LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS OF THE UNITED STATES (HARDY, CULTIVATED) BY AUSTIN CRAIG APGAR AUTHOR OF "TREES OF THE NORTHERN VNITEP STATES '•BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC. NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMK KM1 AX 150 OK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON. APGAR'S ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. W. p. I 4&1 PREFACE THIS book is intended to be used by that large public who wish to know by name the attractive shrubs culti- vated in parks and private grounds, but who are actually afraid of anything called botany. This fear comes from the great number of scientific words. used and the con- stantly changing names in botanic books. We cannot help using rose, spirea, hydrangea, chrysanthemum, azalea, and rhododendron, though they are scientific, because long use lias rendered them familiar. It would be well for us if we could lose our fear of old, well-given names in other cases. The authority of the great Linnse*us has not in one hundred and fifty years prevailed upon us to call syringa bushes philadelphus or lilac bushes syringa, so it is fool- ish for us to try to change old names. The names by long use are the ones which will endure; and if our scien- tific nomenclature is to be constantly changing, the result will be that the public will have nothing to do with any names but common ones. There was a time when we said, and with some truth, that common names were only local — that there were too many of them applied to the same plant and too many different plants with the same name. Ninebark and Virginia creeper are almost uni- versally used common names ; let some of us try to find and remember the scientific names given in the different manuals printed in the twentieth century for these plants ! There ought to be a time limit after which names used should not be changed for any "rule," -names which have generally found their way into manuals and cata- logues for, say, twenty years should remain the names for 3 4 I'KKKACE all time. Newly introduced plants belonging to new genera should have distinctive names for our country, hut the old names used in their native country would be generally best for our use. The largest, latest, and best work on ornamental plants in America is Bailey's "Cyclopedia of Horticulture," and the names there given are in almost all cases the ones here used. Where changes occur to suit popular usage the interchangeable names will be found near each other, as this book is not alphabetic but by families ; thus, Wei- gela and Diervilla are on the same page and not in sepa- rate volumes, as in the "Cyclopedia." To suit an almost universal demand, practically all plants have been given common names. There is an attempt in many cases to use good generic names as a part of the name. As all bushes in general cultivation outdoors for orna- ment throughout the United States are included, many conservatory plants of the North will be found because they are hardy South. The illustrations are more numerous than ever before given in a single book on shrubs. Nearly every species has some feature shown. In order to impress the pupil with what constitutes a whole leaf, one is detached on some portion of the plant in most figures. The charm of a landscape throughout the growing season lies mainly in the foliage ; and the contrasts plants show are mostly in the variation in the color, parts, and forms of the leaves. The flowers are evanescent, but the leaves endure. Lovers oi nature should get the habit of noticing leaf differences, and this book is written in the hope that it will aid in forming this habit. Many of us are afraid of anything looking like a key. Keys in manuals have gradually been rendered more and more difficult by the introduction of a larger and larger number of scientific words applying in many cases to microscopic features; intelligent ones among us with an PREFACE 5 average amount of interest will not attempt to use them. The keys here given were written for the general public and not at all for the scientist. The attempt is made to include only common English words with their ordinary application. When a feature of a plant has no English word to describe it, an illustration or a phrase shows what is meant. The beginner may, of course, use only Part III with the illustrations to help him rind the name of the shrub; but it would be better to throw fear to the dogs and read intelligently Part I and thus learn what is a leaf and the great leaf differences and what is a flower and the great flower differences. Then boldly try the keys to Part II and discover how readily they can be used. By means of these keys the page is determined in Part III where the plant is figured and described. Persevere! Do not be discouraged by a failure or two. If you reach that stage when you know the leaf of a plant, all the rest will be found plain and easy. The author has received much valuable help from many sources, and his thanks are especially due to nurserymen North, South, East, and West who have furnished him witli specimens for illustration and information of great value ; without their help the book could not have been written. The authorities of the Arnold Arboretum and of other botanic gardens of the country have given help freely when called upon. TRENTON, NEW JERSEY. EDITOR'S NOTE MY father completed the writing of this last book of his shortly before his death. It had become familiar to me through copying his manuscript and in the trips we took together to various nurseries and forest lands to test the working power of his book. As a natural outcome of this long and close association with him, the editing of it has devolved upon me. He made the illustrations in pencil, almost entirely from nature, and I have since inked them in, at the request of the publishers. Grateful acknowledgments are due to a number of my father's colleagues and friends for their assistance and offers of help, and particularly to Professor John W. llarshberger of the University of Pennsylvania, who has given a last critical reading to the manuscript and the proof sheets and has prepared the glossary and the index. ADA APGAR DRAYCOTT. CONTENTS PAfiE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS . 9 PART I. LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT . l-'5 PART II. KEYS TO THE GENERA PART III. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRIMP 57 GLOSSARY . . • 343 INDEX .....«•••••• 345 ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS PROPAGATION OF PLANTS' AT the end of each group of plants the methods of propagation are given. A few words may be necessary to explain the terms used. The order in which the terms are placed indicates the ease and success of the different plans, the best method having precedence. Of course the best method in some localities and under certain con- ditions might not be the best for other localities under other conditions, so some allowance must be made. Seeds. --The use of seeds is generally nature's plan, but it has some disadvantages. Varieties do not come o true in most cases. The seeds need to be fully mature but still fresh. Many seeds are slow to grow ; certain kinds need years to sprout. A number of flowers, double ones, for example, do not produce seeds. As a general rule, seeds should be soaked in warm water overnight before planting. The seedlings are best raised in shallow boxes or, after frosts are over in spring, in open ground. Small seeds should be covered with fine loam only to a depth but little greater than the diameter of the seed ; large seeds, to the depth of a quarter of an inch or more. A good rule is to cover any seed to u depth of twice its diameter with light fine earth. After covering the seeds the soil should be pressed down firmly with a board. Seedlings must not be allowed to become dry at any time. 1 Everything is condensed in this book to reduce it to handbook size, and the treatment of this topic is necessarily brief. The best book known to the author for an amateur is "Practical Floriculture," by Peter Hen- derson (?l."n 9 10 I'Kni'ACATION OF PLANTS Twig Cuttings. - - For almost all shrubs, the ripened in- stead of the soft-growing wood should be taken, and pieces \vitl i three or four eyes, axillary buds. Imbed about two eyes, removing all the leaves from the imbedded por- tion. If the plant has large leaves, cut off also part of the exposed leaves to reduce the leaf surface so as not to exhaust the life of the rooting twig. The best season for the propagation of slips is September to Janu- ary, after the hottest season. Of course I do not here give methods used by florists by which they obtain the largest possible number of plants from the smallest amount of material. They have hothouses, cold frames, and other appliances. This method is for the amateur to obtain a few new plants. Root Cuttings. - - All plants below ground are popularly called roots, though many herbs and some shrubs have rootstocks, or underground stems, that have buds or eyes which will readily produce new plants. When any por- tion below ground can be cut into pieces and planted in soil as a method of propagation, the term " root cuttings " is used. Pieces one to three inches long are taken, slightly imbedded, and allowed to grow. Suckers. - - Many species naturally send up stems from below ground at some distance from the main plant, and these stems are called suckers. These, after they get a full start, can be separated and made to produce new plants. Trees or shrubs which readily sucker are, as a rule, undesirable because they cannot be kept within bounds. Many plants of great beauty are discarded on account of this tendency. Layers. — Nearly all plants can be increased in number by layering. Some, by the most experienced nurserymen, can be propagated in no other way. By this plan a twig is bent down to the ground, where it is covered with soil and kept down by a weight or by sticks until it takes root. Before imbedding, a slanting cut on the upper side is made with a sharp knife, half severing the twig; this PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 11 helps the formation of roots and also the twig's removal when rooted. For layers, young wood is taken and three or four leaves and buds are exposed beyond the imbedded portion. The best time for layering is from the middle of June to September. Divisions. — Many shrubs are increased by the division of the whole clump into two or more portions, each being set out into new ground. The best season for this pur- pose is the fall, and this is especially true of those plants having fleshy roots, as the pseonies. Grafting and Budding. - - Plants which are half hardy in any region are rendered more hardy by grafting them on roots of nearly related but hardier species. Low spreading plants are sometimes grafted on erect-growing forms at the height of five to eight feet to produce um- brella or weeping trees. The so-called Kilmarnock wil- low, the weeping mulberry, and the Catalpa Bungei are produced in this way. Peculiar sports can be propagated only by budding or grafting. Beginners should see these processes performed by an expert before undertaking them ; the processes are easy after the methods are learned. Budding takes the place of grafting with plants of more slender or less woody stems, as roses. PART I LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT CHAPTER I THE STUDY OF LEAVES What constitutes a Leaf. - - In order to use this book with ease and success it will first be necessary to learn what constitutes a leaf of a plant. The reader must be able to pick off a whole leaf and nothing but a leaf horn any shrub. Leaves are present on plants through the growing season, and they are the only portions besides the stems on which they grow which are always to be found. The flowers are short-lived on all plants, and the fruits are in only compara- tively few species to be found through the year. In looking on a group of shrubs of hundreds of species, a small number, a dozen or less, will be found in bloom at any given time. The great and lasting beauty of these plants is their foliage. The differences which the species show are easily seen in the forms and the surface of the blades of the leaves. So if the reader wants to become acquainted with plants, he must recognize their leaves. We all know many things by sight which we cannot express in words ; but if we wish to use such a book as this to become acquainted with the part of nature with which it deals, we must see how the words used by the author apply to the plant parts under observation. The first and most important step in this knowledge is the ability to determine what constitutes a full leaf. The visible growing parts of bushes ar<* the stems and 13 14 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Fig A - '• .••'•_ ,}'' Fig 5 FiS.D PLATE I Tin: srrnv OF L HAVES !."> the leaves which are regularly arranged along them. The stems are easily seen to be jointed, and the two things which make these joints are the leaves and the buds, just above the stalk of the leaf, in their axils. These buds will sooner or later burst and form new branches or else Mowers. The buds are of various sizes, but even if small they can usually be seen, though occasionally they are so hidden partially or wholly under the base of the leaf as to need the breaking off of the leaf to expose them. When the leaves are very numerous, as in the spruces and other such evergreens, only a few of the buds develop so as to be seen. Now all this is merely words easily read and easily com- prehended. If the reader wishes really to make use of this book, he must take the twigs of many kinds of shrubs and search for leaves and buds. It will be a good plan first to take the illustrations given in this book, to see in each case what is a leaf. One full leaf is drawn by the side of the twig in every figure. The bud in the axil can usually be seen before the removal of the leaf, but more clearly where the leaf is removed. The largest and most complicated leaf is shown in Fig. 336 ; and the smallest, in Fig. 86. The reader must not think it too simple a task; but it is one necessary to master. A leaf, a whole leaf, and nothing but a leaf must be known in all cases if this book is to be used. When the leaf is surely known, all the other steps are easy. After a close examination of the figures given and an un- derstanding of why the removed portion is a leaf, be- cause it marks the joint of a stem, one should go to the shrubbery and gather branches from a number of kinds of bushes. Be sure to cut off twigs which have grown extensively during the year. These new growths will have smoother and generally greener bark than the old growth. Having gathered a dozen or more kinds, take them to some shady place where there is a chance to have a good seat and an 16 LKAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Fig. G Fig J K . PLATE II THK STUDY OP LEAVKS 17 investigating companion. Two heads and two pairs of eyes are found to be much better than one for the study of nature by a beginner. Of the dozen species probably half will have buds as large and conspicuous as to be easily seen by any one, especially if it is summer time. In these cases the whole leaf is all that is attached to the stem just under or below (In- bud. Some of these leaves may be very small, less than an inch in length, while others may be a foot or more long. Many leaves will have but one blade or spreading green portion, while others may have any num- ber of blades — a score, a hundred, or possibly a thousand. The leaf of the waxberry (Plate II, Fig. G) has one blade; the clover, three ; rose bushes, three, live, or seven (some species have over seven); the elder bushes (Plate III, Fig. P), seven to eleven ; some of the sumachs, over twenty-live ; and the acacia tree, several hundred (Plate IV, Fig. S). Having determined about those which have conspicuous buds in the axils of the leaves, take other twigs and, re- membering that leaves mark the joints of stems, try to break off whole leaves. In some cases the buds will show after the leaves are stripped off, because they were hidden under their bases (Plate III, Fig. R). A few may have flowers, fruit, or twigs above the leaves ; these are the developed buds which could earlier have been found in the unopened state. The final specimen or two may possi- bly show neither buds nor branches in the axils, as these develop visibly only later in the year. As was said, the growing parts of plants are the stems with their leaves. Stems are more or less continually growing at their tips ; this is especially true in shrubs. But the leaves, no matter how complicated, soon reach their full size and stop growing. The forward growing- part is sure to be a plant stem, and the parts which mark it into joints, no matter how small and scale-like tlirv ap- pear, are full leaves. In all parts of the I'nitcd States APGAK'S SHRUBS- '_' 18 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT M A Fig.P PLATE III THE STUDY OF LKAVKS 19 there is some tree popularly called red cedar and in all sections some cultivated plant called arborvitie. If a specimen of either of these is taken, the growing twigs will be found covered with scale-like parts and no such things as would usually be called leaves. Each of these scales, because it marks a joint, is a full leaf of the plant (Plate I, Fig. A). There is a shrub or small tree, extensively cultivated especially in the East, which has abundant small pink flowers in spring or summer. This will appear to the novice as without show of leaves, seeming to consist of hundreds of green thread-like growths. The name given to the plant is tamarix or tamarisk. If the reader can procure a piece of this plant, let him examine the fine sprays of green thread-like portions with a magnifier. Along these he will observe pointed, triangular, partially clasping parts. These, though smaller than a pinhead, are the simple leaves of this plant. They are full leaves because they are at the joints of the stem (Figs. 35-37). The three plants here, given, red cedar, arborvitte, and tamarix, have the smallest leaves found on any of our trees and shrubs. Large leaves, the largest there are on any of the northern shrubs, will be found on a very beautiful thorny plant called Hercules' club (Fig. 336). These are closely crowded at the blunt ends of the stems. These leaves with their enlarged bases nearly cover the whole surface of the blunt tip. Lower down on the old stem the scars, where the leaves were in earlier years, will show as broad V-shaped marks. The leaves on this plant will often be over a yard long and consist of 75 to 150 blades. Arrangement of Leaves. --In this search for leaves mark- ing the joints of stems, one will have noticed that there are frequently two or more leaves at the same joint. Over half of the kinds of cultivated shrubs in the United States have only one leaf at the joint (Plate III, Fig. M) ; a smaller number have two (Plate II, Fig. K) opposite 120 LKAYKS, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT F.S. S F.J.W I'LATK IV THE STUDY OF LKVYKS 21 each other; while a few have three or more regularly arranged around the same joint. These illustrate the three common arrangements which leaves take — altcn/d; but if they more or less follow the direction of the midrib, the blades are said to be 3-ribbed, 5-ribbed, or T-ribbed as the case may be. A more common veining is when the only rib extending from the base is the midrib and the veins next in size extend from this in a regular O manner outward from base to tip ; this gives what is called feather -veining. A peculiar variety of feather- veining is shown in birch and elm leaves, where the veins along the sides of the midrib are distinctly marked and extend nearly parallel with each other to the margin of the blade ; this is called straight-veined. Between all these ribs and veins there is, in almost all bushes, a network of fine veins which gives the name net- veined to the blades. In the United States there are many leaves so thick and fleshy that this network does not show, and the blades are well described as obscur<- /// veined. In such plants as wheat, corn, and the palms the veining does not form a network and the leaves are said to be parallel-veined . Forms of Blades. - - (See Plates I-IV, Figs. A-X, also other figures in book.) In the description of blade forms in this book only the commonest of English words are used and most readers will understand them without explanation and illustration; but for those who need a review of form words and their explanation a few para- graphs are given. Broad blades more than half as wide as long will, if widest at about the middle, be called oval; if widest near THK STCDV OF LFAVKS L'.") the base, ovate; if widest near the tip, nhovufe. If the broad base of an ovate blade is somewhat notched, the blade is cordate or heart-shaped; if the broad tip has such a notch, it is obcordate. Narrower blades when widest at the middle are ellinl'n-; if widest towards the base, lanceolate; towards the tip, oblanceolate . Any leaves when the sides are rather straight than curved will, if wide, be termed oblong and, if narrow, linear. There are blades so broad and rounded as to be called orbicular, others so acutely notched at base as to need the word arrow-shaped. Duration of Leaves. - -The only difference in the duration of leaves generally considered is that some fall in the autumn while others last through the winter in a green condition ; the words in common use to describe this con- trast are deciduous and evergreen. As this is a book intended mainly for summer use when the foliage is in good condition, many will find a difficulty in determining whether the leaves drop off and leave the twigs bare in winter. In general, the thicker and smoother the leaves the more apt they are to remain green through the winter and so be evergreen. This is no absolute difference; it is only a relative one. A mild winter will cause many plants to hold their leaves which in a severe winter they would lose. In the southern states there are many evergreen plants which in the North are deciduous. If the examination of plants should be as early as June and be carefully conducted, nearly every shrub which holds its leaves through the winter can be determined because the old leaves can still be found. At that time the growth of the year can easily be separated from the growth of the preceding year. The contrast in brighter color and a smoothness to the new branches will readily indicate what is new growth. If the last year's twigs still have leaves in the regular places and not leaf-scars. '_'(') LKAVKS, FLOWKIiS, AND FKU1T where the leaves have fallen off, such leaves are of the earlier year ami must have remained through the winter, so the plant is an evergreen. In cases where the leaves are thick, smooth, and usually glossy, the plant may be considered an evergeen or nearly so. In the New England states very few of the shrubs are evergreen ; not more than one fifth to one tenth of the species in cultivation in any one locality are evergreen ; while in the Gulf states probably over half are so. Of course, nearly all the plants, either North or South, with minute scale-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, such as the pines, spruces, firs, arborvitse, and cedars, are evergreen; these are almost without exception trees rather than shrubs. (The bald cypress, the larches, and the tamarisks are exceptions even in this group of scale-shaped and needle-leaved plants, as they are bare of foliage in winter.) CHAPTER II THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT Purpose of this Book. - - Most books on plants are pri- marily based on the critical microscopic examination of the flowers and their organs. For this the student must first be able to find the flowers in good condition, and be able to determine all about them. He must see the bottom of the pistil (the ovary) and not only find out about its cells, the attachment of the beginning of seeds (the ovules), but must know how many of these become true seeds with a plant (embryo). Concerning this plant within the seed- coats, he must know how many leaves there are, how these leaves are wrapped, folded, or wrinkled about the seed stem, and whether there is a food supply (reserve food) for the early growth of the seedling outside of the little plant. He must also know the kind of fruit it forms months later and the color of this fruit when ripe. He is asked to do all this before he can be ready to open the book to use a so-called key. This impossible work has been asked of beginners in botany so long that many are afraid of anything called a " botany " and of anything termed a " key," and are pur- chasing any book which shows an easy way to know the wild flowers. Authors are even adding encyclopedic in- formation to their "systematic s^ynopsis," the modern ex- pression for a key. This book is written for the use, and not for the bewilderment, of the vast majority of the public, who want some convenient way to learn the nature of the cultivated shrubs. After a leaf is known, but little is asked besides the color and size of the blossoms. The parts of the flowers are rarely examined, though 27 L'S LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT occasionally the number of petals needs to be counted. In nil these cast's the bright and conspicuous parts of flowers are called prtals, even where the scientist has in the end determined that they are better called sepals or bracts. The attempt has been made to use only such words about flowers as any one, without studying botany, can properly apply. The keys are only to be used as keys, not as containing exhaustive information, giving none but the points needed to decide the name of the plant. They are intended to enable the student to find the names of the plants. Not because it will lead the inquirer to think that finding the name of anything is the end of study- -this expresses so much of the criticism of ke}rs - - for it is but its beginning. An introduction is a necessary first step to an acquaintance. Without knowing a name we cannot use books containing detailed information and, more than this, we cannot make an independent investigation. We need to call by some name anything about which we wish to make mental or written notes and it ought to be a name in general use and, if possible, one applied in books. Dr. Henry van Dyke has well expressed a universal truth about naming things, though many scientists in col- lege and university devote much time to decry and deny it. In " Little Rivers " he says : " There is a secret pleasure in finding these delicate flowers in the rough heart of the wilderness. It is like discovering the veins of poetry in the character of a guide or a lumberman. And to be able to call the plants by name makes them a hundredfold more sweet and intimate. Naming things is one of the oldest and simplest of human pastimes. Children play at it with their dolls and toy animals. In fact, it was the first game ever played on earth, for the Creator who planted the garden eastward in Eden knew well what would please the childish heart of man when he brought all the new- made creatures to Adam, 'to see what he would call them.'" THE STTDY OF FLoWKKS AND FRUIT '_".) Now the purpose of this book is to enable a person to name the shrubs without a previous study of botany or the use of the microscope. Nothing will be required but a close examination by the unaided eye. Wherever an illus- stration will make the work easier, it will be found. Flower Organs. - - A few words about the great and important flower organs. The introduction will bring to the mind in review what most of us have known. Flowers are for the production of fruit and seed, and the bright colors and strong odors are for the purpose of attracting the proper insects so that better seeds shall result. The bright and conspicuous parts of the flower are called petals and together the petals form the corolla. Inside these showy parts the all-important organs for seed production, stamens and pistils, are to be found. The stamens furnish a fine dust (pollen) from their enlarged end ( anther} ; the presence of this can be seen in nearly all flowers which are not so double as to have lost the pollen and thus the power to form seeds. This pollen is needed on the end (stigma*) of the central organ of a flower (pistil), and by its aid the seeds are formed within the bottom of the pistil (ovary). The ripened ovary is the fruit. In many flowers the petals grow more or less together. They are fully united in the common morning glory, partially so in lilac blossoms, and entirely separated in apple and cherry blossoms. Sometimes the number of petals will be required, a matter easy to determine when the parts are separated as in apple blossoms, about as easy in the lilac flowers because their edge has lobes represent- ing them, and even in the morning glory peculiar stripes mark the division of the petals. The number of stamens will occasionally be wanted, but in most flowers they are few and can readily be counted. If over twenty, they will be called "many." In a few eases a little caution is necessary in counting, as the anther at the end of stamens is almost universally iMobed because 30 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT there are two to four cells to hold the pollen ; in a lilac blossom, where there are but two stamens, a careless glance might lead one to say there were four. The occasional growing together of stamens must be noted. A few words about the pistil and its many peculiarities. One should get the habit of seeing the pistil in flowers. It is the central part of the flower and has at its bottom the fruit-forming part (ovary) and at the top the stigma, where the pollen is received. Some flowers contain more than one pistil from stigma to ovary ; most have but one ovary, and whatever it may have of stigmas, to represent parts from which it was formed, they are all united at the bottom into one fruit-forming part. The counting of stigmas, when required, is easy. There is one very useful word which is often applied in this book and also in other manuals, — the word is sessile, and it means without any stem or stalk. Petals, anthers, stigmas, whole flowers, and even clusters of flowers may be sessile. Leaves and blades of leaves may be sessile. Ber- ries, pods, and all kinds of fruits may be sessile. Now any of these parts of a plant may have a stalk or stem and thus not be sessile. The work of invention that has been be- stowed on stalks to name each and every one differently so well illustrates how scientists in making the language of description exact have made it difficult to become the language of the people that I am tempted here to give some of these stalk names. Petiole --the stalk of a leaf. Peduncle — the stalk of a solitary flower or a cluster of flowers if attached above ground on a plant. Scape --for the same stalk if it rises out of the ground. Pedicel — the stalk of a flower in a cluster of flowers. Filament --the stalk of an anther. Stipe — the stalk of a pod, fern leaf, or mushroom. Claw — the stalk of a petal. THE STUDY OF FI.ONVKKS AM) FRUIT i>l In this book the word stalk is practically used through- out. Arrangement of Flowers. - -Flowers are called solitary when but a single blossom is found at the tip of a branch, whether it be the tip of the plant or the tip of an axillary growth from a leaf of the plant. They are clustered if more than one is found in either position. There are a I re- forms of clusters so common that their names are here given. Probably the commonest form of cluster is that of a raceme; in this a number of flowers on individual short stems branch at different points along the main stalk. If these stems all extend from the tip, an umbel is formed; if from nearly, but not quite the same place, the whole forms a rather flat cluster, and a corymb is the result. If a second division occurs before flowers are found, all of these forms above are said to be compound; the compound raceme is so common that panicle is the word describ- ing it. Besides these clusters of flowers, where the individual blossoms have appreciable stalks, there are two cases where the blossoms are about sessile; if the cluster is elongated, it forms a spike, and if rounded, a head. There is a form of spike so common on shrubs and trees that a word to de- note it is important and will occasionally be found in the text — the word catkin. The birches, willows, oaks, hazel- nuts, etc., have catkins. These are usually slender clusters drooping from the twigs and consist of male flowers. The catkins are so ornamental in some of the willows that the name pussy willows is given to the plants. Flat-topped clusters with an older central flower on each branch are called cymes. The Fruit. - -The part formed from the ovary of a flower is in general called the fruit. Fruits are divided into dry fruits and fleshy fruits. So far all is easy to any one; but the full classification of either flesh v or dry fruits, as given in the text-books of botany, is difficult; and in the most advanced books there are found many points of the 32 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT classification which even scientists cannot apply to all in- dividual cases. In this book few fruit terms are employed and include names for all the forms found on shrubs. Nearly all the small fleshy fruits are here called berries. Berries ought to have more than one seed, which is usually true of them. There is a class of fleshy fruits (usually large, but some- times small) which has a single stone-covered seed, repre- sented by the peach, plum, and cherry. These have been called drupes so generally that the word will occasionally be given, though in the text it will often be preceded by a word which will explain it, as, a cherry-like drupe. Fruits with several to many seeds in horny-coated cavities, so well illustrated in the apple and pear, are called pomes. This word will never be found except when modified by explanatory words. Other forms may occur and illustra- tive words will explain them, as, orange-like fruit, black- berry-like fruit. The fleshy fruits Avill generally be "• berries " and " drupes " in the text. The dry fruits will be called pods, if of one cell and several seeded; capsules or seed vessels if of more than one cell except when single-seeded and these will be seed- like (achenes}, nut-like (tnitlrts). In general, all terms outside of the common words of the English language, used in the descriptive portion of this book, will be explained or illustrated by drawings. This, therefore, is a book needing no Glossary (though a short one is given to help one to overcome an occasional forgetf ulness). PART II KEYS TO THE GENERA DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE KEYS General Cautions. -- In using any of the keys: (1) Never read any but the statements to which you are direct <•< I by the letter in parenthesis; (2) read all the statements fol- /"/<'///(/ the given letter to which you are dim-fed and choose the one which seems nearest right about your specimen. General Directions. — All the keys have several starred (*) sections. These are all to be read and one chosen. At the end of this there is a letter in parenthesis and just below it a statement following this same letter. Following or further down the page, but at the same dis- tance from the left side of the page, other statements coming after the same letter are to be found. All these need to be read. The one that best suits the plant in hand is always to be chosen and the letter in parenthesis noted. Proceed till a name, instead of a letter in paren- thesis, occurs. In this Part II there is given the name of the genus of the plant, with the page in Part III where the different species of the genus are described and illustrated. If there are several genera given, turn to all the pages noted and, by the descriptions or the figures, conclude which is the right one. In Part III the keys are to be used as in Part II, but the names there given are the full names of the plants. In the General Opening Key on page 34 the numbered keys up to and including Key 8 contain the great propor- tion of all shrubs. The others include all the peculiar APGAR'S sHuuiis — 3 33 3-1 KEYS TO THE CENERA plants. It will be well to read these latter, as much time '.•an be saved if your plant is so unusual as to belong to one of these small sections. Key 9 is most useful if your plant has all of its leaves very small. Pronunciation. - -The vowel of an accented syllable if marked by a grave accent (^) is long, and if marked by an acute accent ( ') is short. GENERAL OPENING KEY All the starred portions of this key should be read and the one taken whose description best suits the plant in question. The first three starred portions are intended to include all the plants, if worked with in the sum- mer. The fourth is for winter use. The fifth includes the small number of shrubs which are thorny or prickly. The sixth to the last inclusive are only for those with special arrangement of leaves. (In all the special keys there are often several sections based on different conditions of the plants.) * Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (This does not include plants with clusters of leaves on one side of the stem, but those with 2 or more leaves regularly arranged around the stem at the joints.) (A.) A. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed . . . Key 1. B. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges .... Key 2. B. Leaves with lobed edges ; the lobes either notched or entire Key 3. A. Leaves compound, shown by their having 2 to many blades Key 4. * Leaves alternate, with one leaf at a joint of the stem. (C.) C. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (D.) D. Leaves wit'.i entire edges, neither notched nor lobed . . . Key 5. D. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges Key G. D. Leaves with lobed edges ; the lobes either notched or entire Key 7. C. Leaves compound, shown by their having 2 to many blades Key 8. * Leaves very small, less than an inch long. (Of course these might be found under the above *s. but it is convenient to have in a single key the few plants with very small leaves ; the blades of a compound leaf must not be considered leaves.) Key 9. KEYS TO THE GKXKKA '.'>') * Winter keys for deciduous leaved plants which show either flowers or fruit when the stems are bare of foliage. (E.j E. Plants with winter or early spring (lowers Key H>. E. Plants with fall or winter fruits Key 1 1 . * Special key for thorny and prickly plants, including cactus growl 1 is, plants which seem to have no foliage, and those with spiny-edged leaves Key 12. * Plants with a close cluster of leaves at the tips of the branches. (F. ) F. Plants with evergreen leaves. (G ) G. Leaves simple, 1-bladed. Rhododendron (p. 260). Ivalmia (p. 256). PittAsporum (p. 68). Skhnmia (p. 81). G. Leaves very compound. Nandina (p. (57). F. Plants with deciduous leaves. Azalea (p. 257). Zanthorhiza (p. 58). * Plants with alternate clusters of leaves along the stem; without thorns (if thorny plants, see 2d * above). Plumbago (p. 268). Berberis (p. 64). * Plants with leaves only at the base and practically no bushy stem. Chiinaphila and Pyrola (p. 265). KEYS TO THE GENERA Key 1. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, entire-edged and with- out lobes. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 0, p. 51.) Key based mainly on flowers. The numbers refer to the pages. * Flowers conspicuous either by size or clustering and regular, not lopsided (irregular). (A.) A. Flower clusters more or less globular, stamens so numerous and long as to hide other parts. Acacia (p. 132). A. Flower petals united into a more or less tubular portion. (Under next A see Chionanthus.) (B.) B. Tube slender with a 4-lobed usually spreading border. (C.) C. Stamens 2 at mouth of tube. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 27"> ). (Privet) Ligustrum (p. 270). Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282). C. Stamens 4 within the tube. Cephalanthus (p. 241). Buddleia (p. 287). C. Stamens 8; flowers with no outer calyx-like portion. Daphne (p. 208). B. Tube slender with 5-lobed spreading border (sometimes double). (D.) KEYS TO THK GENERA D. Flowers waxy-white, often double ; leaves evergreen. Gardenia (p. 2tn). D. Flowers with a toothed crown in center; leaves evergreen. Neriuin (p. 270). D. Flowers with a conspicuous colored calyx. Clerodendron (p. 291). B. Tube very short, flowers broadly spreading with a 5-lobed border. Viburnum (p. 210). B. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, 4-lobed, in earliest spring. Forsythia (p. 274). B. Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dent-like pockets, in summer. Kalmia (p. 2o(i). A. Flower petals entirely separate (in Chiominthus only apparently separate). (E.) E. Flowers 1 inch or more in size. (F.) F. Flowers yellow with many stamens. Ascyrum (p. 74). Hy- pericum (p. 77). F. Flowers purplish with many thick pieces and sweet odor. Calycanthus (p. 180). F. Flowers bright scarlet with thick elongated calyx ; fruit large. Piinica (p. 20!)). F. Flowers of many colors with stalked and wrinkled petals. Lagerstrcemia (p. 200). F. Flowers white (sometimes purplish ; often with a dark center in Cfstus). (G.) G. Petals 5 (rarely 4) ; stamens many ; leaves generally aromatic. (H.) H. Fruit dry pods; flowers large and rose-like. Cistns (p. 71). H. Fruit fleshy ; southern. Myrtus (p. 204). Eugenia (p. 206). Psfdium (p. 20(i). G. Petals 4. rounded and broadly spreading. (I.) I. Flowers 1-2 inches wide, usually sweet-scented. Phila- delphia (p. 196). I. Flowers apparently over 2 inches wide (the true flowers are small and in the center). Co" rims (p. 214). G. Petals 4, long and slender (somewhat united at base). Chionanthus (p. 287). E. Flowers smaller. (J.) J. Petals 5; stamens many. Hype"ricurn (p. 77). Eugenia (p. 206). J. Petals 4, yellow; stamens many. Ascyrum (p. 74). J. Petals and stamens 4 or 5. Euonymus (p. 91) . Cornus (p. 2 1 h . KKYS TO THE (JENERA i!7 * Flowers conspicuous and irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. (K.) K. Flowers more or less in pairs, never blue ; fruit lierries. Lmiii-i m (p. 230). K. Flowers large, showy, nearly white ; fruit long capsules with winged seeds. Catalpa (p. 28(5). Chilopsis (p. 2«0). K. Flowers small, blue. Teucrium (p. 2!M). Hnsniarinus (p. '_".'! I. ' Flowers inconspicuous. (L.) L. Leaves heart-shaped with about 5 basal ribs. Cercidiphyllum (P- 62). L. Leaves 7iot distinctly heart-shaped ; fruit fleshy. (M.) M. Leaves with silvery scales. Shephe"rdia i p. :!():-}). M. Leaves without silvery scales, evergreen. Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282). Buxus (p. 300). Ficus (p. 308). Thoradendron (p. 3(J(i). M. Leaves without silvery scales, deciduous. Syiuphoricarpos (p. 228). Key 2. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple with notched but not robed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based mainly on leaves. The numbers refer to the pages. * Leaves thick and plainly evergreen. (A.) A. Almost stemless plants with nodding waxlike flowers \ inch broad. Chimaphila (p. 265). A. Low plants with small broadly spreading white flowers and 1-seeded berries hanging on through the year. Ardisia (p. 308). A. Taller shrubs. (B.) B. Leaves under 3 inches long. Abelia (p. 237). Euonymus (p. 91). B. Leaves over 3 inches long ; fruit berry-like or 1-seeded cherry- drupe-like. (C.) C. Flowers small, white, fragrant with a tube and a 4-lobed spreading border, salver-shaped. Osmanthul (p. 28-_'.i. 6lea (p. 282). C. Flowers small, white, united at base and broadly spreading. Viburnum (p. 219). Ardfsia (p. 208). C. Flowers small, dull purple; leaves often mottled. Aucuba (p. 218). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.) D. Leaves rather heart-shaped and basal- or radiate-ribbed. (E.) E. Leaves slightly notched, about 5-ribbed. Cercidiphyllum (P. 62). E. Leaves distinctly notched. (F.) KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Fruit dry and 2-wiuged like all maples. Acer tataricum (p. 105). F. Fruit many-seeded short capsules in spreading calyx ; flowers large, white or creamy. Philadelphus (p. 196). F. Fruit drupes with flattened stones. Viburnum (p. 219). D. Leaves more or less heart-shaped, feather-veined, not basal- ribbed. (G.) G. Leaves doubly notched and plaited ; fruit about 4 black bead- like parts in spreading calyx remaining through the winter. Rhodotypos (p. 16:>). G. Leaves not plaited. Hydrangea (p. 192). D. Leaves not heart-shaped at base. (H.) H. Stem somewhat 4-sided or 4-ridged, often conspicuously so. (I.) I. Flowers regular, not lopsided. (J.) J. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia (p. 274). J. Flowers pink to violet with a long tube and 4-lobed spread- ing border. Buddleia (p. 287). J. Flowers broadly spreading with 4 or 5 petals; fruit bright colored in fall. Eu6nymus (p. 91). I. Flowers irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. Teucrium (p. 294). Caryopteris (p. 288). H. Stem not conspicuously ridged or winged. (K.) K. Flowers large in large snowball-like clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers small (sometimes large ones at border) in broad clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers large with 4 rounded broadly spreading petals in a large green calyx. Philad^lphus (p. 190). Rhodotypos (p. 163). K. Flowers funnel-form, large, i-2 inches long. Weigela (p. 234). Abelia (p. 237). K. Flowers white or pink of 5 thick petals (or double). Peutzia (p. 191). K. Flowers large in large clusters, usually with colored calyx. Clerode'ndron (p. 291). K. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring ; fruit large, 1 inch long, rough, many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). K. Mowers small; berries small with 1-4 seeds. Callicarpa (p. 289). Rharnnus (p. 9:!). Key 3. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, with a lobed border. ('For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on leaves. KKVS TO THE (! K.\ KKA 39 * Leaves palmatcly veined and lobcd. (A.) A. Leaves slightly lobed (usually with notched border). Phihult •!- phus (p. 15>0). A. Leaves decidedly 3-lobed. Viburnum (p. 219). Acer (p. 103). A. Leaves 5-11-lobed. Acer (p. 103). A. Some leaves 2- or 3-lobed, others merely notched, others with 3 blades. Forsj'thia (p. 274). * Leaves feather- veined and lobed. (B.) B. Leaves very large, G inches or more long. Hydrangea (p. UI2). B. Leaves 2-(i inches long, some serrate, some 3-lobed, some 3-bladed. Forsythia (p. 274). B. Leaves under 2| inches long, some lobed, others not. Symphori- carpos (p. 228). Syrfnga (p. 27~>). Key 3a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clusters or by large individual flowers. (A.) A. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsyt.liia (P. 274). A. Flowers white to light purplish with tube and 4-lobed spreading border. (Persian Lilac) Syringa pe"rsica laciniata (p. 277). A. Flowers white, small or large, or small and large in clusters, in spring. Viburnum (p. 219). A. Flowers pinkish white, large in elongated clusters, in summer. Hydrangea (p. 192). * Flowers inconspicuous either in size or by dull colors. (B.) B. Leaves decidedly and radiately lobed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). B. Leaves slightly lobed; fruit 2-seeded berries. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). Key 3b. Key based on fruit. * Fruit fleshy, small (or absent). (A.) A. Drupes red or black with flattened stones (or without fruit, all flowers sterile). Viburnum (p. 219). A. Berries white or red with 2 seeds. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). * Fruit dry. (B. ) B. Fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded. Acer (p. 103). B. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded. (Lilac) Syrfnga (p. 275). B. Fruit many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). Hydrangea (p. 192). Philadelphia (p. 196). Key 4. Leaves opposite, compound. Key based mainly ou leaves and fruit. 4H KKVS TO THK (iKNKKA * Leaves with 3 small glossy entire-edged blades ; twigs green, 4-angled. Jasminum (p. 273). * Leaves with 3 notched blades ; fruit dry. Forsythia (p. 274). Staphy- lea (p. 10f>). Acer (p. 103). * Leaves pinnate of 5-11 blades. (A.) A. Fruit inflated bladder-like ; blades regularly and linely notched. Staphylea (p. 105). A. Fruit, if formed, 2-winged, maple-like ; blades irregularly and coarsely notched. Acer (p. 103). A. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded ; some of the leaves simple. (Persian Lilac) Syringa persica laciniata (p. 277). A. Fruit a berry 2-seeded, blades of leaves less than an inch long, entire-edged. Jasminurn (p. 273). A. Fruit a berry ; blades over an inch long, notched. Sambiicus (p. 226). A. Fruit a long capsule with winged seeds ; flowers large, yellow. Te"coma (p. 285). * Leaves twice-pinnate, blades much cut ; fruit a berry. Sambucus (p. 226). * Leaves palmate of 5-11 blades, blades all from one point. (B.) B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, spicy when bruised ; fruit berries. Yitex (p. 289). B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, not spicy ; fruit large capsules. ./Esculus (p. 102). B. Leaves 5-1 1-bladed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). Key 4a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clustering or by large individual flow- ers. (A.) A. Flowers yellow (B.) B. In early spring or winter before leaves expand. (C.) C. Large, 1 inch, bell-shaped, 4-lobed. Forsythia (p. 274). C. Smaller with a slender tube and 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jasrninum (p. 273). B. In late spring, of 4 unequal petals. ^Esculus (p. 102). A. Flowers white to purple or blue. (D.) D. Irregular, 2-lipped, in summer ; herbage spicy. Vftex (p. 289). D. lU-gular, with the corolla united more or less. (E.) E. Flowers tubular with 4-lobed spreading border. (Lilac) Syrmga (p. 275). E. Flowers tubular with a 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jasminum (p. 273). KEYS TO T1IK :iK.\KK \ -II E. Flowers short with a -Vlnhed spreading border, in large clus- ters. Sainbucus (p. 22li). D. Regular with corolla of o separate petals ; fruit bladder-like. Staphyl&i (p. 105). * Flowers inconspicuous by small size or lack of color. Acer (p. 103). Key 5. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. •">! ). Key based on leaves. For a key based more on flowers, see the next, 5 a. * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Leaves with silvery scales on one or both sides. Eheagnus (p. 300). Ilippophae (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. Fruit 1 to few-seeded berries. Berberis (p. 04). Lycium (p. 284). B. Fruit 1 -seeded cherry-like drupes. Bumelia (p. 2(50). B. Fruit (when found) large, orange-like in form and size ; plant milky-juiced. Maclura (Toxylon) (p. 310). B. Fruit elongated pea-like pods. Acacia (p. 132). Ulex (p. 113). * 1'lants not spiny. (C.) C. Leaves heart-shaped. 1, fully shrubby, C^rcis (p. 125). 2, herba- ceous, Polygonum (p. 29!)). C. Leaves narrow, one fourth as wide as long. (D.) D. Flowers over an inch long of 5 bright yellow petals. Helian- themum (p. 09). D. Flowers with a long tube and 4-lobed spreading border. Daphne (p. 298). D. Flowers small ; fruit a 1-seeded berry ; leaves silvery below. Eheagnus (p. 300). D. Flowers small, globular. 5-lobed, in June. Andrdmeda polifolia (p. 253). D. Flowers usually in globular clusters, apparently of yellow stamens only. Acacia (p. 132). D. Flowers with long red stamens, sessile in a leafy-tipped cluster. Callistfemon (p. 207). C. Leaves larger and wider, decidely aromatic or pleasantly scented. (E.) E. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Pi'rsea (p. 294). Myrica (p. 311). Skimmia (p. 84). Callistemon (p. 207). E. Leaves thinner and deciduous. Benzoin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 296). C. Leaves thick, evergreen or nearly so, not especially aromatic. (F. ) \~2 KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Flowers large, J inch to several inches broad. (G.) G. Flowers very large with (J, !», or 12 fleshy petals. Magnolia (p. 58). G. Flowers with 5 separate petals. Pittdsporum (p. 08). G. Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kalmia (p. 250). G. Flowers bell-shaped and slightly irregular, lopsided. Rho- dodendron (p. 200). F. Flowers smaller, generally under | inch broad (in Acacia, closely clustered so as to appear larger). (H.) H. Flowers with the petals entirely separate or so nearly so as to appear separate. (I. ) I. Petals 5, white or nearly so. Ledum (p. 203). Symplocos (p. 273). Escallonia (p. 188). Cotoneaster (p. 170). Cleyera (p. 81). Photinia (p. 179). I. Petals 0 ; flowers attached to the leaves. Ruscus (p. 323). I. Petals usually 4 (sometimes 5). Pittdsporum (p. 08). Cyrilla (p. 89). I. Petals 4 to G, almost separate. Ilex (p. 86). Ardi'sia (p. 208). Skfmmia (p. 84). H. Flowers with the corolla united into a globular bell or urn form having a 5-lobed border. (J.) J. Fruit dry 5-celled many-seeded capsules. Andrdmeda (p. 249). J. Fruit red berries. Arbutus (p. 249). Arctostaphylos (p. 246). H. Flowers tubular with a 4-lobed spreading border. Daphne (p. 298). H. Flowers small in clusters, 5-parted and peculiar in form. Ceanothus (p. 97). H. Flowers hidden in a globular or urn-shaped receptacle; juice very milky. Ficus (p. 308). C. Leaves deciduous and not especially narrow nor as above given. (K.) K. Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, ill-scented ; fruit large, fleshy. Asimina (p. 04). K. Leaves with curved parallel side veins. C6rnus (p. 214). Rhamnus (p. 93). K. Leaves blunt and rounded at tip. Rhus C6tinus (p. 109). Spinea (p. 140). K. Leaves not as above. (L.) L. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). L. Flowers large, | inch or more. (M.) KEYS TO THK (iKXERA 43 M. 6 to 15 thick petals. Magnolia (p. 58). M. 5 stalked petals. Exocho'rda (p. Kil). Lagerstroemia (p. 209). M. Pea-shaped flowers. 1, White. Cytisus(p. 113). 2, Yellow. Genista (p. 114). M. Funnel-shaped flowers, sometimes double. Azalea (p. 257). Leucophyllum (p. 285). M. Salver-shaped flowers, long tube and 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 2(58). M. Bell-shaped of 5 nearly separated petals. Styrax (p. 270). L. Flowers much smaller, £ inch or less, petals united. (N.) N. Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents in corolla. Kalmia (p. 256). N. Tubular, bell- or urn-shaped or globular, with 5-lobed border. Andr6meda (p. 249). Gaylussacia and Vaccfnium (p. 244). N. Bell-shaped, yellow, very small, with 4-lobecl border, in earliest spring. Dirca (p. 297). N. Leaves very largp, 5-12 inches long, somewhat heart- shaped. Polygonum (p. 299). L. Flowers small with separate petals. (O.) O. Flowers white or greenish in conspicuous clusters. Spiraea (p. 146). Photmia (p. 179). O. Flowers white in long slender racemes. Cyrflla (p. 89). O. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit red or black berries ripe in fall. Neinopanthus (p. 88). Rhamnus (p. 93). Key 5a. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. For a key based on leaves, see the preceding, Key 5. * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange. (A.) A. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped, somewhat irreg- ular, lopsided. Azalea (p. 257). A. Flowers large of 5 spreading petals open only in the sunshine. Helianthemum (p. 09). A. Flowers large, irregular, pea-shaped. Genista (p. 114). A. Thorny plan-ts with small flowers in spring. Ilippophae (p. 303). Be"rberis (p. 64). Elseagnus (p. 300). A. Tough-barked plant, rarely cultivated, with very small flmvrrs. Dirca (p. 297). A. Aromatic or spicy plants with small flowers in early spring. Sassafras (p. :i'.Ki). lien/inn (p. 297). IVrsea (p. 294). 44 KITS TO THK (JKXKRA A. Evergreens with large, 1 inch or more, yellowish flowers. Magnolia I'usrata ( \>. (4-lobed border. U • -• l )• 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). G. Petals separate. (I.) I. Flowers large with 6, 9, or 12 thick petals. Magnolia (p. I. Flowers with 5 petals (or double). Exochorda (p. 101). Spinea (p. 146). I. Flowers irregular, pea-shaped. Cytisus (p. 113). F. Flowers small, under \ inch, with the petals separate, or so nearly so as to appear separate. (J. ) J. Petals definitely 4 (in Skimmia 4 or 5). Cornus (p. 214). Nemopanthus (p. 88). Skimmia (p. 84). J. Petals 5 (rarely 4-0). Ilex (p. 86). Spiraea (p. 146). Ledum (p. 203). Cotoneaster (p. 170). Polygonum (p. 299). Ceano- thus (p. 97). J. Other southern shrubs with small white or nearly white flowers. Arbutus (p. 249). Ardisia (p. 208). Cleyera (p. 81). Pitt6- sporum (p. 08). Symplocos (p. 273). Ruscus (p. 323). F. Flowers small, under J inch, with plainly united petals. (K.) K. Flowers tubular, urn-shaped, or globular. (L.) L. Fruit dry many-seeded pods. Andr6meda (p. 249). L. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vaccfn- ium (p. 244). ("plant spiny. Bumelia (p. 269). K. Flowers bell-shaped, | no spines. Styrax (p. 270). Vaccmium I (P. 244). * Flowers inconspicuous, catkin-like or very rare. (M.) M. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). M. Leaves oblong, evergreen ; juice milky. Ficus (p. 308). M. Leaves broad and rounded at t ip ; fruit smoke-like. Rhiis (p. 107). M. Fruit 3-seeded berries. Rhamnus (p. 93). M. Fruit 1-seeded drupes. Myrica (p. 311). Key 6. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on all plant parts. Key based more particularly on flowers will be found next. Key 6a. * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Flowers with 5 separate petals, blooming in spring. Crataigus (p. 173). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). A. Flowers nodding, yellow or yellowish. Elfeagnus (p. 300). Be"r- beris (p. 64). 1C) KKVS TO T1IK (JKXKKA A.. Flowers inconspicuous, usually greenish. Khamnus (p. 03). Zizyphus (p. 99). A. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Be"rberis (p. 64). Pyracantha (p. 175). Ilex (p. 86). * Plants not spiny. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base. (C.) C. Fruit cone-like and hanging on till fall or through the year. Alnus (p. 312). Betula (p. 311). C. Fruit round nuts \— \ inch, ripe in fall. Corylus (p. 313). Castanea (p. 314). Que'rcus (p. 314). C. Fruit not as above, in some cases absent. (D.) D. Flowers white of many long stamens in snowy wreath. Neviusia (p. 171). D. Flowers white, sweet-scented, with 5 petals in erect clusters in summer. Cle'thra (p. 265). B. Leaves with oblique base. (E. ) E. Straight-veined. Ulmus (p. 308). Hamainelis (p. 202). Fothergilla (p. 203). Corylopsis (p. 204). E. Three-ribbed from base, small, 1 inch long. Zizyphus (p. 99). B. Leaves heart-shaped at base. (F.) F. With curved parallel side ribs. Rhamnus cathartica (p. 9<>). F. No such parallel ribs. (G.) G. Fruit cone-like, under 1 inch long, hanging on through the year. Alnus (p. 312). G. Fruit round nuts, ripe in the fall. C6rylus (p. 313). Casta- nea (p. 314). G. Fruit dry capsule, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Coryldpsis (p. 204). Fothergilla (p. 203). B. Leaves not as above. (H.) H. Leaves deciduous and (I.) I. Very narrow linear or nearly so. Salix (p. 314). Itea (p. 201). Khamnus (p. 93). I. Three- or more ribbed from base. (J.) J. Flowers with petals more or less united at base. (K. ) K. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped (sometimes double). Azalea (p. 257). K. Flowers bell-shaped (\-l inch). Styrax (p. 270). Ha- lesia (p. 272). K. Flowers tubular, globular, or urn-shaped Q inch or less). (L.) L. Fruit a capsule. Andromeda (p. 249). L. Fruit berry-like with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vaccfnium (p. 244). KKY.S TO TIIIO CKN'KRA 1 , K. Flowers with tube and 4-lobed spreading border; leaves silvery. Kkeagnus (p. 300). J. Flowers with petals separate or apparently so. (M.) M. Flowers solitary, large, 2-5 inches, with live petals. Stuartia (p. 80). Gordonia (p. 80). M. Flowers clustered, white (about 1 inch), with 5 stalked petals. Fxoehorda (p. 1(51). M. Flowers small, -}-J inch, of 5 petals or double. (N.) N. Fruit fleshy. Amelanchier (p. 180). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 170). N. Fruit dry. Spinea (p. 14(3). Clethra (p. 2(55). Es- callonia (p. 188). M. Flowers yellow, often double (1 inch). Kerria (p. 162). M. Flowers yellowish, small in hanging clusters. Eer- beris (p. (54). M. Flowers feathery, of conspicuous white stamens. Neviusia (p. 171). M. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). H. Leaves evergreen. (Thick glossy leaves indicate evergreen character.) (O.) O. Flowers large, 2-5 inches, with waxy petals. Camellia (p. 79). Gordonia (p. 80). O. Flowers' small, 1 inch, with 5 petals and 5 stamens. Escallonia (p. 188). Pittdsporum (p. 08). O. Flowers small, J inch, with 5 petals and many stamens. Photinia (p. 179). O. Flowers small, white, of 4 petals and 4 stamens. Ilex (p. 86). O. Flowers tubular, orbicular or ovate, small. Andromeda (p. 249). Gaylussacia and Vacciniuin (p. 244). Arbutus (p. 2 19). O. Flowers small, yellowish, of 5 slightly united petals in axillary clusters. Syrnplocos (p. 273). O. Flowers inconspicuous ; foliage sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311). O. Other evergreens only found outdoors South. Ardisia (p. 266). Key 6a. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. * Flowers in catkins generally in early spring (usually yellow, due to the pollen). (A.) A. Leaves sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311). 48 KEYS TO THE GENERA A. Leaves straight-veined. Alnus (p. 312). Be"tula (p. 311). Cas- tanea (p. 314). C6rylus (p. 313). A. ( >ther shrubs with catkin flowers ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange, but not in catkins. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined and oblique at base. Ulrnus (p. 308). CoryWpsis (p. 204). Hamamelis (p. 202). B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base, edge doubly ami sharply serrate ; twigs bright green with large pith. Kerria (p. 162). B. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs ; flowers large, 1 inch, funnel form. Azalea (p. 257). B. Leaves with silvery scales ; plants often thorny ; fruit fleshy, 1-seeded. Elaeagnus (p. 300). B. Leaves clustered along the branches ; plants usually thorny. Berberis (p. 64). * Flowers pink to rosy or red. (C.) C. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green.) Ardisia (p. 268). Arbutus (p. 249). Camellia (p. 70). C. Leaves deciduous and plants usually thorny. Pyrus (p. 182). Cratsgus (p. 173). Primus (p. 142). C. Leaves deciduous and plants without thorns. (D.) D. Flowers large, 2—5 inches, hollyhock-like. Hibiscus (p. 81). D. Flowers much smaller of 5 separate petals (or double) . Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Spinl-a (p. 146). D. Flowers with parts grown together into a tubular, urn-shaped, or globular part. (E.) E. Fruit a capsule with many seeds. Andr6meda (p. 249). E. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vacci'n- ium (p. 244). * Flowers white or nearly so. (F.) F. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green character.) (G.) G. Thorny plants; flowers ] inch or more in size with 5 petals. Pyracantha (p. 175). Ilex (p. 86). G. No thorns. (H.) H. Flowers large, 2-4 inches, often double in Camellia. Camellia (p. 7!)). Gordon ia (p. 80). H. Flowers small, wheel-shaped ; fruit white or red berries. Ardisia (p. 268). Ilex (p. 86). H. Flowers small, globular or ovate, 5-lobed ; fruit dry. An- dromeda (p. 249). H. other evergreens hardy only South. Photfnia (p. 179). F.scallonia (p. 188). Arbutus (p. i'49). KEYS TO THE CKN'ERA 49 F. Leaves deciduous. (I.) I. Flowers large, \ inch or more. (J.) J. Flowers usually over 2 inches wide of 5 petals and many sta- mt-iis. Stuartia (j>. 80). (iordbnia (p. 80). J. Flowers bell-shaped, J-H inches. Styrax (p. 270). Ilalesia (p. 272). J. Flowers with long stamens making feathery bloom. Neviiisia (p. 171). J. Flowers under 2 inches wide of 5 petals. (K.) K. Fruit fleshy. Amelanchier (p. 180). Cratsegua (p. 17.".). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). K. Fruit dry. Spiraea (p. 146). Exoch6rda (p. 101). I. Flowers small, under \ inch wide. (For inconspicuous flowers see next I.) (L.) L . Flowers of 4-0 petals, slightly united at base, and as many stamens ; fruit berries. Ilex (p. 8(5). L. Flowers of 5 petals and many stamens, or double. Spiraea (p. 140). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). Itea (p. 201). L. Flowers open bell-shaped. Zenobia (p. 253). Fothergflla (p. 203). L. Flowers globular, tubular, or urn-shaped. (M.) M. Fruit a capsule. Andr6meda (p. 249). M. Fruit berries with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Yai'cfniuin (p. 244). L. Other small white flowers on deciduous shrubs. Oeanotlms (p. 97). Clethra (p. 265). Baccharis (p. 241). I. Flowers inconspicuous by lack of size or color. ttluius (p. 308). Rhainiius (p. 93). Zfzyphus (p. 99). Key 7. Leaves alternate, simple with lobed edges. • Plants without thorns. (A.) A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 3-7 notched lobes. (B.) B. Fruit fleshy. (C.) C. Leaves very large, 5 inches or more broad. Ficus (p. 308). Fatsia (p. 212). C. Leaves smaller ; fruit a globular berry under 1 inch. Kibes (p. 201). B. Fruit dry. (D.) D. Flowers large, over 2 inches broad. Hibfscus (p. 81). D. Flowers small, under 1 inch. Physocarpus (p. 158). A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 2-3 unnotched lobes. (E.) APC.AK'S SHRUBS — -4 50 KEYS TO THE GEXERA. E. Leaves with 2 equal lobes. (Found outdoors only South.) Bauhfnia (p. 128). E. Leaves irregularly 2-3-lobed (sometimes without lobes). Sas- safras (p. 296). A. Leaves feather-veined. (F.) F. Some leaves without lobes, all with tapering bases. Baccharis (p. 241). F. Leaves fern-like with many side notches, aromatic. Compt6nia (p. 311). F. Leaves silver-gray, finely divided, aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). F. Leaves triangular, with 5-9 notched lobes. Stephanandra (p. 103). F. Other thornless shrubs with lobed leaves. Que"rcus (p. 314). Primus (p. 142). Spinea (p. 140). Betula (p. 311). * Plants with more or less thorns or prickles ; fruit fleshy berries (Ilex has spiny-edged leaves). Cratagus (p. 173). Ribes (p. 201). Rubus (p. 104). Ilex (p. 86). Key 8. Leaves alternate, compound. * Leaves of 3 blades. (A.) A. Plants thorny or prickly. (B.) B. Fruit large, orange-like. Citrus (p. 80). B. Fruit pea-like pods. Cytisus (p. 113). B. Fruit blackberry -like. Rubus (p. 104). B. Fruit 2-i 3-seeded black rounded berry. Acanthopanax (p. 212). B. Other prickly plants with 3-bladed leaves. R6sa (p. 100). A. Plants without thorns or prickles. (C). C. Flowers pea-shaped. Laburnum (p. 116). Lespedfeza (p. 124). C. Flowers not pea-shaped, small. (D.) D. Fruit dry but somewhat berry-like in appearance ; leaves aromatic. Rhus (p. 107). D. Fruit flat, wafer-like, | inch or more broad. Ptelea (p. 84). * Leaves with an even number of blades, abruptly pinnate. (E. ) E. Flowers yellow or yellowish. Cassia (p. 128). Caragana (p. 122). E. Flowers rosy. Halimode'ndron (p. 122). * Leaves of 5 or 7 blades growing from nearly the same point, pal- mately compound. (F. ) F. Blades entire ; flowers yellow, in summer. Potenti'lla (p. 104). F. Blades somewhat notched ; plant thorny. Acanthopanax (p. 212). F. Blades irregularly cut. Zantlmrhi/.a (p. 58"). * Leaves niii't- odd-pinnate, blades an odd number. (G.) G. Plants thorny or prickly. (H.) KEYS TO THE GEMiKA f> I H. Flowers large, 2 inches or more, of 5 petals and many stamens (often double). Rosa (p. Kit!). H. Flowers smaller, white ; fruit blackberry, or raspberry-like. Rubus (p. 164). H. Flowers pea-shaped ; fruit pea-like pods. Robhiia (p. 119). H. Flowers yellow in early spring. Muhonia (p. <»6). H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit rounded, pepper-like. Zanthtfxy- lum (p. 83). G. Plants without thorns or prickles. (I.) I. Blades of the leaves entire at edges. (J.) J. Fruit inflated or swollen pods 2 inches or more long. Colutea (p. 123). J. Fruit usually long pods but not inflated. Robfnia (p. 119). Indigofera (p. 119). Sophora (p. 111). J. Fruit jointed pods. Coronflla (p. 12">). Snphora (p. 111). J. Fruit short pods in spike-like clusters. Amorpha (p. 117). J. Fruit seed-like in calyx. Potent ilia (p. 104). J. Fruit berry -like, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; flowers yellow. Jasini- nuin (p. 273). J. Fruit dry and somewhat berry-like. Rhus (p. 107). I. Blades irregularly and deeply cut. (K.) K. Flowers very large, 3-8 inches. P;eonia (p. 57). K. Flowers small. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). Rhus (p. 107). I. Blades regularly twice-serrate. Sorbaria (p. 159). I. Blades regularly once-serrate. Rhus (p. 107). Tecoma (p. 285). Xanthoceras (p. 101). * Leaves 2-3 times pinnate. (L.) L. Leaves very large, 2-4 feet long. (M. ) M. Plant usually very prickly. Aralia (p. 211). M. Plant without prickles. Rhus (p. 107). L. Leaves smaller, twice-abruptly-pinnate. Albizzia (p. 131). Acacia (p. 132). Osalpmia (p. 120). L. Leaves odd-pinnate, finely divided, fern-like. Grevfllea (p. 300). Sorbaria (p. 159). Rhus (107). * Leaves divided into threes 2 or 3 times with 9-27 blades. (N. ) N. Blades notched ; plants hardly woody. Astilbe (p. 100). Arun- cus (p. 161). N. Blades entire. Woody evergreen plant of the extreme South. Nandina (p. 67). Key 9. Leaves small, generally | inch or less long, all leaves under an inch long (except on the last, below, which is a shrubby pine with leaves needle-shaped and ^oinetmu-s over 2 inches long). 52 KEYS TO THE (iENEKA * Leaves alternate with entire edges (sometimes very crowded but never truly opposite or whorlrd). (A.) A. Leaves thick and fully or nearly evergreen. (B.) B. Leaves with rolled edges. Ledum (p. 263). Leiophyllum (p. 203). B. Leaves without rolled edges. (C.) C. Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled. Picea (p. 326). C. Leaves linear, sharp-pointed, green below. Taxus (p. 341). C. Leaves linear, blunt, with white lines below. Tsuga (p. '•'>-*'< . C. Leaves broad at base, ovate, pointed; twigs green. (South. j Ri'iscus (p. 323). C. Leaves very hairy ; flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents. Kalmia (p. 250). C. Other evergreens with small alternate entire-edged leaves. (D.) D. Flowers tubular with 4 spreading lobes. Daphne (p. 2!)8). D. Flowers bell-shaped, 4-lobed in drooping clusters. Erica (p. 254). D. Flowers small, peculiar, in erect clusters. Ceanothus (P. »7). A. Leaves thinner and not evergreen. (E.) E. Flowers yellow, pea-shaped ; twigs green. Genista (p. 114). E. Flowers regular of 5 separate petals. Spiraea (p. 146). E. Flowers generally pink in very small clusters ; leaves minute, clasping the stem at base on thread-like twigs. Tamarix (p. 73). * Leaves alternate with notched edges. (F.) F. Leaves whitish or silvery-gray, much divided into lobes ; plant aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). F. Other shrubs with notched, small leaves. Spiraea (p. 146). Ilex crenata (p. 88). * Leaves opposite, thick, and evergreen (including scale-like leaves covering the stem). (G.) G. Leaves linear and sharp-pointed. Junfperus (p. 337). G. Leaves oval and about flat. Btixus (p. 306). Ceanothus (p. H7V G. Leaves oval with rolled edges. Leiophyllum (p. 263). G. Leaves very small, \ inch or less, and pressed to the stem which they practically cover. (H.) H. Flowers yellow, May-July. Huds6nia (p. 72). H. Flowers pink or white, July-September. Erica (p. 254). Cal- luna (p. 255). H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit a cone. Thuja (p. 328). * Leaves opposite and not fully evergreen. Lonfcera (p. 230). * Leaves whorled on the stem. (I.) KEYS TO THE CEXERA 53 I. Leaves J inch long and sharp-pointed, evergreen. Junfperus (p. 387). I. Leaves much smaller. Erica (p. 254). * Leaves evergreen in clusters along the sides of the stem, needle- shaped. Pinus (p. 324). Key 10. Key to those deciduous bushes which have flowers during the fall, winter, and spring, when the stems are bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. * Flowers regular, not lopsided, on alternate leaved bushes. (A.) A. Corolla united at base. (In Daphne and Dirca this is a calyx.) (B.) B. Flower with tubular portion and a 4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). Dirca (p. 297). B. Flower with a 5-lobed edge. (Azalea is sometimes double.) (C.) C. Flowers small, white or pinkish, urn-shaped. Vaccfnium (p. 244). C. Flowers large, 1 inch, funnel-shaped. Azalea (p. 257). A. Corolla with separate petals. (Sometimes these pieces are in reality calyx.) (D.) D. Flowers yellow, small, in clusters, 6 parts. Benzbin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 29(i). D. Flowers (1 inch) with 4 slender yellow petals. Hamamelis (p. 202). D. Flowers with 5 yellow petals. Coryldpsis (p. 204). D. Flowers large, 1-0 inches, with 6 or more thick petals. Mag- nolia (p. 58). D. Flowers ^-1 inch with 5 white or pinkish petals (sometimes double). Primus (p. 142). Spinea (p. 140). D. Flowers £-H inches with 0 brownish petals. Asfmina (p. 04"). D. Flowers very small, 1 inch, pink in clusters, with 4 or 5 petals. Tamarix (p. 73). * Flowers irregular or lopsided, red or purplish, pea-shaped on alter- nate-leaved bushes. Ce"rcis (p. 127). * Flowers regular on opposite-leaved bushes. (E.) E. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped (1 inch long) with 4-lobed border. Forsythia (p. 274). E. Flowers yellow, small in clusters with 4 separate petals. C6rnus Mas (p. 210). E. Flowers lan,re. 1 inch, yellow with a tubular corolla having 5-lobed border; stem given and 4-ani_rled. Jasminuin (p. 273). E. Flowers larue. 1 inch, yellowish brown, with many thick sweet- scented petals. Caly< antlius (p. 180). 54 KEYS TO THE GENERA E. Flowers very large, '2-4 inches, white or pink with 4 petals, in reality bracts around a head of small flowers. C6rnus florida (p. 214). * Flowers small, white or pinkish, somewhat irregular in pairs on opposite-leaved bushes. Lonicera (p. 230). * Flowers in slender catkins. Alnus (p. 312). Salix (p. 314). Be"tula (p. 311). Corylus (p. 313). Que"rcus (p. 314). Key 11. Key to those deciduous bushes which have conspicuous fruit during the fall and more or less of the winter when bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. The num- bers refer to the pages. * Alternate-leaved bushes with fleshy, usually orange, or red berries. (A.) A. Plants without thorns or spines. Ilex (p. 80). Cotoneaster (p. 174). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). A Tl ants more or less thorny. Be"rberis (p. 04). Lyciuin (p. 284). * Alternate-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (B.) B. Fruit rounded and apparently berry-like. (C.) C. Plant without spines or thorns; berries in clusters. Rhus (p. 107). C. Plant with spines or thorns ; berry-like fruit more scattered. R6sa (p. 100). B. Fruit flat or wafer-likeQ inch broad). Ptelea (p. 84). B. Fruit a capsule, more or less 5-lobed and always 5-celled. (D.) D. Fruit large, 1 inch long. Hibiscus (p. 81). D. Fruit nearly J inch long, 5-seed-ed. Exochorda (p. 101). D. Fruit smaller and many-seeded. Spiriea (p. 146). Physocar- pus (p. 158). B. Fruit a capsule, 3-lobed and 3-celled. (E.) E. Capsule 3-seeded and splitting into 3 nutlets. Ceandthus (p. 97). E. Capsule many-seeded, 3-angled. Clethra (p. 205). B. Capsule woody, | inch long, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Hamanielis (p. 202). Corylopsis (p. 204). B. Fruits hairy clustered, much like silky white crushes. Baccharis (P- 241). * < tpposite-leaved bushes with fleshy berries. (F.) F. Drupes with 1 more or less flattened seed. Viburnum (p. 219). C6rnus (p. 214). F. Berries 2-seeded, in close clusters along the branches. Symphori- carpos (p. 228). ; < tpposite-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (G.) G. Fruit large, over 1 inch long, pear-shaped with many brown seeds. Calycanthus (p. 180). KKYS TO Til}'] GENEB \ ")."> G. Fruit long', several inches, pods with winded seeds. Catalpa (p. 28G). Chil<5psis (p. 2S(i). G. Fruit i inch long with 2 valves and fc\v seeds. Syri'nga (p. 27;~>). G. Fruit apparently 4 shining black beads in calyx. IJImdotvpos (p. 103). G. Fruit a capsule, when open in the fall, showing bright red seeds. Eu6nymus (p. 91). G. Fruit broadly 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). G. Fruit about hemispheric in shape with many seeds. Deutzia (p. 191). Philadelphia (p. 196). Key 12. Thorny plants. Plants with spines or thorns on their steins, or spiny-edged leaves, or plants with apparently no leaves, as the cacti. * Plants with simple leaves. (A.) A. Leaves covered with silvery scales on one or both sides. Elaeag- nus (p. 300). Hippophae (p. 303). Shephe'rdia (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed. (C.) C. Leaves small, round, fleshy, later falling off. Opuntia (p. 209) . C. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Madura (p. 310). lliiscus (p. 323). Acacia (p. 132). C. Leaves in alternate clusters on the stem. Berberis (p. 64). Lycium (p. 284). Bumelia (p. 269). C. Leaves opposite. Rhamnus (p. 93). Osmanthus (p. 282). B. Leaves with notched, but not lobed edges. (D. ) D. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Ilex (spiny edges to leaves) (p. 86). Zizyphus (p. 99). Primus (p. 142). Cratsegus (p. 173). Pyrus (p. 182). D. Leaves usually in alternate clusters. Be"rberis (p. 64). D. Leaves opposite. Clerode"ndron (p. 291). Rhamnus (p. 93). Osmanthus (p. 282). B. Leaves with lobed edges. Ribes (p. 201). Cratregus (p. 173). * Plants with compound leaves. (E. ) E. Leaves once-odd-pinnate. Robinia (p. 119). Zanth6xylum (p. 83). Mahonia (p. 66). (Zizyphus is only apparently pinnate.) E. Leaves abruptly (evenly) pinnate. Halimode'ndron (p. 122). Caragana (p. 122). E. Leaves of 3, 5, or 7 blades. Cftrus (p. 86). Riibus (p. 164). Acanthopanax (p. 212). E. Leaves more than once-pinnate. Acacia (p. 132"). Aralia (p. 211). Csesalpfnia (p. 129). * Plants without leaves. Opuntia (p. 209). Mamillaria (p. 211). Phyllocactus (p. 211). Ulex (p. 113). PART III DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SIIRTT.S Numbers in parenthesis in the keys and descriptions which follow refer to the figures. Bracketed information refers to methods of propagation. Pasbnia. The Peonies form one of the most popular groups of plants. They are almost entirely large-flowered herbaceous perennials, tlnm-h one species is shrubby and, therefore, to be included in our book. This is called TREE PEONY Figs. (1) and (2) — Preonia Moutan, — growing to the FIG. 1. — Tree Peony. FIG. 2. —Tree Peony. height of 3 to 8 feet with large alternate smooth pale-colored feather-divided (pinnate) leaves with irregularly cut and notched blades, as shown in the illustrations. The flowers are six or more inches broad, often double and of many colors — white, pink, rose, sometimes hlolrhed and stripe*!. One variety of this, the POPPY I'KONV — papavcraeen. — is whitewith a dark red center and has thin poppy-like petals. The fruit in the single 57 58 DESCRIPTIONS OF THK SHRIM'.S varieties is a cluster of large-seeded leathery hairy pods. The double forms of this, as well as all other fully double flowers, do not produce fruit. This shrubby peony is not so popular in America as many herbaceous forms, FIG. 3. — Shrub Yellow-root. though in China, its native country, there are hundreds of named varieties. [Divisions; seeds (slow-sprouting).] FIG. 4. — Star Magnolia. Zanthorhiza. Runrn YELLOW- ROOT (3) — Zanthorhiza apiifolia — is a low shrubby plant (1-2 feet) sometimes cultivated for the handsome compound leaves with three to many cut and lobed blades, which are clustered at the top of the short, erect, woody stem. The flowers and fruit are small and sessile on long drooping stems. The flowers are brownish in April to May ; the fruit is somewhat in- flated 1- to 2-seeded yellow pods. [Seeds; root cuttings.] Magn61ia. The MAGNOLIAS form a genus of about 20 species of hardy trees unsurpassed in the size and beauty of leaf and flower. While most of the species are tree-like in FIG. 5. — Swamp Magnolia. form and size, still along the north- THK MAGNOLIAS ern limit of the growth of several species they are apt to be dwarfed into shrubby forms and so are included here. One species, STVK MM; NOLIA (4) — Magnolia stellata, — frcyn Japan, is practically always FIG. fi. — Evergreen Magnolia. FIG. 7. — Kobus Magnolia. shrubby and blooms very early in the season with white sweet-scented flowers about 3 inches broad ; these last longer and are more abundant Fi(i. 8. — Purple Magnolia. FIG. «.». — Kanaiia Shrub. GO DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS than those on most of the species. The petals are narrow and about 15 in number. The species of magnolias from eastern Asia generally bloom before the leaves expand in spring and have deciduous leaves. The American spe- cies bloom in the summer and are generally deciduous, though two species are evergreen. These are, SMALL or SWAMP MAGNOLIA (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M. glaiica) — which is found wild north to Massachusetts and is hardy in sheltered positions in southern Canada though not fully ever- green in northern positions ; and EVERGREEN MAGNOLIA (6) — Magnolia grandiflora — which, if protected from the north winds, can be successfully grown in southern New York. All the Magnolias form cone-like fruits, usually pink or red when ripe, from which the ripened scarlet-coated seeds hang out on slender threads. The following key will enable one to determine the species of most if not all of the forms. In the key all the species are included, though some of them are always tree-like. [Fresh seeds; layers.] KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS * Blooming before the deciduous leaves expand. (A.) A. Flowers pure white or slightly pinkish. (B.) B. Flowers bell-like in form. CHINESE WHITE MAGNOLIA or YULAN MAGNOLIA — Magnolia conspicua (M. Yulan). B. Flowers broadly spreading. (C). C. Petals only 0. Koms MAGNOLIA (7) — Magnolia Kobus. C. Petals narrow, 9-18. STAR MAGNOLIA or HALL'S JAPAN MAG- NOLIA (4) — Magnolia stellata. A. Flowers pink to purple outside. (D.) D. Flowers larger, G-8 inches broad. (E.) E. Hardy north to New York. SOULANGE'S MAGNOLIA — Mag- nolia Soulangeana. E. Hardy only south. CAMPBELL'S MAGNOLIA — Magnolia Campbelli. D. Flowers small, 3-4 inches broad. PURPLE MAGNOLIA (8) — Magnolia purpurea (M. obovata). * Blooming after the new leaves expand (some are evergreen). (F. ) F. Flowers greenish; tall tree. CTCUMBER TREE — Magnolia acuminata. F. Flowers white with conspicuous colored mark in center. (G.) G. Petals purple-spotted at base. GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA or L UICI.-I.EAVED CI.'CVMBER TREE — Magnolia macrophylla. G. Stamens with scarlet filaments. CH.} KKV To Till: MAGNOLIAS (11 H. Leaves clustered at ends of branches. JAPANESE UMBRELLA M MiNOLiA — Magnolia h\ poK •iica. H. Leaves scattered along the branches. WM^«P\'> M\<.\<>I.I\ - Magnolia Watsoni. F. Flowers pure white (slightly greenish in piunila). (I.) I. Flowers 1-3 inches broad. (J.) J. Shrub or tree 10 feet or more high. SMAI.I. or S\\ \MI- MAG- NOLIA or SWEET -BAY' (5) -- Magnolia virginiana (M. glaiica). J. Shrub less than 10 feet high. BUSH MAGNOLIA — Magnolia pumila. I. Flowers 6-9 inches broad. (K.) K. Leaves evergreen. EVEKGHEEN MAGNOLIA (0) or BULL ' BAY ' — Magnolia grandiflora. K. Leaves deciduous. (L.) L. Leaves eared at base. EAK-LKAVED UMHRELLA TREE — Magnolia Fraseri. L. Leaves tapering at base. UMHRELI,A TIJEE — Magnolia tripetala. F. Flowers yellowish brown, small ; leaves evergreen. l'.i;) — Berberis canadonsis. * Leaves thin, deciduous, usually without notches. B. Branches reddish brown; flowers orange-yellow in racemes; fruit dark blue. (C.) C. Flowers and fruit pendulous. TURKESTAN BARBERRY — Ber- beris heteropoda. C. Flowers and fruit erect. PERSIAN BARBERRY — : Berberis in- tege'rrima. B. Branches brown, grooved ; flowers pale yellow, nearly solitary (1-3) ; fruit bright red ; leaves small (£-H inches long), spatu- late ; low dense shrub, 2-4 feet. THUNBERG'S JAPANESE BAR- BERRY (12) — Berberis Thunbergii. * Leaves thick, small (J-l inch long), usually entire and about ever- green. (D.) D. Flowers solitary on long stems, orange ; fruit blackish purple. BOX-LEAVED BARBERRY (17) — Berberis buxifolia. D. Flowers (2-6) in umbels ; leaves with rolled edges, small Q-lj inches). SMALL-LEAVED BARBERRY — Berberis stenophylla. * Leaves holly-like, spiny-toothed. (E.) E. Flowers in simple racemes, orange-yellow. HOLLY-LEAVED BAR- BERRY (18) — Berberis ilicifolia. E. Flowers in compound racemes. (F.) F. Leaves with many spiny teeth. BEARDED BARBERRY (10) — Berberis aristata. F. Leaves with few large strong spines. JAMESON'S BARBERRY — Berberis Jamesoni. KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH COMPOUND EVERGREEN LEAVES.— MAHONIA. * Leaves almost without stalk below the blades. (A.) A. Blades 3-7, thick, dull and whitish. FREMONT'S MAHOXIA — Mahonia Fremonti. A. Blades 5-17, thick, dark green, shiny, with few teeth ; height 2-3 feet. MAHONIA (20) — Mahonia pinnata. A. Blades 9-13, large (2-5 inches long) ; height 5-10 feet. JAPAN M UIONIA (15) — Mahonia japonica. A. Blades 5-25, smaller, rigid with fewer teeth ; height 4-6 feet. NEPAUL MAHONIA — Mahonia nepale"nsis. * Leaves decidedly stalked below the blades. (B.) B. Hlades rounded or square at base. (C.) NAN DIN A (17 C. Blades ">-9, shiny dark green above with many teeth ; height 3-6 feet. HOLLY-LEAVED MAIIOM.V (14) — Malmnia Aqnifolium. C. Blades 11-21, with 3-"> basal ribs and few teeth ; low. Asa MAHONIA (21) — Mahonia nervosa. C. Blades 3-7, dull, pale ; low, almost creeping, 1-2 feet high. TRAILING MAHOXIA — Malmnia repens (Berberis Ai|uif<'ilinin . B. Blades 5-9, tapering at base with many spiny teeth; low. Fou- n \E'S MAHOXIA. Mahouia Fortune!. Fia. 23. — Wavy-leaved Pittosporum. FIG. 22. — Japanese Nandina. The tall barberries in cultiva- tion North are generally varieties of Berberis vulgaris and the names often indicate peculiarities of foli- age or fruit : atropurpurea, purple- leaved ; alba, white-fruited ; liitea, yellow-fruited ; nigra, black-fruited ; aspdrma, seedless ; violacea, violet- fruited ; dtilcis, not sour ; mitis, with few thorns; etc. The low ones are apt to be varieties of Berberis Thunbergii, which are especially valuable for the borders of walks and drives and grow well in partial shade. Nandina dome'stica. JAPANESE NANDINA (22) is a reed-like upright shrub (0-8 feet) with bare stems £ inch in diameter and clusters of evergreen leaves at the top ending in a cluster of small red berries the size of peas. The compound leaves are two or thr.ce times ternate with 9 to 27 entire-edged blades. It is frequent in cultivation in southern Cali- fornia for the beautiful foliage and bright berries, but the bare stems are unsightly if exposed. Among other shrubs ami somewhat in the, shade it is a fine plant. With some protection hardy to Washington. The 68 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 24. — Tobira Pittosporum. FTG. 25. — Pittosporum. FIG. 2fi. — Cape Pittosporum. flowers are insignificant; the seeds are peculiar in that they are con- cave on one side and convex on the other. [Seeds and divisions.] Pitt6sporum. The PITTOSPO- RITMS are evergreen tsees or shrubs of warm regions. The leaves are alternate but clustered in an ap- parent whorl at the ends of the branches ; the margins are in most species entire. The regular 5-parted flowers form a cluster above the whorl of FIG. 27. — Ksiro Fittosporum. HELIAXTHKMUM 69 leaves in spring. The fruit is a globular woody capsule with 2 to many seeds. • [Seeds; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE PITTOSPORUMS * Flowers white or nearly so. (A.) A. Flowers very fragrant at night, J- inch long; leaves a rich deep green, lanceolate, often undulated at the margin ; seeds numerous in the J-inch pod. WAVY-LEAVED PITTOSPORUM or M<>( K ORANGE (23) — Pittosporum undulatuiii. A. Flowers slightly yellowish with narrow petals, February, March ; leaves silky- white when young; seeds 4. MADRAS PITTOSPOIU M — Pittosporum tetraspe'rnium. A. Flowers pure white and fragrant, £ inch broad, in winter ; leaves broad towards tip and blunt, dark above, pale below (sometimes variegated.) COMMON PITTOSPORUM or TOBIRA (24) — - Pittosporum Tobira. * Flowers some shade of yellow. (B.) B. Plants clothed with rusty hairs ; leaves about 3 inches long and half as wide ; flowers | inch long, yellow, February to April. PITTOSPORUM (25) — Pittosporum revolutuin. B. Plants smooth throughout. (C.) C. Small tree or large shrub with weeping twigs ; leaves 2-4 inches long with hooked point. Pittosporum phillyrseoides. C. Shrub 6 feet high ; leaves broad towards tip ; flowers clustered, greenish yellow, jasmine-scented. CAPE PITTOSPORUM (2(5) — Pittosporum viridiflorum. * Flowers almost black and seeds black ; used in California as wind- breaks and hedges. (D.) D. Leaves pale and glaucous below, 2-3 inches long and blunt at tip; a pyramidal tall shrub or tree. KAKO (27) — Pittosporum crassifolium. D. Leaves thin, dull green, 1^-2 inches long and pointed at tip ; tree-like. TAWIIIWHI — Pittosporum tenuifblium. Helianthemum. The ROCKROSE — Helianthemum Chama'cfstus — and the FROSTWEED (28) — Helianthemum canade"nse — are beautiful rock- work plants with usually bright yellow flowers an inch or more in diameter. Some varieties have red or copper-colored blossoms and some are double. The leaves are linear, hairy above and whitish beneath and gem-rally alternate except at baso. The plant commonly cultivated, Ilelianthe- inuni Chamaecistus, grows in procumbent mats less than a foot high and the 5-petaled flowers are in nodding racemes \viih hairy .stems. The 70 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 29. — Undulate-leaved Rock rose. FIG. 28. — Frost weed. FIG. 30. — Cyprus Rockrose. FIG. 31. — Gum Cistus. KKV TO THK SPKCIKS OK CISTl S 71 fruit is a more or Iess3-celled capsule with numerous seeds. These pliints are sometimes called SIN • K<»r> ' because the (lowers open only in sun- shine and soon drop their petals. [Divisions ; seeds ; twig cuttings.] Cistus. These are also called ROCKROSKS. They are aromatic shrubs having all parts covered with short or long usually glandular hairs. The FIG. 32. — Laurel-leaved Cistus. FIG. 33. — Hairy Cistus. leaves are opposite, simple, mostly evergreen and entire-edged. The flowers are large, rose-like, white to purple and usually clustered. The fruit is a dry many-seeded capsule splitting into 5 valves when ripe. These plants are fully hardy only in the Gulf states and are rarely culti- vated even there. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS * Leaves 3-ribbed. (A.) A. Compact shrub to 2 feet ; leaves narrow, rough above, hairy below ; flowers deep rose-color, nearly 2 inches wide, 3-4 in a cluster with short stalks. June to August. UNI>I I.ATK-LKAVED ROCKROSE (29) — Cistus crfspus. A. Erect glutinous shrub to 6 feet; leaves smooth above and very hairy below ; flowers white blotched with purple, nearly 3 inches 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS wide, 5-7 in a cluster. June. CYPRUS ROCKROSE (30) — Cis- tus cy priiis. A. Glutinous shrub to 4 feet; flowers with yellow center (in var. rnaculatus dark crimson), 3-4 inches wide, usually solitary, June. GUM CISTUS (31) — Cistus ladanfferus. A. Shrub to 6 feet; leaves l-2£ inches long, whitish or brownish below ; flowers yellow-blotched. 2-3 inches wide. 3-8 in a cluster. June to August. The hardiest species. LAUREL-LEAVED CISTUS (32) — Cistus laurifolius. * Leaves feather-veined; flowers l|-2 inches wide. Shrub 3-4 feet; leaves rough above and very velvety below, 1-2 inches Ionic ; flowers purple or red usually on long stems, 1-3 in a cluster. May, June. A variable species with many named forms. HAIRY CISTUS (33) — Cistus villosus. [Seeds.] Huds6nia. The HUDSONIAS are hardy evergreen shrubs 1 foot high with small awl-shaped heath-like leaves. The flowers are small, yellow, FIG. :U. — Woolly Hudsonia. 1 FIG. 35. — German Tamarisk. abundant, blooming from May to July. These plants are so difficult to keep in health that they are seldom found in cultivation, though wild in sandy coast regions from Maine to Virginia. KK1 TO TAMAKIX The two species are HEATH-LIKE Hi PSOM.V — Iludsonia ericoides, — with greenish leaves and the (lowers on slender naked stalks, and Wool. i.v HrnsoM.v or FALSE HE.VTIIER (34) — Iludsonia tomentosa, — with whitish leaves and nearly sessile flowers. [Layers ; twig cuttings.] t FIG. 36. — African Tamarisk. FIG. 37. — French Tamarisk. Tcimarix. The TAMAKISKS are beautiful shrubs with minute scale-like leaves and clustered small usually pink flowers. They are especially fitted for seaside planting, as the salt air and wind storms do not perma- nently injure them. There are about ten species in cultivation so nearly alike in foliage that there is much confusion in the names given by the nurserymen. If the reader wishes certainly to determine the species he will need to examine the small flowers with a magnifying glass. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO TAMARIX, INCLUDING MYRICARIA * Stamens 10 grown together for ^ to | their length. Myriciiria. (A.) Racemes of pink or whitish flowers in compound terminal clusters 4-6 inches long. GERMAN TAMARISK (35) — Tamarix (Myricaria) A. A. Racemes usually simple. DAIITRIAN TAM\IM>K — -Tamarix (My- ricaria) dahurica. * Stamens not grown together or but slightly so at base, usually 4 or 5. (B.) 74 DKSCUII'TIOXS OF TIIK SHllUJJS B. Petals 4; racemes slmrt on the sides of last year's branches in early spring. April and May. (C.) C. Petals spreading and wilting, persistent. AFRICAN TAMARISK (36) — Tamarix parviflora. C. Petals erect and dropping off. FOUR-ANTHERED TAMARISK - Tamarix tetrandra. B. Petals o. (D.) D. Leaves pubescent, bluish green ; flowers with deciduous petals nearly sessile in racemes 2-3 inches long. PUBESCENT-LEAVED TAMARISK — Tamarix hfspida. D. Leaves smooth. (E.) E. Petals deciduous ; shrub or small tree with whitish or pinkish flowers, May-July (in var. indica, LATE-FLOWERING TAM- ARISK, Aug., Sept.). FRENCH TAMARISK (37) — Tamarix gallica. E. Petals persistent, wilting. (F.) F. Racemes about 2 inches long on old branches. JAPAN TAMARISK — Tamarix juniperina. F. Flowers in terminal compound clusters. (G.) G. Shrub or small tree with spreading or drooping branches. CHINESE TAMARISK — Tamarix chinensis. G. Shrub 4-6 feet high with upright branches. CASPIAN TAMARISK — Tamarix odessana. Ascyrum. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS and ST. PETER'S-WORT are pretty yellow-flowered, slightly shrubby, summer-flowering plants sometimes cultivated in borders. They can be known by the calyx of 4 pieces (2 large and 2 small), 4 cross-like broadly spreading petals and many stamens. The leaves are opposite with entire edges. ST. PETER'S- WORT (38) — Ascyrum stans — is the taller growing, 2-3 feet, with larger flowers, thicker leaves, and 3 or 4 styles. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS (30) — Ascyrum hypericoides - - is more spreading with lighter colored smaller flowers and 2 styles. The fruit is a dry 1-celled many-seeded pod. [Divisions ; seeds.] FIG. 38. — St. Peter'a-Wort. ASCYBUM _ - vO4: (r^y-L / < FIG. 39. — St. Andrew's Cross. FIG. 40. — Hooker's Hypericum. FIG. 41. — Aaron's Beard. FIG. 4'-'. — Kulm's St. John's- \Yort. 76 DESCRIPTIONS OF THK SHRUBS FIG. 43. — Great St. John's-Wort. FIG. 44. — Bushy St. John's- Wort. FIG. 45. — Bartram's Hypericum. FIG. 40. — Shrubby St. John'8-Wort. KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED II V I'HIUCUMS 77 Hyp6ricum. The ST. JOHN'S-WOHTS are an extensive genus (200 spe- cies) of herbs, shrubs, and trees with more or less dotted, opposite, entire- edged leaves and showy yellow (lowers with many stamens. The 5 oblique- edged yellow petals, many stamens (frequently united into groups), and the transparent-dotted opposite leaves are the peculiarities which will FIG. 47. — Creeping St. John's- Wort. FIG. 48. — Small-Leaved Hypericum. separate these plants from all others. About a dozen species are in culti- vation. Several species are evergreen in the North, and others additional to these hold their leaves through the winter South. Some are trailing plants spreading over the bare ground, others are erect shrubs 5 to 6 feet high. They flower from July to October, but most bloom in early August when but few flowers are seen in the shrubbery. [Seeds; suckers; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYPERICUM S * Stem round ; leaves about evergreen ; pistil with 5 styles ; flowers golden yellow ; hardy south of New York. (A.) A. Flowers 2-3 inches broad, petals thick and orbicular, stamens in 5 clusters, August ; leaves sometimes 4 inches long ; slightly 78 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS shrubby, to 2^ feet high. HOOKER'S HYPERICUM (40) — Hy- pericum Ilookeri&num. A. Flowers 2 inches broad, stamens with reddish anthers, July, Aug. ; branches erect with pendulous tips ; 2 feet high. GOLD FLOWER — Hypericum Moserianum. * Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 5 styles. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen, leathery, dark above, whitish below, 2-4 inches long ; flowers 3 inches broad ; low plant 1 foot high, tufted. AARON'S BEARD (41) — Hypericum calycinum. B. Leaves about linear l-2£ inches long, bluish above ; flowers |-1 inch broad ; shrub 2-3 feet high with contorted stems. KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT (42) — Hypericum Kalmianum. B. Leaves 2-5 inches long, clasping ; flowers 1-2 inches wide ; plant 2-6 feet high but not shrubby even at base. GREAT ST. JOHN'S- AVORT (43) — Hypericum Ascyron. * Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 3 styles. (C.) C. Fruit berry-like, the size of peas, violet when ripe ; plant very aromatic ; leaves ovate, 4 inches long. SWEET AMBER — Hyperi- cum Androssemum. C. Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule ; dense low shrub forming rounded tufts ; leaves £-2^ inches long, bluish ; flowers 1 inch wide. BUCKLEY'S HYPERICUM — Hypericum Buckleyi. C. F'ruit 3-celled capsules ; erect shrub 4-0 feet high ; leaves lin- ear, crowded, 1-2 inches long; flowers | inch wide. BUSHY ST. JOHN'S-WORT (44) — Hypericum densiflorum. * Stems, at least in the younger growth, 2-ridged or 2-winged; pistil with 3 styles grown more or less together. (D.) D. Fully shrubby, 3 feet high ; bark red or brown splitting off in layers ; flowers, 1| inches broad, showy, July-Sept. (E.) E. Leaves somewhat leathery, oblong, 1-3 inches long, whitish beneath ; flowers sessile 1-3 in cluster. BARTRAM'S HYPERI- CUM (45) — Hypericum aureum. E. Leaves thinner, more slender, usually pointed, 1-3 inches long, dark glossy green. SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT (46) — Hyperi- cum prolfficum. D. Shrubby only at base or herbaceous throughout; flowers small. (F.) F. Erect from a creeping base to 2 feet ; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long ; flowers about £ inch wide. CREEPING ST. JOHN'S- WORT (47) — Hypericum adpre'ssum. F. Erect to 4 feet ; leaves £-!£ inches long and somewhat clasping at base ; flowers under \ inch wide. SMALL-LEAVED HYPERI- CUM (48) — Hypericum opacuin. CAMELLIA 70 Camellia. This is a genus of elegant evergreen, usually glossy-foliaged, large-flowered plants hardy only in the Liu If states, though a few specimens FIG. 49. — Japau Camellia. FIG. 50. — Alleghany Stuartia. are found in well-protected positions as far north as Washington. There are hundreds of named varieties, double and single, white, red, and variegated. They have peculiar waxy petals and, in the single forms, many more or less united stamens. JAI-.VN- CAMELLIA (49) — Camellia japonica — is the parent of most of the varieties. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen with notched edges. Besides these species and varieties with erect flowers cultivated entirely for ornament, the TEA PLANT -Camellia the'a — with nodding flowers is cultivated for use. In this the flowers are much smaller, under 1} inches and single with 5 petals. It grows to the height sometimes of :'.(> feet and can be successfully grown in the (Jnlf states. [ Seeds ; twig ruttings ; layers; grafting.] FIG. 51.— Japanese Stuartia. 80 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Stuartia. This, like the Camellias, has large flowers and united stamens, but the foliage is deciduous and the shrubs are hardy in the North. The alternate leaves are simple, feather-veined, with notched edges. The flowers are white or cream-colored with usually 5 petals. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE STUARTIAS *With purple spreading stamens and globular fruit \ inch or more broad; shrub (5-12 feet high blooming in May and June. ROUND- FRUITED STUARTIA — Stuartia Malachodendron. *With wavy-edged cream-colored petals and curved white stamens having orange anthers, July and Aug. ; capsules 5-angled, ovate; 6-15 feet high. ALLEGHANY STUARTIA (50) — Stuartia pentagyna. *With concave orbicular petals, silky outside; 10-50 feet high with smooth red bark peeling off in great thin layers or flakes and acute- tipped narrow leaves \\-?> inches long. JAPANESE STUARTIA (51) — Stuartia Pseudo-camellia. Gord6nia. The GORDONIAS are nearly evergreen with large white flowers having many united stamens, like the Stuartias, but the stamens Fie. 51'. — Loblolly. FIG. 53. — Frankliuia. are in five clusters on a cup of white petals. These plants are usually trees but ai the northern border of their range (the hardiest, Gordonia HIBISCUS 81 pnbescens, can be grown in Massachusetts) reduced to shrubs and bloom- ing when small. LOBLOLLY or TAX 'B.vv' (.V_>) — Gordonia Lasianthus — has a pointed p. id and is fully evergreen with glossy notch-edged leaves 4 to 0 inches long and pure white flowers L'.1, inches broad in July and August. FRANK I.I'M A ^3) — Gordonia pu- bescens — has a globular pod and deciduous leaves which turn a bril- liant scarlet before dropping in the autumn. The pure white flowers are 3 inches broad, silky outside, blooming in September and October. There is another plant, always a >hrub, probably belonging to this genus, from China, CHINESE GOR- I.OXIA (54) — Gordonia an6mala. This has almost sessile creamy- white flowers 2 to 3 inches broad, in November, and nearly entire- edged dark evergreen oblanceolate leaves 3 to 6 inches long. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] FIG. 54. — Chinese Gordouia. Cleyera ochnacea. JAPANESE CLEYICISA (-">5) is a tender shrub (0 feet high) with alternate, glossy, evergreen, entire-edged (except at tip) leaves pointed at both ends ; the flowers are fragrant, numerous, crearny-wdiite in June ; the fruit are red berries which last all winter. Hardy in the Gulf states. There is a variety, tricolor, with grayish blotchings and white and rose-colored edgings to the foliage ; the tlowei has .') sepals, 2 bracts, and 5 petals; the berries are 2 to 3-celled. FIG. ',:,.— Japanese Cleyera. [Seeds.] Hibiscus. The ROSE MALLOWS form a large group of mainly herba- ceous plants with large hollyhock-like flowers. The only woody species APC.AK'S SIIIUJHS <> 82 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS in the North is the extensively cultivated summer-flowering SHRUBBY AI.TIIKA, usually called ' Rosi; or SIIAKOX' (50) — Hibiscus sjTiacus,— with tapering-based more or less 3-lobed leaves. There are scores of named varieties with single or double flowers of many colors, — white, pink, red, purple, and variegated. In southern California there is in cultivation another tall shrubby species from Australia, (lui.i.v KDRRAJOXG or QUEENSLAND SORREL TREE — Hibis- cus heterophyllus, — with abundant white flowers having a deep crimson FIG. 50. — Rose of Sharon. FIG. 57. — Swamp Rose Mallow. center. These flowers are large, 3 to 4 inches long, with hairy calyx and capsule. The leaves are, as the name indicates, exceedingly variable in form : linear, lanceolate, oblong, and with a tendency to 3-lobing in the broader forms. These leaves are 5 to 6 inches long and in some varieties white beneath, though usually green on both sides. Besides these two shrubby species, we include a tall swamp-growing hardy herb, SWA MI- UOSK MALLOW (57) — Hibiscus Moscheutos. Itgrows 3 to 7 feet high, has white or pink flowers 4 to 8 inches broad often with a crimson center, in summer. The ovoid capsule is 1 inch long and remains on the plant through the winter. The leaves are large, ovate, notch-edged, sometimes slightly :',-lobed and almost velvety beneath. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] ZAXTIIOXYLI M 83 FIG. 58. — Northern Prickly 'Ash.' Zanth6xylum. The PRICKLY 'ASHES' FIG. 55). — Chinese 'Pepper.' or TOOTHACHE-TREKS, \vitli prickly pinnate leaves and pepper-like pods, are wild arid frequently culti- vated for the foliage and the small peppery fruit. The flowers are in- significant. The northern species has small clusters of flowers and fruit in the axils of the leaves, while the southern and the Chi- nese species have large terminal clusters. NORTHERN PRICKLY ' ASH ' (58) — Zauthoxylum americanum, — hardy North and often cultivated, has prickly leaves with 5 to 11 op- posite nearly entire-edged sessile blades 1£ to 2 inches long ; stems also prickly. CHINESE 'Pepper' (59) — Zan- thoxylum piperitum — has 11 to 13 somewhat notched blades f to 1^ inches long and is probably hardy in the middle states. TOOTHACHE-TREE (00) or SOUTH- ERN PRICKLY ' ASH ' — Zanthoxy- FIG. GO. — Toothache-tree. 84 DESCRIPTIONS <>F THK SHKCHS him Clava-IIc'reulis — has 7 to 17 slightly notched nearly sessile blades H to 3 inches long, tree-like (ofien 30 feet high) and is hardy in the middle states. [Seeds; suckers.] Ptelea trifoliata. SIIHI-HBY TKKKOIL or Hop TKKK (C>1) is a tall orna- mental aromatic shrub with elm-like winged fruit in clusters and 3-bladed alternate leaves. The small greenish flowers bloom in .May and June. The fruit soon forms and remains on the bush till winter. The leaves when held towards the light show pinhole-like transparent dots. This is probably the only species in general cultivation, though in the West there are several others (a late writer, Edward L. Green, would divide them into over 50), differing in color and pubescence of foliage and in size and shape of fruit. [Seeds; layers.] Skimmia. The SKIMMIAS are handsome evergreen shrubs with simple alternate entire-edged leaves, insignificant flowers (usually of 4 petals) and small red berries with 2 to 4 seeds lasting over the winter. The leaves FIG. 61. — Hop Tree. FIG. 62.— Japan Skimmia. are transparent-dotted, as in the Hop Tree. They are not fully hardy north of Washington. The Japan specie* is the taller, to 5 feet, and has brighter colored berries, while the Chinese is smaller, 2 to 4 feet, with more abundant dull red berries. JAPAN SKIMMIA ((12) — Skimmia japonica — has the leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, more or less yellowish green on both sides, 3] to SKT.MMIA X." 5 inches long. This species is more or less dioecious and so care must be taken to have a stamen-beariim plant to fertilize the pistils. CHINESE SKIMMIA — Skimmia Fortune! — has larger, 3| to 10 inches FIG. 63. — Hardy Orange. FIG. 64. — European Holly. FIG. Go. — American Holly. titi. — Japan Large-leaved Holly. 86 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS long, and greener leaves and more abundant flowers and fruit. In this the berries are somewhat pear-shaped and about all the bushes have both stamens and pistils. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] FIG. 07.— Red Winterberry. 1' ic,. till. — D FIG. 68. — Mountain Holly. Citrus. The CITRUS plants in- clude the lemons, oranges, grape fruit, limes, etc., and, with the exception of the 3-bladed thorny species, HARDY ORAXGE (63) — Cit- rus trifoliata — hardy north to Phil- adelphia, are found only in the extreme South. The evergreen leaves of all the species are peculiar in that the blade (generally there is but one) is joined to a usually winged stem and so must be con- sidered as compound, though with but one spreading portion. [Seeds ; grafting of varieties, es- pecially of seedless forms.] Ilex. The HOLI.Y shrubs and trees are extremely beautiful in THK HOLLIES 87 foliage and fruit. Of the two species with evergreen spiny-edged leaves, the EuRoi'KAN HOI.LV (64) — Ilex Aquifolium, — has briglit'-r red lierries but does not seem to. thrive in our climate ; the AMERICAN IIoi.i.v ((55) — Ilex op&ca, — with duller FIG. 70. — Cassena. FIG. 71. — Inkberry. berries, is wild throughout and frequent in cultivation. The fruit of both remain on the plants through the winter and have extensive use in indoor FIG. 72. — Swamp Holly. FIG. 73. — La rue-leaved Holly. DESCRIPTION'S OF THE SHRUBS decorations at Christmas time. The best of the evergreens without spiny- edged leaves are those from Japan. The one with the largest ,;m 1 inches long) is ENTIRE-LEAVED HOLLY — Ilex Integra. The small-leaved one (about 1 inch long) is SMALL-LEAVED HOLLY — Ilex crenata. The best of the deciduous-leaved Hollies is RED WIXTEKBEURY (<>7) — Ilex verticillata, — which grows about 6 feet high and has small brilliant red berries remaining on the bare bushes in close clusters through most of the winter. MOUNTAIN HOLLY (68) — Nemopanthus mucronata (N. fas- cicularis) — has bright ridged red berries on stems about an inch long ; it grows (> to 8 feet high with ash-colored bark. All of the hollies have alternate simple leaves. [Seeds, taking 2 years.] KEY TO THE HOLLIES * Foliage evergreen. (A.) A. Leaves with spiny-edged teeth ; trees rather than shrubs. (B.) B. Flowers and fruit on axillary clusters on old growth. EUROPE \ x HOLLY (04) — Ilex Aquifolium. B. Flowers and fruit in small axillary clusters on new growth. AMERICAN HOLLY ((35) — Ilex opaca. A. Leaves with few spines at tips and base ; shrub with short spreading branches. CHINESE HOLLY — Ilex cornuta. A. Leaves without spiny edges, entire or slightly notched. (C.) C. Fruit red; hardy only south of Washington ; shrubs or trees to 40 feet or more. (D.) D. Leaves large, 3-7 inches long, glossy green ; fruit large in sessile clusters. JAPAN LARGE-LEAVED HOLEY (lifi) — Ilex latifolia. D. Leaves obovate, entire-edged, 3-4 inches long; fruit large, long-stemmed. JAPAN ENTIRE-LEAVED HOLLY — Ilex Integra. D. Leaves obovate, nearly entire. 2-3 inches long ; fruit small, dull red to yellow. Duioox (C.:)) — Ilex Cassine. D. Leaves oval, small, ^-2 inches long; fruit on old growth globose, small. CASSEXA (70) or YATPOX — Hex vomitoria. C. Fruit black, nearly solitary mi new growth. (B.) E. Leaves small, erenate, smooth, -^-1' inches long ; hardy only South. JAPAN SMALL-LEAVED HOLLY — Ilex crenata. E. Leaves larger. 1-2 inches long, notched towards tips; hardy upright shrub to 8 feet. EVERGREEN WINTERBERRY. INKHERHY (71) — Ilex ;;labra. CYRILLA KACKMIKLoi; V 89 * Foliage deciduous; fruit red or orange-red on stems \ incli or less long. HOLLY (72). — Ilex decfdua. G. Leaves widest below the middle, 2-0 inches long, sharply ser- rate. LAI:(;E-LK.VVEI> HOLLY (73) — Ilex montfcola. F. Leaves alternate and not in clusters ; berries but £ inch or less.. (H.) H. Berries about \ inch, orange-red. SMOOTH WIXTERBERRY - Ilex Isevigata. H. Berries about \ inch, bright red. RED WINTERBERRY (67) — Ilex verticillata. H. Berries about J inch, bright red. JAPAN WINTERBERRY — Ilex serrata. * Foliage deciduous ; fruit ridged, red. on stems 1 inch or more long. MOUNTAIN HOLLY (68) — Nemopanthus mucronata (N. fascicu- laris). Cyrilla racemiflbra. LEATHERVV;>OI> (74) or BLACK TI-TI is a nearly evergreen shrub or small tree with alternate oblanceolate, entire-edged, smooth bright green leaves, hardy to New York but evergreen only South. The flowers are small, white, 5-parted, in slender ra- \ \ FIG. 74. — Lentherwood. Fir,. 75. — Running 90 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 7G. — Burning Bush. FIG. 77. — "Winged Burning Bush. FIG. 78. — Japanese Spindle Tree. FIG. 79. — Erect Strawberry Bush. EUONYMUS 91 cemes, June, July. inch in diameter. The fruit are small, 2-celled, 2-seeded pods less tlian [Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass. J Eu6nymus. The BURNING BUSHES or SPINDLE TKEES have flat greenish 4- or 5-petaled flowers, Ksri!ll'Tlo.\s OK THE SHRUHS thers of the flowers are not sessile and it is not so tall-growing, 3 to 15 feet. WINGED Bi i:\ixc; BUSH (77) — Euonymus alatus — from Japan has usually broadly ridged or winged stems. There is an evergreen spindle tree from Japan often cultivated though not fully hardy North ; of this there are a number of varieties with white- and yellow-blotched leaves. Most of the species blooin in June and all from May to July. [Seeds (^slow ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE BURNING BUSHES * Leaves evergreen, thick and glossy, 1-3 inches long. (A.) A. Erect to 10 feet. JAPANESE SPINDLE TREE (78) — Euonymus jap6nicus. A. Trailing, procumbent or climbing. CLIMBING EUONYMUS — Euonymus radicans. * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.) B. Stem broadly ridged with wing-like corky growths. WINGED BURNING BUSH (76) — Euonymus alatus. B. Stem usually somewhat 4-angled but not winged. (C.) C. Fruit rough, warty, strawberry-like. (D). D. Upright shrub to 8 feet. ERECT STRAWBERRY BUSH (79) — Euonymus americanus. D. Procumbent to 1 foot. RUNNING EUONYMUS (75) or STRAW- BERRY BUSH — Euonymus obovatus. C. Fruit more or less deeply 3-5-lobed. (E.) E. Branches densely warty; erect to 6 feet. WARTY EUONY- M i s (80) — Euonymus verrucosus. E. Branches smooth. (F.) F. Flowers purplish with yellow anthers ; low shrub to 2 feet with linear leaves. NARROW-LEAVED BURNING BUSH — Euonymus nanus. F. Flowers yellowish with yellow anthers; shrub to 1"> feet. (G.) G. Clusters 3-7 -flowered ; capsule deeply 4-lobed. EURO- PEAN SPINDLE TREE (81) — Euonymus europtfeus. G. Clusters more flowered ; capsule winged, large ; leaves large, 2-4 inches long. BROAD-LEAVED SPINDLE TRKE (82) — Euonymus latifolius. F. Flowers purple with purple anthers. BURNING BUSH (7H) or WAAHOO — Euonymus atropurpureus. KHA.MXrS 93 F. Flowers yellowish or whitish with purple anthers ; tall shrub or tree to 25 feet. (H.) H. Leaves large, — 3-0 inelns long and 1-2] inches broad. SIEBOLD'S EI/ONYMI s — Euonymus Sieboldiiinus. H. Leaves smaller, 2-5 inches long and under 1 inch broad. HAMILTON'S EI-ONYMIS — Euonymus llamilto- nianus. H. Leaves small, 2-4 inches long ; fruit abundant and large ; seeds white- or pinkish- and orange-coated. BUNGE'S EUONVMI/S — Euonymus Bungeanus. Rhamnus. The BUCKTHORNS are large shrubs or small trees some- times cultivated for hedges and border plants. The leaves are either alternate or opposite, the flowers minute but fragrant, and the berries when ripe are red or black and 1- to 4-seeded. The opposite-leaved FIG. 83. — Comuiou Buckthorn. forms are thorny, while the alternate-leaved ones are not. One or two species, hardy only South, have small evergreen leaves, while most species have larger deciduous leaves. The buckthorns do best in rather moist spil. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] 94 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 84. — Red-fruited Evergreen FIG. 85. — Black-fruited Evergreen Buckthorn. Buckthorn. FIG. 8G. — Buckthorn. FIG. 87. — Alder-leaved Buckthorn. THE BUCKTHORNS 95 FIG. 88. — Laiice-leaved Buckthoru. FIG. 89. — Indian ' Cherry.' Fie. 90. — Alder Buckthorn. FIG. 91. — Fern-leaved Buckthoru. 9G Di:S( 1MPT10XS OF THE SHRUHS KEY TO THE BUCKTHORNS * Leaves opposite and serrate ; plants usually thorny ; fruit black, i inch broad. (A.) A. Leaves broad at base, sometimes heart-shaped. COMMON Hi < K- TIIOKX (83) — Rhainiuis cathartica, A. Leaves narrowed at base. DAHURIAN BUCKTHORN — Rhamnns dahiirica. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds scaly ; petals 4 or more. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; shrubs or small trees to 20 feet. (C.) C. Twigs somewhat hairy ; leaves orbicular, dentate ; fruit red. KKD-FRUITED EVERGREEN BUCKTHORN (84) - - Rhamnus crocea. C. Twigs smooth ; leaves oval ; fruit nearly black. BI.ACK- FRUITED EVERGREEN BrcKruoRN (85) — Rhamnus Alater- nus. B. Leaves thinner and deciduous with many side-veins, 10-20 paiis; fruit black. (D.) D. Twigs smooth ; leaves pale green, 2-0 inches long. MOUNTAIN BUCKTHORN — Rhamnus alpina. D. Twigs pubescent ; leaves brownish when mature, 3-9 inches long. LKHAXON BUCKTHORN (80) — Rhamnus libanotica. B. Leaves deciduous with but few side-veins, 4-0 pairs; fruit I. lack. (E.) E. Wide-spreading shrub to 4 feet ; fruit with 3 nutlets. ALDER- I.I.AVED BUCKTHORN (87) — Rhamnus alnifolia. E. Tall erect shrub to 8 feet ; fruit, with 2 nutlets. LANCE-LEAVED 'BUCKTHORN (88) — Rhamnns lanceolata. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds naked, not scaly ; petals 5. (F.) F. Leaves thiekish, nearly evergreen, 1-7 inches long; fruit red changing to black. (G.) G. Leaves with notched and often wavy margins. COFFEE-BERRY - Rhamnus Purshiana. G. Leaves about entire. C'AKOI.INA BUCKTHORN or INDIAN 1 CHERRY' (SO) — Rhamnus caroliniana. F. Leaves thinner and smaller, 1-3 inches long ; nutlets 2. AI.DKR BUCKTHORN (00) — Rhamnus Frangula. F. Leaves linear with undulate edge ; nutlets 2. FERN-LEAVED l'.i < KTHORN (91) — Rhamnus Frangula aspleniifolia. CKAXOTHUS 97 , .. FIG. 92. — New Jersey Tea. Fie. 0:?. — Ceauothus. Cean6thus. The best example of this genus is NEW JERSEY TEA (92) — Ceauothus americanus, — a red-rooted shrub 1-2 feet high with alternate (opposite in some of the species of the genus) simple leaves. The small flowers in summer are crowded in a dense slender-stalked cluster. The 8-lobed small capsules separate into 3 nut- lets and remain on through the winter. The peculiar flowers of the Ceanothus shown enlarged at (97) are the best test of the genus. Of the score or more American species doubtless a number of the western ones will be cultivated in the South, and one at least may endure the climate in the North. The eastern species are hardy throughout, thrive in the shade, and are well worthy of cultivation. The California species grow best in sunny places. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] FIG. (.»4. — Fendler's Ceanothus. APGAR'S SHKUHS — 7 98 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 95. — Spiny Ceanothus. FIG. 90. —Entire-leaved Ceanothus. » ar-iott FIG. 97.— Red-stemmed Ceanothus. FIG. 98. — Velvety Ceanothus. KEY TO THE SPEC IKS OK CKANOTHrS '.)!) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS * Hardy species growing in shade 1-3 feet high ; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed from base ; blooming July-Sept. (A.) A. Leaves nearly an inch wide, Imiadest near base. NEW JERSEY- TEA (92) — Ceanothus aiiu-riranus. A. Leaves \ inch wide, broadest near middle. SMALLER RED-ROOT — Ceanothus ovatus. * Pacific region species, generally hardy only South and growing best in the sun. (B.) B. Leaves opposite, evergreen, widest near tip, \-\ inch long. (C.) C. Flowers white in small clusters along the branches, March to May; tall shrub. EVERGREEN CEANOTHUS (93) — Ceanothus cuneatus. C. Flowers blue ; procumbent shrub. SPREADING CEANOTHUS. Ceanothus prostratus. B. Leaves alternate, nearly evergreen, entire-edged. (D.) D. Low prostrate spiny shrub, the only western species likely to be hardy North. FESDLEH'S CEANOTHUS (94) — Ceanothus Fendleri. D. Tall, often spiny ; flowers pale blue, April-June ; leaves \-\ inch long. SPINY CEANOTHCS (95) — Ceanothus divari- catus. D. Tall, not spiny ; flowers blue, April-June ; leaves 1-2 inches long. ENTIRE-LEAVED CEANOTHUS (90) — Ceanothus inte- ge"rrirnus. B. Leaves alternate, notch-edged ; tall shrubs or small trees. (E.) E. Flowers white, May, June ; leaves nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches long; branches reddish. RED-STEMMED CEANOTHUS (97) — Ceanothus sanguineus. E. Flowers white, June, July ; leaves evergreen, somewhat cor- date, hairy beneath. VELVETY CEANOTHUS (98) — Ceanothus velutinus. E. Flowers blue or purplish, April, May ; leaves hairy beneath. HAIRY CEANOTHUS — Ceanothus hirsiitus. E. Flowers blue or rarely white, May- July. BLUE ' MYRTLE ' — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. E. Flowers of many colors and under many names, the garden hybrids. HYHRID CEANOTHUS — Ceanothus hybridus. Zizyphus. The JUJUBES are shrubs or trees with small alternate 3 to 5-ribbed leaves, small greenish axillary flowers, drupe-like, usually edible 100 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS fruit. The plants are generally prickly. The most hardy species is not fully so north of Washington. ^^^2 FIG. 90. — Chinese Flowering Chestnut. FIG. 100. — Long-racemed Horse- chestnut. COMMON JUJUBE — Zizyphus sativa — is a shrub or small tree, often prickly, growing occasionally to the height of 30 feet. The leaves are so arranged along slender green stems as to look like compound pinnate ones but the flowers and fruit in their axils prove the. leaves are simple. These leaves are from 1 to 3 inches long, dark glossy -green above, whitish below, oblique at base and finely notched. The fruit is short-stalked, dark red to black, J to | inch long. There is a species only 3 to 4 feet high with yellow drupes, LOTOS TRKK — Zizyphus L6tus. This is always very prickly and probably not so hardy as the larger species. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; root cut- 101. — Smooth-fruited Buckeye. tings. 1 XANTHOCERAS 101 Xanthoceras sorbifdlia. XANTHOCERAS (99) or CHINESE or FLOWERING CHESTNUT. This is a rarely cultivated but very beautiful hardy shrub or small tree reaching the height of 15 feet, from North China. The alternate leaves are pinnate, G to FIG. 102. — Ash-leaved Maple. Fio. 103. — Mountain Maple. 12 inches long, of 9 to 17 serrated blades 1 to 2 inches long. The flowers are very showy in terminal and axillary racemes in May. The individual flowers are | inch broad of 5 white petals having yellow or red Fin. 104. — Striped Maple. FIG. 105. — Japan Maple. 102 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS blotches at the base. The green fruit is large, 11-21 inches long, like the Buckeye, but splitting into three parts having in each several globular dark brown seeds J inch wide. It £*$% is well adapted to solitary planting rather than among other shrubs. [Seeds ; root cuttings, l JEsculus. The HORSE-CHEST- NUTS and BUCKEYES are mainly ornamental trees with clusters of large flowers and opposite decidu- ous palmately compound leaves. There are two or three species shrubby in growth and so included here. The one oftenest in cultivation as a lawn plant is the LOXG-UA- CEMED HORSE-CHESTNUT (100) - JEsculus parvifl6ra; it grows as a broadly spreading bush 3 to 10 feet high and has in July and August erect narrow clusters of irregular white flowers. The fruit is large, smooth, with several large chestnut- like seeds. The blades of the leaves are 5 to 7, nearly sessile and finely serrate. FIG. 106. — Siberian Maple. FIG. 107. — Field Maple. FIG. 108. — Montpelier Maple. RED or SMOOTH-FRUITED BUCKEYE (101) — JEsculus Pavia — is some- times a tree 20 feet tall but usually a shrub 2 to 10 feet high with purple to red flowers in large loose clusters in May or June and smooth fruit. The 5 to 7 blades of the leaf are finely serrate, short-stalked, and purplish below. Of this species there are a number of named varieties: pemlula, ACER 103 weeping; carnea, flesh-colored flowers; humilis, very low shrub 2 to 4 feet high; atrosangufnea, dark red flowers; varicgata, blotched leaves; etc. [Seeds; layers; root cuttings. ] Acer. The MAPLES are generally among the tallest and most useful of trees but a few of them are only shrubby in growth. The opposite pal- mately lobed simple deciduous leaves are almost universal in the genus, but the 2-winged fruit is a FIG. 109. — Round-leaved Maple. FIG. 110. — Tartarian Maple. better test, because there are no exceptions to this characteristic. ASH- LEAVED MAPLE (102) or Box ' ELDER ' -Acer Negiindo — has compound leaves and is generally a small tree but is sometimes shrubby with smooth dark green bark on the twigs. The shrubby maples wild in America and often cultivated are : Mor\- TAIN MAPLE (103) — .Veer spicatum — with 3-lobed coarsely serrated leaves and dense upright clusters of flowers (June) and fruit; and STRIPED MAPLE (104) — Acer pennsylvanieum — with greenish white- striped bark. The leaves of the striped maple are large, 0 to 8 inches long, with 3 finely serrated lobes. The flower-clusters are drooping, in spring. The best, most varied and beautiful of the shrubby maples are those of China and Japan. [Layers ; twig cuttings ; seeds.] lOi INSCRIPTIONS OF THK SUKTMS KEY TO £HE SHRUBBY MAPLES * Leaves compound (pinnate) of usually 3 (3-7) irregularly notched blades. ASII-LEAVED MAPLE (102) or Box 'ELDER' -Acer Ne- gtindo. * Leaves compound (palmate) of 5-9 narrow, deeply-notched blades. Varieties of Japan Maple (105) — Acer palmatum : dissectum has green blades, ornatum has deep red blades, roseo-pictum has green blades marked with white and green spots. aureum has yellow blades, sanguine am has bright red blades. * Leaves generally 3- (rarely 5-) lobed. (A.) A. Lobes acute at tip and fully notched. (B.) B. Leaves 1J— 3£ inches long with long terminal lobe. SIBERIAN MAPLE (100) — Acer Ginnala. B. Leaves 2i-4| inches long with coarsely serrated lobes. MOUN- TAIN MAPLE (103) — Acer spicatum. B. Leaves 6-8 inches long, finely serrate ; bark green with white lines; usually a tree. STRIPED or GOOSEFOOT MAPLE (104) MOOSEWOOD — Acer pennsylvanicum. A. Lobes all rounded and entire or with blunt teeth ; flower-clus- ters erect. (C.) C. Leaves 3-5-lobed, the lobes entire or the middle one slightly 3-lobed, dull green in some, varieties variegated with white dots or blotches, 1|-3| inches long; fruit broadly spreading. FIELD MAPLE or ENGLISH CORKBARK MAPLE — (107) Acer campe"stre. C. Leaves 3-lobed, thick and nearly evergreen, shiny above and glaucous beneath; fruit slightly spreading. MONTPELIER MAPLE (108) — Acer monspessulanum. * Leaves rounded, vine-like with 7-11 short, pointed, doubly serrated lobes. VINE MAPLES. (D-) D. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth. ROUND-LEAVED MAPLE (109) — Acer circinatum. D. Steins of leaves and fruit downy when young. JAPAN VINE MAPLE — Acer japonicum. • * Leaves rounded and deeply 5-11-lobed, the lobes pointed and doubly serrated. (E.) E. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth. JAPAN MAPLE (105) — Acer palmatum. STAPHYLEA 105 E. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. PARSON'S JAI-AN MAPLE — Acer jap6iiieum 1'arsonsi. * Leaves radiate-veined hut mar-in without distinct lobes; usually a tree. T A i< T A u i A \ M A.FL.E (HO) — Acer tataricum. * Leaves feather-straight-veined ; usually a tree. HORN-HI: \M MAPLE — Acer carpinif61iuui. Staphylea. The BLADDER NUTS are shrubs with usually 3-(3-7-) bladed compound opposite decidu- ous leaves and swollen bladder-like fruit. They have handsome light colored bright green leaves and white or greenish flowers in spring. They are good plants for the shrubbery and do best in somewhat moist rich soil and grow well in partial shade. The parts of the flowers are separate and have 5 sepals, 5 petals, and •"> stamens. The fruit is a '2- or 3-celled inflated pod with 1 to few rather large bony seeds in each cell. [Seeds ; layers ; suckers.] FIG. 111. — American Bladder Nut. Fir,. 112. — European Bladder Nut. FIG. 113. — Caucasus Bladder Nut. 106 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STAPHYLEA * Leaves with 3 blades. (A.) A. All the blades short-stalked with serrate awned edges H-2^ inches long ; fruit 2-lobed and flattened, about an inch long ; small shrub to 6 feet, from Japan. JAPAN BLADDER NUT — , Staphylea Buinalda. A. End blade long-stalked, all finely serrated ; upright shrub with stout branches 6-15 feet high ; pod 1^-2 inches long. AMERICAN BLADDER NUT (111) — Staphylea trifolia. A. Similar to the last but the blades smoother and nearly orbicular ; fruit larger, — 2-5 inches long. CALIFORNIA BLADDER NUT — > Staphylea B61anderi. * Leaves with 3-7 blades. (B.) B. Cluster of flowers narrow and raceme-like and pendulous ; up- right shrub sometimes tree-like, 6-15 feet high ; bladder about an inch long. EUROPEAN BLADDER NUT (112) — Staphylea pinnata. B. Cluster broad, upright or somewhat nodding ; blades 3-5 ; blad- der 1-2 inches long. CAUCASUS BLADDER NUT (113) — Staphy- lea colchica. cW^-^V/-"-, V-iV-- §^ *_ - ._, ,*,v.^& k :i — -_^_ • — - ^tC i-j* .^r-v**— •/ , -TTfiF . rtcetf '-.^ i !\ .'/ FIG. 114. — Staffhorn Sumach. FIG. 115. — Mountain Sumach. RHUS 107 Rhus. The SUMACHS are a large group (100 species) of interesting plants of mainly rather small tree-like growth generally 15 feet or less high and so may be considered as shrubs. Most species have alter- nate pinnate leaves and large clus- ters of small berry-like drupes which remain on the plants through the winter ; these are often of bright red or purple color. The flowers are small and inconspicu- ous and the sap often milky. The tallest species, STAGHORX SI-MACII (114) — Khus typhina, - grows 10 to 30 feet high and has velvety-hairy stems. The crimson- hairy fruit is very conspicuous, ter- minating all stems. The leaves have 11 to 31 smooth notched blades (in var. laciniata they are so deeply notched as to make them twice-pinnate). Three species have the stalk be- tween the blades broadly margined or winged. The one with entire V FIG. 11P>. — Elm-leaved Sumach. FIG. 117. — Fragrant Sumach FIG. 118. — Poison 'Ivy.1 108 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 119. — Poison Sumach. FIG. 120. — Smooth Sumach. FIG. 121. — Cut-leaved Sumach. FIG. 122. — Fern-leaved Sumach. KEY TO Till-: Sl.MACHS 10'.) blades is MOUNTAIN SUMACH (115) — Rhus copallina ; with finely toothed blades, JAPAN SUMACH — Khus semialata and var. Osbe'ekii ; with coarsely toothed blades, EUROPEAN or FI.M-I.I;AVI:I> SUMACH (110) — Khus Coriaria. The smallest species with only :j aromatic blades is the FRAGRANT SUMACH (117) — Khus canade'nsis or aromatica. l.csides these with compound leaves there are two species with FIG. 123. — Smoke Bush. FIG. 124. — Evergreen Sumach. simple rounded leaves, sometimes placed in a separate genus, C6tinus. These are called SMOKE-TREES because of the delicate feathery growths which form after the flowers in early summer. The above are nearly all in general cultivation and about all that can be safely cultivated, as several of the others are very poisonous to the touch to many people. Most of the sumachs have brilliant red and yellow colors in their autumn foliage. [Seeds ; suckers ; layers ; root cuttings.] KEY TO THE SUMACHS * Leaves deciduous, compound of 3 blades. (A.) A. Berries bright red; blades crenate, sometimes lobed, aromatic. FRAGRANT SUMACH (117) — Rhus canadens s (H. aromatica). A. Berries gray ; plant very poisonous, usually climbing by rootlets. When erect, Poison 'Oak'; when climbing, POISON -Iw1 (118) — Rhus Toxicode"ndron. 110 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves deciduous, composed of many (7-31) blades (or twice-pin- nate). (B.) B. Stem of leaves winged between the blades ; fruit red. (C.) C. Blades (9-21) about entire, smooth above ; berries hairy. MOUNTAIN SUMACH (115) — Rhus copallina. C. Blades (9-21) finely toothed, brown-hairy beneath. JAPAN- SUMACH — Rhus semialata (R. Osbe"ckii). C. Blades (11-15) coarsely toothed, leaf-stem hairy. EUROPEAN or ELM-LEAVED SUMACH (116) — Rhus Coriaria. B. Stem of leaves without wings between the blades. (D.) D. Blades (7-15) without notches, smooth on both sides ; berries white ; plants very poisonous to the touch. (B.) E. Berries small, pea-like ; in moist ground. POISON SUMACH (119) —Rhus Ve'rnix (R, venenata). E. Berries large — cherry-like ; from Asia. LAC SUMACH - Rhus succedanea. D. Blades (11-13) sharply serrate ; not poisonous ; berries red ; stem smooth. (F. ) F. Blades regularly serrate ; shrub to 15 feet. SMOOTH SUMACH (120) — Rhus glabra. F. Blades deeply and irregularly cut ; shrub to 8 feet. CUT- LEAVED SUMACH (121) — Rhus glabra laciniata. D. Blades hairy beneath ; berries red. (G.) G. Stem velvety-hairy ; tall, 10-30 feet. (H.) H. Blades (11-31) regularly notched. STAGHORN SUMACH (114) — Rhus typhina (R. hfrta). H. Blades deeply and irregularly cut. FERX-LEAVED SUMACH (122) — Rhus typhina laciniata. G. Stem less velvety; blades 9-13; low, nearly procumbent; poisonous; fruit red ; southern. DWARF SUMACH — Rhus pumila. G. Stem slightly hairy when young ; tree-like, 20-30 feet high; hardy only South ; very poisonous ; from Japan. "VARNISH or LACQUER TREE — Rhus vernicffera. * Leaves deciduous, simple, rounded at tip ; fruit generally abortive and plume- or smoke-like. C6tinus. (I.) I. 10-15 feet high. SMOKE BUSH (123) or VENICE SUMACH — Rhus Cotinus (Cotinns C6tinus). I. 20-40 feet high. WILD SMOKE-TREE or CHITTAM WOOD — Rhus Cotinoides (Cotinus Cotinoides). * Leaves evergreen, usually simple (occasionally with 3 blades), entire - i il-ed ; low, 2-8 feet high ; hardy only in the extreme South ; from California. ( J. ) SOPHORA 111 J. Small, slightly hairy leaves. EVERGREEN SUMACH (124) — Rhus J. integrifolia. Larger and smoother leaves. Rhus ovata. Soph6ra. The SOPHORAS form a rather large group of evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and herbs, but few of them are in cultivation in America. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, and in the different species range in number of blades from 5 to over 50. The clustered white, pinkish, purplish, or yellow pea-like flowers are in most species less than an inch long, but in one of the evergreen species are nearly 2 inches long. The fruit FIG. 125.— Japan Pagoda Tree. FIG. 126. — Coral Bean. is a jointed pod, resembling a string of beads with a globular seed in each joint. The evergreen species can be grown only in the Gulf states and southern California. The commonest species in cultivation, JAPAN 1' VCOHA TI;I;E (125) — Sophora japdnica — is a slow-growing, generally shrubby plant with 11 to 21 oblong blades. The bark of the young twigs is green. The cream-white clustered flowers bloom in the late summer. This some- times grows to the height of 50 feet. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers]. 112 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SOPHORAS IN CULTIVATION * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound clusters (panicles), in late summer. (A.) A. Leaves of 5-21 blades 1-2 inches long; flowers yellowish white i inch long in loose clusters 10-15 inches long ; shrub or tree to 50 feet. JAPAN PAGODA TREE (125) — Sophora japonica. A. Leaves of 11-17 blades 2-;j| inches long; flowers white, over i inch long ; pod 1-5-seeded and flattened; tree. FLAT-PODDKD PAGODA TREE — Sophora platycarpa. * Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; flowers in early spring. (B.) B. Flowers violet in terminal racemes, very fragrant ; the 3-4 seeds bright scarlet in white hairy pods 1-7 inches long and J-f inch thick ; small tree or shrub with slender trunk and upright branches ; blades 7-13, leathery, i inch long. CORAL BEAN (126) — Sophora secundiflora: B. Flowers yellow in axillary racemes. (C.) C. Pod 4-winged, 7 inches long ; blades of the leaves very numer- ous, nearly orbicular, \-\ inch long ; racemes pendulous of 2-8 flowers \\ inches long. PELU TREE — Sophora tetraptera. C. Pod rounded and not winged, 1-4-seeded ; blades 21-45, f-1 inch long ; flowers f-1 inch lung in short racemes ; entire plant densely hairy. LARGE-FRUITED SOPHORA — Sophora inacrocarpa. FIG. r_>7.— Furze. FIG. 1128. — Scotch Broom. cvTisrs 113 Ulex europius. FURZE (127) or GORSE is a leafless thorny plant (2-5 feet), with large, $ inch, fragrant yellow pra-Iike flowers in the axils of the upper thorns, cultivated for the showy flowers which bloom April to June FIG. 129. — Dyer's Greenweed. FIG. 130. — Hairy Broom. and frequently again in September and October ; oblong pod \ inch long. It is especially suited for seaside planting and grows best in sandy or gravelly soil. The green twigs are striped. There are other species of the genus, much less hardy, which might be cultivated South. (See key, to this and the following two genera, after Genfsta.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Cytisus. The BROOMS are a large group (45 species) of more or less It-allies shrubs with, large yellow, white, or purple pea-like flowers and elongated pea-like pods. The leaves, if enlarged and complete, are 3-bladed and alternate but are often reduced to a single blade or almost absent. Most of the species bloom in May and June. The commonest in America is SCOTCH BKOOM (128)— Cytisus scoparius — ;"> to 10 feet high with t-ivct slfinlrr angular green branches and leaf-blades \ to \ inch long. The flowers, f inch long, are usually yellow with more or less of a crimson tinge. The pods are nearly black with hairy edges, 1-2 inches long;, containing several seeds and ending in a slender coiled tip. (See key after next genus.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] APGAIi'.S SHRUBS 8 114 nr.sriupTiONS OF THK SHRUBS FIG. 131. — Purple Cytisus. Genista. The true GENISTAS (flo- rists' Genistas are usually Cytisus) have pea-like yellow flowers ami tV\v alternate simple entire-edged leaves. The calyx-lobes are longer and more slender in true Genistas and the pods are shorter. While neither genus is fully hardy North, and while both contain a num- ber of species which might be worth cultivating, very few are in cultiva- tion. The only one needing description is probably WOAD-WAXEN or DYER'S GREENWEEU (129) — Genista tinctbria an erect shrub to 3 feet with yellow flowers along the tips of the branches in early summer. [Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.] FIG. 132. — Florists' Genista. FIG. 133. — Narrow-bladed Cytisus. KKY TO THK HROO.MS AM) COKSi; 11.") KKY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE IN CULTIVA- TION, INCLUDING THOSK IX HOTHOUSKS NORTH OR IN THE OPEN SOUTH * Flowers along the sides of branches not in decided clusters, either solitary or '2 or :> in a cluster. (A.) A. Flowers yellow ; leaves deciduous. (B.) B. Pods hairy on the margins, smooth on the sides, 1-2 inches long; branches angled; erect, 5-10 feet. SCOTCH BROOM (128) — Cytisus srnpanus. B. Pods hairy all over, 1 inch long; branches round; blades nf leaves hairy, |-| inch long. HAIRY BROOM (130) — Cytisus hirsiitus. A. Flowers white ; tender North. (C.) C. Branches slender but not thread-like, grooved ; erect, to 3 feet. PORTUGAL BROOM — Cytisus albus. C. Branches thread-like and angulate — Cytisus fi'lipes. C. Branches long, slender, pubescent, round, not angulate or grooved; shrub to 12 feet; leaves all 3-bladcd. PROLIFEROUS LABURNUM or TAOASASTE — Cytisus prolitVrus. A. Flowers pink to purple ; procumbent shrub frequently grafted on an erect stem to form a weeping plant ; tender North. PURPLE CYTISUS (131) — Cytisus purpiireus. * Flowers in rounded terminal heads, yellow or brownish when fad- ing, nearly 1 inch long, July, August; pod hairy, 1-1 £ inches Ion-; branches round and hairy; blades |-1 inch long; hardy to Wash- ington. CLUSTER-FLOWERED LAHURNUM — Cytisus capitatus. * Flowers yellow in elongated terminal clusters. (D.) D. Leaves evergreen ; branches grooved ; hardy only South. (E.) E. Blades widening towards tip, wedge-shaped. (F.) F. Blades f-f inch long, pubescent beneath. Cytisus candicans. F. Blades i-J inch long, scabby beneath. Cytisus madere"nsis. F. Blades i-f inch long, pubescent on both sides; flowers in one-sided clusters. (G.) G. Racemes shortened ; blades usually under % inch long (the Genfsta of florists). YELLOW or FLORISTS' GENISTA (132) — Cytisus canarie"nsis. G. Racemes longer, 3-5 inches long; blades usually over \ inch long. A hybrid of garden origin and better than the last. RACEMED CYTISUS — Cytisus racemdsus. E. Blades linear. '-1 inch long with rolled edges; to 3 feet. NAK- RO\V I5LADED CYTISUS (133) CytisUS lillifoliUS. 110 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves deciduous, blades £-1 inch long ; branches round, pubes- cent; racemes slender, — 8-8 inches long, June, July; hardy to middle states. BLACK-ROOTED BROOM — Cytisus nigricans. D. Leaves deciduous of one lanceolate blade; brandies grooved, green; flowers small, in early summer ; plant 1-2 feet. WHIN or DYER'S GREEXAVEEH (120) — Genista tinctoria. D. Leaves almost entirely absent, found only on vigorous shoots near the ground ; very spiny and rigid shrub; flowers fragrant, f inch long; calyx 2-lobed. FURZE or GOKSE (127) — Ulex europseus. Laburnum. The GOLDEN CHAINS are rather trees than shrubs but in the North they are apt to grow somewhat bushy. They receive their FIG. 134. — Scotch Laburnum. FIG. 135. —Golden Chain. common name from the slender drooping clusters of large, generally yel- low, pea-like flowers in late spring. The leaves are compound of 3 oblong usually entire-edged blades. The pods (2 inches long) are hairy with one thick edge and black or brown seeds. The tallest of these plants is the SCOTCH LABURXIM (134) — Laburnum alpinum, — which grows occasionally to the height of 30 feet with late floAvers (June) and brown seeds. The commonest species in cultivation is GOLDEN CHAIN or BEAN TREE (135) — Laburnum vulgare, — which grows to the height occasionally of 20 AMORPHA 117 feet and lias many garden varieties. One of these varieti?s has yellow foliage, aiireuin ; another, curled foliage, bullatum ; another, lobed FIG. 136. — Adam's Laburnum. blades, quercif61ium ; weeping, pendulum ; small narrow blades, Carlieri ; and crowded leaves, sessilifolium. (The last-named is supposed to be a graft hybrid.) [Seeds ; layers.] KEY TO THE LABURNUMS * Flowers yellow, large (f inch long), in silky-hairy racemes 4-8 inches long; pod 2 inches long, hairy ; seeds hairy. GOLDEN CHAIN or BEAN TREE (135) — Laburnum vulgare. * Flowers smaller in longer and mure slender racemes; pod thin with one edge winged ; seeds brown. SCOTCH LABI-KNI-M (134) — La- burnum alpinum. * Flowers somewhat purplish, rarely pure yellow. ADAM'S LAIUUM M (136) — Laburnum Adami. Am6rpha. The AMOIMMIAS arc handsome hardy deciduous shrubs witli alternate inany-Madrd pinnate leaves, purple or blue (rarely white) flowers in erect terminal clusters and short ( .', inch or less) 1- or 2-seeded pods. There is a species, 5-20 teet. FALSE or 118 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 137. — Bastard Indigo. Fi<;. 138. — Bastard Indigo (in fruit) FIG. 139. — I)I>\MIV Amorpha. FIG. 140. — Chinese Indigo. ROBINIA 119 (137) (138) — Amorpha fruticosa — with 1 1- to 25-bladed leaves and violet- purple flowers, May to. July ; ami a low hush, 1-3 feet high, LKAI> PLANT or I)o\v\v AMOK CM A (139) — Amorpha canesci us — with lf> to .",1 lead-colored blades, bright blue flowers (July, August) and whitish branches. A species only slightly shrubby at base, DWAUK I.NHKIO — Amorpha hcrbacea — is grayish-hairy all over with crowded leaves, growing to the height of 2 to 4 feet ; the blades are numerous, 11-37, with black glands' on the under side ; it blooms in spring with white or purple flowers. Besides these three, the common ones in cultivation, there are sev- eral others which may be found in the South. They can all be recognized by the peculiar lopsided flowers of but one petal in terminal spike-like clusters, 10 exserted stamens united at base, and the short 1- to 2-seeded pods. The blades of the leaves, if held to the light, are seen to be dotted. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers; suckers.] Indig6fera. The INDIGO plants are shrubs or herbs mainly cultivated for use rather than ornament but a few shrubby species are, in the South, raised for their beauty. The flowers are small, pea-shaped, in axillary racemes and the fruit are elongated pods. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 7 to 21 blades. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] KEY TO THE ORKAMENTAL LNDIGOFERAS * Clusters of flowers longer than the leaves, rosy-red. (A.) A. Weak-growing almost climbing shrub with 13-17 sharp-pointed blades to the leaves ; slender stems red-tinged. CHINESE IM>I<;<> (140) — Indigofera decora. A. Erect-growing with 17-21 broader and blunter blades to the leaves. Indigofera macrdstachys. * Clusters of flowers not longer than the leaves. Smooth erect shrub with 9-17 oblong to rounded blades to the leaves. AUSTRALIAN INDIGO — Indigofera australis. ' Robinia. The LOCUSTS are generally tall trees, a few species are always shrubs, and one is a bushy tree. All have beautiful clustered pea-shaped flowers, odd-pinnate alternate leaves and pea-shaped pods. BRISTLY LOCUST or ROSE ' ACACIA' (141) — Robinia hispida — grows 2 to 8 feet high with bristly-hairy twigs and leaves, beautiful large rose-colored flowers (May to July), and 9- to 13-bladed leaves. CI.VMMY Lo< i . — White-flowered Bauhinia. CERCIS 127 GLAUCOUS SCORPION -SKNNA' (155) — Corqnilla glatica — is a smooth shrub 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves whitish with a bloom of 5 to 7 blunt blades ; flowers 7 to 8 in an open cluster, yel- low, fragrant in the daytime but not at night, blooming through the year in southern California. [Fresh seeds ; twig cuttings ; divi- sions. ] FIG. 1G1. — Green-aiid-white Bauhinia. FIG. 1(!0. — Purple-flowered Bauhinia. CSrcis. The REDBUDS or JUDAS TREKS are beautiful flowering shrubs with large heart-shaped simple alternate leaves ; pea-shaped purple or red flowers in early spring close clustered along the old branches and flat pea-like pods 2 to 5 inches long, in summer. AMERICAN REDIJUD (150) — Cer- cis canadfinsis — is a very ornamen- tal shrub or small tree, to 40 feet, with rosy-pink flowers J, inch long and rather broad pods 2J to 3J inches long. CHINESE REDBUD (157) — Cercis chine'nsis — has purplish flowers, longer and narrower pods, and grows, under good conditions, even taller than the above. CALIFORNIA Ri:t>Hn> — Cercis- occidentalis — is never more than a shrub, to 15 feet, has rose-colored flowers, blunt-tipped leaves about 2 inches wide and pods only 2 to 2i inches long. FIG. 1G2. — Red-flowered Bauliiuki. 128 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS EUROPEAN REDBUD (158) — Cercis Siliquastrum — grows to the height of 40 feet anil lias large leaves deeply heart-shaped at base (3-5 inches wide), large purplish rose (rarely white) flowers | inch long and pods 3 to 4 inches Ion-. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] Bauhinia. The BAUHINIAS or MOUNTAIN EBONY plants are tropic trees, shrubs, and vines (200 species), and can be easily recognized by the I'cculiar 2-lobed leaves of all the species in cultivation in this country. Between these lobes there may generally be found an awn or bristle. The flowers are very showy and of good size, ranging in color from white to purple. The fruit is a pea-like pod. (The species given do not include (•limbers.) All have their leaves split less than half their length. They are hardy only far south but are cultivated north in hothouses and planted out in summer. [Seeds.] KEY TO THE BAUHIXIAS * Leaves 4-ribbed . (A. ) A. Shrub 5-0 feet high ; flowers pure white, 2-3 inches broad, May-Sept. WHITB-FLOWEEKD BAUHINIA (159) — Bauhinia acuminata. A. Shrub 6-20 feet high ; flowers of many colors and variegated, 3-5 inches broad ; pod a foot long. PURPLE-FLOWERED BAU- HINIA (ICO) — Bauhinia purpurea. * Leaves 5-ribbed. (B.) B. Flowers white beautifully veined with green, Feb.-May ; shrub to 12 feet. GREEN-AND-WHITE BAUHINIA (101) — Bauhinia variegata Candida. B. Flowers large (4 inches), rosy-colored distinctly veined with darker; pod 1-2 feet long; generally tree-like, (i-20 feet. VARIEGATED-FLOWERED BAUHINIA — Bauhinia variegata. * Leaves 7 -ribbed ; petals alike, 1-1£ inches long, brick-red; pod 3-5 inches long ; somewhat climbing. RED-FLOWERED BAUHINIA (102) -- Bauhinia Galpini. Cassia. The SENNAS include several hundred species of herbs, shrubs, and trees with showy (mainly yellow) flowers ; stalked, usually flat, many-seeded pods. Only a few are in cultivation. The leaves are alter- nate on the stem and compound with an even number of blades. The flowers have 5 spreading nearly equal petals. The plants need a sunny position. [Divisions; seeds.] CSJSALPINIA 129 FIG. 163. — Australian Senna. FIG. 104. — Corymbed Seuna. KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL SENNAS * Herbaceous but shrub-like in appearance, sometimes cultivated. Hardy. Leaves light green of 8-18 blades ; flowers in axillary clusters near the tips of branches ; pods linear, flat, curved, 3-4 inches long. Good for damp places. WILD SENNA — Cassia mary- landica. * Shrubs, hardy only far South. (A.) A. 6-10 feet high ; leaves with 12-20 narrow pointed blades ; Clus- ters of narrow flowers shorter than the leaves, pods thin. AUS- TRALIAN SENXA (163) — Cassia Soph6ra. A. 4-10 feet high ; leaves with 6 somewhat curved blunt blades. COKYMBED SEXNA (164) — Cassia corymbosa. A. Tree-like shrub with soft gray hairs all over ; leaves with 6-8 narrow linear blades ; flowers deep yellow. Good for dry locali- ties. ARTEMISIA-LEAVED CASSIA — Cassia artemesioides. Cassalpinia. The BRASILETTO shrubs and trees are tropic. Leaves abruptly twice-pinnate ; flowers with 5 stalked petals and 10 very lung and bright colored stamens ; the fruit is a pod. Most of the species in cul- tivation in this country are hardy only in Florida and southern California. The most hardy species, JAPAN C.KSAI.IMMA (165) — Ca;salpinia japonica, APCAR'S SHRUBS — 9 130 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 1G5. — Japan Ciesalpiuia. FIG. 1(JG. — Gillies' Caesalpiuia. - is probably hardy in southern Virginia, and one, GILLIES' CJESALPINIA (106) — Csesalpinia Gilliesii, — is .hardy in the Gulf states. [Seeds, well soaked in warm water.] FIG. 167.'— Barbadoes Pride. ALB I ZZ I A 131 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF (LESALPINIA * Stamens and style red and very long, extending far beyond the petals. (A. ) A. Sepals hairy-fringed ; plant without spines or prickles. GILI.II>' CSESALPINIA or LA PLATA POINCIANA (1<>G) — Csesalpinia Gfl- liesii. A. Plant with few scattered prickles and crisped yellow petals ; evergreen. BAKBADOES PRIDE (167) or DWARF POINCIANA — Cfesalpinia pulcherrima. * Stamens not especially long or much exserted beyond the petals. (B.) B. Plant without prickles ; blades of the leaves |-1 inch long and blunt ; flowers yellow and showy. Csesalpinia panndsa. B. Plant with prickles or thorns. (C.) C. Pod smooth ; stamens red ; petals canary-yellow ; prickles re- curved. The hardiest species. JAPAN CSESALPINIA (16;">) — Caesalpinia japonica. C. Pod prickly with 7 black seeds ; blades of leaves 1-3 inches long ; flowers white and purple. Csesalpinia Minax. Albizzia. The ALBIZZIAS, frequently though improperly called Mimosa Trees, are tropic trees (25 species) with only one species, MIMOSA TREE (168) — Albizzia julib- rfssin, — hardy enough to thrive in the middle states. This has alter- nate leaves, twice-abruptly-pinnate, with 400-1500 small blades. These blades are entire-edged and lopsided, the midrib being near the upper edge. The pinkish flowers are feathery or silky, in summer, and the flat pods are 5 or 6 inches long. This beauti- ful small tree can be grown in pro- tected places north to New York city. Its remarkable foliage makes it a very interesting plant where it can be grown. It is very late in start- ing growth in the spring, July in the middle states, and continues putting out new leaves till after severe frosts, even till most other deciduous trees and shrubs have dropped their foliage. FIG, 168. — Mimosa Tree. 132 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS In the southern range of states there are a number of other species in cultivation, most of them trees. They can all be known by the numerous oblique blades on the abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. [Fresh seeds, soaked in hot water.] FIG. 169. — Evergreeu Albizzia. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALBIZZIA * Hardy to New York with protection ; blades of leaves 500 or more, \ inch long and oblique ; flowers in globular heads, pink. MIMOSA TREE (168) — Albizzia julibrissin. * Tender species, hardy only in the Gulf states. (A.) A. Flowers yellowish in cylindric axillary spikes ; leaves evergreen ; shrub 6-15 feet high. EVERGREEN ALBIZZIA (169) — Albiz- zia lophantha. A. Flowers in globular heads ; leaves deciduous. Six or eight species of tall tropic or semitropic trees. Acacia. ACACIAS or WATTLES. There are a number of species of Acacias out of doors in the Gulf states and in northern conservatories which are well worthy of cultivation for the beauty of foliage, as well as the brightness and peculiarity of bloom. The flowers are generally in glob- ular clusters of fine feathery parts, and usually of some shade of yellow, from pale lemon to deep orange. To the eye they form in their foliage two entirely dissimilar groups ; those with simple, thickish, sessile alter- nate leaves, and those with fern-like, abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. To the casual observer it would seem that the plants should form two genera, but the seedlings, or young plants, of those which, when mature, have simple leaves, have in this early stage the fern-like foliage of the other THE ACACIAS 133 FIG. 170. — Needle-leaved Acacia. FIG. 171. — Broom Wattle. FIG. 172. — Long-leaved Acacia. Fia. 173. — Kaugaroo Tlioru. 134 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS group. Occasionally the growth of vigorous shoots on old plants will have more or less of these com- pound leaves. [Seed, as soon as ripe, is soaked in hot water 24 hours and then sown under glass.] FIG. 174. — Small- leaved Acacia. FIG. 17D. — Bhmt-leaved Acacia. Fit;. ITti. — Mi-issuer's Ai-acia. FIG. 177. — Shining Acacia. THE ACACIAS 135 FIG. 178. — Knife-leaved Acacia. FIG. 17'J. — Trapezoid-leaved Acacia. FIG. 180. — Narrow-leaved Acacia. FIG. 181. — Short-bunched Acacia. 136 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 182. — Myrtle-leaved Acacia. FIG. 183. — Spatulate-leaved Acacia. FIG. 184. — Oleander-leaved Acacia. FIG. 185. — Fragrant Acacia. THE ACACIAS 137 FIG. 186. — Weeping Myall. FIG. 187. — Whorl-leaved Acacia. FIG. 188. —Rigid-leaved Acacia- FIG. 189. — Sydney Golden Wattle. 138 DKSCK1IT10.XS OF TIIK SHRUBS • ,•• FIG. 100. — Pale-flowered Acacia. FIG. 191. — Mulga. 4, FIG. 102. — Hairy Wattle. FIG. 103. — Beantiful Acacia. Tin: ACACIAS 139 A vl •<*§£&•» /.V**^ i !»»»•• >VJ ... -----r - --:.',1 • / y/, >••- f. .---U ML*3*^ ,,,>« .,:« FIG. 19-1. — Beautiful Acacia (Grandis). FIG. 195. — Popinac. FIG. 1!K5. — Fern-leaved Acacia. FIG. 197. — Drummond's Acacia. 140 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY OF ACACIAS, BASED ON THE FOLIAGE * Leaves usually simple and alternate (in one species whorled). (A). A. Flowers in globular and nearly solitary axillary heads. (B.) B. Leaves very slightly flattened and thus nearly cylindric. (C.) C. Leaves less than 2 inches long and J inch wide ; branches angular. NEEDLE-LEAVED ACACIA (170) — Acacia diffusu. C. Leaves 3-4 inches long with short recurved or oblique point. BROOM WATTLE (171) — Acacia calamifolia. C. Leaves 3-8 inches long, slender and 4-sided ; branches angular or winged. LONG-LEAVED ACACIA (172) — Acacia exte'nsa. B. Leaves decidedly flattened and 1- or few-veined, 4 inches or less long. (D.) D. Stipules forming slender spines ; leaves 1 inch long. KANGA- ROO THORN (173) — Acacia armata. D. Stipules not forming spines, or no stipules. (E.) E. Leaves \-l inch long. (F.) F. Branches round and hairy ; leaves linear with hooked point. SMALL-LEAVED ACACIA (174) -- Acacia lineata. F. Branches angular and free from hairs. (G. ) G. Flower-stems about as long as the leaves. BLUNT- LEAVED ACACIA (175) — Acacia acinacea. G. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves. MEISSNER'S ACACIA (170) — Acacia Meissneri. E. Leaves often an inch long (to 1^ inches) and blunt. Acacia brachybotrya argyrophylla. E. Leaves l|-4 inches long and blunt. SHINING ACACIA (177) — Acacia dodonseif61ia. A. Flowers usually in numerous globular heads in axillary clusters ; leaves 2 inches or less long, 1-few-veined. (H.) H. ( 'lusters of heads decidedly longer than the leaves ; leaves less than 1 inch long. (I.) I. Leaves obliquely lanceolate with minute pojnt. SMALL-LEAVED ACACIA (174) — Acacia lineata. I. Leaves triangular with thickened edges, !-;{ inch long. KNIFE-LEAVED ACACIA (178) — Acacia cultrif6rmis. I. Leaves curved, obovate, less than £ inch long. TRAPKZOID- LKAVED ACACIA (179) — Acacia pravfssima. H. flusters of heads only about as long as the leaves. (J.) J. Leaves linear, straight and thin, 1-1 \ inches long. NAKROW- I.I.AVKD ACACIA (180) — Acacia linifolia. KHY TO THE ACACIAS 141 J. Leaves obliquely obovatc, \-2 inches long. SHORT-HUNCHED ACACIA (181) — Acacia brachybotry a. J. Leaves with gland on edge bt'low tin- middle, 1-2 inches long. MYRTLE-LEAVED ACACIA (182) — Acacia myrtifoliu. A. Leaves 2-12 inches long, flat and with feather- vein ing. (K.) K. Leaves 3-8 inches long, curved like a scythe ; branches angular. SCYTHE-LEAVED ACACIA — Acacia falcata. WILLOW-LEA vi.n ACACIA — Acacia saligna. (The smaller species, 0-10 feet, is Acacia salfgna.) K. Leaves on old growths 12 inches long ; branches drooping. BLUE-LEAVED WATTLE — Acacia cyanophylla. K. Leaves 1 }-3 inches long and almost straight, spatulate. SPATU- LATE-LEAVED ACACIA (18.3) — Acacia obtusata. A. Leaves 2-6 inches long, thick and usually with almost no side- veins. (L.) L. Leaves 3-6 inches long and under \ inch wide, curved like a scythe. OLEANDER-LEAVED ACACIA (184) — Acacia neriifolia. L. Leaves 3-6 inches long, \ inch wide, linear with thick edges. FRAGRANT ACACIA (185) — Acacia suaveolens. L. Leaves 1J-2 inches long, twisted and finely striate. OSWALD'S ACACIA — Acacia 6swaldi. L. Leaves 1^-3 inches long, narrow and curved ; branches weep- ing. WEEPING MYALL (186) — Acacia pe'ndula. L. Leaves 1^-3 inches long, rigid and nearly straight. Acacia Cj'clops. A. Leaves |-1 inch long with rigid spine-like tips ; flowers in cylin- dric spikes. (M.) M. Leaves mostly in whorls around the stem * spikes |-1 inch long. WHORL-LEAVED ACACIA (187) — Acacia verticillata. M. Leaves scattered, stipules often spine-like ; spikes 1 inch 01 more long. RIGID-LEAVED ACACIA (188) — Acacia oxy- cedrus. A. Leaves 1^-6 inches long and not spiny-tipped ; flowers in cylin. dric spikes. (N.) N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with distinct side-veins ; spikes usually in pairs. SYDNEY GOLDEN WATTLE (180) — Acacia longifolia. N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with 1 distinct nerve or vein ; spikq dirty white, 1-2 inches long. PALE-FLOWERED ACACIA (190) — Acacia linearis. N. Leaves 1^-3 inches long, \ inch wide, rigid ; spikes short and dense. MULGA (101) — Acacia aneura. N. Leaves 4-6 inches long ; branches white and silky ; spikea usually in pairs. SILKY ACACIA — Acacia holoserfcea. 142 DESCRIPTIONS OK THK SHRUBS * Leaves compound, fern-like, all twice-pinnate. (O. ) O. Flowers in globular heads forming racemes ; branches very hairy. HAIRY WATTLK (102) — Acacia pub£scens. O. Flowers in globular heads, solitary ; first division of leaves 2, blades small Q inch), 8-20 on each pinna; spiny plant with bright yellow flowers. BEAUTIFUL ACACIA (l'l;5) — Acacia pulchella. Smooth form of this species is var. grandis (194). Very hairy form is var. hispidissima. O. Flowers very fragrant, deep yellow, in large heads ; first division of leaves 10-16, each with 20-50 very small blades ; pods elon- gated, not flattened. POPINAC or OPOFONAX (195) — Acacia Farnesiana. O- Shrub without spines ; first division of leaves 4-30 with 20-100 very small hairy blades; pods linear (1-2 inches long), straight and flat. FERN-LEAVED ACACIA (106) — Acacia filicina. O. Flowers in cylindric drooping pale-yellow spikes 1-1 1 inches long ; first division of leaves 4-8, each with 4-10 blunt blades. DKUMMOND'S ACACIA (197) — Acacia Drummdndii. Prunus. This is a genus which includes the CHERRY, PLUM, PEACH, and APRICOT trees and as far as this book is concerned need not be included because of their height and because the trees are cultivated for their useful fruits rather than for ornament. Of the more shrubby forms some have double flowers, producing no fruits, others have beautiful foliage, FIG. 198. —Blackthorn. FIG. 199. — Beach Plum. and still others have large and abundant single flowers and so are rather ornamental than useful. They all have alternate simple serrate leaves of peculiar taste and odor when bruised. The peach and cherry will give the reader good examples PRUNUS 143 FIG. 2UO. — Saiul Cherry. FIG. 201. —Japan Alinoud. FIG. 202.- Choke Cherry. FIG. 203.— European liinl Clierry. 144 DF.SCKHTIONS OF THE SHRUBS of these characteristics. Many of the species are apt to be thorny. The blossoms are single with 5 petals and many stamens, like the peach ; or FIG. -04. — English Laurel. double, like the flowering almond. lie 1 1 >re the leaves expand. FIG. 205. — Mock Orange. Nearly all bloom in spring, some [Seeds ; grafting of varieties.] KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUNUS CUL- TIVATED FOR FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE MORE THAN FOR FRUIT * Leaves deciduous ; flowers solitary or in umbel-like clusters. (A.) A. Plant usually very thorny ; fruit, if formed, small (£ inch or less), purple or yellow, covered with bloom like a plum ; leaves blunt ; low spreading bushes. (B.) B. Fruit, if formed, small, pea-like, and inedible, hanging on until winter; leaves very numerous and small. BLACKTHORN (198) - Primus spinosa. B. Fruit flattened at ends, £ inch long ; flowers abundant, before the leaves; branches rough and warty. BEACH PLUM (199) — Primus marftima. B. Fruit 'large (f-lj inches) globular; leaves in the ornamental KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUXKS II.) variety purple, one of the best purple-leaved plants in culti- vation, especially in the South. PIRI-LE-LEAVEDPLUM — Pru- nus cerasffera atropurpurea (P. Pissardi). A. Plant usually thorny; fruit, if formed, smooth and glossy with- out bloom ; twigs zigzag in growth ; leaves narrow and pointed, 1-2 inches long ; fruit | inch, orange-red with yellow flesh ; bush 6-10 feet high. SAND PLUM — Pranus angustifolia Watsoni. A. Plant without thorns. (C.) C. Fruit, if formed, with dry inedible flesh splitting open and letting out the stone when ripe ; a peach-like tree, 10-20 feet high. There are double-flowered and weeping forms. COM- MON ALMOND — Primus Amygdalus. C. Fruit smooth, small, globular, purple-red, very sour ; spreading bush 2-4 feet high often grafted on standard stock and used as a weeping tree. DWARF or GROUND CHERRY — Pranus fruti- cosa and var. pe"ndula. C. Fruit smooth, globular, dark purple Q inch), abundant; bush decumbent at base, but with erect twiggy stems 5-8 feet high. SAND CHERRY (200) — Prunus pumila. C. Fruit very small, astringent ; small tree writh drooping crooked branches ; large pink flowers with notched petals, before the leaves appear; calyx red. ROSEBUD CHERRY or JAPAN WEEP- ING ROSE-FLOWERED CHERRY — Prunus pe"ndula. C. Fruit, if formed, covered with hairs like a peach, \ inch, yellow with reddish cheek, not edible. SIBERIAN APRICOT — Primus siberica. C. Fruit rarely formed ; flowers generally fully double, pink, rose- colored, or white. (D.) D. Leaves small, 2-3 inches long, pointed at both ends ; bush 0-5 feet high ; flowers nearly 1 inch broad, usually solitary. RUSSIAN ALMOND — Prunus nana. D. Leaves larger, very strongly veined beneath ; flowers 1-3 in clusters before the leaves. JAPAN ALMOND (201) — Prunus jap6nica. D. Leaves broad and more or less 3-lobed, flowers solitary. FLOWERING PLUM — Prunus trfloba. * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in elongated clusters. (E.) E. Bush or tree to 30 feet ; flowers in clusters 2-4 inches long ; fruit the size of peas, dark red and scarcely edible, stone smooth There are dwarf and weeping forms. CHOKE CHERRY (202) — Prunus virginiana. E. Similar to above and with similar varieties, but the stone in fruit is rough. EUROPEAN BIRD CIIKKUV (203) — Prunus Pad us. APGAR'S SHRUBS — 10 146 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves thick and glossy — evergreen ; flowers in elongated clusters — racemes; hardy only south of Washington, but cultivated north as tub-plants ; fruit small (| inch or less), shining black, inedi- ble. (F.) F. Flowers white, in spring; cultivated under a dozen varietal names. CIIKKKY or ENGLISH LAUREL (204) — Prunus Lauro- cerasus. F. Flowers cream-colored (Feb.-Apr.) ; leaves with slightly rolled edges and nearly entire or few-toothed. The EVERGREEN or MOCK ORANGE (205) of the South — Prunus caroliniana. Spiraea. The SPIREAS form one of the largest and most popular of the hardy ornamental uviirru of shrubs. Some of the 50 different species in cultivation in America are to be found in bloom from early spring till the FIG. 20G. — Plum-leaved Spirea. FIG. 207. — Thunberg's Spirea. frosts of autumn. The colors of the flowers, though oftenest white, vary to pink, red, and purple. They grow in almost any soil and range in height from less than 1 foot to 12 feet or more, though the usual height of most of the species is from 3 to 0 feet. The flowers are always in clusters and the individual flowers are small, from \ to % inch ; in the single forms there are 5 petals and 10 to mnny stamens. Some species, as culti- vated, are nearly always double. The earliest species in bloom are the following, about in the order given : Tliunber-'ii. Van Iloiittei. arguta, cantonieiisis, prunifolia, hypericifolia, media, and trilobata. All of these SI'IK/EA 147 FIG. 208. — Hybrid Snow Garland. FIG. 209. — Hypericum-leaved Spirea. have white flowers, and prunifolia is the commonest species with double flowers. The commonest species blooming from late June till frost are the pink Bumalda and the crimson Bumalda Anthony Waterer. [Seeds ; divisions ; suckers.] FIG. 210. — Alpine Spirea. FIG. 211.— Crenate Spirea, 148 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 212. — Round-leaved Spirea. FIG. 213. — Three-lobed Spirea. FIG. 214. — Van Houtte's Spirea. FIG. 215. — Lance-leaved Spirea. SPIILEA 149 FIG. 216. — Dowuy-leaved Spirea. Fia. 217. — Intermediate Spirea. FIG. 218. — Germander-leaved Spirea. FIG. 219. — Wedge-leaved Spirea. 150 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE .SHRUBS FIG. 220. — Long-budded Spirea. FIG. 221. — Beautiful Spirea. FIG. 222. — Fortune's Spirea. Fiu. 22:!. — White-flowered Spirea. SPIRAEA. 151 « FIG. 224. — Bumald's Spirea. FIG. 225. — Anthony Waterer's Spirea. FIG. 226. — Corymbed Spirea. FIG. 227. — Birch-leaved Spirea. 152 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS ffSrrZf /.#&§?•», #*ei$M& -•„• »7Tj^^^/?f^;Y'J:--^rVi-J^ "Ha FIG 228. — Western Corymbed Spirea. ^-~^*^— ^ FIG. 229. — Noble's Spirea. FIG. 230. — AVillow-loavcil Spirea. FIG. 231. — Mrnzies' Spirea- SPIILEA 153 m& SPIKEA (21!)) — Spira-a cane"scens. I. A dwarf procumbent shrub (6 inches high) blooming in July with leaves $-1 inch long. DECUMBENT SPIKEA — Spiraea decumbens. H. Stamens longer than the petals. Free-flowering with many clus- ters. (J.) J. A shrub to 4 feet with smooth round branches, sharp-pointed elongated buds and doubly notched leaves with gland-tipped notches. Flowers white, in June. LONG-BUDDED SPIREA (220) — Spiraea longige"rnmis. J. To 3 feet with angular, spreading branches ; small pink flowers in small (J-2 inches) clusters, June, July ; not hardy North. BEAUTIFUL SPIREA (221) — Spiraea beUla. J. Upright to 6 feet with round branches (hairy when young) ; flowers white or pale pink in clusters 1-4 inches broad, in August. BROAD-CLUSTERED SPIREA — Spiraea expansa. J. Upright usually smooth shrub to 4 feet with round branches and small pink flowers in rather loose clusters, the ripe pods spread- ing. Hardy and frequent in cultivation (called callbsa) with many named varieties. FORTUNE'S SPIREA (222) — Spiraea japdnica (S. callosa, S. Fdrtunei). J. Handsome, to 5 feet, free-flowering with large bright pink flowers in broad clusters (July, Aug.) ; pale green leaves (2-3 inches long). The ripe pods do not spread. PINK HYBRID SPIREA — Spiraea Margaritas. J. Similar plant with paler flowers (sometimes almost white), June, July. The ripe pods somewhat spreading. Fox's SPIREA — Spiraea F6xii. J. Small, rarely 2 feet high, of garden origin ; July to Sept. BUMALD'S SPIREA (224) — - Spinea Buinalda, — with whitish or dark pink flowers ; ANTHONY WATERER'S SPIREA (225) — S. Bumalda Anthony Waterer; and S. Buinalda Lemoinei with bright crimson flowers, leaves of the latter more puckered or rougher. WHITE-FLOWERED SPIREA (223) — Spiraea albi- flora — with stiff upright brandies. H. Stamens longer than the petals (as with the last section) but less free-flowering, usually with only terminal clusters. Low shrubs rarely :'. feet high. Pods not spreading. (K.) KKY TO THE SPIRKAS 1 ,")7 K. Shrub with purplish brown whip-like branches; small white flowers in rounded clusters (11-3 inches broad) in May and June; leaves coarsely, often doubly, serrate, bluish-green lie- low, 1^-3 inches long. CORYMBED SPIREA (220) — Spinea corymb6sa. K. Later-blooming (June to Aug.) but similar shrubs. I'.iiicii- LEAVED SPIKEA (i?-7) — Spinca betulifoHii and the follow- ing: L. Branches yellowish brown with more deeply cut leaves ; flowers white. WESTERN CORYMBKD SPIREA (228) — Spiraea lueida. VIRGINIA SPIREA — S. virginiana. L. Branches striped dark brown ; rather large white or pale pink flowers with round petals. Spiraea supe'rba. L. Flowers bright pink in dense clusters 1-2 inches broad. DENSE-FLOWERED SPIREA — Spirpea densiflora. * Extensively cultivated hybrid Spireas with rounded and very com- pound clusters (about as broad as high). Only the commonest are given ; new ones of garden origin are constantly being intro- duced. (M. ) M. Tall-growing (0 feet) with slender upright branches and numer- ous rather small lateral clusters (1^-3 inches) of white or pink flowers, June, July. Leaves 1-2 inches long, pale bluish green below, rounded at both ends, crenately notched beyond the middle. Not fully hardy North. FONTENAY'S SPIREA — Spiraea Fontenaysii. M. Smaller shrubs (3-4 feet) with larger terminal clusters on upright branches. (N. ) N. Upright shrub with dark brown branches and oblong smooth leaves (1^-2.1 inches long) acute at both ends and fully serrate. Flowers pinkish white in broad finely pubescent clusters, July- Sept. Spiraea conspfcua. N. Upright shrub with striped and finely hairy branches ; leaves 2-3£ inches long, elongated and pointed at both ends, fully serrate, grayish-hairy beneath. Flowers pink in broad corymb- like panicles, July, Aug. Spiraea sanssouciana. N. Similar to the last but the leaves usually rounded at base and the flowers a lighter pink, June, July. NOBLE'S SPIKEA. (229) — Spiraea Nobleana. (Similar to this, with larger leaves and paler flowers, PLUMY MEADOW-SWEET — Spiraea pachysta- chys.) * QITEEN OF THE MEADOW and MEADOW-SWEET SPIREAS (including Schizonotus, 3d O) with elongated and very compound clusters of small white or pink flowers. (O.) 158 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS O. Leaves smooth or nearly so and sharply notched except at base, but not lobtd ; blooming June-Aug. (P.) P. Upright to G feet with reddish-brown branches and white flowers in leafy pyramid-shaped clusters ; stamens about as long as the petals and white ; pods smooth. MEADOW-SWEET - Spiraea alba. P. With larger and somewhat blushed petals and pink stamens longer than the petals. QUEEN OF THE MEADOW — Spiraea latifblia. P. With pink and white flowers and stamens twice the length of the petals ; pods hairy where they join. WILLOW-LEAVED SPIREA (230) or MEADOW-SWEET — Spiriea salicifolia. P. With bright pink flowers in narrow clusters 5-8 inches long, stamens more than twice the length of the nearly round petals ; leaves coarsely toothed. MENZIES' SPIREA (231) — Spiraea Me"uziesi. O. Leaves usually with whitish or brownish hairs beneath ; flowers bright pink, July-Sept.; shrubs to 0 or 8 feet with brown hairy branches. (Q.) Q. Leaves narrow and acute at both ends. BILLARD'S SPIREA (232) — Spiraea Billardii. Q. Leaves broader and rounded at ends. DOUGLAS' SPIREA (233) — Spiraea Douglasi. Q. Leaves with brownish hairs beneath. HARDBACK or STEEPLE BUSH (234) — Spiraea tomentdsa. Of this last there is a white-flowered variety (alba). O. Leaves broad and decidedly lobed, more or less hairy below ; flowers creamy-white, small in very large panicles. A peculiar plant which has been called by several different names. Shrub to 20 feet. Hardy with protection to Massachusetts. Very variable. July. WHITE BEAM-LEAVED SPIREA (235) — Schizon6tus dis- color. Physocarpus. NINEBARK (236) — Physocarpus opulifolius — is an ex- cellent shrub, usually considered a Spiraea, 0 to 8 feet high with beautiful foliage, flowers and fruit. It takes its name from the layers of gray bark which readily peel off from the stems. It has simple alternate somewhat lobed leaves, white spirea-like flowers (in June) and five slightly united bladdery pods which turn purple in late summer and till fall. There is a variety with golden foliage in the spring, bronzy later in the season, Gnldrn Nincbark (237) — lutea or aurea. A dwarf form with darker, smaller and f ewer-lobe •-.~>-lobed ; fruit raspberry- or cap-shaped. (A.) A. Flowers very large, 1-2 inches broad ; leaves large, 5-10 inches broad ; stems not prickly but bristly ; fruit broad, 1 inch, flat, orange to red. (B.) B. Flowers rose-purple in large clusters. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY (240) — Rubus odoratus. 106 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS B. Flowers white in smaller clusters. SALMON BERRY. WHTTE- FLOWERING RASPBERRY — Rubus parviflorus. A. Flowers small, \ inch, white ; leaves small, 2-4 inches ; Mems reddish, smooth with a few straight prickles. An excellent plant for covering waste places. HAWTHORN-LEAVED RASP- BERRY — Rubus cratsegifolius. * Leaves compound 3- (rarely 5-), bladed ; fruit raspberry- or cap- shaped. (C.) C. Fruit red (rarely yellow or whitish) ; stems prickly and often slightly bristly. WILD RED RASPBERRY -- Rubus idieus acu- leatfssimus (R. strig6sus). C. Fruit red, small, nearly inclosed in an enlarged calyx ; stems densely clothed with brown glandular hairs ; leaves white-hairy 1 leneath. WINEBERRY — Rubus plicenicolasius. C. Fruit black ; stems recurving and rooting at tips with straight prickles but no bristles. BLACKCAP — Rubus occidentalis. C. Fruit black ; stems upright or ascending, with stout recurved prickles ; leaves white-woolly beneath. SAND BLACKHI. UKY — Rubus cuneif61ius. * Leaves compound, 3-7-bladed ; stems long, only half ascending, rising about 2 feet from the ground, armed with strong recurved prickles; fruit solid, blackberry-like. DEWBERRY — Rubus villosus. * Leaves pinnate of 5-15 narrow notched blades ; flowers large, 1^-2 inches broad, white ; fruit thimble-shaped, large, 1-1 \ inches long, bright red, not very edible ; erect, tall, kills to the ground North but hardy and evergreen South. STRAWBERRY-RASPBERRY (247) — Rubus rossef61ius. With hairy and hispid stems, var. sorbifdlius. With double flowers, BRIER ' ROSE ' or BRIDAL ' ROSE ' — Var. coronarius (R. grand ifl6rus). * Leaves of many sharply notched blades forming a twice-compound foliage. The three primary divisions are divided into many blades somewhat in a pinnate way. The canes and leaves have many recurved sharp prickles. In warm countries the canes persist till they become as thick as the wrist, and form tall bushes with almost evergreen leaves ; in the North they show a tendency to spread over the ground. The black fruit ripens from summer till Oct. CUT- LEAVED or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY (248) — Rubus laciniatus. R6sa. The ROSE is the most universally admired and cultivated plant in gardens. It would need a large volume to do the plant justice or to describe in an intelligent way the many thousand named species and varieties. All that will be -attempted here is a description of the most R<>S\ 1C.7 FIG. L'4'J. — Japanese Rough-leaved Rose. FIG. 250. — Dog Rose. beautiful and the most popular of the single-flowering species, followed by a key to a few single-flowered forms extensively cultivated. JAPANESE ROUGH-LEAVED ROSE (240) — Rosa rug6sa — is a beautiful upright shrub (6 feet) with stout stems thickly covered with both prickles and bristles. The leaves have 5 to 9 rough thick shining dark green blades with the lower sides lighter and more or less pubescent. The flowers are usu- ally single, purple or white, 2^ to 3| inches broad, blooming from May to September. The fruit, which soon forms, is large, 1 inch, brick-red and remains on till winter. This is the most ornamental of all roses for the shrubbery and is especially fine in its foliage. There are many named va- rieties, including a few with somewhat double flowers. From eastern Asia. [Twig cuttings ; seeds ; root cut- tings ; layers.] FIG. 251. — Sweetbrier- 168 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 252. — (Swamp Rose. FIG. 253. — Glossy Rose. FIG. 254. — Pasture Rose. FIG. 25.V Prairie Rose. 1,'ns.V 1G9 FIG. 250. — Early Wild Rose. FIG. 257. — Memorial Rose. FIG. 258. — Macartney Rose. FIG. 25'J.— Cherokee I; e. 170 DKSCHIITIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO SOME POPULAR SINGLE ROSES * Stems more or less densely covered with both prickles and bristles ; sepals remaining on the large globular fruit. Erect shrubs with no tendency to climbing habit. (A.) A. Tall, to C feet ; leaves with 5-9 rough thick shining oval blades ; flowers about 3 inches broad, either white, pink, or purple ; fruit (1 inch) brick-red with long more or less spreading sepals. JAP- ANESE ROUGH-LEAVED ROSE (249) — Rosa rugosa. A. Low, bushy, 1-4 feet ; leaves with 3-9 often resinous blades ; flowers solitary, about 2 inches broad, deep rose color; fruit (|-1 inch) with long erect sepals. PRICKLY ROM; — Rosa acicu- laris. A. Low, 1-4 feet; leaves with 7-11 small, 1 inch or less, smooth not resinous blades; flowers clustered; fruit smooth (| inch), with long spreading sepals. ARKANSAS ROSE — Rosa arkansana. * Stems armed with stout recurved spines or prickles and without soft hairs (except possibly at base) ; sepals of the calyx spreading and dropping off from the fruit. Straggling bushes with a slight ten- dency to climbing habits. All are deciduous. (B.) B. Fruit oblong and nearly smooth Q-f inch long); leaf-blades 5-7, coarsely serrate. (C.) C. Leaf-blades regularly once-serrate. DOG ROSE (250) — Rosa canina. C. Leaf-blades twice-serrate. SWEETBRIER or EGLANTINE (251) - Rosa rubiginosa. B. Fruit globular and bristly, about ^ inch long. (D.) D. Leaf-blades 5-9 (commonly 7), finely serrate. (E.) E. Leaf-blades elongated, thin. SWAMP ROSE (252) — Rosa Carolina. E. Leaf-blades thick, dark green and shining above ; stems brownish red. GLOSSY ROSE (253) — Rosa virginiana (1\. lucida). D. Leaf-blades commonly 5 (rarely 7), coarsely serrate; fruit. with spreading and early deciduous sepals. PASTURE ROSE (254) — Rosa humilis. D. Leaf-blades 3 (rarely 5), hairy beneath ; flowers deep red fad- ing to whitish ; plant often decidedly climbing. PRAIRIE ROSE (255) — Rosa setigera. B. Fruit globular ; with erect persistent sepals, nearly \ inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so ; steins nearly free from prickles, KVKLY WILD HOSE (250) — Rosa bhlnila. 171 * Prostrate creeping rose much used to cover banks ; leaf-blades com- monly 9, very glossy and almost evergreen. Often used for arbors. MEMORIAL ROSE (257) — Rosa Wichuraiaiia. * Southern nearly or quite evergreen mses fully hardy only in the Gulf states, though found in protected places north to Virginia. Flmv- ers large, 2-3* inches, white (rarely pinkish) with thick waxy petals. Handsome roses with dark shining. foliage having stems 10-20 feet long with spreading or somewhat climbing habit. (F.) F. Leaves with 5-0 blades; calyx with notched bracts at the base and densely silky with hairs; fruit retaining the calyx lobes. MACARTNEY ROSE (258) — Rosa bracteata. F. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5) blades ; fruit obovoid and without calyx lobes when ripe. CHEROKEE ROSE (250) — Rosa cheroke"nsis (R. laevigata). Neviusia alabamensis. Sxow WREATH (260) grows 3 to 8 feet high with alternate straight-veined doubly serrate simple leaves 1^ to 3i inches FIG. 260. — Snow Wreath. FIG. 261.— English Hawthorn. long. The flowers extend along the wand-like arching stems for several feet, forming ropes of fringe-like flowers, in summer. To the eye these flowers consist only of amass nf stamens. The fruit are silky-coaled and 172 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS - FIG. 262. —Hawthorn. FIG. 263. — Parsley-leaved Haw. FIG. 264. — Red Haw. Fiu. 2li5. — Long-tliurued Haw. < i; VT ECl S 173 seed-like. Tliis exceedingly ornamental and peculiar plant is hardy, with protection, north to Massachusetts and blooms every year. [Seeds. ] Crataegus. The HAWS, THORNS, and HAWTHORNS are, in the main, thorny shrubs but about half of the species grow occasionally to a height which would entitle them t<> the name of trees and a few are always tree- like. Of the hundreds of species, given in modern botanic works, which are to be found wild in America and Europe, only a few are in general cultivation. The simple alternate more or less notched or lobed leaves, thorny branches, five-petaled flowers \ to 1 inch broad, in clusters, and 0o€p>- | • ..—••- FIG. 26ti. — Large-fruited Thorn. FIG. 267. — Evergreen Thuru. the pome or apple-like fruit characterize the genus. The flowers are usually white, sometimes pink or red, and are in a few cases double. The fruit, which except in the double forms is abundant, is rounded, small, and tipped with the conspicuous remains of the calyx. The commonest Hawthorns in cultivation are two species from Europe which are sold under a score or more of varietal names. These two are much alike and are mainly sold under the one naim- of ENGLISH II\\\- THORN or MAY (2(il) — Cratfcgus Oxyacantha — though more often they belong to another species, Crategus mondgyna. This latter lias usually one stone in the hairy-stemmed fruit; while the true Crata-gns <>xy- 174 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS acantha has two grooved stones in smooth-stemmed fruit, Not only is Cratsegus inonogyna much the commoner in cultivation in America but it has many more named varieties. A good idea of the variation in this species can be gained from the names given them : laciniata, cut-leaved ; quercif61ia, oak-leaved ; hdrrida, very thorny ; pe"ndula, weeping ; strfcta, very upright ; variegata, variegated-leaved ; alba plena, while-double- flowered ; rubra plena, red-double-flowered ; bfcolor, two-colored (white flowers with pink edges) ; Pauli, Paul's double scarlet. Of the true Cra- taegus Oxyacautha there is a very distinct and showy variety, xantho- carpa, with bright yellow fruit. [Seeds (1-2 years to grow) ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO A FEW OF THE MOKE ORNAMENTAL SPE- CIES OF CRAT.EGUS, INCLUDING PYRACANTHA * Leaves decidedly lobed. (A.) A. Fruit £ inch or more wide and retaining the calyx. (B.) B. Fruit oval with one stone ; stems of flowers and fruit usually distinctly hairy. HAWTHORN (2(52) — Cratsegus mon6gyna. B. Fruit nearly globular with two stones, each with two grooves on the inner side. ENGLISH HAWTHORN or MAY (261) — Cra- tsegus Oxyacantha. A. Fruit small, only about £ inch wide, and with deciduous calyx. (C.) C. Leaves deeply cleft, sometimes divided nearly to the midrib, |-1^ inches long; fruit dropping in the early winter ; spines stout, 1-1£ inches long. PARSLEY-LEAVED HAW (2(53) — Cra- tsegus Marshallii (C. apiifftlia). C. Leaves less deeply cleft and larger, 14-2 inches long; fruit remaining on through the winter; spines slender, l|-2 inches long. WASHINGTON THORN - - Cratsegus Phsenopyrum (C. cordata) . * Leaves doubly serrate rather than lobed, broad at base. (D.) D. Leaves thick ; flowers large, f-1 inch wide, with yellow an- thers ; fruit with 3-5 stones. (E.) E. Leaves widest at or beyond the middle ; stamens 10 ; fruit nearly globular, \ inch, dark crimson, ripening late in Oct. and soon dropping. SCARLKT HAW — Cratsegus coccfnea. E. Leaves widest near the base ; stamens 20 ; fruit ripening in Aug., large, f-1 inch, pubescent, scarlet with darker dots, on drooping stems, flesh yellow, dry and mealy. RED HAW (264) — Cratsegus rnollis. KEY TO THE CRATJEGUS 175 E. Leaves widest near the middle; stamens S-li' ; fruit globular (£ inch), crimson, ripening near end of Sept. and remaining on for several weeks on erect slender stems ; thorns slender, long, 2-4 inches. LONU-TIIORNED HAW (20-5) — Crataigus macra- cantha. D. Leaves thin, only half as wide as long, and widest near the center ; flowers £ inch wide ; stamens 20 with rose-colored an- thers ; fruit oval or pear-shaped, ' inch long, dull red, with 2-3- stones ; spines slender, straight (1-2 inches). PEAR HAW — Cratsegus Cliapmfuri I'lukenetii. "(0. tomentosa of the Linneuu herbarium.) * Leaves deciduous, narrow and unnotched at base, somewhat wedge- shaped, notched at end, and sometimes somewhat 3-lobed at tip. (P.) F. Tall shrubs or small trees occasionally 30 feet high with many- flowered clusters. (G. ) G. Leaves wedge-shaped, usually thick, dark green and shining above (1-4 inches long); fruit globose (| inch long) with greenish dry and mealy flesh and usually 2 stones, ripening in Oct. and lasting through the winter ; stamens 10 with rose- colored anthers. COCKSPUH THORN — Oratasgus Crus-galli. G. Leaves obovate, sometimes slightly lobed beyond the middle, 2-3 inches long ; fruit red or yellow with white dots, oblong (| inch), on stout, drooping stems, ripening and falling in Oct.; stamens 20 with rose-colored, or yellow, anthers. LARGE- FRUITED THORN (266) — Cratsegus punctata. G. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, often 3-lobed at the end, 1-2 inches long; fruit globose, small, £ inch, ripening in Oct.; stamens 20 with rose-colored anthers. SMALL-FRUITED THORN — Crataegus spathulata. F. Small shrub 3-10 feet high ; flowers usually solitary, % inch broad ; leaves f-lf inches long ; thorns numerous, '-2 inches long ; fruit globose, yellow, | inch. ONE-FLOWERED THORN — Crata>gus uni- flora (C. tomentosa of the Linnean description). * Leaves evergreen, small, J-lf inches 'long, narrow with crennlated edges ; flowers white, small, in clusters, stamens about 20 with yel- low anthers; fruit small, £ inch, bright red (rarely yellow or white), remaining on through the winter ; twigs ending in many sharp thorns. Usually small shrubs rarely 10 feet high ; hardy to Massachusetts if somewhat protected, genus Pyracantha, often called Cratsegus. (H.) H. Young twigs grayish-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, f-] a jnelies long; fruit bright red, orange, or white. EVKRGKKKN THORN 170 DESCRIPTIONS < >K THE SHRUBS (267) or FIRE THORN — Cotoneaster Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccfnea). H. Young twigs rusty -pubescent ; leaves somewhat longer, narrower and more glossy; fruit orauge-red. Pyracantha crenulata (Cratsegus crenulata). FIG. 268. — Small-leaved Cotoueaster. FIG. 269. — Evergreen Cotoueaster. FIG. 270. — Round-leaved Cotoneaster. FIG. 271. — Common Cotoneaster. Cotoneaster. The COTONEASTERS are low shrubs with alternate small entire-edged thick leaves usually white-hairy below. The flowers, usually clustered, arc small, five-petalled, white or flesh-colored, in spring, sta- COTON EASTER 177 inens about 20. The fruit is a red or reddish drupe-like berry with 2 to 5 stones, remaining on through the winter. These are excellent plants for dry sunny places. Most of the species are hardy as far north as New York and all have decorative \alue in their fruit if not their Bowers. [Seeds ; twig cuttings for ever- green species.] FIG. 272. — Woolly Cotuneuster. FIG. 273. — Chiuese Cotoueaster Fie. 'J7I. — < '..l.in, .aster. APGAR'S SHRUBS — 12 178 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF COTONEASTEK * Low prostrate plants with small leaves, |-| inch long, evergreen 01 nearly so ; pink or white flowers in clusters of 1-3 and bright red berries. Excellent for rockeries. (A. ) A. Leaves round-oval, pointed, i-f inch long ; flowers pink with erect petals, in June ; fruit oblong, bright red. PKOSTRATK COTONEASTER — Cotoneaster horizontalis. A. Leaves wedge-shaped, shining above and densely hairy below; flowers (\~l inch long) white with spreading petals, May, June. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER (208) — Cotoneaster microphylla. A. Similar to the last but with rather dull oval leaves ^-| inch long. POX-LEAVED COTONEASTER — Cotoneaster buxifolia. A. Similar to the last but of more upright growth ; leaves more rounded, hairy below ; the bright red fruit remaining on through the winter. EVERGREEN COTONEASTER (269) — Cotoneaster rotundifolia. A. Leaves roundish to obovate, £-f inch long, grayish or whitish beneath, smooth above ; flowers white in 3-C-flowered clusters with spreading petals, May, June. ROUND-LEAVED COTONEASTER (270) — Cotoneaster numrnularia orbicularis. * More or less erect shrubs reaching the height of 4 or 6 feet. (B. ) B. Leaves white-hairy beneath ; flowers with erect petals ; fruit red. (C.) C. Flowers pale-pinkish in small nodding clusters, May, June ; leaves smooth, dark green above, thick, oval (|-2 inches long) ; fruit globular, bright red. COMMON- COTONKASTER (271) — Cotoneaster vulgaris. C. Flowers 3-12 in cluster, white, June ; leaves dull green above (l-2£ inches long), oval, blunt ; fruit bright brick-red. WOOLLY COTONEASTER (272) — Cotoneaster tomentosa*. B. Leaves green both sides ; flowers with spreading white or pinkish petals in 2-5-flowered clusters. (D.) D. Leaves small — \-\ inch, roundish, pointed, nearly evergreen; fruit bright red. SIMOND'S COTONEASTER — Cotoneaster Simonsi. D. Leaves larger — 1|-3 inches long; flowers nodding; fruit deep red, oblong. POINTED-LEAVED COTONEASTER — Cotoneaster acuminata. B. Leaves whitish beneath Q-H inches long), deciduous; flowers with spreading petals in erect many-flowered (3-20) clusters; fruit, red. (E.) PHOTIXIA 179 E. 3-12-flowered clusters with short hairy stems ; branches erect or spreading, sometimes prostrate. ROUND-LEAVED COTONE AS- TER — Cotoneaster nummularia. E. Flowers in large G-20-flowered clusters with smooth stems, May. Fine in flower but not free-fruiting. CHINESE COTO- NEASTER (273) — Cotoneaster multiflora. * Large shrub to 20 feet, not hardy North. The largest and possibly the most beautiful species for both flowers and fruit. Flower-clusters very large, April, May ; fruit scarlet ; leaves oblong, acute at both ends, nearly evergreen (2-5 inches long), smooth above, hairy beneath when young. COTONEASTER (274) — Cotoneaster frfgida. FIG. 275. — Panicled Photinia. FIG. 276. — Toy on. Photinia. The PHOTINIAS are tall shrubs or small trees from China and Japan with simple alternate usually notched leaves and small white flowers in large white clusters, in summer. The small but very decorative red fruit remain on the plants through much of the winter. The flowers and fruit are in rounded clusters, corymbs or panicles, 1J to 6 inches broad. The flowers have o rounded petals and 10 to 20 stamens. The pome-like fruit is small, } inch, one- or two-seeded with a hollowed or dented end. The evergreen species are hardy only South, but the decidu- ISO DKSCIJIITIONS (»K THK SHRUBS ons one can be grown north to Massachusetts. The fruits retain their color until midwinter and are not eaten by the birds. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PHOTINIA * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in corymbs l|-3 inches broad ; hardy to .Massachusetts. Upright shrub to 15 feet with slender branches; leaves short-stemmed, broadening towards the tip, acute-pointed, sharply serrate, dark green and smooth above (1^-3 inches long) ; flowers white in clusters terminating short side-branches, June ; pomes I inch long, bright scarlet on warty stems. COKYMHED PHOTINIA — Photinia villosa. * Leaves evergreen, smooth; flowers in large panicles, May-July; fruit bright red ; hardy south. (A.) A. Shrub to 20 feet; leaves dark shining above, yellowish green below, 5-7 inches long, finely serrate ; flower- and fruit-clusters G inches broad, fruit \ inch, red, stamens 20 ; hardy with protec- tion to Washington. PANICLEU PHOTINIA (275) — Photinia serrulata. A. Shrub to 8 feet ; leaves tapering at base, broadening near tip, finely serrate, 2-4 inches long ; flower- and fruit-clusters 2-4 inches broad, stamens 20. SMOOTH PHOTINIA — Photinia glabra. A. Shrub or small tree to 20 feet ; leaves broadening towards base, acute at both ends, sharply serrate, shining above (2-4 inches long) ; flower- and fruit-clusters broad, 2-5 inches; stamens 10; pomes bright red, \ inch. CHRISTMAS BEKUY or TOYON (270) - Photinia (Heteromeles) arbutifolia. Amelanchier. The JUNEBERRIES, SHAD BTSHES, or SERVICE-BERRIES are shrubs or small trees with early flowers having 5 usually long and nar- row petals and many stamens. The small purple edible pomes are ripe in June and July. There are several varieties or species which are desirable shrubs, though infrequent in cultivation. The dwarf species furnish very good small sweet summer fruits with about 10 seeds. Until recent years about all the forms have been considered as varieties of one species, but now that the modern worker has taken hold of the matter no one can predict what the result will be. The early bloom, when the leaves are just appearing, with the elongated petals and the early ripening of the several-seeded sweet berry, will enable one to recognise the genus. The leaves are simple, alternate, feather-veined and with usually notched edges. The most easily recognized differences between the named species will be found in the foliage. [Seeds ; suckers.] AMKLAM'HIKK 181 FIG. 277. — Shad Bush. FIG. 278. — Alder-leaved Service-berry. FIG. 279. — Low Jiuiflirrry. FIG. 280. — Oblong-fruited Jimeberry. 1X2 ]>Ksri;iiTi<>xs OF TIIK SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMELANCHIER * Tall-gn>\\ ing more or less tree-like forms. (A.) A. Upright round-headed tree 25-40 feet ; leaves ovate with rounded or notched base (3-4 inches long), serrated edge, dark and dull green above ; fruit |-J inch, red to purple with a bloom. SHAD Brsii or SI.KVH K-IU:RRY (277) — Amelanchier canadensis. A. Shrub or small tree, though sometimes reaching the height of :!i i feet ; leaves oval-oblong pointed at tip, rounded and sometimes imtched at base, densely white-woolly beneath when young and somewhat so even in age ; flower-clusters short and many- flowered, petals \ inch long; fruit globular (£ inch). SHAD BUSH or COMMON DWARF or NORTHWESTERN JUNEUERRY — Amelanchier canadensis Botryapium (A. Botryapium). A. Shrub or tree 12 feet with broad blunt coarsely notched thick leaves (1-1 \ inches broad and long) ; fruit large — sometimes nearly 1 inch, dark blue to black. ALDER-LEAVED SERVICE- BERRY (278) — Amelanchier alnifolia. * More shrubby growths (oligocarpa, the tallest, less than 10 feet). (B.) B. Low straggling bush with rounded coarsely notched leaves (1-3 inches long) ; petals f inch long. ROUND-LEAVED JLNEBERRY — Amelanchier spicata (A. rotundifolia). B. Low, 1-3 feet high ; leaves f-l£ inches long usually rounded at both ends, serrate ; petals short and only about \ inch long. Low JUNEBERRY (279) — Amelanchier spicata. B. Shrub 2-9 feet high with nearly solitary flowers (1 to 4) ; leaves narrow — about 3 times as long as broad, sharply serrate ; fruit pear-shaped (| inch long). OBLONG-FRUITED JUNEBERRY (280) - Amelanchier oligocarpa. Pyrus. The PEARS — Pyrus, APPLES — Malus, QUINCES — Cydonia, MOUNTAIN ASHES — S6rbus, CHOKEBE"RRIES — Aronia, and MEDLARS — Me'spilus — are often united into the one generic group Pyrus and for our purpose are placed in one key. Most of the species are cultivated for their useful fruits and are trees in form and size and so not properly in- cluded here. A few are always shrubby and some are very ornamental. The most extensively cultivated species is JAPAN or FLOWERING QUINCE (L'sl) — Pyrus japdnica, — a thorny shrub with large red, scarlet, or white flowers in early spring, about the time the leaves expand. The large not very edible quince-like fruit is ripe in the fall. The leaves are alter- nate, simple, notched, and have at their bases conspicuous stipules. The flowers, it' single, h;i\v ."> nearly orbicular petals and usually grow in PYRUS 183 U f ( \\ HO//"^ — Vd xkV-1///^ f'.f'f~\ £• . ^ Fiu. 2S1. — Japan Quince. FIG. 282. — Red Chokeberr} . FIG. 283. — Chiuese Quince. FIG. 284. — Medhir. LSI DESCRIPTIONS OF THK SIIRI US clusters of L' to :]. There are a dozen or more varieties in cultivation dif- fering in color or doubling of the (lowers and in the spreading or upright character of the shrub. The plant is a line one for hedges »r the shrub- bery ; height about 5 feet. The usual name in catalogues is Cydonia japonica. FIG. 285. —Dwarf Flowering Quince. FIG. 286. — Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. COMMON or RED CHOKEBERRY (282) — Pyrus arbutifolia — is an up- right or spreading shrub (2-12 feet) with alternate simple serrate leaves ( H-3 inches long) ; the white or pinkish-tinted flowers are \ inch wide in broad clusters, 1 to 2 inches wide, March to May. These clusters of flowers, as well as the under sides of the leaves, are very grayish-hairy. The nearly globular pomes are red, about \ inch across, ripe in August, and remain on till late fall or early winter. There is a closely related species with smoother leaves and black fruit which soon falls, BLACK CHOKEBERRY — Pyrus nigra, — also one with purple fruit, PCRPLE CHOKE- BERKY — Pyrus atropurpurea. [Seeds.] KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND MORE ORNAMENTAL SPECIES OF PYRUS Speries with simple leaves, including Malus, Cydonia, Aronia, and Mes- pilus. For the pinnate-leaved M'S DEUTZIA — Deutzia Sieboldiana. A. Low plant, 3 feet, with small, bright green rather smooth lra\rs and flowers in nearly simple clusters, racemes. SLENDER DEUTZIA or BRIDAL WREATH (294) — Deutzia gracilis. A. Tall plant. 99. — Japonica Hydrangea. parts FIG. 300. — Hortensia Hydrangea. APCAK'S smuiBs — 13 FIG. HO 1.— Oak-leaved Hydrangea. I'll DESCRIPTIOXS OF THE FIG. 302. — Wild Hydrangea. FIG. 303. — Heart-leaved Wild Hydraugea. FIG. 304. — Uray Hydrangea. FIG. 305. — Nepal Hydrangea. KKY TO THK IIY DKANdKAS 1!).") cultivated as a tub plant North and as a hardy plant South that it de- serves a paragraph of description. It has been in cultivation for so many centuries by those most successful horticulturists of eastern Asia that there are hundreds of named varieties. These can be separated into three well-marked groups and for such a handbook as this no more, of practical value, can be included : - 1. The Japdnica group with broad flat clusters of mixed sterile and fertile flowers (299). 2. The Horte"nsia group with nearly globular clusters of almost all sterile flowers (300). 3. The Stellata group with flowers having many narrow divisions (sepals). [Twig cuttings ; layers; suckers; divisions.] KEY TO THE HYDRANGEAS * Flowers abundant in large pyramidal clusters. (A.) A. Leaves not lobed, large, 2-5 inches long, serrate ; flower-clusters 6-12 inches long, flowers whitish, the large, sterile ones changing to purplish (Aug., Sept.) ; capsule with the calyx at about the middle. (B.) B. About half of the flowers sterile, July-Sept. ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. PANICLED HYDRANGEA — Hydrangea paniculata. B. Three fourths of the flowers sterile and larger.. ABUNDANT- FLOWERED HYDRANGEA — Hydrangea paniculata floribunda. B. Nearly all the flowers sterile in extra large clusters. LARGE- FLOWERED HYDRANGEA (298) — Hydrangea paniculata grandi- flora. A. Leaves 3-7-lobed, large, 4-8 inches long ; flowers pinkish, Juno, July ; shrub with spreading branches to 6 feet. OAK-LEAVED HYDRANGEA (301) — Hydrangea quercifolia. * Flowers in broad flat or globular clusters. (C.) C. Styles of the pistil usually 2 ; capsule with the calyx at the tip. (D. ) D. Flower-clusters wrapped, before expanding, with 6-8 large deciduous bracts ; low shrub to 5 feet. Hydrangea involucrata. D. No such bracts ; erect shrubs 4-10 feet ; leaves 3-6 inches long on long stalks. (E.) E. Leaves nearly smooth on both sides, ovate to cordate. (F.) F. Very few enlarged sterile flowers. WILD HYDU.YM.KA (:J02) — Hydrangea arbore'scens. F. About all the flowers sterile. HILLS OF SNOW — Hy- drangea arbore'scens ste"rilis. F. Leaves especially broad and heart-shaped. HEART-LEAVED L96 DKSCKIITIONS OF THIO SHRUBS WILD HYDRANGEA (303) — Hydrangea arbore"scens cor- data. E. Leaves densely whitish-hairy beneath ; sterile flowers abun- dant at edge of cluster. GRAY HYDRANGEA (304) — Hy- drangea radiata. C. Styles of the pistil usually 3 ; capsule with the calyx near the middle ; leaves coarsely serrate ; flowers more or less sterile (June, July). G. Leaves densely pubescent beneath, 4-8 inches long ; leaf stem deeply grooved and margined. NEPAL HYDRANGEA (305) — Hydrangea vestita. G. Leaves less pubescent and smaller, 3-5 inches long ; leaf stem not margined ; flower-cluster smaller but denser ; hardy North. BRETSCHNEIDER'S HYDRANGEA — Hydrangea Bre'tschneideri. G. Leaves large, 5-8 inches, almost smooth ; flower-clusters large ; flowers white, pink or bluish, few or all sterile ; not fully hardy north of Washington ; cultivated in hundreds of varieties South and as tub plants North. COMMON HYDRANGEA (299) (300) — Hydrangea horte'nsis. Philadelphia. The SYRINGAS or MOCK ORANGES are among the most popular of ornamental shrubs. They can be known by the opposite sim- ple deciduous leaves and the large, 1 to 2 inches, white or creamy FIG. 300. — Golden Syringa. FIG. 307. — Falconer's Syringa. PHILADELPHUS 197 broadly spreading, 4-petaled flowers, in clusters. These flowers are, gen- erally, very sweet-scented, June and July, and have many stamens. The leaves are usually 3-ribbed from the base with margins generally notched and sometimes somewhat FIG. 308. — Large-flowered Syringa. FIG. 309. —Hairy Syriuga. FIG. 310. — Broad-leaved Syriuga. FIG. 311. — Gordon's Syrin-a. 198 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS lobecl. The fruit is a dry hemispheric capsule above a 4-lobed broadly sptvading calyx ; this, when ripe, splits into 4 valves and has many seeds. The number of species (30) and especially the increasing number of hy- brids render the forms difficult to distinguish. About all of the species are fully hardy North. Jt is unfortunate that the name Syringa was given by Linnaeus to the lilacs. This has led to confusion between botanists and the people for 150 years. The public still use the name Syringa for these white-flowered shrubs. The smallest species, 3 feet, SMALL-LEAVED SYRINGA, Philadelphus miorophyllus, has entire-edged leaves (£-1 inch long) and deliciously fragrant flowers (1 inch) in clusters of 1 to 3. The commonest species, MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA — Philadelphus coronarius — grows to the height of 10 feet with upright branches having clusters of 5 to 9 creamy- white very fragrant flowers. The most showy of all, LEMOINE'S SYRIN- GA — Philadelphus Lem<5inei, — is a hybrid with abundant sweet-scented pure white flowers ; the tips of the branches are arching. [Twig cuttings ; layers ; seeds.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MOCK ORANGES * Bark of old branches peeling off in thin brown flakes. (A.) A. Flowers crearuy-white, very sweet-scented, in large 5-9-flowered dense clusters ; leaves denticulate, usually pointed at both ends, slightly hairy below (2-4 inches long). MOCK ORANGE or SYRINGA — Philadelphus coronarius. This includes varieties with yellow foliage, GOLDEN SYRINGA (306) — aureus ; white-edged foliage — arge"nteo-rnarginata ; narrow leaves — salicifolia ; dwarf form — nanus ; and several double-flowered forms. A. Flowers pure white, slightly fragrant, 1 l, inches broad, usually 5 in cluster, style longer than stamens ; spreading, with branches arching; a hybrid. ZEYHER'S SYRINGA — Philadelphus Ze"yheri. A. Flowers as in the last, but with the petals oblong, acute ; leaves longer and more pointed. FALCONER'S SYRINGA (307) — Phila- delphus Falconeri. A. Flowers small, yellowish-white, very fragrant, 3-7 in cluster completely covering the plant; leaves f-2^ inches long; a hy- brid with several varieties. LEMOINE'S SYRINGA — Philadelphus Lemdinei. A. Flowers large on leafy branchlets with few, 1-3, rarely 5 together, slight but delightful fragrance, calyx lobes twice as long as tube. Large shrub with recurved branches. LARGE-FLOWERED (308) — Philadelphus grandiflorus. KKY TO THK SPKCIKS OF MOCK ORAXCKS 199 A. Flowers as in the last but a little smaller, scentless ; calyx lobes only as long as tube. A vigorous shrub of drooping h;iliit. ODORLESS SYRINGA — Philadelplms inodorus. A. Flowers on short branchlets with 1-3 creamy-white flowers ; leaves hairy beneath, l-2£ inches long. HAIUY SYKIN<;A (309) - riiiladelphus hirsiitus. A. Flowers nearly solitary, 1 inch broad, very fragrant ; leaves entire, (£-1 inch long). SMALL-LEAVED SYRIXGA — Philadelphus mi- crophyllus. ; Bark of old branches not peeling off ; flowers in simple racemes. (B . ) B. Calyx hairy outside ; bark gray ; tall, to 20 feet ; racemes 5-11- flowered, flowers 1^-2 inches broad, creamy-white, about scent- less. BROAD-LEAVED SYRINGA (310) — Philadelphia pube"scens. B. Calyx smooth outside ; bark brown or grayish brown ; flowers 5-'J in clusters. (C.) C. Flowers pure white, scentless (1£-1 f inches broad). GORDON'S SYRIXGA (311) — Philadelphia Gordonianus. C. Flowers smaller, about 1 inch, scentless ; bark with numerous horizontal cracks. LEWIS' SVRINGA — Philadelphus Lewisi. C. Flowers 1 inch, slightly fragrant ; bark with whitish longitudinal cracks. SATSUMA SYRIXGA — Philadelphus satshmi. FIG. 312. — Itea. &fV -V > v ^ 6& * FIG. 313. — Golden Currant. 1200 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 314. — Wild Blackcurrant. FIG. 315. — Red-flowered Currant. FII;. :>1G. — Garden Gooseberry. FIG. 317. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. KKV TO THK GOOSEBKUK 1 1 :s AM) (TKRAXTS L'Ot Itea virginica. ITKA (312) or VIRHIMAN ' WILLOW' is a shruli ("2—1 feet high) of upright slender growth with willow-like minutely serrate alternate leaves and slender terminal clusters of small, white, fragrant flowers, in June and July. The fruit is a slender two-grooved capsule, with many seeds. Its flowers in summer and its brilliant red foliage in autumn render this rather coarse wild plant worthy of cul- tivation. [Seeds ; twig cut- tings divisions.] Ribes. The GOOSE- BERRIES and CUR- RANTS are popular shrubs generally cul- tivated for their use- ful small fruits, but the beautiful lobed FIG. 318.— Lobb's Gooseberry. leaves, bright flowers, and colored berries of some of the species render them worthy of cultivation in the shrubbery. The alternate (often clustered) lobed simple leaves and the globular (prickly, hairy, or smooth) fleshy berries tipped with the remains of the calyx characterize the group. The genus is easily separated into the prickly-stemmed gooseberries and the smooth-stemmed currants. [Twig cuttings ; layers; seeds.] KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS * Stems thorny or prickly, often with both thorns and prickles — gooseberries. (A. ) A. Thorns usually in 3's. (B.) B. Flowers showy, drooping, with the stamens long, exserted. (C. ) C. Flowers bright red, 4-parted ; calyx not reflexed ; berry small, prickly, dry, few-seeded ; leaves thick, shining, nearly evergreen. The most beautiful of the genus, but not hardy North. FUCHSIA-FLOWERKD GOOSEBERRY — Ribes specibsum. C. Flowers purple and white, 5-parted ; calyx reflexed; berry (| inch) very glandular-hairy ; leaves small, rarely 1 inch wide. Loiui's GOOSKIMCKRY (318) — Ribes Lobbii. B. Flowers not showy, short, with calyx reflexed and stamens but 202 i>i:s< IMITIOX.S OF THE SHRUBS slightly exserted ; frail, large, to 1 inch, green, yellowish, or red ; cultivated for the edible- fruit. GARDEN or EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY (310) — Ribes Grossularia. A. Thorns usually single and short ; flowers 1-3 in cluster, greenish or purplish ; berry small, $ inch, smooth, reddish purple, edible ; leaves usually tapering at base. EASTERN \Vn.n GOOSEBEKUY or ROUND-LEAVED GOOSEBERRY (317) — Ribes rotundif61ium. * Steins without prickles ; flowers and fruit usually in hanging clusters. Currants. (D.) D. Leaves with waxy beads or drops on the lower surface, at least when young ; fruit usually dark brown to black (rarely red). (E.) E. Flowers golden-yellow and spicy-scented, in short, few-flowered clusters, with large leaf-like bracts ; fruit dark brown. GOLDEN or BUFFALO CURRANT (31-5) — Ribes aureum. E. Flowers greenish white, in 5-10-flowered drooping racemes, ovary pubescent ; fruit black, mawkish ; stems upright. GAR- DEN or EUROPEAN BLACK CURRANT — Ribes nigrum. E. Similar to the last, but more spreading and the stems some- what angular; ovary smooth. WILD BLACK CURRANT (314) — . Ribes fldridum (R. americanum). D. Leaves without waxy dots on the under side. (F.) F. Flowers rose-red, in large, hanging clusters without bracts ; branches red and smooth ; fruit rough, bluish black, dry and bitterish. RED-FLOWERED CURRANT (315) — Ribes sanguin- eum. F. Flowers pink, in large clusters ; almost no fruit. PINK-FLOW- ERED CURRANT — Ribes Gordonianum. F. Flowers greenish white or greenish purple in erect racemes ; fruit red, covered with rough glandular hairs, fetid ; stems trailing and rooting. SKUNK or FETID CURRANT — Ribes pros- tratum. Hamamelis. WITCH HAZEL (319) — Hamamelis virginiana — is an interesting shrub or small tree, to 25 feet, with thick,, oblique wavy- edged, alternate leaves, 4 to 6 inches long. It has long-petaled yellow flowers at any time from August to December. The two-celled, two- seeded, woody capsules are on the shrub through the year, and are especially peculiar in the method and vigor of seed-shooting, which occurs about the time of new bloom. There is a JAPAN WITCH HAZEL (320) — Hamamelis japdnica — with smaller leaves, 2 to 5 inches long, more prominently veined beneath. In this species the flowers bloom in the spring, February to April, and the fruit has less covering of calyx. The American species has the calyx POTHEKOILLA 203 one half the length of the fruit, while the Japan species has the calyx only at the base. [Seeds (two years to grow) ; layers (slow to root).] Fothergilla. FOTHERGILLA (321) or DWARF 'ALDER' -Fothergilla Gardeni (F. Carolina) — is a shrub, 2 to 5 feet high, with the twigs densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The thick alternate simple leaves are usually oblique at base, with coarse irregular notches at tip. The flowers are sweet-scented in close clusters, in April, and appear FIG. 31'.). — Wiu-h Hazel. FIG. 320.— Japan Witch Hazel. FIG. 321. — Fothergilla. FIG. 322. — Few-flowered Corylopsis. 1204 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS like a mass of white or pinkish stamens, a quarter inch long. The fruit is a hard, two-seeded seed vessel, or capsule, half an inch long. [Seeds (2 years to grow) ; layers (2 years to root).] Coryl6psis. Low shrubs with alternate oblique deciduous notched leaves of a peculiar bluish green color. Flowers yellow, fragrant, in nodding clusters before the leaves expand, in early spring. Hardy from New York south and very attractive when in bloom. There are two FIG. 323. — Spiked Corylopsis. species in cultivation from Japan, neither growing over 4 feet high. Fruit a two-celled capsule with two shining black seeds. [Seeds, in spring ; twig cuttings.] * Clusters numerous, less than 1 inch long of 2-3 flowers ; leaves ob- liquely heart-shaped (1-2 inches long). FEW-FLOWERED CORYLOP- SIS (322) — Corylopsis pauciflora. * Clusters 1-2 inches long of 7-10 bright yellow flowers ; leaves 2-3J inches long. SPIKED CORYLOPSIS (323) — Corylopsis spicata. Myrtus communis. The CLASSIC MYRTLE (324) is a handsome evergreen outdoor shrub in the South, 3 to 10 feet high, with opposite simple feather- veined entire-edged aromatic shining leaves. The flowers are 5-petaled, solitary, axillary, white or pinkish (sometimes double), in July. The stamens are numerous, in several rows ; the fruit are black berries with MYRTUS AM) KCCKXIA 205 FIG. 324. — Classic Myrtle. FIG. 325. — Grumichama. FIG. 326. — Brush ' Cherry.' Fio. 327. — Jaiubos. 200 DESCRIPTIONS OF THK SHUT MS several kidney-shaped seeds. A number of varieties are in cultivation differing in the size, shape, and coloring of the leaves. In southern California this is ever blooming. Besides this European species there are two others in cultivation in southern California, from Chili. [Twig cuttings.] Eugenia. The EIT.EXIAS are myrtle-like Southern shrubs or trees with opposite evergreen finely feather-veined aromatic leaves, white or creamy flowers, and usually one-seeded cherry-like edible berries. They are culti- vated, mainly, for their showy fruits, some of them excellent for jellies. [Twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EUGENIA * Flowers and fruit solitary, axillary. '(A..) A. Tall to 20 feet ; berry cherry-like, ribbed (1 inch broad), red with an acid spicy flavor, ripe May and June. Southern Florida and California. CAYENNE ' CHERRY ' — Eugenia Michelii. A. Shrub to 6 feet with scale-like leaves 3 inches long covering the branches ; fruit scarlet, cherry-like, in April. GRUMICHAMA (325) — Eugenia brasiliensis. * Flowers and fruit in 3-9-flowered clusters. (B.) B. Smooth shrub to 12 feet with dark and glossy leaves (2-3 inches long) ; red to violet fruit (f inch) ending in a persistent calyx. The fine veins of the leaves are nearly at right angles to the mid- rib. BRUSH ' CHERRY ' (326) — Eugenia myrtifolia. B. A tree to 30 feet with thick slender leaves, like the oleander, and fruit (l|-2 inches broad) light-colored with a pink cheek, apricot-flavored. ROSE 'APPLE.' JAMBOS (327) — Eugenia Jambos. B. A tall shrub or small tree with broad blunt leaves (4-6 inches long and 2-3 inches broad) ; berry the size of a cherry or some- times larger; the flowers in this species have the petals united at base. JAMBOLAN ' PLUM ' — Eugenia Jambolana. Psfdium. The GITAVAS are evergreen shrubs or small trees of the ex- treme South. The leaves are simple, opposite, thick, usually entire-edged and feather-veined. The flowers are large, 1 to 2 inches, 5-petaled with many stamens, solitary or few in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a large somewhat rough yellow or yellowish many-seeded berry used in the tropics for jelly or in tarts and also eaten raw. [Suckers; twig cuttings ; seeds.] CALLISTEMON 207 FIG. 328. —Lemon Guava. FIG. 329. — Strawberry Guava. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PSIDIUM *Branchlets more or less square. Shrub or tree 6-15 feet with the 1- many (usually 3) short-stemmed flowers in the axils of the leaves, June ; fruit 2-3 inches broad, globular, yellow, aromatic and astrin- gent, July-Xov. LEMON GUAVA (:)i8) — Psidium Guajava. * Branchlets round. (A. ) A. Shrub 4-0 feet with hairy twigs, velvety leaves, and ovoid green- ish yellow fruit with white flesh. ' BRAZIL GUAVA — Psidium Araca. . A. Shrub 8-10 feet with hairy twigs but the leaves smooth above; fruit nearly round, deep yellow outside, with red flesh of delicious flavor. GUIANA GUAVA — Psidium guinee'nse. A. Shrub 10-20 fed with smooth twigs and thick smooth dark green leaves; fruit round (about 1 inch), deep claret color and mudi fig-like surface, a strawberry-like fragrance and flavor. STRAW- BERRY GUAVA (329) — Psidium Cattleianum. Callistemon. The BOTTLE-BRUSHES form a group of ornamental Aus- tralian shrubs with simple alteinate entire-edged evergreen leaves. These, like a number of other Australian plants, have the blades of the leaves 208 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS broadened up and down, parallel with the stems, instead of cross- wise as in most plants. Such leaves cast but little or no shade. Many of the Ac&cias, p. 132, illustrate this kind of foliage. Hardy only in .southern California and Florida but cultivated in greenhouses North. The flowers are in spikes, at the start, at the end of the branches with long conspicuous stamens ; after flowering, the tips of the clusters grow into shoots and the fruit, many-seeded small capsules, remaining on for years, mark the annual growth of the stems. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] FIG. 330. — Showy Bottle-brush. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CALLISTEMON * Leaves flat and feather-veined. (A.) A. To 10 feet ; with scarlet flowers having calyx and corolla hairy. forming large dense spikes ; leaves lance-shaped, hairy when yiiung. SHOWY BOTTLE-BRUSH (330) — Callistemon speciosus. A. To G feet ; with loose clusters of -reddish flowers ; leaves more crowded, reddish when young. LANCE-LEAVED BOTTLE-BRUSH - Callisternon lanceolatus. A. To 4 feet ; with rigid linear leaves almost spine-tipped and dense spikes of red flowers with especially dark anthers. RIGID-LEAVED BoTTLE-Bursii — Callistemon rfgidus. * Leaves linear and almost without veins except the midrib. 4-G feet \\itli scarlet flowers and more globular fruit. SLENDER-LEAVED li<> i TI.I:-I:I:[ sn — Callistemon linearis. OPUNTIA L'0!) Punica. POMEGRANATE (331) — Puuica Granatum — is a large hand- some ilt ruinous shrub or small tree, to 15 feet, with showy scarlet flowers, hardy as far north as Washington. The loaves are mostly oppo- site, oblong, entire-edged, smooth and shin- ing. The flowers (1 inch broad) are nearly solitary, axillary, in summer. The fruit is a large, 2 to 4 inches broad, many-seeded edible berry, ripe in September and can be kept for several weeks ; there are both sour a nd sweet varieties. DWARF POMEGRANATE -Punica Granatum nana — is the best vari- ety for ornamental cultivation, as it grows to the height of only 6 feet and has both single- and double-flowered forms. As a conservatory plant it blooms throughout the year. [Twig cuttings under glass. ] Lagerstrdemia indica. CRAPE 'MYI:TLE' (332) is one of the most beautiful and pop- ular of large shrubs or small trees, 10 to 25 feet, in cultivation. It is hardy with slight protection north to Philadelphia. In the South it is to be rt FIG. 331. — Pomegranate. found in nearly all private grounds. The beauty of the plant is due to the large clusters of flowers with their wavy (crinkled or fringed) stalked petals, in summer ; it blooms continuously for two or three months. The usual color of the flowers is bright pink, but there are varieties ranging from white to purple. The fruit is a 3- to (i-celled capsule with winged se.-ds. The rather small (2 inches) leaves are generally opposite ; near the tips of the branches they become alternate, oblong, with entire margins. [Twig cuttings.] Opiintia. The Owns plants hardly come within the scope of this book, but there are forms which are woody and hardy enough to endure the winters in the New England states, and some in the southern states FIG. .".".•_'.— APGAR'S SHRUBS — 14 'Myrtle.' 210 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS .-^. 3 FIG. 333. — Eastern Prickly Pear. I . • •• -.'•&*1* II ' Fir,. .'>;!.">. — Purple Cactus. FIG. 334. — Western Prickly Pear. which are trees in size and plan of branching, so a few words will be given to them. They can all be readily recognized by their fleshy spine-covered growth without foliage leaves. The most abundant and hardy group is the Prickly 'Pear,' with flat jointed branching stems and large, generally yel- low, flowers followed by usu- ally edible pulpy pear-like fruit with many shining seeds. The largest and most tree-like is wild in the region of the Rocky Mountains, TREE-LIKE PRICKLY TEAK' — Opuntia ar- bore"scens. EASTERN PRICKLY ' PEAR ' (333) — Opuntia vulgiiris — is found from Massachusetts and south. There are sev- ARALIA 211 eral species found in the Mississippi Valley, WESTERN PRICKLY TKAK' (334) — Opuutia Rafine'squii — etc. Mamillaria. The next group of cacti in number and variety of forms •wild in the United States are more or less rounded or oblong masses hav- ing the surface entirely covered with spiny-tipped tubercles (mammillae); as, PURPLE CACTUS (335) — Mamillaria vivipara. Of this group there are a dozen wild and many cultivated species. The hundreds of species in cultivation belong to these two and some dozen other genera. There is a group very popular in cultivation which has broad flat leaf- like growths for stems, thus called LEAF CACTUS — Phyllocactus. A few of these are night-blooming of great beauty and delicious perfume. Though some of these are wild in Cuba, probably none can be grown out-of doors except in southern California. [Cuttings.] Aralia. The ARALIAS proper form a large group (40 species) of mainly tropic plants with com- pound leaves and clustered small flowers ; two of the species are shrubs or small trees nearly hardy North. HERCULES' CLUB or DEVIL'S WALKING-STICK, and ANGELICA- TREE are beautiful prickly shrubs or small trees with very large com- pound leaves 1 to 4 feet long, •with 75 to 200 blades and enor- mous clusters of white flowers, in August. The two species are the American HERCULES CLUB (336) — Aralia spin6sa, — and the CHINKSI: AN- GELICA-TREE — Aralia chine'nsis, — either of which occasionally grows to the height of 40 feet. The American is apt to be the more prickly, on both stem and leaves. The blades of the bipinnate leaf of the American are usually smaller, 1^ to 3£ inches long, and short-stalked, while the Chinese blades are larger, 3£ to 6 inches long, and about stemless. Neither are fully hardy North without some protection, but the ChiiH'se is the more hardy. In the American species the veins peculiarly curve near the margins, while those of the Chinese divide. There is a form of the latter with variegated leaves. No shrubs in the northern states have FIG. 336. — Hercules Club. 212 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS such a palm-like tropic appearance as the Aralias, and they should be , more extensively cultivated. [Twig cuttings ; root cuttings.] Acanthopanax. This is a closely related genus of prickly shrubs or trees, often called Aralias in catalogues, a few of which are in cultiva- tion. FIVE-IJLADED ARALIA or ANGELICA — Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Aralia pentaphylla) — is a graceful spiny shrub (5 to 10 feet) with decidu- ous glossy leaves of 5 to 7 wedge-lance-shaped notched blades (1 to 2 inches long; and small green flowers. The fruit is a 2- to 5-seeded black berry. With white-edged leaves, this forms var. variegatum. FIG. 337. — Formosa Rice-paper FIG. 338. — Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Aralia. SESSILE-FLOWERED ARALIA — Acanthopanax sessiflorum — is a larger, to 12 feet, and less shining shrub with usually 3 larger blades, 4 to 7 inches, to the leaves and dull purplish, flowers. The heads of black berries are conspicuous and beautiful. There is a species of the genus with large simple 5- to 7-lobed leaves and many stout prickles on the branches, but it is a medium-sized tree, to 80 feet, Acanthopanax ricini- f61ium. [Seeds ; root cuttings ; twig cuttings.] Fatsia. The RICE-PAPER ARALIAS of Japan are without thorns but with very large pith in the stems, from which the paper is made. In the shade and somewhat protected, they are hardy north to Washington and have a peculiar and beautiful appearance. The leaves are large 1 foot, THK Dot; \V4'_'. — IJi'.l-usii'i1 1 ><>;_' WIH. I. 214 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS simple, heart-shaped at base with 5 to 7 notched lobes. The species from Formosa, FORMOSA RICE-PAPER ARALIA (337) — Fatsia papyrffera, — has the white flowers sessile in globular clusters, while -the one from Japan, JAPAN RICE-PAPER ARALIA — Fatsia jap<5nica, — has more shining foliage and the flowers in umbels. There are variegated forms of both species. [Root cuttings.] C6rnus. The DOGWOODS form an interesting group of shrubs and small trees (a few are herbaceous) with peculiarly veined entire-edged leaves. The side-veins are distinctly parallel with each other and iu- FIG. 343. — White-fruited Dogwood. FIG. 344. — Panicled Dogwood. curving towards the acute tip of the leaf. There are but few other plants with leaves so veined; some of the Buckthorns (p. 93) come nearest among our shrubs. All our species of Cornus except one, ALTERNATE- LEAVKD DOGWOOD (3o8) — Cornus alternifolia, — have opposite leaves. A few species in cultivation have what is apparently large white or pink flowers of great beauty. The colored part, in these cases, is really four large bracts surrounding the clusters of small flowers in a head-like growth. The finest and commonest of these is our FLOAVERING DOG- WOOD (339) — Cornus llorida, — a shrub or small tree (10-15 feet, rarely to 40 feet; with ^]>r> adinir brunches, white or pink flowers in May and THE DOGWOODS 215 FIG. 345 — Bailey's Dogwood. "It FIG. 346. — Stiff Dogwood. clusters of scarlet berries in fall. The bracts, or large petal-like parts, have notched tips. JAPAN DOGWOOD — Cornu; Koiisa — grows somewhat taller, has narrower leaves, pointed creamy bracts to the flowers in June FIG. 347. — Silky Dogwood. FIG. 348. — European Dogwood. 211) DKSCHIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS and the berries grow together in a globular head. The American species blooms before the leaves are fully expanded, while the flowers of the Japan species appear after the leaves. Both are hardy to Massachu- setts. All the other shrubby forms have the clusters of flowers more open and without large conspicuous bracts. The true flowers of all the species are small and have four petals to the corolla, four teeth to the calyx, and four stamens. The fruit is a drupe-like berry with one stone in the center and thin flesh. Much of the beauty of the species is due to the bright- colored berries which they bear, though the autumn coloring of the foliage adds to the attractiveness of the group. The bright colors of the twigs of some species, when the leaves have dropped, give winter effects of great beauty. In general, the common name CORNEL, below, may be changed to DOGWOOD. [Twig cuttings; layers.] KEY TO THE COBNELS AXD DOGWOODS * Flowers in close heads surrounded by 4 large petal-like bracts. (A.) A. Berries separated when ripe. (B.) B. Bracts notched at tip; usually a shrub 10-15 feet, occasionally a tree. FLOWERING DOGWOOD (339) — Coruus florida. B. Bracts generally acute at tip. Successfully cultivated only near the Pacific ; tree to 80 feet. NUTTALL'S DOGWOOD — Cor- nus Nuttallii. A. Berries grown together in fleshy head. (C. ) C. Leaves deciduous ; shrub to 20 feet. JAPAN DOGWOOD — Cornus Koiisa. C. Leaves thick, leathery, evergreen ; hardy only South. EVER- GREEN DOGWOOD (340) — Cornus capitata. * Flowers yellow in umbels surrounded at base with small bracts; berries bright scarlet. (D.) D. Leaves with fine close-pressed hairs, green both sides. The earliest yellow-flowering shrub. CORNELIAN 'CHERRY' (341)- Cornus Mas. D. Leaves paler beneath and with large tufts of dark brown hairs. CHINESE CORNELIAN ' CHERRY ' — Cornus officinalis. * Flowers white or greenish white in open clusters and without bracts. (E-) E. Leaves alternate, pale or whitish beneath, 3-5 inches long; branches peculiarly arranged in horizontal tiers. (F. ) Ki:V TO THK CORNELS AND DOGWOODS 217 F. Berries dark blue on red stems; shrub to 25 feet; flower- clusters l-2£ inches broad. ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL (338) — Cornus alternifolia. F. Berries blue-black ; hardy only South, tree to 60 feet ; flower- cluster 3-4 inches broad. JAPAN CORNEL — Cornus macro- phylla. E. Leaves opposite ; flowers in broad, umbel-like compound clusters, cymes. (G.) G. Fruit white or nearly so (bluish or greenish white in some species). (H.) H. Leaves nearly smooth beneath but whitish with straight close-pressed hairs. (I.) I. Branches blood-red or bright yellow, in either case there are varieties with variegated foliage. (J.) J. Main stem prostrate and rooting ; shrub to 8 feet, broad, bush-like; stone of fruit wider than high. RED-OS IKK DOGWOOD (342) — Cornus stolonifera. J. Shrub to 10 feet with erect steins ; stone of the fruit longer than wide and flattened ; white berries ripe in July. RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD or WHITE-FRUITED DOG- WOOD (343) — Cornus alba. I. Branches gray ; fruit white on red stems in more elongated clusters, ripe in Aug. and remaining till Jan. Shrub 6-15 feet beautiful in bloom and fruit. PANICLED CORNEL (344) — Cornus candidfssima (C. paniculata). H. Leaves downy-hairy below. (K.) K. Branches dark red ; leaves narrow. Erect-growing ; ex- cellent for sandy soil, blooming nearly all summer. BAILEY'S DOGWOOD (345) — Cornus Baileyi. • K. Young branches green with purple blotches ; leaves broad ; berries bluish or greenish with red stems. ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL or DOGWOOD — Cornus circinata. G. Fruit blue or black. (L.) L. Fruit pale blue with globular, nearly smooth stone; leaves greenish both sides ; branches reddish; shrub to 15 feet, not fully hardy North. STIFF CORNEL (346) — Cornus strfcta. L. Fruit light blue with oblique-ridged stone ; branches purple and usually hairy, especially when young ; shrub 3-10 feet. SILKY CORNEL or KINNIKINNIK (347) — Cornus Ainomum. L. Fruit black ; flowers greenish-white ; branches purple or blood-red ; shrub to 12 feet. EUROPEAN CORNEL or RED- OSIER (348) — Cornus sangufnea. •_' I s INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Aucuba jap6nica. Am HA or JAPANESE 'LAUREL' (340) is an evergreen shrul>, with large opposite thick notched glossy and of ten varie- gated leaves, cultivated in the Gulf states (where it is hardy) for the foliage and bright one-seeded berries which are red, white, or yellow in the different varieties. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, in clus- FIG. 349. — Aucuba. VS. J '••• !». *lp|> FIG. 351. - Hobble-bush. f_J2~ Y/r /r>-*"%J> f a FIG. 350. — Japanese Snowball. FIG. 352. — European Wayfaring Tree. VIBURM M 219 ters. As the plants are dioecious, ouly a portion, those with pistils, bear the fruit. There are handsome variegated forms with white or yel- low stripes, dots, and blotches to the leaves, arranged in many patterns and giving rise to many varietal names. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Viburnum. The VIBURNUMS form a large group, 80 species, of opposite simple-leaved ornamental shrubs. A number are in cultivation and several are very beautiful in foliage, flowers, and fruit. Some have FIG. 353. — Japanese Viburnum. FIG. 354. — Chinese Viburnum. bright colored drupes which remain through the winter ; they have, in most species, a decidedly flattened stone. The SNOWBALL group are like the Hydrangeas, (see p. 192) in that the blossoms have become enlarged and sterile. The Hydrangeas have white, pink, purple, or bright blue flowers; while the Viburnums have only white or creamy flowers. The Viburnums bloom earlier, all being in bloom in May ; while the Hydran- geas do not begin to bloom before June and some species continue bloom- ing through July and August. So Viburnums are spring-blooming and Hydrangeas are summer-blooming. The small fertile flowers, if closely examined, will show plain differences. The Hydrangeas have 4 to 5 separate petals to the corolla, while the Viburnums have bell-shaped f>-lobed corollas. The Hydrangeas have 8 to 10 long stamens, the Vi- burnums 5 short ones. [Seeds ; twig cuttings, under glass.] DKSCIMITIOXS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 355. — High-bush ' Cranberry.' FIG. 356. — Doekmackie. • . 357. -Downy Arrowwood. FIG. 358. — Siebold's Viburnum. VIBURNUM FIG. 359. — Arrowwood. FIG. 360. — Soft-leaved Arrowwood. FIG. 301. — Withe-rod. FIG. 362. — Sheep-berry. 222 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 363. — Stag-bush. FIG. 364. — Sainlankwa's Evergreen Viburnum. FIG. 365. — Sweet-scented Evergreen Viburnum. FIG. 366. — Laurestinus. KKY TO THE Sl'KCI KS OF VIBURNUM 223 FIG. 367. —Hairy Laurestmus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM * Snowball group, with all the flowers enlarged and sterile and thus forming no fruit. (A.) A. Leaves deciduous, smooth, feather-veined with notched edges but not lobed. (B.) B. Leaves finely notched, dark green above ; flower-clusters 7-8 inches broad. CHINESE SNOWBALL — Viburnum macroce'pha- lum sterile. B. Leaves coarsely notched and plaited ; flower-clusters 3 inches broad. JAPANESE SNOWBALL (350) — Viburnum tomentosum plicatum. A. Leaves radiate-veined and broadly 3-lobed. SNOWBALL or GUEL- DER ' ROSE' - - Viburnum Opulus sterile. * Mixed group ; some of the flowers fruit-producing but the marginal ones enlarged and sterile ; leaves deciduous. (C.) C. Leaves without lobes ; drupes red becoming darker. (D.~) D. Leaves orbicular, somewhat heart-shaped, 3-8 inches broad. HoBBLK-iii'sn, WITCH HOBBLE, or MOOSEWOOD (351) — Vi- burnum alnifolium. 221 DESCRIPTION'S OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves heart-shaped, 2-4 inches long, finely serrate. EURO- i KAN \VAYFARIXC; TREE . (352) -- Viburnum Lantana. D. Leaves not heart-shaped, decidedly notched, plaited, and ridged. JAPANESE VIBURNUM (353) — Viburnum tomentosum. D. Leaves as in the last, but smoother above and with finer notches not plaited. CHINESE VIBURNUM (354) — Viburnum ina- crocephalum. C. Leaves 3-lobed ; berries bright red. (E.) E. Branches smooth and light gray ; shrub to 12 feet and spread- ing ; drupes pendulous in large clusters, in July yellow, turning scarlet later and remaining bright till Feb. PIMBINA or HIGH BUSH 'CRANBERRY' (355) — Viburnum 6pulus ameri- canum (V. Opulus). (G.) E. Branches darker and somewhat corky ; shrub denser and more upright ; berries upright in small clusters, less showy and less persistent ; sterile flowers larger. MANCHURIAN CRANBERRY- BUSH — Viburnum Sarge'ntii. *With only small drupe-bearing flowers; leaves deciduous; shrubs hardy. (F.) F. Leaves 3-lobed and coarsely notched ; small shrubs 2-6 feet. (G.) G. Flower-clusters about 2 inches broad ; drupes nearly black, persistent. Brilliant in fall. MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM or DOCKMACKIE (356) -- Viburnum acerifolium. G. Flower clusters smaller ; drupes light red and larger. SQUASH- BERRY or PIMBINA — Viburnum paucifl6rum. F. Leaves not lobed. (H.) H. Leaves coarsely dentate, usually decidedly less than 25 teeth on a side. (I.) I. Leaves short-stemmed, under 1 inch, velvety below ; drupes almost black, late July-Dec. ; flowers very abundant in early June. DOWNY ARROWWOOD (357) — Viburnum pubescens. I. Leaf-stem over i inch long. (J.) J. Leaves thick, notched beyond the middle (entire before), somewhat plaited, 3-6 inches long ; flowers in large clusters, May, June ; fruit oblong, red changing to black, ripe in August and soon dropping. A variety, variegatum, with white-blotched leaves. SIEBOLD'S VIBURNUM (358) — Viburnum Sie'boldi. J. Leaves thinner and smooth below. (K.) K. Flower-clusters with long stems ; drupes blue changing to black and glaucous, eaten by birds and disappearing before frost. ARROWWOOD (359) -- Viburnum denta- tiun. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 1'lT) K. Flower-clusters almost sessile; drupes large, bright red iu nodding clusters remaining till February. One of the most showy. WRIGHT'S VIBURNUM — Viburnum Wrightii. J. Leaves thinner and hairy below with pubescence. (L.) L. Drupes blue but little longer than wide; leaves dark green. SOFT-LEAVED ARROWWOOD (3GO) — Viburnum molle. L. Drupes dark blue, twice as long as wide and 2-grooved, | inch long ; leaves long-stemmed, 3£ inches broad, bright green above. Viburnum Demetribnis. L. Drupes scarlet, small, very abundant, remaining on till April as they are not eaten by birds; clusters erect. Upright bush to 10 feet. JAPAN BUSH ' CRANBERRY ' - Viburnum dilatatum. H. Leaves finely dentate (rarely entire); drupes dark blue or black when ripe. (M. ) M. Flower-clusters with stems | inch or more long. (N. ) N. Leaves 1-3 inches long, generally notched, thick and shin- ing; shrub 3-10 feet, blooming June, July. Drupes, in elongated clusters, turn yellowish, then pink, finally blue and are especially beautiful, as all three colors can be observed on the same bush at the same time. Fall color of foliage wine-red. APPALACHIAN TEA, WILD RAISIN, or WITHE-ROD (361) — Viburnum cassinoides. N. Leaves 3-9 inches long, nearly entire ; shrub to 15 feet. LARGER WITHE-ROD — Viburnum niidum. M. Flower-clusters practically without stems. (O.) O. Leaves slender, pointed, leaf-stalk with broad wavy margin ; drupes large, sometimes 1 inch long, nodding on red stems, ripe in September ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. SWEET VIBUR- NUM, NANNYBERRY or SHEEPBERRY (362) — Viburnum Len- tago. O. Leaves blunt-pointed. (P.) P. Stone of fruit oval, flat on one side; leaves 1-3 inches long; shrub or small tree. STAG-BUSH (303) or BLACK ' HAW ' — Viburnum prunifolium. P. Stone nearly orbicular; tree to 20 feet. SOUTHERN BI..VK ' HAW ' — Viburnum ruffdulum. P. Stone grooved on one side ; shrub 2-8 feet. SMALL VIBUR- NUM — Viburnum obovatuin. * Leaves evergreen; not hardy North. Often cultivated as pot plants. (Q.) APGAR'S SHRUBS — 15 226 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Q. Leaves dentate or notched towards tips. (R.) R. Flowers white, tinged with pink tube -*- inch long, in rounded clusters (H inches wide) June, July. SANDANKWA'S EVER- GREEN VIBURNUM (3u'4) — Viburnum Sandankwa. R. Flowers pure white, fragrant, in large elongated clusters, 4 inches, May, June. SWEET-SCENTED EVERGREEN VIBURNUM (305) — Viburnum odoratissimum. R. Flowers in broad clusters, 2-4 inches ; drupes bright red. JAPAN EVERGREEN VIBURNUM — Viburnum jap6nicum. Q. Leaves entire. (S.) S. S. Flowers white or pinkish in convex clusters (2-3 inches broad), May-August. LAURESTINUS (366) — Viburnum Tinus. Flowers pure white in large clusters, 3-4 inches broad; leaves wrinkled (3-6 inches (367) — Viburnum rfgidum. long). HAIRY LAURESTINUS FIG. :368. — Common American Elder. FIG. 369. — European Black Elder. Sambucus. The ELDER bushes have recently become very popular for the shrubbery. They can be known by the opposite compound (pinnate) leaves, large clusters of small white flowers, and the black or red (rarely white or green) small berries. The small flowers have broadly spreading 3- to 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens. The berries are about \ inch broad and have 3 to 5 seeds. The stalks are remarkable for their large pith. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER 227 Fia. 370. — European Red-berried Elder. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER * Color of fruit black or nearly so. (A.) A. Height 6-12 feet; stems with large very white pith filling over half the diameter; leaves with 5-11 usually smooth notched blades ; flowers fragrant in broad clusters, June, July; fruit ripe Aug., Sept. COMMON AMERICAN ELDER (368) — Sambucus canade"nsis. A. Height 12-25 feet ; with rough bark, less abundant pith and earlier bloom, May. EUROPEAN BLACK ELDER (369) — Sam- bucus nigra. A. Height 6-18 feet ; with the fruit strongly whitened with bloom and not polished as in the above species. Pacific coast species. CALIFORNIAN ELDER — Sambucus glauca. * Color of fruit red (rarely white). (B.) B. Height 5-7 feet ; flowers in elongated clusters, April and May, and berries ripe in June; twigs round; pith brown. RED-BERRIED ELDER — Sambucus pubens. B. Similar to the last but somewhat tallerand with the twigs often 4-angled and the leaf-stalk smoother. EUROPEAN RED-BERRIED ELDER (370) — Sambucus racemdsa. The black- berried Elders have many cultivated varieties of great beauty and among them are the cut-leaved forms, laciniata (371) ; the golden- leaved — aurea (372), and the variegated-leaved, varie^ata, under both 228 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 371. — American Elder. FIG. 372. — Golden American Elder. .species. The silver-leaved, ar- ge'ntea, is a variety of the European and the glaucous-leaved, glaiica, of the American. It is generally easy to determine the species by the taller growth and smaller pith of the European elder. [Root cuttings ; twig cuttings. ] Symphoricarpos. The SNOWBERRIES or WAXBERRIES, and CORAL-BERRIES are shrubs with close-clustered fleshy 2-seeded globular white or red berries lasting on the bushes through the fall and part of the win- ter. The species are all American, all hardy, and are popular because of the abundance and brightness of the berries. The flowers are inconspicuous in size but pinkish in color, in July. The fruit soon forms and, in the cultivated species, is exceedingly abundant. The leaves are opposite, simple, short-stemmed, feather- veined with entire (sometimes lobed) edges. They FIG. 373. —Coral- berry. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS l_)l_)(J grow well in any soil and, by suckeriug, rapidly spread and cover the ground, even in shady places. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS * Fruit white ; stamens and style short and, in the first two species, in- cluded in the bell-shaped corolla. (A. ) A. Shrub 2-0 feet high with globular white abundant persistent fruit nearly \ inch in size; leaves 1-2 inches long. SNOWBKRKY or WAXBERRY — Symphoricarpos racem6sus. A. Lower and more spreading with smaller leaves, whitened under- neath, fewer and smaller berries. Low SNOWBERRY — Symphori- carpos racemosus pauciflorus. A. Stouter growing, 2-6 feet high ; the stamens long enough to appear beyond the corolla ; berries not so clear nor waxy. WOLFBERRY or WESTERN SNOWBERRY — Symphoricarpos occidentalis. * Fruit rich dark red ; rather compact bush ; leaves nearly evergreen. INDIAN 'CURRANT' or CORAL-BERRY (373) — Symphoricarpos orbi- culatus (S. vulgaris). FIG. 374. — Large-fruited Honeysuckle. FIQ. 375. — Mountain Fly Honeysuckle. The Coral-berry has two named varieties which might be mentioned ; glomeratus with large clusters of berries, variegatus with leaves marked with yellow and white. [Suckers ; seeds ; twig cuttings.] 230 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Lonicera. The true HONEYSUCKLES are of many (100) species of erect shrulis and twining vines so nearly related that all are placed in the same i;» nus. As so many plants are popularly called honeysuckles, though belonging to different families of plants, it would be much better to call the true ones LOMCERAS. These last can be known by their opposite entire-edged leaves, some- what irregular tubular flowers, more or less in pairs, and berry fruit. The berries are few-seeded and of many colors, red, yellow, blue, and black, and add much to the beauty of the plants. About 20 species in cultivation are with- out climbing habits, and so are included. The following key will enable one to determine the species if both flowers and fruit are ob- FIG. 376. — American Fly Honeysuckle. IMC. IVT7. — Involucred Fly Honeysuckle. FIG. 378. — Standish's Honeysuckle. THK HONKYSIH'KLKS FIG. 379. — Early Sweet Honey- suckle. FIG. 380. — Alpine Honeysuckle. FIG. 381. — Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. FIG. 382. — European Fly Honey- suckle. 232 DKSCIMITIONS OF THE SHRUBS served. Lonicera tatarica is very common and has many named varieties, as well as hybrids with other species. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] Fir;. 383. — Japan Honeysuckle. FIG. 384. — Tartarian Honeysuckle. KKY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS * Flowers nearly regular with a 5-lobed border, growing in pairs with the ovaries more or less united and forming a double berry. (A. ) A. Plants less than 2 feet high with small leaves ^-IJ inches long and pink flowers, May-July. (B.) B. Rigid spiny shrub ; with stamens projecting from the erect rosy flowers. LARGE-FRUITED HONEYSUCKLE (374) — Lonicera spinosa. B. Prostrate shrub ; with stamens included ; leaves often whorled in threes. Low HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera rupicola. A. Plants 2 feet or more high ; with larger leaves, 1-5 inches long. (C.) C. Bloom, April and May, before the leaves expand. (D.) D. Flowers small, \-^ inch, short-stemmed, whitish ; fruit blue. BLUE or MOUNTAIN FLY HONEYSUCKLE (375) — Lonicera cserulea. KEY TO THH BUSHY SI'KCIKS OF LONICKKAS 233 D. Flowers larger, long-stemmed, pinkish ; fruit pendulous, scarlet, in June. EAKI.V HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera graeilipes. D. Flowers slender-stemmed, yellowish ; fruit light red. AMI.H- ICAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE (376) — Lonicera canade"nsis (L. ciliata). D. Flowers large, 1-H inches, white, nodding ; fruit oblong, bright red. HISPID HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera hi'spida. C. Bloom, May-July, after the leaves expand ; berries black. (E-) E. Flowers gummy outside (| inch long), yellowish ; berries sinning, inclosed in large bracts ; leaves 2-5 inches long. INVOLUCKED FLY HONEYSUCKLE (377) — Lonicera involu- crata. E. Flowers scarlet outside Q inch long). LEDEBOUR'S HONEY- SUCKLE — Lonicera Ledebouri. * Flowers 2-lipped, small, growing together at base and forming a more or less double berry, flowers white or yellowish (on L. alpigena brownish- red), small, to | inch. (F.) F. Leaves thick and nearly evergreen ; fruit scarlet ; bloom March- May, before the new leaves. (G. ) G. Branches slender and spreading or recurving; shrubs to 6 fret, ; flowers short-stemmed and stems without bractlets, flowers sweet-scented. (H.) H. Branches with bristly hairs bent backward. STANDISH'S HONEYSUCKLE (378) — Lonicera Standishi. H. Branches nearly smooth and more recurving. EARLY SWEET HONEYSUCKLE (379) — Lonicera fragrantissima. G. Branches stout and more erect, to 8 feet ; leaves glossy dark green above ; flowers long-stemmed and with small bracts on the stems. ALPINE HONEYSUCKLE (380) — Lonicera alpigfena. F. Leaves thinner ; fruit dark red ; bloom later, May, June. SWAMP FLY HONEYSUCKLE (381) — Lonicera oblongifolia. * Flowers with the ovaries separate and thus forming 2 berries on one stem ; shrub 5-12 feet high ; bloom May, June. (I.) I. Flowers white changing to yellow when old ; branches pu- bescent. (J.) J. Flowers hairy outside. (K.) K. Leaves usually wider near tip, dull green, 1-3 inches long. EUROPEAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE (382) — Lonicera Xyl6sUum. K. Leaves usually wider near center or base, dark green above, grayish-hairy below (1-2 inches long). JAPAN HONEYSUCKLE (383) — Lonicera Mdrrowi. J. Flowers smooth outside ; leaves slender, grayish-hairy below 234 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS (2-4 inches long). MANCHURIAN HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera Ruprechtiana. I. Flowers pink, red, or white and not changing to yellow when old; fruit red, yellow, or orange. (L.) L. Hairy shrub with small, |-1^ inches long, bluish or grayish green leaves ; flowers abundant ; fruit red. FREE-FLOWERING HONEYSUCKLE — Lonicera floribunda. L. Smooth shrub with larger, l-2£ inches long, leaves often heart-shaped at base. Very variable and common, to 10 feet. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE (384) — Lonicera tatarica. The last four species are very common, with many hybrids, and thus intermediate forms are known. Diervilla and Weigela are genera closely related to Lonicera and are often popularly called honeysuckles. Loniceras have fleshy few-seeded berries for fruit, while Diervillas and Weigelas have dry oblong many- seeded capsules. Diervilla and Weigela are often united under the name Diervilla, but for our purpose had better be considered as separate. The DIKRVILLAS proper have small, \-\ inch long, slender-tubed, 2- lipped, yellow flowers of no great beauty and seldom found in cul- tivation. Fia. 385. — Common Weigela. FIG. 386. — Large-flowered Weigela. The WEIGELAS are among our most popular flowering shrubs, with large funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corollas of many colors. The leaves are opposite, simple, feather-veined with notched edges. Besides the four or five original species from eastern Asia, of which there are many varieties, there are an almost endless number of hybrids now in cultivation. In fact, the tendency is to cultivate only these hybrid forms, as the flowers DIERVILLA AXI) WEIGELA 235 FIG. 387. — Japan Weigela. FIG. 388. — Many-flowered Weigela. show greater beauty and variety. There are forms in bloom from early May to late August. The colors of the flowers vary from pure white through the pinks, red, crimson, and purple; of pure colors as well as blotched and striped in many ways. One of the especially attractive points about the flowers is the change that takes place in the colors of the *.••« /,. FIG. 389. — Diervilla. FIG. 390. — Middendorf's \\Vigela. I2.")lj IiF.sriillTIOXS OF TIIF SHRUBS blossoms after expanding. Some which open pure white change to pale pink and end as bright carmine. Weigela fl6rida has several forms with variegated white and yellow foliage. As with the roses and their num- berless hybrids, so here it is impossible to show, without the finest colored illustrations, the named forms in cultivation. [Twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WEIGELA * Anthers of the stamens separate, not united around the pistil. (A.) A. Flowers not definitely yellow and an inch or more long. (B.) B. Calyx united at the base and sometimes to the middle ; stigma decidedly 2-lobed ; seeds without thin wing-like projections. COMMON WEIGELA (385) — Weigela fl6rida. B. Calyx of 5 separate linear pieces ; stigma broad and head-like ; seeds with wings. (C.) C. Shrub 5-10 feet high and nearly smooth throughout ; flowers and leaves large ; flowers not abundant. LARGE-FLOWEREU WEIGELA (380) -- "Weigela grandiflora. C. Shrub 4-8 feet and pubescent, lower sides of leaves espe- cially so ; flowers pubescent outside. (D.) D. Corolla abruptly narrowed below the middle ; flower- clusters short-stalked. JAPAN WEIGELA (387) — Weigela japdnica. D. Corolla gradually narrowed to the base ; flower-clusters about sessile ; plant more vigorous ; flowers smaller and more abundant. MANY-FLOWERED WEIGELA (388) Weigela floribunda. A. Flowers yellow, small, |-| inch, plainly 2-lipped, Diervilla proper. (E.) E. Leaves distinctly stalked : branchlets round. DIERVILLA. BUSH ' HoNLYsrrivi.K ' (389) — Diervilla Lonfcera (D. trffida). E. Leaves nearly sessile ; branchlets square. HIGH-BUSH ' HONEY- SUCKLE ' - Diervilla sessilifulia. * Anthers of the stamens united around the pistil; flowers broad-fun- nel-form, yellowish white spotted with orange and purple; calyx notched and irregular. Low shrub to 3 feet. MIDDENDORF'S WEI- GELA (390) — Weigela Middendorfiana. On the following page are illustrations of two of the hybrid forms (391). Ev\ It \THKK WEIGELA — Weigela (Diervilla) Eva Rathke — deep car- mine red, blooming late, June and July. DESBOISI'S WEIGELA — Weigela De>lioisi — deep rose, blooming May. ABKL1A _.) I a, Eva Rathke Wei-fla. b, Desboisi's Weigela. FIG. 391. — Two Hybrid Forms of Weigela. Abelia. The ABELIAS are tender low shrubs with small opposite notched leaves and tubular to funnel-formed 5-lobed flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, panicles. The lightly irregular flowers are espe- cially dainty and bloom for a long period ; FIG. 392. — Eutire-leaved Abelia. FIG. 39,'?. — Mexican Abrlia. 238 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 394. — Yellow-throated White Abelia. FIG. 395. — Hybrid Abelia. FIG. .396. — Serrate-leaved Abelia. FIG. 397. — Yellow-throated Rosy Abelia. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AI3ELIA the fruit is a dry leathery berry. Only one species, EVER-FLOWER- ING ABELIA — Abelia grandirlora, — can be grown as far north as New York, even if protected. It has much the appearance of a Weigela and is frequently called one. All Weigelas have 5-pointed sepals closely covering the base of the corolla. The Abelias have pe- culiarly irregular sepals, often leaf-like and spreading and vary- ing in number from 2 to 5 in the different species. The leaves are never over 2 inches long, gen- erally about an inch. Many of the Abelias are evergreen, all are fitted for outdoor cultivation in the Gulf states, and several will probably do well in protected po- sitions north to Washington. FIG. 398. — Chinese Abelia. [Twig cuttings, in summer ; layers, in spring.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA * Leaves thick, nearly or fully evergreen. (A.) A. Sepals 5. (B.) B. Leaves nearly entire; flowers white with a pink tinge. ENTIRE- LEAVED ABELIA (392) — Abelia triflbra. B. Leaves distinctly notched, oval ; flowers large, 2 inches, rosy-purple. MEXICAN ABELIA (393) — Abelia floribunda. B. Leaves notched, ovate ; flowers over an inch long, white with a yellowish throat. YELLOW-THROATED WHITE ABELIA (394) - Abelia spathulata. A. Sepals irregularly 2, 3, 4, or 5 ; flowers abundant, white with tinge of pink, nearly an inch long, blooming continuously from June to November. The hardiest species. HYBRID ABELIA (395) — Abelia grandiflbra (A. rupe'stris). A. Sepals generally 2 ; leaves notched. (C.) C. Flowers pale red. serrata. SERRATE-LEAVED ABELIA (396) — Abelia 240 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS YE I.LOW-THROATED C. Flowers rosy-white- with a yellow throat. Uosv ABELIA (o!>7) — Abelia unifldra. * Leaves thinner and deciduous ; flowers white. (D.) D. Sepals 5 ; flowers small, £ inch long, stamens exserted ; leaves ovate, serrate with hairs on midrib beneath. CHINESE ABELIA (;;<>8) — Abelia chine'nsis. D. Sepals 4 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely serrate. TWO-FLOWERED ABELIA — Abelia bifl6ra. Gardenia. The CAPE 'JASMINE' and other beautiful plants are in- cluded among the GARDENIAS. The name jasmine or jessamine is given to many different species belonging to several different families, so, as with the name honeysuckle, it would be well to learn the proper names for each group and properly apply them and not use either 'jasmine' or ' honeysuckle ' without some modification to show the exact, genus FIG. 399. — Cape ' Jasmine.' intended. (The name jessamine should be restricted to the genus Jas- niinuni (p. 273) and honeysuckle to Lonicera (p. 230). This application of names would stop most of the confusion. Of course Cape ' Jasmine ' will always mean Gardenia.) The Gardenias have opposite simple entire evergreen leaves and sweet-scented tubular white flowers with spreading CEPHALANTHUS 1241 border (salver- or bell-shaped) of 6 or inure lobes. The Gardenias proper have a 1-celled pod. They are hardy only in the South. CAFE 'JASMINE' (3l>9) — Gardenia jasininoides — has a calyx with 5 slen- der teeth and distinct ridges along the sides of the united portion. The corolla, in the usually cultivated variety, is fully double with many white waxy lobes. There are many varieties under many names, differing in the width of the leaves and the height and habit of plant growth. Hardy to the Carolinas and extensively cultivated North in conservatories. A similar plant, but with gummy buds and without ridges on the calyx, is I)IKAMALI, C.vMiii, or RESIN-PLANT — Gardenia lucida. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] FM. 400.— Buttonbush. FIG. 401. — Groundsel Bush. CephaUnthus occidentalis. The BUTTONBUSH (400) is a wild American shrub (3-12 feet) growing in wet places and sometimes cultivated. It has simple entire glossy opposite or whorled leaves and small, white tubular flowers forming a globular cluster an inch or more broad, June to Sep- tember. The leaves are 3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 2| inches wide, often in whorls of threes around the steins. The fruit is a round cluster of dry 1- to 2-seeded nutlets. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Baccharis. GROTN-DSEL BUSH (401) or SALT-WATT.!; Snuru — Baccharis halimifolia, — 3 to 12 feet high, is a plant with angular somewhat scurfy APOAR'S SHUT-US — 1(5 242 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. . 402. — Laveuder Cotton. FIG. 403. — Black Huckleberry. FIG. 404. — l»\v;irf Huckleberry. FIG. 405. — Bog Bilberry. SAXTOLIXA CHAM.K<'Yl'AKISSrS 243 branches, alternate simple entire to lobed leaves and persistent collection of hairy fruits resembling small white brushes, in fall and early winter. The shrub is dioecious, so not all of them have this showy appearance. This plant belongs to the daisy group of flowers, the individual blos- soms are very small and grow in heads which arc popularly considered as the flowers. The part which produces the showy appearance of the groundsel bush is the pappus, so conspicuous in thistles. The stamen- bearing plant has unconspicuous yellowish flowers. It is a useful shrub, especially for coastwise cultivation, as it particularly thrives in the salt FIG. 406. — Foxberry. FIG. 407. — Evergreen Vine Blueberrj air. A southern plant with willow-like deciduous leaves, WILLOW I.F.AVED GROUNDSEL TREE — Baccharis salicifolia, — may be in cultivations An evergreen species of the Pacific region is Baccharis pilularis. [Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass, i Santolina Chamsecyparissus. LAVENDER COTTON (402) is a half-Sfcrubby plant (l]-2 feet) with aromatic alternate evergreen deeply-lobed silvery gniy leaves and small globular heads of yellow flowers, in summer. It is us.'d South for the shrubbery, but North mainly for carpet-bedding, for this latter purpose slips rooted in sand are kept tlirou.;h the winter. [Twig cuttings.] 244 DKSCKHTIONS OK T1IK SHIM IIS Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. The HUCKLEBERRIES and BLUEBERRIES arc wild plants rarely brought into cultivation even for fruiting purposes, and thus scarcely need a place in this book. Still there are a few species which have beautiful flowers, foliage, and fruit and belong to the very limited group which thrive in shady places. HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium atrococcum (V. corymbbsum) — is a tall straggling shrub -4 to 12 feet with yellowish green warty branches, alternate usually entire leaves, white or pinkish tubular flowers in clusters mi short leafless twigs, May, June, and abundant many-seeded blue-black berries, July, August. DEERBERRY or BUCKBERRY — Vaccinium stamineum — is a spreading branched shrub 2 to 5 feet with entire-edged pale leaves and abundant green- ish white bell-shaped nodding flowers with projecting stamens, April to June. The large greenish or yellowish berries (\ inch) are hardly edible. [Seeds, with difficulty; divisions.] FIG. 408.— Deerberry. FIG. 409.— Farkleberry. KKV TO.IHY'TvLEHERniKS, liLU ERER1M 1 :s, ETC. "21.") KEY TO HUCKLEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES, ETC. * Berries 10-seeded, Gaylussacias. (A.) A. Leaves sprinkled with waxy dots, entire, deciduous. (B.) B. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath ; fruit blue, with bloom. Erect (2-4 feet high). BLUE TANGLE or DANGLEBERRY - Gaylussacia frondosa. B. Leaves green both sides ; shrubs under 3 feet. (C.) C. Bracts small, J inch, among the flowers and fruit; fruit sweet but seedy. BLACK HUCKLEBERRY (403) — Gaylus- sacia baccata (G. resin6sa). C. Bracts leafy and longer than the flower-stems ; fruit watery and insipid. DWARF HUCKLEBERRY (404) — Gaylussacia dumdsa. A. Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate with the edges somewhat rolled. Shrub under 1£ feet high. Box HUCKLEBERRY — Gaylussacia brachycera. * Berries many-seeded — Aracciniums. (D. ) D. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, not open-bell-shaped. (E.) E. Flowers and fruit solitary or in small clusters of 2-4. (F.) F. Shrubs under 2 feet high ; leaves under 1 inch long. (G.) G. Leaves entire, whitish beneath. GREAT or BOG BILBERRY (405) — Vaccinium uligin6sum. G. Leaves minutely notched, green and shining both sides. DWARF BILBERRY --Vaccinium csespit6sum. F. Shrubs 2-15 feet high ; leaves 1-3 inches long. (H.) H. Leaves about entire, pale beneath. OVAL-LEAVED BIL- BERRY - - Vaccinium ovalifblium. H. Leaves minutely notched, green both sides. THIN-LEAVED BILBERRY — Vaccinium membranaceum (V. myrtilloides). E. Flowers and fruit in larger clusters. (I.) I. Flowers elongated, 2 or 3 times as long as wide. Tall, 3-15 feet. (J.) J. Flowers appearing before the leaves. SOUTHERN BLACK HUCKLEBERRY — Vaccinium virgatum. J. Flowers at the time of leaf-expansion. HIGH-BUSH or SWAMP BLUEBERRY — Vaccinimn corymb6sum. I. Flowers less elongated — not over 2 times as long as wide. (K.) K. Shrubs 3-15 feet high ; leaves densely hairy beneath. BLACK HIGH BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium atroc6ccum (V. rnryinbusum). I'll) DESCRIPTION'S OF THE SHRUBS K. Slirubs under 2 feet high. (L.) L. Twigs hairy; leaves entire j_ fruit blue, with bloom. SOCR-TOP or VELVET-LEAF BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium canad&ise. L. Twigs, leaves, and fruit hairy. HAIRY HUCKLEBERRY — Vacciniuni hirsutum. L. Twigs warty; leaves minutely notched; berries bluish black and glaucous. Low or EARLY SWEET BLUEBERRY - Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. L. Twigs smooth; leaves minutely notched; berries black without bloom. Low BLACK BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigram (V. nigrum). K. Shrubs generally over 2 feet high ; twigs green and warty ; leaves pale beneath. (M.) M. Leaves thick, about entire ; berry \ inch, blue with a bloom. LATE Low BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium vacfllans. M. Leaves thin, sharply notched ; berry larger. MOUNTAIN BLUEBERRY' — Vaccinium corymbosum pallidum (V. pallidum) . D. Flowers open-bell-shaped. (N.) N. Flowers 4-notched ; leaves evergreen, small, under 1 inch; shrub under 1 foot ; berries dark red. COWBERRY or FOXBERRY (400) — Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea. N. Flowers 5-notched ; leaves evergreen, \ inch or less long; creeping plant, with black berries, hardy South. EVERGREEN VINE BLUEBERRY (407) -- Vaccinium crassif61ium.. N . Flowers 5-notched ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs over 2 feet. (O.) O. Stamens much exserted; berry green or yellow; shrub 2-5 feet high. DEERBERRY or BUCKBERRY (408) — Vaccinium stamfneum. ' O. Similar to the last, berry larger, shining black. "A valu- able shade-enduring ornamental shrub." SOUTHERN GOOSE- BERRY — Vaccinium melanocarpum. O. Stamens included; berry black, ripe in Oct. Shrub or tree 8-30 feet. FARKLEBERRY or SPARKLEBERRY (409) -- Vac- cinium arb6reum. Arctostaphylos. This genus contains a number of species (30) of shrubs or small trees and includes some trailing vines. All in cultivation here are American. ("Only the trailing species are hardy North and of course are omitted.) The leaves are alternate, usually evergreen with entire margins. Flowers small, globular in terminal clusters, panicles, in spring. Fruit a TIM! berry. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 247 FIG. 410. — Downy Arctostaphylos. FIG. 411. — Manzanita. FIG. 412. — Pale-leaved Arcto- staphylos. FIG. 413.— Bristly Arctostaphylos. 248 DESCRIPTIONS UF THE SHRUBS FIG. 414. — Pringle's Arcto- staphylos. FIG. 415. — Bicolored Arcto- staphylos. KEY OF FORMS OF AKCTOSTAPHYLOS FROM THE PACIFIC REGION HARDY ONLY SOUTH * Leaves smooth and fruit on smooth stems. (A.) A. Flowers in umbel-like clusters ; shrub 3-10 feet. DOWNY ARC- TOSTAPHYLOS (410) — Arctostaphylos pungens. A. Flowers in elongated clusters ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. MAN- ZANITA (411) — Arctostaphylos Manzanita. * Leaves smooth ; fruit stems glandular. (B.) B. Flowers in elongated clusters; shrub or tree 8-25 feet. PALE- LEAVED ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (412) — Arctostaphylos glaiica. B. Flowers in spreading clusters, light pink on sticky stems; 5-15 feet. Most ornamental. VISCID ARCTOSTAPHYLOS — Arcto- staphylos vfscida. * Leaves more or less hairy ; twigs bristly. (C.) C. Flowers in dense short panicles; 2-6 feet. Hardiest species. BRISTLY ARCTOSTAPIIYLOS (413) — Arctostaphylos tomentosa. C. Flowers in leafy clusters; fruit bristly. PIMNGLE'S ARCTO- STAPIIYLOS (414) — Arctostaphylos Pringlei. C. Flowers in nodding dense racemes rose-colored ; fruit smooth. BICOLORED ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (415) — Arctostaphylos bicolor. ANDROMEDA 249 7 Arbutus Unedo. The STRAWBERRY TKKK (4 Ki) is a tree-like shrub 8 to 15 feet with evergreen simple alternate nearly entire leaves (2-3 inches), glob- ular red berries (| inch) with many seeds and ovate white to red flowers (about ^ inch long) in nodding clus- ters. The bloom and the fruit of the preceding year are both on the shm!) through the fall and render the plant very decorative. The leaves are a lustrous smooth green. Hardy only far South. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] AndnSmeda. For our purpose this old genus name is much the better one for a large number of beautiful shrubs which have clusters of small tubular urn-shaped and globular flowers form- ing small 5-valved dry capsules with many seeds. The leaves are simple, alternate with entire or notched ed^t-s. T,. ,. ., ... FIG. 41fa. — Strawberry Tree. Most of them will tc found in plant FIG. 417. — Scurfy Andromeda. FIG. 418. — Leather Leaf. 250 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 419. — Catesby's Leucothoe. FIG. 420. — Mountain Fetter Bush. catalogues under this name. The group has been so divided by late bota- nists, based upon such microscopic characters, that the average student cannot properly separate them. (The new names are given at the end.) [vSeeds, in spring ; layers ; twig cuttings.] FIG. 421.— Japan Fetter Bush. FIG. 422. — Marsh Andromeda. ANDROMEDA 251 FIG. 423. — Fetter Bush. FIG. 424. — Privet Andromeda. FIG. 425. — Beautiful Zeiiobia. FIG. 42G. — Swamp Leucothoe. 252 DESCRIPTION'S OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 427. — Sourwood. FIG. 428. — Stagger-bush. KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHKUBS * Leaves thick and evergreen (Privet Andromeda of the 2d * is nearly evergreen). . (A.) A. Flowers very small, $ inch long, globular, nodding and clus- tered in axils of somewhat reduced leaves, Feb.-April. Shrub or tree with scurfy twigs, 5-25 feet tall. SCURFY ANDROMEDA (417) — Andromeda (Xolisma) ferruginea. A. Flowers more elongated — usually twice as long as wide. (B.) B. Flowers in one-sided racemes. (C.) C. Flower-clusters with large leaf-like bracts as long as the flow- ers, April-June ; leaves densely covered with small round scurfy scales. Shrub 1-4 feet high. LEATHER LEAF (418) - Chamsedaphne calyculata. C. Bracts, of the flower clusters, much smaller or absent. (D.) D. Leaves large, 3-6 inches, with bristly-tipped teeth ; flow- ers slender (nearly \ inch long), April. 2-6 feet, hardy \vith protection to New York. CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE (419) — Leucdthoe CatesbSei. D. Leaves somewhat smaller without bristly teeth ; young KKV T<) THK ANDKO.MKDA LIKi: SHUCKS twigs hairy. 2-5 fed, hardy. DOWNY Li:u< OTIIOK — Leu- cothoe axillaris. D. Leaves (1-3 inches) with small teeth and bristly edges, black-dotted beneath; flower-clusters somewhat nodding, May. 2-(> feet. MOUNTAIN FETTER BUSH (420) — Andro- meda floribunda (Pieris floribunda). D. Similar to the last but the flowers are much larger and in more drooping clusters and the plant is much taller — to 30 feet. JAPAN FETTER BUSH (421) — 1'ieris japonica (P. ovalifolia) . D. Similar to the last two but with larger leaves, 3-5 inches long. INDIAN FETTER-BUSH — Pieris formosa. B. Flowers in pendent terminal umbels ; leaves linear, entire with rolled edges. 1-3 feet. MARSH ANDROMEDA (422) or WILD ROSEMARY — Andromeda polifolia. B. Flowers in close axillary umbels ; leaves oval, entire with slightly rolled edges. FETTER BUSH (42:j) — Lyonia iiitida (Pieris nitida). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (E.) E. Flowers globular or rounded-bell-shaped, only about as long as wide. (F.) F. Flowers very small, | inch, abundant in panicled terminal clusters, May-July ; leaves firm (almost evergreen), entire, 1-2^ inches long. PRIVET ANDROMEDA or MALE BERRY (424) — Lyonia ligustrina (Andromeda paniculata). F. Flowers larger, ^ inch, and more bell-shaped ; branching shrubs 3-7 feet : handsome plants hardy to Massachusetts if somewhat protected. (G. ) G. Lower surface of leaves green ; blooming May, June. BEAUTIFUL ZENOBIA (425) — Andromeda (Zendbia) speciosa. G. Leaves densely glaucous. GLAUCOUS ZEXOBIA — Andromeda (Zenobia) pulverule"nta. E. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, about twice as long as wide. (H.) H. Flowers about \ inch long in one-sided racemes, verysweit- scented, April-June. Good for chady places, though growing well in the open ; hardy. (I.) I. Shrubs to 12 feet blooming April. May. (J.) J. Racemes much curved ; capsule decidedly 5-lobed. "Wild in dry woods ; 2-10 feet. MOUNTAIN LKUCOTHOE — Leuc6- thoe reciirva. J. Racemes nearly straight; capsule. not Inbrd. Growing in swamp; 5-12 feet. SWAMP LEUconmi; (42('>) — Leuco- thoe racemosa. 254 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS I. Tree to 50 feet ; blooming June, July. Flowering when small and shrub-like ; leaves sour. SOUKWOOD (427) or SORREL- TRKK — Oxydendruni arboreum. H. Flowers larger, £ inch long, in side-umbels, white or faintly pink, May-July. A beautiful shrub, 1-4 feet. STAGGER-BUSH (428) — Lyonia mariana (Pieris mariana) . Erica. The HEATHS and HEATHER are all small-leaved, shrubby plants with usually small 4-lobed, bell- or urn-shaped flowers. The leaves are scale- or linear-shaped and arranged on the stems in alternate, opposite, or whorled positions. The fruit is a 4-celled capsule. But few are in culti- vation in the open in America because of our hot and dry summers. Only three have escaped and grow without cultivation. These are Euro- pean species, although those cultivated in Europe are mainly from South Africa. The African species are practically unknown in America except- ing in conservatories. The smaller leaves, the 4-lobed flowers, and the 4-celled fruit will sepa- rate the heaths from the androniedas. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] FIG. 429. — Pink FK;. 4::o. — Scotch FIG. 431. — Heather. FIG. 432. — Irish Moor Heath. Heath. Heath. KEY TO THE HEATHS AND HEATH EK 255 KEY TO HEATHS AND HEATHER * Hardy heaths with the leaves whorled. (A.) A. Spring-Llooming (March-May), flowers bell-shaped white or red. PINK Moou HI.ATH (4'J!)) — Erica cariu-a. A. Summer- and fall-blooming. (B.) B. Leaves whorled generally in 3'.s ; flowers about \ inch long. SCOTCH UK ATH (-430) — Erica cinerea. B. Leaves whorled in 4's or 5's. (C.) C. Pod without hairs ; flowers white or purplish red. CORNISH HEATH — Erica varans. C. Pod with long rough hairs; branches rigid. CORSICAN HEATH — Erica stn'cta. C. Pod velvety; leaves with rolled edges; flowers rosy. BELL HEATHER — Erica Te'tralix. * Hardy heather with leaves opposite and covering the stern. HEATHER or LING (431) — Callima vulgiiris. * Leaves alternate and white below; flowers drooping in long racemes. Needs protection North. IRISH HEATH (432) — Dabcecia (Menzi- osia) polifdlia. FIG. 433. — Mountain 'Laurel.' FIG. 434. — Sheep ' Laurel.' 256 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Kdlmia. The KALMIAS or AMERICAN 'LAURELS' are among the most beautiful shrubs in cultivation. About all are hardy throughout and shdiild be cultivated much more generally than they are. The special peculiarities of the Kaluiias are in the flowers, which are cup-shaped with ten hollows in which the anthers are held till released by the action of insects. The leaves are entire, and alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement on the stern. So many evergreen plants, of many families, both in America and Kurope are called laurels that it would be better to drop it as a name unless some distinctive modifier can fix upon the plant intended. " The flower of Kalrnia is one of those lin iposed as a national flower eml ilem, especially on account of the exquisite symmetrical beauty of the single flower." Kalmia is a purely Ameri- can genus and deserves FIG. 435. — Pale Kalmia. a distinctive name. The best plan would be to always call these Ameri- can plants KALMIA s. They are less particular about soil and position than the hardy Rhododendron, growing well in sandy and loamy soils and especially thriving in damp shady places. BROAD-LEAVED KALMIA, MOUNTAIN 'LAUREL,' or CALICO BUSH (433) — Kalmia latifolia — is gen- erally a shrub 4 to 10 feet high, though sometimes a t ree to 30 feet, with a rounded head and evergreen, alternate (or irregularly whorled), entire, glossy leaves 3-4 inches long. The flowers are white or rose-colored in large terminal clusters, May and June. The individual flowers are about J inch broad. N \IJKOW-LKAVED KALMIA, SlIEEP ' LAUREL, ' L \Mi-.KiLLor WICKY (434) — Kalmia angustifolia — is alow shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, with usually narrow evergreen, opposite (or whorled in threes) leaves 1 to '_'.", inches 1< in-. The flowers a re i if many shades of red to purple in lateral clusters, June and July. The individual flowers are nearly \ inch broad. FIG. 430. — Hairy Kalmia. AZALEA 257 PALE IVALMIA, PALE or SWAMP 'L.u-KEL' (435) — Kalmia glaiica or polifolia — is a .small shrub 1 to 2 feet high witli 2-edged steins, opposite or whorled evergreen lea\es ', to 2 inches long, white It-Death with a bloom which can be nibbed oft' ; these leaves have rolled edges. The flowers are on slender stems, red or purplish in color, in terminal clusters (umbels) in summer and range from \ to | inch broad. HAIHV KAI.M IA or • LAUKKI, ' (43<>) — Kaliuia hirsiita — is a branching shrub 1 to 2 feet high with alternate evergreen small leaves, \ to ' inch long. Both leaves and sterns are covered with hairs. The flowers, \ to | inch broad, are usually solitary in the axils of the leaves, rose-purple in color. FIG. 4.">7. — White Swamp Azalea. FIG. 438. — Smooth Azalea. DECIDUOUS-LEAVED KALMIA or WHITE WICKY — Kalinia cuneata — is a low shrub with deciduous mostly alternate wedge-shaped leaves f to 2 inches long. The flowers are in small lateral clusters, white or pinkish in color, about | inch broad, in spring. The last two species are probably hardy only in the middle states and in the South and are the least ornamental of any of the Kalmias. [Seeds.] Azalea. The AZALEAS are among the most interesting of flowering shrubs. In the si/e and abundance of bloom and in the brightness and variety of coloring there is hardly anything in the vegetable kingdom which can equal the beauty of this group of plants. Some species are APGAR'S SHRUBS — 17 258 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 4o!>. — Pinxter Flower. FIG. 440. — Flame Azalea. Fa;. 441. — Politic Azalea. FIG. -442. — Vasey's Azalea. KEY TO Till'; AZALEAS 2-V.) hardy in the extreme North, many others arc hardy only in tin- Gnlf states. Besides the regular species there arc numerous hybrids interme- diate in character, and some have flowers so double in form and variegated in color as to disguise their character to the extent that they hardly seem Azaleas. Like the roses, there are so many named varieties as to defy description except in a large book devoted to them alone and fur- nished with colored illustrations. The leaves are alternate or clustered at end of branches, entire or bristly-toothed and generally deciduous. The flowers when single are funnel-shaped, somewhat lopsided, with 5 or 10 usually long stamens. The fruit is a large 5-valved many-seeded capsule. They growr best in peaty or sandy soil in moist and somewhat shady situations. [Twig cuttings ; layers ; seeds ; grafting of named varieties on seedlings of hardy species.] KEY TO MANY OF THE AZALEAS * Leaves and flowers from different buds, flowers in terminal clusters, leaves deciduous. (A.) A. Corolla with a slender tube about as long as the spreading por- tion, hairy and glandular outside, stamens (5) longer than the lobes. (B.) B. Flowers white (or tinged red) blooming after the leaves expand, very fragrant. (C.) C. Flowers \\-2 inches long, very sticky or gummy outside, June, July; branch lets with stiff hairs ; shrub 4-8 feet. WHITE SWAMP AZALEA (437) — Rhododendron visc6sum (Azalea visc6sa) . C. Flowers 2 inches long, June, July; branchlets about smooth; shrub 8-10 feet high; style and stamens red. SMOOTH AZA- LEAS (438) — Rhododendron arbore'scens (Azalea arbore"s- cens). C. Flowers 2-2| inches long with yellow on the upper lobe, May, June; branchlets generally smooth; shrub 2-6 feet. CALI- FORNIA AZALEA — Azalea occidentalis (Rhododendron oc- cidentale) . B. Flowers usually pink though sometimes nearly white, blooming early, about when the leaves expand, April, May, slightly fragrant; shrub :}-(} feet. PINK AZALEA or PINXTER FLOWER (430) — Rhododendron nudittorum (Azalea nudiflora). B. Flowers yellow, orange, or flame culm-. (D.) D. Orange to flame color, nearly 2 inches broad, without odor 21)0 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS or nearly so, May, June, stamens thickened near the middle; shrub 4-10 feet. FLAME AXALEA (440) — Rhododendron calendulaceum (Azalea calendulacea) . D. Yellow and very fragrant, 2-2£ inches broad, May; branch- lets hairy ; shrub 2-6 feet. Rare in cultivation but hybrids have been given the name. PONTIC AZALEA (441) — Azalea pdntica. B. Flowers white, yellow, orange, pink, red, lilac, etc., blooming May— July. HYBRID or GHENT AZALEAS — Azalea gainl;i- ve'nsis. A. Corolla with a broader tube which is pubescent but not glandular outside, stamens (5) shorter than the spreading portion, flowers yellow, orange, or pink 1. looming at time of leaf expansion, April, May ; branches hairy. Shrub £5-8 feet. CHINESE AZA- LEA — Azalea sine'nsis (Rhododendron sine'nse). A. Corolla with a short tube and broadly spreading border, rose- purple without spots, smooth outside, stamens 10, blooming before the leaves, April, May. (E.) E. Shrub 1-3 feet ; leaves glaucous beneath. RIIODORA — Rhodo- dendron canade'nse (Azalea canade"nsis). E. Shrub 3-8 feet; leaves yellowish beneath. RHOMBIC-LEAVED AZALEA — Azalea rh6mbica (Rhododendron rhombi'cum). A. Corolla with a short tube, broadly spreading border and upper lobes spotted. (F.) F. Stamens usually 7 (rarely 5) ; bloom before leaves ; shrub 5-15 feet. VASEY'S AZALEA (442) — Azalea Vaseyi (Rhododendron Vaseyi). F. Stamens 10 ; blooming with the leaves ; shrub 2-5 feet ; branches glandular-hairy. (G.) G. Flowers purple. Azalea (Rhododendron) Albre'chtii. G. Flowers pale rose color with brownish spots. Azalea Schlip- pe"nbachii. * Leaves and flowers from the same terminal bud ; leaves thick and gen- erally evergreen ; stamens 5-10. Shrub 1-8 feet. EVERGREEN AZALEA — Azalea Indica (Rhododendron fndicum) — and its many named varieties and hybrids. Rhododendron. The RHODODENDRONS are among the most beautiful of flowering evergreens. In spring and early summer, when in bloom, the bushes, entirely covered with great heads of the large bright colored flowers and, through the year, the large thick glossy foliage render the Rhododendrons objects of great beauty. There are three or four species from which the endless hybrids have been obtained. One of these is from RHODODEXDROX 201 India, TREE ' LAriti;i. ' (443) — Rhododendron arb6reum, — another from Asia Minor, PONTIC RHOI>OI»KXI>KOX (444) — Rhododendron pdnticurn, — and two are from America, CATAWH.V RHODODENDRON (44f>) — Rhododen- dron catawbiense — and GKKAT 'LAUREL' (446) — Rhododendron maxi- mum. The leaves are alternate, often clustered at ends of branches, usually large, thick aiul leathery. Tin- flowers are large bell-shaped and somewhat irregularly 5-lobed. The stamens are usually 10 and slightly projecting from the corolla. The fruit is a usually large capsule splitting into 5 or 10 valves and with many minute seeds. The terminal buds in winter are large and many-scaled. The plants are generally from 4 to 8 feet high, though a number of alpine and northern species reach only to the height of 1 to 3 feet, while some Himalayan species grow to the height of 30 to GO feet. FIG. 443. — Tree 'Laurel.' FIG. 444. — Politic Rhododendron. A soil free from clay or lime is found best for Rhododendrons and a slightly shaded position is natural for many species. The soil should be well drained but watering is necessary in our dry summers. The Rhododendrons vie with the roses in the endless number of species and hybrids. Though there have been many attempts, no book has made practical the distinction of the varieties. A few American wild species and one from Asia are here described. Our northern \\ild species, (JitEAT 'LAi'KKi.' (440) — Rhododendron 262 DESCRIPTION'S OF THE SHRUBS maximum, — grows from G to 20 (occasionally 40) feet high. It has pale rose to nearly white flowers an inch bro.ul with some greenish in the throat and reddish or yellowish spots on the upper side. It blooms July and August. The Alleghanian species, CATAWBA RHODODENDRON (445) — Rhodo- dendron catawbtense, — grows usually from 3 to G (occasionally 20) feet high. It has lilac-purple flowers 1£ inches broad and blooms in June. The CALIFOKXIAN RHODODEN- DRON — Rhododendron califo'riiicum — grows about 8 (rarely 20) feet high. It has pink or purple flowers with the lobes more frilled or crisped than the above. The species so far given are all rather tall and without scurfy scales on the lower sides of the leaves. A FIG. 445. — Catawba Rhododendron. small American species, DOTTED- I.EAVED RHODODENDRON (447)- Rhododendron punctatuin, — rarely grows more than "5 feet high and has small leaves 2 to 5 inches long with glandular hairs and scales on the lower sides. The flowers are in small clusters more funnel- shaped, pale rose with greenish spots. All the above have flowers in clusters from large buds and fully ever- green leaves. There are species from eastern Asia where each flower is from a separate bud and the leaves are only half evergreen. They are the earliest to bloom, March to April. Probably the commonest of these is D.UII itiAN RHODODENDRON (448) — Rhododendron dahuri- 44f>. — Great 'Laurel.' LEIOPHYLLUM cum (R. dauricum), — with small leaves rolled at the edges and brownish beneath. [Seeds; twig cuttings; layers; grafting of varieties on seedlings of hardy species.] Ledum. The LABRADOR TEAS are erect branching shrubs with alternate evergreen narrow entire, rolled-edged, fragrant leaves. The small white 5-petaled flowers are in ter- minal clusters, umbels, in early summer. There are two species : NARROW-LEAVED LAB- RADOR TEA (449) — Ledum palustre, - with leaves less than ^ inch wide and 10 sta- mens to the flowers ; BROAD-LEAVED LAB- RADOR TEA (450) — Ledum grcenlandicum (L. latifolium),- ^«H\ ^} FIG. ^.--Dotled-leaved with leaves -] to finch ^ Rhododendron. wide and 5 to 10 sta- mens. The flowers of both species are from ^ to | inch wide and the 5-celled capsules are nodding, about ^ inch long, and contain many minute seeds. Neither of these plants reaches the height of over 3 feet, but the broad-leaved one is somewhat the taller. There is a taller California species, GLANDU- LAR LABRADOR TEA (451) — Ledum glandulo- sum, — but probably not in cultivation. [Seeds; layers; divisions.] FIG. 448. — Dahurian Rhododendron. FIG. 440. — Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea. edged leaves Leiophyllum (De'ndrium) buxif61iu,m. S\MP 'MYRTLE' (452) is a hardy small, 1 to 3 feet, densely branched evergreen shrub sim- ilar to the Leduins, with small thick oval rolled- inch long). The 5-petaled flowers are only about i inch 264 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS broad, white or pinkish in color, with 10 purple anthers to the stamens, April to June. The seed pod (capsule) is small, erect, 5-valved, many- seeded. To thrive it needs a sandy soil but grows well in either shade or sun. Good for rockeries or as a border plant. [Seeds ; layers, in autumn.] FIG. 450. — Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. FIG. 451. — Glandular Labrador Tea. FIG. 452. — Sand Myrtle. FIG. 453. — Sweet Clethra. CHIMAI'IIILA AM) I'YKOLA IT,:, Clethra. The Clethras or SWEET PEPFERBTSHES are beautiful sweet- scented shrubs with white (lowers in terminal slender erect, or slightly nodding, clusters in late summer and fall. The leaves are alternate, sharp-pointed, feather-veined and serrated. The flowers have the f> petals slightly united at base and 10 stamens. The fruit is a 3-angled 3-valved capsule with numerous seeds, remaining on through the year. The best and most hardy species, o to 10 feet high, SWEET CLETHKA or SWEET PEPPERIH sn (453) — Clethra alnifolia, — has the leaves wedge- FIG. 454. — Spotted Wintergreen. FIG. 455. — Pipsissewa. shaped at base and widest beyond the middle. The next in hardiness is found wild from Virginia south, SOUTHERN CLETHRA or MOUNTAIN PEP- PERBI-SH — Clethra acuminata, — a taller plant, to 15 feet, with larger leaves, 2 to 7 inches long, widest about the middle and the flowers more nodding and more hairy. Besides these two Sweet Pepperbushes there are other and more tender species found wild in the Gulf states and Mexico which might be, but probably are not yet, in cultivation. The tallest species, to 30 feet, is from eastern Asia, PHILIPPINE CLETHRA — Clethra canescens; it has such compound clusters as alnifolia but is probably not hardy North. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers ; divisions.] Chimaphila and Pyrola. The WIXTERGREENS and PIPSI-SKWAS are woody plants hardly tall enough to be included in a book of shrubs, but DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 456. — Greenish-flowered Wintergreen. FIG. 457. — Cape Plumbago. I'M;, Ij8. — Rosy Plumbago. FIG. 459. — Red-berriud Ardisia. CHIMAPHILA AM) PYROLA 267 some have such beauty of evergreen foliage and of blossom as to induce me to mention and figure them. The one with the most beautiful foliage FIG. 4(>0. — Soul hern Buckthorn. FIG. 461. — Oleander. is the SPOTTED WINTERGREEN (454) — Chimaphila maculata, — with notched dark green leaves mottled with white along the veins. A slightly taller plant with similar flowers but with unmottled bright green leaves is the PIPSISSEWA (455) — Chima- phila urnbellata. Still other winter- greens are occasionally cultivated belonging to the genus Pyrola ; they are practically stemless plants with clusters of nodding flowers on stalks 4 to 20 inches tall. All form 5-valved many-seeded pods. Two of these Pyrola wintergreens worthy of mention are Rorxn- LEAVED WlNTERGREKN - - Pyrola americana — and GREENISH-FLOW-- EREI) WlNTERGREEX (450) Pyruhl chlorantha. The I'ymlasand Clii- maphilas are difficult to cultivate and succeed only in shady places iu peaty soil. When FIG. 4C2. — Sweet-scented Oleander. 268 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS them from the woods, where found, care should be taken to secure a large ball of earth. [Divisions.] Plumbago. The PLUMBAGOS are generally blue or violet-colored ll»\vering plants hardy only South but often cultivated outdoors North in summer. The flowers have a slender tube and broadly spreading 5-lobed border, salver-shaped, growing in terminal clusters. The leaves are simple, entire-edged, smooth, usually in alternate clusters along the stems. This clustering of the leaves and the slender-tubed flowers will separate FIG. 464. — Japanese Storax. FIG. 4G3. — Broad-leaved Storax. the Plumbagos from other shrubs. The different varieties of shrubby forms have blue, violet, rose, and white flowers blooming continuously from spring to fall in the North. All the species are more oj less climbing in habit ; they show this especially in the extreme South where they are hardy. The fruit is a thin-coated one-seeded pod. The one species in must general cultivation has azure-blue flowers, except in the white variety, and blunt-tipped tapering-based leaves, CAPE PLUMBAGO (457) - Plumbago capejisis, — from South Africa. Another species, with red (lowers, from South Asia, ROSY PLUMBAGO (458) — Plumbago rosea, — lias larger leaves somewhat clasping at base. [Twig cuttings.] Ardisia. This is a large genus of tropic trees and shrubs with thick evergreen leaves; one of these is hardy in the extreme South and another WMKL1A probably hardy farther north. They have small broadly spreading 4- to 0- parted flowers and 1-seeded berry-like drupes \\hich remain on the plants over a year. RED-HKIUUED ARDISIA (459) — Ardisia crenulata — is a neat compact Shrub with peculiar wavy-margined alternate leaves and drooping clusters of very ornamental coral-red, berry-like drupes which hang mi for a year or more. The small flowers are red or rose-colored. FIG. 465. — American Storax. FIG. 4(56. — Four-winged Silver Bell. WHITE-BERRIED ARDISIA — Ardisia japdnica — has whorled serrated leaves, white flowers on red stems, and drooping white berry -like drupes. While more hardy than the former, it is not nearly so beautiful. [Seeds.] Bumelia. The BUMELIAS are popularly called BUCKTHORNS and are thorny shrubs or trees with alternate clustered entire-edged nearly or quite evergreen leaves. This genus contains no species of any great ornamental value and is rarely found in cultivation. The species most frequently met with, FALSE BUCKTHORN — Bumelia lanuginosa, — has densely hairy evergreen leaves 1 to 2| inches long. The fruit is a black berry nearly \ inch long usually with one shining seed. The flowers are minute, while, clustered in the axils of the leaves in summer. This, though usually shrubby, can grow to the height of 50 feet. SOUTH KRX BUCKTII»KV (4i>(») — Bumelia lycioides — differs in having less hairy, thinner, more 270 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS veiny, deciduous leaves. These are the only species which can be culti- vated north to Massachusetts, and even these need protection. [Seeds.] Nerium. The OLEANDERS have been very popular in the past as tub plants North and hardy plants in the extreme South. They are so well. known that a full description is scarcely necessary. The leaves are ever- green, long, slender, entire, opposite or in whorls of 3's or 4's. The FIG. 467. — Two-winged Silver Bell. FIG. 468. — Sweet-leaf . flowers are salver-shaped, an inch or more broad and often double, bloom- ing through the whole summer. There are many colors, white, light pink, dark pink, scarlet, and buff. When grown outdoors, they reach the height of 15 feet. The difficulty in their culture is due to scale insects which prefer Oleanders to almost any other plants. The common OLE- ANDER (461) — Nerium Oleander — is without odor to the flowers. There is SWEET-SCENTED OLEANDER (462) — Nerium odorimi, — which does not grow so tall. [Twig cuttings,] Styrax. This is a large group, 70 species, of mainly tropic trees and shrubs. A few are both hardy and beautiful enough to be in cultiva- tion in the United States. There are several wild American species. The first three below are hardy, if somewhat protected, north to Massa- chusetts ; the fourth, to Philadelphia ; the last, only South. They all have alternate simple usually notched leaves, and clustered drooping some- STYRAX 271 FIG. 469. — Common White Jasmine. what bell-shaped white flowers. The petals are somewhat united at base. The fruit is a one- or two-sided dry drupe -| to nearly 1 inch long in the different .species. All the species are loose and spreading in huliit. EKOAD-I.K.VVKD STOKAX (4(33) — Sty- rax Obassia — has broad rounded abruptly sharp-pointer! leaves G to 10 inches loni; with coarse notches beyond the middle. The fragrant drooping flowers are f inch long in clusters 5 to 7 inches long. May. The pointed fruit is | inch knu. JAPANESE STORAX (464) — Styrax jap6nica — has smaller leaves, 1 to 3 inches, and the smaller flowers, £ inch long, are in fewer (3- to 6-) flowered clusters, June, July. Both of these species from Japan form occa- sionally small trees growing to the height of 30 feet. The other species, given below, are only shrubs usually less than 8 feet high. AMERICAN STORAX (405) — Styrax americana — has small, 1 to 3 inches long, slightly notched smooth leaves and often solitary flowers in the axils, April to June . The rounded fruit is only about | inch in size. LARGE-LEAVED AMERICAN STORAX — Styrax grandifolia — has large leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, with the lower surface light colored and velvety with hairs, and the fragrant flowers in loose clusters 3 to 6 inches long, May ; the individual flowers are fully f inch long with broadly spreading petals. CALIFORNIA STORAX — Styrax califdr- nica. The species so far described have their petals almost always "> in number, but this California species has 5 to 8 nar- row petals forming blossoms f inch long. April. The leaves are usually notched species, but this has small, 1 to 2?7 inches long, entire- [ Fresh seeds ; layers.] FIG. 470. — Royal .Jasmine. in the other edged leaves. 272 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Halesia (Mohrode'ndron). The SILVER BELLS or SNOWDROP TREES are lar-r shrubs or small trees with beautiful white bell-like hanging flo\\ers with 4 lubes, in spring before the leaves are fully expanded. They grow well in the shade, but are not fully hardy north of Philadelphia except with some protection. The hardiest species is the first one given below ; there are but three species, all American. The fruit is elongated, ridded, dry. 1- to 3-seeded ; the leaves are simple, alternate, deciduous, feather-veined, notched. FIG. 471. — Sweet Yellow Jasmine. FIG. 472. — Italian Yellow Jasmine. FOUR-WINGED SILVER BELL, SNOWDROP TREE, or OPOSSUM WOOD (4(ji;) — Halesia Carolina (H. tetraptera, Mohrodendron carolinum) . Fruit 4-ridged or winged (l|-2 inches long), the ridges not extending down the stalk. Flowers about an inch long. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, oval, finely notched. This is the largest, most hardy, and most tree-like species, reaching the height of 50 feet or more. TWO-WIXGED SILVER BELL f4C>7) — Halesia diptera. Fruit 2-winged (l|-2 inches lung), the ridges or wings extending down the stalk. Flowers about an inch long. Leaves somewhat larger and more coarsely notched. A smaller and less hardy tree, seldom over 20 feet, usually a shrub. SMALL-FLOWERED SILVER BELL — Halesia parviflora. Always shrubby with flowers less than \ inch long and 2-winged fruit like the last but only about an iiic'h long. MKKIIVN'S Sn.vi.u BELL — llalesia Carolina Meehani — is a variety of KEY TO THE SPKCIKS OF JASMINUM 273 the first, above, with thicker leaves and more erect and bushy gm \\tli which seemingly does not produce good seeds and is propagated only by grafting on the same, H. Carolina. [Fresh seeds (except Median's).] Symplocos, SWEET-LEAF. These constitute a large group, 150 species, of mainly tropic trees with alternate simple thick usually evergreen leaves ; generally white, 5-lobed flowers in clusters and berry-like black, red, or blue fruit. Only one species (possibly two) is either shrubby, hardy, or beautiful enough to need description here. HIMALAYAN SWEET-LEAK — Symplocos cratsegoides, — 3 to 40 feet, has obovate leaves 1 to 2^ inches long, closely notched towards the tip and compound clusters, panicles (2-5 inches long), of small white fragrant flowers. -May, June. The dry drupes ripen in September and last through the fall and winter, are bright blue in color and constitute the most beau- tiful feature of the plants. An American species, SWEET-LEAF, HORSE SUGAR (468) — Symplocos tinct6ria — to 18 feet, is almost evergreen with orange-brown fruit ; the leaves are nearly entire, 4 to 6 inches long ; the flowers yellow, small, fragrant in dense clusters, April ; the fruit ripe in September. [Seeds, needing 2 years to grow ; twig cuttings.] Jasminum. The true JASMINES are popular shrubs and vines of easy culture, with white or yellowr sweet-scented flowers. The corolla has a long tube and a spreading 4- to 9-lobed border. The leaves are either opposite or alternate and generally compound (odd-pinnate) of 3 to 9 blades (some of the climbing species have but 1 blade, and thus apparently have simple leaves) . Most of the species need support even if not specially climbing in habit. Only the diffuse-growing and thus bushy jasmines are here given. Hardy only South, though two species, J. officinale and J. nudiflorum, can be grown successfully north to Washington and, with protection, to Philadelphia and New York. The fruit is 2-celled, 2-seeded, 2-lobed, a twin berry. [Twig cuttings ; layers.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JASMINUM * Flowers white ; leaves opposite and compound. (A.) A. Leaves glossy. 5-7-bladed ; stems grooved ; flowers very fragrant in terminal clusters, in summer. This is the Jessamine or Jas- mine of the poets. COMMON WHITE JASMINE or JESSAMINE (469) — Jasminum oflieinale. A Leaves glossy. 7-9-bladed with about 3 of the end blades partially grown together; branches angular and drooping; flowers larger SHRUBS — IS 274 nr.sriMPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS than the last ami apt to be tinged with red outside, summer to fall. IMHVN nr Uovu, JASMINE (470) (called by many names) — Jasminum grandiflbrum. * Flowers yellow ; leaves alternate and compound. (B.) B. Leaves glossy with 3-5 blunt blades; branches nearly round and stil'f; llowers in small terminal clusters, summer. COMMON S\VI:I:T YI.I.MAV JASMINE (471) — Jasminum odoratissimum. B. Leaves thick, evergreen with 3-7 acute blades (rarely 1 blade), MLfS more or less rolled; flowers bright in open clusters, sum- mer and fall. ITALIAN YELLOW JASMiNE(472) — Jasminum hiiinile. * Flowers yellow ; leaves opposite, deciduous, of 3 rounded blades ; branches green, 4-angled, stiff, twiggy. Where hardy, Washing- ton and South, it blooms well through most of the winter. NAKED-FLOWERED JASMINE — Jasminum nudifl6rum. Forsythia. The FORSYTHIAS or GOLDEN BELLS are very ornamental early-flowering hardy deciduous shrubs which burst into bloom as the winter is leaving, the bright yellow bell- or star-shaped flowers fairly cover the naked branches before the hard frosts are over. The corolla ^ has four long slender lobes. The tallest and most erect grow- ing species, ERECT FORSYTHIA (473) — Forsythia viridfssima, — to 10 feet, has always simple, narrow, dark green leaves with sharp notches from the center to the tip and some- what 4-sided green branches with the pith in plaits. The other species in common cultivation, WKEI-IXG FORSYTHIA (474) — Forsythia sus- pe"nsa, — has broader and shorter leaves which are frequently 3-lobed and occasionally 3-bladed, and weak almost trailing branches hollow in the center, instead of with the plaited pith of the other species. This has two well-marked varieties : the trailing variety is called SIEKOLH'S FORSYTHIA — Forsythia SielmMi; the more erect and vigorous growing variety with many 3-bladed leaves is I',,i:n HE'S F»I:-YTIIIA — Forsythia Fortune!. The first, Forsythia Sie- In, Mi, is well fitted to trail over arbors or fences, as its slender branches grow 1'J feet or more in length. FIG. 473. — Erect Forsythia. SV It ING A •27r, There is a hybrid of the two species with arching or erect branches, the leaves much like F. viridissima though occasionally -'1-lobed or 3-bladed, the Howers like F. Fortune!, HYHKID FORSYTIIIA — Forsythia intermedia. A speeirs from Europe with small entire-edged leaves, EUROPEAN F<>K- SYTIIIA (475) — Forsythia europsea, — may be in cultivation. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] FIG. • Weeping Forsythia. FIG. 475. — European Forsythia. Syringa. The LILACS are among the most popular groups of hardy shrubs in cultivation. (It is very unfortunate that Linmeus, the father of modern botany, did not leave the name Syringa where it belonged, with what he called Philadelphia. He it is who gave the name Syringa to the lilacs, although long usage still makes the name cling to the white 4-petaled flowers, his Philadelphus.) The Lilacs came from Asia, and were introduced into America at about the time of its first settlement by the Whites. There are about a dozen species in cultivation with scores of named varieties, including a number of hybrids. The color-word, lilac, indicates the general color of the flowers but, by cultivation, all shades and tints of lilac are found, in one direction towards red. in 'another towards blue, and in a third towards white. There are three species which have so nearly white flowers that they have been called privets, mainly because of this color of blossoms ; the difference between 276 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 476. — Persian Lilac. FIG. 477. — Common Lilac. FIG. 478. — Himalayan Lilac. FIG. 479. — Thick-leaved Lilac. SYRlMiA 277 these two closely related groups of plants is in the fruit ; lilacs form rather large, £ inch or more long, 2-valvetl, often flattened, few-seeded capsules, while privets form rounded 1- to 3-seeded berries. All lilacs have opposite entire-edged leaves (except the Persian, which in one vari- ety has lobed leaves) . The violet-colored lilacs in cultivation have the two stamens almost within the tube so that they show where the spreading border begins lc '^wsssa XE§*^^tes ' FIG. 480. — Japan Tree Lilac. FIG. 481. — Rouen Lilac. The yellowish-white (privet) lilacs have longer stamens projecting beyond the tube. The violet-colored lilacs have larger flowers with comparatively longer tubes. These differences must be known, as there are white varieties of several of the other species. The smallest and narrowest leaves and the only lilac with notched leaves is found on PERSIAN LILAC (476) — Syringa pe"rsica. The one with leaves next in size, ROUEN LILAC — Syringa chinensis, — belongs to a hybrid of this species and the COMMON LILAC (477) — Syringa vulgaris. The Rouen lilac has a number of varieties differing mainly in the color of the flowers : white flowers, alba ; pale purplish, Mete"nsis ; purplish-red, Sougeana ; double flowers, duplex. Many species and varieties have the characteristic lilac leaves, with a broad, nearly square base, tapering sides, and a sharp point. The <>r THE SHRUBS Privet Lilacs, with rather creamy flowers, have oval leaves, and in the case of the TREE LILAC they are very large — often 6 or 7 inches long. [Seeds; suckers; divisions; twig cuttings. ] . KEY TO THE LILACS * True Lilacs, with the larger flowers, longer tube (much longer than the border), and short stamens hardly projecting beyond the corolla. (A). A. Clusters of flowers with leaves at base ; leaves whitish beneath and acute at both ends, edge of leaves with fine hairs ; branches round. (B.) B. Stamens attached near middle of tube; clusters narrow, blooming late, June. HUNGARIAN LILAC — Syringa Josikjea. B. Stamens attached near upper end of tube. HIMALAYAN LILAC (478) — Syringa villosa. A. Clusters of flowers without leaves at base, growing from lateral buds, the terminal bud suppressed. (C.) C. End of anthers not reaching the mouth of the very slender tube ; leaves dark green above, grayish green below, 1-3 inches long. SMALL TINGHIANG — Syringa pube'scens. C. Anthers longer, tube broader. (D.) D. Leaves green and smooth on both sides, square or cordate at base. (E.) E. Leaves almost reniform, often broader than long. Earliest Lilac to bloom, May. THICK-LEAVED LILAC (-479) - Syringa oblata. E. Leaves ovate, very variable ; many named varieties. COMMON LILAC (477) — Syringa vulgaris. D. Leaves narrowed at base, l|-4 inches long. (F.) F. Leaves over half as wide as long. ROUEN LILAC (481) — Syringa chine'nsis. F. Leaves less than half as wide as long. (G.) G. Flowers pale lilac. PERSIAN LILAC (476) — Syringa pe"rsica. G. Flowers white. WHITE PERSIAN LILAC — Syringa pe"r- sica alba. F. Leaves with notched and lobed edges ; clusters small. FERN-LEAVED LILAC — Syringa pe"rsica laciniata. *LIGUSTRINA LILACS, with yellowish-white flowers and stamens, extending beyond the border of the short tube, little longer than the calyx. (H.) H. Base of leaf usually narrowed, 2-4 inches long, 1-1] broad; LKJUSTKUM 279 stamens about as lout; as tlic lobed border. CHINESE LILAC — Syringa pekinensis. H. Base of leaf usually rounded. (I.) I. Stamens about twice as long as the border ; leaves 2-fi inches long, 1^-2| broad. Shrub to 12 feet. AMI;U LILAC — Syringa amure'nsis. I. Stamens about as long as the border; leaves 3-7 inches Imii:; flowers in large clusters, often. a foot long. Tree to oO feet. JAPAN TRKK LILAC (480) — Syringa japdnica. Ligustrum. The PRIVETS are closely related to the lilacs but when they form seeds have them inclosed in rounded usually black berries in- stead of in dry pods. They have smooth bright opposite entire-edued leaves, 4-lobed white flowers in clusters, June to Aug., and rounded 1- to 3- FIG. 482. —California Privet. FIG. 483. — Common Privet. seeded berries lasting tlmumh much of the winter. All the species retain their leaves well into the fall and in the South there are a number of species with evergreen leaves. The so-called CALIFORNIA PRIVET (482) — Ligustrum ovalif61ium, — is now, beginning of the 20th century, the most popular of the hedge plants in the North. It is a handsome smooth dark green plant with somewhat stiff erect branches. 280 DKSCIMITIONS OF TIIK SHUl'liS COMMON PRIVET (483) — Ligustrum vulgurc — grows to about the same height, to !•"> feet. This has flowers with a shorter tube and more spread- ing border. Both have varieties with variegated foliage. The COMMON- I'KIVI.T lias one variety with weeping branches, Ligustrum vulgare pendulum. FIG. 484.— Wax Privet. FIG. 485. — Thick-leaved Privet. There are a dozen or more privets in cultivation with scores of named varieties. The one with the narrowest leaves, evergreen and hardy South, is Ligustrum Massalongiamim. It has warty and hairy twigs. Others, with hair-covered twigs, are, Ibota, amure'nse, and nepal^nse. [Seeds — a year or two to grow ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE PRIVETS * Slender-flowered Privets, tube 2-3 times as long as the 4-lobed border. (A. ) A. Branches hairy or velvety. (B.) B. Leaves slender and tapering at both ends, evergreen ; to 3 feet ; hardy South ; blooming July, Aug. Ligustrum Massalongiamim. B. Leaves broader, oval to ovate, 1-21 inches long, deciduous. (CO KEY TO TIIK PUIVKTS 281 C. Flowers in erect inch-lone; clusters with the flowers cally without tsteins, June ; leaves hairy at edges. Shnili to 6 feet. BRIGHT-FRI-ITED PRIVET — Ligustrum eiliatum. C. Flowers in erect 1-2^ inch long clusters with the (lowers on short steins, June, .July. A MTU PRIVET — Ligiistrnm aimm'nse. C. Flowers in nodding 1-1 \ inch long clusters with the flowers stalked, June, July. Ilanly North. IHOT.V PRIVET — Ligns- trum Ib6ta. A. Branches smooth ; leaves half-evergreen. CALIFORNIA PRIVET (482) — Ligustrum ovalifolimn. * Short-flowered 1'rivets, tube usually shorter than the spreading horder. (D. ) D. Branches more or less hairy. (E.) E. Leaves evergreen, 2-5 inches long; flower-clusters large, July, Aug. NEPAL PHIVKT — Ligustrum nepale'nse. E. Leaves half-evergreen or deciduous. (F.) F. Shrub to 15 feet with many named varieties. June, July. COMMON PRIVET (483) or PRIM — Ligustrum vulgare. F. Shrub to 8 feet with stemmed flowers in the loose 4-inch L Hi- clusters. CHINESE PRIVET — Ligustrum sin^nse. F. Shrub to 6 feet with about sessile flowers in small clusters. LATE-FLOWERING PRIVET — Ligustrum Quihoni. D. Branches smooth ; leaves evergreen, at least South. (G.) G. Bushy shrub to 10 feet ; bloom July, Aug. ; leaves 2-3 £ inches long. JAPAN PRIVET — Ligustrum japoniemn. G. Large shrub or tree to 20 feet with spreading branches ; leaves 3-5 inches long. WAX PRIVET (484) — Ligustrum lucidum. G. Dwarf shrub to 6 feet, very leafy, leaves l|-2i inches long. THICK-LEAVED PRIVET (485) — Ligustrum coriaceuin. Fi.i. 486. — Fragraut Olive. FIG. 487. — Holly-leaved Olive. 282 OF THE SHKIT-S Olea. The true OLIVKS arc hardy only South, where they are cultivated for the useful fruit and beautiful flowers; but there are a number of so- called olives belonging to other families of plants, some of which are cul- tivated in all portions of the country. All true olives have opposite thick, evergreen, usually entire-edged leaves and small white 4-lobed flowers in clusters. The stamens, as in the privets and lilacs, are two in number. The fruit-bearing olives are trees rather than shrubs, and are successfully grown only in southern California, etc. There are two species in culti- vation : the European, Olea europ;«a, and the African, Olea chrysophylla. The African can be known by the golden color to the sides of the leaves. There are several species cultivated Fir-. 488. — Common Matrimony Vine. for Iheir fragrant flowers but produce little or no fruit. These arc more prop- erly thrown into another genus, Os- nianthus. The technical distinction be- tween the two genera is found in the arrangement of the four lobes of the flower. The true Oleas have the lobes just touching at their edges, like the lilacs, while the Osmanthus flowers have their lobes more or less lapping. The FIG. 480. — Chinese Matrimony Vine. finest of these plants and the one often cultivated North in hothouses is FUA- GRA N-T OLIVE (486) — Osmanthus fragrans, — an almost continual bloomer with small deliciously scented white flowers and opposite sharply toothed evergreen leaves. When planted out in the South, where it is hardy, it needs a somewhat shaded position, at least free from midday sun. There is one species, and the most hardy of all, which has spiny-toothed OLKA 283 FK;. 4!Kj. — Leucophyllum. FIG. 491. — Yellow 'Elder.' FIG. 492. — Dwarf Catalpa. Fiu. 49.5.— Desert 'Willow.' 284 DKSCKIITIONS OK THE SHRUBS holly-like evergreen leaves i' to 4 inches long, HOLLY-LEAVED OLIVE (487) - Osmaiithus Aquifoliuiu. While the foliage looks like the holly, the arrangement on the stem shows at once the difference. All true hollies have alternate, this has opposite, leaves. The plant can be successfully cultivated with but little protection north to Philadelphia and has a number of varieties: some with variegated foliage, as aureum, yellow- Moiched; arge'nteum, white-blotched. [Seeds (slow in germination) ; twig cuttings ; suckers.] Fie. 4!»4. — Fringe-tree. FIG. 495. — Chinese Fringe-tree. Lycium. The MATRIMONY VINES or Box THORNS are spiny plants often found in cultivation because of the beautiful red or orange berries. They are, as the name indicates, vines rather than shrubs and sometimes are useful as arbor coverings. The flowering season is a long one, May to September. The leaves are mostly small, thick, nearly evergreen, alternately clustered on the drooping spiny branches. The many-seeded berries are red or reddish, hanging on through the fall. The European species, COMMON M \TIMMONY VINE (488) — Lycium halimifolium, -- is most frequent in cultivation though not so fine as the CHINESE MATRI- MO~>) — Chionantlius retiisa. [Seeds (in the fall); layers; twig cuttings (under glass).] Buddleia. The BUDDLEIAS are a group, 70 species, of beautiful shrubs (and trees, in the tropics) of rather warm climates. The leaves are opposite, simple, deciduous (or evergreen in the tropics), entire or notched. The flowers are tubular or bell-shaped with a 4-lobed border and 4 stamens included in the tube. The fruit is a 2-celled many-seeded capsule. The stems are more or less 4-sided. Only a few of the hardier nix KlITlnxS OF THE SHRUBS species are in cultivation and but one, JAPAN BUDDLEIA (496) — Buddleia j.iponiea, — can In.- grown in Massachusetts in sheltered places, though LINDLEY'S BTDDLKIA (497) — Buddleia Lindleyana, — and HYBIUD BUDD- i i i \ — Buddleia intermedia, — (killed to the ground) are apt to grow up and bloom in the middle slates. Most of them bloom through the sum- mer. All are best lilted for the southern states. They should have well- drained soil and sunny position. [Seeds; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BUDDLEIA * Flout is in elongated terminal clusters with long slender tube and spreading border. (A.) A. Flowers violet or lilac with no orange- yellow. (B.) B. Leaves 3-0 inches long and slightly notched ; flower-clusters 4-8 inches long and somewhat pendulous at the tips; stems winged at the 4 edges. JAPAN BUDDLEIA (4!)(J) — Buddleia japdnica. B. Leaves 2—4 inches long, pale beneath, slightly notched ; clusters ;!-•") inches long and erect ; stem 4-sided. LINDLEY'S BUDDLEIA (4<»7) _ Buddleia Lindleyana. B. Leaves 4-5 inches long, dark green above ; clusters 10-20 inches long and arching. HYBRID BUDDLEIA — Buddleia intermedia. B. Leaves often whorled in 3's ; branches distinctly 4-winged ; clusters 4-6 inches long and erect with rosy violet flowers. Hiiddleia intermedia insignis. A. Flowers violet with orange-yellow mouth in dense erect clusters 4-6 inches long. CHINESE BUDDLEIA (498) — Buddleia vari- abilis. A. Flowers yellow, in winter ; leaves dark above, whitish or yellow- ish below. Hardy only in extreme South. MADAGASCAR Briu>- I.KIA (4!!'.)) — Buddleia madagascariensis. * Flowers large, 1 inch wide, with a broad tube purple or crimson with white mouth. COLVILL'S BUDDLEIA (500) — BUDDLKIA ( Yilvillei. * Flowers in globular, head-like, axillary, long-stemmed clusters, orange-yellow. GLOBE-FLOWERED BUDDLEIA (501) — Buddleia globbsa. Cary6pteris Mastacanthus. BUT. ' SIMREA ' or CHINESE BEARDWORT (502) is a beautiful, late-tlowering plant. August to November, shrubby only at base. It is fully hardy South, and in the North, if cut back in tin- spring, it will grow vigorously and bloom in the fall. It has opposite VITKX 289 deeply-notched leaves, and axillary clusters of blue (or white) llnwers in stalked clusters. The leaves are 2 to 3 inches long. The llnwers have a 5-lobed oblique-edged border and 4 protruding stamens. The fruit sepa- rates into 4 seed-like nutlets. (Called BLUE ' SIM RE A ' by the nursery- men.) [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Callicarpa. The CALI.K'ARPAS are opposite-leaved shrubs, with axil- lary clusters of small, usually blue berries, which remain on bright FIG. 5U2. — Blue ' Spirea.' Fiu. 503. — American Callicarpa. through the late fall. The simple leaves are serrated and deciduous. These interesting plants are hardy with a little protection. The tallest, to 0 feet, and in fruit the handsomest species, is the AMERICAN CALLICAUPA, the so-called FRENCH MULHERUY (503) (504) — Callicarpa amerieana. It grows wild in Virginia and south, but is not so hardy Xorth as either of the species from Eastern Asia. Of these the taller growing, 2 to 5 feet, is JAPAN CALLICARPA — Callicarpa japonica, — and the smaller, BEAUTY FRUIT or SMALL CALLICAUPA (505) — Calli- carpa purpurea. [Twig cuttings (under glass) ; layers ; seeds.] Vitex. The CHASTE-TREES are shrubs or small trees, with compound leaves having 5 to 7 blades all fastened to the end of the leaf-stalk AIMiAlt's SHRUKS 19 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 504. — American Callicarpa. FIG. 505. — Small Callk-arpa. . (palmate). The flowers are lilac (sometimes white), in clusters at the tips of the branches. The individual flowers are small and lopsided, July to September. The whole plant has a spicy odor when bruised. The spe- cies most common in cultivation has nearly entire-edged blades to its su J. t 1 , , • \ , I CJ * ^ f As ^ A !•'!<:. 50G. — Cliaslc-trcc. (!. 507. — Cut-leaved Chaste-tree. CLERODENDRON leaves, and is hardy, with some protection, to Massachusetts, CHA-II- TRKK (50(i) — Vitex Agnus-e.astus. Another species about as hardy, though not so beautiful iu flower, has the leaf-blades deeply and irregu- larly cut, or in some cases divided, CUT-LEAVIM ( 'n \STK-TKI .\: (-")07) - Vitcx incisa. There are other species of the genus, but probably these are the only ones in cultivation. [Seeds, in spring ; twig cuttings ; layers.] FIG. 508. — Japan Clerodendron. FIG. 509. — Chinese Clerodeiidron. Clerodendron. The CLERODENDRONS are mainly tropic plants with beautiful flowers. Some are climbing, others shrubby and erect, still others are herbaceous ; none are fully hardy North. The most hardy species in cultivation is a hairy, somewhat woody plant, 4 to 12 feet high, with mainly opposite, soft, nearly entire-edged leaves. The flowers are in large terminal clusters, with a reddish-brown calyx surrounding a white corolla, and long stamens, JAPAN CLERODEXDHON (508) — Cleroden- dron trichotomum. All the Clerodendrons can be known by the 5-toothed usually inflated calyx of one color, and a broadly spreading, 5-lobed, .slightly irregular corolla, often of a different color. The corolla has a slender and usually long tubular portion, with 4 very long stamens. There are many species in cultivation in Florida and California. One. TURK'S TURBAN — Clerodendron Siphonanthus, -- has very showy red 292 DESCRIPTIONS ()]•' THK SHRUBS drupes, which remain on the erect shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, a long time, and give i In1 plant its value, as the white flowers are small and inconspicuous. The only shrubby species with brilliant scarlet flowers, CHINESE CLERO- I>E XDRON (509) — Clerodendron squamatum, — grows 4 to 10 feet high and has opposite, round-heart-shaped, long-pointed, entire-edged leaves. This is hardy in the open only in southern Florida and southern California, but is frequent in cultivation in warm greenhouses North. A more hardy species, SPINY CLEKODENDKON (510) — Clerodendron fcetidum, — with FIG. 510. — Spiny Clerodendron. FIG. 511. — Sweet Clerodendron. lilac-purple flowers and spiny branches, can be grown as far north as Phila- delphia, though it kills to the ground every winter. It sprouts up every summer, and is in bloom in August. The bruised leaves have a disa- greeable odor, whence the specific name. The opposite leaves are long- stalked and coarsely toothed ; the flowers form a broad cluster, 4 to 8 inches broad. Another species with ill-scented leaves, toothed, opposite, but with the tube of the corolla very much shorter than in the above (about the length of the large calyx), is SWEET CLERODENDROX (511) — Cleroden- dron frairrans. The fragrance is in the flowers, which are nearly white, "Urn double and close-clustered, somewhat hydrangea-like. Hardy only in Florida and California. [Twig cuttings; seeds.] CLERODENDRON i 293 FIG. 512. — Shrubby Germander. FIG. 513. — Rosemary. FIG. 514. — Swamp Bay. FIG. 515. — Alligator • IVar.' 294 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Teucrium fruticans. The SHRUBBY GERMANDER (512) is a wide-branch- slmil'by plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with opposite, entire-edged, ovate leaves, and small blue lopsided newel's, forming terminal and lateral rlusters. The flowers seem to have all the lobes turned down, and the 4 stamens projecting from a notch on the upper side. The fruit is like 4 seeds (nutlets) on the bottom of the 5-lobed green calyx. This is a plant recommended for dry places South. It has a long blooming season. [Seeds.] FIG. 516. — Sassafras. FIG. 517. — Caper-bush. Rosmarinus officinalis. The ROSEMARY (513) or OLD MAN is an aromatic plant, with opposite linear leaves rolled at the edges. The 2-lipped light blue flowers are in axillary clusters in early spring, the stamens are 2, projecting from the flower. It is nearly hardy North, and grows to the height of 2 to 4 feet. The fruit is a collection of nutlets in the calyx. It is recommended for hedges in the extreme South. The leaves are used for making Hungary water and the oil of rosemary. [Seeds.] Persea. The PERSEAS are aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate simple thick entire evergreen leaves, small regular white or greenish flowers (-J-J- inch), and 1-soeded drupe-like fruit. The species in cultivation are small trees rather than shrubs, and none are fully hardy North. 1'KRSEA 295 FIG. 518. — Spice Bush. FIG. 519. — Leatherwood. RED or BULL BAY — Persea Borbonia (P. carolinensis) — is wild from Virginia south, grows to the height of 40 feet, and has blue berries, \ inch long, on red stems. FIG. 520. — Common Mezereon. FIG. 521.— Pink Garland Daphne. 296 DKSCKIITIOXS OK THE SHRUBS SWAMP BAY (514) — Persea pube"scens, — wild from North Carolina south, is a small tree or shrub with the branchlets and other parts hairy, creamy white flowers (| inch), and dark blue drupes £ inch long. A I.I.ICATOI; -I'KAK' (515) — Persea gratissima, — of California, and Florida, has a slightly pear-shaped green fruit, several inches long, used a- a salad and very palatable. A tree 20 to 30 feet high. [Layers; twig cuttings.] FIG. 522. — White Garland Daphne. FIG. 523. — Silky Daphne. Sassafras. SASSAFRAS (516) — Sassafras variifolium (S. offieinale) — is an aromatic shrub or tree growing in some cases to the height of 100 feet. It has alternate simple entire to 3-lobed leaves without notches or serrations. As the plant is dioecious, only those with pistillate flowers have the blue 1-seeded fruit, | inch long, on red stems. The flowers bloom be- fniv the leaves are expanded. The bark on young twigs is green with a purplish shade on the light side. The bark of the roots is peculiarly aromatic, and is often used in beer making. [Seeds ; suckers ;.root cuttings.] Capparis. This genus of over 100 mostly tropic plants is here repre- sented by the one species fiom which the genus is named. CAPER-HI *n 517) or CA PER- FREE — ( 'apparis spinosa, — from which capers are made DIKCA 297 by preserving the dried flower-buds. This spiny shrub (3 fed ) is sometimes cultivated in greenhouses North. Leaves deciduous, roundish, entire. The white wavy-petaled flowers (~2 inches broad) with numerous stamens are borne singly in the axils of the alternate leaves. Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Benzbin. SnrK T5rsn or BENJAMIN Brsii (">18) — Benzoin a>stivale (B. Benzoin B. odon'feruui), — is a very aromatic smooth shrub, to 15 1'eet, FIG. 524. —Olive-like Daphne. FIG. 525. — Hybrid Daphne. with alternate simple entire deciduous leaves and oblong red 1 -seeded fruit a half inch long. The oval leaves are :! to "> inches long. The small yellow flowers expand in very early spring. This is practically the only species of the genus in cultivation, and it is not often found in shrubberies. The bark is peculiarly spicy. [Fresh seeds ; layers; twig cuttings.] Dirca paliistris. LEATIIERWOOP, MOOSEWOOD, or WICOPY (519) is a small tree-like shrub, 2 to 0 feet high, with yellowish green twigs. tough bark, and alternate simple oval entire deciduous leaves. The fruit is an oblong red drupe }, inch long. The flowers are small in umbel-like clusters in early spring, April, May. It is rare in cultivation, but grows wild in shady places from Canada south. [Seeds ; layers.] •JDS INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Daphne. The DAPHNES are very interesting small shrubs with clus- tered hriulit colored sweet-scented small flowers, in winter and early spring. The Mossoms are 4-lobed, lilac-shaped, with 8 stamens included in the lulmhir portion. The fruit is a leathery 1-seeded drupe. Only four or five species are hardy North but many are or could be cultivated out- doors South. Most species have alternate simple entire-edged leaves, a tew have opposite leaves. All have thick or thickish, and more than half the species evergreen, leaves. The best method for determining Daphnes from other plants with tubular 4-lobed flowers is to notice that the bright I ' i « ; . •>•_>< J . — Wood Daphne . FIG. 527. — Poutic Daphne. flower part in such shrubs as the lilac, the privet, and the true olives has a green calyx at base with 2 stamens at the mouth of the corolla ; the Bouvardias have the same kind of calyx at base and 4 stamens at mouth of flower ; the Buddleias have a calyx at base and 4 stamens included in the tube about halfway down ; while the Daphnes have no outside part (in this case the bright part is a calyx and there is no corolla) and there are 8 small stamens in the tube. Most Daphnes grow well in either shade or sun. [Seeds — slow to germinate; layers; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THIO DAPHNES 29!) KEY TO THE DAPHNES * Leaves deciduous; flowers lilac to purple in axillary clusters Feb. to April, before the leaves. (A.) A. Leaves alternate, wedge-shaped ; shrubs erect, to 4 feet. (B.) B. Flowers usually 3 without stalks ; leaves green above, gray below. COMMON MEZEKEON or DAPHNE (520) — Daphne Meze- reurn. B. Flowers 2-4 with short stems ; leaves purple, almost evergreen. Daphne Houtteana. A. Leaves opposite, oblong, 1^-2 inches long ; flowers 3-7 in short- stalked clusters. JAPANESE DAPHNE — Daphne (ienkwa. * Leaves evergreen, alternate (2d B above might be looked for here). (CO C. Trailing or creeping plants with many-flowered terminal clusters (April- June) and wedge-shaped leaves ; flowers fragrant. (D.) D. Flowers pink; leaves ^-1 inch long. PINK GARLAND DAPHNE (521) — Daphne Cne6rum. D. Flowers white or creamy ; leaves 1-1J inch long. WHITE OAK- LAND DAPHNE (522) — Daphne Blagayana. C. Erect, 1-5 feet high. (E.) E. Flowers densely hairy outside in few-flowered terminal heads. (F.) F. Flowers purple, f inch long, with bracts ; leaves 1-2 inches long. SILKY DAPHNE (523) — Daphne serfcea. F. Flowers white or nearly so, } inch long, no bracts. OLIVE- LIKE DAPHNE (524) — Daphne oleoides. F. Flowers reddish purple, very fragrant, large. HYBRID DAPHNE (525) — Daphne hybrida. E. Flowers smooth outside or nearly so. (G. ) G. Flowers in dense terminal clusters, white, red to purple, very fragrant. SWEET DAPHNK — Daphne odora. G. Flowers in 5-10-flowered axillary clusters, odorless, March- May. WOOD DAPHNE (520) — Daphne Laureola. G. Flowers in 1-3-flowered axillary clusters, fragrant, April- May. PONTIC DAPHNE (527) — Daphne pontica. Daphne Mezereum, D. Cneorum, D. Blagayana are hardy to Massachu- setts, D. Laureola, D. pontica to New York, others only South. Polygonum. The POLYGONUMS form a large genus, 200 species, of mainly herbaceous plants, but two of them appear so like bushy shrubs they an- introduced here, though they die down to the ground in winter. 300 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS The plainest peculiarity of the plants is the sheath around the stem above the attachment of the alternate simple leaf. The small 4- or 5-parted ilowi-rs are generally in spike-like clusters. The species here given grow up from the roots each spring and show abundant nearly white small llowers, in summer. [Seeds; divisions.] FIG. 528. — Siebold's Polygonum. FIG. 529.— Sacaline. * Bushy-growing plant with graceful curving stem 3-5 feet high ; leaves large, about as wide as long, and peculiarly square at base ; white flowers abundant. SIEBOLD'S POLYGONUM (528) — Polygonum cuspidatum (P. Sieboldi). * Larger and more vigorous plants 8-12 feet high with larger and pro- portionally narrower leaves, sometimes a foot or more long, dis- tinctly heart-shaped at base. This plant is too luxuriant and with such a tendency to spread as to become a pest. SACALINE (520) — Polygonum sachaline'nse. Elaeagnus.1 The Elseagnus genus are shrubs or small trees with alter- nate leaves covered on one or both sides with silvery scales. These leaves are either entire- or crisped-edged. The fruit is olive-like, 1-seeded. There are many species in cultivation for the silvery foliage and the edible 1 For general key In plants with silvery scales on their leaves see p. 304. KL.KAi.MS 301 FIG. 530. — Oleaster. FIG. 531. — Oleaster. fruit. The tallest growing species is the so-called Rrssi.vx 'OLIVE' or OLEASTER (530) (531) — Elaeagnus angustifolia, — growing to the height of 25 feet. This is a spiny plant with light green leaves 2 to 3 inches FIG. 532. — Spiny Oleaster. FIG. 533. — Small-leaved EUcagnus, 302 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHKl 1'.^ FIG. 534. — Japanese Oleaster. FIG. 535. — Japanese Goumi. long and oval silvery-scaled yellow fruit a half inch or more long. A variety still more spiny is SPINY OLEASTER (532) — Elaeagnus spinosa.- Another similar spiny tall-growing species, to 18 feet, with broader leaves and nearly globular pink fruit i inch long is SMALL-LEAVED ELAEAG- NUS (533) — Elfeagnus parvifolia. A brownish-twigged spreading species, to 12 feet, with deciduous leaves and red juicy late-ripening fruit is JAPANESE OLEASTER or EL.EAGNUS (534) — Elseagnus umbel- lata. This is frequently spiny with FIG. 53(5. — Sea Buckthorn. FIG. 537. — Buffalo Berry. SHEPHERDIA 303 the leaves crisped at edge and no brown scales beneath. A similar spread- ing shrub, to 8 feet, with in> spines but with some brown scales on tlie lower sides of the crisped leaves is Ela-agnus multiflora. A still smaller shrub, to (j feet, \vith brown branches and many brown scales on the lower sides of the oval leaves is JAPVNKSK (ioi \n (53")) — Eheagnus longipes. 'Ihis is common in cultivation and ripens its ornamental fruit very early, June, July. The above are all hardy North and well worthy of cultivation. There are two or more evergreen species in cultivation South; of these the one with silvery-white twigs and no spines is KLeagnus maerophylla ; while the shrub with brown and usually spiny twigs is Ela-agnus pungens. This last is a very variable species, several named varieties having varie- gated foliage. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; layers; root cuttings.] Hipp6phae.1 The SEA BUCKTHORX (536) — Hippophae rhamnoides— is an alternate leaved spiny shrub or small tree with foliage covered with silvery scales, like the last genus. It is cultivated mainly for the clustered bright orange-red berries the size of peas, which remain through the winter. The almost linear leaves, grayish-green above and silvery below, give variety and beauty in summer to a shrubbery. As the plant is somewhat dioecious, care must be taken to have stamen-bearing plants enough to fertilize those with pistils, so that the ornamental fruit may be formed in abundance. The small yellowish flowers are clustered in 2's and 3's in May, and the berries ripen in September. The Hippophae flower is 2-lobed or 2-parted, while those in Elaeagnus are 4-lobed. [Layers; twig cuttings ; root cuttings ; seeds.] Shephe"rdia.2 SHEPHEKDIAS are silvery-scaled plants similar to the last genus, but the leaves are opposite instead of alternate on the steins. They are not nearly so frequent in cultivation. The only species fairly in the trade is the BUFFALO BERRY (537) — Shepherdia arge"ntea, — a thorny shrub or tree reaching the height of 18 feet with the foliage silvery on both sides and with small (J inch) globular red or yellow fruit. Another species is a spreading twiggy shrub 3 to 7 feet high without thorns, but with brownish-scurfy twigs and leaves, and oval hardly edible fruit, CANADIAN BUFFALO BERRY — Shepherdia canade"nsis, — very rare in cultivation. These two species are deciduous. There is a small evergreen species from Utah, Shepherdia rotundif61ia, with round-oval silvery leaves and stalked scurfy berries ripe in July. All the species are more or less dioecious, and so need staininate and pistillate forms in order to produce fruit. [Seeds.] 1 For general key to plants with silvery scales on their leaves, see p. :>04. 2 Ibid. 30-4 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SILVERY-SCALED SHRUBS — EL.EA.G- NUS, HIPPOPHOE, AND SHEPHERDIA * Leaves alternate, deciduous ; hardy ; flowering in the spring, April- June. (A.) A. Hranchlets and under sides of the leaves silvery-white without any bro\vn or reddish scales; shrubs or trees to '20 feet with leaves 2-3 inches long. (B.) B. Leaves entire and not crisped at edges; berries usually large, oval, yellow coated with silvery scales, axillary, 1-3 in a clus- ter. Often spiny (the most spiny form is SPINY OLEASTER (532), var. spinosa) : RUSSIAN 'OLIVE,' GARDEN EL^EAGNUS or OLEASTER (530) (531) — Elaeagnus angustifolia. B. Leaves crisped at edges; flowers and fruit crowded on short side shoots ; berries nearly globular, silvery when young, pink in summer when ripe (i inch long). SMALL-LEAVEIJ ELJEAG- N is (533) — Eheagnus parvifolia. A. Branchlets with reddish or l.rownish scales, sometimes with some silvery scales ; leaves silvery below but frequently with 1 inwnish scales. (C.) C. Fruit decidedly juicy, some shade of red or scarlet, edible. (D.) D. Fruit nearly globular, short-stalked, erect, 1 inch long, ripe Sept. or Oct.; leaves crisped at edge and without brown scales beneath. Shrub to 12 feet, often spiny. JAPANESE OLEASTER (534) — Elseagnus umbellata. ' D. Fruit oval, erect or nodding, ripe July or Aug. on stems about as long as the fruit, | inch; leaves with a few brown scales beneath, not crisped at edges. Spreading shrub to 8 feet. EL.EAGNUS — Elseagnus multiflora. D. Fruit pendulous, oblong, f inch long on stems over an inch long, ripe June or July. Shrub to 6 feet. JAPANESE GOUMI (535) — Elseagnus 16ngipes. C. Fruit rather dry, silvery white, oval, %-$ inch long on short stems, ripe July, Aug. Erect spineless shrub to 12 feet; leaves silvery on both sides and with brownish scales beneath. EL/EACMS or SILVERBERRY -- Elseagnus arge'ntea. C. Fruit somewhat poisonous, though eaten by birds, bright orange, globular (\ inch), in clusters, found in abundance but' only on a portion of the plants as the flowers are dioecious ; leaves very slender, grayish -ITCH above and silvery below. Branches end- nig in sharp spines. SEA BICKTHORN (530) — Ilippophae rhamnoides. KEY TO TftE SILVERY-SCALED SHRUBS, ETC. 305 * Leaves alternate, evergreen ; usually flowering in the fall ; hardy only South, small shrubs to U feet. (E.) E. Branchlets silvery-white ; no spines ; leaves broad, silvery be- neath. LA ROK-I.E AVICI) EVERGREEN EL.EAliM S — EltgagllUS macrophylla. E. Branchlets In-own; usually very spiny ; leaves oval, undulate, 2-4 inches long, silvery beneath with some brownish scales; fruit short-stalked, ;| inch long, covered with silvery and brown scales; leaves often variegated with blotches and lines of white, yellow, or pink, giving rise to several named varieties. THORNY EVER- GREEN EI..I LONGS — Elaeagnus pungens. * Leaves opposite, deciduous, entire, 1-2 inches long, densely silvery beneath. Hardy American plants sometimes cultivated for the sil- very foliage or edible fruit; more or less completely dioecious. (F.) F. Without thorns ; twigs brown-scurfy ; leaves oval ; shrub 4-8 feet high, rarely cultivated ; fruit red or yellow, oval, \ inch long, hardly edible. SHEPHERDIA or CANADIAN BUFFALO BERRY - Shepherdia canade'nsis. F. With numerous thorns; young twigs silvery; leaves oblong- lanceolate ; berries globular, red or yellow (\ inch), sour, edible, ripe July, Aug. Upright tall shrub to 18 feet. BUFFALO or RABBIT BERRY (537) — Shepherdia argentea. * Leaves opposite, evergreen, entire, round-oval and somewhat cordate at base. Dioecious bush from Utah. Shepherdia rotundifolia. l-'i<;. ">:«. — G-revillea. APGAR'S SHRUBS — 20 FIG. 539. — American Mistletoe. 30G DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Grevillea robiista. GRKVILI.KA (5:18), the so-called SILK 'O.\K,' is a iit'ul tVrn-leaved plant \\hich in the open in the extreme South forms a tall tree. It is usually cultivated as a pot plant, and in this condition has its greatest heaut\ \\lien less than 10 feet high, so it is raised each \ear from seeds. The (lowers and fruit are .small and inconspicuous, and. of course, do not appear on these young plants. Very ornamental as a foliage plant. [Seeds.] Phoradendron flavescens. The AMERICAN MISTLETOE (5.39) grows wild as a parasitic plant on several deciduous trees, more frequently on the Sour (him and the Ked Maple, and is gathered for Christmas decorations. It grows in large dense bunches, with opposite, entire, fleshy, yellowish-green evergreen leaves and stems, and small white globular berries. [Seeds.] FIG. 541. — Chinese Elm. FIG. 540. — Common Boxwood. Buxus. The BOXWOODS or Box THEES are extensively cultivated ever- green shrubs or small trees with small opposite entire leaves. They are dense but slow L rowing plants, frequently used for pruning into fantastic shapes and as borders to flower beds and paths. There are a score of named varieties differing in size of leaves and tallness of growth. The flowers and fruit are inconspicuous. Tlie tallest growing form sometimes reaches the height of 25 feet, TREE Box or COMMON BOXWOOD (540) — Buxus seinpe'rvirens, — with square, and siiini'what hairy stems- and rounded leaves -| to 1} inch long. This species has several f»rms \\ith variegated foliage: arge'nteo-marginata, \\hite-edued; a hreo-marginata, yellow-edged ; aiirea, yellow-leaved. The smallest Crowing form of this Chinese species is suffruticdsa (nana). A less hardy species growing to the height of 0 feet with more wedge-shaped leaves is the JAPAN Box — Buxus japonica, — this also has several color r.rxt s 307 I FIG. M2. — Fig. FIG. 543. — India Rubber Plant. FIG. 544. — Variable-leaved Rubber Plant. FIG. 54"). — Fiddle-leaved Rubber Plant. 308 DKSCRirnoxs OF TIIK SHRUBS \ arieties. A smooth and almost prostrate shrub with leaves > to 1 inch long is tin1 SMALL-LEAVED Box — Buxus uiicrophylla. Ihe least hardy species is the SPANISH I'n>x — Buxusbale- arica, — with lighter-colored and larger leaves, 1 to 2 inches long. [Twig cuttings ; divisions ; seeds.] Ulmus. The ELMS are almost entirely tall trees, hut there are two small and somewhat shrubby species from eastern Asia some- times cultivated. These are WEEPING ELM — Ulmus pumila— and CHINESE ELM (541) — Ulmus parvifolia. The latter has thicker leaves and the former more of a •weeping habit. The leaves <>f both are alternate, small, usually about an inch long, and some- what oblique at base and straight- veined, like other elms. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] FIG. 546. — Rusty-leaved India Rubber Plant. Ficus. This genus is a very large one, 000 species, of mainly tropic plants, many of them climbing and more or less parasitic and including the noted BANYAN TREE, the INDIA RUBBER PLANT, the FIG (hardy from Virginia south), and many conservatory creepers, etc. They all have abundant milky juice and all except one in cultivation in the United States have alternate simple leaves. The fig has large deeply 3- to 5- lobed rough leaves and solitary axillary pear-shaped luscious fruit. The India rubber plant has oblong smooth entire leaves with many parallel side-veins. [Layers.] KEY TO THE SHRUBBY AND TREE-LIKE FORMS OF FICUS * Cultivated for the fruit; with radiately 3-7-lobed wavy-edged leaves ; growing l'>-.}() feet high. Fi<; (542) — Ficus Carica. * Cultivated for ornament indoors in the North, hardy only in the ' extreme South. (Many species are omitted because of creeping or climbing habits or because, when grown outdoors, they become great trees.) (A.) K\'.\ TO THE SHUrmiY AND TREE-LIKE FICS 309 A. Leaves alternate. (B.) B. Leaves thick and leatlien , u and smooth below. (C.) C. Leaves lar-e. oLlong, entire, with many side-veins. INDIA Ki i-.i-.icu I'I.ANT (543) — Ficus eldstiea. C. Lea\cs entire nr s KH: — Ficus qiiercit'ulia. C. Leaves with 5-7 side-veins, with ear-like lobes at base, a t'not nr nioi-e lunu;. FIIH>I.I:-LI:AVEI> RUBBER PLANT (545) — Ficus pandurata. . Leaves thick and rusty below and more or less notched at tip and base. RTSTV-LEAVED INDIA RuiuiEU PLANT (5KJ;- Ficus rubigin6sa. B. B. Leaves rounded (o inches IOUL;), thick and densely covered with wodlly hairs below. PALMER'S HIUBER PLANT — Ficus Piilmei-i. Leaves thin and membranous, li lit j^reen blotched with white. PARCELL'S RUBBER PLANT -- Ficus Parcdli. A. Leaves usually opposite, entire or somewhat toothed. ROUGH RUBBER PLANT — Ficus hfspida. Vic.. 547. — Osage ' Orange.' Fio. 54S. — Wax ' M\rll,-.' 310 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 549. — Sweet Gale. FIG. 551. — Sweet 'Fern.' FIG. 550. — AVaxberry. Maclura. USAGE ' ORANGE ' (547) — Maclura (T6xylon) poini- fera — is a thorny shrub or tree with alternate entire glossy leaves having milky juice. The large orange-like fruit gives name to the plant. In the past it was extensively used for hedges ; for this it was well fitted, because of its thorns and dense growth. The introduction of wire fences has lessened its value to the hor- ticulturist and now it is generally seen as a tree from 30 to 50 feet high. The short sharp thorns about an inch long just above the bases of the ovate entire leaves (4 inches long) together with the abundant milky juice \\ill enable the reader to separate this from other plants. [Seeds.] I5ETULA 111 I Myrica and Compt6nia. WAX>.MM;TLK' (548) — Myriea cerifera,- SWEET G.VI.E (549) — Myrica Gale, — WAXBERKI <>r I'.AYIIKKIM (5~>0)- Myrica camline'nsis, — and SWKKT % FKKN ' (.V>1) —Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifnlia. — are fragrant plants with alternate simple leases, inconspic- uous flowers, and waxy or bur-like dry ulolndar fruits. They are wild shrubs raiv in cultivation. The SWKKT ' FKKN' receives its name I'n.m ihe fern-like appearance < f its leaves and is useful to cover, with its dense foliage, rocky barren and shady places. [Seeds; layers; twig cuttings.] * Leaves narrow and notched like a fern; fruit bur-like. SWEKT • FI.KN' (551) — Myrica (Comptonia) asplenifolia. * Leaves entire or with few notches ; fruit globular, \\axy. (A.) A. Low shrubs always less than 10 feet high ; leaves usually blunt at tip. (B.) B. Twigs dark brown ; leaves small, l-2£ inches long. SWEET GALE (549) — Myriea Gale. B. Twigs gray; leaves lamer. 2-4 inches long. WAXBEKRY (550) or BAYBEKUY — Myrica carnlinensis. A. Tall shrub, sometimes a small tree to 40 feet ; leaves generally with acute tips. WAX 'MYRTLE' (548) — Myrica cerffera. Betula. The BIRCHES are mainly tall hardy trees but there are«everal species shrubby in growth and frequent in cultivation. The birches have alternate simple straight-veined notched leaves, sometimes cut into lobes. FIG. 552. — European White Birch. FIG. 553. — Scrub Birch. 312 DKSCIUITIOXS OF THE SHRUBS The species seen with chalky bark is generally the WHITE BIRCH — Betula alba — of Europe, \vhirh grows to the lieight of 80 feet in its regular form. '1 here are a score of named varieties some of which are low trees and some only shrubs, as EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH — Betula p£ndula'(552). The four species always shrubby in growth are : SCKCB or DWARF BIRCH (553) — Betula glandulosa, — 1 to 4 feet high with rounded small leaves, i to 1 inch long, and brown glandular warty twigs; DWARF BIRCH (-354) - Betula nuna, — a low spreading smooth shrub rarely 4 feet high with small rounded notched leaves broader than long ; Low or SWAMP FIG. 554. — Dwarf Birch. FIG. 555. — Low Birch. BIRCH (555) — Betula pumila, — 2 to 15 feet high with longer and less rounded leaves having dense brownish hairs below when young ; and SHRUBBY BIRCH (556) — Betula humilis, — 2 to 0 feet high, with glandular twigs aaid crenately-serrate smooth leaves £ to 1| inches long. [Seeds.] Alnus. The ALDERS are generally shrubby plants growing abundantly along streams and in damp places. They have alternate simple straight- veined notched deciduous leaves and dry rounded cones which remain on the bushes throughout the year ; these cones are the best test of the alders. Most have catkin flowers opening in early spring. The species with fall catkins is usually a tree to 30 feet. SKASII.K AI.I.K.K (557) — Alnus maritinia. — which has shining foliage and yellow catkins in August to September. COUYLUS 313 The smallest species is the GREEN or MOI-NTAIN ALDER (558) — Aluus crispa (A. viridis),— which never grows to over 10 feet. It can lie surely known by the winged nuts or seeds, in the cones, nearly \ inch wide. The other two American species are : SPECKLKI> or HOARY AI.DKR (550) — Alnus ineana. — • with leaves hairy 1 e- neath, at least on the veins; and SMOOTH ALDER (5GO) — Alnus ru- gosa, — with leaves green and smooth on both sides. The tallest species and the only one which grows well in dry places is BLACK ALDER (50 1 ) — Alnus glutinosa — of Europe, with gummy twigs, sometimes reaching the height of 70 feet. • The figures given illus- trate the great variety of foliage in the forms of this species. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; suckers.] C6rylus. The HAZELNITS and FILBERTS are shrubby plants with rounded hard-shelled nuts inclosed more or less in green leaf-like bracts. The leaves are alternate, simple, straight-veined with notched edges. The three common species can be best separated by means of the difference in the bracts which surround the nuts : in the BEAKED HAZELXUT (">) - Corylus americana, — 3 to 8 feet high, these bracts form a fringe-like border generally hiding the nut ; the Euitori AN FILBERT (5(54) — Cory- lus Avellana — grows much taller, to 15 feet, and never has the iTacts fully hilling the nut, Of this last species, which has been culti- vated for centuries, there are many named varieties: aurea, yellow leaves; laciniata, deeply cut leaves; pe'ndula, weeping; etc. The other Fir,. 556. — Shrubby I'.iivli. FIG. 557. — Seaside Alder. 314 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS species of filberts are so rare in cultivation that none need be mentioned in tliis book except I'i I:PI,I:-LEAVEI> FILBERT — Corylus maxima purpiuva, — which is cultivated for its deep purplish red leaves rather than for fruit. [Seeds; suckers.] Quercus. The OAKS are nearly all tall trees and the few shrubby forms are practically never cultivated and so this book of ornamental shrubs needs no place for them. The acorn fruit is distinctive and sepa- rates oaks from all other plants. BEAR or BLACK Sc HUB OAK (565) — Quercus ilicifolia — is a spread- ing shrub 5 to 10 feet high with tangled branches and 3- to 7-lobed leaves, the lobes ending in bristles and the lower side covered with whitish hairs. CHINQUAPIN OAK- Quercus prinoides — is rarely over 8 feet high with wavy-edged leaves having 4 to 8 blunt teeth on each side. [Acorns.] FIG. 558. — Green Alder. Castanea. This genus includes the CHESTNUT trees and the CHIN- QUAPIN shrubs and may be known by the alternate simple straight- veined leaves and the large spiny- coated fruit with more or less ^ rounded nuts. CHINQUAPIN (566) — Castanea puroila — is a handsome shrub or tree 6 to 50 feet high with a single (rarely 2) nut, ^ inch, in a prickly bur. The leaves are whitish-downy below. JAPAN CIIKSTNUT (567) — Castanea crenata — is a hardy shrub or tree to 30 feet which begins to bear chestnuts when only a few years < >ld and but a few feet high ; the leaves are smooth below when mature. [Seeds.] Salix. The WILLOWS form a large genus, nearly 200 species, of hardy si i rubs and trees abundant in all cold countries. A number of trees are in cultivation and many of those which are only shrubby are con- sidered worthy of ornamental use. There is no genus of plants more difficult to separate into species than the willows. All are dioecious, meaning that the pollen-bearing catkins are on one plant, the seed-form- ing catkins on another, and thus many hybrids are found. THK ALDKKS 315 FIG. 559. — Speckled Aider. FIG. 5GO. — Smooth Alder. FIG. 5(>1. — Kuroi>e:m Hlark Alder. FIG. 502. — Beaked HazelmU. 310 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 563. — Hazelnut. FIG. 5G4. — European Filbert. Vic,, 50.-. — Bear <>:ik. FIG. 5GG. — Chinquapin. Tin; WILLOWS 317 FIG. 567. — Japan Chestnut. FIG. 5G8. — Dwarf Gray Willow. FIG. 569. — Rosemary Willow. •r FIG. 570. — Osier Willow. 318 IMX'KHTIOXS OF T11K SHRUBS FIG. 571. — Bog Willow. FIG. 572. — Hoary Willow. FIG. 573. — Prairie Willow. FIG. 574. — Broad-leaved Willow. •nil-: WILLOWS 31(J FIG. 575. — Balsam Willow. FIG. 576. — Goat Willow. FIG. 577. — Slender Willow. FIG. 578. — Shining Willow. 320 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. 579. — Laurel-leaved Willow. FIG. 580. — Silky Willow. Fit;. 581. — Heart-leaved Willow. FIG. 582. — Purple Willow. KEY TO THH COMMON' SHRUBBY WILLOWS They are so easily raised from slips placed in the ground that they are, in cultivation, raised only that way. So, any sport or \ariety found any- where is introduced into cultivation and perpetuated without tin- origin being known. The soft wood, alternate simple leaves, and flowers of Imth sorts, always in catkins in spring or summer, are enough to enable any one to separate willows from all other plants. KEY TO COMMON SHRUBBY WILLOWS, BASED OX LEAF PECULIARITIES * Leaves about entire-edged and more or less conspicuously whitened below. (A.) A. Leaves under \ inch wide. (B.) B. Leaves under 2 inches long and almost sessile. DWARF GRAY WILLOW (5(38) — Salix tristis. B. Leaves 2-5 inches long. One of the willows used to graft on goat willow stock to produce an umbrella tree. ROSEMARY WILLOW (5<»!>) — Salix incana. B. Leaves 4-10 inches long and beautifully silvery. One of the willows used in basket work. OSIER WILLOW (570) — Salix viniinalis. A. Leaves |-| inch wide and more or less rolled at the edges. (C.) C. Leaves rarely over 2 inches long ; twigs slender, smooth, pale brown. A low willow 1-:) fret high growing in bogs. 15o<. WILLOW (oil) — Salix myrtilloides. G. Leaves 2-4 inches long ; twigs and leaves, when young, densely covered with white woolly substance. Like the last, a low wil- low 2-5 feet high, in wet bogs. SAGE WILLOW or HOARY WIL- LOW (572) — Salix Candida. C. Leaves 2-4 inches long, grayish and peculiarly veined. A wil- low 3-8 feet high growing in dry soil. PRAIRIE WILLOW (573) — Salix hiunilis. A. Leaves f-1^ inches wide. GLAUCOUS WILLOW — Salix discolor. (Placed here as it sometimes has entire-edged leaves, though usually with notched ones.) * Leaves notched at the edges. (D.) D. Leaves conspicuously of two colors, decidedly whitened below. (E.) E. Leaves frequently 2 inches wide, shining dark green above. ulauoms below; twigs light gray. A willow 2-(5 feet high. abundant on the sands of the shores of the Great Lakes. I!I;OAI>-LKAVKI> WILLOW (574) — Salix glaucophylla. AIV.AR'S SHHUBS — 21 ;;_':.' DKSCKIITIOVS OF THK snuri;s E. Leaves 1-1! indies wide, bright but not glossy green above, while below; buds \ery large and nearly black ; shrub or tree In L'.'I feei. (ii.\i (<>[ * \Vn.i.ow — Salix dfseolor. E. Leaves 1-1 '. inches \\ ide, smoot h dark green above, whitened and very nel-veined below. A willow, 4-K) feet high, of the North ( Labrador, etc.). T. u > \ M WILLOW (575) — Salix balsamffera. E. Leaves 1-3 inches wide, rough above, thickish and with stout stems ;}-.! inch long. A plant often used as stock upon which to graft other willows to make such weeping trees as the Kil- marnock willows. GOAT WILLOW (57I:I; U'n.i.ow (577) — Salix pet.ioliiris. D. Leaves, though lighter below, are green on both sides. (F.) F. Leaves glossy green on both sides, fragrant when bruised, usually over 1 inch wide, leaf-stalk with conspicuous glands. These two are among the finest willows in cultivation and grow from 8-20 feet high. (G.) G. Catkins large and conspicuous appearing with the leaves. SHINING WILLOW (578) — Salix lucida. G. Catkins rather small and appearing after many of the leaves are fully grown. I>AV-LKAVI:I> or LAII;I:L-LKAVLI> WILLOW (579) — Salix pentandra. F. Leaves rough above, soft with hairs below, 1-3 inches wide, blunt at tip. A willow often used for stock for grafting, Ili-25 feet high. (;<>AT WILLOW (57(5) — Salix Caprea. F. Leaves smooth, silky and dark green above at least when young, \-\ inch wide; shrub or tree 5-12 feet high growing along streams. SILKY WILLOW (580) — Salix serfcea. F. Leaves under \ inch wide ; plants generally 5-15 feet high. (H.) H. Leaves 2-15 inches long, about \ as wide, sometimes heart- sha.ped at base; stipules large and usually persistent. A very variable small willow of the watercourses, spreading at base into long flexible branches. HEART-LI; \\i;i> WILLOW (5X1) _ Salix cordata. H. Leaves :!-(> indies long and about ,'. as wide, often appearing opposite riant spreading at base with long flexible branches, so sometimes used as a basket willow. There is a variety, pendula. with drooping branches. 1'ritri.ic WILLOW (5X2) . '.abx purpiirea. H. Leaves 2-(i inches long and very narrow, usually less than KKY TO THK DW.MJKS OF 'II 1 1. 1'I.XK KAMI I,1! 323 •fa as wide as long, midrib yellow. A willow witli erect branches forming broad thickets on sand bars in the streams. SAM> BAR Wn.i.ow — Salix loiigifolia (S. tlnvi- atilis). [Twig cuttings.] Riiscus aculeatus. The RI-TCHER'S I'.I:OOM (583) is a peculiar evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet, with alternate se.-sile ovate lea\e< ', to 1 .! inches long ; these are not true leaves but tlat leaf- like branches ending in sharp points and having on their lower sides the small flowers in spring and the red berries (\ inch thick) later in the sea- son. It is hardy only in the extreme South. [Suckers.] Coniferous Evergreens. The shrubby plants with narrow-linear, needle- sha] ed. and scale-shaped leaves are still to be described. They include PINF.S, SPRUCKS, AKI-.OKVIT.I:, JUNI- PERS, etc. These ornamental shrubs are included in key 9, small-leaved plants, but for convenience the following key is devoted to the Pine family alone. In this family there are no compound leaves ; each green scale or needle-shaped part is u whole leaf. FIG. 5815. — Butcher's Broom. KEY TO GENERA WITH DWARF FOKMS BELONG- ING TO THE PINK FAMILY * Leaves elongated four or more times as long as wide and spreading away from the twigs. (A.) A. Leaves not flattened but rather needle-like so that they can In- rolled between thumb and linger. (B.) B. Leaves in clusters or bundles of 2-3-5 surrounded at base by a sheath. Finns. B. Leaves separated from each other, spirally arranged and attached to short brownish projections on grooved twLs. Picea. A. Leaves decidedly flat and linear in shape. (C.) C. Leaves with distinct more or less greenish stems spirally fas- .'LM INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS tened to the twigs, usually so twisted as to spread out flat from the twigs. (D.) D. Leaves blunt or rounded at tips and whitened below. Tsuga. D. Leaves sharp or acute at tips and green below. Taxus. C. Leaves without stems and opposite or whorled on the twigs. (E.) E. Leaves with 1 or 2 silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit berry-like. Juniperus. E. Leaves with no silvery lines above, but sometimes be- low. (F.) F. Fruit elongated cones with lapping scales Q-l inch long). Thuja. F. Fruit rounded cones with scales widening at ends and touching edge to edge. Chamaecyparis. * Leaves scale-like and so pressed to the twigs as to cover them. (These plants often have flat linear spreading leaves as well, especially on young growths.) (G.) G. Branchlets flattened out like a fan ; fruit a dry cone of 6-12 scales. (H.) H. Cone elongated with lapping scales. Thuja. H. Cone nearly globular with the scales widening at tips and touching edge to edge ; seeds 2 under the scales. Charna?- cyparis. G. Branchlets not flattened like a fan but extending irregularly in all directions. (I.) I. The linear leaves with silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit a berry bluish or brownish when ripe, often covered with a glau- cous bloom. Juniperus. I. The leaves, if elongated and spreading enough to show, will be found without silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit a globular cone with the scales widening at tip and touching edge to edge, seeds many under the scales. (These trees probably have no ornamental dwarf forms, and so are omitted.) Cupre"ssus. It is well to remind the reader here that new forms of the entire Pine family are constantly appearing, and that those mentioned below are merely suggestive of the variation of forms. Pinus. The PINES are in-almost all -cases tall trees with an elongated central trunk. The evergreen leaves are needle-shaped and clustered in bundles of -2 to :. with an inclosing sheath at their base. The fruit is a woody cone with 2-winged seeds above each scale. There is one variety of the SNVISS MOUNTAIN PIXE — Pinus montana, - PINTS 325 Krone PINE (584) — Tinas montana Mughus, — .which is always a low spreading shrub with crooked gnarled steins and branches. The rigid leaves are in twos, 1 to :•} inches long, inclosed in a much wrinkled sheath J inch long. The cones are FIG. 584. — Mugho Pine. ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long, nearly ter- minal to the branches. This moun- tain pine grows to the height of 2 to 5 (rarely 10) feet, but spreads so as to be broader than high. It is an ex- cellent plant for the lawn. Besides this pine with stiff leaves two together in a cluster, there are a few dwarf forms of the WHITK PINK - Pinus Strobus — with rather soft leaves five together in elongated .sheaths. The finest of these is prob- ably DWARF WHITE PINE (585), var. brevifolia, also called nana. It is a dwarf cushion-shaped little bush rarely over 4 feet high but spreading out in a broad flat compact tuft of glossy green spray. This is splendid for the lawn. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] FIG. 585. — Dwarf AVhite Pine. FIG. 586. — Gregory's Dwarf Spruce. 326 OF THE SHRUBS Picea. The SPRUCES are in the main tall tree-like evergreens with nrci lie-like 4-an-led leaves usually \ to 1| inches long, attached to a grooved twig on brownish projections. The readiness with which the leaves fall from the severed twigs and the roughness of the twigs, due to these projecting points, are the best distinctions for separating spruces from other cone-bearing plants. The commonest species in cultivation in this country is the NORWAY SPRUCE — Picea Abies (P. exce"lsa), — and of % FIG. 587. — Sargent's Weeping Hemlock. FIG. 588. — Hovey's Arborvitae. the many varieties sold there are several that grow more like a shrub than a tree. Among these varieties are : GREGORY-'S DWARF SPRUCE (58(i) — Gregoryana, — seldom more than 1 to 2 feet high with numerous small, spreading branches densely clothed with short stiff spreading leaves ; SMALL NORWAY SPRUCE — pumila, — a dwarf with a more conic form and with glaucous leaves spreading in all directions from the branches; PIGMY SPRUCE — pygmasa, — with leaves very small, close set and sharp-pointed; and LORD CLANBRASIL'S SPRUCE — Clanbrasiliana, — a dense globose or rounded shrub seldom 5 feet high, all parts much shortened and close set. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] Tsuga. The HEMLOCKS are generally trees with short, \ inch, flat, blunt leaves having two silvery lines on the lower side. These leaves are so twisted on the twigs as to extend in two directions from them, giving TSUGA ^V^^WN !• I S^ FIG. 58!). — Golden Dwarf Arbor vitee. FIG. 5!)0. — Dwarf Dolabrata Arborvitse. FK;. .7.H. — Lawson's Cypress. ]•'!<;. .7.fJ. — Tldilh-lcavcil .\rborvita-. 328 1> INSCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS an arrangement that is called 2-ranked. The cones are short, under 1 inch, pendulous with smooth scales, found at the tips of the branches. Of the ( '..MMON II KM LOCK — Tsuga canade'nsis, — SARGENT'S WEEPING HEMLOCK , ;,s: ) — var. Sargentiana, or Sargenti pendula — rarely grows over 3 fee't liiuh and has short drooping branchlets forming a dense flat-topped mass of foliage; DWARK HKMLOCK — nana — is a dwarf with spreading branches and short branchlets forming a depressed shrub under 3 feet high. There is also a variety nana of the JAPANESE HEMLOCK, Tsiiga Sieboldi. The latter can be separated from the common American one by a close exami- nation of the leaves with a lens; the edge of the American is somewhat notched, while the Japanese is entire. [ Seeds ; twig cuttings ; grafting.] FIG. 59o. — Juniper-leaved Arborvitae. FIG. 594. — Silver Retinospora. Thuja and Chamaecyparis. The Arborvitse group of evergreens are among the most difficult class of plants to classify. The greatest confu- sion of names both common and scientific occurs with reference to them in books and catalogues. They have two very distinct forms of leaves ; these are properly called the "juvenile" and the "adult." All of this group have opposite sessile leaves ; but the seedlings begin with linear spreading ones about a half inch long ; these are the juvenile leaves ; later these change to scale-shaped leaves, appressed to and completely covering (lie steins, (he adult leaves. Some of the bushy forms, the only ones THUJA AND CHAM-K< Yl'ARIS FIG. 595. — Juvenile Cypress. FIG. 5F THK SHRUBS we have to roii.Oh-r. retain tin- juvenile form ; others have both forms on different parts oi the \ lants ; while still oihers have only the scale leavi •>. The two genera above given can he sureh separated only by an examina- tion of the cones. ; and small plants rarely show these. The cones of Thuja are elongated with ^ to li' lapping scales, and those of Channe- cyparis are nearly globular of 6 to 10 scales touehin-- edge to ed^e. All these cones mature in one season and are small, always less than an inch and usually ] to J inch in diameter. When the scale leaves appear, the branches on both genera so form as to produce flat, fan-like growths. This plan of branching, called 2-ranked. separates the Arborvitse from all the Junipers — Juniperus — and the true Cypresses — Cupressus. These plants will be found in books and nursery catalogues under the names of Thuja, Thuydpsis, Biota, Cupre'ssus, Chameecyparis, and IJetindspora ; but they will not all be spelled as here given. The first is often spelled Thiiia and Thuya in modern books, and the last Retim'spora. KEY — BASED ON THE COXES — FOR SEPARATING THE DWARF FORMS OF THUJA AND CHAMJ1- CYPARIS * Cones elongated, with elongated lapping scales, Thuja. (A.) A. Cone scales thin, 8-10 in number ; cones J inch long and some- what pendulous. COMMON AKBOUVITJE (588) — - Thuja occi- dentalis. A. Cone scales 6-8, thickened, and having a horn-like process on each. Cones nearly erect, and about an inch long. EASTERN or CHINESE ARBORVIT.E (580) — Thuja orientalis. A. Cone scales 8-10, thickened and reflexed, with 3-5 seeds under each ; cones somewhat pendulous. DWARF DOLAT.RATA AKBOR- VIT.E (500) — Thuja (Thuyopsis) dolabrata. * Cones globular, of 6-12 scales, which touch edge to edge. Chama- cyparis. (B.) B. Cones about J inch in diameter, of 8-10 brown scales. HINOKI RETINOSPORA — Chamscyparis obtusa. B. Cones about 1 inch in diameter, of 10-12 brown scales. SAWARA KETINOSPORA — Chamsecyparis pisffera. B. Cones about { inch in diameter, of 8 reddish brown scales. LA w- sox's CYPRESS (5'.H) — Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana. B. Cones about } inch in diameter, of 6 glaucous-green or purplish scales. "WHITE CEDAR — Charnaecyparis thyoides (C. sph:e- roidea). KEY TO 1>WAKF Till .IA AM) CHAM. h< "H'A IMS iiill KEY — BASED M A IN FA' OX TIIF, LEAVES — 1-'(»K, TIIK DWARF YAIMKTIKS OF THUJA AND CILULK- CYPARIS * Leaves alii nit linear, and spreading well from the stems. (A.) A. Leaves sharp-pointed and rather still, dull green abme. ami grayish lielow, changing to brownish in winter. (B.) B. Bush globose or broadly pryamidal; leaves rather distantly arranged on slender branches. Hi ATH-I.I.AVEI> Aunouvn i. (.7.12) — Thuja occidentals ericoides. B. Pmsh of several erect steins, and branches also erect; leaves not so distantly arranged. .li NITER-LEAVED AKHORVIT/E (.V.t:{) — Thuja orient fdis decussala. A. Leaves less sharp, .soft rather than stiff, and with a somewhat, silvery appearance; low tree. I nit sometimes shrub-like, with branches much divided. SILVER RETINOSPORA (;">'. M; — Cha- ma:cyparis pisffera squarrosa. A. Leaves as "in the last, but more spreading ; silvery only on lower side. JUVENILE CYPRESS (o'.)'>) — Chamsecyparis tlm.ides ericoides. * Leaves of two kinds on different branchlets, some linear and spreading, others scale-like; brandies with scale leaves flattened, fan-form. (C.; C. Low, compact, and broadly spreading, with somewhat silvery foliage. TonTiirMB (5(.»!) — Thuja occidentalis Kllwangeriana. C. Similar to the last but of more erect growth, leaves bluish green. INTERMEDIATE CYPRESS (5'.»7) — Chamaecyparis thyoides (C. sphaeroidea) Andely^nsis. C. Similar (to first C), but the upper branchlets slender and spar- ingly divided. SPAETH'S ABBOEVIT^B -- Thuja occidentalis Spaeth ii. C. Most leaves elongated and slightly spreading; conic bush with erect branchlets having a feathery appearance. FEATHERY I'EA- FRUITED HETINOSPORA (5!>8) — < 'hamiecyparis pisffera plumosa. * Leaves all shortened and scale-like ; spray fan-like. There are so many varieties in cultivation under this third * that it will probably be better to give them under the names of the species, allowing for the fuller descriptions. HATCHET-LEAVED A'RRORVITJE — Thuja dolabrftta — Is one of the finest of the Japanese trees, and is especially good for lawn planting in single 332 DKSCHIITIOXS OK THE SHIU HS specimens. The commrm dwarf form, DWARF DOLABRATA ARBORVIT.T: I.V.HI) — nana — is a very light glossy green bush, with slender branch- lets. There is a form of this with creamy tips to the branchlets, varie- gata. FIG. 599. — Globe Arborvitae. FIG. 600. — Little Gem Arborvitse. COMMON ARBORVITVE — Thuja occidentals — has the largest number of dwarf forms; most of them have fan-shaped spray, many having colored, other than green, and variegated foliage. Only a few of the 30 or more can here be mentioned. One of the smallest, DWARF ARBORVIT^; — dum6sa, — rarely grows over 3 feet high, and is a spreading, irregularly branching shrub, with crowded and tufted fan-shaped parts ; GLOBE AR- r.'iuvnvi; (.">!!!>) — glob6sa — is a bright green somewhat open rounded shrub with slender branches; HOVEY'S ARBORVITSE — Hoveyi — is sim- ilar to the last but more dense and ovate in shape ; LITTLE GEM ARBOR- VIT;E (600) is a spreading dark green very dwarf shrub, broader than high; BABY-YELLOW ARBORVIT.E — liitea nana — is a dwarf compact bush with golden foliage. KA-TKHN or CHINESE ARBORVIT^E — Thuja orientalis — also has a number of dwarf forms with light green, dark green, and colored foliage, having fan-shaped spray: GOLDEN DWARF ARBORVITJE (601) — aurea liana — is vor.v dw;irf and compact, with golden 'foliage ; EVEE-GOLDKN AKBOKVIT.I: — scmperaure'scens — is more globose, and the yellow color ARBORVI'IVE 333 lasts throughout the year; THREAP-BRANCHED ARBORVITVE — filiformis strfcta — is a round-headed dwarf bush with upright slender, ;tlmci.-t thread-like, branches ; WHIPI-OKD WEEPING AKHORVIT.K (<>02) — p&idula — is a weeping bush with tufted cord-like branchlets ; JI;NIPEK-I i IVED AKUOKVIT.K — decussata — is a bright bluish given low compact rounded form, with linear spreading leaves, similar to Chamsecyparis squarrosa. very useful for window boxes. The so-called 'JAPANESE RETINOSPORAS ' furnish a number of dwarf forms with fan-like spray. They In-long to HINOKI RETINOSPOIJA or CY- PRESS— ( 'hamaecyparis ohtiisa — and SAWARA or PEA-FRUITED RKTIM>- sroi;\ — I'haimt'cypuris pisffera; the latter with the smaller cones, pea- like, as is indicated by the specific name. These, as well as the Thujas, have forms with golden and silvery foliage. Both the species occasionally grow in their native country to the height of 100 feet or more. The smallest of the varieties of C'hamsecyparis obtusa, PIGMY HINOKI RETI- NOSPORA (003) — pygintea, — has almost creeping branches, rarely reach- FIG. 601. — Golden Dwarf Arborvitae. FIG. 602. — Whip-cord Weepiug Arborvitae. ing a foot in height, and is very useful for rockeries; DWARF HINOKI KKTINOSPORA — nana — is a low form with short deep green branchlets; ( 'i.ris MOSS-LEAVED HINOKI RKTINO-JI-OKA — Lycopodioldes — is low with spreading rigid branches having 4-sided branchlets; FKUS-I.IKE HINOKI 334 DKSrlUl'TloNS OF T1IH SHRUBS 603. — Pigmy Hiuoki Retiiaospora. FIG. (.04. — Fern-like Hiuoki Retinospora. FIG. t'ii)."i. — FIG. GOG. — Tliread-brauched Pea- fruited Retiuo.spora. KKTI\<)SPORA 135 RETINOSPORA (604) — filicoides — is of slow growth, wit^ uense, fern- like branchlets. The most peculiar of all the Ilinoki Cypresses is S\s- DEK'S RKTINOSI-OHA (iiO.">) — ericoides; it is a small dense shrub with blunt stiff spreading lea\es forming tour rows on the stems; in color it is the brightest hluish green iif any of the coniferous plant-;. Chama'eyparis pisit'era has but tew dwarf forms with fan-shaped spray; the tendency is more apt to be toward linear spreading lea\es. TIIKIOAD- BRANCHED RiniNOSPORA (<>0li) — tilifera — has peculiar el. moated .thread- like growth of twites with distant sharp-pointed leaves; alow tree or subprostrate shrub ; of this there is a glaucous-leaved form, glauca. FIG. 607. — Common Juniper. FIG. 608. — Curved-branched Juniper. The varieties of PEA-FRUITED RIITINOSPORAS with longer and more spreading leaves are among the most popular and beautiful of the ever- greens of Japan. FEATHERY PEA- FRUITED RETIXOSPORA — Chanuecyparis pisffera pluinosa — has awl-shaped spreading leaves dark green in color and is often called (im i:\ RETINOSPOBA. The colored forms of this are: STICKLED IU:TIM>-P»I: A — plumosa albo-picta, — with the tips of the branchlets cream-white ; CREAMY KETINOSI-OKA — plumosa argc;ntea, — with the whole of the young spray cream-white, becoming green the fol- lowing seas. m ; and GOLDEN KETINOSPOUA — plumosa aiirea, — with all the terminal shoots light golden yellow in the spring and changing to a deep green later. Besides the Feathery Retinosporas, there is a variety with linear leaves in pairs spreading squarely from the stems, of almost a sihery color, SILVER RETINOSPORA — Channecyparis pisffera sijnarrosa. 336 DKSCKIPTIOXS OF THE SHRUBS FIG. (109. — Chinese Juniper. FIG. 610. — Shrubby Juniper. IMC. (ill. — AVaukc-an Juniper. Fn:. (il'J. — Tamarisk-leaved Juniper. KEY TO THE JUNIPERS 337 This is a tree or a large shrub of irregular outline, and is in its leaf form and arrangement so like some of the Thujas as to lead to much confusion of names in nurseries. [Seeds; twig cuttings ; grafting.] Juniperus. The JUNIPERS are trees or shrubs with evergreen sessile opposite or whorled leaves. These are either linear, flattened, sharp- pointed and spreading or small scale-like and pressed to the twigs which they cover. In these respects they are much like the genera Thuja and Chamsecyparis. The junipers have berry fruits instead of cones, lint as the junipers are quite generally dioecious, therefore usually found without fruit, there must be some other method for separating them. When there are present the elongated leaves, the junipers show one or two silvery lines on the upper side. This fact will separate them also from the genus Cupressus, which may have silvery lines but always on the lower side. The junipers, when with scale leaves, never so branch as to form fan-shaped growths, as do the Thuja and the Charnacyparis bushes, but the branching extends irregularly in all directions. • KEY TO THE JUNIPERS * Plants with only the spreading, linear, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves generally arranged in :]\s around the stem, though sometimes oppo- site. (A.) A. Leaves with one silvery line on the upper, concave side; fruit globular, J inch wide. (B.) B. Leaves broadly spreading; fruit axillary, almost sessile, dark glaucous-blue, ripening the third year, 3-seeded. COMMON JrxipER (007) — Juniperus coinmunis. B. Leaves only slightly spreading ; fruit oblong, terminal, 1-seeded ; not hardy North. CURVED-BRANCHED JUNIPER (608) — Juni- perus recurva. A. Leaves with two silvery lines on the upper side ; fruit globular, usually 3-seeded and dark brown ; shrub to 12 feet, not hardy North and probably not cultivated South. (C.) C. Fruit nearly \ inch and glaucous. LARGE-FRUITED JUNIPER - Juniperus macrocdrpa. C. Fruit, less than .] inch, shining and but slightly glaucous. PKICM.Y JUNIPER —Juniperus Oxycedrus. * Plants with both the linear spreading leaves and the scale ones scattered on different parts of the bush. (D.) D. Fruit globular, shining reddish brown, 3-fi-seeded ; leaves mi- nutely notched at edges. PHOENICIAN JUNIPER — Juniperus phoenfcea. APGAR'S SHRUBS — 22 338 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Fruit globular, glaucous brownish-violet with 2-3 seeds ; the scale leaves without notches and blunt at tip. CHINESE JUNIPER (009) - Juniperus chineiisis. D. Fruit small, glaucous, brownish, 1-2-seeded on short straight stems ripening the first year ; leaves very small and sharp-pointed. VIRGINIAN JUMPER or RED CEDAU — Juniperus virginiana. D. Fruit larger, light blue, pendulous, borne on curved stems, 1-4- seeded, ripening the second year; low spreading shrubs with strong disagreeable odor when bruised. SAVIN or SHRUBBY RED CEDAK or JUNIPER (610) or WAUKKGAN JITNIPER ((311) or TAMARISK-LEAVED JUNIPER (G12) — Juniperus Sabina. Of the above species, coni- munis, chine'nsis, virginiana, and Sabina have most of the dwarf varieties. With the fruit there will be but little difficulty in cor- rectly naming them, but without the fruit there will be much trouble. Sabina can be readily separated by its odor from virgin- iana, which it most resembles. Below are given most of the va- rieties that are shrubby. CURVED-BRANCHED JUNIPER (COS) — Juniperus reciirva — is a shrub or tree to 30 feet. It has dwarf varieties of which the lowest one, PROSTRATE JUNIPER (613) — squamata, — has prostrate or trail- inii branches, leaves straight and slightly spreading, of a glaucous bluish green color; DENSE- p. i: A N< • 11 E 1 1 J u x i PER — densa — has short crowded branchlets and curved grayish <_:reen leaves. ( 'u \I\K.\ Jrxipri: i fi07) — Juni- perus communis — in its tree form ran-es from L><) t«i 30 feet but is often a shrub of 4 to 5 feet; K'> u x HE n Ji SIPKR — hemi. sphserica — is. as its name indi- cates. a rounded shrub with many FIG. 014. — Spreading Juniper. FIG. (JK1.. — Prostrate Juniper. JUNIPI:U 339 branches and crowded branchlets, the leaves whitish above and distinctly ridged below ; SI-UK A DIM; Ji XIPEH (014) — nana — is an almost prostrate shrub with thickish much-divided branchlets sometimes forming circu- lar patches 10 feet in diameter, the leaves short, incurved, almost cover- ing the stems, often considen d a separate species — Juniperus nana; Dun; LAS' GOLDEN JUNIPER (Olo) — eauadensis aurea — is similar to var. nana, but more erect and the leaves longer and narrower, with tips of branchlets golden yellow; OBLONG JUNIPER — obldnga — is a large shrub or small tree with slender somewhat pendul' !:.') — tamariscifolia — has more ascending branches with many linear slightly curved dark green leaves usually in o's ; SPECKI.I.D JUMPKI: — \ariegata — i.-3 a dense dwarf with the tips of the youngest growths cream-white, which gives it a speckled appearance, the leaves are mostly si ale-like. CHINESE JUMPER — Juniperus chi- nensis - is usually a tree to 50 feet but is often shrub-like, among which latter GOLDEN CHINESE JUNIPER ((J09) — aurea — has the whole growth of the year a golden yelli>\\, especially bright, if growing in the sun, this changes to a green the second year ; PROCUM- BENT CHINESE JUNIPER — procumbens — is often procumbent with elongated branches and short branchlets, in the young growths, the leaves are linear and spreading, but in the older parts scale-like. The dwarf golden ever- green — aurea — is acutely pyrami- dal, and according to the nurserymen, more erect and vigorous than the so- called GOLDEN JAPAN JUNIPER (616) — Juniperus jap6nica (J. chine'nsis) aurea. These both retain their deep golden color even through the winter. [Seeds, 2-3 years to germinate ; twig cuttings under glass.] FIG. 621. — Spreading English Yew. Taxus. The YEWS are desirable evergreens for park and cemetery planting, and are of slow growth. They are densely clothed with dark Liven linear leaves, aild the pistillate plants are especially beautiful in the fall with their scarlet berry-like fruit. (YEL LOW-BE RRIEI> YEW --Taxus baccata fructu luteo — has, as. the name shows, yellow berries.) The leaves are linear and sharp-pointed, in shape and attachment much like the hemlocks, but the undersides of the leaves of the yews are a lighter though bright green, while the, hemlock leaves are whitened by silvery lines. The two species in cultivation with dwarf forms are the ENGLISH Yi w (617) — Taxus baccata — and the AMERK.VX YEW or GROUND HEMLOCK 342 Di:S( IMI'TION'S OF TIIK SHRUBS (618) — Taxus canade"nsis. The latter is the more hardy, doing well even in ( 'anadn, \\ hilc the former needs protection in Massachusetts. T. baccata is much the taller and tree-like, sometimes reaching the height of 60 feet, while T. canadensis is generally a prostrate shrub rarely reaching the hri-lit ni' .", tret. The first is generally dioecious, while the last is rarely so, and therefore nearly all plants old enough will have berries. The leaves of T. canadcnsis are narrower, shorter, and of a more yellowish green, and its fruit ripens a month or two earlier than the European species. The ENGLISH YEW — Taxus baccata — has many cultivated forms with variegated foliage or less erect growth, among which may be mentioned: SILVERY YKW — arge"ntea, — with whitish-striped leaves; GOLDEN YEW (619) — aurea, — with golden-yellow-edged leaves; FISHER'S YEW — Fish- eri, — with some of the leaves deep yellow throughout; JACKSON'S YEW — Jacksoni or pe"ndula, — with weeping tips to the branches ; SHORT-LEAVED YEW (620) — adpre"ssa, — with long spreading branches and short leaves ^ inch or less long; SPREADING ENGLISH YEW (0^1) — procurnbens, - prostrate. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end; even-pinnate. Acuminate. Taper-pointed. Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle. Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other alone the branch. Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the pollen. Axil. The upper angle between the leafstalk and the twig. Axillary. Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf. Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least more than one) readily separated seeds buried in the mass. Bipalmate. Palmately branched with the branches again palmated. Bipinnate. Twice-pinnat e. Blnde. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf. Bract. A more or less modified l<-at subtending a flower or fruit; usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows. <'ai>ftulc. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line. Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers. Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends. Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme. Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth. Cyme. A. flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first. Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms. Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward. Di&cious. With stamens and pistils on different plants. Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has ssveral seeds. Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval. Emarginate. With a notched tip. Entire. With an even edge; not notched. Ererfjrcen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the winter and until new ones appear. Exstipulate. Without stipules. Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib. Filament. The stalk of a stamen ; any thread-like body. Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit. Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion. Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape. Legume. A pea-like pod. Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel. Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if fe-v in number. Lobed. Having lobes along the margin. Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point. 343 44 GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TEKMS \rrrcd. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees. \nt. \ hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit. .\ utli t. A small nut. Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed rnd. Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel. ' t'mvate. A reversed ovate. Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet. Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node. Orbicular. Circular in outline. Oval. Broadly elliptical. Onirit. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds. Ofules. The parts within the ovary which may form seeds. Palmate. A leaf with the veins on the leaflets all starting from the end of the petiole. PalmaUHy veined. With three or more main ribs, or veins of a leaf, starting from the base. Panicle. An open, much branched cluster of flowers or fruit. Parallel-veined. With the veins of the leaf parallel; nerved. Parted. Edge of a blade separated three fourths of the distance to the base or midrib. Pedicel. The stem of each flower of a cluster. Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem of a cluster. Petal. A leaf of the corolla of a flower. Petiole. The stalk or stem of a leaf. Petiolate. Said of a leaf which has a stalk. Pinna. The first divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate loaf. Pinnate leaf. A compound leaf with the leaflets arranged along the sides of the stem. Pistil. The central essential organ of a flower. Pod. A dry dehiscent fruit like that of the pea. Pollen. The dust or light powdery grains contained in the anther. Polypetalous. Having a corolla of separate petals. Pome. An apple-like fruit with the seeds in horny cells. Raceme. A flower-cluster with one-flowered stems arranged along the peduncle. Samara. A winged fruit; a key fruit. Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem. Serrate. Having a notched edge, with the teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Without stem. Shrub. A bush-like plant ; one branching from near the base. Spike. An elongated cluster of flowers with the separate blossoms about sessile. Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fertilizing parts of a flower. Stigma. That part of a pistil which is fitted to receive the pollen. Stipe. The stalk of a pistil. Stipules. Small blades at the bn.se of a leafstalk. Suckers. Shoots from a subterranean part of a plant. Tree. A plant with a woody trunk which does not branch near the ground. I'mbel. A cluster of flowers or fruit having stems of about equal length, and starting from the same point. \'< inlrts. The most minute framework of a leaf. Veins. The smaller lines of the framework of a leaf. Whorl, In a circle around the stem, as the leaves of a plant. INDEX THE NUMBERS IN PARENTHESIS REFER TO TIIK ILLUSTRATIONS. ALL OTIII.U INDEX Ni MHI.KS KEKKK TO TIIK P.v.i .-,. Aaron's Beard (41), 78. Abelia. 237. Chinese (398), 240. Entire-leaved (392), 239. Hybrid (395). 239. Mexican (393), 239. Serrate-leaved (396), 239. Two-flowered, 240. Yellow-throated Rosy (397), 240. Yellow-throated White (394), 239. Acacia, 132. Beautiful (193), 142. Blunt-leaved (175), 140. Drummond's (197), 142. Fern-leaved (196), 142. Fragrant (185), 141. Knife-leaved (178), 140. Long-leaved (172), 140. Meissner's (176), 140. Myrtle-leaved (182), 141. Narrow-leaved, 140. Needle-leaved (170), 140. Oleander-leaved (184), 141. Oswald's, 141. Pale-flowered (190), 141. Rose (141), 119. Scythe-leaved, 141. Shining (177), 140. Short-bunched (181), 141. Short-leaved, 141. Silky, 141. Small-leaved (174), 140. Spatulate-leaved (183), 141. Trapezoid-leaved (179), 140. Willow-leaved, 141. Acanthopanax, 212. Acer, 103. Achenes, 32. yEsculus, 102. Albizzia, 131. Evergreen (169), 132. Alder. 312. Black (561), 313. Dwarf (321), 203. Green (558), 313. Hoary (559), 313. Mountain (558), 3'3. Seaside (557), 312. Smooth (560). 313 Speckled (559). 313 Allspice, Carolina (287), 186, 188. Almond, 145. Japan (201). 145. Russian, 14.3. Alnus. 312. Alternate Leaves, 21. Altluea. Shrubby, 82. Amelanchier, 160. Amorpha, 117. Downy, ll'.l. Andromeda. 249. .M.-.rsh (422), 253. Privet (424V 253. Scurfy (417). 2.52. Angelica-tree, 211. Chinese, 211. Anther, 29. Appalachian Tea (361), 225. Apple. IS.'. Apricot, 142. Siberian. 145. Aralia, 211. Five-blade. 1. 21-'. Formosa Rice-paper (337). 214. Japan Rice-paper, 214. Rice-paper, 212. Sessile-flowered. 212. Arborvits. 323, 328. Baby-yellow, 332. Chinese (.589). 330, 332. Common (588), 330, 332. Dwarf, 332. Dwarf Dolabrata (590), 330, 332. Eastern. 330. 332. Ever-golden. 332. Globe (599). 332. Colder) Dwarf (GO 1), 332. Hatchet-leaved. 331. Heath-leaved (592). 331. Hoyey's. 332. Juniper-leaved (593), 331, 333. Little Gem (600). 332. Spaeth's. 331. Thread-branched, 333. Whip Cord Weeping (602), 333. 345 Arbutus. 2 I'.i. Arctostaphylos, 2 10. Bicolored (415), 248. Bristly (413), 2 is. Downy (410), 24s. Pale-leaved (412), 24S. Pringle's (414), 248. Viscid. 24.s. Ardisia. 20>. Ked-berried (459), 269. White-berried, 269. Aronia, 1x4, isr>. Arrangement of Leaves, 19. of Flowers. 31. Arrowwooil (359), 224. Downy (3.57), 221. Soft-leaved (360), 22.5. Aruncus, 1.54, 161. Astilbe-like (240), 161. Ascyrum. 74. 'Ash,; Prickly, 83. Asimina. 0 I. Astilbe, 154, 100, 161. Japan (239), 160. Aucuba. 2 is. Azalea, 21, 257. California, 259. Chinese. 200. Evergreen, 2C>0. Flame (440), 260. Ghent. 260. Hybrid. 260. Pink (439), 259. Pontic (441), 260. Rhombic-leaved, 260. Smooth (43X1, 2.511. Vasey's (442), 260. White Swamp (437), 259. Baccharis 241. Banana Shrub (91. 01. Banyan Tree. 3ns. Barbadoes Pride (167), 131. Barberry, American (16), 66. Bearded (19). 6">. BoN-|.'avr.l 17 GO. Common (13). 6.5. European, 6.5. Holly-leaved (18). 66. Jameson's, 66. Persian, 60. 346 IXDKX Small-leaved. 66. Thunherg'8 (12), 64. Turkestan. 66. Bauhinia, I-'*. Green-and-white (161), ii"-. Purple-flowered (160), IJV Red-flowered (162). 128 Variegated-floweroc 1. 128. White-flowered U59), L28. I'.av, Bull. 295. Krd. 295. Swamp (514), 296. l'.ayberry (550), 311. Beach Plum (199), 144. I '..vui Tree (135), 116, 117. Beardwort, Chinese (502), 2S.S. Beauty Fruit (505). 289. Benjamin Bush (518), 297. Benzoin, 297. Berberis, 64. Berries, 32. Betula, 311. Bilberry. Bog (405), 245. Dwarf, 245. Great (405), 245. Oval-leaved, 245. Thin-leaved, 245. Bipinnate Leaves, 22. Birch. 311. Dwarf (553, 554). 312. Low (555), 312. Scrub (553), 312. Shrubby (556), 312. Swamp (555), 312. White. 312. Blackberry, 164. Cut-leaved (248), 165, 166. Evergreen (248), 165, 166. Sand, 166. Blackcap, 166. Blackthorn (198), 144. Bladder Nut, American (111), 106. California. 106. Caucasus (113). 106. European (114), 106. Japan, 106. Bladder Senna, 123. Blueberry, Black, High, 245. Early Sweet. 246. Evergreen Vine (407), 246. High-bush, 245. Late Low, 246. Low, 245. Low Black. 246. Mountain, 246. Swamp, 245. Yrlvot-loaf, 246. Blue ' Myrtle.' 99. Blue Tangle, 245. Bottle-brush, 207. Lance-leaved, 208. Rigid-leaved. 203. Slinuy i. '«()!, 20S. Slender-leaved, JUS. Box 'Kliler.' 103. Box, Japan, 30'i. Small-leaved, 308. Spanish, 3(»s. Box Thorn, 2M. Box Tree, 306. Boxwood, 3(»i. Common (540), 306. Bramble, 164. Brasiletto Shrub, 129. Bridal Wreath (294), 192. Broom, 113. Black-rooted, 116. Butcher's (583), 323. Hairy (130), 11'). Portugal. 115. Scotch (128), 113, 115. Buckberry (408), 246. Buckeye, 21, 102. Red (101), 102. Smooth-fruited, 102. Buckthorn, 91, 214, 269. Alder-leaved (87), 96. Carolina (89), 96. Common (83). 96. Dahurian, 96. False, 269. Fern-leaved (91). 96. Lance-leaved (88), 96. Lebanon (86), 96. Mountain, 96. Red-fruited (84), 96. Sea (533), 303. 304. Southern (460), 263. Budding, 11. Buddleia, 287. Colvill's (500), 288. Globe-flowered (501), 288. Hybrid, 288. Japan (496), 288. Madagascar (499), 288. Buffalo Berry (537), 303. Canadian, 303, 305. Bull Bay, 295. Bumelia, 269. Burning Bush, 91. American (76), 91. Narrow-leaved, 92. Bush Clover (152), 124, 125. Japanese, 125. Siebold's (153), 125. Butcher's Broom (583), 323. Butneria, 186. Buttonbush (400), 241. Buxus, 306. Cactus, 209. Leaf. 211. Purple (335). 211. Cscsalpinia. 129. Gillies' (166). 130. Japan (165). 130, 131. Calico Bush (433), 256. Callicarpa, 289, American (503, 501), I'M). Japan, 289. Small (505), 289. Callisteinon. 207. Calluna, 255. Calycanthus, 186. Cambi, 241. Camellia, 79. Japan (49), 79. Cape ' Jasmine ' (399), 2 10, 241. Caper-bush (577), 296. Caper Tree, 296. Capparis, 296. Capsules, 32. Caragana, 122. Chinese (146), 122. Dwarf (147), 122. Large-flowered (148), 122 Tall (145), 122. Caryopteris, 288. Cassena (70), 83. Cassia, 128. Artemisia-leaved, 129. Catalpa, 286. Bunge's. 11. Chinese (492), 28fi. Dwarf (492). 286. Round-headed, 286. Castanea. 314. Catkin, 31. Ceanothus, 97. Entire-leaved (96). 9'.). Evergreen (93), 9.). Fendler's (94), 99. Hairy, 99. Hybrid, 99. Red-stemmed (97), 99. Spiny (95), 99. Spreading, 99. Velvety (98), 93. Cedar, Red. 338. Shrubby Red, 338. White. 330. Cephalanthus. 241. Cercidiphyllum (10), 62. Cercis, 127. Chamaecyparis, 324, 32S. Chaste-tree (506), 28!'. 291. Cut -leaved (507), 2!>1. Cherry, 142. Brush (326), 206. Cayenne, 206. Chinese Cornelian . 1MO. Cornelian (341), 216. European Bird (203), 145. Ground, 145. Rosebud, 145. Sand (200), 145. Chestnut, 314. Chinese Flowering (99), 101. Japan (567), 314. Chilopsis, 286. Chimaphila, 265. Chinquapin (56R), 314. Chionanthus, 287. INDEX 347 Chid am Wood. 110. Chokeberry, 186. Black, 186. Purple, 186. Ked (2S2), ISM. Christmas Berry (27s i, 180. Cinquefoil, Kit. Shrubby U'-t.Vi, 164. Cist us, 71. Gum (31\ 7J. Hairy (33X 72. Laurel-leaved (32), 72. Citrus, 86. Claw, 30. Clerodendron, 291. Chinese (509), 292. Japan (508), 291. Spiny (510), 2'X>. Sweet (511), 292. Clethra. 265. Philippine. 265. Southern. 2lV1. Sweet (453), 2H.1. Cleyera, 81. Japanese i .1.1 i. si. Coffee-berry. 96. Colutea, 123. Orange-flowered (151), 144. Oriental. 121. Tall (150), 124. Compound Leaves, 21. Comptonia, 311. Coniferous Evergreens, 323. Coral Bean (126), 112. Coral-berry (373), 228, 229. Cornel, 216. Alternate-leaved (338), 217. European (348), 217. Japan. 217. Panicled (344), 217. Round-leaved, 217. Silky (347), 217. Stiff (346), 217. Cornus. 214. Coronilla, 125. Corylopsis, 204. Few-flowered (322), 204. Spiked (323), 204. Corylus, 313. Corymb, 33. Cotinus, 110. Cotoneaster (274), 176, 179. Box-leaved, 178. Chinese (273), 179. Common (271), 178. Kvergreen (269), 178. Pointed-leaved, 178. Prostrate, 178. Round-leaved (270), 178. Simcind's, 178. Small-leaved (268), 178. Woolly (272), 17s. Cowberry (406), 246. Crab, American, 185. Cral. Apple, ls\1. ( 'r:ili Cherry. I S.I. Dwarf, 186. Flowering. Isii. Kaido, L85. Narrow-leaved U'SfO, 185. i Vrgon, 185. Parkman's, 186. Ringo, 185. Wild, is.-,. 'Cranberry-bush,' Manrhii- rian, 224. Cranberry, High Bush (355), 224. Japan Bush, 22.1. is. 173. Cueilinlier Tree, til). Large-leave I, 60. Cupressus, 324. Currant. 201. Buffalo (313), 202. Fetid. 202. Golden (313), 2o2. Indian (373', 22!). Pink-flowered, 202. Red-flowered (315), 202. Skunk. 202. Wild Black (314), 202. Cuttings, Root, 12. Twigs, 12. Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 4. Cydonia, 182. Cypress, Hinoki, 330, 333. Intermediate i.V.17 . :{:!!. Juvenile (595), 331. Lawson's (591), 330. Sawara, 330. Cyrilla, 89. Cytisus, 113. Narrow-bladed (133), 115. Purple (131), 115. Racemed, 115. Dahoon (69), 88. Dangleberry, 245. Daphne (520), 29S, 299. Daphne, Hybrid (525), 299. Japanese, 2! !). Olive-like (5'M), 2'.)s. Pink Garland (.121), 293. Pontic (527), 299. Silky (523), 299. Sweet, 299. White Garland (522), 299. Wood (526), •'.»!». Deciduous, 2.1. Deerberry ( I, is). 246. Dendrium, 263. Desert Willow (493), 286. Deutzia, 191. LeMoine's (297). 1!I2. Rough-leaved (295), l!)2. Siebold's, 189, 192. Slender (294), 192. Small-flowered, 192. Devil's Walking-stick. 211. Dewberry. 101. I fir,. Din-villa (389), 234, 236. Dikamali, 241. Dirca. 297. I )i\ isions. I 1 . Dockmacki • 224. ood. 21 I. Alfernati-l.-av.-d '338), 214. Bailey's 345), 217. Evergreen ',3ll». 2 Hi. Flow, Ting (339), 211, 216. Japan. 215. 210. Ked ' Isiei 142), 217. Red-stemmed, 217. White-fruited (343), 217. Drupes, 32. Duration of Leaves, 2.1. Dyer's Greenweed (129), 114. Kulantine (251), 170. I ;i:eagn',is, 3OO. Garden (530, 531), 304. Japanese (534), 302. Large-leaved Kvergreen, 305. Small-leaved (533), 302, 304. Thorny Evergreen, 305. Elder, 21, 226. American (368), 227. California, 227. Kuropean Blaek (369), 227. Kuropean Red-berried, (370), 227. Red-berried, 227. Soft, 286. Yellow (491), 286. Klliptie. 2.1. Elm. 308. Chinese (541), 308. Wrrpillg. 3()>. Entire. 23. Kriea. 2.1 1 Esealionia,' 188. Hairy. 100. Montevideo (291), 1'H). Organ Mountain (292), 190. Ked (293). 190. Wand-stemmed, 190. Eugenia. 206. Kuonymus. 91. Bunge's. 93. Climbing. 92. Hamilton's. 93. Running (75). ill. Siebold's. 93. Warty (80), 92. Evergreen. 2.1. Evergreens, Coniferous, 32:;. Exochorda. 161. Farkleberry (409), 246. Fatsia. 212. 'Fern,' Sweet, 311, 348 INDEX Fotid Shruh, 64. i etter-bush 123), 253. Indian. L'.Vi. Japan U21). 253. Mountain (420), 253. Ficus, 31 IN. I i- >..">42), 3as. ' iak-leaved, 309. Filament. 30. Filbert. 313. European (564), 313. Purple-leaved, 314. Flower Arrangement, 31. Flowers, 27. Forsythia, 274. Erect (473), 274. European (475), 275. Fortune's, 274. Hybrid, 275. Siebold's, 274. Weeping (474), 274. Fothergilla. 203. Foxberry (406), 246. Franklinia (53), 81. / Fringe-tree (494), 287. Chinese (49.5). 287, 288. Frostweed (28), 69. Fruit, 27, 31. Furze, 113, 116. < lanlenia. 2-10. • < iaylussacia. 244. (ieneral Keys, 33-55. < icnista, 1 14. Florist's. 11".. Y.'llow (132). 115. ( irrrnander. Shrubby, (-.12), 294. Globe Flower (242), 162. Golden Hell. 274. Golden Chain, 116. Cold Flower, 78. Gooseberry. 201. Eastern Wild (317), 202. European (316), 202. Fuchsia-flowered, 201. Garden (316), 202. Lcbb's (318), 201. Round-leaved (317), 202. Southern, 246. Gordonia. SO. Chinese (54), 81. Gorse (127), 113, 116. Gourri. Japanese (535), 303 304. Grafting, 11. ( Irape fruit, 86. Greene, Edward L., men- tioned, 84. Grcenweed Dyer's (129), 116. Grevillea (538), 306 Ground Hernloek. 341. Groundsel Hush (401) 241. Groundsel Tree, \\illmv- leaved, 243. Grumichama (325), 206. Guava, 206. Brazil, 207. Guiana, 207. Lemon (328), 207. Strawberry (329), 207. Guelder 'Rose.' 223. Gum, Sour, 306. Halesia, 272. Halimodendron, 122. Hamamelis, 202. Hardback, 158. Hardy Orange (63), 86. Haw, 173. Black (363), 225. Long-thorned (265), 175. Parsley-leaved (263), 174. Pear, 175. Red (264), 174. Scarlet, 174. Southern Black, 225. Hawthorn (262), 173, 174. English (261), 174. Hazelnut (563), 313. Beaked (562), 313. Head, 31. Heath, 254. Cornish, 255. Corsican, 255. Irish (432), 255. Pink Moor (429), 255. Scotch (430), 255. Heather (431), 254, 255. Bell, 255. False (34), 73. Helianthemum, 69. Hemlock, 326. Common, 328. Dwarf, 328. Ground, 341. Japanese Dwarf, 328. , Sargent's Weeping (587), 328. Hercules' Club, 19, 211. American (336), 211. Hibiscus, "81. Hills of Snow, 195. Hippophae, 303. Hobble-bush (351), 223. Holly, American (65), 87. Chinese. 88. Entire-leaved, 88. European (64), 87. Japan Large-leaved (66), 88. Large-leaved (73), 89. Mountain (68), 88. Small-leaved, 88. Swamp (72), 89. Honey Locust. 22. Honeysuckle, 230, 240.' Alpine (380), 233. American Fly (376), 233. Blue (375), 232. Bush (389), 237. Farly. 233. Early Sweet (379), 233. European Fly (382), 233. High Bush, 237. Hispid, 233. Involucred Fly (377), 233. Japan (383), 233. Large-fruited (374), 232. Ledeboiir's, 233. Low, 232. Manchurian, 234. Mountain Fly (375), 232. Standish's (378), 233. Swamp Fly (381), 233. Tartarian (384), 234. Tree- flowering, 234. Hop Tree (61), 84. Horse Chestnut, 22, 102. Horse Sugar (468), 273. Huckleberry, Black (403), 245. Box, 24.5. Dwarf (404), 245. Hairy, 246. Southern Black, 245. Hudsonia, 72. Heath-like, 73. Woolly (34), 73. Hydrangea, 192, 219. Abundant-flowered, 195. Bretsehneider's, 196. Common (299), 196. Gray (304), 196. Heart -leaved Wild (303), 196. Large-flowered (298), 195. Nepal (305), 196. Oak-leaved (301), 195. Panicled. 195. Wild (302), 195. Hypericum, 77. Bartram's (45), 78. Buckley's, 78. Hooker's (40), 78. Small-leaved (48), 78. Ilex, 86. Indian Bean, 286. India Rubber Plant, 308. Indigo Bastard (137, 138), 119. Chinese (140), 119. Dwarf, 119. False, 117. Indigofera, 119. Indigo Plants, 119. Inkberry (71), 88. Itea (312). 201. 'Ivy,' Poison (118), 109. Jambolan Plum, 206. Jambos (327), 206. Jasmine, 238. 273. Common White (469), 273 Indian (470), 274. Italian Yellow (472), 274. Naked-flowered, 274. Royal (470), 274. Sweet Yellow (471), 274. Jasminum, 273. Jessamine (469), 240, 273. INI) FA 349 Judas Tree', 127. Jujube, y.l. Common, 100. Juneberry, 180. Cummoii Dwarf (277), 182. Northwestern i277). 1S2. Oblong-fruited (280), 182. Round-leaved (279), 182. Juniper (610), 323, 337, 3 18. Chinese, 341. Common (607), 337, 33S. Cr.-epi:n; Virginian. 33'.). Cunred3>ranched (60S), 337, 338. Dense-branched, '.'>•'•-• Douglas' Golden (615), 339. Dwarf Virginian, 339. Golden Chinese (609), 341. Golden Japan (616), 341. Large-fruited, 337. Oblong, 339. Phoenician, 337. Prickly, 337. Procumbent, 339. Procumbent Chinese, 341. Prostrate (613), 338. Rounded, 338. Savin (610), 339. Speckled, 341. Spreading (.614), 339. Tamarisk-leaved (612), 338, 341. Virginian, 338. Waukegan (611), 338, 341. Weeping Common, 339. Weeping Virginian, 339. Juniperus, 337. Kalmia, 256. Hr..ad-leaved (433), L'.Vi. Deciduous-leaved, 257. Hairy (436), 257. Narrow-leaved (434), 256. Pale (435). 257. Kangaroo Thorn (173), 141). Karo (27), 69. Kerria, 162. Whit.', 163. Keys, General, 33- ">•">. Kilinarn. >ck Willow. 11. Kim.ikmnik (347). 217. Kurrajong, Green, N_'. 1,-ibra.lor Tea. 263 Broad-leaved (450). 263. Glandular (451), 263. Narrow-leaved (449), 263. Laburnum, 116. Adam's (136), 117. Cluster-flowered, 115. Proliferous. 115. Scotch (H4). 1 If, Lacquer Tree, 1 It). Lagerst r.i-mi:i, 200. Laml.kill (434), 256. Lanceolate, 25. Laurel. Ani'Tican, 202. Catawba (446), 201. Cherry (204), 146. English (2.i4), 146. Gn-at (446), 2til. Hairy (430), 257. Japanese (349), 218. Mountain (433), 256. Pale (435), 257. Sheep (434). 2.-.G. Swamp (4:r>). 2.J7. Tree (443), 2til. Laurestinus (366), 226. Hairy (367). 220. Lavender, Cotton (402), 243. Layers, 10. Lead Plant (139), 119. L.-af. What it is, 13. Leather Leaf (418), 252. Leatherwood (74), 87, 297. Leaves, Alternate, 21. Arrangement. 19. Compound, 21 . Opposite, 2 1 . Simple, 21. Study of, 13. Whofled. 21. Ledum, 263. Leiophyllum, 263. Lemon, 86. Lespedeza, 124. Leucophyllum (490), 285. Leucothoe,Catesby's(419), 252. Mountain, 253. Swamp (426), 253. Ligustrum, 279. Lilac, 275. Amur, 279. Common (477), 277, 278. Fern-leaved, 278. Himalayan (478), 278. Hungarian. 27V Japan Tree, 279. Ligustrina. 278. Persian (476). 277, 278. Privet, 277, 278. Rouen (481), 277, 278. Thick-leaved (479), 278. Tree. 278. White Persian, 278. Lime, 86. Linear, 25. Ling (431), 255. Liiiiia'iis mentioned, 3. quoted, 275. L<>! .<-.!. 23. L..bt..lly 'Bay' (52), 81. Locust, 1 10. Hristly (141), 119. Clammy. 1 10. Western (142), 120. Lonicera, 230. Lotos Tree, 100. Lycium, 2* I. Madura, 310. Magnolia, 58. Brown-flowered, 61. Hush, (•!. ( 'ampbi-ll's. till. Chinese White, til). Evergreen (6), til. ( treat-leaved, t;o. Hall's Japan (4), 00. Japanese Umbrella, 01. Kobus (7), 60. Purple (Si, 60. Small, tin. Soulange's, 60. Star (4), 57, 60. Swamp (5), GO. Watson's, til. Vulan, GO. Mali. .nia (20), 66. Ash (21), 67. Fortune's, 67. Fremont's, 66. Holly-leaved, 62, 65. Japan (15), 66. Nepaul, 66. Trailing, 67. Male Herry (424), 253. Mallow. Hose, 81. Swamp (57), 82. Malus. 182. Mamillaria, 211. Maple, 21, 103. Ash-leaved (102), 103. English Corkbark (107), 104. Field (107), 104. Goosefoot (104), 104. Hornbeam, 105. Japan (105), 104. Japan Vine, 104. Montpelier (108), 104. Mountain (103), 103. Parson's Japan, 105. Red, 306. Round-leaved (1091, 104. Siberian (106), 104. Striped (104), 103. Tartarian (110), 105. Vine, 104. Margins of Leaves, 23. Matrimony Vine, Chinese (489), 284. Common (488), 284. May ' 261 I, 174. Meadow Suret (230), 158. Plumy. 157. Medlar i2S4\ 182, 185. Mespilus, 182. Mezereon, Common (520), 299. Miehelia. 61. Midrib, 24. Mimosa, 22. Mimosa Tree (168), 131, 132. Mistletoe, American (539), 300. 350 INDEX Mo,-k Orange (205), 21, 69, 1-lti, L96. Mohrodendron, 272. \L,osewood (104), 104, (351), 223, (519), 2'.i7. .li>iintain Ash, 1S6. Western, 186. Mountain Ebony, 128. .erry, French (503, 504), 289. Mnlga (191). 141. Myall, Weeping (ISO), 141. Myrioa. 311. M yricaria, 73. .Myrtle (324) , 204. Blue, 99. I 'rape (332), 209. Sand (452), 263. Wax. 311. M \rtus, 204. Nandina, Japanese (22), 07. Nannyberry (362), 225. Nmmpanthus (68), 88. NCI him, 270. Neviusia, 171. New Jersey Tea, 97, 99. Ninebark (236, 237), 158. I . -tern, 159. Nutlets, 34. Oak. 314. Bear (565), 314. I '.lack Scrub (565), 314. Chinquapin, 314. Poison. 109. Silk (538), 306. ( Ibcurdate, 25. i i lanceolate, 25. <>b long, 25. (il .ovate, 25. old .Man. 294. Old Man's Beard (494), 287. Olea, 282. oleander (461). 270. Sweet-scented (462), 270. Oleaster (530, 531), 301, 304. Japanese (534), 302, 304. Spiny (532), 302. Olive, 282. African, 282. I .uropean, 282. Fragrant . 1X6), 282. Holly leaved (487), 284. Russian (530, 531), 301, Opoponax (195), 142. Opossum W 1 i486), 272. Opposite Leaves, 21. Opuntia, 209. Orange, 86. Hardy (63) 86. Mock. 21, (17. Osage (547). 310. Orbicular. 2.1. ( Isinanthus, 2S_'. Oval. 24. ( ) vary, 29. I Ivale, 25. Pa?onia, 57. Pirony, 57. Pagoda Tree, 21. Flat-podded, 112. Japan (125), 112. Palmate Leaves, 22, 23. Panicle. 31. .Papaw, 64. Pa paw, North American (11), 64. Peach, 142. ' Pear,' Alligator (515), 296. Pearl Bush (241), 161, 162. Pea Trees, 122. Siberian (143), 122. Small-bladed (144), 122 Pedicel, 30. Peduncle, 30. Pelu Tree, 112. Peony, 57. Poppy, 57. Tree (1, 2), 57. ' Pepper,' Chinese (59), 83. Pepperbush, Mountain, 265. Sweet (453), 265. Persea, 294. Petiole, 30. Philadelphus, 196, 275. Phoradendron, 306. • Photinia, 179. Corymbed, 180. Panicled (275), 180. Smooth, 180. Phyllocactus, 211. Physocarpus, 154, 158. Picea, 323, 326. Pimbina (355), 224. Pine, 323, 324. Dwarf White (5S5), 325. Mugho (584), 325. Swiss Mountain, 324. White, 325. Pinnate Leaves, 22, 23. Pinus, 323, 324. Pinxter Flower (439), 259. Pipsissewa (455), 265, 267. Pistils, 29. Pittosporum (25), 68, 69. Cape (26), 69. Common (24), 69. Madras, 69. Tobira, 69. Waxy-leaved (23), 69. Plum, 142. Beach (199), 144. Flowering, 145. Jambolan, 206. Purple-leaved, 145. Sand, 145. Pli;mbngo, 268. Cape (457), 268. Rosy (458), 268. Puiiiciana, Dwarf (167), 131. La Plata, 131. Poison 'Ivy' (118), 109. Poison 'Oak,' 109. Pollen, 29. Polygonum, 299. Siebold's (528), 300. Pomegranate (331), 209. Duarf. 209. Pomes, 32. Popinac (195), 142. Potentilla, 164. Shrubby, 164. Prickly 'Ash,1 S3. Northern (58), 83. Southern (60), 83. Prickly Pear, Tree-like, 210. Eastern (333), 210. Western (334), 211. Prim (4S3), 281. Privet, 279. Amur, 281. Bright-fruited, 2S1. California (482), 270, 281. Chinese, 2s 1. Common (483), 280, 281. Ibota, 281. Japan, 281. Late-flowering, 281. Nepal, 281. Thick-leaved (485), 281. Wax (484), 281. Pronunciation, 34. Propagation of Plants, 9. Prunus, 142. Psidium, 206. Ptelea, 84. Punica, 209. Pyracantha, 175. Pyrola, 265. Pyrus, 182. Queen of Meadow, 157, 158. Quereus, 314. Quince, 182. Chinese (283), 185. Common, 185. Dwarf Flowering (285), 185. Flowering (281), 185. Japan (281), 22, 185. Rabbit Berry (537), 305. Raceme, 31. Raisin, Wild, 225. Raspberry, 164. Hawthorn-leaved, 166. Purple-flowering (246), 165. Strawberry (247), 165. White-flowering, 166. Wild Red, 166. Redbud, American (156), 127. California, 127. Chinese (157), 127. European (158), 128. Red Cedar, 338. Red-osier, 217. Red-root, Smaller, 99. Resin-plant, 241. INDKX Retinospora, Club Moss- leaved, 333. Creamy, Hinoki, 333. Feathery I "fa-fruited (59S>, 331. 335. Fern-like Hinoki (604), 334. Golden, 335. lireen, 335. Hinoki, 333. Japanese, 333. Pea-fruited, 333. 335. Pigmy Hinoki t tit 13), 333. S:uicli-r's (605), 335. Sawara, 333. Silver (594), 331, 335. Speckled, 335. Uhamnus. 93. Khododendron, 21, 260. ( 'alii'ornian, L'tj-'. Catawba i445i. 261, 262. Dahurian (44.S), 21 12. Dotted-leaved (447), 262. Ponti<> (444), 261. Rhodotypos (244), 163. Rhodora. 260. Khus, 107. Kibes, 201. Iti'binia, 119. Koekro.se, 00. Cyprus (3i)i. 72. Undulate-leaved (29), 71. Rosa, 166. Kose 'Apple' (327), 206. Ruse, 166. Arkansas, 170. Bridal. 165, 166. Brier, 166. Cherokee (259), 171. Dog (250), 170. Karly Wild :256), 170. Glossy (253), 170. Guelder, 223. Japanese, 162. Japanese Rough-leaved d'49), 167, 170. Macartney (258), 171. Memorial (257), 171. Pasture (2.54), 170. Prairie (255), 170. Prickly, 170. Swamp 1252), 170. Rose Mallow, 81. 'Rose of Sharon' (56), 82. Rosemary (513), 294. Rosmarinus, 2C,)4. Rubber Plant, 30S. Fiddle-leaved (545), 309. India (543), 309. Palmer's. 309. Parcell'a, :;D'.I. Rough, 309. Rusty-leaved (546\ 309. Variable-leaved (544), 309. Rubus, 164. Kiiscus, 323. Sacaline (5291, 300. St. Andrew's Cross (39), 74. St . .lulm's-wort . 7 <" . Bushy (44), 78. Creeping ( 117 '. 7.S. Great i 13), 78. Kalm's (42), 78. Shrubby (46l. 7s. St. Peter's-wort (38), 74. Salix, Ml I. Salmon Berry, 166. Salt Hush i 149), 122. Salt-water Shrub, 241. Sambucus, 226. Sanlolina. 243. Sa.-safras (510), 296. Savin, 338. Scape, 30. Scorpion 'Senna' (154), 125. Seedlings, 9. Seeds, 9. Senna, Australian (163), 129. Corymbed (164), 129. ( llaucous Scorpion (155), 127. Scorpion (154), 125. Wild, 129. Serrated. 23. Service-berry (278), 182. Shad Bush, 178, 182. Sheepberry (362), 225. Shepherdia, 303. Shrub, Ornamental Sweet, 1SS. Sweet-scented, 186. Thick-leaved Sweet, 188. Western Sweet, 188. Silk 'Oak ' (538), 306. Silver Hell, 272. Four-winged (46G), 272. Median's, 272. Small-flowered, 272. Two-winged (467), 272. Silverberry, 21, 304. Simple Leaves, 21. Skimmia, 84. Chinese, 85. Japan (62), ,84. Smoke Bush (123), 21, 110. Smoke-tree, 109. Wild, 110. Snowball. 219. Chinese, 223. Japanese (350), 223. Snowberry, 228, 229. Low, 229. Western,- 229. Snowdrop Tree (466), 272. Snow Garland. b"> I. Hybrid (20,8), 154. Snow Wreath (260), 171. Sophora. 111. Large-fruited, 112. Sorbaria, 154, 159. Aitehison's. 160. Large-flowered, 160. Lindley's, 160. Milfoil-leaved, 160. Sorbus, 186. Sorrel Tree (427), 254. Sorrel Tree, Queensland, 82. Sparkle), en\ ' III'.) i. 2 Hi. Spice Hush i5I.S>. 297. Spike, 31. Spindle I pee, 91. Broad-leaved (82), 92. Kuropean isl ). !!_'. Japanese (78), 92. Spircea, 146. Spirea, Alpine (210). 151. Anthony Waterer's (225), 154. Ash-leaved, 159. Beautiful (221 ). 156. Billard's (232). 158. Birch-leaved (227), 157. Blue (502 ). 2.S.S. Blume's, 155. Broad-clustered, 156. Bremald's (224), 156. Chinese, 155. Corymbed (226), 157. Crenate (211), 155. Decumbent, 156. Dense-flowered, 157. Douglas' (233), 158. Downy-leaved (216), 155. Fontenay's, 157. Fortune's (222), 156. Fox's, 156. Germander-leaved (218), 155. Hoary-leaved, 154. Hypericum-leaved (209), 154. Intermediate (217), 155. Lance-leaved (215), 155. Long-budded 1 220), 156. Meadow Sweet, 157. Menzies' (231), 158. Mountain Ash (238), 160. Pink Hybrid, 156. Plum-leaved (206). 154. Round-leaved (212), 155. Three-lobed (213), 155. Thunberg's (207), 154. Van Houtte's (214), 155. Virginia, 157. Wedge-leaved (219), 156. Western Corymbed, 230, 157. White Beam-leaved (235). 158. White-flowered (223), 156. Willow-leaved, 158. Spruce, 323, 326. Gregory's Dwarf (586), 326. Lord Clanbrasil's, 326. Pigmy, 326. Norway. 326. Small Norway, 326. Squash-berry. 224. Stag-bush (3631. 225. Sia^er-bush (428), 254. Stalk. 31. Stamens, 29. 352 INDEX Staphylea, 105. Steeple Bush (234), 158. Stephanandra (243>, L63. Stigma, 29. Stipe, 30. Stipules, 22. Sturax. American (465), 271. Hmad-leaved (463), 271. California, 271. Japanese (464), 271. l.:n ue-leaved American, 271. Si I-M\\ berry Hush, 91. I red (79), 92. Strawberry Shrub. 188. St rawberry Tree (416), 249. Si uart ia, 80. Alleghany (50), 80. Japanese (51 i. SO. Round-fruited, SO. Styrax, 270. Suckers, 10. Sumachs, 107-111. Sun Rose, 7 1 . S\\amp Rose Mallow (57), 82. Sweet Amber, 78. Sweet 'Bay,' 61. Sweetbrier (251), 170. Sweel 'Fern' (551), 311. Sweet Gale (549), 311. Sweet-leaf (468), 273. Himalayan, 273. Symphoricarpos, 228. Symplocos, 273. Syringa, 196, 198, 275. I '.road-leaved (310), 199. Falconer's (307), 198. i HiMen (306), 198. ( mrdon's (311), 199. Hairy (309), 199. Large-flowered (308), 198. Lemoine's, 198. Lewis', 199. Odorless, 199. Satsuma, 199. Small-leaved, 199. /eyher's, HIS. Tagasaste, 115. Tamarisk, African (36), 71. l 'aspian, 74. Chinese, 74. Dahurian, 73. Knur-ant hered, 74. French (37), 74. German (35), 73. Japan, 74. . Pubescent-leaved, 74. Tamarix, 73. Tan ' Hay' (52), 81. 'I auhiwhi, 69. Taj us, 324, :;•!!. Tea, \iipalachian (301), 225. Tea Plant, 79. Tecoma, 285. Teucrium, 294. Thorn, 173. Cockspur, 175. Evergreen (267), 175. Fire (267), 176. Large-fruited (266), 175. One-flowered, 175. Small-fruited, 175. Washington, 174. Thuja, 324, 328. Tinghiang, Small, 278. Ti-ti, Black, 89. 'Com Thumb (596), 331. Toothache-tree (60), S3. Toyon (276), 180. Trefoil, Shrubby, 84. Tripalmate Leaves, 22. Tsuga, 324, 326. Turk's Turban, 291. Twig Cuttings, 10. Ulex, 113. Ulmus, 308. Umbel, 31. Umbrella Tree, 61. Vaccinium, 244. Van Dyke, Henry, quoted, 28. Varnish Tree, 110. Veining of Leaves, 24. Viburnum, 21, 193, 219. Chinese (354), 224. Japanese (353), 224. Japan Evergreen, 226. Maple-leaved (356), 224. Sandankwa's Evergreen (364), 226. Siebold's (358), 224. Small, 225. Sweet (362), 225. Sweet-scented Ever- green (365), 226. Wright's, 225. Vitex, 289. Waahoo (76), 92. Wattle, 132. Blue-leaved, 141. Brown (171), 140. Hairy (192), 142. Waxberry, 228, 229, (550) 311. Wax 'Myrtle' (548), 311. Wayfaring Tree, European (352), 224. Weeping Myall (186), 141. Weigela, 234. Common (385), 236. Desboisi's (391), 237. EvaRathke(391), 236. Japan (387), 236. Large-flowered (386), 236. Many-flowered, 236. Middendorf'a (390), 236 What is a Leaf, 13. Whorled Leaves, 21. VVicky (434), 256. White, 257. Wicopy (519), 297. Wild Raisin, 225. Willow, 314. Halsarn (575). 322. Hay-leaved (579), 322. Bog (571), 321. Broad-leaved (574), 321. Desert (493), 2X6. Dwarf Gray (568), 321. Glaucous, 321, 322. Goat (576), 322. Heart-leaved (581), 322. Hoary (572), 3^1. Kilmarnock. 1 1. Laurel-leaved (579), 322. Osier (570), 321. Prairie (573), 321. Purple (582), 322. Rosemary (569), 321. Sage (572), 321. Sand Bar, 323. Shining (578), 322. Silky (580), 322. Slender (577). 322. Virginian, 201. Wineberry, 165, 166. Winterberry, 89. Red (67), 88. Smooth, 89. Wintergreen, 265. Greenish-flowered (456), 267. Pyrola, 267. Round-leaved, 267. Spotted (454), 267. Witch Hazel (319), 202. Japan (320), 202. Witch Hobble (351), 223. Withe-rod (361), 225. Larger, 225. Woad-waxen, 114. Wolf berry, 229. Xanthoceras, 101. Yellow-root Shrub (3), 58. Yew, 341. American (618), 341. English (617), 341. Fisher's, 342. Golden, 342. Jackson's, 342. Short-leaved (620), 342. Silvery, 342. Spreading English (621), 342 Yellow-berried, 341. Zanthorhiza, 58. Xanthoxylum, 83. Zenobia, Beautiful (425), 253 Glaucous, 253. Zizyphus, 99. LIBRARY FATUITY r>P rnorrrov App;ar, Austin Craig 4.82 Ornamental shrubs of the A65 United States PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY