Moringacew.
Moringa oleifera, Lam.
5 aptera, Gaertn.

Bixacew.

Bixa Orellana, L.
Laetia apetala, Jacq.

Cistaceae.

Cistus Creticus, L.
ladaniferus, L.

», Ledon, Lam.
laurifolius, L.
Monspeliensis, L.

Resedacew.

Reseda luteola, L.
„ odorata, L.

Datiscacee.
Datisca cannabina, L.

Canellacee.
Canella alba, Murr.

Pittosporew.

Pittosporum undulatum, Vent.

Polygalacee.

Krameria Ixina, L.
secundiflora, DC.

= triandra, R. et P.
Monnina polystachya, R. et P.
Polygala Senega, L.

”

Guttifere.

Calophyllum Calaba, Jacq.
longifolium, Willd.
ss Tnophyllum, i:
Garcinia Indica, Chois.
Mangostana, 109
pictoria, Roxb.
Morella, Desr.
Cochinchinensis, Chois.

”

2?
”
9?

2)

Ter NS broemiaceee.

Camellia Thea, Kar

Dipterocarpee.

Dipterocarpus alatus, Roxb.
gracilis, Bl.
hispidus, Thw.
incanus, Roxb.
littoralis, Bl.
retusus, Bl.
trinervis, Bl.
turbinatus Gertn,
Zeylanicus, Thw.
Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr.
Vateria Indica, L.

Line.

Erythroxylon Coca, Lam.
Linum usitatissimum, L.

Geramiacee.

Geranium, many species.
Pelargonium capitatum, Ait.
5 odoratissimum, Ait.
x Radula, Ait.

Tropzolum majus, L.

Malvacee.

Adansonia digitata, L.
Gregori, F. v. M.
Attacke officinalis, eh

Sterculiacec.

Lunanea Bichi, DC.
Theobroma Cacao, L.

Tihacew.
Tilia Europa, L.

Rutacee.

Barosma betulina, Bartl.
Ps crenulata, Hk.
s serratifolia, Willd.
Citrus Aurantium, L.
„ var. Bergamia, Riss.
7 3.5 duleis, Melle
» Medica, L.
se », var. Limetta, Riss.
Galipea Cusparia, St. Hil.
Peganum Harmala, L.
Ruta graveolens, L.
Xanthoxylon Caribaeum, Lam.
ie fraxineum, Willd.

33 piperitum, Cand.

Zygophyllec.

Guaiacum officinale, L.

5 sanctum, L.
Simarubee.

Ailantus excelsa, Roxb.
Irvingia Barteri, J. Hook.
Picreena excelsa, Lindl.
Picramnia ciliata, Mart.

Quassia amara, L.
Samadera Indica, Geertn.
Simaba Cedron, Planch.
Simaruba amara, Aubl.

Burseracee.

Amyris Plumieri, DC.
Balsamodendron Africanum,
Arn. et B.

» Myrrha, Ehrenb.

» Opobalsamum, Kunth.
Boswellia Carterü, Brdw.
Bursera gummifera, Jacq.

- Icicariba, Benth.
Canarium commune, L.
Hedwigia balsamifera, Sw.
Icica heptaphylla, Aubl.

Anacardiacee.

Anacardium occidentale, Rottb.
Pistacia Lentiscus, L.
» Terebinthus, L.

Rhus coriaria, L.

„ semialata, Murr.

„» succedanea, L.

» Toxicodendron, L.
Semecarpus Anacardium, L. fil.

Meliacece.

Carapa Guianensis, Aubl.
Khaya Senegalensis, A. Juss.

Sapindacee.

Aesculus Hippocastanum, L.
i Pavia, L.

Paullinia sorbilis, Mart.

Sapindus Saponaria, L.

Vinifere.
Vitis quinquefolia, Lam.
» vinifera, L.

Celastrinew.
Euonymus Europeus, L.

263

Rhannacee.

Rhamnus catharticus, L.
Frangula, L.
prunifolius, Sibth.
infectorius, L.
saxatilis, L.
amygdalinus, Desf.
oleoides, L.
Graecus, Reut.

Aquifoliacee.

Ilex aquifolium, L.
», Cassine, L.
„ Paraguensis, St. Hil.

Plumbaginee.
Plumbago Europea, L.

Caryoph yllee.

Gypsophila Struthium, L.
Lychnis Githago, Lam.
Saponaria officinalis, L.

Salsolacee.

Beta vulgaris, L.
Chenopodium album, L.
ambrosioides, L,
olidum, Aubl.

3?
9)

Paronychiee.
Herniaria glabra, L.
Polygone.
Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq.
Fagopyrum cymostim, Meissn.
emarginatum, Meissn.
esculentum, Meench.
u Tartaricum, Geertn.
Polygonum aviculare, L.

„

„

5, barbatum, L.
> Chinense, L.

5 tinctorium, Lour.

5 Hydropiper, L.
Rheum australe, D. Don.

„ Officinale, Baill.

Rumex, many species.

Phytolacceae.
Coriaria myrtifolia, L.

Aristolochiee.

Aristolochia Serpentaria, L.
Asarum Europzeum, L.

Saxifragee.
Liquidambar orientalis, Mill.
Philadelphus coronarius, L.
Ribes rubrum, L.

Sedum acre, L.
Sempervivum tectorum, L.

Rosacee.

Amelanchier vulgaris, Moench.

Cotoneaster vulgaris, Lindl.
Crategus coccinea, L,

5 Oxyacantha, L.
Fragaria vesca, L.
Geum urbanum, L.
Hagenia Abyssinica, Lam.
Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibth.
Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hook.
Cerasus, L.
domestica, L.
Laurocerasus, L.
Mahaleb, L.
Padus, L.
» Persica, J. Hook.
spinosa, L.
Virginiana, L.
Pyrus Aria, Ehrh.
torminalis, Ehrh.
aucuparia, Gertn.
communis, L.
Cydonia, L.
Malus, L.
Quillaja Saponaria, Mol.
Rosa centifolia, L.
Damascena, Mill.
Indica, L.
moschata, Mill.
sempervirens, L.
Rubus Ideeus, L.

”

”

9?

”

Spirea Aruncus, L.

», Japonica, L. fil.
» sorbifalia, de
» Ulmariatk

Leguminosae.

Abrus precatorius, L.
Acacia Arabica, W.
Seyal, Del.
» Verek, G. et P.
stenocarpa, Hochst.
horrida, W.
Catechu, W.
Suma, Kurz.
decurrens, W.
lophantha, W.
Andira anthelminthica, Benth.
Arachis hypogzea, L.
Astragalus, several species.
Bowdichia virgilioides, H. B. K.
Butea frondosa, Roxb.
Cesalpinia Crista, L.

# Sappan, L.
Cassia acutifolia, Del.

„ angustifolia, Vahl.
Ceratonia Siliqua, L.'
Copaifera, several species.
Cyclopia latifolia, Cand.
Cynometra Spruceana, Benth.
Cytisus Laburnum, L.

„ scoparius, Link.
Dipteryx odorata, Schreb.
Erythrophleum guinense,G. Don
Geoffroya inermis, Wright.

» Surinamensis, Bondt.
Glycyrrhiza echinata, L.

ff glabra, L.
HematoxylonCampechianum, L.
Hymenza Candolleana, H. et B.
confertiflora, Mart.
confertifolia, Hayne.
Courbaril, L.
latifolia, Hayne.
5 Martiana, Hayne.
5 Olfersiana, Hayne.
5 rotundata, Hayne.
as stilbocarpa, Hayne.

265

Hymenxa Sellowiana, Hayne.

ks venosa, Vahl.
Indigofera Anil, L.

a argentea, L.

74 tinctoria, L.
Lupinus albus, L.

3 luteus, I.
Melilotus officinalis, Desr.
Myroxylon Pereire, Kl.

53 toluiferum, L. fil.
Ononis spinosa, L.
Peltophorum Linnzi, Benth.
Phaseolus vulgaris, L.
Physostigma venenosum, Balf.
Pisum sativum, L.
Pterocarpus Draco, L.

> erinaceus, Poiret.
55 Marsupium, Roxb.
oA santalinus, L. fil.

Robinia Pseudacacia, L.

Sindora Sumatrama, Miq.

Sophora Japonica, L.

Tamarindus Indica, L.

Trachylobium Gzrtnerianum,
Hayne.

Trachylobium Hornemanni,
Hayne.

Vouapa phaseolocarpa, Hayne.

Myrtacee.
Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.
Es rostrata, Schl.
» . viminalis, Labill.
hs many other species.

Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb.
Melaleuca Leucadendron, L.

a many species.
Myrtus communis, L.
Pimenta officinalis, Lindl.

Lythracee.
Punica Granatum, L.

Piperace@.

Piper angustifolium, R. et P.
», Cubeba, L. fil.

Piper longum, L.
officinarum, C. DC.
», methysticum, Forst.
nigrum, L.

Euphorbiacee.

Alchornea latifolia, Sw.
Aleurites triloba, Forst.
Buxus sempervirens, L.
Croton Eleutheria, Benn.
Sloanei, Benn.

5 erythrinum, Mart.

5, nhiveum, Jacq.

Tiglium, L.

Euphorbia resinifera, Berg.
Excecaria sebifera, J. M.

9?

| Hevea Guianensis, Aubl.

Hura crepitans, L.

Jatropha Curcas, L.

Mallotus Philippinensis, J. M.
Mercurialis annua, L.
Ricinus communis, L.

Urticacee.
Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch.
Cannabis sativa, L.
Castilloa elastica, Cerv.
Bs Markhamiana, Collins.

Ficus elastica, Roxb.

», rubiginosa, Desf.

„ subracemosa, Blum.

», variegata, Blum.
Humulus Lupulus, L.
Maclura tinctoria, D. Don.
Ulmus campestris, L.

» fulva, Mich.
Urtica urens, L.

Juglandee.
Juglans regia, L.

Amentacec.

Betula alba, L.
Corylus Avellana, L.
Fagus silvatica, L.
Myrica cerifera, L.

Myrica cordifolia, L.

» quercifolia, L.

» serrata, Lam.

» Gale, L.
Platanus orientalis, L.
Populus, several species.
Quercus coccinea, Wang.

» ‚lex; Ts.

3, infectoria, Oliv.

„euikvobur,L.

ember, Ls:
Salix, many species.

Cucurbitacece.

Bryonia alba, L.
Cucumis Colocynthis, L.
» _ Melo; Ly
, Prophetarum, L.
Cucurbita Pepo, L.
Ecballion Elaterium, A. Rich.

Loranthacee.

Viscum album, L.

Proteacew.

Banksia, several species.

Thymelee.
Daphne alpina, L.
» KGaidium, I.
» Mezereum, L.

Eleagnec.
Hippophaé rhamnoides, L.

Cornacee.

Cornus florida, L.

Araliacew.

Aralia quinquefolia, Dec.

Planch.
Hedera Helix, L.

et

266

Umbellifere.

/Rthusa Cynapium, L.

Ammi Copticum, L.

Apium graveolens, L.
Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm.
Carum Ajowan, Benth.

„Cam,

», Petroselinum, Benth.
Cicuta virosa, L.

Conium maculatum, L.
Coriandrum sativum, L.
Cuminum Cyminum, L.
Daucus Carota, L.

Dorema Ammoniacum, D. Don.
Euryangium Sumbul, Kauffm.
Ferula Asa-fetida, L.

», alliacea, Boiss.

», Narthex, Boiss.

» erubescens, Boiss.

„ _bersiea, vie
Foeniculum officinale, All.
Heracleum villosum, Fischer.

Br Sphondylium, L.
Laserpitium latifolium, L.
(Enanthe Phellandrium, Lam.
Opopanax Chironium, Koch.
Pastinaca sativa, L.
Peucedanum galbaniferum,

Benth.
5 officinale, L.
FH Oreoselinum, Cuss.
5 Ostruthium, Koch.
Pimpinella Anisum, L.
ds nigra, L.

ep Saxifraga, L.
Polylophium Galbanum, F. v. M.

9. GAMOPETALA.
Rubiacee.

Asperula odorata, L.
Cascarilla hexandra, Wedd.
35 magnifolia, Wedd.
Cephaélis Ipecacuanha, Rich.
Chiococca racemosa, Jacq.
Cinchona Calisaya, Wedd.
5 cordifolia, R. et P.

267

Cinchona glandulifera, R. et P.

= lancifolia, Mutis.

5 micrantha, R. et P.
» .nitida, R. et P.

3 officinalis, Hook.

s Pahudiana, How.

ne Peruviana, How.

Ss pubescens, Vahl.
4 scrobiculata, H. et B.
e succirubra, Pav.
Coffea Arabica, L.
Galium Aparine, L.
» Mollugo, L.
>» verum, L.
Gardenia grandiflora, Lour.
* lucida, Roxb.
Hillia spectabilis, Fr. Vaud.
Ladenbergia, several species.
Morinda citrifolia, L.
Pinckneya pubens, Rich.
Psychotria emetica, Mutis.
Richardsonia scabra, St. Hil.
Rubia tinctorum, L.
Uncaria acida, Roxb.
» Gambir, Roxb.
Zieria Smithü, Andr.

Caprifoliacee.

Lonicera xylosteum, L.
Sambucus nigra, L.

Valerianew.
Valeriana officinalis, L.

Dipsacew.

Scabiosa succisa, L.

Composite.

Achillea Millefolium, L.
» moschata, Jacq.
» nobilis, L.
Anthemis nobilis, L.
Arnica montana, L.
Artemisia Absinthium, L.
en Cina, Berg.

5 Sieberi, Besser.

Artemisia Dracunculus, L.

55 vulgaris, L.
Atractylis gummifera, L.
Blumea balsamifera, DC.
Buphthalmum salicifolium, L.
Calendula officinalis, L.
Carbenia benedicta, Benth.
Carthamus tinctorius, L.
Centaurea Calcitrapa, L.
Chrysanthemum Parthenium,

Persoon.

Crepis foetida, L.
Dahlia purpurea, Poir.
Eupatorium cannabinum, L.
Helianthus annuus, L.
Inula Helenium, L.
Lactuca sativa, L.

>>. | virosa, I.
Liatris odoratissima, Willd.
Madia sativa, Mol.
Matricaria Chamomilla, L.
Mikania Guaco, H. et B.
Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cass.
Othonna furcata, Benth.
Perezia Humboldti, A. Gr.
Tagetes glandulifera, Schrank.
Tanacetum vulgare, L.
Taraxacum officinale, Web.

Campanulacee.
Lobelia inflata, L.

Ericacee.
Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, Spr.
Calluna vulgaris, Sal.

Erica carnea, L.

Gaultiera procumbens, L.
Ledum palustre, L.

Monotropa Hypopitys, L.
Pyrola umbellata, L.
Rhododendron ferrugineum, L.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L.

Epacridew.
Epacris, several species.

268

Styracee.

Styrax Benzoin, Dryand.
officinale, L.

2)

Sapotacee.

Achras Sapota, L.
Bassia butyracea, Roxb.

» latifolia, Roxb.

» longifolia, L.

» sericea, Blume.
Ceratophorus Leerii, Hassk.
Imbricaria coriacea, A. DC.
Isonandra Gutta, Hook.
Lucuma glycyphlea, Mart. et

Eichl.

a) Parkin, aR. Br.
Mimusops Elengi, L.

. Manilkara, G. Don.
Payena macrophylla, Benth.
Sideroxylon attenuatum, A. DC.

Muelleri, J. Hook.

Oleacew.
Fraxinus excelsior, L.

a Ornus, L.
Ligustrum vulgare, L.
Olea Europea, L.
Phillyrea latifolia, L.

a angustifolia, L.
Syringa vulgaris, L.

Asclepiadee.
Asclepias Syriaca, L.
Calotropis gigantea, R. Br.

> procera, R. Br.
Vincetoxicum oflieinale, Moench.

Apocynec.

Alstonia constricta, F. v. M.
a scholaris, R. Br.

Alyxia stellata, R. et 8.
Hancornia speciosa, Gomes.
Nerium Oleander, L.
Strophanthus hispidus, DC.
Tanghinia venenifera, Poir.

Thevetia Ycotli, A. de Cand.
Urceola elastica, Roxb.
Vahea Comorensis, Bojer.

„ gummifera, Lam.

», Madagascariensis, Bojer.

»» Senegalensis, A. DC.

» Horida, F. v. M.

» Heudeloti, F. v. M.

» Owariensis, F. v. M.
Willoughbya edulis, Roxb.

® Martabanica, Wall.

Wrightia antidysenterica, R. Br.

Gentianee.
Gentiana lutea, L.

Menyanthes trifoliata, L.
Ophelia Chirata, Griseb.

Loganiaceee.

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux.
Strychnos colubrina, L.

3 Guianensis, Mart.

ee Ignatia, Berg.

55 Nux vomica, L.

> Tieute, Lesch.
Plantaginee.

Plantago decumbens, Forsk.

Primulacee.

Anagallis arvensis, L.
Cyclamen Europeum, L.
Primula Auricula, L.

as veris, L.
Convolvulacee.
Convolvulus floridus, L. fil.
n Scammonia, L.
> scoparius, L. fil.
Tpomea Nil, Roth.
% Orizabensis, Steud.
* Purga, Wender.

es Turpethum, R. Br.

Solanacee.

Atropa Belladonna, L.
Capsicum annuum, L.
Datura Stramonium, L.
Fabiana imbricata, R. et P.
Hyoscyamus niger, L.
Nicotiana Tabacum, L.

is many species.
Physalis Alkekengi, L.
Solanum Dalcamara, L.
Solanum nigrum, L.

» paniculatum, L.
tuberosum, L.
» verbascifolium, L.

Scrophularinee.

Digitalis lutea, L.

= purpurea, L.
Euphrasia officinalis, L.
Globularia Alypum, L.
Gratiola officinalis, L.
Limosella aquatica, L.
Melampyrum nemorosum, L.
Rhinanthus major, Ehrh.
Scrophularia aquatica, L.

4 nodosa, L.

Bignoniacee.
Bignonia Chica, H. et B.

Pedalinee.
Sesamum Indicum, L.

Asperifolie.
Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.
Cordia Boissieri, A. DC.

Labiate.
Hyssopus officinalis, L.

Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrh.

er latifolia, Vill.
is Steechas, L.

69

Lycopus Europeeus, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Melissa officinalis, L.
Mentha australis, R. Br.

» . Staeilis, Re Br.

», laxiflora, Benth.

» Piperita, L.

» Pulegium, L.

viridis, L.

Monarda didyma, IR

» punctata, L.
Ocimum Basilicum, L.
Origanum Majorana, L.

+ vulgare, L.
Prostanthera lasianthos, Labill.
7 rotundifolia, R. Br.

Rosmarinus officinalis, L.
Salvia officinalis, L.
Teucrium Marum, L.
Thymus Serpillum, L.

» vulgaris, L.

Verbenacew.
Vitex Agnus castus, L.

Conifere.
Callitris quadrivalvis, Vent.
Dammara australis, Lamb.
3 orientalis, Lamb.
Ginkgo biloba, Salisb.
Juniperus communis, L.
bs Sabina, L.
u Virginiana, L.
Pinus Abies, Du Roi.
er balsamaa, L.
„ Fraseri, Pursch.
», Lambertiana, Dougl.
>» Lana,
» Picea, Du Roi,
», Silvestris, L.
„ Sabiniana, Dougl.
Taxus baccata, L.
Thuya occidentalis, L.

9

ad

70

II. MONOCOTYLEDONEA.

Orchidee.

Aeranthus fragrans, Lindl.
Nigritella angustifolia, Rich.
Orchis hircina, Sw.
purpurea, Huds.

» many species.
Vanilla aromatica, Sw.
Guianensis, Splitg.
planifolia, Andr.
sativa, Lindl.

”

2?
”

„

Scitaminee.
Alpinia Galanga, Sw.

» Officinarum, Hance.
Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe.
Curcuma longa, L.

n Zedoaria, Roxb.
Elettaria Cardamomum, White.
Zingiber officinale, L.

Tridec.

Crocus sativus, L.
Tris Florentina, L.

Amaryllidee.
Narcissus Jonquilla, L.

Liliacee.

Allium sativum, L.
Aloe, several species.
Asparagus officinalis, L.
Colchicum autumnale, L.
Convallaria majalis, L.
Draczna Draco, L.
Narthecium ossifragum, Huds.
Paris quadrifolia, L.
Schenocaulon officinale,
Gray.
Smilax China, L.
cordato-ovata, Rich.
glycyphylla, Smith.
medica, Cham. et Schl.
officinalis, Humb.
papyracea, Duh.

A.

)
7
„
”
cr)

Smilax Parhampui, Ruiz.
Urginia Scilla, Steinh.
Veratrum album, L.
us viride, Aiton.
Xantorrhea australis, Br.
arborea, Br.
Preissii, Endl.
quadrangulata,
F. v. M.
er semiplana, F. v. M.

Aroidew.

Acorus Calamus, L.
Arum, several species.

Alismacew.
Alisma Plantago, L.

Palmacew.

Areca Catechu, L.

Attalea funifera, Mart.
Calamus Rotang, L.
Ceroxylon andicola, H. et B.
Cocos nucifera, L.
Daemonorops Draco, Mart.
Elais Guineensis, Jacq.

Cyperacee.
Cyperus esculentus, L.

Graminee.
Andropogon Calamus, Royle.
citratus, DC.
Ivarancusa, Roxb.
Schoenanthus, L.

Pr muricatus, Retz.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.
Avena sativa, L.

Hierochloa borealis, Roem. et
Schult.

Hordeum vulgare, L.

Saccharum officinarum, L.

Triticum repens, L.

vulgare, Vill.

99
9)

29

”

9

aad

(a

III. ACOTYLEDONEE.

Equisetacee.

Equisetum fluviatile, L.

en several species.

Lycopodiaceee.

Lycopodium Chamzcyparissus,
iad Br.

x complanatum, L.

Filices.
Aspidium Filix mas, Sw.
Polypodium vulgare, L.

Lichenes.

Cetraria Islandica, Achar.
». several species.
Chlorea vulpina, Nyl.
Cladonia rangiferina, Hoffin.
es several species.
Evernia prunastri, Achar.
„ several species.
Lecanora Parella, Achar.
Tartarea, Achar.
5 several species.
Parmelia parietina, Achar.

”

Parmelia physodes, Achar.

3 many other species.
Pertusaria communis, Fries.
Ramalina, several species.
Roccella fuciformis, Achar.
tinctoria, Cand.

u several species.
Squamaria elegans, Hoff.
Sticta, many species.

Usnea florida, Hoftm.
„ several species.
Variolaria, many species.

”

Alge.
Alsidium Helmintochorton,
Kuetz.

Chondrus crispus, Stackh.
Delesseria, several species.

fungi.
Agaricus campestris, L.
croceus, Pers.
muscarius, L.
Pe piperitus, L.
Cordyceps purpurea, Fries.
Polyporus officinalis, Fries.

9?

„

+

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PART 1.

DIVAS TON: I,

APPARATUS REQUIRED FOR PHYTO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSES.

THESE will be described under the following heads :—

. Weighing apparatus.
Drying apparatus.
Comminuting apparatus.
. Extracting apparatus.
Straining apparatus.
Evaporating apparatus.

. Miscellaneous apparatus.

Qe HER.

A.—WEIGHING APPARATUS.

Three different balances are required for use:—A _ so-called
weigh-bridge to carry 50 kilograms, and to turn with 10 grams or
less, when so loaded; a common balance, which indicates distinctly
1 decigram when carrying 1 kilogram in each pan; and a chemical
balance to carry 50 grams, and to turn, thus loaded, with 1
milligram. For better security of dust, fumes, &c., the last-
named balance is always to be kept in a glass case.

The weights, now in common use amongst analytical chemists,
are made according to the French or metrical system, and consist
of brass or German silver. Only the smaller weights, from 1
decigram downwards, are made of aluminium. To use platinum
for this purpose is inconvenient, on account of the smallness
of the pieces, and the risk of losing them. The weights, and
especially those under 5 grams, are never touched with the bare
fingers, but with pincers made of metal.

Vv

274

B.—-DryInG APPARATUS.

Freshly-gathered plants or parts of plants are freed from
adhering impurities, as earth, sand, or dust, by beating, dusting, or
quickly washing with water. Thick roots, stems, branches, or
fleshy fruits, are first split or cut into pieces of a proper size, and
afterwards spread on wooden sieves, previously covered with
printing paper, and thus exposed on warm days to the action
of the air and the diffused sunlight, or, if the temperature should
be below 10°, they are dried by artificial heat not exceeding 40°,
but carefully screened from steam and smoke. The drying is
finished, and the so treated substance called air-dried, when it does
no longer incur loss of weight.

With the exception of certain succulent fruits, which on drying
undergo a partial decomposition, all vegetable substances are
submitted to analysis air-dried.

To estimate the water still retained by the air-dried material, a
small sample of the latter is properly comminuted as described
under C., and intimately mixed. Two to five grams of the
substance thus treated are then put into a platinum crucible,
and the latter placed into an air-bath made of copper, and
provided with a thermometer. The whole apparatus is now
heated to a temperature of 110° to 120° by means of a small
spirit (or gas) lamp. (For particulars see Div. IIL., 1.)

Vegetable substances in the natural state less than those educts,
obtained in the course of the analysis, and which, on account of
their liability to decompose under the influence of heat, atmo-
spheric air, or moisture, cannot be dried in the air-bath, must have
the last traces of water removed under the jar of the air-pump
with the simultaneous application of water-absorbing substances,
such as quicklime, fused chloride of calcium or concentrated sul-
phuric acid, any of which are placed close to the substance in
question, under the receiver of the air-pump.

C.—CoMMINUTING APPARATUS.

Thick or woody roots, stems or large branches, are at first thinly
split with an awe; the single pieces are then cut up transversely
on the cutting-board and separated by means of a steve of wire
gauze, with apertures not larger than one-sixth of an inch; the
coarser parts are further comminuted in the stamping-box by
means of cross-knives provided with a long handle, and again
passed through the sieve. To reduce vegetable parts of this kind
to a still finer or powdery state, will generally require much time
and labour, but this is essential for a satisfactory final result.
Often the operation is greatly facilitated by successively exposing
the substance to a gentle heat and then pounding it in a metal mortar.

275

Tough hard woods, after being fastened in a screw-vice, may be
advantageously rasped by means of a coarse file. This is a good
but rather tedious process.

Flexible or thin roots are placed at once on the cutting-board ;
still thinner ones only into the stamping-box, and afterwards, if
necessary, into the mortar.

Fresh and succulent roots are split with a knife of horn or of a
metal unaffected by the acid juices, first lengthwise, and then
transversely.

Woody stems and thick branches are treated like roots; thinner
woody stalks are first cut on the board, afterwards stamped in the
box; very thin ones go at once into the stamping-box.

Barks may be reduced to powder in the iron mortar, but those
with a tough fibrous bast are first treated on the cutting-board.

Fresh herbaceous stalks are bruised in a stone mortar. The
material of the latter must be possibly pure sandstone; marble
would be affected by the always acid juice.

Fresh leaves or flowers are bruised in the stone mortar; dry
ones are stamped in the box.

Succulent fruits or coverings of seeds are bruised in the stone
mortar, but if large they are previously cut into pieces with the
horn knife.

Ordinary dry fruits are pounded in the iron mortar, but require,
when tough, to be dried at a very gentle heat.

Seeds are treated like dry fruits; those rich in oil, to prevent
the latter from separation, are first broken in the iron mortar and
then submitted to a moderate trituration. Should it be possible
to separate the pericarps from the seeds, this may be conveniently
effected either with a hammer or in the iron mortar, and each part
is then examined by itself.

D.—-ExTRACTING APPARATUS.

Glass and porcelain vessels would answer this purpose best, but
very large vessels of those materials are easily broken, and conse-
quently costly. As a substitute the chemist generally employs tin
or copper vessels, especially when working with large quantities.

Glass flasks are required, of various sizes from the smallest up
to those of two litres capacity. The glass of these fiasks must be
of a uniform thinness, and the edges of their necks must be bent
outwards, to allow the insertion of a cork stopper without risk of
cracking.

Infusion-pots with lids, both made of porcelain, may be used for
the extraction of substances containing no volatile matters, with
either water, diluted acids, or diluted alkalies.

A tin still is further required, capable of holding at least 10
litres of water, with head and worm of the same metal. A still of

v2

276

this kind should never be exposed to the direct fire, but only to
the heat of the water-bath, to prevent the metal from fusing and
the contents from getting charred. The water-bath consists of a
copper boiler, in which the still is fitted so as to reach nearly to
the bottom, while resting rather lightly on the prominent edges of
the contracted mouth of the boiler.

The tin still serves for extractions and distillations (see F.) on a
larger scale.

E.—STRAINING APPARATUS.

For larger quantities dishes or deep vessels of porcelain or stone-
ware are used with a tenaculum (square framework, constructed of
four narrow pieces of wood) of proper size to be placed on the
dishes, and carrying on its four prominent points a linen cloth or
a linen bag-filter, through which to strain the substance under
investigation. The latter operation is accelerated by occasionally
stirring or pressing the contents with a strong glass rod or with a
porcelain spatula, or instead of these a spatula, made of pine or
beech and previously cleaned by boiling with water, suffices for
most purposes.

Thick, slimy masses let the liquid pass so slowly that it is
necessary to strain through a cloth, the meshes of which do not
contract by moisture. This is miller’s gauze, or bolting cloth of
silk, which is sold in numerous gradations as to the width of the
meshes, and may be therefore selected according to circumstances.

After the dripping has ceased, the contents of the cloth or of the
bag-filter are submitted to the action of a screw-press or of an
hydraulic press. Those parts of the press, which are in direct
contact with the cloth or with the liquid passing from it, must be
made of tin.—For pressing smaller quantities, a small selfacting
press, similar in construction to a bookbinder’s press, is to be
employed, but modified that it may be fastened to a table, and its
sides must be covered with thick plates of glass.

Still smaller quantities are poured into paper-filters, spread out
in funnels of glass or porcelain, the latter resting on the edges of
glassjars, and, if necessary, supported by means of filter-plates or
other appliances. If the filtering process is slow, the funnel must
be covered with a glass-plate in order to screen off air and dust.
This is not less necessary with very volatile liquids, for instance,
alcohol, ether, &c., in order to prevent losses.

More economically, larger quantities or slowly filtering alcoholic
liquids are filtered in a displacement apparatus of glass, the top of
which can be shut nearly air-tight.

For the filtration of liquids, which require warming either
because they are then only of sufficient fluidity, or because in lower
temperatures the solved parts would become solid, a water-bath-
Funnel is employed, ie. a water-bath of funnel-shape and exactly

277

fitting to the funnel containing the filter, and the water of which
is kept boiling by means of a tube inserted at the side, and heated
by the flame of a lamp beneath.

F.—-EVAPORATING APPARATUS.

Under this head have to be mentioned dishes of glass and of
porcelain, also of tin (see below), watch-glasses, glass beakers of
various Sizes.

For accelerating the evaporation at higher temperatures, coals,
alcohol or gas, are employed as fuel to act upon the evaporating
vessel either directly or divided from it by an iron plate or a dish
of the same metal, either empty or filled with sand (sand-bath),
or with water (water-bath ).

Should it be necessary to accelerate the evaporation without the
application of heat, or under the exclusion of the atmosphere, the
air-pump is made use of, and additionally the fluid to be evapo-
rated under the receiver is brought in proximity with either
concentrated sulphuric acid or anhydrous chloride of calcium or
quicklime.

Some liquids leave, when concentrated to a certain degree, a
stiff, viscid mass, to dry which entirely in the evaporating vessel
is very difficult; but this may be effected with comparative ease by
spreading those substances as thinly as possible on glass plates or
on porcelain dishes. Plates of this kind are, among other instances,
indispensable for any contents of filters, which may be expected on
drying to stick to the paper, and thus prevent the separation
without loss.

A kind of evaporation is the process of distillation. For this
purpose on a larger scale, the tin-still mentioned already under D.
is employed. Distillations of ether or of alcohol may be effected
directly from it, but not those of water. For the latter purpose the
still has to be furnished with a special contrivance. For instance, in
order to obtain the volatile oil from a vegetable (including at the
same time the extraction of the substance), a sieve-like perforated
dise of tin and furnished, besides, with a larger aperture of about
one inch diameter, is inserted into the still, within one to two
inches from the bottom of the vessel. On this disc the vegetable
substance, moistened previously with water, but not so as to form
a pulp, is spread out, and is subjected to the steam of water
coming from the copper boiler, and conducted by means of a tin
tube, terminating under the false bottom, into the substance to be
distilled. A mechanism of this kind, besides other implements
intended for digesting, evaporating, drying, &c., purposes (dishes
of tin, &c.), also a refrigerator, together with the tubes required
for supplying the cold, and for removing the hot water, form the
well-known Beindorf’s apparatus.

278

Distillations on a smaller scale are carried on in retorts of glass,
the vapours produced are condensed in a @oebel’s refrigerator, and
collected in glass receivers.

G.— MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS.

Under this category I shall comprise the rest of the utensils,
required for a phyto-chemical laboratory, but without any further
description.

Arceometers for light and for heavy liquids.

Barometers.

Bladders.

Blowpipe.

Caoutchouc in tubes and in thin plates.

Caoutchouc cement, from heated indiarubber and kaolin.

Coal pincers.

Coal prepared for cutting glass.

Orucibles of porcelain and of platinum.

Florentine glass bottle.

Funnel-tubes.

Glass bottles with or without glass stoppers.

Glass jars, graduated.

Glass jars, to be fitted air-tight on glass plates.

Glass rods.

Glass tubes (including capillary tubes for determining the fusing
points).

Glazed paper.

Lamps of glass and of brass.

Microscope.

Parchment-paper.

Pipettes.

Plated iron and platinum foil.

Pycnometer.

Rings with iron arms.

Scissors of various sizes.

Separation-funnel.

Stands of wood (for test tubes, retorts, thermometers, &e.).

Stoppers of glass, caoutchouc, cork.

Stoves of clay and of iron.

Test-paper of litmus and of turmeric.

Test-tubes.

Thermometers.

Thread of various thickness.

Tongues of iron and of brass.

Washing bottle for washing precipitates.

Wires of iron and of platinum.

DIVISION II.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED FOR PHYTO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSES.

THESE chemicals may be divided into—

A. Absorbents.
B. Solvents.
C. Reagents.

A.—ABSORBENTS.

These are principally: concentrated sulphuric acid, anhydrous
chloride of calcium and quicklime.

They are used for drying a solid or ‘liquid substance at
ordinary temperature and under exclusion of the air, by placing
them in a glass beaker close to the substance under the receiver
of an air-pump, and by working the latter occasionally after
intervals of two to three hours.

Every one of the three substances named has its special value.
For quickness of action anhydrous lime is unsurpassed, and
especially so, when it has been reduced to about the size of peas;
but its power is soon exhausted, as it absorbs only 1 eq. water,
equal to 4 its own weight. Next in quickness acts concentrated
sulphuric acid, which absorbs up to 3 eq. water, increasing its
weight by one half. The slowest action is exercised by anhydrous
chloride of calcium, but though the least powerful yet it absorbs 6
eq. water or nearly its own weight, and besides it takes up another
quantity of water required to convert the compound Ca Cl + 6
HO into the liquid state.

By taking into account these different qualities, the choice of
the absorbent cannot be difficult. Should it be required to con-
duct the drying process as quickly as possible, quicklime is resorted
to; if less pressed for time, sulphuric acid; and if time is of no
consequence, chloride of calcium. [There may be other considera-
tions to guide in the choice of these absorbents. |

280

Besides these there are many other hygroscopic substances, but
none exceeds in activity and cheapness the above three.

After they have done their service as desiccating agents, the
chloride of calcium solution may be evaporated and fused again.
The aqueous sulphuric acid may be utilised as such; and the
hydrate of lime, as left, would be of no further value.

B.—SoLVENTS.

These are principally ether, alcohol and water; also diluted acids
(especially hydro-chloric and sulphuric), diluted alkalies (potash or
soda-ley and liquor of ammonia); less frequently used are benzol,
chloroform, wood-spirit, sulphide of carbon, petroleum, oil of turpen-
tine, &e.

Ether withdraws from the plants, almost without exception,
easily and completely chlorophyll, wax, fixed and volatile oils,
free acids; also certain alkaloids, pigments, indifferent bitter in-
gredients, resins; sparingly or not at all saccharine substances.
But even such compounds as are insoluble in pure ether, as humus
substances, salts of anorganic acids, proteins, &c., dissolve, though
in exceedingly small quantities, in ether containing traces of water
or alcohol, and retard thereby the isolation of the first-named sub-
stances in their pure state.

This inconvenience might be avoided entirely or for the greatest
part by using ether of 0'720 sp. gr. (at 15°), which is entirely free
from water and alcohol.

Of greater consequence still than with ether is the strength of
the alcohol (spirit of wine, ethylalcohol) employed as a solving
agent. Absolute or anhydrous alcohol of 0°792 sp. gr. (at 15°)
dissolves like ether readily chlorophyll, volatile oils, free acids,
alkaloids, indifferent bitter substances, resins and pigments; less
easily wax, fats and saccharine matters; sparingly humus sub-
stances, salts of anorganic acids and proteins.

Yet as it is troublesome to prepare and to keep alcohol in its
anhydrous state, it is reserved for special cases, and in its stead an
alcohol of 0°815 sp. gr. is generally in use, the solving power of
which is nearly the same in regard to wax and fats, and is some-
times even greater towards the other substances mentioned. Un-
fortunately it also dissolves to some extent gum and similar
matters, which have afterwards to be removed by special processes.

It is not advisable to use weaker alcohol as a solvent, as this
would prevent complete isolation of various constituents.

Dilute alcohol is employed in some cases for withdrawing resins
from fats, or for separating different resins from each other.

For extracting purposes, spring or any other ordinary water
should not be used but always distilled water, or, in exceptional

281

cases, fresh rain-water, but then only such as has been caught
directly from the sky, and not by means of spouts.

Water is also employed to withdraw from the ethereous, alco-
holic, &c., extracts, gum, protein substances in their soluble form,
acids, most of the alkalies and alkaline earths in combination with
organic acids, most of the salts of the alkaloids, some alkaloids in
the free state, many bitter substances, some other indifferent
matters, pigments; while chlorophyll, wax, fats, resins, certain pig-
ments are not dissolved by water; ethereal oils, certain alkaloids,
bitter principles, other indifferent substances, some pigments dis-
solve in it only sparingly.

Acids are not used as solvents in the concentrated state, but as
addition to water, chiefly in order to dissolve pectin and oxalate
of lime. Asarule the diluted acids (hydrochloric, sulphuric) are
only applied after the vegetable substance has been exhausted
successively by ether, alcohol and water.

In cases where the search for alkoloids and their isolation with-
out loss is to be instituted, water mixed with only 2 to 3 per cent.
of the concentrated acids is employed, but even in this diluted
state the acid acts not only as a solvent but also altering and
decomposing, for instance, on glucosids, and even on some
alkaloids.

Acetic acid of about 20 per cent. is employed for separating
oxalate, phosphate, and sulphate of lead, which are insoluble in
the reagent, from the compounds of lead with other organic acids,
which are then re-precipitated from their solutions on addition of
a base.

The fixed caustic alkalies likewise are only used in a very diluted
state, and are always preceded by ether, alcohol, water, and acids.
Their usefulness is very limited, because in most cases and by their
agency only those protein substances are dissolved which are in-
soluble in water, while again the partial decomposition of these is
very difficult to avoid.

Another inconvenience connected with these alkalies consists
in the conversion of so-called extractive substances, and of such as
have not been dissolved by the other extracting agents into partly
humus-like dark-coloured products, which greatly impede the
further process of the analysis. The only important use of diluted
alkalies is to soften the vegetable fibre to such an extent as to
facilitate its purification.

Liquor of ammonia as a solvent is only employed for treating
complex substances after they have been withdrawn from the
plant, in order to remove one or other of the constituents,
especially resins, some of which are soluble in liquor of ammonia,
others not.

All the other above-mentioned chemicals—benzol, chloroform,
wood-spirit, sulphide of carbon, petroleum, oil of turpentine, &e.—

282

are, like liquor of ammonia, never used for directly extracting the
plant, but only for separating mixed substances. In some cases
they have proved very useful in separating a substance from tena-
ciously attached colouring particles, the latter being insoluble, or
nearly so, in those liquids, while, on the contrary, they prove
excellent solvents for alkaloids, resins, &c. The solvent may be
finally removed, either by evaporating (chloroform, wood-spirit,
sulphide of carbon); or the alkaloids are withdrawn from their
respective solutions in benzol, petroleum, or oil of turpentine by
shaking with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid, as evapora-
tion at a high temperature would be impracticable.

C.—REAGENTS.

A,— Examination of the dry substance.

The first trial consists in exposing the respective substance
to the action of heat, when is to be observed whether fusion,
either total or partial volatilisation, or carbonisation takes place.

In the first case, «.e., with a fusible substance, is to be
determined the fusing-point, by inserting small pieces of about
the size of a millet-seed into a capillary tube, or with fats
or waxy matters by allowing them in the melted state to rise
into such a tube, and to congeal therein; then put this tube,
together with a thermometer reaching at least to 300°, into
a test-tube, the latter into a glass-flask, this on an iron plate,
and heat the latter by means of a spirit-lamp. The heating has
to be conducted very slowly and gradually, so as to enable a
careful observation of the mercury rising from degree to degree.
The height of the mercury is read off and noted down as soon as
the fat begins to melt, without being entirely fluid. The latter
precaution is necessary, because in the transition from the solid
into the liquid state heat is absorbed and becomes latent, causing
either a stoppage of the mercury, or’ even a retrogressive move-
ment. — Every estimation of the fusing-point has to be made
at least twice, and if the two experiments do not harmonise,
oftener.

After complete fusion and with increased heating, the substance
sublimates, if volatile; if not, decomposition takes place, indicated
by the black colour assumed by the substance, and by the
emission of empyreumatic gases. Yet, it sometimes happens,
that substances sublimate or decompose without having been
fused first. In a capillary tube this cannot be observed satis-
factorily, because the liquid sample in it rises mechanically under
the influence of the heat without having been sublimated at all,
and because the tube is too narrow for inserting slips of test-
paper.—Repeat, therefore, the experiment with a fresh sample,

283

in a glass tube of at least 1-24th inch diameter, and closed at the
bottom. The non-volatility is now characterised by a dis-
colouration (blackening), and by the evolution of empyreumatic
vapours, which must be tested as regards their acid or alkaline
reaction by both litmus and turmeric paper, inserted into the
upper part of the tube. A brown colouration of the turmeric paper
indicates with certainty a nitrogenised substance (proteinoid),
and therewith is always connected an unpleasant odour like that
of burnt horn or feathers (so-called horny odour). If the
turmeric paper remains unaltered, then the substance contains.
either no nitrogen or only a little of it, and in this case the
litmus paper assumes a red colour.

After the substance has been tried on its behaviour towards
heat, it is next exposed to the action of mineral acids, and first to
that of concentrated sulphuric acid, which may effect alterations of
colour, solutions, or odours. Warming the substance with it
would only be advisable, if no perceptible alteration takes place in
the cold; else a carbonisation would be the result. The solution
thus obtained becomes sometimes turbid on addition of water, as
it may throw down the substance altered or unaltered.— Diluted
with 5 to 10 parts water, the sulphuric acid serves as reagent
of glucosids, as it possesses the property of separating these after
some time on warming, and to convert the carbo-hydrate contained
in the glucosid into sugar, which is recognised by the formation of
red suboxyd of copper on warming, after the acid has been
neutralised by excess of soda, and mixed with dissolved alkaline
tartarate of copper.—In a still more diluted state (1 : 50 or 100)
the sulphuric acid may be used for indicating the alkaloid-nature
of a substance, inasmuch as the latter dissolves more readily in it
than in pure water.

Nitric acid, in a moderately concentrated state (from 1°3 specific
gravity upwards), acts almost always decomposing (oxydising)
on dry substances, under the simultaneous appearance of yellow-
brown fumes, accompanied, in most instances, by a colouration of
the acid, by a change of the colour of the substance, or by a
solution of the latter. Exposed to the heat, even a weaker
acid shows already oxydising effects, and evolves brown-yellow
vapours. Very diluted, it may be used instead of sulphuric
acid; in great dilution, for indicating the alkaloid nature of
a substance.

Concentrated hydrocholoric acid (of 1:16 to 1:20 specific gravity)
acts least energetically of these three mineral acids, but produces
sometimes a characteristic colouration of the substance, or gives a
specific odour after a solution has been effected, and therefore it
should be used in every case.—Duiluted with 5 to 6 parts water
it may be used, like sulphuric acid, for the discovery of glucosids;
and still more diluted, it may indicate the alkoloid-nature of

284

a substance, though in both these cases it is not superior to
sulphuric acid, and is therefore used less frequently.

After the acids, caustic alkalies must be applied; liquor of
ammonia, of 0'960 specific gravity, potash or soda-ley, of 1:15
specific gravity. They are destined for solving purposes, some-
times aided by a gentle heat. Should the substance have been
dissolved in any of the three alkalies, and should diluted acids
have proved unable to dissolve the same substance, then yet has to
be tried, whether the alkaline solution on over-saturating with an
acid will throw down the substance again or not. In the first
case no alteration has been effected by the alkali; in the latter
case a change has taken place. It may also happen that the
alkaline solution becomes turbid on diluting with water, or even
on adding a fresh portion of the alkali. In the latter case what
has been separated is not the original body, but a compound of it
with the alkali, and insoluble in alkaline liquids. In dissolving
nitrogenised, especially protein substances in fixed alkalies, appli-
cation of heat must be avoided entirely or as much as possible, in
order to prevent decomposition, mostly connected with the evolu-
tion of ammonia.

The other liquids, the influence of which on the dry substance
may be tried also, and which act only as solvents, are ether, alcohol,
water, benzol, chloroform, wood-spirit, sulphide of carbon, petroleum,
oil of turpentine; but the resulting solutions are only available for
testing with other chemicals after the solvents, as ether, alcohol,
benzol, &c., have been removed and are replaced by water.
Their further treatment must be referred to the following sub-
division :—

B.— Examination of the Substance in Solution.

Under this head are comprised not only the lquids obtained
in the course of the analysis, as well as the solutions of the solid
substances obtained in the same way, and dissolved either in
water or in diluted acids or in alkalies, but also the extracts
obtained by means of ether, alcohol, water, diluted acids and
alkalies. The three last-named solutions are submitted directly to
the action of reagents, the alcoholic or ethereous solutions only,
after the respective solutions have been removed by evaporation
or distillation and replaced by water. By this change of the ether
or alcohol by water the resulting aqueous solution will seldom be
clear, but mostly turbidified by substances insoluble in water, to
be separated by filtering, and to be submitted to a special treat-
ment (specified in Division III.) Such solutions, obtained by
treatment with water from the alcoholic and ethereous extracts,
often retain dissolved, through the influence of other constituents,

285

small quantities of resinous and otlier substances, which are
insoluble by themselves in pure water.

The reagents used for testing the aqueous solutions of any
vegetable matter and brought into the order in which they might
be employed most conveniently, are as follows :—

blue litmus-paper.—A. red colouration of it indicates free acids
or acid salts. Extracts of vegetables will always produce this
effect.

Yellow turmeric-paper.—A brown colouration of it would indi-
cate basic salts, but such an effect has scarcely ever been obtained
with vegetable extracts.

Red litmus-paper may be dispensed with in most cases, yet it
happens sometimes that an alkaline reaction is recognised more
easily with this paper than with turmeric-paper.

All other tinged papers, as those of dahlia, violets, &c., are
inferior to the above three.

Ether (of 0'720 specific gravity) frequently produces turbidity
even in small quantity, but it is best to add as much as the watery
liquid is able to dissolve, or until a small quantity of ether floats
on the aqueous solution after the mixture has been well agitated
for some time. The turbidity may be produced by gum, by salts of
anorganic bases with anorganic or organic acids, by protein sub-
stances, humus-Jike matters, &c.

Alcohol (of 0°815 specific gravity) usually effects no alteration
when added in small quantity; therefore more of it is required
than of ether, or on the average a quantity equal in bulk to the
aqueous liquid. A turbidity, obtained hereby, is mostly caused
by gum.

Liquor of ammonia (of 0960 specific gravity) imparts clearness
to liquids which possess an opalescent appearance (see above) from
traces of resins. Coloured liquids become darker with it. But
ammonia may also produce precipitates; should any of them dis-
appear on the addition of alcohol, it is with tolerable certainty
to be concluded that an alkaloid is present. The same conclusion
is justified when a further addition of ammonia acts redissolvingly
on the precipitate, and therefore the precaution should be used to
apply the reagents only successively drop by drop, because sudden
large additions would redissolve any otherwise visible precipitate,
and prevent its being noticed.

Should the precipitate, obtained with ammonia, disappear
neither with alcohol nor with an excess of ammonia, it may be
either alumina or phosphate of lime, or phosphate of ammonia-
magnesia or oxalate of lime. The first of these precipitates is
flocky and soluble in potash-ley, also in acetic acid when newly
precipitated ; the second one is also flocky, and when newly pre-
eipitated, soluble in acetic acid, but not in potash-ley; the third
behaves towards acetic acid and potash-ley like the second, but is

286

distinguished by its crystalline appearance ; the fourth precipitate
is of a finely pulverulent form and insoluble either in potash-ley
or in acetic acid.

Ammonia is also employed for saturating liquids, especially
those which have been precipitated with acetate of lead, in order
to render them alkaline and so to produce another precipitate.

Carbonate of ammonia (1 part in 9 parts water) acts similarly
to liquor of ammonia, but less energetically. Its principal use in
phyto-chemical operations is to remove completely any excess
of lead left from the precipitation with acetate of lead, and in this
respect it is superior to sulphuret of hydrogen, commonly
recommended, on account of greater simplicity and ease.

Leys of potash or of soda (of 1'330 specific gravity) produce in
general the same appearances as ammonia, but act more decidedly.
They impart to coloured liquids a still darker colour.

A precipitate, produced by potash or soda, and soluble in
an excess of the reagent, may be alumina partly or entirely.

In the presence of ammonia-salts the ammonia is displaced by
potash or soda, and may be recognised either by the smell or by
the fumes obtained with acetic acid, and tested by holding a glass
rod moistened with the acid over the surface of the liquid.

Carbonates of potash or of soda (1 part in 9 parts water)
possess in general the properties of potash or soda-ley, but in
a less degree, and cannot dissolve alumina. They may be used
for removing an excess of oxyd of lead, when there is reason to
avoid the use of carbonate of ammonia.

Solution of baryta (1 part Ba O + 9 HO in 19 parts water)
behaves towards coloured liquids similar to the alkalies; it
also produces precipitates which may be either alkaloids, from
which the acid is withdrawn, or components of baryta with
sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, organic acids, or with substances
acting like acids, as pigments, resins, &c.

Lime-water (1 part Ca O in 700 parts water) acts like solution
of baryta, but less decidedly; it does not precipitate sulphuric
acid but oxalic acid (which is not precipitable by diluted solution
of baryta), oxalate of lime being only soluble in mineral acids.—
Of the four organic acids, malic, citric, tartaric, and racemic, the
first is not precipitated by lime-water, either cold or hot; the
second is precipitated only in the heat, and becomes clear again on
cooling; the third yields cold a precipitate soluble in chloride of
ammonium; the fourth yields also a precipitate in the cold, but
insoluble in chloride of ammonium.

Chloride of ammonium (1 part in 9 parts water) serves for
distinguishing tartaric from racemic acid. (See Lime-water).

Chloride of baryum (1 part in 9 parts water). A precipitate,
obtained by means of it, contains certain anorganic acids. If it is
insoluble in hydrochloric acid, then it contains sulphuric acid; if

287

soluble, wholly or partially, then the soluble portion contains
phosphoric acid.

Chloride of caleium (1 part in 9 parts water) is used for
detecting a few acids through the formation of precipitates. The
latter, if newly preeipitated, soluble in acetic acid, may contain
phosphoric acid; if not soluble, it contains oxalic acid.

Acetate of lime (1 part in 9 parts water) is used for testing
oxalic acid instead of chloride of calcium, should the presence
of chlorides in the liquid have to be avoided. From liquids,
containing acetates only, or free acetic acid, the oxalic acid can be
removed entirely by means of the above reagent.

Chloride of iron [perchloride of iron] (1 part in 9 parts water)
indicates the various tannic acids by yielding blue or green
precipitates of various gradations of colour, or similarly coloured
liquids; though a green tinge, produced by chloride of iron, must
not be taken as satisfactory proof of the presence of tannin.
Gum arabic also is precipitated by the reagent.

Sub-sulphate of iron, or green vitriol (1 part in 9 parts water),
is sometimes used for testing tannic.acids instead of chloride
of iron, as the colours of the precipitates, produced by these two
iron salts, differ sometimes considerably.

Glue (1 part isinglass in 100 parts alcohol of 407%) is the
test of the true tannic acids, with which it yields insoluble or
hardly soluble, and mostly grey and flocky, precipitates.
Should the solution of glue prove too thick, it must be heated
gently and shortly before use (not diluted with water or with
alcohol).

To remove tannic acid from liquids which contain other acids
isinglass is used, in small narrow strips previously soaked in cold
water.

Tartarate of antimony and potash [tartar emetic or tartarated
antimony| (1 part in 19 parts water) precipitates most of
the tannic acids, and may therefore be used for testing these as
an accessory reagent.

Acetate of lead [sugar of lead] (1 part in 9 parts water),
the most important chemical in phyto-analyses used as pre-
cipitating and separating agent; it precipitates completely
sulphuric and phosphoric acids, and more or less completely most
of the organic acids, pigments, protein-substances, and resins.
Those anorganic lead-precipitates are insoluble in acetic acid;
most of the others are soluble.

Tribasic acetate of lead [lead-vinegar or subacetate of lead] (of
1:200 specific gravity).—After a vegetable extract has been
precipitated by acetate of lead, a new precipitate is generally
formed on addition of lead-vinegar, but instead of using at once
the latter, it 1s preferable and more convenient to saturate the
acid liquid containing yet acetate of lead, first with ammonia, and

288

then to remove any turbid substances by means of filtering, before
this reagent is used.

Protochloride of tin |sub-chloride of tin] acts as precipitating
agent similar to acetate of lead, but a great disadvantage is
that it must be employed in a very acid solution, and even then
soon becomes oxydised. It deserves, therefore, no recommenda-
tion.

Sulphate of copper [blue vitriol] (1 part in 9 parts water) yields,
with a few organic acids, precipitates of a characteristic colour,
for instance, a green one with salicylous acid ; but may be easily
dispensed with.

Alkaline tartarate of copper is used as a direct test for grape-sugar
(glucose) or fruit-sugar, also for the direct quantitative estimation
of grape-sugar and fruit-sugar, and for the indirect one of cane-
sugar and starch. To prepare it, dissolve 3'465 grams pure
crystallised sulphate of copper in about 40 grams water, add
9 grams pure tartaric acid, and, after it is dissolved, 18 grams
hydrate of soda and dilute, after this is also dissolved, with so much
water that the whole amounts to 100 cubic centimeters. Ten C. C.
of this deep-blue liquid, containing 0°3465 grams sulphate of
copper, require for the reduction of the oxyd to sub-oxyd 0°05
grams grape or fruit sugar.

Cane-sugar and starch must be previously converted into grape-
sugar by digestion with diluted sulphuric acid. 500 parts grape-
sugar, as found above, are equal to 475 parts cane-sugar, or to
450 parts starch.

Liquids which have to be tested with this reagent must be
alkaline, or at least neutral; acid liquids have therefore first to be
neutralised by potash or soda-ley.

This reagent, when kept ready prepared, must be tried every
time before using it on its unimpaired quality by heating it to
the boiling point, when it must become neither discoloured nor
turbid.

Tannic acid [gallotannie acid], (1 part in 9 parts alcohol of 50 per
cent.; for precipitating purposes: 1 part in 9 parts water, prepared
shortly before use). An important precipitating agent of alkaloids
and of many indifferent bitter substances. As a rule these pre-
cipitates do not allow washing with pure water without being
decomposed. In order to isolate the substance combined with the
tannic adid, the precipitate is spread out on several thicknesses of
blotting prper,, supported by a tile or brick, it is then mixed with
oxyd of lead or with white of lead and eventually with a little
water, is dried at a gentle heat and extracted with alcohol, which
leaves undissolved the tannic acid in combination with lead.

Bi-iodide of potassium (4 parts iodide of potassium and 3 parts
iodine in 93 parts water). Serves principally to distinguish
starch, to which it imparts a violet or deep-blue colour. It may

289

also be used with advantage for precipitating alkaloids which
yield precipitates of a more or less kermes-brown colour.

Sub-cyanide of potassio-platinum [potassio-platinous cyanide],
(1 part in 19 parts water), gives well characterised precipitates
with some alkaloids. It is obtained by dissolving the grey-green
subchloride of platinum, obtained by heating the chloride, in an
aqueous solution of cyanide of potassium and by crystallising the
salt from the solution.

Todide of potassio-mercury (2 parts chloride of mercury, and 5
parts iodide of potassium in 43 parts water) yields with most
of the alkaloids insoluble precipitates.

Lodide of potassio-bismuth has been recommended recently as a
sensitive precipitant of alkaloids. For this purpose it is prepared
by heating a mixture of 32 parts sulphide of bismuth, and 471
parts iodine, until under evolution of sulphur iodide of bismuth
has sublimated. Treat the sublimate with a concentrated solution
of iodide of potassium hot as long as the latter dissolves anything,
decant the solution from the insoluble portion and mix with an
equal volume of a concentrated solution of iodide of potassium.

Phosphate of soda, the common crystallised salt (1 part in
14 parts water), precipitates some alkaloids; it may also be used
instead of sulphate of soda, for removing lead from liquids, if the
introduction of sulphuric acid into the liquid has to be avoided.

Phospho-molybdate of soda (6 parts molybdic acid, 12 parts
erystallised carbonate of soda, and 1 part crystallised phosphate
of soda in 31 parts water), mixed with pure nitric acid, until of a
pure citron-yellow colour. It precipitates alkaloids, and is highly
important on account of it yielding precipitates with many
alkaloids, which are not precipitated by other reagents. To free
these precipitates from other matters which may likewise have
been precipitated, washing with water must be avoided on account
of their liability to decompose. They are, therefore, treated in
the following way. Place the filter with its contents on several
thicknesses of blotting paper, and the whole on a new brickbat;
leave the precipitate until of a pasty consistence, transfer it then
to a porcelain dish and add water so as to form a thin pulp,
now add burnt magnesia under continual stirring, until every
trace of acid reaction has disappeared and a slightly alkaline
reaction towards litmus paper has taken its place, dry with a
gentle heat, grind the residue finely and shake with absolute
alcohol. Any alkaloid which has been liberated by the magnesia,
passes into the alcohol, remains on evaporating and may now be
subjected to a closer investigation.

Phospho-tungstate of soda (10 parts tungstic acid, 12 parts erys-
tallised carbonate of soda, and 27 parts water are boiled until the
liquid is no longer precipitable by acids, 7.e., until the tungstic
acid has passed into meta-tungstic acid; add 1 part crystallised

w

290

phosphate of soda, restore the water lost by evaporation, and filter
if necessary). After it has been strongly acidified by nitric acid,
it acts similar to phospho-molybdate of soda, and is even more
sensitive towards some alkaloids. In all other respects, what has
been said of the preceding reagent is applicable to this one too.

Picric acid yields with many alkaloids yellow and mostly
crystalline precipitates.

Chloride of platinum [platinic chloride] (1 part in 19 parts
water) is one of the most common precipitants of alkaloids. The
precipitates are various shades of yellow, flocky, and distinguish-
able hereby from those obtained by ammonia or potash, which are
pulverulent or crystalline.

Chloride of mercury [mercuric chloride] (1 part in 19 parts
water). Precipitating reagent of alkaloids, and forming a white
double-compound ; but several of which are rather soluble in
water, and do therefore not appear in diluted solutions.

Chloride of mercury forms also with protein substances com-
pounds which do not dissolve in water. ;

"Sub-nitrate of palladiwm [palladious nitrate] (1 part in 19 parts
water). Preeipitant of alkaloids. The compounds are yellow or
brown.

Sub-nitrate of mercury [mercurous nitrate] (1 part in 19 parts
water under addition of a few drops of nitric acid). As in general
vegetable extracts contain compounds of chlorine, a turbidity is
nearly always occasioned by this test, and which cannot be
removed by nitric acid. It precipitates also most of the organic
acids, but the precipitates are mostly decomposed partially on
keeping, changing their (as a rule) white colour into a grey one.
Even if no precipitate has been obtained, the liquid, containing
organic matters, often assumes with this reagent a grey or a
darker colour, produced by the reduction of the sub-oxyd of mer-
cury, and indicating eventually gallic acid, which acts strongly
reducing on this salt.

Nitrate of silver (1 part in 19 parts water) yields with some
alkaloids sparingly or not at all soluble double compounds, which
separate as white, flocky precipitates. In other respects, all that
has been said of the sub-nitrate of mercury applies also to this
test.—As regards its application for the quantitative estimation of
formic and of hydrocyanic acids, I refer to these substances in the
first division of the first part of this work.

The following substances are not employed for testing, but for
separating and purifying :—

Oxyd of lead, ground to a subtle powder, serves for removing
tannic acid from liquids or from pulpy precipitates. Mix the
latter intimately with the oxyd of lead, dry, grind the remnant
and withdraw from it the other constituents (usually an indifferent
or a basic bitter substance) by means of alcohol. It may be some-

291

times used also for removing colouring matters, by assimilating
those and rendering them insoluble. It serves also for separating
fluid from solid fat-acids (see Part IL, Div. IIL, A, a.)

White of lead may be used instead of oxyd of lead, and acts even
more decidedly in many cases.

Acetate of magnesia (1 part in 9 parts water) serves sometimes
for the fractional precipitation of solutions of soaps containing
different fat-acids, in order to facilitate their separation.

Chloride of lime is used in its clear aqueous solution for bleach-
ing the vegetable fibre (see Fibre, p. 82).

Lime, slaked with water as to form the finely pulverulent
hydrate, serves only for displacing volatile alkaloids (see Div. IIL.,
x)

Phoaphorie acid is employed for dissolving protein substances
(see Div. III, IV.) ; also for displacing volatile organic acids (Zoid,
XS).

hiphate of soda, Glauber’s salt (1 part in 9 parts water), is em-
ployed for removing lead from liquids, when carbonates of alkalies
have to be avoided; yet, as it does not precipitate the lead com-
pletely it is necessary, after filtering, to remove the rest of the
lead by means of sulphuret of hydrogen.

Sulphate of silver (1 part in 200 parts water) is employed, before
distilling the volatile organic acids, to remove hydrochloric acid.

Sulphuret of hydrogen serves not so much for freeing the bases
from any excess of lead-salts (for which purpose the carbonates or
sulphates of alkalies are preferable) as for decomposing newly
precipitated and edulcorated lead-precipitates with the view of
isolating the acid combined with the lead. The gas obtained from
sulphide of iron by means of diluted sulphuric acid has to pass
through water in order to get rid of particles carried over
mechanically, before it comes in contact with the lead-precipitate.

Animal charcoal, as finely ground bone-black purified by hydro-
chloric acid and heated afterwards to a red heat, is an important
means for absorbing pigments, odours and bitter substances, and is
even used for isolating the latter pure, by submitting the coal
Jaden with them and after washing with water, to digestion with
strong alcohol, which then withdraws the bitter substance or sub-
stances.

Alumina, in its newly precipitated hydrated state, may often be
employed with advantage as separating agent, as it precipitates
pigments and many other either little coloured or colourless bodies
from their solutions and leaves others dissolved.

DEVISION ITT.

GENERAL SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF PHYTO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

ETHER, alcohol, and water, are, as recorded, the most important
solvents, respectively extracting agents used in phyto-chemical
analysis; acids, alkalies, &c., being of less importance.

In using the above three liquids, it would appear at first of
little consequence in what order they are applied to the substance
under investigation, as, after all, the parts soluble in them must
enter these liquids as extracts; but taking into consideration all
circumstances for the purpose, it soon becomes evident that a
certain order has to be adhered to. Those special cases are of
course excepted where it is required to obtain or to recognise only
one constituent, and when the choice of the solvent depends
already on the nature of the particular constituent, as for
example, when ether is required for extracting a fixed oil, and
water for gum. Still, if a thorough investigation of the chemical
constitution of plants should be intended, then I would recom-
mend to follow the practice adopted by me since many years,—
to treat the substance first with ether, then with alcohol, and last.
with water, the reasons for which treatment I shall give
presently,

1. By treating the generality of vegetable substances with
ether the latter dissolves fat and wax readily and completely;
alcohol dissolves these bodies also, but less readily, and only at
the boiling heat, and as it deposits them again on cooling, and as
filtering is retarded thereby, it becomes necessary to employ ether
for removing the rest of fat or wax. These two substances, there-
fore, are passing into two different solvents. If the analysis is
commenced with alcohol, this inconvenience increases when, as in
seeds, the quantity of fat or wax predominates, and it can only be
avoided by the previous treatment with ether.

2. Certain alkaloids, bitter substances or resins, dissolve in
alcohol and in ether, others only in alcohol. Now, by commencing

293

the analysis with alcohol the whole of them is dissolved, while by
commencing with ether a separation of two different groups is
effected at the outset.

3. Not less advantageous is the previous treatment with ether
and then with alcohol for the subsequent one with water, whereas,
if the commencement be made with water, inconveniences of
various kinds are incurred. Amongst these stand out in the first
line the difficulty of filtering, caused sometimes, it is true, by a
considerable amount of gum, but also and often alone by finely
suspended particles of resins and fats. These could, indeed, easily
be removed by a few drops of dissolved acetate of lead, but this
would disturb the course of the analysis by introducing acetic acid
and by otherwise complicating the process. Since the water is to
be employed not only cold but also hot, fats and resins present
would be liable to undergo alterations, and greater still would be
the difficulty with amylaceous substances, since the formation of a
paste would make straining impossible, and to overcome this diffi-
culty by means of adding an acid, in order to convert the paste of
starch into sugar, would involve troubles of another kind, for in-
stance, the breaking up of glucosids or resins, or the displacement of
volatile acids.

Before commencing the analysis the question must be answered,
how much of thematerial has to be worked upon, and how much may
be available. If it consists of whole herbs or of parts of these as
roots, barks, leaves, flowers or seeds, no more than 100 grammes
of the substance should be employed, even if there be no scarcity
of material. With very costly or not easily procurable substances
a less amount must suflice, and with gummous or resinous exuda-
tions or with excretions of other kind it is possible to operate even
upon 20 grammes, since the number of constituents of these
bodies is comparatively small.

After the analysis, completed according to I. to VII., has given a
clear idea of the chemical constitution of the substance under in-
vestigation, then those constituents which have been obtained in
too small a quantity for a thorough investigation, such as alkaloids,
bitter substances, volatile oils, volatile acids, must be prepared
from considerably larger quantities of the raw material, according
to the methods indicated under VIII. to X.

I.— QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF THE WATER.

Weigh off from the substance in the possibly finest state of com-
minution 2 to 5 grammes, according to its bulk, into a platinum
crucible, the weight of which and of its lid having been before
carefully determined ; place the crucible uncovered into a metallic
air-bath furnished with a centigrade thermometer, put the whole

294

on a little clay-stove, and heat by means of a very small gas-flame
or of a spirit-lamp to 120°, and keep at this temperature for about
an hour. After a few trials the operator will soon become accus-
tomed to control the temperature at nearly 120°, by placing the
flame at the requisite distance from the air-bath; and by using for
drying operations of this kind the same stove, the same lamp, and
the same length of flame, no new trials for regulating the degree of
heat will be required afterwards. A difference of a few degrees
above or below 120° is of no consequence; but the mercury should
never fall below 115° nor rise above 125°. After the substance
has been thus heated for an hour, remove the flame, cover the
crucible with the lid, shut the air-bath, take out the crucible when
quite cold, place on a balance and determine the loss of weight.

Afterwards the same process of heating and weighing is once
more to be repeated ; if the second result agrees exactly with the
first, or if it only differs by a few milligrammes, no third trial is
required ; else the heating process has to be repeated a third time
or more, until with two following operations the same result be
obtained.

Lastly the loss of weight is calculated for 100 parts, and the
result is registered as the amount of percentage of water of the
substance.

II.— TREATMENT WITH ETHER.

Place 10 grammes (or less, see above) of the air-dried and
possibly fine reduced substance into a glass flask of 4 to 2 litres
capacity; add of ether of 0°720 until after thoroughly soaking the
substance is covered 4 or 1 inch high by the liquid, secure the
flask with a cork and shake occasionally, taking care lest portions
of the contents should get into the neck of the vessel. Having
left it to macerate for four days, lift the cork a little, warm the
flask in a water-bath or in any other manner to a temperature
below the boiling-heat of ether (36°) for a few hours, remove the:
mattrass, and again macerate for two days.

Now transfer the contents of the flask (should the ether contain
a great quantity of oil, resin, &c., pour out first the liquid so far as
it easily can be removed, and after it has passed the filter, add the
remaining substance with the aid of small quantities of fresh
ether), into a displacement apparatus, rinse the flask repeatedly
with ether, and wash the substance with this and with small
quantities of ether until the latter assumes not only no colour, but
leaves, on evaporating a few drops on a watch-glass, no residue of
any consequence.

To push the washing to this degree, requires mostly much ether
and also time, but it is necessary in order to prevent (1) that
any portions of the constituents, soluble in ether, should be lost;

295

(2) that any portions of the constituents, soluble in alcohol and
in ether, should be transferred to the alcoholic solution. The loss
of time involved by performing this first part of the operation
will be balanced by the simplification of the analysis, and as
to the ether, it may easily be recovered by distillation.

Throw the substance, exhausted by ether, into a wide porcelain
dish, spread out thinly, expose to the open air, stir assiduously
with a porcelain spatula, drive off the rest of ether at a very
gentle heat, keep at ordinary temperature for another day,
weigh the whole, mix uniformly, estimate with 2 to 5 grammes
of the substance, by drying at 120°, the amount of hygro-
scopic water, and calculate from this in centesimal propor-
tions the weight of the whole substance in the anhydrous state.
By adding to this weight the amount of water, found under I.,
and by deducting the sum from 100, the rest will be equal to the
weight of the substances dissolved by ether. If, for instance, the
amount of water under I. be 10°/,, and that of the substance
exhausted by ether and in the anhydrous state 78°/,, then
the ether will have dissolved 127%, because 100 - 10 -78= 12.

The ether of the united tinctures—the colour, taste, and
reaction of which have preliminarily to be ascertained—is either
distilled off, if it amounts to at least 4 litre, or it is left to
evaporate in an airy place, and lastly, with aid of a very gentle
heat, in a glass beaker of known weight; and the residue is tested
as below.

For recovering the ether choose a tubulated retort, which would
hold at least double the quantity, or fill to one-half and add suc-
cessively of the ether to keep at the same level. The tubulus of
this retort must be as wide as possible, and fixed in such a way as to
allow the contents to be poured out to the last drop. After filling
the retort with the ethereous solution, plunge into the liquid a
glass rod, of such a length as to protrude about one inch out of the
liquid, place the retort in a water bath, adapt to it a Goebel’s
refrigerator and distil at least 7 of its contents. Pour what is
left in the retort into a glass beaker (weighed), rinse the retort with
small portions of the distillate, and keep the beaker with the
liquid and a glass rod in it in a moderately warm place. After
the ether has nearly evaporated, add to the remnant 10 grammes
of distilled water, warm until the ethereous smell has completely
disappeared, and let cool.

The contents of the beaker, now, will consist either of two
different strata of liquids, A and B, and of a more or less solid,
tough, plastic mass, C’, or of the latter and only one kind of liquid.
In the first case, the upper liquid A is a fat, this, for instance, in
analysis of seeds largely present; has only one liquid been obtained,
then remains all that is said under A as a matter of course un-
noticed.

296

A.— Examination of the upper liquid or of the fatty stratum.

After the stratum of fat has so far congealed on cooling as to be
removable by a spatula, it is thrown into a porcelain dish. Add to
it an equal volume of water, warm until fused entirely, stir
assiduously, and keep warm half an hour, let cool, perforate the
hard layer of fat, pour the subnatant aqueous liquid into the
beaker containing the lower aqueous stratuin D and the solid mass
C, and repeat the operation once more with fresh water, or as
often as the water shows an acid reaction.

Should the fat in ordinary temperature or in a cool place prove
fluid, or of too soft consistence as to allow its removal by means
of the spatula, then the whole mixture—warmed if necessary—is
poured into a high, narrow, glass jar. Pour, after the two layers
have completely separated, the oil stratum into a porcelain dish—
the last portions of it by means of a pipette—pour back the
aqueous liquid into the beaker, mix the oil in the dish with an
equal volume of water, warm gently under stirring for half an hour,
pour back into the jar, separate as before the oil from the water,
and repeat, should the water exhibit an acid reaction, the opera-
tion a third time.

Now digest the fat, freed from all matters soluble in water, with
three times its weight alcohol of 70% (of 0'890 specific gravity),
in order to remove any resin present. The result in this case is
only approximate, but fortunately the simultaneous occurrence of
much fat and of much resin is very rare. Any small portions of
resin contained in the fat pass completely into the alcohol of 707,
and traces of fat, dissolved by the latter solvent when hot,
separate on cooling. Leave the alcoholic solution in a cold place
for one day, filter, decolourise with animal charcoal if necessary,
filter again, and bri ing to dryness at a moderate heat.

A remnant, obtained hereby, isa 7 esin (or a glucosid), generally
in very small quantity; it is to be tested regarding its external
characteristics, as fusibility, solubility in benzol, chloroform, wood-
spirit, sulphide of carbon, petroleum, oil of turpentine, alkalies,
and in concentrated mineral acids. If it is a glucosid it will form
sugar, when heated with diluted sulphuric acid (1 part acid and
10 parts water) for a quarter of an hour, and the presence of sugar
in the liquid will be recognised by the reduction of alkaline tar-
tarate of copper to red sub-oxyd, when heated together for a short
time, and after previous neutralisation with carbonate of baryta
and filtration. The sugar may also be recognised, and with greater
certainty, by its sweet taste, after the acid liquid has been neu-
tralised by carbonate of baryta, filtered and evaporated to dryness.
In this case the properties of the other product, obtained by the
breaking up of the glucosid, have also to be determined.

297

The fat, freed from all resin, has now to be weighed, and to be
studied in respect to its external characteristics, colour, smell, and
taste; of fats solid at ordinary temperature the fusing-point is to
determined (see Div. IIL., C, a), of fats liquid at ordinary tempera-
ture the freezing-point, and of both the specific gravities in the
liquid state, and the temperature when thus examined ; try also
the solubility in ether, alcohol of 100 and of 90 %, benzol, chloro-
form, wood-spirit, sulphide of carbon, petroleum, and in oil of
turpentine at ordinary temperature and when heated; spread also
thin layers of the fat on a glass-plate, and see whether it will dry
or not after being left for not less than a fortnight at a mean tem-
perature; and lastly, try its behaviour towards concentrated
mineral acids and caustic alkalies.

Should a saponification have been effected by means of any
fixed alkali, then from a weighed quantity of the fat a soap is to
be formed (with an alkali free from chlorides and nitrates), and to
be decomposed by adding an excess of dilute sulphuric acid and
digesting at a gentle heat (below the boiling-point of water), then
allow the mass to stand cold, perforate the hard layer of fat-acids (a),
pour off the acid aqueous liquid (6), wash repeatedly by adding
fresh water, digest, set aside into the cold, perforate, and pour off
the water, and examine the fat-acids according to a, and the
united acid liquids according to 6.

(a) The mass of fat-acids obtained, is always a mixture of one
liquid and of one or several solid fat-acids. After determining the
fusing point of this mass, add one and a-half times its weight
pure white of lead, triturated with water to a fine pulp, digest
for a few hours under frequent stirring and at about 100°, transfer
the lead-soap to a wide-mouthed bottle, add about five times its
weight ether, secure the bottle with a cork stopper, shake with
care lest any of the contents should get into the neck, filter after
24 hours into a larger bottle, wash the remaining portion of solid
fat-acids combined with lead with ether as long as it dissolves
anything, mix the united ethereous filtrates with hydrochloric acid
and shake for a few minutes. After the chloride of lead has sub-
sided, try if a sample of the ethereous liquid, mixed in a test-tube
with sulphuret of hydrogen, and well shaken, will assume a brown
or a black colour; if so, add again hydrochloric acid, shake, let
subside, and test again with sulphuret of hydrogen. Filter the
ethereous liquid, after the whole of the lead has been precipitated,
into a glass beaker, and drive off the ether by exposure to the open
air and the rest by means of the air-pump.

The fat-acid remaining in the glass beaker is now probably
either oleic acid, obtained from non-drying oils, or linoleic acid,
which is the liquid constituent of most drying oils. Should the
fat-acid differ from either oleic or linoleic acid, its peculiar
properties have to be further investigated; besides, now the

298

atomic weight has to be estimated, and the elementary analysis
of the acid is to be performed.

The estimation of the atomic weight is accomplished by heating
the fat-acid for some time with half its weight of crystallised
carbonate of soda, and with five times its weight of water.
Evaporate the saponaceous mass until it be equal to double
the weight of the fat-acid employed, treat this with alcohol
of 70%, filter, precipitate the filtrate with an aqueous solution
of acetate of lead, wash the precipitate, consisting of either
oleate or linoleate of lead, by decantation, dry at 110°, and
incinerate about 1 gramme carefully in a weighed porcelain
crucible. Mix the contents of the crucible, now consisting of
oxyd of lead and of metallic lead, after every trace of coal
has disappeared, with a few drops of nitric acid of 1'200, allow to
dry carefully at a gentle heat; raise to a red-heat and weigh.

One hundred parts oleate of lead leave 29-018 oxyd of lead.

One hundred parts linoleate of lead leave 31:472 oxyd of lead.

Decompose the portion of the lead-soap insoluble in ether with
diluted hydrochloric acid warm, fuse the fat-acid obtained repeatedly
with warm water until free from lead (tested by sulphuret of
hydrogen), dry at 100°, and determine the fusing-point. Now,
dissolve in five times its weight hot alcohol of 907%, keep
cold for two days, collect what has crystallised, press, drive off the
last traces of alcohol, and determine again the fusing-point. If
this coincides with the one obtained before, then the second mass
of fat-acid (the lead-compound of which is insoluble in ether) is a
single compound; if, contrarily, the second fusing-point is higher,
then the crystals have to be recrystallised until a product of a
constant fusing-point be obtained. Now, compare this fusing-
point with those of the different solid fat-acids (/awric, myristic,
palmitic, stearic, and other acids), and see if it agrees with any of
those (commonly with palmitic acid), when the identity with the
latter will be evident. To make sure it isadvisable to determine,
at least by one experiment, the atomic weight (see above) also,
and should this not harmonise, then an elementary analysis has to
decide the question. The two latter alterations are indispensable
whenever the fusing-point does not coincide with that of any of
the fat-acids known as yet. I need scarcely remark that all the
other properties of such an acid have also to be investigated.

If the lead-compound, insoluble in ether and separated from the
mixture of fat-acids, possesses a lower fusing-point than the por-
tion crystallised from the alcoholic solution, then at least one
other fat-acid is present. To isolate it: mix the alcoholic mother-
leys, allow to evaporate slowly, to stand cold during the night,
collect every morning what has crystallised and determine the
fusing-points. Those crystals formed first are likely to belong to
the fat-acid already found before, and must therefore be at once

299

removed; those which form afterwards are kept separately, and
only such portions the fusing-points of which are the same should
be united. Now crystallise the portions of the lowest fusing-
point in hot alcohol and proceed as before, 7.e., evaporate the
mother-ley slowly and examine the crystals obtained each morning.
Recrystallise again the portions of the lowest fusing-point until
finally an acid is obtained which does not alter its fusing-point on
recrystallising. Compare the fusing-point of this second acid
likewise with those of the fat-acids known, and if found different
from any of them, ascume it to be a new acid and determine its
properties, chemical composition, and atomic weight.

These operations require very much time and yield a satisfactory
result only with an adequate quantity of raw material. Some-
times the separation of the solid fat-acids is rendered quicker and
more effectual by converting them, as is done with the liquid fats,
into soda-soaps, and by precipitating the alcoholic solution with
acetate of magnesia, but in such a manner that (after the quantity
of the acetate of magnesia required for precipitating the whole of
the soap has been found previously by testing with a small sample
of the liquid) the precipitation is effected in at least three distinct
equal parts successively ; the precipitate obtained from each portion
is then washed separately, decomposed with hydrochloric acid,
and the fat-acid thus separated is treated as already previously
explained.

Sometimes mixtures occur of more than two fat-acids; to
analyse which the quantity obtained from 100 grammes of the
vegetable substance would prove inadequate, and therefore more
of the fat has to be obtained first, or the analysis in this respect
can not be proceeded with.

(6) Distil the acid liquids, separated from the fat-acids, in a
retort furnished with a refrigerator and receiver, until about three-
quarters of the whole have passed over. It is the purpose of this
operation to find out if any volatile fat-acids soluble in water be
present (as formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valerianic, caproic,
caprylic, cupric). If the distillate proves neutral, then no such
acid is present; should it show acid reaction, then mix it with some
carbonate of baryta previously triturated to an impalpable pulp with
a little of the distillate, and evaporate. Should, during the evapo-
ration, the used carbonate of baryta be completely dissolved, then
a new quantity ought to be added, for only an excess of it gives
the certainty that nothing of the volatile acids is lost. After the
liquid has been brought to a certain degree of concentration, and
when found of neutral reaction, it has to be filtered from the
excess of carbonate of baryta. —

The carbonate of baryta remaining on the filter, after it has been
washed with warm water, may possibly contain a salt of a new
volatile fat-acid, which with baryta might form an insoluble com-

300

bination. This must be tested preliminarily by heating a sample
of the dried remnant in a glass tube closed at the bottom; if it
turns black, such a new acid is present. To isolate it, triturate
the above remnant with ten times its weight phosphoric acid of
1:08 specific gravity (10°/, PO; ), place this into a retort, and sub-
mit it to distillation, when the volatile acid will pass over, the
physical and chemical properties of which must be investigated.
The liquid filtered off from the carbonate of baryta, and the
water used for washing it, are now poured off from any crystals
which may have formed. Evaporate to half its volume, keep cold
for a few days, separate from any crystals, evaporate and repeat
these operations several times in order to effect the separation of
the three acids—capric, caprylic, and caproic. These acids are
distinguished by the different degree of solubility of their baryta-
compounds, for the caprate of baryta dissolves in 200, the caprylate
in 1064, and the caproate in 124 parts cold water. Every crop of
crystals is to be collected separately and tested respecting the pro-
perties of the respective acid according to the instructions given
in the first part of this work. The baryta-compounds of the other
five volatile acids can not be separated by crystallisation, for their
solubility does not much differ (the formate of baryta dissolves in
4, the butyrate in 23, the valerianate in 2, the acetate and the
propionate in about one part cold water). Nor is it possible to
effect a separation by means of alcohol, as the latter dissolves them
sparingly or not at all. The only course left is to test separately
on each of these five acids according to the instructions given in
the first part of this work.
Besides these five acids an entirely new acid might be present, the
properties of which have to be determined by a special investigation.
The weight of the whole of these acids is found by heating to a
red heat the baryta-compound, dried at 100°, until completely incine-
rated, by sprinkling with carbonate of ammonia, heating again,
weighing the carbonate of baryta, calculating the amount of pure
baryta, and by deducting the latter value from the weight of the
baryta-compound employed. The rest represents the acid or the
mixture of acids. Or precipitate the baryta-compound hot with
diluted sulphuric acid, add a little nitric acid, in order to facilitate
filtering, collect the sulphate of baryta, determine its weight,
calculate from it the pure baryta and deduct its weight as above.
(c) In the saponification of fats glycerin is always obtained
besides fat-acids. To convince yourself of its presence, saturate
the acid contents of the retort, left after the distillation of the
volatile fat-acids, with carbonate of soda, evaporate on the water-
bath nearly to dryness, triturate the salty mass toa fine powder,
shake with absolute alcohol, filter, and let the filtrate evaporate in
a glass beaker. A remaining syrup of sweet taste is glycerin
(page 94).

301
B.— Examination of the lower or aqueous liquid.

Separate this liquid, mixed with the water used for washing the
fat, from the sediment present almost in every case, edulcorate the
sediment with small quantities of water (if the sediment be of a
viscous nature, under warming, then cooling and pouring off), until
the water assumes no longer an acid reaction; concentrate the
whole of the liquids to about 100 grammes, pour into a glass
jar and leave to rest for a few days. A slight resinous sediment
will have formed, which has to be filtered off.

After the liquid has been examined in respect to its physical
properties (colour, smell, taste, reaction towards litmus-paper),
allow a small portion of it to evaporate to a small bulk on a
watch-glass of considerable size and transfer to a cold place (in hot
weather to a cellar or cooled by ice). If crystals have formed after
one to two days, the rest of the liquid is also evaporated and kept
cold. Collect the crystals in a filter, rinse with a little water,
spread the filter on several thicknesses of blotting-paper, and
remove the whole of mother-ley by changing the blotting-paper
several times. Afterwards dissolve the crystals in the least
quantity of hot water, let cool, collect the crystals formed after
one or two days, and dry as before on paper. The substance is
now so pure that its properties can be recognised.

As a preliminary treatment this body is to be examined on
the presence of nitrogen, by exposing a sample of the size of a
lentil with double its weight of sodium, in a dry test-tube to a
temperature slowly increasing to a red-heat. After the whole has
cooled down again add water, shake, filter, mix the filtrate with a
few drops of a stale solution of subsulphate of iron, and, after a
good shaking, with hydrochloric acid in excess. In the presence of
nitrogen blue flocks will be obtained either immediately or after
some time, if not, the substance is free from nitrogen.

(a) The substance contains nitrogen. . Most likely an alkaloid,
combined with an acid, or free.*

Examine the physical properties of the substance, its behaviour
in the heat to indifferent solvents (including volatile and fixed
oils), to alkalies, to concentrated and diluted acids; the behaviour
of its aqueous solution to the hydrates and to the carbonates of
alkalies, to the special tests of alkaloids (tannic acid, chloride of
gold, bi-iodide of potassium, subcyanide of potassio-platinum,
iodide of potassio-mercury, iodide of potassio-bismuth, phosphate
of soda, phospho-molybdate of soda, phospho-tungstate of soda,
picric acid, chloride of mercury, chloride of platinum, subnitrate of
palladium, nitrate of silver). The solution has also to be tested

* That this may happen notwithstanding the acid reaction may be ex-
emplified by caffein, which, though very rich in nitrogen, is of such a weak
basicity as to crystallise pure and uncombined from acid solutions.

302

on sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, as in their presence the
alkaloid would be in combination with any of them.

If the alkaloid be present in the state of a salt, precipitable by
an alkali, and soluble in an excess of the latter, it can only be
obtained by cautiously adding of the alkali until the liquid just
begins to exhibit an alkaline reaction towards litmus-paper. If,
on the contrary, it is precipitated permanently, the same precaution
need not be taken, and the alkali may be added in a slight excess.
Collect the precipitate, after it has completely subsided, in a filter,
wash with water and dry at ordinary temperature or at a very
gentle heat. It has to be tested as indicated in the preceding
paragraph.

Tf the alkaloid be present as a salt and not precipitable by alka-
lies, it is most effectually isolated in the following way. Convert
the chloride into the sulphate by precipitating its solution with
just a sufficient quantity of sulphate of silver, filter off the chloride
of silver, mix the filtrate intimately with carbonate of baryta equal
in weight to the alkaloid salt employed, digest for one day at
ordinary temperature, and filter. If the alkaloid be soluble in
water, it will now be present pure in the filtrate; if it be insoluble
in water, it remains in the filter mixed with the sulphate of
baryta, from which it may be obtained after drying by means of
alcohol.

Should the alkaloid prove new and unknown, its elementary
analysis, determination of atomic weight, and the preparation and
examination of some of its salts are required.

If the material should be insufficient for these experiments, the
continuation and conclusion must be deferred to sections IX. or X.,
when larger quantities of raw material are taken in hand.

(6) The substance is non-nitrogenised and is indifferent. It
belongs to this category if, besides being non-nitrogenised, it has
no acid taste and no or only slightly acid reaction. Test like the
substances under a, on its physical properties, behaviour in ‘the
heat towards indifferent solvents, to alkalies, to acids, and to tannin.

Of great importance is treating with dilute sulphuric acid, as
it shows if the substance is a glucosid or not. For this purpose
the acid must be diluted with ten times its weight of water.
Digest the body with it for an hour at a temperature of about
100°, and let cool down. If the substance remains undissolved,
or if, in consequence of the treatment, a new body is formed,
ocular inspection will show if it be the original body or a product
of it. The whole must be filtered and the contents of the filter
washed until all the acid is removed. From the united filtrates
or, should the whole have been dissolved, from the liquid as it is,
take a small sample and over-saturate with caustic soda, add a
few drops of the alkaline copper solution; heat and proceed as
indicated under A with a resin.

303

If sugar has been detected by the reduction of copper, the
properties and constitution of the other product obtained by the
breaking up of the glucosid have to be investigated. For this
purpose decompose the greater portion of the remaining glucosid
by means of digesting with dilute sulphuric acid, collect what has
separated in a filter, wash and dry. Should, on the contrary,
the product be soluble in water, the acid liquid is saturated with
carbonate of soda and evaporated to dryness. Extract the dry
mass with alcohol of 957, filter off the sulphate of soda and
let evaporate. The product of decomposition of the glucosid will
separate slowly either in crystals or in a pulverulent or any other
form, while the sugar remains in the mother-ley. Should the
product be so soluble in alcohol as not to be separable from the
sugar by crystallising, it may be obtained by any of the three
following methods :—(1) If it be insoluble in pure water, evaporate
the alcoholic tincture and remove the sugar by means of water.
(2) If it be soluble in pure water, add a little yeast, destroy the
sugar by fermentation, filter off the yeast, and evaporate. (3) If it
be soluble in ether, shake the dry mass obtained on evaporating
the alcoholic solution with ether, and evaporate the solvent.

It may also happen that by treating with dilute sulphuric acid
another decomposition takes place with the glucosid (as, for
instance, salicin breaks up first into saligenin, and this again
becomes decomposed instantly into saliretin). In order to ascertain
this, the substance has to be submitted to the action of milder
reducing agents, as, for instance, yeast, synaptase (purified emulsin),
and the product, if there be one, is compared with the one obtained
by means of dilute sulphuric acid. The method adopted for this
purpose may be the same as indicated for the production of sali-
genin from salicin, viz., by digesting the substance with one-tenth
synaptase and with water sufficient for a solution for about twelve
hours, and at a temperature not exceeding 40°, by shaking with
ether and by evaporating the latter. But, should the product be
insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, or any other liquid must be
tried which does not dissolve sugar, and therefore alcohol must be
left out of consideration.

(ce) The substance is non-nitrogenised, and is an acid. It belongs
to this category, if it has not only an acid reaction, but also an acid
taste—the least frequent of the three cases a, 6, c. Should the
acid prove quite new or imperfectly investigated, its properties and
composition have to be ascertained first. Afterwards saturate the
acid with potash, soda, or ammonia, and test the solutions thus
obtained with salts of the earthy and of the heavy metals; or if the
latter yield no precipitates (by forming soluble compounds with
the acid in question) transfer the acid to these other basic bodies,
and investigate carefully the salts hereby produced.

(d) The mother-leys of a or 6 or c, together with the liquids

304

obtained by recrystallising (containing always traces of the erystal-
line body) or the original aqueous solution of the ethereous extract
(if no crystalline body has been obtained from it by evaporating)
is concentrated to about 50 grammes and tested with the following
chemicals. For every experiment only 10 to 15 drops are
employed, and the reagent is only added drop by drop.

Liquor of ammonia.—lt effects either a darker tinge without
cloudiness or it produces turbidity. The first reaction is common
with all organic coloured matters under the influence of alkalies;
the latter indicates with tolerable certainty the presence of an
alkaloid, and if such a body has been obtained previously by erys-
tallisation, and should have proved precipitable by ammonia, the
precipitate obtained from the mother-ley is only a rest of it.

If ammonia has effected a precipitate in the sample, the whole
liquid is treated in the same way; the precipitate is collected on a
filter, washed with water, and examined as under 5, a. Evaporate
the filtered liquid and the water used in washing to the original
bulk, in order to drive off the ammonia, and proceed further as
below. Proceed likewise and at once if ammonia has produced no
turbidity in the sample.

Carbonate of ammonia.—All that has been said about liquor of
ammonia applies also to this test.

Leys of potash or of soda.—They effect usually a darker colour-
ation than ammonia. A turbidity produced by any of them may
be an alkaloid, or lime, or magnesia, inasmuch as small quantities
of the salts of these bases pass always into the ethereous extract of
vegetable substances. If it be lime or magnesia, the cloudiness
does not disappear after shaking the sample with twice its volume
of alcohol of 90 or 95 °/..

The precipitate may also be a mixture of an alkaloid and of
alkaline earths. In this case its quantity is diminished by the
alcohol. To make sure of it, filter the alcoholic liquid, evaporate
almost to dryness, redissolve in a little water with aid of one or
two drops of hydrochloric acid, and add potash-ley. Should the
liquid remain clear now, no alkaloid was present; if a turbidness
is produced, an alkaloid is present, and this one not precipitable
by ammonia (as it would have been indicated before by that same
reagent).

If the precipitate produced by the fixed caustic alkali has been
proved an alkaloid or a mixture of it, the whole liquid must be
treated with the alkali. Collect the precipitate in a filter, shake
with alcohol, if only partly soluble in it, filter, evaporate, and
examine as under B, a. The liquid separated from the precipitate,
and the water used for washing, are saturated with acetic acid, are
then concentrated to the former volume and examined as below.
If the ley has had no precipitating effect, proceed at once to the

next test.

305

If a peculiar penetrating odour should be evolved by the caustic
alkali, a volatile alkaloid may be present; the examination of
which must be deferred to section X.

Carbonate of potash or of soda.—In the main, all that has been
said of the preceding test applies to this also.

Solution of baryta.—It causes, like the alkalies, darker tints in
the liquids and eventually it precipitates. The precipates may
be not only alkaloids and alkaline earths, but also compounds of
the reagent with sulphuric, phosphoric, organic acids, and with
acid-like bodies as pigments and resins. A closer investigation of
such a precipitate is not advisable here on account of its complex
nature. :

Of more importance than solution of baryta is lime-water. It
is similar in its effects to the alkalies, though not so energetic, and
produces either a darker colour or turbidness, the latter being
also indicative of a series of acids the compounds of which with
lime are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water. Consequently
a turbidness, produced immediately after adding the test, may
prove the presence, irrespective of phosphoric acid, of oxalic,
tartaric, tannic, and other acids, and is oxalic acid, if the turbid-
ness does not disappear with acetic acid.—Filter off the precipi-
tate, obtained by lime-water in excess, and heat the filtrate to the
boiling point ; a cloudiness, which disappears on cooling, indicates
citric acid. If neither cold nor hot a turbidity is obtained ; acids
may be present which yield such compounds with lime as are
soluble in water, as for instance malic, quinic, lactic acids, and
which will come under notice in the course of the analysis.

Chloride of caleium.—A turbidness obtained by it indicates
oxalic acid, if not removable by acetic acid. If it dissolves in the
latter, it may have been occasioned by phosphoric acid, but in
this case the acetic acid has to be added immediately, as else the
precipitate would become crystalline and almost insoluble in acetic
acid.

Chloride of iron.—The alterations effected by this test consist
mostly in the production of various colours (with or without
turbidness), to recognise which the mostly dark liquid must be
diluted so far as to be of only a slightly yellowish colour. A
green colour, obtained with the test, indicates tron-greening, a
blue or violet colour an iron-blueing tannic acid. If these
acids are not present in too small quantities, coloured preci-
pitates are also obtained, though sometimes of such a mixed
colour as to appear brown instead of green, and grey instead of
blue.

Gallic acid yields, with chloride of iron, a reaction similar to
that of gallotannie acid, but the gallate of iron is abundantly
soluble in acetic acid, in the hydrates, and in the carbonates of
alkalies, this being not the case with gallotannate of iron.

x

306

Sulphate of iron.—It often produces, with tannic acids, grada-
tions of colour different from those obtained by the chloride of
iron, and has to be used with the same precautions.

Glue serves to confirm the presence of the true tannic acids, by
producing a dirty, flocky precipitate. Some substances, generally
accepted as iron-greening tannic acids, produce no turbidness
with glue. They are, therefore, either no true tannic acids, or
such as yield with glue compounds soluble in water.

Tartarated antimony.—It precipitates some only of the tannic
acids, and serves therefore to distinguish such as differ in this
respect.

Acetate of lead.—It produces almost always a flocky, more or less
considerable precipitate, which is sometimes light, sometimes dark,
but in most cases of a dirty brownish or earth-colour, while the
liquid becomes light and eventually clear as water. The precipitate
may contain, besides traces of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, the
oxalic and tannic acids of the ethereous extracts, small portions of
resin and of acids yielding insoluble or sparingly soluble compounds
with lead. No sulphate, phosphate, or oxalate was present in the
precipitate if it dissolves completely in acetic acid.

Alkaline copper-solution (sodio-cupric tartarate).—This test re-
quires an alkaline or at least neutral condition of the sample under
trial; an acid condition must therefore be previously removed by
one or two drops of potash or soda-leys. After adding one to two
drops of the reagent, heat to the boiling-point ; a yellowish and
afterwards red turbidness of sub-oxyd of copper indicates sugar ;
but as other matters (tannic, gallic acid, &c.), have a similar
reducing power, this experiment is not decisive for the presence of
sugar, unless corroborated by a sweet taste. But as the latter is
not easily perceived in the presence of other matters which might
have passed into the ethereous extract, and even less so with very
small quantities of it, the presence of sugar cannot here be decided
on, and must be referred to experiment in the course of the
analysis. Should more than mere traces of sugar be contained in
the substance under trial, most of it will pass into the alcoholic
extract (III.)

Tannic acid.—It precipitates most of the alkaloids, but also
many indifferent bodies ; it therefore serves only to give collateral
evidence for the presence of the one or other of these bodies.

After the application of the above tests has proved insufficient
for indicating the presence of an alkaloid, try again small quantities
of the liquid with the special alkaloid-tests, mentioned under B, a
(page 301), such as yield sparingly or not at all soluble precipitates
with alkaloids. Ifthe result with all of them be positive, the pre-

307

sence of an alkaloid need not be doubted any longer ; but even if
the result be only positive with some of them, an alkaloid might
be present. The behaviour to caustic alkalies has shown in some
degree, if it be volatile, and the closer examination is carried on
according to section X. As to non-volatile alkaloids, see below,
under A.

(e) After having tried the tests under d, proceed to the dis-
covery of the organic acids contained in the liquid B. For this
purpose precipitate the remaining aqueous liquid (to which the
sample treated with acetate of lead may be added) with acetate of
lead in excess, collect the precipitate, after it has subsided, on a
filter, and edulcorate with water, as long as it assumes an acid
reaction towards litmus-paper. (Testing with sulphuretted hydro-
gen in order to find out when washing is finished, is inadmissible,
because most of these lead-precipitates are not quite insoluble in
water). Should the precipitate begin to decompose during washing,
(if the water running off becomes suddenly milky), the washing
must be finished, even if the acid reaction has not yet disappeared.
The filtrate and the water used for washing are reserved for f.

From the washed precipitate take with a glass-rod a sample of
about the size of two peas, put the rod into a test-tube, add 4 to
5 grams water, and heat to the boiling-point. A clear solution
obtained hereby shows that only acids are present, the lead-com-
pounds of which are soluble in hot water, as, for instance, malic
acid, and the precipitate has then only to be examined under a.
(If a complete solution can be expected, has already been ascer-
tained by the preliminary reactions under d, for a complete
solution could not have been effected in the presence of sulphuric,
phosphoric, oxalic, tannic, citric, and of many other acids.) If, on
the contrary, the liquid remains turbid, it is filtered boiling hot,
without washing, and the filtrate is left to cool. If no sediment
(crystalline or pulverulent) is obtained, the Jiquid is concentrated
and again left to stand cold. If no sediment has formed now,
proceed to B, since the precipitate does not contain any organic
acids such as yield lead-compounds soluble in hot water.

On the other hand, if a sediment has been obtained in the above
way, the whole precipitate is washed off the filter into a spacious
porcelain-dish under addition of water ten times the volume of
the moist precipitate. Heat under continual stirring with a glass-
rod, or with a porcelain-spatula, for a quarter of an hour; filter hot
and wash with hot water. The filtrate is now examined under a,
and the insoluble remnant under £.

a. Free the aqueous solution from the sediment produced in the
cold, evaporate to a small bulk, collect the solids which may have
separated on a filter, wash with a little cold water and dry. The
mere external appearance of the substance will teach already to
some extent, whether it is of a complex constitution or not. In

x2

308

the latter and more frequent case it may be malate of lead, a
supposition which will be confirmed by incineration (page 298),
when malate of lead will leave 56:91°/, oxyd of lead. Should
the result be at variance with this supposition, and even be
confirmed by a second incineration, the elementary analysis is
resorted to and the properties of the acid must be investigated.
To perform this, triturate a portion of the lead-compound with
water to an impalpable pulp, wash it into a glass-jar, impregnate
the milky liquid under continual stirring with well-washed
sulphuret of hydrogen, allow the excess of the latter to evaporate
at the air, filter off the sulphide of lead, after it has completely
subsided (which takes sometimes a very long time, and may be
accelerated by gently heating), evaporate a part of the filtrate at
a very gentle heat (to prevent etherification of the alcohol) and
at last under the receiver of the air-pump, and employ the other
part of the filtrate for testing with solution of baryta, lime-water,
&c., and for the preparation of some other salts, while the dry
acid is tried on its behaviour in the heat, &c.

If there is reason to suppose that the water has withdrawn
more than one compound from the lead precipitate, these com-
pounds must be separated from each other by crystallization, and
examined separately in the above manner.

8. The small portion of the lead precipitate, left undissolved by
hot water, is tried moist by shaking with acetic acid of about
20°/,. If it prove soluble and completely so when heated, the
further examination is confined to No. 1. If it remains turbid,
it must be filtered and saturated with ammonia; should it now
remain clear, then nothing has been dissolved by the acetic acid,
and it has then to be examined under No. 2.

If, on the other hand, a turbidity has been produced by ammo-
nia in the acid filtrate, the whole of the precipitate is transferred
from the filter into a beaker by means of a horn-knife. Then
mix with acetic acid to a thin pulp, cover the vessel with a
glass plate, agitate the contents assiduously and apply, if neces-
sary, a gentle heat. Filter after about an hour and wash with
water until the latter passes off nearly void of acid reaction, and
examine separately the solution in acetic acid under 1, and the
undissolved remnant under 2.

1, Add to the solution in acetic acid, carefully and under con-
tinual stirring, ammonia in such a quantity as to leave the acid
very slightly in excess (an excess of ammonia must be corrected
eventually by a few drops of acetic acid.) This causes the part
(8) of the precipitate, dissolved in the acid, to separate again.
Let subside, collect on a filter, wash completely with water,
spread half of the precipitate thinly on a glass or porcelain plate,
dry at the air or at a very gentle heat, triturate and reserve for
further use.

309

Suspend in a glass-jar the other half of the washed preeipitate
in about five times its volume of absolute alcohol, treat with
sulphuret of hydrogen in excess, allow the latter to evaporate at
the open air, filter off the sulphide of lead, and evaporate the
liquid with only a gentle heat, and at last in the vacuum. After
the alcohol has been driven off, dilute with water half of the
remaining liquid, to be used for testing purposes, and evaporate
the other half to dryness.

The dried remnant, if consisting only of a yellowish varnish of
a pure, astringent taste (often followed by a slightly bitter flavour),
is most likely only a tannic acid, which then has to be charac-
terised in its aqueous solution by the proper tests of the preced-
ing paragraph (chloride of iron, glue, tartarated antimony). The
dry lead-compound serves for the elementary analysis and for the
estimation of the atomic weight.

In the absence of tannic acids, the dried body appears often in
crystals and with a more or less acid taste, and has then to be
tested on citric acid, &c., by means of lime-water. Acids of a
peculiar odour, as benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, &c., betray them-
selves to some extent by this property.

A taste, at once astringent and acid, and a not entirely amor-
phous state, indicate a mixture of tannic with one or more acids
of a different kind. A thorough examination of the latter is only
possible, after the tannic acid has been removed. This is done
most effectually and without fear of contamination by cutting
isinglass into short, narrow strips, leaving these to soak in a
porcelain-dish with water, until converted into a swollen-up jelly-
like mass, adding the acid liquid in question and keeping the
whole at ordinary temperature and under stirring, until a sample
of the liquid on examination proves free from tannic acid. The
complete absorption of the tannic acid by isinglass is effected
slowly and may take several days. Heat must be avoided entirely,
as likely to convert the glue into its soluble modification. After
the process is finished, the liquid has to be filtered, and contains
now the other acid or acids, the nature of which has to be
examined, If necessary, the dry part of the lead-precipitate is
also decomposed in the same way, in order to obtain more of the
acid, and this ought to be done in all cases where two or more
require investigation.

2. The portion of the lead-precipitate which remains undissolved
after the successive treatment with hot water and acetic acid (or
the whole lead-precipitate, if not affected by hot water or by
acetic acid) may contain of mineral acids, phosphoric or sulphuric;
of organic acids, oxalic acid, and appears, as a rule, of a grey-brown
colour, from traces of humus-like or of other colouring matters.

To test on oxalic acid, heat the moist precipitate to the boiling-
point with a solution of carbonate of soda, boil for a quarter to

310

half an hour, filter, saturate the filtrate with acetic acid in excess,
filter again if necessary, and add lime-water or acetate of lime. In
the presence of oxalic acid a considerable turbidity is immediately
produced. To determine the quantity of oxalic acid, precipitate
the acid liquid with a sufficient quantity of acetate of lime and
convert the precipitate by heat into carbonate of lime. One hun-
dred parts carbonate of lime represent 72 parts oxalic acid.

(f) Add to the liquid, separated by filtering from the lead
precipitate under e, and to the first portions of water used for
washing the same, slowly and under continual stirring, liquor of
ammonia, to a very slightly acid condition. (Any excess of am-
monia must be again corrected by acetic acid). The precipitate
obtained hereby is of less bulk than the first, but lighter and
usually of pale-yellow colour. It contains no sulphuric, phosphoric,
or oxalic acids, but may contain either traces of other acids preci-
pitable in acid solutions by acetate of lead, or acids precipitable
by acetate of lead only from neutral solutions; or acids of both
kinds. Its examination may therefore serve either for completing
the analysis of that portion of the lead-precipitate which is soluble:
in acetic acid (e, g, 1), or for the discovery of new acids. But,
before proceeding any further, add a little acetate of lead, until a
precipitate is no longer produced.

Collect the precipitate after subsiding on a filter, wash, spread a
part of it on glass or porcelain and let dry; suspend the other part
in absolute alcohol and decompose with sulphuret of hydrogen.
After the sulphide of lead has subsided, and when the liquid has
become clear and has lost the smell of sulphuret of hydrogen, it is
filtered and the filtrate is cautiously evaporated. Test the remain-
ing liquid, freed from alcohol, on such acids as have been found
under e, 8, 1, and observe any discrepancies. Should the precipi-
tate contain only one acid, the dried portion of it serves for
determining its constitution. ;

(g) Mix the liquid, separated from the precipitate, with the first
portion of the water used for washing the same, and add subacetate
of lead. The white or yellowish-white precipitate obtained thereby
contains no tannic acids, and probably of other acids only a few;
no gum or sugar, which, though also precipitable by subacetate of
lead, do not pass into the ethereous extract, or only to a very slight.
extent.

Let the above precipitate subside, collect in a filter, and wash
out. The washing has to be interrupted as soon as decomposition
sets in; which is recognised by the milky appearance of the
water passing through the filter. Now, suspend the precipitate
in a glass-jar in about ten times its volume of water, decompose
with sulphuret of hydrogen, keep the whole at the air until the
excess of the gas has disappeared and the liquid has become clear,
filter, concentrate the filtrate, try its physical and chemical pro-

311

perties, bring slowly to dryness, and in the first place see if it
agrees in properties with guinic acid (page 183).

(h) Free the liquid separated from the precipitate g from oxyd of
lead by precipitating with carbonate of ammonia, and evaporate
to a syrup over a water-bath, in order to drive off most of the
acetic acid and of the ammonia. Of acids this syrup may con-
tain especially lactic and quinic acids, but probably, besides, matters
of an alkaloidal, or of an indifferent nature (bitter substances,
sugar).

To recognise Jactic acid, mix a part of the syrup with an equal
volume of a cold saturated solution of acetate of zinc, and allow
the mixture to stand in a cool place for one or two days. If no
crystals have formed after this period, no lactic acid is present ;
in the other case, a crystalline mass, usually in the form of a crust
and consisting of lactate of zinc, is obtained, which is further to be
examined regarding its amount of water of crystallisation and of
oxyd of zinc (see Lactic acid, p. 116).

Quinic acid is recognised by boiling a large quantity of the
syrup with milk of lime until the ammonia is driven off, and then
proceeding as indicated under Quinic acid (p. 183).

Should the syrup have a bitter taste, try if its aqueous solution
with tannic acid will produce a precipitate. (This has been tried
already on page 301, but with a weaker solution, and may with a
better prospect of success be repeated now on a more concentrated
solution). Should a precipitate arise in the sample by tannic acid,
then the whole rest of the syrup is precipitated likewise. Wash
the precipitate as well as possible (p. 288), mix well with oxyd of
lead or with white of lead, dry in a gentle heat and extract with
alcohol. The tannic acid remains in combination with oxyd of
lead, while the respective substance passes pure into the alcohol,
remains after the evaporation of the solvent, and may then be
examined regarding its properties.

On the contrary, if no turbidity is produced by tannic acid,
digest the aqueous solution of the syrup with a great quantity
of animal charcoal over the water-bath for several hours, collect
the coal on a filter, wash with cold water, transfer it moist, but
freed from superfluous water, into ten times the weight of the dry
coal employed, alcohol of 957/, heat and boil for a quarter of an hour;
filter hot, wash with hot alcohol, and evaporate the united alcoholic
filtrates with a very gentle heat. Should an amorphous mass
remain without any signs of crystallisation, try if by treating with
ether a separation, purification, &c., can be effected. The closer
investigation will show whether the substance is of a basic or of
an indifferent nature, and it must be treated accordingly as indi-
cated before.

Keep the syrup for at least a week in the cold. Anything which
will have separated after this period, either of a pulverulent or of

312

a granular or of a crystalline form, is collected in a funnel, the
neck of which is loosely covered by a glass stopper. Wash the
sediment, after the liquid has run off, with a little cold water, and
submit it to a series of experiments comprising its basic as well as
its acid constituents. It will prove most probably a salt, and
perhaps acetate of ammonia, the two constituents of which have
been supplied by the testing chemicals.

C.-—Examination of the solid mass.

It may contain wax, resin, fat, chlorophyll. After the water
has been removed by gently heating for some time, determine its
weight and note down its external characters. Next let three
times its weight alcohol of 70°/, act on it warm for half an hour,
keep cold for one day, filter and wash the remaining part with a
little alcohol of the same strength as before.

(a) Shake a sample of the filtrate, which may be possibly
coloured by chlorophyll, with animal charcoal for some time and
treat, if the colour has become lighter, the whole filtrate in the
same way, filter and evaporate. The remnant is a resin, and has
to be tested as indicated on page 296.

(6) Free the undissolved portion of C from alcohol at a gentle
heat, weigh again (to ascertain the weight of the dissolved resin),
and treat with ten times its weight alcohol of 90°/, hot. Usually
a complete solution will be effected ; any remaining body is fat—
fat-oil—which is rinsed repeatedly with small quantities of warm
alcohol of 90 °/..

a. The undissolved fat-oil is generally of little amount, and
allows only a few experiments concerning its taste and smell, its
capability of drying when exposed in thin layers to the air, and
its solubility in different solvents. If an oil has been obtained
already under 4, the oil of C is always identical with it and
needs no further examination. ‘

8. The hot filtered alcoholic solution of the substance C
deposits most of the waz on cooling. Let the whole stand in the
cold for one day, collect the deposit on a weighed filter, wash
with cold alcohol of 90°/,, dry at a mean temperature, weigh and
determine, as far as possible, its physical properties including
fusing-point. Generally, the quantity obtained is insufficient for a
thorough investigation, but if there be a sufficiency of the wax,
the latter is purified by repeatedly dissolving in hot alcohol;
afterwards its constitution is determined by treating with potash-
ley, or if necessary, by fusing it with caustic potash, and by
examining the products obtained.

y. The alcoholic liquid, left after the separation of the wax,
may retain only traces of fat and wax, and deserves no further
consideration.

313

IIL.— TREATMENT WITH ALCOHOL.

Return the substance, exhausted by ether, to the dry flask
used before, pour on it as much alcohol of 95°/, as will cover the
well-soaked substance one-half to one inch high, secure the flask with
a cork, perforated lengthwise by a canal of about 1 millimeter in
width, digest for three days at a temperature not exceeding 70°,
let stand cold for one day, transfer the contents to a displacement
apparatus, and wash thoroughly-with alcohol of the same strength.
But, should the alcohol have formed a deposit on the top of the sub-
stance, after having been kept cold for one day, then the flask
must be warmed for half-an-hour before filtering and the washing
is performed also with warm alcohol.

The contents of the displacement apparatus, after being washed,
are spread out thinly in a shallow porcelain-dish and dried, at last
with-a very gentle heat. Weigh the substance, after it has been
left cold for one day, determine the amount of hygroscopic water
of a sample of 2 or 5 grams and calculate from this the weight
of the whole substance in the dry state. The latter value deducted
from that found under II. represents the weight of the portion
dissolved by alcohol.

Concentrate the solution under addition of the alcohol, used
for. washing the insoluble part, by evaporation in a weighed
beaker at the open air, and finally ata gentle heat. Larger quan-
tities, consisting of more than half a litre, are distilled in a retort
until seven-eighths have passed over. Then pour the remnant into a
beaker, rinse the retort a few times with a little alcohol, and gently
heat the solution. Mix the residue, after the odour of the alcohol
has almost disappeared, with 10 grams water, heat until the
last traces of alcohol are driven off, and let cool.

The contents of the beaker will now consist of a liquid and of a
sediment, which in some cases may be very slight or even wanting
altogether. Before separating the solid from the liquid portion,
try if an addition of more water will produce any turbidity. If
this should be the case—which generally takes place in the
presence of much resinous matter—the liquid must be mixed with
an equal volume of water, warmed for a few minutes and left to
cool. It is afterwards tried again with more water, and, if it
becomes turbid again, the same process is repeated as before, and
so on, until a liquid be obtained which remains clear by mixing
with water. The liquid, together with the whole sediment, is now
brought on a weighed filter, washed thoroughly with cold water,
and left to dry; while the solution is examined as follows :—

A.— Examination of the aqueous solution of the alcoholic extract.

Try the united filtrates in regard to taste, odour, colour, &c.,
and reaction towards litmus-paper, evaporate a small sample to a

314

small bulk on a watch-glass, and keep cold, in order to facilitate
the formation into crystals. (In concentrating the liquid, traces of
resin separate eventually from which the liquid is previously freed
by decanting or filtering). In case of any crystals having formed,
the whole filtrate is concentrated and kept cold for a few days (in
summer time in the cellar, and, better still, surrounded by ice).
Proceed with the erystals obtained, as indicated under II, 2.

B.— Examination of the portion of the alcoholic extract insoluble
in water.

Wax, fat and chlorophyll, having passed into the ethereous
solution, the examination, in this case, is entirely confined to
resins, a considerable number of which are insoluble in ether, but
soluble in alcohol. If the vegetable substance under trial has
been rich in resins, most of them, as a rule, will be found in this
part of the extract.

After noting down the physical properties of the substance and
its behaviour in the heat, try if you can free it from any dyeing
matters, by dissolving a little of it in alcohol under addition of
animal charcoal, and digesting for some time. If no alteration
of the colour is observable, the colour belongs to the resin itself
and cannot be destroyed by this means; in the other case the
whole substance is treated in the same manner and again brought
to dryness.

Whether the resin, so obtained and eventually decolourised, be a
mixture of several resins or not, is now determined by treating
successively with cold as well as boiling alcohol of 70, 80, 90, 95,
and 100 °/,, and by comparing with each other the single portions,
obtained after evaporating.

Every individual resin is afterwards examined in regard to its
fusing-point, its solubility (in amylic alcohol, benzol, chloroform,
sulphide of carbon, petroleum, oil of turpentine, concentrated sul-
phurie acid), elementary composition, atomic weight (calculated
from the compounds with oxyd of lead), and by digesting it with
dilute sulphuric acid, in order to ascertain if it be a glucosid
or not.

TV.—TREATMENT WITH CoLD WATER.

Re-transfer the substance, exhausted by ether and alcohol, to
the flask, as before, add distilled water sufficient to form a thin
pulp, and keep at the ordinary temperature and under assiduous
shaking for six days. In hot weather the flask with its contents,
in order to prevent fermentation, is kept either in a cool cellar or
in water kept cold by artificial means. After this, expose,the
whole to a temperature not exceeding 30° for one day, and
filter in a displacement apparatus.

315

This latter operation, though comparatively easy with ethereous
and alcoholic liquids, often engenders great difficulties with
aqueous extracts on account of the presence of colloidal matters, as
albumin and gum. It is therefore better to first try a small
quantity, and if filtering is found practicable, to give the whole
into the displacement apparatus and to wash with water, until the
latter passes off clear. Any decomposing effect of heat has to be
avoided by performing the operation in a cool place.

If, on the contrary, filtering through paper should prove
incomplete and slow, it is necessary to strain the mass through
miller’s gauze (silk bolting cloth), not through linen, calico, or
flannel, because the meshes of these latter fabrics would soon
become filled up by swelling, and so prevent the liquid from pass-
ing through. Spread a circular piece of the silk gauze (preferably
of No. 10 to 13) over a wide glass jar, press it in the middle
slightly into the vessel, secure the part of the gauze resting on
the edges by means of a wide porcelain ring, pour the contents of
the flask into the bag-like cavity, and rinse the flask with a little
water. After the liquid has ceased dripping, take hold of the
cloth, tie it together close over the contents with pack-thread, and
press out as much liquid as possible. Or use a small bookbinder’s
press, the side wedges (those parts that come in contact with the
liquid) of which are covered with glass or porcelain plates. Again,
mix the pressed-out substance in a porcelain dish with water to a
pulp, strain and press, and repeat these operations once more.
Mix the whole of the liquids well together, and allow them to
subside in a cool place.

An amount of starch or inulin, surpassing mere traces, may be
separated from the vegetable substance in a merely mechanical
way, ie, by kneading. A partial separation is even effected in
straining through gauze, but may be considerably improved in
case of any starch or inulin having been observed in the first
liquid by kneading the substance after the second pressing, and
after the gauze-bag containing it has been tied as before, under
water and for a considerable time, adding the milky water to the
other liquids and kneading again under fresh water until the
substance is entirely exhausted. From the united liquids, starch
or inulin subside gradually. Filter, or, if impracticable, decant
the clear liquid, collect the sediment of starch or inulin on a
filter, dry at 110°, and weigh.

By filtering the aqueous extract in the displacement apparatus,
starch or inulin are, of course, left in the remnant. The presence
of starch is easily ascertained by shaking a small quantity of the
substance with solution of iodine, when it will assume a violet
or blue colour. The presence of inulin can only be ascertained by
kneading. Starch and inulin have, as yet, not been observed in
the some plant; and, whereas the former occurs in widely

316

different plants, the latter has been found as yet only in the order
of Composite, at least to any considerable extent.

Starch or inulin having been observed in the substance left after
filtering and washing, this substance is tied up in gauze and
kneaded. Collect the white powder deposited from the united
liquid on a filter, dry at 110°, and weigh it. The liquid is thrown
away, as the substance before kneaded had been exhausted already
by cold water.

In order to find out the form and size of the starch or inulin
obtained, they have to be examined under a microscope magnifying
at least 400 diameters; after this, try their behaviour to warm
water in order to determine their solubility or the temperature
required for forming a paste. Any heterogeneous substance that
has been kneaded out together with starch or inulin will remain
on dissolving in water; as, for instance, oxalate of lime, which, on
burning, yields carbonate of lime, the weight of which gives the
weight of the oxalate of lime according to 625 (Ca O+CO2)
=1025 (Ca O + Cy O3 + 2HO). The weight of the oxalate of
lime found in this way must be subtracted from that of the starch
or inulin.

After the substance has been exhausted in the above manner by
cold and lukewarm water, and eventually by kneading, determine
its weight whilst still moist. Now take 5 grams of it, dry at
100°, weigh, calculate from it the weight of the whole residue,
conceived dry, and subtract the latter weight from that of the
substance, exhausted by ether and alcohol. The rest represents
the weight of the substances including eventually starch or inulin;
the weight of which, as found above, has to be subtracted from
the rest in order to give the weight of the matters soluble in water.

Heat the aqueous solution, obtained clear by filtering and sub-
siding, in a porcelain dish to the boiling-point; boil for about a
quarter of an hour and allow to cool. Any turbidness or flocky
precipitate is produced by albumin. Let subside, collect on a
weighed filter, dry at 110°, and weigh. The albumin obtained
is mostly of a dark colour, and, consequently, impure; but the
colouring matter is hardly removable and is of too little amount
to impair the numerical result.

Concentrate the filtered liquid to about 100 grams at a tem-
perature not exceeding 70° to 80° (if, as usually, a little albumin
should separate again, it must be collected and added to that
obtained before); evaporate a small sample of it on a watch-glass
to a thicker consistence, and allow both portions to stand cold.
In case of crystals having formed in either of these liquids—a
rare occurrence—evaporate the whole liquid to a small bulk, and
keep in the cold. Collect what will have crystallised on a filter,
wash with a little cold water, purify by recrystallising in hot
water, and examine according to II., B, a or 6 or ce.

317

The remaining liquid, mixed with the water that has been used
for washing and evaporated again to the original weight of 100
grams, or the original aqueous solution reduced to the same
weight— after no crystals have been obtained from it—is
examined in small quantities with the reagents indicated under
Ls ae eres

After these experiments have been made, precipitate and treat
the remaining liquid as under II., B, e, f, g, successively with
acetate of lead, ammonia and subacetate of lead, and examine
the precipitates as indicated there.

The precipitate (e), obtained by acetate of lead, may in this
case contain, besides the substances indicated there, gum and
a protein-substance not identical with albumin. These substances
will remain with the sulphide of lead as insoluble in alcohol. To
ascertain their presence, wash the sulphide of lead well with
alcohol, dry at 100°, triturate and shake with cold water. This
dissolves the gum readily, and leaves behind the protein-substance
rendered insoluble in water by drying and heating. The presence
of gum in the cold water will be recognised by its forming
on evaporation an amorphous tasteless varnish.

After this, digest the sulphide of lead with phosphoric acid of
1:04, warm, filter, edulcorate the remaining sulphide of lead with
water, and neutralise the whole filtrate carefully by means of an
alkali. The protein-substance is thrown down; collect it on
a filter, wash, dry at 110°, and determine its weight. The
quantity of the substance obtained hereby is insufficient for
a closer investigation.

If no gum or protein-substance has been found in the lead-
precipitate e, the lead-precipitates f and g have to be tried for
it, and this is done with the precipitate fin the same manner as
with precipitate e, whereas the precipitate g, its decomposition
not being effected under alcohol but under water, is treated in the
following way :—Boil the liquid, filtered off from the sulphide of
lead and containing the gum, and probably the protein-substance,
for a few minutes, when the protein-substance, if present, will
separate; filter, evaporate to a small bulk, and shake a sample of
the liquid with alcohol of 90%. If the mixture remains clear,
no gum or protein-substance is present; if it becomes turbid,
precipitate the whole liquid with alcohol, wash the sediment with
alcohol, dry at 100°, and treat with cold water. A clear solution
contains only gum; any insoluble portion is protein-substance.
As the sulphide of lead might in this case as well contain
protein-substance, it must be treated as above, with phosphoric
acid, &c.

The liquid, after separating from the precipitate, produced
by lead-vinegar, is treated according to II., B, h.

318

V.— TREATMENT WITH BOILING WATER.

Mix the moist substance, exhausted by ether, alcohol and
cold water, in a deep porcelain dish with so much water as to form
a very thin pulp, heat under continual stirring to the boiling-
point, let boil for an hour, filter, or if necessary, strain through
gauze in the manner indicated under IV., and wash the remnant
with boiling water. |

Determine the weight of the remaining substance in the
supposed dry state according to IV., and subtract from the weight
of the substance found under IV., the rest representing the weight
of the matters dissolved in the boiling water.

Concentrate the united liquids to about 100 grams, and try
in small portions with the tests indicated under II., B, d; in
most cases slight or no reactions will be obtained.

If no inulin has been obtained under IV., examine on starch, by
mixing a portion of the liquid with solution of iodine. A violet or
blue colouration indicates starch, which is either a remnant from
that obtained by kneading under IV., or it represents, if no starch
has been obtained there, the whole amount of starch contained in the
vegetable substance.

If no reaction of starch is obtained, a small amount of inulin
might have been present in the vegetable substance, but is now
converted into gum by the boiling water.

Any precipitate, produced by lead-salts, must be examined ac-
cording to II., III. and IV.

VI.—TREATMENT WITH DILUTED HYDRocHLOoRIC Acıp.

The substance exhausted by ether, alcohol and water, contains
as a rule only constituents of minor interest, and in most cases
the analysis may now be considered as finished. Considering, how-
ever, that the object of this work is to investigate every constitu-
ent of vegetables, though it be of minor interest, I now resort to
those solving agents which, if employed in the beginning, would
have caused alterations and decompositions highly detrimental to
the analysis, but which now may be used with comparative im-
punity.

Give the substance left in V., and still moist, into a beaker
(weighed before), make up with water to 500 grams, add 20
grams pure hydrochloric acid of 1.12 specific gravity, cover the
beaker with a glass-plate and expose to a moderate heat for two
days. Filter and wash the substance on a filter with water, until
it passes off free from acid reaction.

After washing the substance, determine the weight of the dry
substance as under IV., subtract from the weight under V. and
note down the rest as the weight of the matters dissolved in the
acid water.

319

(a) Saturate the acid extract, mixed with the water used for
washing, with ammonia in excess. Generally only a darker colour
is produced ; should a turbidness be obtained, try, with a small
quantity, if it becomes clear again by immediately over-saturating
with acetic acid.* If this is not the case, oxalate of lime is pre-
sent. Allow the liquid to become perfectly clear—sometimes
(with barks, &c.) a jelly-like mass of pectic acid is obtained
by over saturating with ammonia, which prevents the precipitate
from subsiding, but may easily be dissolved in a gentle heat—col-
lect the precipitate on a filter, wash with water and redissolve in
dilute hydrochloric acid. Over-saturate the solution, if necessary
after filtering, with ammonia and immediately afterwards with acetic
acid, collect the deposit of pure oxalate of lime, dry at 100° and
weigh it. This lime-compound contains, if no oxalic acid has been
previously found, the whole of the oxalic acid contained in the
original vegetable substance. In 100 parts of it = CaO + C4
O3 + 2 H O are contained 43.90 parts oxalic acid. The oxalate
of lime may also be converted into carbonate of lime by heating to
a moderate red heat in an open crucible, and the oxalic acid may be
calculated from the latter salt; 100 parts CaO + C O2 corres-
pond to 72 parts oxalic acid.

(6) Unite the liquid that has been separated from the precipi-
tate effected by ammonia, with the liquid that has been separated
from the pure oxalate of lime, over-saturate the mixture, if neces-
sary, with ammonia, allow the precipitate to subside, collect on a
filter, wash anddry. It consists chiefly of phosphate of lime and
phosphate of ammonio-magnesia, but may eventually contain traces
of alkaloids, met with in the preceding sections, or possibly an
alkaloid that has not been affected by extracting with ether, alco-
hol and water. Submit it therefore to the influence of warm
alcohol of 907, filter and evaporate the filtrate. Any residue,
obtained hereby, has to be examined according to II., B, a.

(c) Evaporate the liquid, left in 6, to about 100 grams, in
order to remove the excess of ammonia and of water, and try with
a few sensitive alkaloid tests which are without influence on am-
monia-salts, viz., with tannic acid, chloride of gold, bi-iodide of
potassium, iodide of potassio-mercury, iodide of potassio-bismuth,
phosphate of soda, chloride of mercury, nitrate of palladium. In
case of any turbidness, obtained, an alkaloid may be present.

Usually, for economy’s sake, tannic acid is employed for preci-
pitating the whole liquid, if an alkaloid is supposed to be present.
Triturate the precipitate, obtained by tannic acid or by any other
of the above tests, after washing and while still moist, intimately

* The acetic acid must be added immediately after the ammonia, be-
cause phosphate of lime and phosphate of ammonio-magnesia are only
soluble in acetic acid when newly precipitated.

320

with an excess of burnt magnesia (or finely pulverised oxyd of lead
or white of lead), dry in a gentle heat, pulverise, treat with cold
water (in order to remove alkali-salts, chloride of magnesium, iodide
of potassium, &c.), boil with alcohol of 90°/,, evaporate the alcoho-
lic liquid and submit to examination what has remained.

(d) The remaining liquid may probably contain traces of dyeing
matters, of gum and of resin, the further examination of which is
perfectly valueless and involves only loss of time.

VIL—- TREATMENT WITH DILUTED PoTASH-LEY.

Bring the substance remaining after the treatment with hydro-
chloric acid, and while still in a moist state, back into the beaker,
add water enough to make the whole up to 500 grams, dissolve
in the mixture 10 grams hydrate of potash (or of soda), digest
for two days in a temperature of 50° to 60°, let cool, filter and
wash the residue thoroughly.

Dry 5 grams of the residue at 110°, weigh, caleulate the
weight of the whole residue conceived dry, and subtract this
weight from the one obtained under VI., the rest representing the
weight of the matters dissolved by the ley.

Should the mass prove too thick for filtering, it must be diluted
previously, and is, if necessary, clarified by subsiding.

(a) The alkaline liquid is generally more or less brown, some-
times black-brown. By over-saturating with hydrochloric acid, a
brown, flocky precipitate is invariably obtained, which contains
so-called humic acids, but which may also contain protein-sub-
stances. The two substances are only incompletely separable by
liquor of ammonia, the humic acids being more soluble in it than
the protein-substances. For the quantitative estimation -of the
two bodies it is sufficient to collect the precipitate produced by
hydrochloric acid, to wash, to dry at 120°, and to determine the
amount of nitrogen by heating with soda-lime. By multiplying
with 64 the weight of the nitrogen obtained, the quantity of the
protein- “substances is determined, and by subtr acting the latter
weight from that of the precipitate, the weight of the “humic acids
is obtained.

(6) The liquid obtained by filtering in a, contains small
quantities of humic acids as well as of protein-substances, the
closer investigation of which is impracticable.

(c) The residue left after the treatment with potash-ley, and the
dry weight of which has been calculated, is generally accounted
for as vegetable fibre or cellulose, though this name is not correct,
as this fibre contains not only colouring matters but also mineral
compounds. Regarding the complete removal of the first and the
estimation of the latter impurities, see under Fibre, p. 82.

321

VIII. —DistILLATION WITH WATER.

In the preceding analytical course the volatile oils have found
no place, though their presence might have been conspicuous
sometimes, especially in the ethereous extract. For their produc-
tion and examination another sample of the substance must be
employed, but not less than 1 kilogram, or much more on
account of the comparatively small amount of volatile oil contained
in most plants.

Besides volatile oils there are other ingredients of plants that
have been obtained in the preceding analysis in too small a quan-
tity or not at all, and the discovery of which becomes easier with
a larger amount of raw material.

The production of these two classes of bodies may be combined
in the following way :—

(a) Macerate the substance with water for one or two days and
distil, preferably on the water-bath and by means of steam, in a
Beindorf’s apparatus, described on p. 277, and provided with a good
refrigerator. From what will be seen afterwards the weight of the
empty tin still (without head or other accessories) must be deter-
mined and engraved on the tin. As recipient, a Florentine flask
or a similar contrivance is employed.

The distilling water dissolves invariably certain quantities of
oil, Hither more oil is present than requisite for saturating the
water, or there is less of it. In the first case the oil separates on
or under the water, according to its density. To clarify the at
first usually turbid oil allow to stand undisturbed for a few days,
and prevent the solidifying of some oils by keeping them in a
moderately warm place. After it has become clear, and if it
floats on the water, remove it by means of a thin cotton wick,
used as a syphon; if it be heavier than water, pour off the latter
and remove the rest by means of the same syphon.

If no volatile oil has been separated in the distillate, ü.e., if
the water has not been saturated with it, a saturation or separa-
tion may be obtained in most cases by submitting the distillate to
another distillation with a fresh quantity of raw material so as to
increase the amount of oil in the same quantity of water. Some-
times this process (cohobation) must be repeated a third time.
Should it be desirable to obtain the oil without distilling two or
three times, the aqueous distillate must be shaken with one-fifth
its volume of ether for half-an-hour. Allow the mixture to become
clear, pour off the ether and let evaporate spontaneously in a
beaker. The volatile oil, mixed with a few drops of water, re-
mains, though only in very small quantity.

In order to enable an investigation of more than the external
characters of a volatile oil (colour, smell, taste, density) at least 50

¥

322

grams of it are required. The examination has to be conducted
as indicated under Essential Oils, p. 77.

(b) The aqueous distillate contains, besides small quantities of
volatile oil, almost invariably some volatile organic acid, and has
therefore an acid reaction. If the examination of these acids be
required the distillate must not be treated with ether, as the latter
removes both oil and acid.

Test first on hydrocyanic acid, and employ in case of its pre-
sence a weighed quantity of the distillate for its quantitative esti-
mation. Both is done according to the instruction given under
“Hydrocyanic acid,” p. 107.

Now mix the rest of the distillate with carbonate of baryta,
rubbed down so as to form a fine milk, and evaporate on the
water-bath, driving away together with the water any hydro-
cyanic acid present. After the liquid has been reduced to 50
grams, filter off the excess of carbonate of baryta and evaporate
slowly to dryness. As the residue will be very small it can only
be examined in regard to the more common volatile acids occurring
in distillates, as formic acid, acetic acid, and as regards the lower
members of the series of fat-acids, as propionic, butyric, valerianic
acids, while a closer investigation is deferred to section IX.

After the distillation has been finished, remove the tube con-
ducting the steam, the head and the false bottom of the still, place
the latter on the balance and determine the weight of the water
by subtracting from the whole weight the weight of the still and
of the raw material employed, add as much pure water as to make
the whole up to twice the quantity of the raw material, add
alcohol of 90'%, equal in weight to the whole of the water, mix the
whole assiduously with a spatula of beech-wood, replace the still
once more into the hot water of the boiler, refit the head and con-
tinue firing for the rest of the day—the distillation ought to be
commenced in the morning—but not so strong as to make the
alcohol pass over. After the apparatus has been left undisturbed
for one day, the contents are strained, preferably, by means of a
strong linen bag-filter, fastened to a tenacle, under assiduously stir-
ring the mass in the filter with a spatula. After dripping has ceased,
submit the remnant to the strongest possible pressure, put back
into the still, mix with alcohol of 45% to a pulp, strain, press and
repeat the same operation once more. Clarify the united alcoholic ~
liquids by subsiding and filtering, distil off the alcohol completely
in the tin still, remove the head and allow the contents of the still
to cool down as slowly as possible, in order to remove the last
traces of alcohol (for this purpose the still is left suspended in the
hot water of the boiler).

323

The contents of the still are now either a clear liquid or—more
frequently—a fat is floating on the surface and a resin has subsided.
Pour off from the latter and remove the fat by filtering through a
wet filter.

All these three substances—resin, fat, aqueous liquid —together
with the remaining substance, have to be examined separately.

(a) The resinous mass is usually of a dark colour. Wash with
water and try if it contains an alkaloid by triturating it assidu-
ously with water containing 1-20th of its weight hydrochloric acid
of 1.12 specific gravity, keeping at ordinary temperature for a few
hours (heat applied with the acid is liable to split up the resin),
filter the acid watery solution and wash the resin well with water.

a, Evaporate the acid liquid at a very gentle heat, try any crys-
talline or non-crystalline residue with the proper tests (II., B, a)
and see, if it be a new or a known alkaloid.

g. The resinous mass, remaining in a, is compared with the
resin obtained previously (II, A and III., &), and the knowledge
of the latter is, if necessary, completed by means of the resin now
obtained.

(6) Submit the fat to the same treatment with hydrochloric acid
and water as the resin, examine the acid liquid for alkaloids, compare
the fat with the fat obtained previously (II., A, B), and complete
its investigation by means of the new material.

(c) Over-saturate a small sample of the aqueous solution of in-
variably acid reaction with ammonia. If a precipitate is obtained
hereby, precipitate the whole liquid with ammonia. If no precipi-
tate has been obtained with ammonia, try in the same way suc-
cessively carbonate of ammonia, ley of potash (or of soda) and
carbonates and bicarbonates of potash or of soda.

a. Let the precipitate, obtained by means of the above tests,
subside, wash, dry, triturate, digest with alcohol of 90°/,, warm,
filter, evaporate the alcohol and examine any remnant on al-
kaloids (IL., B, a).

g. Precipitate the liquid remaining in c, after it has been made
slightly acid with acetic acid, or the original clear liquid, in case
no precipitate has been produced by alkalies, with acetate of lead
completely and proceed according to II., B, e. The chief object
is in this case the investigation of non-volatile organic acids and
the completion of the former investigations.

(d) The remaining mass, exhausted by alcohol of 45%, contains
most of the gum, and may be used for determining this substance
if the former investigations (IV.) have been without a satisfactory
result. For this purpose spread it on shallow dishes to drive
off the alcohol, mix with cold water, strain after some time, press,
let the liquid subside, decant, evaporate to a small bulk, and
throw down the gum by means of alcohol, &c., according to
the instructions given under “ Gum,” p. 99.

324

IX.—DiIsSTILLATION WITH AcıD WATER.

In distilling vegetable substances with water, volatile acids
are obtained in the distillate, but generally in such small quantities —
(except hydrocyanic acid) that it is often impossible, especially in
a mixture, to recognise their nature. In order to obtain larger
quantities of these volatile acids, the distillation with acid water
is resorted to, while employing at least 1 kilogram of fresh
raw material, or larger quantities if required.

Usually sulphuric acid is used for this purpose, although
phosphoric acid is preferable on account of its non-volatility, and
because it does not become decomposed towards the end of the
distillation, while sulphuric acid is reduced to sulphurous acid,
which passes over and adulterates the distillate. The volatile
anorganic acids occurring in plants (hydrochloric and nitric acids)
are likewise obtained by distilling with sulphuric or phosphoric
acid, but the hydrochloric acid may easily be removed from
the distillate, and the presence of nitric acid is of less consequence.

As the volatile acids (7.e., those volatile by the steam of water,
consequently not benzoic, cinnamic, oxalic, &c., acids) ave always
contained in plants as compounds soluble in water, the dis-
tillation of the aqueous extract is preferable to the distillation
of the whole vegetable substance. Prepare, therefore, first an
aqueous extract by mixing the finely-comminuted substance with
four to six times its weight of pure water; keeping the whole for
one day at a gentle heat (in the tin still of Beindorf’s apparatus) ;
straining, pressing, adding 50 to 60 grams phosphoric acid to
every kilogram of the liquid; filtering (filtering before the
addition of the acid would have been difficult or impossible ;
should it prove difficult still, subsiding instead of filtering must
be resorted to) and adding a solution of sulphate of silver, as long
as a precipitate is produced. «Allow the chloride of silver to
subside, filter, pour the filtrate into a glass retort, and distil two-
thirds by means of a good refrigerator.

Pour the distillate into a porcelain-dish, add an adequate
quantity (for every kilogram of raw material, about 10 grams)
of carbonate of baryta, rubbed down to the finest powder with a
portion of the distillate, and evaporate under assiduous stirring
with a glass-rod on the water-bath. Any hydrocyanic acid present
in the distillate evaporates, while the other volatile organic acids
combine with the baryta, and remain in the liquid. Should the
whole of the carbonate of baryta be dissolved in evaporating, a
fresh portion of it must be added in order to prevent the loss of
volatile acids. After the liquid has reached a certain concentra-
tion, and is no longer of acid reaction, it is filtered, and the
contents of the filter are eduleorated with water.

329

The examination of the contents of the filter, and of the filtrate,
is conducted according to II., A, 6; but, besides the low acids of
the fat-acid series named there, other acids, as angelic, salicylous,
&e., acids, must not be neglected, or even the investigation of as
yet unknown acids.

The discovery and estimation of (with water) non-volatile acids
is not effected with the liquid remaining from the distillation of
the volatile acids, on account of the great amount of phosphoric
acid contained in it; but, with the liquid c, 6 of the preceding
(VIII.) section; whereas the acid remnant, if necessary, may be
employed for the investigation of volatile alkaloids (X.)

X.— DISTILLATION WITH ALKALINE WATER.

For a thorough investigation of volatile alkaloids, at least 1
kilogram of the dried raw material is required. Similar to
volatile acids, their separation is effected best by distilling the
aqueous extract of the respective vegetable substance with an
alkali, for the reason given before, and in order to prevent rising
of the liquid and evolution of much ammonia. The latter is
obtained, indeed, even in distilling the extract, because no vege-
table extract is free from ammonia-salts or from other nitrogenised
compounds, but in much less quantity.

Extract the substance by a warm digestion with four to six
times its quantity of water (which, in presence of tannic acid, is
mixed with 1-25th its weight hydrochloric acid of 1:12 specific
gravity), press, pour the whole liquid into a copper-boiler (well
adapted for this purpose is the boiler of the Beindorf’s apparatus) ;
saturate with slaked lime, add as much lime, slaked and mixed
with water to the finest pulp, as to effect an excess of 50 grams
quick-lime to every kilogram of raw material, and distil by
means of a good refrigerator, until the distilling water is void or
nearly void of alkaline reaction.

In case of any scarcity of raw material, the investigation of
volatile alkaloids may be effected by means of the acid residue
left from the distillation under IX., but modified in such a way as
to use caustic soda instead of quicklime, in order to prevent the
formation of insoluble phosphate of lime.

Saturate the whole distillate exactly with diluted sulphuric acid,
evaporate on the water-bath, and after due concentration in a
weighed dish under the receiver of an air-pump, until no further
loss of weight be observed. Weigh the salty remnant, triturate if
necessary, shake in a flask with absolute alcohol ; collect the in-
soluble portion (sulphate of ammonia) on a filter, wash with
absolute alcohol, dry by means of the air-pump, and weigh. By
subtracting the latter weight from that of the whole remnant, the
quantity of the sulphate of the alkaloid is obtained; and by deter-

Z

326

mining in the alcoholic solution, and after the alcohol has been
driven off, the quantity of sulphuric acid by means of a salt of
baryta, and by subtracting this weight from that of the sulphate
of the alkaloid, the rest represents the quantity of the pure
alkaloid.

The isolation of the alkaloid is effected by distilling the sulphate
with soda-ley, shaking the distillate with ether, decanting the
ethereous liquid and evaporating by means of the air-pump.

The investigation of the physical and chemical properties of the
composition and constitution of the volatile alkaloid is the object
of further experiments.

Table of Comparison between Celsius’ and Fahrenheit’s
Thermometric Scales.

Les 4 + 90°C. =+194° F. | +200°C. = +3920F.
~ 15° = 45° | 95° =, 903° 205° -- 4010
“10° — +14° _ 100° = 212° 210° — *41Q°
250 — 499° 105° = oot? 215° = 4190
0° — + 39° | 110° — 930° 220° = 4280
+ 5° AT 115° = 239° 225° = 4970
10° = 50° 120° = DAR? 230° = 4460
15° = 59° 125° iz 2350 = 4550
20° = 68° | 130° — 266° 240° = 4640
95° ar mgs | 135° = 975° 245° — 4730
30° = 86° | 140° 284° 250° = 48%
35° = : 95° | 145° = 293° 255° = 49]o
40° — 11048 | 150° — 302° 260° = 500°
45° = 113° | 155° = 311° 265° — 509°
50° 122° 160° = 320° 270° = 518°
55° 131° 165° — 329° 2750 = 527°
60° 140° 170° = 338° 280° — 536°
65° 149° 175° = 347° 285° = 545°
70° 158° 1800 = 356° | 290° — 5540
75° 167° 185° = 3650 295° = 563°
80° 176° 190, — 3740 300° == 5720
85° 185° 195 = 3830

327

Table of Comparison between Baume’s Scale and the
Specific Gravity of Alcohol.

10 degrees B. = 1.000 sp. gr. 27 degrees B. — 0.896 sp. gr.
Be; = 0.993 ese IX, = 0.890
2, „ — 0.986 ZI 5; = 0.885
13 = 0.980 BOY 5 — 0.880
BE, = 0.973 SL on: = 0.874
ea = 0.967 San en = 0.869
16°. 3, = 0.960 Ban, — 0.864
WEN. 55 = 0.954 Bar 5 = 0.859
ES? 5 = 0.948 35, = 0.854
19 2 = 0.942 36 55 = 0.549
2 | ae = 0.936 5 ier = 0.844
21 5 = 0.930 38 5 = 0.839
2 ,, = 0.924 Son tee. = 0.834
2, = 0.918 Aa — 0.830
24 > = 0.913 41 ne = 0.825
ae = 0.907 4 a = 0.820
26° 3, == 90! AS o; = 0.816

Table Showing the Specitic Gravity of Alcohol of Different
Percentage by Weight at 60° F,

5% — 0.9914 sp. gr. | 40% — 0,9396 sp. er. | 75% = 0.8603 sp. gr
10 = 0.9841 | 45 = 0.9292 80 = 0.8483
15 = 0.9778 50 = 0.9184 85 — 0.8357
20 = 0.9716 55 = 0.9069 90 — 0.8228
25 — 0.9652 60 = 0.8956 95 — 0.8089
30 = 0.9578 65 — 0.8840 100 = 0.7938
35 = 0.9490 70 = 0.8721

Table showing the Specific Gravity of Alcohol of Different
Percentage by Volume at 60° F,

— 0.9928 sp. gr. | AE = 0.9519 sp. gr. 75% = 0.8773 sp. gr.
10° — 0.9866 45 = 0.9435 80 = 0.8639
15 = 0.9811 | 50 — 0.9343 85 = 0.8496
20 = 0.9760 | 55 = 0.9242 | 90 = 0.8340
25 = 0.9709 | 60 = 0.9134 | 95 = 0,8164
30 = 0.9655 65 = 0.9021 | 100 = 0.7946
35 = 0.9592 | 70 = 0.8900 |

Table of Comparison between the Specific Gravity of Alcohol
and its Percentage Over or Under Proof.

0.8156 sp. gr. = 67% over proof. 0.9225 sp. gr. = 2% under proof
0.8199 = 65 Ps 0.9248 ee os
0.8221 = 64 en 0.9270 — 0 x
0.8259 — 62 5 0.9295 ER R
0.8298 = 60 ss 0.9318 = 10 er
0.8336 = > 0.9340 = 12 Re
0.8376 — 5 50 0.9362 — as
0.8415 — 54 i 0.9384 = ae iy
0.8450 — 52 a 0.9409 4: A
0.8484 = 50 > 0.9435 — 20 Ks
0.8516 — 48 5 0.9446 = 22 ae
0.8550 — 46 a 0.9465 34 i
0.8582 = Be 0.9485 — 26 a
0.8615 — 42 1 0.9503 — 28 =
0.8646 — 40 515 0.9521 = ail a)
0.8678 — 38 ns 0.9540 = 32 Fe
0.8708 = 36 5g 0.9559 = 34 er
0.8738 — 34 3 0.9572 — 36 -
0.8769 — 32 5 0.9587 = 38 35
0.8797 — 30 as 0.9602 = 40 =
0.8825 — 28 Sn 0.9617 — 42 >
0.8854 — 26 5a | 0.9632 — 4 as
0.8883 — 24 6 | 0.9645 —g46 >
0.8910 — 22 an | 0.9658 = 48 As
0.8935 = 20 5 | 0.9672 — 50 a
0.8966 - 18 | 0.9702 =e >
0.8994 - 16 - | 0.9732 = 60 95
0.9022 — 14 s | 0.9760 = 65 +
0.9049 — 12 nn 0.9789 — 70 ;
0.9075 — 10 RR 0.9819 =e <
0.9100 = © an | 0.9851 — 80 >
0.9125 — 6 3 | 0.9885 = 80 +
0.9151 = 4 > | 0.9921 = SU =
0.9176 —= 2 ae | 0.9959 = soe A
0.9200 = proof spirit 1.0000 = 100 =

Table of Comparison between French Metrical and
English Weights.

1 Milligramme = 0.015432 grs. av. | 1 Gramme = 15.432 grs. av.
1 Centigramme — 0.154323 ,, ,, 2 = = 30/865) See
1 Decigramme = 1.543234 ,, ,, 3 s = ‚46.2 IT
1 Gramme — 19432318 oes 4 R = 61.7293 2 ae
1 Kilogramme = 15432.348 ,, „ | 5 s = 77.1020
== RAVISH) GYAN oe 6 RS = +: 0. HOSE
= 2.2046 Ibs. ,, 7 5 = 108.02 br
RS „5 = 1 BWIN
| 9 A = 199. SIE eee

329

Table of Comparison between Cubic Centimeters and
English Cubic Inches.

1 Cub. Centimeter = 0.061024 cub. in.

6 Cub. Centimeter = 0,366144 cub.in.
7

2 ” ” = 0.122048 ” ” ” = 0.427168 >
3 ” ” == 0.183072 „ 8 ” ” = 0.488192 55
4. oe |, )o-.,, ee.
5

Table of Comparison between Litres and Fluid Ounces,

1 Litre = 35.2754 fluid ozs. 6 Litres — 211.6524 fluid ozs.
Don =5870:5508° ;, 55 55 = 246.9278 35

3 ” = 105.8262 ER) „ 8 ” = 282.2032 „
Auge = 141.1016 _ ,, AR er = 317.4786 ns
See 16.3770 ,. 33

Table of Atomic

and Molecular Weights of the Principal

Elementary Bodies,

Molecular Atomic

Molecular Atomic

Weights. Weights. Weights. Weights.
Aluminium = Al. = 27.5 13.75) Manganese—= Mn.— 55 27.5
Amsimony — Sb. — 1227 122 Mercury =Hg. — 200 100
Arsenic = As. — 7 75 Molybde-
Barium = Ba. — 137 68.5 | num =Mo.= 96 48
pismo == bi. — 210 105 Nickel — Ni 25880991
Boron = al 11 Nitrogn =N. = 14 14
Bromine = Br. = 80 80 Oxygen =O. = 16 8
Cadmium = Cd. — 112 56 Palladium = Pd. = 106 53
Calcium = Ca = 40 20 Phosphorus P. = 31 31
Carbon eS Ch Ty 6 Platinum = Pt. = 1974 98.7
Chicome = Cl. = 355 35.5 | Potassium — K. = 391 391
Chromium = Cr. = 52.2 26.1 | Silicium =Si. = 3 28
Cobalt = Co. = 58.8 29.4 | Silver =Ag.= 108 108
Copper = Cu.— 63.4 31.7 | Sodium =Na.= 23 23
Fluorine = F. 19 19 Strontium = Sr. = 87 43.5
Gold = A, SS Uy ey Selm ern = 2 16
Hydrogen — H. = 1 1 Tin =Sn. = 118 59
Jodine =. er Tungsten or
Iron = Fe = 56 28 Wolfram = W. = 184 92
Lead Ep 207 103.5 | Uranium =U. = 120 60
lithum =L= 7 7 Zine = "Zn. — "652 32/6
Magnesium = Mg. — 24 12

330

OMISSIONS AND ERRATA.

Aconitin,—Dr. C. R. A. Wright has shown that the use of
alcohol acidulated with a mineral acid, for exhausting the root of
Aconite, causes an alteration of the alkaloids originally present ;
hence it is recommended, according to Duquesnel’s method, to
percolate by alcohol acidulated with tartaric acid, to evaporate at
a low temperature, or, better still, in vacuo, to crystallise from
ether after the separation of the base by sodium-carbonate, and to
purify by conversion into a crystalline salt, for which purpose the
hydrobromide is well fitted. Dr. Wright’s formula for pure
Aconitin=C33 Hy; NOj2.—(Blackett).

Alstonin.—Alkaloid of the bark of Alstonia constricta, F. v. M-
Obtained by treating the alcoholic extract with water and a little
hydrochloric acid, adding to the filtered solution a small excess of
ammonia, dissolving the separated flocks in ether, evaporating the
ethereous solution, and purifying the remaining A. by dissolving
again in dilute acid and repeating the above process.—-Orange
yellow, brittle, pellucid mass, of very bitter taste, melts below
100°, and is carbonised in higher temperatures ; dissolves easily
in alcohol, ether, and dilute acids, sparingly in water. All its
solutions in the dilute state exhibit a strong blue fluorescence,
which is not affected by acids or alkalies. Its alcoholic solution
has a slightly alkaline reaction. Alstonin combines with acids,
but does not completely neutralise them. Hydrochloric and other
strong acids, also alkalies, decompose it partly on evaporation in
the water-bath to a dark-coloured acid substance. The hydro-
chloride of A. gives precipitates with the chlorides of platinum
and mercury, the iodides of potassio-mercury and of potassio-
bismuth, bi-iodide of potassium, the phospho-molybdate and the
phospho-tungstate of soda, bichromate of potash, picric acid, and
by the alkalies and alkaline carbonates. Tannie acid does not
precipitate the hydrochloride, but does so the acetate and the pure
base. Concentrated nitric acid dissolves A. with crimson colour,
yellow on warming; sulphuric acid reddish brown, afterwards
dirty green; hydrochloric only effects a yellowish solution.
Alstonin differs from Ditamin chiefly by its behaviour towards

331

concentrated acids, and by its fluorescence, which has not been
recorded of the other alkaloid.—(F. von Mueller and L. Rummel.)

Chrysophanic Acid contained to the extent of up to 84°/, in
the Goo- or Bahia- or Arariba- or Araroba-powder, obtained from
the medulla of the wood of Centrolobium robustum, Mart., and
©. tomentosum, Benth.; large Brazilian trees (Silva-Lima,
Neumann, Voigt.)

Duboisin.— Volatile alkaloid of the leaves and twigs of Du-
boisia myoporoides, R. Br., and probably identical with the
Piturin found by Staiger in Duboisia Hopwoodii, F. v. M. Pre-
pared like Nicotin.—Yellowish oily liquid, lighter than water, of
a strong narcotic odour, resembling that of nicotin and also of
cantharides, of a very strong alkaline reaction, neutralises the
acids completely ; dissolves in any quantity of water, alcohol, and
ether; throws down ferrous oxyd from subsulphate of iron; dis-
solves colourless in concentrated acids. Its hydrochloride in a
weak aqueous solution is precipitable by bi-iodide of potassium,
the iodides of potassio-mercury and of potassio-bismuth, and by
tannic acid, not by other alkaloid reagents. Nicotin, to which
Duboisin resembles, is distinguished from the latter by its specific
gravity, its less powerful odour, and by its hydrochloride in a
diluted aqueous solution being precipitated by phosphomolybdate
of soda, picric acid, and chloride of platinum.—(F. von Mueller
and L. Rummel.)

Erythrophlaein (see page 229).—This alkaloid has also been
obtained from the bark of Erythrophlaeum Laboucheri, F. v. M.
The E. crystallises in needle-shaped crystals, which are often
united in tufts and arranged in the form of an oblique cross; it is
almost tasteless, not bitter, either by itself or united with acids;
its concentrated solution in aqueous alcohol is precipitable on
addition of absolute alcohol; its salts are likewise precipitated by
phospho-molybdate and phospho-tungstate of soda; it appears to be
nearly related to Laburnin. It occurs in the dry bark to the
extent of about 2°. This alkaloid may be sought for also in
a species recently rendered known from the Seychelles. —(F. von
Mueller and L. Rummel.)

Pilocarpin, Ca; Hz, N4 O, according to Kingsett, Journ. Chemie.
Soc., October, 1876. This alkaloid, the only one of the Jaborandi,
on distillation with caustic potass yields trimethylamin. To
obtain Pilocarpin the Jaborandi is exhausted with alcohol and
tartaric acid by a process similar to that followed by Duquesnel
for isolating aconitin.—(C. R. Blackett).

Pyrocatechin (Oxyphenal or Oxyphenic acid) is formed by the
dry distillation of Catechin, and is also obtainable from wood-

332

vinegar. It is a white crystalline mass, melts at 112° C., and
volatilises even at lower temperatures. It has a bitter taste, but
is scarcely of acid reaction. In contact with hydrochloric acid it
tinges fir-woods violet; it dissolves in water, alcohol, and ether.
The aqueous solution deposits a white precipitate with lead-acetate,
and colours ferric salts dark-green; nitric acid decomposes it into
oxalic acid and a small portion of a yellow nitro-compound
(Watts). For its direct occurrence in plants see page 182.

Tannie Acid (its estimation).—Exhaust with boiling water,
filter, add a solution of chrome-alum as long as a sediment is
formed, filter after a few hours, wash out, dry at 100° C., and
weigh; then incinerate the dry precipitate and weigh again the
remaining oxyd of chromium; the first weight minus the latter
one gives the amount of tannic acid.—(F. v. Mueller and L. Rum-
mel). The active tannic principle in oak-bark seems as yet
not strictly chemically defined.

P. 269, add, before Coniferee: 3, Gymnosperme.

Many substances, of which as yet the chemical formula has
not been carefully ascertained, or of which well-marked charac-
teristics are not yet on record (such as Podophyllum-resin, oil of
Erigeron Canadensis, &c.), are omitted in this work for the present.

P. 40, 1. 18.—Instead of Fibrin read Fibre.

P. 68, 1. 11.— Strike out “alkaloid.”

P. 91, 1. 20, 21, 25, 27.—Instead of “Gingkoic, Gingko,
Gingkoate” read “ Ginkgoic, Ginkgo, Ginkgoate.”

149, 1. 14.—Instead of “ Eucalyptin” read “ Eucalypten.”

171, 1. 29.—Instead of Pholobaphen read Phlobaphen.

174, ]. 11.—Instead of “ceropic” read “ ceropinic.”

1. 18.—Instead of “acids” read “acrids.”

‚1. 2.—Instead of “Ca3 Hog Na O 4” read “Cag Hog Na Os,”
1. 10.—Instead of “Cog Ha; NO 3” read Cu Hog NOj¢.”

72.—Read Hule-Caoutchouc instead of Ulé Caoutchouc.

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