msamvh mm ■■■ . ■ WHt\ ■;■'.• ■ » ■11 ■Hal MB flHHI .■/■■:■ ; "■■ ■■ ■■ ,■.'■':.■■■■■"-' ■•.■■■■ >'i' ■RHS Mm JIB HHBw MS " BE &Bh$} Innf IHffiP ■■■>'■■;■: .;.v> ,:■■ ■ Hi HI __ffBMWKffaBll] ■•:'■■/'•.■■ ■;,:•?■■■:..■■■■: MONTEBCV, N?h-(Q-7 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS organization OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA FOR THE PERUVIAN NAVY BANK by Hector Soldi Soldi September 1981 The ;sis Advisor: R. Garwood co- -Advisor: D. McLain Approved for public release, distribution unlimited T202792 UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OP THIS PAGE (-Rnon Dmim Bntmfd) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 4. 'I TLt and Sutxnf, Organization of an Oceanographic Data Bank for the Peruvian Navy 7. AUTHOR.' •> Hector Soldi Soldi 1 »£H'O»MIN0 ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 READ INSTRUCTtONS BEFORE COMPLETTNC FORM 1 PEClPlENT-S CAT ALOG NUMBER s type of repobt » »e»iqo covereo Master's Thesis September 1981 S. PERFORMING ORG. P.EPQPT nuMBEI ». CONTRACT OR GP.ANT NT NUMSERft; 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT TASK AREA * WORK UNIT NUMBERS 12. REPORT DATE September 1981 13 NUMBER OF PAGES 80 14 MONITORING AGENCY NAME * AOORESSfl/ dUlmtmM mm Caturotllnt OHIe*) lft. SECURITY CLASS, (ol ihlt report; Unclassified 'So. DECLASSIFICATION' DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ot thlt Jtppeff; Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (oi trio ahmlrmet tnffd In Block 20, II dltl»tmnt tram Report; IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IB. KEY ROROS 'Contlnuo on r«ror»« «/d« // nocooaory •»*" Immntlty my oloe* n*JRR«rj oceanographic data, Peru Current, "El Nino", data exchange, data bank, Peruvian Navy, oceanographic data acquisition, Peru 20 ABSTRACT (Catitlntf on ro»or«o si dm It noeooFAVT R»«! Idmnlltr »F Woe* maaoor) Oceanographic data have been acquired along the coast of Peru for several decades. This information is important due to the effect of the cold northward Peru Current and Undercurrent and the intermittent warm "El Nino" counter- current along the coast of Peru. These two phenomena greatly affect the fishing grounds along the coast as well as the characteristics of sound propagation in the sea due to changes in the vertical thermal structure of the water column. The creation of an oceanographic data bank for the Peruvian Navy is proposed for the archival from various sources of al avai^abl0 historical .iafa fnr ^wP DO | jan*71 1473 COITION OF 1 NOV SS IS OBSOLETE S/N 0 102-014- »S0I UNCLASSIFIED 1 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE fRnpn 0«f« tnt—4) t>cuwf» et*ni>ie«Tiow or twit »>tif»«i«i w«»« ggwggg waters near Peru. The data bank will be updated by a long term program of oceanographic data acquisition and exchange with local and foreign institutions, These data will be stored in an easily accessible format that can be useful for the Navy in creating operational products for the fleet and in monitoring and eventually predicting the ocean variability along the coast of Peru. Some of the applications of the data bank for the Navy, fisheries and other potential users are presented. DD . Fornix 1473 S/ 1 Jan 73 ____— — — - N 0102-014-6601 iieu*!" clamihc*^©* o' t»h **otr"»~ o« Approved for public release, distribution unlimited Organization of an Oceanographic Data Bank for the Peruvian Navy by Hector Soldi Soldi Lieutenant, Peruvian Navy B.A., Peruvian Naval Academy, 1973 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1981 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIF, 93940 ABSTRACT Oceanographic data have been acquired along the coast of Peru for several decades. This information is important due to the effect of the cold northward Peru Current and Undercurrent and the intermittent warm "El Nino" countercurrent along the coast of Peru. These two phenom- ena greatly affect the fishing grounds along the coast as well as the characteristics of sound propagation in the sea due to changes in the vertical thermal structure of the water column. The creation of an oceanographic data bank for the Peruvian Navy is proposed for the archival from various sources of all available historical data for the waters near Peru. The data bank will be updated by a long term program of oceanographic data acquisition and exchange with local and foreign institutions. These data will be stored in an easily accessible format that can be useful for the Navy in creating operational products for the fleet and in monitoring and eventually predicting the ocean vari- ability along the coast of Peru. Some of the applications of the data bank for the Navy, fisheries and other potential users are presented. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Dr. Roland W. Garwood, and Dr. Douglas McLain, for their assistance, and to the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center at Monterey for supplying the data for this work. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - - - 4 I. INTRODUCTION 9 II. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA FROM PERUVIAN WATERS 12 A. HISTORICAL REMARKS — 12 B. OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPEDITIONS - - - 14 1. EASTROPAC Program 16 2. El Nino Watch Expedition 17 3. CUEA Program - — 17 III. THE IMPORTANCE OF AN OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA BANK IN PERU - 20 A. THE FISHERIES — — 20 B. THE NAVY - 23 C. THE CREATION OF THE BANK 24 IV. ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK — 28 A. THE IMPORTANCE OF DATA FORMATS -- 28 B. HISTORICAL DATA FORMAT (MOODS) - 31 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE MOODS FORMAT - 32 1. Day-Time Group 32 2. Position - 32 3. Cruise Number and Ship Code 32 4. Number of Levels 33 5. Number of Standard Levels 33 6. Report Number 5 7. Profile Data - - 33 8. Source Code 34 D. EXTRACT FILE FOR THE PERUVIAN AREA 34 E. SELECTION OF THE DATA 37 V. APPLICATIONS — — -- 38 A. INTRODUCTION --- 38 B. INVENTORY OF THE DATA - 39 C. NAVAL APPLICATIONS 47 D. OTHER APPLICATIONS - - — — 49 1. Topography of Isothermal Surfaces 49 2. Sea Level Data — -- 54 VI. CONCLUSIONS -- — 55 APPENDIX A - PRINT FORMAT OF HYDRO-CAST AND BT PROFILES 57 APPENDIX B - LISTING OF OBSERVATIONS - — 58 LIST OF REFERENCES --- 74 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 76 LIST OF TABLES 1. Data Collection Programs 1950 ' s-1970 ' s -- 15 2. Flow of Information into the Bank 27 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Area Selected for Data Extraction from MOODS Monthly Tapes 35 2. Distribution of BT Historical Data for 1960 - -- 41 3. Distribution of Hydrocast Historical Data for 1960 42 4. Distribution of Hydrocast and BI Data for 1960 43 5. BT Historical Data for the Month of June, All Years 44 6. Hydrocast Historical BT Data for the Month of June, All Years — 45 7. Hydrocast and Historical BT Data for the Month of June, All Years — 46 8. Map with Grid of One Degree Quadrangles 48 9. Sound Speed Profiles for Period April -June Quadrange #60 50 10. Trans. Loss Curves for Representative Profile at 6 Frequencies 51 11. Map of Depth(m) of 15°C Isotherm for May 1971 53 I. INTRODUCTION Oceanographic data have been acquired along the coast of Peru for many decades. The special characteristics of the Peruvian coastal waters, especially the strong upwelling of cold, nutrient rich waters along the coast and the sudden and sometimes catastrophic "El Nino" phenomenon, have attracted the interest of ocean scientists for many years. The economic, social and environmental impact of these two features on Peruvian society, and on the whole world, has motivated the organi- zation of several large oceanographic expeditions to the coast of Peru. Due to the extent and the diversity of information acquired, the expedi- tions of international cooperative programs that have taken place during the last fifteen years are most important. Unfortunately, much of the data that has been collected at high cost and effort for so many years is not centralized and is, therefore, not readily available to potential users in Peru or elsewhere. This is particularly true for physical oceanographic data, since much biologi- cal and chemical data have been assembled by the fisheries institutes. The Peruvian Navy requires an easily accessible oceanographic data bank to be able to provide information to its ships and submarines about ocean conditions under which they operate, and to make ocean forecasts for naval operation areas. However, the task of assembling a data bank is difficult because many of the data are not available in a computer accessible form and because no single institution or agency in Peru has archived all of the available historical data. In addition, the advan- tages of having an oceanographic data bank in Peru will benefit the fisheries, oceanographers, and scientific research in general, as well as the Navy. In 1973, the Naval Hydrographic Office (Direccion de Hidrografia y Navegacion de la Marina--DHNM) was assigned the task of implementing a "System of Oceanographic Information" (Sistema de Informacion Oceano- graphies or SIO). This system was envisioned as consisting of an oceanographic data base that would provide services to several users. There would need to be a long term program of oceanographic data acqui- sition to update the data bank on a continuing basis. The system would also have a mechanism for exchanging data with other local and foreign institutions. This thesis is a pilot study for the organization of a data bank for the Peruvian Navy that will eventually be part of the SIO. The scope of this work has been focused on the assembly of all available historical oceanographic data for areas in the vicinity of Peru. The historical data was mainly extracted from the Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set (MOODS) files of the Fleet Numerical Oceanographic Center (FNOC) in Monterey, California. After the data were selected, a simple system was designed to identify and store them in an orderly manner. This thesis has been divided into six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction. The second is an historical review of the data ac- quisition programs that have taken place off the coast of Peru with a brief description of the most important. The third chapter reviews the phenomena of upwelling and "El Nino" and their impact on the guano and 10 fisheries industry in Peru, pointing out the importance of oceanographic data for study, monitoring and eventually predicting such features. It also presents justification for having a long range program of data ac- quisition to update the data bank. The fourth chapter introduces the MOODS system which was used in the selection and processing of the data, commenting on the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a similar system for the SIO. The fifth chapter presents some examples of practi- cal applications of the data and discusses future possible uses of the bank. The last chapter presents the conclusions. 11 II. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA FROM PERUVIAN WATERS A. HISTORICAL REMARKS Ever since 1811 when A. Von Humboldt described fHumboldt, 18267 what is now called the Humboldt or Peru current, many scientists and investi- gators have studied the coastal waters of Peru. It is difficult to identify when the peculiar characteristics of the cool waters of the Peruvian coast first drew the attention of the people living or travel- ing along this narrow strip of land. However, there are several Spanish documents dated as early as 1540, issued to the King of Spain, that re- port ^Murphy, 1937J on the geographical and climatic characteristics of the newly conquered land. The cool ocean waters, the almost total lack of rain, and the abundance of marine life were the most striking features for the newcomers, who reported how they cooled their drinks by hanging flasks over the side of their ships. One of the most notorious characteristics that concerned the Spanish, however, (because of its implications for navigation) was the origin and path of the sometimes strong northward current that affected the route of the ships sailing between Panama and Callao. An excerpt IZarate, 1555 j, from the "Account of the Country" written by Treasurer-General Zarate to the Spanish King in 1543, indicates their preoccupation with this fact: "This constant wind and current render the navigation exceedingly difficult from Panama to Peru for the greater part of the year; so that vessels are obliged always to tack to windward against wind and current. " Since the time of the Spanish conquest, many other travelers, scientists and navigators have referred to this phenomenon and tried to explain its 12 cause. Some of these observations were of commercial value because of the increasing trade and shipping between Peru and Europe via Panama. The Spanish and Portuguese sailors were already aware of the existence of these strong ocean currents. By 1519, they had discovered the advan- tage of sailing with favorable equatorial currents across the Atlantic to America and returning northward along the Florida Strait in the Gulf Stream as far as Cape Hatteras and then eastward to Spain and Portugal. Aside from the commercial importance of the currents, there were many pioneering scientists who started to systematically acquire physi- cal and biological information for scientific investigation. In the second half of the XVIII century the thermometer was already available and many navigators wrote of the importance of temperature observations for determination of current boundaries. In 1802, Von Humboldt attempted a global interpretation of the temperature measurements on the Peruvian coastal current ^Humboldt, 1926j. Even though he incorrectly concluded that the low temperature was due to the Antarctic origin of the flow (actually the cool water comes from upwelled subsurface water, from Antarctic origin), he was still the first to attempt a comprehensive scientific study and interpretation of this current that still bears his name. After Humboldt, other investigators started to look for additional explanations for this oceanic phenomenon. Because of its importance in the circulation of the Pacific Ocean, many governments, private institutions and entrepeneurs became aware of the benefits of such investigation and began to organize and fund large oceanographic expeditions to acquire scientific data. 13 B. OCEANOGRAPHIC EXPEDITIONS In 1823, 1836 and 1837-8, three French expeditions acquired informa- tion along the coast of Peru to corroborate Humboldt's theory [Dupery, 1829J. In 1835, the well known expedition by the Beagle accompanied by Charles Darwin visited the coast of Peru and collected biological data [Fitz Roy, 1839j. The assembly of these new data was followed by new theories and interpretations: De Tessan (1844) hypothesized that the low water temperatures were due to upwelling. In 1874, Dink! age added another piece of evidence to the puzzle by pointing out the importance of the trade winds in the westerly set of the surface flow fGunther, 19367, The first few years of the XIX century saw a profusion of new theories concerning the explanation of the Peru Current. Sverdrup, Schweigger, Vallaux and Schott were a few of the oceanographers who investigated the Peru Current and the already known "El Nino" countercurrent using more advanced instrumentation and techniques (Gunther, 1936J. During the decade of the 1930' s, Sverdrup fsverdrup, 1930J and Schweigger ^Schweigger, 193lJ published the first coastal and open ocean observations acquired with subsurface instruments. The data included temperature, salinity, pH and current velocity. These expeditions were so useful in learning about the characteristics of the area that others were encouraged to organize more elaborate data acquisition programs. In 1928-29, the cruises of the Carnegie fGunther, 1 936j yielded valuable data across the Eastern South Pacific, not only along the coast, but from offshore waters to as far as 115 W and from the Equator to 40 S. Sverdrup's interpretation of the resultant temperature and salinity sec- tions contributed to a better understanding of the limits of the system of oceanic currents and undercurrents along the coast of Peru. 14 In 1931 the British ship R.R.S. William Scores by made an extensive survey from the Equator to 40 S acquiring meteorological data and observ- ing temperature, salinity and phosphate concentration from the surface to 400 meters deep. The results of the Scoresby expedition are presented in an extensive report ^Gunther, 1936J. After this expedition, and particu- larly during the 1960's, many well -organized oceanographic cruises have been conducted along the Peruvian coast. The following is a list of some of the most important modern expeditions. Many other short cruises by local and foreign institutions that have taken place in this part of the ocean are not included. TABLE 1 Data Collection Programs 1950's-1970's Program or Institution Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography EASTROPAC Program Scripps Institution of Oceanography CUEA Program The last three expeditions deserve special commentary because they were large data acquisition and experimental programs that greatly added to the amount of information available from this part of the ocean. Many other cruises done by local institutions also exist and will be incorpor- ated into the bank. 15 Year Name 1952 Shellback Expedition .1953 Yale South American Expedition 1960 STEP-1 Expedition 1967-8 (several ) 1972 El Nino Watch Expedition 1976 JOINT II Experiment 1. EASTROPAC Program In 1960, at the seventh conference of Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference (EPOC), the members of this organization discussed the sparse and infrequent data acquired in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. From these discussions, it was concluded that in order to understand and pre- dict the variations of the circulation of this area, a more complete data base was necessary. An ambitious program of geological, geophysical, meteorological, as well as physical, chemical and biological oceanographic data acquisition was proposed. After several years of delay, the original program was somewhat reduced, fisheries surveys were added, and the re- vised program adopted its definitive name, Eastern Tropical Pacific Pro- gram (EASTROPAC). This was to be a cooperative effort towards understanding of the oceanography of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. The program included the participation of U.S., Mexican and Latin American institutions. The fieldwork was divided into seven 2-month cruises of the area between 20 N and 20 S and from the coast of North and South America to 119 W. Five of these seven periods of observations were conducted adjacent to the Peru coast during the months of: Feb-Mar 1967, Jun-Jul 1967, Aug-Sept 1967, Oct-Nov 1967 and Feb-Mar 1968. These particular cruises included the participation of four U.S. ships and one Peruvian ship. The informa- tion acquired was primarily physical and biological oceanographic data but included meteorological observations as well. All the observations during this program were processed and presented in eleven volumes as the "EASTROPAC ATLAS". EASTROPAC was the first successful international program for the comprehensive acquisition of data in the Eastern Pacific. It was an 16 instructive experience for all of the participants in the organization of this kind of international cooperative program, and it would prove to be a valuable experience that was to be repeated many more times during the following decade. 2. El Nino Watch Expedition In October 1974, based on previous studies done on the "El Nino" phenomenon, a prediction was made ^Quinn, 1974J that a weak El Nino event would occur in early 1975. A group of scientists sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation of the United States organized a multidisciplinary expedition to observe the conditions offshore of Ecuador and Peru. The expedition consisted of two cruises that surveyed the area from 2 N to 14 S, and 95 W to the coast. The first cruise took place from mid-February through March 1975 and the second from mid-April through May of the same year. The data acquired included CTD casts to a depth of 500 m, Niskin casts, XBTs, vertical zooplankton net tows, current measurements and meteorological variables. This information has been analyzed and presented in the "El Nino Watch Atlas" [Patzert, 1978J. 3. CUEA Program In 1966, a group of scientists and government officials in the U.S. proposed a ten year systematic program of cooperative international ocean exploration. This was the beginning of what was to become one of the most significant events in recent oceanographic history, the Inter- national Decade for Ocean Exploration (IDOE). This ambitious program which took place during the decade of the 1970's was motivated by the future uses of the marine resources as well 17 as by scientific curiosity. It included the participation of many nations. By October 1978, 37 nations were involved in one or more of the various parts of IDOE programs. The original idea of IDOE was to promote an international, interdisciplinary and inter-institutional ap- proach to improve our understanding of the oceans. One of the objectives that was included in the context of IDOE, was that of "Environmental Forecasting". Later on, an objective entitled "Living Resources" was included. Under the auspices of these two objectives, the Coastal Up- welling Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) program was created. CUEA was a multidisciplinary research program designed to investigate coastal up- welling and its biological consequences. It was planned on the basis of a series of earlier investigations off Oregon and Northwest Africa in the mid-1960' s and off the coast of Peru in 1966 and 1969 [tostlow and Barber, 1980J. CUEA included several field programs with ships from eight countries participating in the intensive periods of observa- tion. Four small and two large field operations were conducted in the regions of upwelling. The large operations were named JOINT-I, con- ducted off North West Africa and JOINT-II, off Peru. JOINT-II was a U.S.A. -Peruvian effort of data acquisition and experimentation. It was divided into three periods of intense observations: March-May 1976 (MAM 76), July-November 1976 (JASON 76) and March-May (MAM 77). Seven U.S. and two Peruvian ships participated in the data acquisition. The U.S. provided aircraft, satellites and eight shore-based meteoro- logical stations, and Peru provided logistic support for the aircraft and meteorological stations, as well as a coordination center at the Instituto del Mar del Peru, in Lima. 18 CUEA has produced one of the most comprehensive sets of data ever collected off the coast of Peru. The results of the field, labora- tory and theoretical studies will be a valuable source of data for future investigations in this area. 19 HI. THE IMPORTANCE OF AN QCEANOGRAPHIC DATA BANK IN PERU A. THE FISHERIES It is a well known fact that the surface water close to Peru is much colder than what is expected at these latitudes. The temperature was so low that Humboldt thought that the northern current originated in Antarc- tica. However, in 1844 De Tessan, correctly attributed the low tempera- ture to upwelling of subsurface water (from 100 to 300 m) along the coast. Upwelling is a process whereby subsurface water rises toward the surface. Coastal upwelling results when prevailing winds produce off- shore flow in the surface layer near a coastal boundary [O'Brien, 1978J. Areas of coastal upwelling cover only 1% of the oceans, but they con- tain more than half the world commercial fish stocks. Coastal upwelling occurs along virtually all coasts. It is very intense in several places such as the coasts of California-Oregon, Northwest and Southwest Africa, Arabia, and western South America. In some of these regions, the phenomenon is seasonal (especially in mid-latitudes), whereas off Peru, it occurs throughout most of the year. Upwelling is of particular importance because it can raise great quantities of phosphates, nitrates, silicates, and other nutrients from subsurface waters. The presence of these nutrients in the photic zone greatly enhances photosynthesis and as a result, algae and phytoplankton flourish. Along the coast of Peru, this great productivity in plant life provides the basis for a prodigious food chain which supports a large fish population, including the largest population of anchovies and 20 ocean birds found anywhere. As a result, the commercial fishery harvest is enormous. In 1970, Peru accounted for more than one fifth of the total world fish protein production /O'Brien et al , 1981 J. However, this productivity at the top of the food chain is not \/ery stable. In the northern part of Peru, a tongue of Equatorial Counter- current water annually intrudes southward along the coast from the Gulf O o of Guayaquil. It is of 6 to 7 C warmer and much less saline than the surface water it displaces. This event usually occurs during the Christmas season and is, therefore, known as "El Nino", which means "The Child", the popular name given to the Child Christ, symbol of the Christ- mas season. "El Nino" occurs every year with its warm waters penetrating to 6 or 7 S. In some years, this countercurrent is stronger than normal and it may reach as far as 12°S or more, causing a catastrophic destruc- tion of plankton and fish life. In "El Nino" years, the large anchovy population which is adapted to the cold upwelled water, either scatters in search of cooler water or it migrates offshore. Many fish die pre- maturely, dramatically reducing the stock. Large number of seabirds that mainly feed on these anchovies die of starvation, and the guano (seabird fecal deposits used as fertilizer) yield is reduced with a deleterious effect on agriculture. The effects of "El Nino" are evident in the at- mosphere as well. In severe "El Nino" years, the northern coastal areas experience torrential rains causing flooding in the farmlands along the river valleys. The social and economic impact of this event in Peru is well docu- mented ["Murphy, 1954; Caviedes, 1975; Paul ik, 1981 J. In 1960, the fishmeal industry alone represented 35% of total national foreign 21 earnings £Paulik, 1981 J. In 1972, a combination of very intense fishing and a long and intense "El Nino" caused the collapse of the fishing in- dustry. The economically important guano mining industry also felt the effect of this phenomenon in the late 1930' s. The economic effects are felt worldwide in the price and supply of fertilizers and fishmeal. In 1973, a sharp rise in the price of chicken in the U.S. was due to the un- availability of fishmeal used as chickenfeed ^O'Brien, 1978J. Prices of soybean meal, which competes with fishmeal as animal feed, increased due to reduced supplies of fishmeal on the world market. The "El Nino" phenomenon is an important example of a complex ocean/ atmosphere interaction whose causes are still not fully understood. Much effort has recently been made to understand the interaction be- tween atmospheric and ocean conditions that precede the initiation of an "El Nino", yet more data are needed to improve any predictive capabili- ties for the onset of the event. The far reaching effects of "El Nino" on the Peruvian economy and on the world supply of fertilizers and fish- meal has encouraged the scientific community to try to understand the behavior of this phenomenon by the acquisition of more data. In recent years, there have been numerous studies of this event that used these data. It is now important to update and organize these data to better document "El Nino" and its variability. It is also important to share these data between the countries of the region that are affected by the "El Nino" (Ecuador, Chile, Peru and Colombia) under programs such as ERFEN (Regional Study of the "El Nino" Phenomenon). 22 B. THE NAVY The onset of "El Nino" with rapidly changing conditions of the water masses along the coast also changes the acoustical characteristics of the ocean in this area. The Navy is interested in this variability because of its effects on underwater sound propagation for antisubmarine warfare (ASW). Because of the historical economic impact of "El Nino" and its conse- quences for Naval operations, it is necessary to develop an oceanographic data bank to archive all available historical ocean data for Peruvian waters and also to update the data bank with new information on a continu- ing basis to monitor and eventually to predict ocean conditions. Several years ago, the Peruvian Navy began a study of the physical characteristics of the ocean waters along the coast to provide its ships and submarines with information on the environment in which they operate. The Peruvian Naval Hydrographic Office (DHNM) was assigned the responsi- bility of collecting data available from local sources. Because of the need for rapid access to the data and for rapid preparation of summaries in different forms, the data were to be in computer accessible form. The DHNM searched for physical oceanographic data in government offices and fisheries institutions but found very little in computer accessible form, and ultimately most of the information acquired came from the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). This lack of computer accessible oceanographic information from local sources lead to the concept of a data bank for the Navy and other users in which all the data acquired along the coast of Peru for many years by local and foreign sources could be organized in such a way so 23 as to be of immediate use. The potential benefits from the organization of such a bank include the incentive it will provide for students of marine sciences and other related investigations. Its creation should encourage the Peruvian Navy to implement a strong program of oceanographic data acquisition with Navy ships and other platforms. It should also en- courage other sources, local and foreign that acquire oceanographic data to provide it to the bank on an exchange basis. Finally, it will create a mechanism to archive the information gathered by foreign ships that come to Peru on future oceanographic expeditions. On the basis of these considerations, the Peruvian Navy decided to commission the organization of an oceanographic data bank. C. THE CREATION OF THE BANK On March 11th 1977, the Government of Peru issued the Decree Law D.S. #033-77-MA by which the responsibility for the creation and organization of the Oceanographic Information System or Sistema de Informacion Oceanografico (SIO), was assigned to the Hydrographic Office of the Navy. The first step in the organization of such a system is the collection and inventory of all available historical information. As is evident, a large amount of data has been acquired along the coast of Peru for many years. Finding and identifying this data today is difficult because of the diversity of the sources and data formats. Although a significant effort has been made by various institutions over the years in the acquisition of data, much of this valuable informa- tion remains scattered in the archives of those institutions. In recent years, however, efforts have been made to try to centralize and standardize the acquisition of data from all over the world. Two such central 24 facilities are (NODC) and World Data Centers A and B in Washington D.C. and Moscow, respectively. The organization of the historical data is only the initial step in the creation of the oceanographic data bank which will support the SIO. Next, there needs to be careful planning for the establishment of pro- cedures to acquire additional data to update the data bank, and for the implementation of such procedures. There are many considerations in planning the future acquisition of data: special projects or areas of study, user requirements, existence of historical data, availability of platforms for data acquisition, Navy priorities, etc. The creation of the SIO will require that the DHNM organize a network of data-acquisition platforms that can provide the data to update the bank on a continuing basis. This can be done in part by use of Navy ships as well as fishing and commercial ships of opportunity. The use of ships of opportunity has already enabled the monitoring of atmospheric conditions along the coast of Peru, and they could also be used for ac- quiring oceanographic data. The implementation of such a monitoring system is not simple but can be accomplished by sharing both the respon- sibilities and the benefits of the program with others. For example, FNOC already has a global ship of opportunity program in existence. Data acquired by these ships provide a large scale monitoring and temperature conditions in the Pacific Ocean and a few of the ships make expendable bathythermograph observations in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The implementation of the SIO will be divided into three main stages: 1) the acquisition and organization of the existing historical data; 2) the establishment of procedures for monitoring, assembling and ex- changing of new data to update the data base on a continuing basis; and 25 3) the implementation of computer analysis programs and application products to provide services for users. The scope of this thesis is devoted to the first of these steps, that is, the compilation from numerous sources of all available historical data from the coastal waters of Peru. More specifically, the focus is on the design and implementation of an archiving system of primarily physical oceanographic data. One purpose of this thesis is to provide some ideas and examples of possible applications of the available historical data. A final purpose of this thesis is to conduct a pilot study and test of some of the systems already in existence for the management of oceanographic data. The programs developed for the processing of the data will be trans- ferred to the computer facilities of the Peruvian Navy where they will be tested to start the implementation of the SIO. Next, all available physi- cal data will be acquired and introduced to the system to update the bank. Table 2 shows how the flow of information will update the bank in the future. One of the main accomplishments of this thesis is that it has pro- vided experience in working with programs and data sets similar to those that will be used for the SIO. This experience will be very valuable in the design and implementation of the oceanographic data bank for the Peruvian Navy. 26 TABLE 2 Flow of Information Into the Bank Talara Paita Sea Level Data Pimentel Callao Chimbote San Juan Meteorological Data Hydrographic and STD CTD XBT BT Oceanographic Data Bank (SIO) Oceanographic Ships Navy Ships USERS XBT. BT Ships of Opportunity Other Sources Currentmeter & Satellite Data 27 IV. ORGANIZATION OF THE BANK A. THE IMPORTANCE OF DATA FORMATS The way in which data are recorded is a central issue in the design of any computerized data management system. The computer does not recognize what the data represent; rather, it is the programmer who formats the data for input to the computer as an ordered pattern of bi- nary digits or bits. There are several different ways of formating oceanographic data. Some formats are more efficient than others depending on the type of data and the applications for which the data are to be used. It is also im- portant that the available computer efficiently supports the format. During the last fifteen years, the improvement of computers and of sophis- ticated techniques for archiving and retrieving data from large data bases has increased the efficiency of managing oceanographic data. Re- cently developed systems save considerable amount of memory space and computer time. As an example of improving data storage techniques, in 1966 the North Atlantic ocean station file of the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) was stored on sixty-four reels of tape. By the simple tech- nique of grouping single card images into blocks of ten card images per tape record, the physical size of the file was reduced from sixty-four to twenty-one reels of tape [\ergen, 1970J. This saved considerable space and reduced the complexity of making computer summaries of the data. Later, in the same year, NAVOCEANO restructured the same file 28 into an experimental format called "rapid access" format Yergen, 1967 . This format further reduced the twenty-one reels to three reels of mag- netic tape and made the data very accessible. The new, more efficient scheme used a binary number format rather than the former binary coded decimal (BCD) character format. In this way, the size of the file was reduced and conversions between BCD and binary numbers eliminated. Elimination of the BCD-binary conversion speeds the processing since binary is the natural arithmetic base sys- tem of most computers. Reducing the physical size of the file not only saves space and simplifies computer runs but also reduces the actual time needed to transport the tape past the computer's tape-read heads. There are several disadvantages of binary data, however. Most im- portant is that data are commonly exchanged between computers in charac- ter form and many users are unfamiliar with binary data. Also many common compilers (such as IBM FORTRAN) do not contain features to easily handle binary data. Thus, the user is forced to develop special sub- routines to pack and unpack the data. Fortunately efficient, FORTRAN callable, machine language subroutines are available for many computers, based on work at the National Center for Atmospheric Research Jenne, 1979 and Scripps Institution of Oceanography Hilton, 1974 . These are the routines SBIT/SBITS and GBIT/GBITS which pack and unpack bits or strings of bits. An example of the volume and computer time saved on a Control Data Computer (CDC) by using binary packed rather than BCD data is given below £jenne, 1974]. For a number in the range 0 to 4095 in magnitude (such as ocean temperatures in the range -1.8°C to 35.0°C, stored as 29 hundredths of a degree Celsius, -180 to 3500 units, and biased by +2.0°C or 200 units to be in the range 20 to 3700 units) the following number of bits are required for storage: Volume comparison: Storage Method Volume Per Number Binary Packed 12 Bits BCD (6 Bit Character) 24 Bits BCD (8 Bit Character) 32 Bits Also, the amount of time required to convert the number for use in calculations is as follows: Type of Data Time to Unpack It Binary (12 Bit Number Using Machine Language) 3 microseconds Binary (12 Bit Number Using Fortran Subroutine) 20 microseconds BCD Characters Using Fortran Subroutine 120 microseconds As can be seen, considerable time and space is saved by using binary packed data when working with large volumes of data. In the above ex- amples, there is about a three-to-one compaction and about a forty-to- one saving in time. Ever since the computer became an indispensable tool for storing and processing large amounts of data, many storage devices have been used for archiving and exchanging information between data centers. Punched cards, punched paper tapes, magnetic tapes, and disks have all been used for this purpose. Today, because of its versatility and low 30 cost, magnetic tape is a common storage device and its standardization by all major computer manufacturers has simplified the exchange of data on tape between users. However, even though magentic tape has become a standard medium, many different formats are used to store oceanographic data. The increasing diversity of ways of acquiring oceanographic data, together with the variety of applications for the data has encouraged the design of many different formats each suited to the user's particular needs and computer facilities. Based on the earlier work of Yergen, Jenne, and others, the Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set (MOODS) was developed by Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) as an attempt to merge all available ocean profile data globally for rapid access by computers for naval purposes. B. HISTORICAL DATA FORMAT (MOODS) The main source of historical data for the coastal waters off Peru was extracted from the MOODS archives of FNDC. During the last few years, efforts have been made at FNOC to acquire all available oceanographic profile data from files of the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and other sources in order to make the existing oceanographic data easily accessible to operational users. The data conversions and programs to handle the MOODS data were written in Fortran IV by Compass Systems, Inc. and implemented on a CDC 6500 computer at FNOC. The MOODS system was designed to meet five objectives: (1) simplifi- cation of computer software to handle a single format of ocean profile data rather than the multiple formats used previously, (2) compaction of the data files from more than 50 reels of tape to just a few reels (or ultimately, a single disk pack), (3) rapid access by computer, (4) ease 31 of data exchange between computers of different manufacturers. The data are stored as binary integers, biased to be positive integers to eliminate problems of handling negative binary numbers. For further compaction of the data, values in each profile are stored as differences rather than actual values. C. DESCRIPTION OF THE MOODS FORMAT The MOODS files are sorted by time and position (both to the accuracy of minutes), source and ship files in such a way that records can be sorted and extracted in any combination of time, one degree areas, ship and source files. The information packed into a MOODS record, corres- ponding to one complete ocean profile, is divided into several fields. Each field contains information about the observation in the following sequence: 1 . Day-Time Group This is an eight digit integer that contains the year, month, day and hour of the observation (i.e., 65032110 corresponds to 1000 hours Greenwich time on the 21st of March 1965). 2. Position Latitude and longitude are stored to the nearest minute. The hemisphere is stored as 2 bits with positive values for north and east hemispheres. 3. Cruise Number and Ship Code The cruise number usually corresponds to the N0DC cruise number. If the data were not obtained from N0DC, the number used is the one coded by the source. Because the criteria used by different data acqui- sition organizations to select their cruise numbers are not the same, 32 FNOC has developed a cross-reference table to identify the ship codes and names of ships. 4. Number of Levels This number corresponds to the discrete number of recordings taken during the original observation. 5. Number of Standard Levels This is the number of levels at which values can be interpolated. A convenient feature of the MOODS subroutines is conversion of the data to standard levels from the original values. The standard depths to which values are interpolated can be selected by the user. This feature is especially useful in mapping the distribution of data at a selected depth, as will be seen in the last chapter. 6. Report Number All the observations, whether BTs or hydrocasts, are numbered consecutively, and sorted by month, year, and by latitude and longitude (rounded to whole degrees). The report number is generated by a counter that keeps track of the number of observations extracted from the FNOC MOODS files. This number will eventually be altered when installed in the DHNM computer facilities in Peru because additional historical data will be added from other local sources such as the Peruvian Navy and fisheries. 7. Profile Data The MOODS subroutines contain an array of dimension 7, corres- ponding to the seven possible variables that can be selected for an ob- servation, coded as follows: 33 Code 0 Depth Code 1 Temperature (in degrees Celcius) Code 2 Salinity (in parts per thousand) Code 3 Sigma-T Code 4 Pressure Code 5 Sound Speed (in meters per second Code 6 Oxygen (in millimeters per liter) More than seven variables may be included in the future (such as chlorophyll), as needed. Any of these parameters or combinations of them can be selected and displayed in a table format, provided the ob- servation contains such information. This feature also enables the user to rapidly select those profiles having the desired parameters. 8. Source Code The source code identifies the source of the observation and allows the system to sort the data set by source and permits identifi- cation of individual observations. FNOC has a table of codes identifying the various sources. D. EXTRACT FILE FOR THE PERUVIAN AREA Extraction of all available data from the area off the coast of Peru was done by FNOC from their monthly-sorted MOODS data tapes. The limits of the area selected was from the Equator to 20°S and from 86°W to the coast. This area covers the entire length of the Peruvian coast, approximately 200 miles offshore as can be seen from Figure 1. The extracted information contains NODC mechanical and expendable bathythermographic (BT and XBT) data and hydrocast data, radio messages of BT and XBT data, Scripps Institution of Oceanography file of mechani- cal BT data read at 100 ft intervals, BT data digitized by Scripps 34 FIGURE 1: Areas Selected for Data Extraction From MOODS Monthly Tapes 35 Institution and Compass Systems, Inc., and British XBT and mechanical BT data. The extracted MOODS data file was read and inventoried at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) using the IBM 370 Model 3033 computer. To be able to use the subroutines from the FNOC Control Data Corporation com- puter to unpack the data in the MOODS format on the NPS computer, the subroutine had to be modified because the Fortran languages used by the CDC and IBM computers are not directly compatible. This conversion of the FNOC MOODS data read subroutines for use on the NPS computer and will allow the future NPS users to use MOODS format data independent of FNOC s facilities. Now that these subroutines are adapted to the NPS system, it may be worthwhile to install the global MOODS data base at the NPS W.R. Church Computer Center and incorporate the subroutines as part of the public library. Additionally, since the Peruvian Navy has an IBM computer which will be used for the support of the SIO, MOODS files will be easily accessible using the converted routines by the DHNM for climatological purposes. In addition, new data will be processed by DHNM and will include CTD data acquired on research vessels, XBT data acquired on ships of opportunity operating along the coast of Peru, and sea level data for the six tide gauges installed along the coast. The programs that will process the current oceanographic data for the DHNM will not use the MOODS format but rather a simpler character format because of the elaborate programming required to update MOODS files and the relatively small amount of new data to be processed. The new data will be exchanged with NODC and FNOC and updated MOODS climatological tapes provided to DHNM by FNOC. 36 E. SELECTION OF THE DATA Once the MOODS read subroutines were converted to the IBM computer and tested, the data were separated into two groups: bathythermograph! c (mechanical BT, XBT, or AXBT) and hydrocast data. The data were then listed in a convenient format (examples are shown in Appendix A). In the following chapter, it will be seen that the separation of data into hydrocast stations and BTs was done to form independent sets of data for specific applications. For example, sound speed profile analysis re- quires salinity information and thus can only use hydrocast data. 37 V. APPLICATIONS A. INTRODUCTION The two primary functions of the SIO are: archival of data concerning the ocean area off the coast of Peru and distribution of this information to the users. The applications of the data are the most important aspect in the consideration of the design and organization of the data bank. The effectiveness of any information system depends more on how well it satisfies the users' needs than on the level of sophistication of the system. It is of vital importance to clearly define the problems to be solved by the users to best define the organization of the information system. Based upon the priorities and objectives of the system, the design and organization of the data bank can be suitably tailored. Many of the potential users of the SIO and their specific needs have already been identified. These are the Navy, the fisheries, other agencies and scien- tific researchers. In addition, there may be other potential users hav- ing specific requirements for the use of this system in Peru. Many of these are difficult to identify at this time, and their presence will be obvious only after the system is created. It is for these cases that the flexibility of the system becomes important so that it can best satisfy the demands of all users with a minimum of data processing. Access to the SIO probably will initially be limited to a number of users having very different specific needs. However, it is very likely that additional users having other requirements may access the system 38 later on. Such new requests will encourage the growth and diversification of the system as well as provide new ideas for the acquisition and utiliza- tion of other oceanographic variables and the implementation of new appli- cations. This thesis primarily dealt with physical oceanographic data because very little of these data exist in the archives of any Peruvian institu- tion in comparison to the large amount of chemical and biological informa- tion collected by the Instituto del Mar del Peru, the Ministry of Fisheries and other sources. Many of these biological and chemical data will eventually also become part of the data bank of the SIO. In the following sections some of the more immediate applications and products that can be derived from the historical data collected for the data bank are presented, and other ideas of probable future use of these data are discussed. B. INVENTORY OF THE DATA The first task in organizing the bank is conducting an inventory of the data. The criterion used in selecting the variable under which the data are filed is yery important, and it will also depend on the specific needs of the user. The system has to be flexible enough so that dif- ferent sorting parameters can be used to select the data to be retrieved and presented to the user. For purposes of illustration, two cases of retrieving the data by different parameters will be shown. These are inventories of the observations by years and by months. The selection of year as a parameter to retrieve and display the in- formation is useful, and it is a familiar way of displaying data 39 sequentially. Data presented this way is particularly useful when studying phenomena of very low frequency of occurrence; such as, "El Nino". As stated earlier, the information collected includes bathythermo- graph^ (BT) and hydrocast observations. In order to provide a graphical representation of the geographical distribution of these two kinds of observations, three different maps were made: BT data, hydrocast data, and both types of data (Figures 2, 3 and 4). To complement the maps of the distribution of the data, a listing with the basic information of the individual observations is provided in Appendix B. The date, source and time of each observation can be obtained from this listing. A second way in which the information can be retrieved and presented is by month. This is useful in the investigation of phenomena having regular seasonal trends. One example of the application of monthly data is the selection of representative sound speed profiles by seasons (quarterly) for certain geographic areas. This application will be dis- cussed in more detail in Chapter IV. The monthly observations are dis- played in three maps similar to that for the yearly data (Figures 5, 6 and 7). Listings for this example are also given in Appendix B. These were just two of the many possible ways in which data can be selected and displayed. Other applications that can be derived from these data could be tables of the distribution of the data by source, year or other parameter. There can be multiple ways of selecting and displaying the data, and the user ultimately will decide the way the data are presented and sorted for specific applications. 40 FIGURE 2: Distribution of BT Historical Data for 1960 41 FIGURE 3: Distribution of Hydrocast Historical Data for 1960 42 FIGURE 4: Distribution of Hydrocast and BT Data for 1960 43 FIGURE 5: BT Historical Data for the Month of June, All Years 44 FIGURE 6: Hydrocast Historical Data for the Month of June, All Years 45 STSTFMQ IE TNIFHRMPrTPlN OCEflNOGRRFICO:;(S. I. 01 O ESTflCIONES 3T A ESTRCI0NE3 HI0R0GRRFICH3 HE5 J(JNI0 10 s 16 S FIGURE 7: Hydrocast and Historical BT Data for the Month of June, All Years 46 C. NAVAL APPLICATIONS Two of the purposes of the organization of the SIO are to provide the Peruvian Navy the capability of obtaining oceanographic data for analysis and to provide operational products for naval applications. Some of the practical applications derived from the processing of his- torical oceanographic information for the Navy have been tested for several years, and some of these have been implemented as operational products in many navies. Some examples of these products are those used in navigation aids, environmental forecasts, and acoustic analyses. In this section, one example of an application for the Navy using the SIO that can readily provide a useful operational product will be given. The discussion of this example is the subject of another NPS thesis ^Garcia, 1981 J that used data selected directly from this bank. The acoustical characteristics of the water masses in a naval oper- ation area are of vital importance when planning and executing sub- marine and ASW operations. Although the fleet normally acquires BT's during operations to analyze the thermal structure of the ocean, infor- mation is needed prior to the operation for planning purposes. Histor- ical data can be used to analyze the ocean conditions statistically by geographical quadrangles and time of the year. To determine the acoustic characteristics of the water masses along o o o the coast of Peru, the geographical area between 0 and 20 S and 70 to 86 W was divided into 83 one-degree quadrangles (Figure 8). The de- tails of the selection of the areas as well as the analysis of the data for each area is given in Garcia (1981). As an example, an analysis of one of the sections will be summarized here. To study the acoustical 47 1 . | I j ! ! i i .^___ . slsTF 1 ! MfLbE-INE-d NOGRflFICO: ! 3PTT0EU GRTLLflDI 3R ZONflS OE 1 CI RMflCIHN 2 s 1 ^1 7 OCEfl 1 i (S. 1.0) i 4 3 2 IX HI 3 ' ' WOO j 4 S 1 8 7 6 5f i ! i i 12 11 10 9 \ — 1 1 1 1 1 5 S 17 »> 15 14 - 22 21 ■ — i 20 19 \8 ■ 3 S 27 26 25 24 23 32 31 30 29 V \ PERU | 1 ' i ^0 s 37 36 35 34 \ 33\ i j 1 42 41 40 39 MM I 1 j M s 46 47 46 VJ cw.Lfla 45 , 44X 143 ! j 53 S2 51 50 4T ! | I U s 59 58 57 56 55\ v 54 64 63 62 61 60s I 16 S 71 70 69 68 67 I3CV. ^J 77 76 75 7, 73 TB ' ^S^8 S 83 82 SI 80 | 79 78 z zr CO z CD i X o 1 CD z CD z z a* 3 \ ~ : ^ 20 S FIGURE 8: Map with Grid of One Degree Quadrangles 48 effects of a water mass in each of the areas, the available historical data were used to obtain monthly graphs of sound speed profiles. These profiles were grouped by quarters: Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sep and Oct-Dec. They were then plotted separately for each one-degree quadrangle and quarter. (Figure 9 represents all the profiles from quadrangle #60 for Apr-Jun). From each of the quarterly groups of profiles, one or more curves were selected as the ones that best represented the characteris- tic of the water mass for that area and quarter. This selected profile was then input to an acoustical model to obtain curves of transmission loss versus range. Figure 10 shows the transmission loss curves for 6 frequencies (50, 100, 200, 300, 500 and 800 hertz) using the representa- tive sound speed profile for April -June for quadrangle #60 of Figure 9. In this particular example, the acoustic model used is the Fast Asymptotic Coherent Transmission Model (FACT), implemented at the W. R. Church Com- puter Center at the NPS. The transmission loss curves from the FACT model provides detection ranges for specific sonar characteristics of a given ship. This is strategically vital information when planning naval opera- tions involving submarines and ASW. Other kinds of information that can be readily obtained and also useful for ASW applications include surface temperature charts and charts of the average depth of the thermocline. D. OTHER APPLICATIONS 1 . Topography of Isothermal Surfaces In recent years, many new theories and models have been developed to predict and simulate the onset of "El Nino" £Vlurlburt et a!., 1976; Wyrtki , 1975; Bjerknes, 1961 ]. The data acquired by the CUEA experiments 49 o o o o f\J_ a - a ■j-) □ 7' cx a £"' o cc Q_ o o o 23- o SISTEMR OE INFORHACION aCEANOGRRFICOi (S.I. 01 PERFILES OE VELOCIOflO OE S0NI0O flBRIL-JUNIO CURORICULfl • 50 1480.00 1495.00 1510.00 1525.00 VELOCIOflO 0EL S0NI0O M/S 1540.00 - FIGURE 9: Sound Speed Prof iles_f or Period April -June Quadrangle t60 50 60. RANGE (KTDS1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I I J I 70. 80. en en o j (D a 90. 10CL HI 12QJ FIGURE 10: Trans. Loss Curves for Representative Profile at 6 Frequencies 51 and others in the Pacific during the last decade have been analyzed in light of the new theories with very interesting results. Wurtki (1975) suggested an explanation for "El Nino": strong southeast trade winds over the Eastern Pacific produce an east-west slope of sea level and an accumulation of water in the western Pacific. When the south-east trade winds relax, the accumulated water moves eastward as an equatorial internal Kelvin wave. Wyrtki found good correlation between "El Nino" years and weakening of the south-east trade winds in the previous year. As a re- sult of the weakening of the trade winds, warm water from the west flows toward the northern coast of Peru, depressing of the thermocline. The effect of the depression of the thermocline can be clearly seen by mapping the topography of an isothermal surface. The 15°C isotherm in the area off Peru lies in the thermocline and intersects the sea surface during strong upwelling in the Southern winter. Thus, the 15°C isotherm is a good indicator of the depth of the thermocline and can be used to map areas of upwelling. Based on published cruise reports, Wyrtki (1975) pre- sented maps of the topography of the 15°C isotherm surface during several months in 1972 and showed progressive deepening of the surface as a re- sult of the strong "El Nino" in that year. Climatological data can be used to map topography of an isothermal surface and, thus, to determine the variability of the depth of the thermocline. Figure 11 shows the depth of the 15°C isotherm computed from the SIO for data acquired in May 1971. If sufficient data are available, a sequence of maps can be obtained to show the variation of the depth of the thermocline and of areas of upwelling. 52 «r STFMQ IF TNFnRMPrTnN 2 s ^ 1 c CEflNOGRRFICOrllS. I.OJ PROFUNDIORO DE IR ISOTERMfl OE 15 CHROOS MRTO 1971 4 S 6 S 8 S * 73 as A as \ - PERU 10 S t? a 7» \ ai i an V 12 S 111 7* 70 as so 32 i«t s IM * 17 n aa 20 N. « 16 S 17 at as '-s.e s X m X 03 a CD at OB X X IM 20 S FIGURE 11: Map of Depth(m) of 15 C Isotherm for May 1971 53 The fluctuation of the depth of other isothermal surfaces have also been analyzed for similar studies. For example, the annual varia- tion of the slope of the 14 C isotherm along the equator has been corre- lated with wind stress values to study the eastward propagation of energy in this region [Meyers, 1979J. 2. Sea Level Data Sea level data, as recorded by the DHNM at six tide gauge sta- tions along the coast of Peru, will be part of the SIO as shown in Table 2. The recording and study of sea level and its fluctuations have been done for centuries. The ancient Greeks were the first to record the re- lationship between the tides and the moon's monthly passage around the earth. It was not until Newton presented his gravitational theory that this relationship was explained. Since then, many different techniques have been used for recording and predicting the sea level. Because of its importance to navigation and its ease of measure- ment, sea level is now widely recorded. Historical sea level data exists for periods of decades or longer at many coastal and island locations worldwide. Sea level fluctuations have been closely studied recently, to study low frequency fluctuations resulting from various oceanic and at- mospheric processes. Along the coast of Peru, several studies have recently correlated winds and surface temperature changes with sea level changes. The re- sults indicated the presence of low frequency perturbations traveling poleward as coastally trapped baroclinic waves (internal Kelvin waves) f Smith, 1978; Enfield and Allen, 1970j. These waves seem to play an important role in the propagation of an "El Nino". 54 VI. CONCLUSIONS Large amounts of data have been acquired along the coast of Peru for many years. Some of these data have already been assembled by large oceanographic data centers like NODC, World Data Center, and Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. However, there are still some historical data that have not been incorporated in those data banks and can be found only in the archives of the original sources. A large proportion of the oceanographic data acquired along the Peruvian coast, particularly during the last decade, was obtained under international cooperative programs and experiments. Most of the infor- mation obtained by the international programs and by Peruvian Institu- tions is generally available. However, no Peruvian agency or institution was assigned the responsibility of assembling all available data acquired during those programs. In order to improve the understanding of the effects of currents along the coast of Peru as well as the "El Nino" event, it is important to organize an oceanographic data bank in Peru. Most of the historical data required for such a bank are available from large international oceanographic data centers and from Peruvian and foreign institutions. Unfortunately, some of the latter information is not in a computer ac- cessible form. Also, some of the data that are in computer accessible form are stored in non-standard formats, making the merging of all the available data difficult. 55 The Peruvian Navy, as one of the institutions that acquires ocean- ographic data on a continuing basis, was recently assigned the responsi- bility of organizing an oceanographic data bank for Peru. The first step in the organization of the data bank was to compile, from several sources, all the readily available historical data from the coastal waters of Peru. The next and most important step will be the establishment of procedures to update the data bank on a continuing basis. This will in- volve monitoring ocean conditions and exchanging data with other institu- tions. This program will have to be done in cooperation with local institutions such as fisheries as well as regional and international organizations under a data exchange agreement. The last step in the organization of the data bank will fulfill its mission: the implementa- tion of computer programs and application products to provide a variety of data analysis services to users. 56 APPENDIX A FORMATJDF HYDROCAST PROFILE REPORTE NRO 613 GRUPO FECHA hORA = 65012116 COCIGC OE LLAMAOA DEL BUQUE - 00061EX TIPO DE DATA = 4 PCSICION : LAT =-18.50 LONG =-72.38 NIVELES = 13 PROF. TEMP. SAL. VEL.SON OXG. CO 25.01 34.93 1534.80 5.40 10.00 24.77 35.33 1534.80 5.00 20.00 20.02 35.00 1522.50 6.00 30.00 18.20 34.94 1517.50 6.20 50.00 15.68 34.85 1509.20 4.50 74.00 13.36 34.87 1503.10 4.70 99.00 12.95 34.97 1502.30 0.70 195.00 11.85 34.95 1500.10 0.30 297.00 10.77 34.89 1497.90 0.70 397.00 9.62 34.79 1495.20 0.30 456.00 8.14 34.69 1491.20 0.60 794.00 5.77 34.62 1486.60 1.00 992.00 4.87 34.61 1486.30 1.50 FORMAT OF BT PROFILES REPORTE NRO 6592 GRUPO FECHA HORA = 62063006 CODIGC DE LLAMADA DEL BUQUE = 14524 TIPO DE DATA= 3 PCSICION : LAT =-12.78 LONG =-77.90 NIVELES = 11 PRO. TEMP. PROF. TEMP. PROF. TEMP. 0.0 27.03 10.00 25.73 20.00 21.97 30. CO 17.65 55.00 15.72 70.00 13.31 55.00 11.07 180.00 10.05 220.00 8.40 270.00 7.80 300.00 7.15 57 APPENDIX B LIST OF OBSERVATIONS - YEAR 1960 ********************** ********** ********** ****** ******* ** ARCHIVO ANO I960 * ** 4 ****************** *********************************** iMRQ GR.F5CHA C0D.3UQ LAT LONG H 603 60012113 03513 -17.10 -35.83 3 13 604 60012119 03513 -17.28 -85.73 3 19 605 60012121 03513 -17.63 -85.43 3 21 606 60012122 03513 -17.32 -85.28 3 22 607 60012123 03513 -17.98 -85.13 3 23 657 600122 00 03513 -18.17 -84.98 3 0 658 60012201 03513 -18.35 -84.83 3 I 659 60012202 03513 -18.53 -84.68 3 2 660 600122 03 03513 -13.73 -34.55 3 3 661 60012204 03513 -13.92 -84.40 3 4 636 60012207 03513 -19.50 -83.95 3 7 687 60012207 03513 -19.50 -33.95 3 7 688 60012208 03513 -19.63 -33.80 3 3 689 60012209 03513 -19.37 -33.65 3 9 690 600122 05 03513 -19. 12 -84.25 3 5 691 600122 06 03513 -19.30 -84. 10 3 6 3660 6003 3005 03512 -16.90 -73.30 3 53 3661 60033008 0660131 -16.35 -73.58 4 8 3662 60033010 0660 1BI -16.27 - 73 . 6 7 4 10 3663 60033011 03512 -16.48 -73.43 3 113 3664 60033012 03512 -16.53 -73.93 3 12 369 1 6003 3012 03512 -16.60 -74.00 3 123 369 2 60033013 03 512 -16.68 -74.07 3 13 3693 60033013 03512 -16.77 -74.15 3 133 3694 60033014 03512 -16.85 -74.20 3 14 3695 60033014 03512 -16.93 -74.27 3 143 3747 6003 30 00 03512 -17.93 -72.97 3 03 3748 60033001 03512 -17.32 -73.00 3 1 3749 6003 3001 03512 -17.73 -73.03 3 13 3750 6 0033002 03512 -17.62 -73.0 5 3 2 375 1 60033002 03512 -17.52 -73.08 3 23 3752 6 0033003 03512 -17.42 -73.12 3 3 3753 60033004 03512 -17.20 -73.18 3 4 3754 60033004 03512 -17.10 -73^23 3 43 3762 600 3 3015 0660 1BI -17.00 -74.33 4 15 3763 60033015 03512 -17.00 -74.3 3 3 151 3764 60033019 03512 -17.12 -74.42 3 193 3765 60033020 03512 -17.27 -74.57 3 203 3766 60033021 03512 -17.35 -74.63 3 21 3767 60033021 03512 -17.45 -74.72 3 213 3768 60033022 03512 -17.52 -74.78 3 22 3769 60033022 03512 -17.60 -74.87 3 223 3770 60033023 0660 1BI -17.63 -74.33 4 23 3771 60033023 03512 -17.63 -74.8 8 3 231 3772 60033102 03512 -17.75 -74.98 3 23 3778 60033103 03512 -17.32 -75.05 3 3 3779 60033103 03512 -17.38 -75.10 3 33 3780 60 033104 03512 -17.95 -75.17 3 4 3789 60033123 03512 -17.97 -77.15 3 23 58 3790 60033123 03512 -17,90 -77.23 3 233 3803 60032920 03512 -18.35 -72.12 3 20 3804 60032920 03512 -13.33 -72.23 3 203 3805 60032921 03512 -18.33 -72.3 7 3 21 3806 60032921 03512 -13.32 -72.48 3 213 3807 6003 2922 03512 -18.32 -72.60 3 22 3808 60032923 03512 -13.23 -72.82 3 23 3809 60032923 03512 -13.13 -72.87 3 233 3810 6003 3000 03512 -18.03 -72.93 3 0 3845 60 033104 03512 -18.03 -75.2 3 3 43 3346 60033105 03512 -13.10 -75.28 3 5 3847 60033105 03512 -18.10 -75.28 3 5 3848 60 03 3106 06601BI -18.25 -75.42 4 6 3849 60033106 03512 -18.25 -75.42 3 62 3050 60033110 03512 -18.40 -75.55 3 10 3851 60033110 03512 -13.43 -75.62 3 103 3852 60033111 03512 -13.55 -75.68 3 11 3353 60033111 03512 -13.63 -75.75 3 113 3854 60033112 03512 -18.72 -75.82 3 12 3855 60033112 03512 -18.80 -75.88 3 123 3856 60033113 03512 -18.87 -75.95 3 13 3861 60033113 03512 -18.95 -76.02 3 135 3862 60033114 06601BI -13.95 -76.02 4 14 3863 60033117 03512 -18.30 -76.20 3 173 3864 60033118 03512 -18.72 -76.28 3 18 3865 60033118 03512 -18.65 -76.37 3 183 3866 60033119 03512 -18.57 -76.47 3 19 3867 60033119 03512 -18.50 -76.55 3 193 3868 60033120 03512 -18.42 -76.6 3 3 20 3869 60033120 03512 -18.35 -76.72 3 203 3870 60033121 03512 -13.27 -76.80 3 21 3871 60033121 03512 -18. 13 -76.88 3 213 3872 60033122 03512 -18.12 -76.98 3 22 3876 60033122 03512 -13.05 -77.07 3 223 3884 60032604 03512 -19.95 -72.73 3 43 3885 6003 26 05 03512 -19.87 -72.63 3 5 3886 60032605 03512 -19.80 -72.53 3 53 3887 60032606 03 512 -19.73 -72.45 3 6 3888 6003 26 06 03512 -19.73 -72.45 3 6 3889 60 03 26 07 0660 1BI -19.62 -72.30 u 7 3890 60032607 03512 -19.62 -72.30 3 71 3891 6003 26 10 03512 -19.50 -72.17 3 103 3892 60032611 03512 -19.43 -72.10 3 11 3989 600416 09 03513 -2.90 -85.55 3 9 3990 60041610 03513 -2.73 -85.47 3 10 3991 60041611 03513 -2.55 -85.37 3 11 3992 60041612 03513 -2.38 -85.27 3 12 3993 60041613 03513 -2.18 -85.17 3 13 4049 60041605 03513 -3.62 -85.90 3 5 4050 600416 06 03513 -3.45 -85.82 3 6 4051 60041607 03513 -3.27 -85.73 3 7 4052 600416 08 03513 -3.08 -85.65 3 8 4083 60041410 03512 -4.72 -81.92 3 103 4084 60041411 03512 -4.70 -81.82 3 11 40 8 5 60041411 03512 -4.70 -81.72 3 113 4086 60041412 03512 -4.70 -31.62 3 12 4087 60041412 03512 -4.68 -81.52 3 123 408 3 60041413 0660 131 -4.63 -81.33 4 13 4089 o00414l4 0660131 -4.67 -31.38 4 14 4090 60041416 03512 -4.63 -81.82 3 163 4108 60041404 03512 -4.90 -82.38 3 43 4109 60041405 06601BI -4.73 -82.42 4 5 4110 60041405 03512 -4.78 -82.40 3 5 4111 60041405 03512 -4.73 -82.42 3 54 4112 60041408 03512 -4.73 -82.30 3 83 4113 60041409 03512 -4.73 -82.22 3 9 4114 60041409 03512 -4.73 -82.12 3 93 59 4115 60041410 03512 -4.72 -82.02 3 10 4118 60041422 03512 -4,57 -83. 17 3 223 4119 60041500 03512 -4.55 -83.50 3 0 4120 60041500 03512 -4.55 -33.57 3 04 4121 60041501 0660131 -4.55 -83. 57 4 1 4127 60041504 03 512 -4.55 -84.02 3 43 4128 60041505 03512 -4.55 -84. 12 3 5 4129 60041506 03512 -4.57 -84.45 3 63 4130 60041507 0660 1BI -4.58 -84.53 4 7 4131 60041507 03512 -4.57 -84.35 3 7 4132 60041507 03512 -4.57 -84.53 3 72 4133 60041510 03512 -4.58 -84.62 3 10 4134 60041510 03512 -4.58 -84.72 3 103 4135 60041511 03512 -4.58 -84.80 3 11 4136 6004 1511 03512 -4.53 -84.90 3 113 4137 60041512 03512 -4.60 -84.9 8 3 12 4138 60041512 03512 -4.60 -85.08 3 123 4139 60041513 03512 -4.60 -35. 18 3 13 4142 60041514 06601BI -4.62 -85.35 4 14 4143 60041514 03512 -4.62 -85.35 3 142 4144 60041517 03512 -4.62 -85.53 3 173 4145 60041518 03512 -4.62 -85.65 3 18 4146 60041518 03512 -4.60 -35.77 3 133 4147 60041519 03512 -4.60 -85.38 3 19 4148 60041519 03512 -4.60 -85.98 3 193 4191 60041320 03512 -5.97 -82.40 3 20 4192 60041320 03512 -5.92 -82.33 3 203 4193 60041321 03512 -5.87 -82.23 3 21 4194 60041321 03512 -5.33 -82. 17 3 215 4195 60041322 0660131 -5.83 -82.17 4 22 4196 60041402 03512 -5.45 -82.25 3 2 4197 60041402 03512 -5.33 -32.2 3 3 23 4198 60041403 03512 -5.22 -82.30 3 3 4201 60041403 03512 -5.12 -82.33 3 33 4202 60041404 03512 -5.00 -32.3 5 3 4 4231 60041113 06601BI -6.90 -80.77 4 13 4232 60041119 06601BI -6.93 -80.92 4 19 4260 60041314 03512 -6.37 -82.97 3 14 4261 60041314 03512 -6.28 -32.83 3 143 4262 60041315 06601BI -6.13 -82.73 4 15 4263 60041315 03512 -6.20 -82.80 3 15 4264 60041315 03512 -6.15 -82.73 3 155 4265 60041319 03512 -6.07 -32.55 3 19 4266 60041319 03512 -6.02 -82.43 3 193 4272 60041306 03512 -6.97 -83.72 3 63 427 3 60041307 03512 -6.90 -83.63 3 7 4274 60041307 03512 -6.83 -83.53 3 73 4275 600413 03 06601BI -6.75 -33.42 4 a 4276 600413 08 03 512 -6.75 -33.42 3 84 4277 60041312 03512 -6.62 -83.25 3 123 4273 60041313 03512 -6.53 -83.17 3 13 4279 60041313 03512 -6.45 -83.07 3 133 4314 60041120 03512 -7.02 -31.37 3 203 4315 60041121 03512 -7.07 -81.17 3 21 4316 60041121 03512 -7.10 -81.2 5 3 213 4317 60041122 03512 -7.15 -81.33 3 22 4313 60041122 03512 -7.13 -81.42 3 223 4319 60041123 06601BI -7.22 -81.48 4 23 432 0 60041123 03512 -7.22 -81.48 3 232 4321 60041203 03512 -7.25 -31.58 3 3 4322 60041203 03512 -7.30 -81.68 3 33 4323 60041204 03512 -7.33 -81.78 3 4 4324 60041204 03512 -7.38 -81.90 3 43 4330 60041205 03512 -7.42 -82.02 3 5 4331 60041205 03512 -7.45 -82.12 3 53 4332 60041206 0660131 -7.50 -82.25 4 6 4333 60041206 03512 -7.50 -32.23 3 63 60 4334 60041209 03512 -7.55 -82.3 8 3 93 4335 60041210 03512 -7.58 -32.48 3 10 4336 60041210 03 512 -7.62 -82.58 3 103 4337 60041211 03512 - 7.65 -82.68 3 11 4333 60041211 03512 -7.63 -82.78 3 113 4339 60041212 03512 -7.72 -32.83 3 12 4343 60041212 03512 -7.75 -33.00 3 123 4344 60041213 06601BI -7.75 -83.00 4 13 4345 60041213 03512 -7.75 -83.00 3 13 434o 60041216 03512 -7.82 -83.13 3 16 4347 60041216 03512 -7.83 -83.25 3 163 4343 60041217 03512 -7.88 -33.35 3 17 4349 60041217 03512 -7.92 -83.45 3 173 43 50 60041213 03512 -7.95 -83.57 3 18 4351 60041222 03512 -7.92 -33.78 3 22 4352 60041223 03512 -7.75 -83.93 3 23 4353 60041305 03512 -7. 10 -83.90 3 53 435 4 60 041306 03512 -7.03 -33.8 2 3 6 4357 60041223 03512 -7.67 -34.00 3 233 4358 60041300 03512 -7.57 -84.08 3 0 4359 60041300 03512 -7.50 -84.15 3 03 4360 60041301 03512 -7.33 -84.15 3 1 4361 60041301 03512 -7.28 -84.15 3 15 4362 600413 02 0660131 -7.28 -84.15 4 2 4363 60041305 03512 -7. 17 -84.00 3 5 43 91 60041109 03512 -8.90 -80.00 3 9 4392 60041110 03512 -8.67 -80.08 3 10 440 8 600412 19 06601BI -8.00 -83.72 4 19 4409 60041219 03512 -8.00 -83.70 3 191 443 4 60041107 03512 -9.28 -79.67 3 7 4435 60041108 03512 -9.12 -79.83 3 8 4482 60041023 03512 -10.68 -78.43 3 23 4483 60041100 03512 -10. 50 -78.57 3 0 4582 60041021 03512 -11.03 -78.17 3 21 4643 60040323 03512 -12.95 -77.52 3 23 4644 60040400 03512 -12.88 -77.52 3 0 4645 6004 0401 03512 -12.73 -77.52 3 1 4646 6004 04 02 03512 -12.73 -77.67 3 2 4647 60040403 03512 -12.78 -77.83 3 3 4835 60040318 03512 -13.90 -77.65 3 13 4836 60040319 03512 -13. 72 -77.63 3 19 4837 60040320 03512 -13.52 -77.60 3 20 4838 60040321 03512 -13.32 -77.57 3 21 4839 60040322 03512 -13.12 -77.55 3 22 4913 60040313 03512 -14.35 -77.77 3 13 4914 60040314 03512 -14.63 -77.75 3 14 4915 60040315 03512 -14.48 -77.72 3 15 4916 60040316 03512 -14.23 -77.70 3 16 4917 60040317 03512 -14.03 -77.67 3 17 4938 60040120 03512 -15.92 -75.67 3 20 4939 60040122 03512 -15.55 -75.28 3 223 4940 60040123 0660 1BI -15.40 -75.15 4 23 4941 60040201 06601BI -15.43 -75.18 4 1 4942 60040201 03512 -15.50 -75.27 3 13 4943 600402 02 03512 -15.58 -75.35 3 2 4944 600402 03 03512 -15.78 -75.58 3 33 4945 60040204 03512 -15.37 -75.67 3 u 4946 60040209 03512 -15.95 -75.95 3 9 5014 60 04 02 09 03512 -15.90 -76.03 3 93 5015 60040210 03512 -15.33 -76.10 3 10 5016 6004 0212 03512 -15.77 -76.18 3 123 5017 60040213 06601BI -15.78 -76.18 4 13 503 3 60040301 03512 -15.98 -77.33 3 1 5034 600403 02 03512 -15.90 -77.53 3 2 503 5 60040302 03512 -15.35 -77.63 3 23 503fc 60040303 03512 -15.30 -77.7 3 3 3 5037 60040303 03512 -15.75 -77.83 3 33 61 5038 60040306 06601BI -15.70 -77.95 4 6 503 9 60040306 03512 -15.70 -77.93 3 62 5040 60040310 03512 -15.45 -77.87 3 10 5041 60040311 03512 -15.23 -77.82 3 11 5042 60040312 03512 -15.05 -77.80 3 12 5065 60040118 03512 -16.23 -75.98 3 13 5066 60040118 03512 -16.15 -75.90 3 183 5067 60040119 03512 -16.08 -75.82 3 19 5068 60040119 03512 -16.00 -75.75 3 193 5069 6004 02 05 06601BI -16.03 -75.88 4 5 5076 60040111 03512 -16.92 -76.68 3 11 5077 60040111 03512 -16.83 -76.58 3 113 5078 60040112 03512 -16.73 -76.50 3 12 5079 60040112 03512 -16.65 -76.40 3 123 5080 60040113 0660 1BI -16.60 -76.35 4 13 5081 60040113 03512 -16. 58 -76.35 3 132 5082 60040116 03512 -16.53 -76.2 3 3 16 5083 60040218 03512 -16.02 -76.85 3 133 5084 60040219 03512 -16.03 -76.93 3 19 5088 6004 0219 03512 -16.07 -77.02 3 , . 193 5089 6004 0222 0660181 -16.10 -77.10 4 22 5090 60040222 03512 -16.10 -77.12 3 22 5121 60040107 06601BI -17.20 r-76.97 4 7 5122 60040107 03512 -17.20 -76.9 7 3 71 5123 60040110 03512 -17.00 -76.77 3 103 5127 60040100 03512 -17.75 -77.42 3 03 5128 60040101 06601BI -17.70 -77.47 4 1 5129 60040101 03512 -17.72 -77.47 3 12 5130 60040104 03 512 -17.55 -77.32 3 43 5131 60040105 03512 -17.43 -77.23 3 5 5132 60040105 03512 -17.40 -77.15 3 53 5133 60040106 03512 -17.32 -77.08 3 6 5134 60040106 03512 -17.23 -77.00 3 63 9365 6 009 2013 03 92 3 -2.08 -31.25 3 13 9366 6009 2023 03923 -2.10 -81.33 3 23 9367 60092119 03923 -2.17 -81.17 3 193 936 8 6009 2223 03922 -2.18 -81.32 3 235 9369 6009 2303 03922 -2.02 -31.60 3 35 9370 60092311 03922 -2.07 -81.57 3 113 937 1 60092313 03 92 2 -2.22 -81.78 3 134 9372 60092400 03922 -2.35 -81.80 3 01 9373 6009 2412 03924 -2.25 -81.52 3 12 93 74 60092412 0392 5 * -2.02 -31.37 3 12 937 5 60092715 03923 -2.72 -81.20 3 15 93 8 6 60092316 03 92 2 -2.30 -82.02 3 162 93 8 7 60093021 13406 -2.22 - 82 . 3 8 3 21 9388 60093022 13406 -2.42 -32.38 3 223 9390 60092801 1340 6 -2. 10 -84.12 3 13 9391 6009 2902 08761H0 -2.10 -34.23 4 24 9392 6009 2904 13406 -2.03 -34.12 3 43 9412 60092719 03923 -3.67 -81.33 3 19 9413 60092721 0392 2 -3.38 -81.40 3 213 9456 600928 00 0392 3 -4.50 -81.50 3 0 9457 600928 00 03 92 4 -4.50 -81.50 3 0 9493 60092800 03925 -4.42 -82.45 3 0 9536 60092803 03923 -5.43 -81.42 3 3 9611 60 09 28 08 03923 -o.37 -81.13 3 3 9685 60092812 03922 -7.27 -30.70 3 12 9686 6009 28 12 03924 -7.22 -30.75 3 12 9687 60092312 0392 5 -7.03 -30.70 3 12 9688 60092813 0392 3 -7.43 -80.58 3 13 9753 60092820 0392 5 -3.38 -79.63 3 20 9960 60092900 03 92 5 -9.73 -79.10 3 0 10038 6009 29 04 0392 5 -10. 77 -78.40 3 4 10148 60092908 03 92 5 -11.67 -77.82 3 8 10255 6009 3014 0392 3 -12.23 -77.45 3 14 10256 6009 30 13 03924 -12.30 -77.33 3 183 62 10891 601)0310 13406 10892 60100310 08761HO 10901 60100103 13406 10902 60100201 13406 10903 60100301 13406 10904 60100302 13406 10905 60100302 13406 10906 60100303 0876 1H0 10907 60100305 13406 10908 60100306 13406 10909 60100306 0876 1H0 10910 60100308 13406 10911 60100309 13406 10912 60100416 13406 10913 60100417 13406 10914 60100413 13406 10936 60100100 13406 10937 60100101 13406 10938 60100203 13406 10939 60100203 08761H0 10941 60100300 13406 10942 60100412 13406 IC943 60100413 13406 10944 60100414 1340 6 10945 60100415 13406 10984 60100312 13406 10985 60100312 0876 1H0 10986 60100314 13406 10987 60100314 13406 10988 60100314 08761H0 10989 60100316 13406 10990 60100317 13406 1C991 60100318 13406 11011 60100319 13406 11012 60100320 13406 11013 60100321 13406 11014 60100322 13406 11015 60100323 13406 11016 60100419 13406 11017 60100420 13406 11013 60100421 13406 11019 60100422 13406 11020 60100423 13406 11041 60100407 13406 11042 60100408 13406 11043 60100409 13406 11044 60100410 1340 6 11045 60100411 13406 11046 60100500 13406 11047 60100501 13406 11048 60100502 13406 11049 60100503 13406 11050 60100504 13406 11071 60100400 13406 11072 60100401 13406 11073 60100505 13406 11074 60130506 13406 11075 601)0507 1340 6 11076 60100508 13406 11077 60100509 13406 11078 60100612 13406 11087 60100402 13406 11088 60100403 13406 11089 60100404 13406 11090 60100405 13406 11096 60100614 13406 11097 60100615 13406 -2.95 -80.92 3 13 -2.95 -80.92 4 101 -2.10 -81.97 3 3 -2.02 -81.32 3 13 -2.30 -31.38 3 1 -2.40 -81.73 3 2 -2.47 -81.62 3 25 -2.47 -81.62 4 31 -2.53 -31.52 3 5 -2.63 -31.23 3 62 -2.68 -81.23 4 64 -2.72 -81.23 3 3 -2.32 -31.10 3 9 -2.37 -31.90 3 16 -2.87 -31.75 3 17 -2.37 -31.60 3 13 -2.42 -82.23 3 0 -2.25 -82.12 3 13 -2.22 -82.00 3 3 -2.22 -82.00 4 33 -2.22 -82.00 3 0 -2.98 -32.3 8 3 12 -2.87 -32.32 3 13 -2.87 -82.20 3 14 -2.37 -82.05 3 15 -3.03 -80.73 3 12 -3.03 -80.7 8 4 121 -3.13 -80.63 3 14 -3.18 -80.55 3 143 -3.18 -30.55 4 144 -3.25 -80.67 3 16 -3.33 -80.30 3 17 -3.42 -80.95 3 13 -3.53 -31. 10 3 19 -3,65 -81.27 3 20 -3.77 -81.42 3 21 -3.85 -81.55 3 22 -3.95 -81.70 3 23 -3.00 -81.60 3 19 -3.12 -31.60 3 23 -3.27 -81.60 3 21 -3.35 -81.73 3 22 -3.43 -81.87 3 23 -3.30 -82.38 3 7 -3.63 -82.3 8 3 8 -3.47 -32.3 3 3 9 -3.32 -32.38 3 10 -3.15 -32.3 8 3 11 -3.53 -82.02 3 0 -3.62 -82.15 3 1 -3.68 -82.27 3 2 -3.87 -32.13 3 3 -3.90 -32.00 3 4 -4.07 -81.85 3 0 -4.13 -81.98 3 1 -4.00 -81.38 3 5 -4.10 -81,77 3 6 -4.20 -81.65 3 7 -4.32 -31.52 3 8 -4.42 -81.38 3 9 -4.92 -81.37 3 123 -4.22 -82.08 3 2 -4.30 -82.30 3 3 -4.30 -82.3 8 3 4 -4.13 -82.38 3 5 -5.13 -31.35 3 14 -5.43 -81.35 3 153 63 11098 601006 17 13406 11099 60100618 13406 11121 60150620 1340 6 11122 60100812 13406 11123 60100813 0876 1H0 11124 60100820 1340 6 11125 60100821 1340 6 11126 60100822 13406 11127 60100822 13 40 6 11128 60100823 0876 1H0 11144 60100905 1340 6 11145 60100906 1340 6 11146 60100907 13406 11147 60100908 0876 1H0 11148 60100915 13406 11149 601009 16 13406 11222 60100918 1340 6 11223 60100919 0876 1H0 11224 60130921 1340 6 11225 60100922 13406 1122c 60100923 13406 11227 60101000 1340 6 11228 6 0101001 13406 11229 6 CIO 1002 1340 6 11230 60101002 1340 6 11231 60101003 0876 1H0 11232 60101010 13406 11233 60101011 13406 11234 60101012 13406 11235 6010 1013 1340 6 11236 60101014 13406 11311 6010 1015 1340 6 11312 6010 1017 13 40 6 11313 60101018 0876 1H0 11314 60101020 1340 6 11315 60101022 13406 11316 60101023 13406 11317 60101101 1340 6 11313 60101102 1340 6 11384 60101814 1340 6 11385 6010 1814 08 761HO 11412 60101807 1340 6 11413 60101808 1340 6 11414 60101S08 0876 1H0 11415 60101811 1340 6 11416 6010 18 12 1340 6 11417 60101813 13406 11433 60100317 03922 11434 60102620 1340 6 1146 9 601004 00 03922 11470 60100411 03922 11471 60100412 0392 5 11496 60101806 13406 115 00 60101714 1340 6 11501 60101715 1340 6 11502 60101716 1340 6 11503 60101716 1340 6 11504 60101717 0876 1H0 11505 60101719 1340 6 11506 60101720 13406 11507 60101721 13406 11508 6010 1722 1340 6 11509 60101722 0876 1H0 11511 60101708 1340 6 11512 60101709 13406 11513 60101709 0876 1H0 11514 60101713 13406 -5.70 -81.32 3 17 -5,95 -81.30 3 183 -6.03 -31.30 3 202 -6.03 -81.30 3 125 -6.03 -81.30 4 133 -6. 12 -81.57 3 20 -6.23 -81.73 3 21 -6.33 -31.33 3 11 -6.38 -81.90 3 113 -6.38 -31.90 4 232 -6.50 -82.10 3 5 -6.60 -82.2 3 3 6 -6.72 -32.45 3 72 -6.72 -82.45 4 8 -6.32 -82.60 3 15 -6.92 -82.73 3 16 -7.03 -82.93 3 183 -7.03 -82.93 4 191 -7.08 -83.00 3 21 -7.17 -83.15 3 22 -7.25 -83.30 3 23 -7.33 -33.45 3 0 -7.42 -83.60 3 1 -7.50 -83.75 3 2 -7.53 -83.80 3 23 -7.53 -83.80 4 31 -7.60 -83.93 3 10 -7.70 -84.08 3 11 -7.77 -84.23 3 12 -7.35 -84.38 3 132 -7.93 -84.55 3 14 -8.02 -84.70 3 15 -8.03 -84.75 3 171 -3.03 -84.75 4 18 -8. 15 -34.95 3 203 -8.30 -85.13 3 11 -8.43 -85.40 3 233 -8. 58 -85.63 3 1 -8.72 -85.88 3 23 ■10.53 -78.37 3 14 10.53 -78.87 4 144 •10.97 -79.67 3 7 •10.37 -79.48 ■3 81 10.87 -79.43 4 84 10.30 -79.35 3 11 •10.72 -79. 18 3 12 10.62 -79.02 3 13 •11.38 -77.50 3 17 11.95 -77.73 3 20 ■11.20 -78.47 3 C •11.48 -78.17 3 114 •11.53 -78.03 3 12 11.07 -79.83 3 6 •11.63 -80.92 3 14 11.60 -80.77 3 15 ■11.50 -80.62 3 16 11.45 -80.53 3 163 •11.45 -80.53 4 17 •11.37 -80.38 3 193 •11.28 -30.25 3 203 •11.20 -80.08 3 213 •11.17 -30.02 3 22 •11.17 -80.02 4 224 •11.95 -31.37 3 8 11.35 -31.20 3 9 •11.35 -31.20 4 94 •11.78 -31.08 3 13 64 11522 11523 11524 11525 11526 11527 11528 11529 11530 11531 11584 11585 11586 11589 11591 11592 11593 11594 11595 11596 11598 11599 11600 11601 11602 11603 11604 11605 11606 11607 11632 11659 11660 11661 11662 11663 11664 11665 11666 11667 11668 11669 11670 11671 11672 11673 11674 11707 11708 11709 11710 11711 11712 11730 11731 11732 11733 11734 11735 11736 11754 11755 11756 11757 11758 11759 11760 60100114 60100616 60102621 60102622 60102623 60102700 60102701 60102702 60102703 60102704 60101704 60101705 60101706 60101707 60101619 60101621 60101622 60101623 60101700 60101618 60100620 60100701 60102706 60102707 60102708 60102709 60102710 60102720 6010 2812 60102814 60102705 60101606 60101611 60101613 60101615 60101600 6010 1601 6010 1603 60101604 6010 2815 60102816 60102817 60102818 60102819 60102320 60102823 60102902 60101514 601015 16 60101517 60101519 60101520 60101521 60100704 60100704 60102903 60102904 60102906 60102907 60102910 60102911 60102912 60102913 60102913 60102919 60102920 60102921 03924 03922 13406 13406 13406 1340 6 13406 1340 6 13406 1340 6 13406 13406 1340 6 13406 13406 1340 6 13406 1340 6 08761H0 1340 6 03922 03922 1340 6 1340 6 13406 13406 13406 13406 1340 6 1340 6 1340 6 1340 6 13406 0876 1H0 1340 6 13406 1340 6 13406 1340 6 13406 13406 1340 6 1340 6 13406 1340 6 08761HO 13406 1340 6 13406 1340 6 13406 13406 0876 1H0 03922 0392 2 13406 13406 1340 6 0876 1H0 1340 6 13406 13406 13406 08 76 1HD 13406 13406 1340 6 -12.13 -77.40 3 14 -12.40 -77.15 3 16 -12.07 -77.67 3 21 -12.20 -77.60 3 Z2 -12.33 -77.52 3 23 -12.47 -77.43 3 0 -12.60 -77.35 3 1 -12.73 -77.28 3 2 -12.35 -77.20 3 3 -12.98 -77.13 3 4 -12.35 -81.97 3 4 -12.23 -81.83 3 5 -12.15 -81.67 3 6 -12.07 -81.52 3 7 -12.82 -32.78 3 193 -12.60 -82.55 3 21 -12.53 -82.32 3 223 -12.42 -82. 13 3 235 -12.42 -32. 13 4 03 -12.95 -83.00 3 18 -13.60 -76.92 3 20 -13.72 -76.63 3 1 -13.25 -76.98 3 6 -13.38 -76.92 3 7 -13.52 -76.85 3 8 -13.63 -76.77 3 9 -13.75 -76.70 3 10 -13.78 -76.68 3 201 -13.73 -76.70 3 123 -13.90 -76.62 3 14 -13.12 -77.07 3 5 -13.33 -83.80 3 6 -13.18 -83.53 3 113 -13. 18 -83.53 4 132 -13.13 -83.40 3 15 -13.38 -84.70 3 0 -13.75 -84.53 3 13 -13.62 -34.30 3 3 -13.43 -84.08 3 43 -14.05 -76.55 3 15 -14.22 -76.47 3 16 -14.38 -76.38 3 17 -14.53 -76.30 3 131 -14.63 -76.23 3 191 -14.85 -76.15 3 20 -14.85 -76.15 4 231 -14.97 -76.33 3 2 -14.53 -85.95 3 143 -14.42 -85.70 3 16 -14.27 -85.47 3 173 -14.13 -85.22 3 19 -14.05 -85.03 3 20 -14.05 -85.05 4 213 -15.70 -76.3 8 3 4 -15.70 -76.38 3 4 -15.08 -76.50 3 3 -15.13 -76.6 7 3 4 -15.22 -76.72 3 64 -15.22 -76.72 4 71 -15.32 -76.85 3 10 -15.45 -77.05 3 11 -15.57 -77.20 3 12 -15.67 -77.33 3 13 -15.67 -77.33 4 134 -15.75 -77.52 3 193 -15.35 -77.68 3 203 -15.93 -77.3 5 3 214 65 11761 60102922 0876 IHO 11822 60103001 13406 11823 60103002 13406 11824 60103003 13406 11825 6010300* 13406 11826 6C103005 13406 11827 60103006 13406 11828 6C103007 0876 IHO 11829 60103012 13406 11830 60103013 13406 11832 60103014 13406 11833 60103015 13406 11366 60100712 03922 11876 60100712 03924 11883 60100712 0392 5 11390 60103016 13406 11891 60103017 13406 11892 60103018 08761HO 11393 60103021 13406 11894 60103022 13406 11895 60103100 13406 11896 60103101 13406 11897 60103103 13406 11917 60100716 03922 11926 60103104 13406 11927 60103107 13406 11928 60103108 0876 IHO 11929 60103114 13406 11930 60103115 13406 11931 60103117 13406 11932 60103118 13406 11933 60103120 13406 11943 60103121 13406 11944 60103122 08761HO 11962 60111612 03869 11963 60112415 06751RH 11964 60112415 03869 11965 60112416 03869 11966 60112417 03869 11967 60112418 03869 12113 60112412 03869 12114 60112413 03869 12115 60112414 03869 12116 60112414 03869 12207 60112406 03869 12208 60112407 03869 12209 60112408 03869 12210 60112409 03869 12211 60112409 03869 12212 60112410 0675 1RH 12213 60112410 03869 12312 60112402 03869 12313 60112403 03869 12314 60112404 03869 12315 60112405 03869 12414 60112320 03869 12444 60112321 03869 12445 60112322 03869 12446 60112323 03869 12447 60112400 03869 12448 60112400 03869 12449 60112401 06751RH 12450 60112401 03369 12593 60112315 03869 12594 60112316 0675 1RH 12595 60112317 03869 12596 60112318 03869 -15.93 -77.85 4 224 -16.05 -78.02 3 13 -16.15 -78.15 3 23 -16.23 -78.28 3 33 -16.33 -78.43 3 43 -16.43 -73.57 3 53 -16.45 -78.63 3 6 -16.45 -78.63 4 74 -16.57 -78.73 3 123 -16.63 -78.87 3 133 -16.80 -79.00 3 143 -16.92 -79.12 3 153 -17.90 -74.83 3 12 -17.65 -75.35 3 12 -17.60 -76.08 3 12 -17.05 -79.25 3 163 -17.18 -79.45 3 173 -17.13 -79.45 4 18 -17.30 -79.62 3 21 -17.43 -79.83 3 223 -17.55 -80.08 3 0 -17.70 -80.3 0 3 13 -17.85 -80.53 3 3 -18.93 -74.58 3 16 -18.00 -80.77 3 43 -13.10 -80.93 3 72 -13.10 -80.93 4 3 -13.23 -81. 17 3 14 -18.48 -81.45 3 153 -13.63 -81.72 3 17 -18.80 -81.90 3 133 -13.92 -82.10 3 20 -19.07 -82.30 3 213 -19.07 -82.30 4 22 -2.22 -81.43 3 12 -2.93 -81.48 4 15 -2.92 -81.45 3 152 -2.43 -81.48 3 16 -2.23 -81.50 3 17 -2.05 -81.52 3 18 -3.60 -81.48 3 12 -3.35 -81.48 3 13 -3.17 -81.48 3 14 -3.00 -81.48 3 144 -4.87 -81.48 3 6 -4.60 -81.48 3 7 -4.43 -81.47 3 8 -4.25 -81.45 3 9 -4. 10 -81.45 3 94 -4.07 -81.45 4 10 -4.00 -81.48 3 102 -5.33 -81.32 3 2 -5.63 -81.35 3 3 -5.37 -81.42 3 4 -5.10 -81.45 3 5 -6.97 -80.97 3 20 -6.78 -81.08 3 21 -6.53 -31.22 3 22 -6.38 -81.28 3 23 -6. 13 -81.30 3 0 -6.12 -81.28 3 05 -6.02 -81.23 4 1 -6.00 -81.30 3 13 -7.90 -30.48 3 154 -7.97 -80.43 4 16 -7.67 -80.60 3 17 -7.42 -80.77 3 13 66 12597 12794 12795 12796 12797 12798 12930 1293 1 12932 12933 13002 13003 13004 13057 13053 13138 13139 13140 13141 13242 13243 13244 13998 13999 14000 14001 14002 14003 14004 14005 14006 14031 14034 14035 14036 14037 14038 14111 14112 14124 14125 14126 14127 14128 14130 14131 14132 14155 14158 14159 14160 14161 14162 14163 14164 14173 14176 14177 14178 14179 14180 14181 60 112319 60112311 60 112312 60 112313 60 112314 60112315 60112305 60112306 60112307 60112309 60112308 60112308 60112309 60112223 60112300 60112301 60112302 60112303 60112304 60112220 60112221 60112222 60110701 60110702 601107 02 60110709 60110710 60111005 60111007 60111008 60111010 60110600 60110615 60110616 60110617 60110623 60110700 60 110613 60110614 60110601 60110601 60110607 60110608 60110609 60110610 60110610 60110611 60110600 60110516 60110517 60110518 60110518 60110521 60110522 60110523 60110101 60110102 60110104 60110105 60110107 60110108 60110514 03 86 9 03869 03 86 9 03 86 9 C3 86 9 03869 03869 03 86 9 03869 06751RH 03869 03869 03869 03 86 9 03869 03869 03 86 9 03869 03869 03 86 9 03 86 9 03369 13406 13406 0876 1H0 13406 0876 1H0 13406 13406 13406 13406 08761H0 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 0876 1H0 13406 1340 6 1340 6 13406 1340 6 0876 1H0 1340 6 13406 13406 13 40 6 08761H0 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 13406 1340 6 13406 13406 1340 6 -7.20 -30.35 3 19 -3.77 -80.12 3 11 -3.57 -80. 18 3 12 -8.33 -30.25 3 13 -8.15 -80.37 3 14 -8.03 -30.42 3 15 -9.33 -79.73 3 5 -9.60 -79.38 3 6 -9.40 -79.97 3 7 -9.17 -79.98 4 9 -9.18 -30.27 3 8 -9.03 -80.18 3 85 -9.07 -80.05 3 94 -10.87 -78.85 3 23 -10.78 -78.98 3 0 -10.63 -79.30 3 1 -10.42 -79.42 3 2 -10.25 -79.52 3 3 -10.02 -79.63 3 4 -11.37 -78.20 3 20 -11.30 -78.40 3 21 -11.10 -78.58 3 22 -17.63 -72.97 3 13 -17.57 -72.87 3 21 -17.57 -72.8 7 4 24 -17.20 -72.32 3 94 -17.20 -72.32 4 102 -17.13 -72.22 3 53 -17.38 -72.17 3 7 -17.63 -72.10 3 83 -17.90 -72.05 3 10 -17.98 -73.37 4 0 -17.95 -73.68 3 153 -17.85 -73.57 3 163 -17.98 - 73 . 3 7 3 175 -17.85 -73.18 3 233 -17.75 -73.03 3 03 -13.20 -73.98 3 133 -18.08 -73.32 3 143 -13.97 -74.80 3 11 -18.97 -74.80 4 15 -13.73 -74.55 3 7 -13.62 -74.42 3 8 -13.48 -74.27 3 9 -18.37 -74.15 3 10 -18.30 -74.05 3 104 -13.30 -74.05 4 112 -19.10 -74.93 3 0 -19.32 -75.73 3 16 -19.65 -75.55 3 173 -19.60 -75.50 3 18 -19.60 -75.50 4 183 -19.48 -75.33 3 21 -19.35 -75.25 3 22 -19.22 -75.10 3 23 -19.20 -82.48 3 1 -19.35 -32.70 3 23 -19.50 -82.90 3 4 -19.67 -83. 13 3 53 -19.33 -83.35 3 7 -19.98 -83.55 3 83 -20.00 -76.02 3 143 67 LISTING OF OBSERVATIONS - MONTH OF JUNE ** 4*** 4 *************** *************-******** ************ 4* MES DE JUNIO ****** **** ****** ****** ^xncwx^K^s^i^nv* a«***4 * * *******«» NRG GR.FECHA COO .BUQ LAT LON T HO 6570 61060717 00011BO -12.05 -77.33 4 17 6571 61060717 14514 -12.05 -77.33 3 17 6572 61060719 00011BO -12.05 -77. .50 4 19 6573 61060719 14514 -12.05 -77.50 3 19 6574 61060720 14514 -12.05 -77.67 3 20 6575 61060721 00011B0 -12.05 -77.67 4 21 6576 61060723 14514 -12.05 -77.83 3 23 6577 61060823 00011B0 -12.05 -77.83 4 23 6619 61060802 14514 -12.05 -78.00 3 2 6620 61060803 00011BO -12.05 -78.17 4 3 6621 61060803 14514 -12.05 -78.17 3 3 6622 61060805 14514 -12.05 -78.33 3 5 6623 61060807 00011BO -12.05 -78.50 4 7 6624 61060807 14514 -12.05 -78.50 3 7 6199 660 60813 00041HU -2.00 -80.83 4 13 6204 66060815 00041HU -2.00 -81.00 4 15 6205 66060815 00041HU -2.00 -81.00 4 15 6206 66060816 00041HU -2.00 -81.17 4 16 6207 66060813 00041HU -2.00 -81.33 4 13 6208 66060820 14807 -2.00 -81.00 3 20 6209 66060 821 14807 -2.00 -81. 17 3 21 6210 66060822 00041HU -2.00 -81.67 4 22 6211 66060900 14807 -2.00 -81.33 3 0 6212 66060903 14807 -2.00 -81.67 3 3 6240 66060901 00041HU -2.00 -82.03 4 1 6241 660 60905 14807 -2.00 -82.03 3 5 6242 66060906 00041HU -2.00 -82.57 4 6 6243 66060911 14807 -2.00 -82.57 3 11 62 5 6 66060916 00041HU -2.00 -83.63 4 16 6257 66060916 14807 -2.00 -83.10 3 16 6256 6606092 1 14807 -2.00 -83.63 3 21 6259 66060923 00041HU -2.00 -83.10 4 23 6233 66060100 10731AO -3.52 -81.17 4 0 6369 66060806 21508 -7.98 -79.72 3 6 6375 66060 705 21508 -7.40 -80.55 3 5 6425 66061105 21508 -9. 52 -78.77 3 5 6541 66061308 21508 -11.92 -78.63 3 3 6542 66061315 21508 -11.38 -78.08 3 15 6543 66061405 21508 -11.33 -78.32 3 5 6559 66061202 21508 -11.80 -79.72 3 2 6560 66061207 21508 -11.60 -79.93 3 7 6561 66061215 21508 -11.37 -79.73 3 15 6562 66061217 10731AO -11.37 -79.73 4 17 6563 66061223 215C8 -11.93 -79.10 3 23 6603 66062415 21508 -12.05 -77.30 3 15 6604 66062416 1074UO -12.05 -77.30 4 16 6605 66062423 21508 -12.30 -77.48 3 23 6606 66062500 10741A0 -12.30 -77.48 4 0 66C7 66062513 21508 -12.48 -77.45 3 13 6610 66062514 10741A0 -12.48 -77.45 4 14 6611 66062601 21508 -12.72 -77.45 3 1 6612 66062602 10741A0 -12.72 -77.45 4 2 6663 66062618 21508 -13.25 -77.47 3 13 6669 66062619 10741AO -13.25 -77.47 4 19 6670 66062718 21508 -13.52 -77.45 3 18 6671 66062720 10741A0 -13.52 -77.45 4 20 6672 66062811 21508 -13.75 -77.52 3 11 6673 66062812 10741A0 -13. 75 -77. 52 4 12 6674 66062911 215 08 -13.78 -77.77 3 11 6675 66062913 10741A0 -13.78 -77.77 4 13 6473 69061617 150 82 -10.30 -73.27 3 17 6474 69061814 15082 -10.90 -78.32 3 14 68 6475 69061815 15082 -10.85 -78.33 3 15 6476 69062113 15082 -10.92 -78.40 3 13 6477 69062114 15082 -10.90 -78.32 3 14 6478 69062115 15082 -10.35 -78.33 3 15 6544 69061820 150 82 -11.32 -78.30 3 20 6545 69061822 15082 -11.32 -78.05 3 22 6546 6 90 61919 15082 -11.30 -78. 18 3 19 6547 69061921 15082 -11.30 -78.18 3 21 6548 69061923 150 82 -11.33 -78.20 3 23 6545 69062001 15082 -11.33 -78.20 3 1 6550 69062003 15082 -11.33 -78.20 3 3 6614 69062223 15092 -12.67 -77.33 3 23 6615 69062302 15092 -12.27 -77.27 3 2 6616 69062307 00381SN -12.27 -77.27 4 7 6665 69062120 15052 -13.97 -76.57 3 20 6666 69062202 00381SN -13.95 -76.57 4 2 6676 69062214 15092 -13.38 -77.70 3 14 6677 69062217 15092 -13.47 -77.58 3 17 6678 69062219 00381SN -13.88 -77.70 4 19 6679 69062220 15092 -13.08 -77.48 3 20 6680 69062301 00381SN -13.08 -77.48 4 1 6690 69062114 15052 -14.33 -76.60 3 14 6691 69062118 15092 -14.37 -76.58 3 18 6692 69062122 00381SN -14.37 -76.58 4 22 6693 69062123 15052 -14.08 -76.78 3 23 6694 69062204 00381SN -14.08 -76.78 4 4 6703 69062202 15092 -14.20 -77.02 3 2 6704 69062205 15092 -14.43 -77.45 3 5 6705 69062206 00381SN -14.20 -77.02 4 6 6706 69062208 15092 -14.68 -77.92 3 3 6707 69062210 00381SN -14.43 -77.45 4 10 6708 69062212 15092 -14.23 -77.80 3 12 6709 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-12.03 -78.28 4 4 6644 74060508 00721SN -12.05 -78. 78 4 3 6650 74060512 00721SN -12.07 -79.28 4 12 63 2 7 75060200 R160 -5.77 -85.93 K 0 6363 75062906 32U4TM -6.83 -85.90 10 6 6390 75060112 R160 -7. 13 -84.12 5 12 6412 75060100 R160 -8. 53 -82.33 5 0 6414 75062913 32U4TM -8.67 -83.37 10 18 6499 75063 006 32U4T.M -10.68 -81.00 10 3 73 LIST OF REFERENCES Bretschneider, D. E. , 1980: Sea Level Variations at Monterey, California, Master Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. Bjerknes, J., 1961: "El Nino" Study Based on Analysis of Ocean Surface Temperatures, 1935-57, Inter-Amer. Trop. Iuna Comm. Bull., 5, 219-307. Caviedes, C. , 1975: El Nino 1972: Its Climatic, Ecological, Human and Ocean Implications, Geograph. Rev. 65, 493-509. Costlow, J. D., and Barber, R. , 1980: IDOE Biology Programs, Oceanus, 23 (1), 52-56. CUEA Data Reports (67 Vols.) and CUEA Technical Reports (61 Vols.), National Oceanographic Data Center, Washington, D.C. Duperey, L. I., 1829: Voyage Autour du Monde Sur la Corvette de la Majeste, "La Coquille" Pendant les Annes 1822, 1823, et 1825, Hydro- graphie et Physique, Paris. Enfield, D. , and Allen, J. S. , 1980: On the Structure and Dynamics of Monthly Mean Sea Level Anomalies along the Pacific Coast of North and South America, J. Phys. Oceanogr. , 10 (4), 557-578. Fitz-Roy, R. , 1839: Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of his Majesty Ships Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826-36, II, 505. Geskell, T. E. , 1973: The Gulf Stream, The John Day Company, New York. Glantz, M. , and Thompson, D. , 1981: Resource Management and Environ- mental Uncertainty, Advances in Environmental Sciences and Technology, Wiley Interscience, 11, 3-13. Gunther, J. L., 1936: Report on Oceanographic Investigations in the Peru Coastal Currents, Discovery Rep. , 13: 107-276. Humboldt, A. Von, 1822: Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent during the Years 1799-1804 (Translated by Helen Maria Williams), London, 1822-29. Hurlburst, H. E. , et a!., 1976: A Numerical Simulation of the Onset of "El Nino", J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 621-631. Jenne, R. L. , and Joseph, D. H., 1974: Techniques for the Processing Storage and Exchange of Data, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Tech. Note NCAR-TN/IA-93. 74 Murphy, R. , 1937: Notes on the Findings of the William Scoresby in the Peru Coastal Current, Geograph. Rev. , 27, (2). Murphy, R. , 1954: The Guano and Anchoveta Fisheries, Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty, Wiley Interscience, 11:81-106. O'Brien, J., 1978: El Nino: An Example of Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Oceanus, 23, (4):40-46. O'Brien, J., et al., 1981: Ocean Models of "El Nino", Resource Management and Environmental Uncertainty, Wiley Interscience, 11. Paul ik, G. , 1971: Anchovies, Birds and Fishermen in the Peru Current, Environment: Resources, Pollution and Society, William W. Murdoch, Ed., Sinauer Ass., Stamford, Conn. Posner, G., 1954: The Peru Current, Scientific American, Vol. 190; 66-71. Schweigger, E. H., 1931: Observaciones Oceanograficas Sobre la Corriente de Humboldt, Bol . Comp. Admin Guano., 7, (l):3-39. Smith, R. L. , 1978: Poleward Propagating Perturbations in Currents and Sea Level Along the Peru Coast, J. Geophys. Res. , 83: 6083-6092. Sverdrup, H. U. , 1930: Some Oceanographic Results of the Carnegie's Work in the Pacific, The Peruvian Current, Trans. Amer. Geophys., Un. , lOth-llth An. Meeting. Tessan, U.De., 1844: Cartes des Courants et des Temperatures de 1'Eau a la Surface de la Mer, Observes a Bord de la Venus en 1837, 38 et 39, Paris, Wooster, W. , and Gilmartin, M. , 1961: The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, J. Mar. Res., 19 (13):97-122. Wyrtki , K. , 1963: The Horizontal and Vertical Field of Motion in the Peru Current, Bull. Scripps Instn. Qceanogr. , 8 (4):313-346. Wyrtki, K. , 1975: El Nino: The Dynamic Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to Atmospheric Forcing, J. Phys. Qceanogr. , 5: 572-584. Wyrtki, K. , 1973: Teleconnections in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Science, 183: 66. Yergen, W. , 1970: The Data Base of the Naval Oceanographic Live Atlas, Informal Report #70-1 NAVOCEANO. Yergen, W. , 1967: A Rapid Access Tape Format for Oceanographic Station Data, Informal Report #67-X NAVOCEANO. Zarate, A., 1555: Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista del Peru, con las Cosas Naturales que Senaladamente Alii se Hallan y los Sucesos que ha Avido, Anvers. (Traducido en Kerr, Roberts, 1 824-) , A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, IV : 348-350 . 75 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST No. Copies 1. Defense Technical Information Center 2 Cameron Station Alexandria, VA 22314 2. Library, Code 0142 2 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 3. Chairman (Code 68Mr) 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 4. Chairman (Code 63Rd) 1 Department of Meteorology Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93940 5. TNT Hector Soldi 15 Direccion de Hidrografia y Navegacion de la Marina Esquina de Roca y Gamarra Chucuito Callao, Peru 6. 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Rue Royal e 75200 Paris Naval France 37. LT Vitor Silva 1 Ave. Forcas Armadas, Lote: A, Y, L, R; "I -ESQ 1600, Lisbon, Portugal 38. Gene and Mary T. Brown 1 Code 7300 Naval Oceanographic Office NSTL Station Bay St. Louis, MS 39522 79 No. Copies 39. Patricia Eaton 1 DMAHTC - HYH02 6500 Brookes Lane Washington, D.C. 20315 80 956 72 Thesis s66397 c 7 CI S°ldi Soid^ 0rSaniZai., ^3 ,n. ba°k for ;i data «? «^- thS >«an Thesis S66397 c.l Soldi Soldi Organization of an oceanographic data bank for the Peruvian Navy. 1S:?72 thesS66397 Organization of an oceanographic data ba 3 2768 002 01669 3 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY yM&m v.Sms mar iliffl iflB mm M-'Avwafifflfflll VWi-WSKraSfl ' •■■■■■'• ffl »:*««