RNITHOLOGICAL GAZETTEER: ee o ECUADOR SECOND EDITION RAYMOND A. PAYNTER, JR. ORNITHOLOGICAL GAZETTEERS OF THE NEOTROPICS Ornithological Gazetteer of Argentina, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1985. vi + 509 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Bolivia, second edition, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1992. vi + 185 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Brazil, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., 1991. viii + 789 pp. (2 vols.), 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Chile, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1988. v + 331 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Colombia, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., 1981. v + 311 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Ecuador, second edition, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1993. xi + 247 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of the Guianas, Lorain Stephens and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., 1985. v + 123 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Paraguay, second edition, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1989. iv + 61 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Peru, Lorain Stephens and Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., 1983. vi + 273 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Uruguay, David M. Rand and Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1981. iv + 75 pp., 2 maps. Ornithological Gazetteer of Venezuela, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., 1982. iii + 245 pp., 2 maps. Obtainable from: Bird Department Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ORNITHOLOGICAL GAZETTEER OF ECUADOR SECOND EDITION RAYMOND A. PAYNTER, JR. 1993 Printed in the United States of America Copyright 1993 By the President and Fellows of Harvard College INTRODUCTION TO SECOND EDITION In the sixteen years since the first edition of this gazetteer (Paynter and Traylor, 1977, Ornithological Gazetteer of Ecuador), there has been an immense increase in ornithological research in Ecuador. During this time about 85 publications on the avifauna of continental Ecuador have appeared, whereas in the the previous 128 years there had been only 135 titles. Or, to put it differently, the yearly output of publications has increased more than five-fold. Part of the increased research is undoubtedly because of the recent proliferation of roads allowing access to all parts of the country for the first time. Another reason for this growth certainly must be because of the political stability of the country which has created a hospitable and safe environment for foreign researchers, who still make up a large majority of the ornithologists in Ecuador. The inventorying of the birds of Ecuador is essentially complete and their distribution has been broadly sketched. For this we may be grateful. But, unfortunately, because of the accelerating destruction of all natural habitats, from paramo to rainforest, it seems that this documentation may soon be only of historic interest, with no relevance to the contemporary situation. This revised gazetteer differs from its precurser in several ways. First, it is more comprehensive. The first edition was based on an extensive review of the literature and a survey of all Ecuadorian specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and Field Museum of Natural History, plus a scattering of information from a few Ecuadorian specimens in other institutions. Now, thanks to the creation of computerized databases, this coverage has been widened to include all the Ecuadorian material in the Carnegie Museum, the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, as well as a substantial block of the Ecuadorian holdings in the US National Museum. This additional coverage has allowed refinement of earlier data, the addition of some old collecting sites previously unknown to us, and the inclusion of information about localities visited by researchers from those institutions most active in Ecuador since the 1970s. lil The scope of the bibliography has also changed. In the earlier gazetteer there was a complete bibliography of publications concerned with mainland Ecuador, supplemented with papers that had been used in the text because they contained fragments of information on the distribution of Ecuadorian birds, although their main focus was elsewhere. In the present gazetteer the bibliography is restricted to the 220 or so titles dealing exclusively with Ecuadorian birds. When a gazetteer entry is augmented by data from other sources, documentation is given in full within the text, thus freeing the bibliography from considerable clutter. As the tempo of ornithological research in Ecuador has increased, there has been a corresponding rise in the number of studies produced and a diversity in the places where they have been published. As a conse- quence, it has becoming increasingly difficult to locate all the literature that should be consulted. In spite of help from a number of colleagues and institutions, some publications still were not found and are annotated in the bibliography as "[Not seen.]." Good maps, old and new, facilitate the preparation of a gazetteer. Unfortunately, for almost all of Latin America it is exceedingly difficult to obtain adequate maps. Sometimes foreigners are restricted from purchasing certain maps, but more often the maps are published in such small numbers that by the time we are aware of their existence they are no longer available. In the sixteen years since the first edition of this gazetteer we have obtained only two additional maps, one old and very useful, and one new and nearly useless. The following abbreviations and acronyms have been used: AMNH American Museum of Natural History (data from specimens therein). Atlas Geog. Atlas Geografico del Ecuador. Arre- glado Segitin la carta del Dr. Teodoro Wolf Felicismo Lépez (scale?), 1907, American Bank Note Co. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (data from specimens therein). FMNH Hoja CT N- LACMNH Mapa, 1950 Mapa, 1957 Mapa, 1974 Mapa, 1990 MCZ Carnegie Museum of Natural History (data from specimens therein). Field Museum of Natural History (data from specimens therein). Map prepared by Instituto Geografico Militar (1:50,000), 1963 (reference to one of 7 sheets for vicinity of Quito). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles; formerly part of Los Angeles County Museum and collections were catalogued as "LACM" (data from specimens therein). Mapa del Ecuador (1:1,000,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, et al., 1950. Mapa Geografico de la Republica del Ecuador (1:500,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, 1957. Ecuador (1:1,000,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, 1974. Mapa Vial-Turisto del Ecuador (1:4,000,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, 1990. Museum of Comparative Zoology (data from specimens therein). Map of Hispanic America ("Millionth Map"), 1927-1942, American Geographical Society, New York (reference to one of the 5 sheets covering Ecuador. Moore Coll. Moore Collection, Occidental College (data from specimens therein). USBGN United States Board on Geographic Names, Department of Interior, Washington, DC (refers to Gazetteer No. 36, Ecuador, 1957, and Gazet- teer Supplement, 1971). USNM United States National Museum (data from specimens therein). WFVZ Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology (data from specimens therein). For assistance in obtaining copies of publications not available locally and for providing me with information from their collections, I am deeply indebted to: W. T. Atyeo, N. J. Collar, W. E. Davis, Jr., T. de Vries, P. M. Edwards, J. Fjeldsa, K. L. Garrett, F. E. Hayes, C. Hinklemann, J. A. Jackson, J. P. Jenny, L. F. Kiff, J. R. King, C. Ludwig, S. L. Olson, F. I. Ortiz-Crespo, M. Marin A., R. K. Panza, K. C. Parkes, M. Robbins, D. A. Tallman, and D. C. Wege. Alison Pirie continues her indispensable role, which only she and I fully appreciate, in this ongoing project. Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. 15 March 1993 vi INTRODUCTION TO FIRST EDITION This is the second in a series of ornithological gazetteers for the Neotropics. While preparing the first (Ornithological Gazetteer of Bolivia, Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., and Blair Winter, 1975), it was easy to ferret-out collecting localities, name of collectors, and dates of their visits, for Bolivia has not been well explored ornithologically and data are sparse. The preparation of the gazetteer for Ecuador has been vastly more difficult, however, not only because of numerous expeditions there over the past 125 years, but mainly because of a small coterie of resident professional collectors (now almost gone) who have worked throughout the country. These collectors visited some localities only briefly, while at the other extreme, favored localities were visited time and again, often for extended periods. Specimens were collected by the tens of thousands and sent to museums and private collections throughout the world. These specimens frequently bear the name of a dealer, such as Rosenberg or Clarke-Macintyre, who purchased the specimens locally and then sold them abroad. Much of the material collected by expeditions has been studied and reported on in many publications, but probably almost as many specimens, particularly those obtained by local collectors, have yet to be examined critically and recorded in print. Assembling a gazetteer from such a plethora of specimens and publications is difficult, and the task has been further complicated by the scanty data often accompanying the material. Although better documented than the famous trade skins of Colombia, which bear only the notation "Bogota" and thus are dismissed from further consideration, Ecuadorian specimens frequently have just enough data to challenge the compiler and to persuade him that an unknown site can be located from the meagre clues. For example, Proafio, a recent collector, often records the name of a collecting site along with information such as "via Chone-Manabi." Presumably the specimen was collected at a station the province of Manabi while en route from Quito to Chone, but where along the 250-km trail is not indicated. If the site bears a relatively uncommon name, it is sometimes possible to identify it, but frequently it must be chalked up as "not located." With the Bolivian gazetteer we were fairly successful in determining the name of the collector and the period he spent at each locality. These data are less complete for Ecuador because of the larger number of collectors and the frequency with which they visited some localities, and because the specimen wholesalers often placed their names on labels in a Vil manner suggesting that they were the collectors. Specimens bearing Clarke-Macintyre labels, for example, never indicate when he was not the collector; but if one attempts to construct an itinerary from the label data, it is readily apparent that Clarke-Macintyre must have obtained a large number of specimens from other collectors. While attempting to learn the names and the dates of collectors at each locality may seem an exercise in pedantry, there are practical aspects. All collectors were not equally carefully and accurate in sexing, dating, or recording the provenance of their specimens. Knowing who collected a given specimen often aids in determining the value of the recorded data. Knowledge of where a collector was on a given date also aids in tracking down unidentifiable sites, and, furthermore, as habitats are destroyed, knowledge of collecting dates may aid in documenting the progression of change. Finally, knowing who was at a given place or who collected a particular species is a great aid when assembling bibliographies or in searching for published information, particularly when one is not a specialist in Ecuadorian ornithology. Members of the Olalla family have been professional collectors in Ecuador for more than 50 years. Although the name of the collector recorded on their labels varies from "Olalla e hijo" and "Olalla Bros." to individual members of the family, we have made no attempt to identify the specific member of the Olalla family who collected at each locality. Instead, we have used "Olallas" to indicate the presence of more than one Olalla at a place at a given time and "Olalla" to cover any single member of the clan. Mention must be made of some of the difficulties encountered with publications. Chubb's paper (1919) offers an amazing array of misspellings. Some localities which cannot be identified are presumably not obscure places but merely spelled so badly they are not recognizable. The substantial paper by Lénnberg & Rendahl (1922), based on a large collection of birds purchased over many years by Sdderstrom, also offers problems. Frequently it is impossible to determine the location of a collecting site because the information presented is ambiguous. For example, one finds (p. 55) two specimens of a species from "Iaquache, Naranjito, Babahoyo." The location of Iaquache is unknown, but we do know the coordinates for both Naranjito and Babahoyo. Because only two specimens are listed, one is tempted to assume the authors mean Iaquache to be associated with Naranjito. However, on p. 54 the authors already have listed one specimen from "Babahoyo, laguache" [note the different spelling]! The variation in spellings through Lonnberg & Rendahl's study vill approaches chaos. The dates of collection and altitudes are equally unsatisfactory and cannot be used. For additional comments on the reliability of collectors and collections, see Chapman's classic study (1926a:7-14, 723-735, in particular). These gazetteers are intended to facilitate the location of continental sites, but for convenience we have included the Galapagos. Only the islands and their geographical coordinates are given, however, and not settlements, collectors, dates, etc. The bibliography accompanying the Bolivian gazetteer listed only publications cited in the text, although there were so many of these that the references amounted to "virtually a complete bibliography of Bolivian ornithology" (p. iv). Some users overlooked our use of the modifier "virtually" and were quick to point out that we had omitted publications. We have assembled in this volume, therefore, what we believe is a complete list of all publications concerned primarily with Ecuadorian birds (exclusive of the Galapagos), not merely those that have been cited in the gazetteer. Another innovation is the inclusion of a map showing all collecting sites (plus a few places where observations have been made) on mainland Ecuador. This should help the zoogeographer to decide whether a gap ina distribution may be of biological significance or whether it may merely reflect the absence of collectors. Except for these minor changes and additions, we follow the style developed for the Bolivian gazetteer. AMNH: American Museum of Natural History (data from specimens therein) ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (data from specimens therein) FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History (data from specimens therein) HOJA CT NIL-: Map. prepared by Instituto Geografico Militar (1:50,000), 1963 (reference to one of 7 sheets for vicinity of Quito) MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology (data from specimens therein) Mapa, 1950: Mapa del Ecuador (1:1,000,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, et al., 1950 Mapa, 1957: Mapa Geografico de la Republica del Ecuador (1:500,000), Instituto Geografico Militar, 1957 Mapa, 1974: Ecuador (1:1,000,000), Instituto Geografico Militar MHA: Map of Hispanic America ("Millionth Map"), 1927-1942, American Geographical Society, New York (reference to one of the 5 sheets covering Ecuador Moore Coll.: Moore Collection, Occidental College (data from specimens therein) USBGN: United States Board on Geographic Names, Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C. (refers to Gazetteer No. 36, Ecuador, 1957) USNM: United States National Museum (data from specimens therein). We are indebted to students and colleagues who over a number of years have added information to our files. We hope these collaborators will find satisfaction in seeing their contributions well used. To Richard E. Webster we owe particular thanks for reading the entire manuscript and adding many localities to what we had thought was an almost complete xX gazetteer. And to Alison Pirie we are grateful for the care she has taken in making a manuscript from our less than orderly card files, and for preparing the map depicting collecting sites. Raymond A. Paynter, Jr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr. 28 March 1977 x1 ea 58 ’ - ¥ mba ill =) lide tl! y4 ABINGDON ISLAND; Galapagos 0035N/9044 (USBGN) Also = Isla Pinta. ABITAGUA (FMNH); see Abitagua, Cerros de. ABITAGUA, CERROS DE; Pastaza 0123S/7805 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, range of mountains N of the upper Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], NW of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, as "Abitagua"); Olallas, at 1,200 m, Aug. 1939 (FMNH, as "Abitagua"). ACHOTA, MONTES (FMNH); see Achotal. ACHOTAL; Imbabura ca. OOSON/7825 Alt.?; in Montes Achota [not located], 15 km below Paramba [0049N/7821 (USBGN)] on road [railroad?] to [province of?] Esmeraldas, on NE side of Rio Lita [0054N/7827 (USBGN)] (Olalla, in litt. to Conover, FMNH); description places this very near Esmeraldas/Imbabura border; Olalla, Aug. 1925, Olallas, Aug. 1935 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 129, as "Montes de Achotal." ACHOTAL, MONTES DE (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:129); see Achotal. ACQUATOR; Loja Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (USNM); probably a misspelling. AFLIANA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] on western slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:83, as "Afilana, Nanegal"). AGUARICO, RIO; Napo 0059S/7511 (USBGN) Major left-bank tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], rising through the confluence of several rivers in north-central Napo, with its lower portion forming part of the boundary between Peru and Ecuador (Mapa, 1950); collector?, at Santa Cecilia [0003N/7658 (USBGN)], date? (Olson, 1973, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34:409); Ridgely, on lower Rio Aguarico, up to Zancudococha [Zancudo, ca. 0035S/7530 (Mapa, 1974)], 19-26 Sept. 1976 and Greenfield, on upper part of river, dates? (Leck, 1980:313, as "Rio Aquarico"; Ridgely, 1980:243, 245). ALAMOR; Loja 0402S/8002 (USBGN) 4,550 ft. [1,325 m], on ridge between Rio Timbez [0330S/8027 (USBGN)] and Rio Alamor [0430S/8025 (USBGN)], subtropical forest to W and N, humid tropics below, Watkins, 7-14 July 1919, Cherrie, 30 Sept.-5 Oct. 1920, Cherrie and Gill, 14-31 Aug., 1, 4-20 Sept. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:19-20, 703; CM); Paynter and Norton, 13, 15 Oct. 1965 (MCZ). ALAO; Chimborazo 0154S/7829 (USBGN) 3,173 m, on eastern slope ca. 27 km SSE of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Mena, 3-4 July 1931 (CM); Lévéque, at 3,800 m, 24 Apr. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:59, 61). ALASPUNGO; Pichincha 0000/7836 (USBGN) Alt.?2; NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], near Calacali [0001N/7831 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:5); Olallas, Aug. 1926, 20 May 1928, Feb., June, Nov. 1929, also in "Montes de Alaspungo," Oct. 1935 (FMNH; Moore Coll.; WFVZ); Austin, 23 Apr. 1927, Mena, 2 June 1929, Olallas, 26 Apr.1927, 4 June 1929 (CM); Olalla, 4-6 June 1964, 20 Oct. 1967 (MCZ, as "Cordillera Alaspungo"). ALASPUNGO, CORDILLERA (MCZ); see Alaspungo. ALASPUNGO, MONTES DE (FMNH); see Alaspungo. ALAUSI; Chimborazo 0212S/7850 (USBGN) 2,386 m, a major town on railway and highway on western slope (Mapa, 1957); unwooded, on bank of Rio Alausi [0214/7854 (USBGN)], Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Apr.-May 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282-283, 294, 303, 307). ALBANIA, ISLA (Mapa, 1957); see Albany, Isla. ALBANY, ISLA; Galapagos 0010S/9050 (USBGN) Mapa, 1957, as "Isla Albania." ALBEMARLE ISLAND; Galapagos 0030S/9106 (USBGN) Also = Isla Isabela. ALCHIPICHI, VALLE (FMNH); see Hacienda Alchipichi. ALFARO; Guayas 0212S/7950 (USBGN) 0-50 m, on Rio Guayas [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], semi-arid tropical zone, like Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] which is opposite Alfaro, marsh along river, forested hills behind town (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:826, as "Eloy Alfaro"); Richardson, 2- 12 Aug. 1913, Chapman and Cherrie, 21 May 1916, Cherrie, 3-6 July 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:19-20); Lévéque, 18 Sept. 1960, between Alfaro and Yaguachi [0207S/7941 (USBGN)], 21 Aug., 2 Oct. 1960, 22 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61, as "Duran"); Gardner, 3 km and 11 km SE, 6 Mar., Kiff, 14 km and 18 km SE, 6 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ, as "Duran"); Bleitz Coll., 76 km from Guayaquil, on Duran [Alfaro]/El Tambo [0230S/7854 (USBGN)] highway, 26, 29 June 1970 (WFVZ). ALGONQUINCHE (Léonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13); see Alunguncho. ALLPACHACO (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Alpachaca. ALLPACHA SILVAN (MHA); see Alpachaca, Cordillera de. ALLURIQUIN; Pichincha 0019S/7859 (USBGN) ca. 900 m (Mapa, 1974); on western slope at mouth of Rio Alluriquin [0019S/7859 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Toachi [0008N/7918 (USBGN)] and near Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)]; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:73, as "Ayuriquin"); Corado, 1 km W, 13 Mar. 1991, 10 km NW, 17 Feb. 1989 (WFVZ, also as "Aluriquin"). ALMENDRAL (MCZ); see Hacienda Almendral. ALOA Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," collector?, 5 Nov. 1963 (MCZ); possibly Aléag [0028S/7835 (USBGN)] or Alao [0154S/7829 (USBGN)] was intended. ALOAG; Pichincha 0028S/7835 (USBGN) 2,886 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:816); 7,800 ft [2.375 m] (Oberholser. 1902:309); 2,922 m (Simon, 1907:17); on the road and railway, ca. 35 km S of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); arid inter-Andean valley (Brown, Joc. cit.); Festa, Aug. 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:43; Chapman, 1926a:723-733); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Jan.? 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309; Chapman, 1926a:703); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:45). ALONGUINCHE (Chapman, 1926a:703); see Alunguncho. ALPACHACA; Chimborazo ca. 0210S/7855 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 10,000-10,500 ft [3,050-3,200 mJ], forest ends and meets the puna [paramo], snows often, Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Apr., May 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282, 303); Menegaux, 1908:98, as Allpachaco." ALPACHACA, CORDILLERA DE; Azuay 0321S/7908 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, range of low mountains between Girédn [0321S/7908 (USBGN)] and Saraguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Allpacha Silvan"; Mapa, 1950, as "Alpachaca Silvan"; Mapa, 1957, as "Alpachaca Silvan"); Olalla, date? (Orces, 1944:117, as "Cerro Silvan"). ALPACHACA SILVAN (Mapa, 1950); see Alpachaca, Cordillera de. ALPA-YACU (Hellmayr, 1935:296); see Alpayacu, Rio. ALPAYACU, RIO; Pastaza 0128S/7807 (USBGN) Short tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], rising in Cerros de Abitagua [0123S/7805 (USBGN)], N of Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)], and entering the left bank of the Pastaza at Mera (Mapa, 1950); collector?, date? (Hellmayr, 1935, Field Mus. Nat. Hist Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 8, p.296, as "Alpa-yacu."). ALTAR, CERRO; Chimborazo/Morona-Santiago 0141S/7824 (USBGN) 5,319 m, snow-capped mountain, 28 km E of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)], on Chimborazo/Morona-Santiago border (Mapa, 1974); Fraser, at Hacienda Titaictin [0144S/7834 (USBGN)] on slopes, 1858 (Sclater, 1859c:549, as "Titaicun, El Altar"); Rivet, at ca. 4,000 m, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17). ALTO TAMBO; Esmeraldas 0056N/7832 (USBGN) ca. 300-500 m, on eastern edge of coastal plain, on Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], extreme northeastern Esmeraldas (Mapa, 1957); Olalla, 4 Apr. 1962 (MCZ); van den Berg and Bosman, 29-31 Dec. 1980 (van den Berg & Bosman, 1984:152, 153); Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:21); ANSP party, nearby at 275 m, Apr., July 1990, Krabbe, 11-22 Feb. 1992 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1992). ALUGUINCHO (Berlioz, 1927:356); see Alunguncho. ALUNGINCHO, MONTES DE (de Schauensee, 1951:3); see Alunguncho. ALUNGUNCHO; Pichincha _ ca. 0006N/7822 (Hoja CT NII-F3) ca. 2,720 m (Hoja CT NII-F3); S slopes of Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)], at junction of subtropical and temperate zones (Chapman, 1926a:703, as "Alonguinche"); Sdderstr6m Coll., dates? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13, 70, as "Algonquiche” and "Alongquinche"); Clavery Coll., date? (Berlioz, 1927:356, as "Aluguincho"); Olallas, Apr., July 1934 (FMNH); de Schauensee. 1951:3, as "Montes de Alungincho". ALURIQUIN (WFVZ); see Alluriquin. AMAGUANA,; Pichincha 0022S/7830 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on tableland, 12 km S of Quito [(0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Sdderstr6m Coll., nearby on Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)], at 8,000 ft [2,450 mJ], 18 Oct. year? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:28, as "Amagufia"). AMAGUNA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:28); see Amaguafia. AMBATI (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:78); see Ambato. AMBATO; Tungurahua 0115S/7837 (USBGN) 8,540 ft [2,600 m], in warm valley of inter-Andean tableland (Chapman, 1926a:703); arid temperate zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 24:816); has been used in a regional sense (fide Chapman, 1926a:703); Vascomez, date? [ca. 18887] (Allen, 1889, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:138); Festa, 30 Nov. - 1 Dec. 1896, 16-17 Aug. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:731-732); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:78, as "Ambati"); Loch, ca. 1935- 1937 (FMNH); US Fish & Wildlife, 7 Jan. 1969 (LACMNH). AMBATO, RIO; Tungurahua 0114S/7833 (USBGN) Upper tributary of Rio Pastaza [(0455S/7624 (USBGN)], rising SW of Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)] and entering the Pastaza a short distance NE of Ambato (MHA); Loch, ca. Jan. 1937 (FMNH). AMBOASI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] on western slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:5, as "Amboasi, Nanegal"). AMBOCAS; EI Oro ? Not located Alt.?; Baron, between Ambocas and Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], May-Aug. 1892? (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:52); probably near Rio Ambocas [0348S/7938 (USBGN)], Loja. AMORTAJADA (Murphy, 1936:29); see Santa Clara, Isla. ANAGUMBA (Léonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62); see Hacienda Anagumba. ANA MARIA; Guayas (Cory & Hellmayr, 1925:329); see Ana Maria; Los Rios. ANA MARIA; Los Rios. 0059S/7925 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, ca. 7 km NE of Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)], extreme northeastern Los Rios (Mapa, 1957); Von Buchwald, 2, 13, 20, 25 Mar., 11, 26 May, 11 Aug. 1913 (FMNH, sometimes as "Ave Maria"; CM; Cory, 1919, Field Mus Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, p. 354, as "Avia Maria," p. 401, as "Ava Maria"; Cory & Hellmayr, 1925, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 5, p. 329, as "Ana Maria, Guayas"); also see Hacienda Ana Maria. ANCA Not located Alt.?; northwestern slope, as indicated by presence of Heliodoxa imperatrix (Zimmer, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1513, p. 15); doubtless = Auca [not located], near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], Pichincha, as Chapman (1926a:541) misquoted Menegaux's "Auca" (1911:62) as "Anca;" correct spelling unknown. ANCON; Guayas 0220S/8052 (USBGN) Sea level, on SW side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], ca. 15 km SE of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)] (MHA); two well-defined seasons, rainfall varies greatly, continuous thickets of arborescent bushes, small trees, and tree cactus in valleys, more sparse on valley sides and watersheds, Marchant, within 10 km of Ancon, ca. Dec. 1954-May 1958 (Marchant, 1959:137-139); Harris, 1 Nov. 1965 (Mills, 1967:534-535); Edmund, at fossil beds between Ancon and Atahualpa [0219S/8047 (USBGN)], 1958, Edmund and Linder, same locality, 1961 (Edmund, 1965:3). ANCONCITO; Guayas 0220S/8053 (USBGN) Seal level, on southern coast of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 12 km S of city of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Fuentes, on beaches, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10); Ridgely and Wilcove, ca. 10 km WNW, 13 July 1978 (Ridgely & Wilcove, 1979). ANDOA (Sclater & Shelley,.1891:141); see Andoas. ANDOAS Uncertain At ca. 200 m (MHA), where Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)] meets the Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] at the Ecuador/Peru boundary, there is an Andoas whose coordinates are given by the USBGN gazetteer for Ecuador as 0234S/7638; on Mapa, 1950 this is shown as "Andoas Nuevo," but it is not indicated at all on Mapas 1957 and 1974. The USBGWN gazetteer for Peru (1955) gives the coordinates for a Peruvian Andoas as 0250S/7630; this is the locality called Santo Tomas de Andoas on Mapas 1950, 1957, and 1974, but it does not appear as such in the USBGN. The MHA shows an Andoas at ca. 0215S/7650 and in the district of Andoa [Andoas ?], an area disputed by Peru and Ecuador. The MHA, an early map, is doubtless in error as to its placement of Andoas, but it does seem that there are in fact two localities on the Rio Pastaza bearing the name Andoas, viz., one in Ecuador at 0234S/7648 and one ca. 45 km downstream in Peru at 0250S/7630. At which Andoas the following collectors worked is unknown, but the two localities should not differ biologically from one another: Buckley, probably between ca. 1876-1880 (Sclater & Salvin, 1880:155; Sclater & Shelley, 1891:141, as "Andoa"); Mission Flornoy, 15 Oct. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937c:355); Loch, ca. 1935-1937, Olalla, May 1937, Gémez, June 1940, Olalla, Oct. 1942 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 41, as "Pastaza Andeas." ANDOAS NUEVO (Mapa, 1950); see Andoas. ANDRAS Not located 500 m, in "Oriente," on Rio Pastaza [(0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Olalla, Oct. 1938 (FMNH); probably Andoas was intended. ANGEL (CM); see Angel, Paramos del. ANGEL, PARAMOS DEL; Carchi 0043N/7758 (USBGN) 4,151 m, extensive paramo in western Andes in central northern Carchi, SW of Tulcén [0048N/7743 (USBGN)] (MHA); Henn, 13 Dec. 1913 (CM, as "Angel"); Greenfield, where?, Jan. 1982, Krabbe, at 0039N/7734 and 3,350 m, 14 Nov., at 0043N/7737 and 3,400 m, 16 Nov., and at three localities from 3,400-3,950 m, 16, 18 Nov., and at location?, Dec. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:169, 170, 171, 173, as "Paramo El Angel"). ANGUCHACA (Berlioz, 1937b:117); see Anguchaca, Rio. ANGUCHACA, RIO; Morona-Santiago ca. 0209S/7813 (Mapa, 1974) A headwater of Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)] in the mountains ca. 22 km NW of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); collector?, Oct. 1933 (Berlioz, 1937b:117, as "Anguchaca"). ANITO Not located Alt.?; Olalla, N of Anito, Apr. 1943 (FMNH). ANOSUS Not located Alt.?; collector?, "Oriente," date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 210); source of Spizaetus tyrannus , a tropical lowland form. ANTEOJOS, LAGUNA DE LOS; Cotopaxi 0104S/7825 (USBGN) 3,000 m, on east side of Central Valley, ca. 35 km E of San Miguel de Salcedo [0102S/7834 (USBGN)], Norton, 6 Sept. 1964 (MCZ); does not appear on maps available to us. ANTISANA; Napo 0030S/7808 (USBGN) 5,704 m, snow-capped mountain with summit in Napo, NW slope in Pichincha (MHA); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Allen, 1889:75; Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:20); Rivet, at ca. 4,000 m, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Goodfellow, at 12,000-15,000 ft [3,650-4,600 m] Oct.-Nov. 1914 (Chubb, 1919:47, 260, sometimes as "Antisara"); Olalla, Mar. 1929, May 1938 (FMNH); Olalla, Sept. 1930 (Berlioz, 1932a:237); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., at 4,000 m, 6 Oct. 1937, 24, 28-31 Jan., 28 Feb. 1938 (MCZ); Clarke-Macintyre, Apr. 1938, Gomez, May 1939 (FMNH); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between Antisana and Quilindafa [0047S/7818 (USBGN)], in valley of Rio Valleviciosa [0050S/7806 (USBGN)], Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1902:226); Barros, near mountain, at 3,800 m, 14 July 1951 (Barros, 1953:161, as "Antizana"); French and Hodges, at 13,500 ft [4,100 m] Apr. 1958 (FMNH); Curry, in paramo at 4,500 m, early July 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:57, 106); collectors did not distinguish between mountain and town/hacienda [ca. 0032S/7812 (MHA)] at ca. 4,000 m on southwestern slope. ANTISANA, LAGO (FMNH); see Mica-Cocha. ANTISANILLA (Chapman, 1926a:210); see Hacienda Antisanilla. ANTISARA (Chubb, 1919:47); see Antisana. ANTIZANA (Baros, 1953:161); see Antisana. AQUARICO, RIO (Leck, 1980:313); see Aguarico, Rio. ARAJUNO; Pastaza 0114S/7742 (USBGN) 537 m, town 32 km SSE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)], on upper Rio Arajuno [0105S/7732 (USBGN)], a right-bank tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Olalla, 10 Jan. 1965 (Norton, et al., 1972:889, 893). ARCADIA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:21); see Hacienda Arcadia. ARCHIDONA; Napo 0055S/7748 (USBGN) 610 m (MHA); on eastern slope, 9 km NNE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)], on Rio Misahualli [(0102S/7741 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); humid tropics (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:817); source of many "“Napo" skins (Chapman, 1926a:703); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Apr. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Sdderstr6m Coll., in surrounding region from 1,000-5,000 ft [300- 1,500 mJ, dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:49ff); Orton, date?, Ostin, date? (USNM); Schmitt and Kiff, 23 km NE, at 1,300 m, in wet primary forest, 17 Oct. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:28); Carrién, 9 km N, 19 Oct. 1987, Schmitt, 9 km N, 18 Oct. 1988, Kiff, 10 km N, 18 Oct. 1987, Kiff, 23 km N, 17 Oct. 1987, Schmitt, 17 km NE, 18- 19 Oct., Kiff, 17 km NE, 17-19 Oct. 1987, Schmitt, 21 km NE, 17 Oct. 1987, Kiff, 21 km NE, 19 Oct. 1987, Schmitt and Kiff, 23 km NE, 17 Oct. 1987, Schmitt, 27 km NE, 17-19 Oct. 1987, Barber, 4 km SE on Rio Hollin [0058S/7745 (USBGN)], 18 Oct. 1988, Carri6n, 4 km SE on Rio Hollin, 19 Oct. 1988, Sibley, 4 km SE on Rio Hollin, 20-21 Oct. 1988, Sibley and Moore, 7 km SE on Rio Hollin, 18-21 Oct. 1988, Fry, 7 km SE on Rio Hollin, 18-19 Oct. 1988, Carrion, 7 km SE on Rio Hollin, 19 Oct. 1988, Barber, 7 km SE on Rio Hollin, 19-21, 30 Oct., 4 Nov. 1988, Sibley, 10 km SE, 19, 23-31 Oct., 1-6, 8 Nov. 1988, Carrién, 10 km SE, 19, 27-28, 30 Oct. 1988, Barber, 10 km SE, 19, 23-28, 30-31 Oct., 1-6, 8, 26 Nov. 1988, Moore, 10 km SE, 19, 23-28, 31 Oct., 1-5 Nov. 1988, Sibley, 40 km SE, 26, 30 Oct. 1988, Barber, 40 km SE, 29 Oct. 1988, Carri6n and Schmitt, 27 km NW, 19 Oct. 1987, Marin, 20 km NE on Narupa [not located]/Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)] road, 22-23 10 Nov. 1991, Sibley and Carri6n, at Km 19, on Narupa/Loreto road, on E side of Rio Hollin, 11-20 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ; LACMNH) ARENILLAS; EI Oro 0333S/8004 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on coastal plain, midway between sea and mountains, ca. — 32 km SSW of Machala [0316S/7958 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Gémez, Sept. 1939 (FMNH). ARENILLAS, RESERVA MILITAR DE; El Oro ca. 0333S/8004 ca. sea level - ca. 300 m, on coastal plain in vicinity of town of Arenillas [(0333S/8004 (USBGN)], military reservation of ca. 20,000 ha, mangrove, dry forest, thorn scrub, Conservation International group, 12-13 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1922:18, 54, 67); reserva- tion not shown on our maps. ARMENIA; Pichincha Not located 2,000 m, 35 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], near Nanegalito [Nanegal Chico, 0002N/7837 (USBGN)], Corado, 24 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ). ARMENIA VIEJA; see Armenio. ARMENIO; Napo Not located Alt.?; Monge, 10 Dec. 1938 (LACMNH); probably a misspelling of Armenia, which is now Armenia Vieja [0032S/7702 (USBGN)] on the Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)]. ASCANCOTO (Simon, 1907:17); see Asuncion. ASCASUBI, LAGO DE (Norton, et al., 1972:889); see Hacienda Guachala. ASHITAHUAICO, QUEBRADA; see El Batan. ASHITAHUAYCU, QUEBRADA (WFVZ); see El Batan. ASILAN; Morona-Santiago Not located 7,700 ft [2,375 mJ], on Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:490). ASMITAHUAYCU, QUEBRADA (WFVZ); see EI Batan. ASUNCOTO (Simon, 1907:210; see Asuncion. ASUNCION; Bolivar 0141S/7904 (USBGN) 8,125 ft [1,475 m], on Pacific slope, near headwaters of Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:704, as "Ascancoto"); 8 km SSW of Guaranda [0316S/7900 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Ascancoto," p. 21, as "Asuncoto"). ATACATZO (Chapman, 1926a:227); see Atacazo. ATACAZA (Chapman, 1926a:227); see Atacazo ATACAZO; Pichincha 0022S/7837 (USBGN) 4,410 m, mountain 30 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:36, as "Atacatzo," p. 44); Glenn, 27 July 1984 (USNM); Chapman, 1926a°227, as “Atacaza." ATAHUALPA; Guayas 0219S/8047 (USBGN) ca. sea level, on Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], ca. 15 km SE of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); McLean, 16 Dec. 1974 (USNM, as "Engabao"); Edmund, at fossil beds, between Atahualpa and Ancén [0220S/8052 (USBGN)], 1958, Edmund and Linder, 1961 (Edmund, 1965:3); not to be confused with the Engabao [0235S/8029 (USBGN)] farther south. ATAHUALPA,; Pichincha 0008N/7823 (USBGN) 8,500 ft [2,600 m], on west slope of Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)] mountain, collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:704); 35 km NNW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:43). ATARAZANA (Ortiz-Crespo, in litt.); see Tarasama. ATILLO (Reiss & Finsch, 1905:302); see Atilo. ATILO; Chimborazo 0210S/7834 (USBGN) 3,452 m, a pass through the Andes, on old trail between Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] and Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], Reiss, date? (Reiss & Finsch, 1905:302, as "Atillo"); Mapa, 1950 and Mapa, 1957 show this as a town 30 km SE of Guamote [0156S/7834 (USBGN)], on western slope of the mountains. ie ATUNTAQUI; Imbabura 0020N/7813 (USBGN) 2,407 m (Simon, 1907:17, as "Hatuntaqui"); central Imbabura, 10 km W of Ibarra [(0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Festa, 28 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:710, 731); Wiggins, in paramo between Pinan [0032N/7826 (USBGN)] and Atuntaqui, ca. 11,200 ft [3,400 m], June 1944 (Wiggins, 1945:167). AUCA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:62, as "Auca, Nanegal"); also see Anca; correct spelling unknown. AUCAYACU; Pastaza 0135S/7537 (USBGN) 181 m, on upper Rio Curaray [0222S/7405 (USBGN)], on Ecuador/Peru boundary (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Spillmann, 25 Nov., 11 Dec. 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:14); Olalla, Dec. 1930, Mar. 1931 (FMNH); also see U Occo Yacu. AVA MARIA (Cory, 1919:401); see Ana Maria; Los Rios. AVANZADA (WFVZ); see La Avanzada. AVE MARIA (FMNH); see Ana Maria; Los Rios. AVIA MARIA (Cory, 1919:354); see Ana Maria; Los Rios. AVILA; Napo 0038S/7725 (USBGN) 600 m (de Schauensee, 1951:2); in foothills of the Oriente, 25 km ESE of Volcan Sumaco [0034/7738 (USBGN)] and 25 km W of Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Amazonian jungle (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:817); Olallas, 29 Aug. 1929 (CM), 28 Aug., 2 Sept. 1932 (Stresemann, 1937b:14), Feb. (FMNH), 10 May, 11 Aug. 1935 (CM); Spillmann, 2 Sept. 1932 (USNM); Berlioz, 10 Aug. 1935 (Berlioz, 1937b:116); Monge, 10 July 1939 (LACMNH); Gomez, Jan. 1937 (USNM), Sept. 1939 (FMNH); Olalla, at 500 m, Apr. 1941 (FMNH); Olalla, 13-14 May 1968 (MCZ); Olallas, on Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)], above Avila, 1 Feb.-30 Apr. 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21; USNM); Olalla, below Avila [on Rio Suno?], 16 Mar 1924 (USNM). AY ALAN (Hesse, 1980); see Hacienda Ayalan. AYAMPE, RIO 0141S/8049 (USBGN) Small river rising at northern end of Cerros de Colonche [0200S/8020 (USBGN)], flowing W to the Pacific at Ayampe [0140S/8049 (USBGN)], and forming part of the Guayas/Manabi border (Mapa, 1957); Krabbe, on border of Manabi and Guayas, at ca. 20 m, 27 Dec., and at 0140S/8045 and ca. 50 m, also 27 Dec. 1990, ANSP collectors at same location, 18 Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:171, 173). AYANGUE; Guayas 0159S/8046 (USBGN) Sea level, northern coastal Guayas, on southern side of Ensenada Valdivia [(0157S/8044 (USBGN)], 5 km SW of Valdivia [(0157S/8044 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Ascensién, 29 Mar. 1990 (WFVZ). AYANGUE, PUNTA DE; Guayas 0159S/8044 (USBGN) Sea level, point of land on Bahia de Santa Elena [0206S/8053 (USBGN)], NE of Salinas [(0213S/8058 (USBGN)] (MHA); Mills, 5 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:537). AYURIQUIN (Menegaux, 1911:73); see Alluriquin. AZOGUES; Cajar 0244S/7850 (USBGN) 2,599 m (Mapa, 1954); 23 km NE of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA); in Cuenca basin, arid temperate region, immediate area under cultivation, but paramo not far to N (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:817); Festa, 26 Nov. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:731). AZUAY, PROVINCIA DE 0300S/7900 (USBGN) SW Ecuador; bounded by Cafiar on N, Morona-Santiago and Zamora-Chinchipe on E, Loja and El Oro on S, and Guayas on W. i 14 BABAHAYO (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62); see Babahoyo. BABAHOYO; Los Rios 0149S/7931 (USBGN) 15 ft [5 mJ], tidewater locality, humid tropical zone (Chapman, 1926a:704); on coastal plain, 60 km NE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA); dry season June-Dec., yearly rainfall 2,557 mm, mean temperature 25° (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:817); Fraser, 10 July-Sept. 1859 (Sclater, 1860d); Festa, 21 Aug. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:732); Sdderstr6m Coll., date?, also above "Babahayo," dates? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:18, 62); Olalla, Dec. 1934 (FMNH); Berlioz, ca. Aug.-Sept. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:411- 412); Bleitz Coll., nearby, 27 July 1970 (WFVZ); formerly Bodegas (Sclater, 1860d:272). BABAHOYO, RIO; Guayas/Los Rios 0210S/7952 (USBGN) Rises at base of mountains SE of Babahoyo [1049S/7931 (USBGN)], flows NW to Babahoyo and then abruptly SW to join several other rivers to form Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)] (MHA); Berlioz, where?, Sept.-Oct. 1931, ca. Aug.-Sept. 1936 (Berlioz, 1932a:228- 229; 1937a:413); formerly Rio Bodegas (Chapman, 1926a:704) BABYAR MOUNTAINS (USNM); see Balzar, Cordillera de. BAESA (Chubb, 1919:284); see Baeza. BAEZA; Napo 0027S/7753 (USBGN) 5,000 ft [1,525 m] (Goodfellow, 1901:313); 1,900 m (Simon, 1907:17); eastern subtropical zone, on Napo trail (Chapman, 1926a:704); at confluence of Rio Maspa [Rio Papallacta, 0027S/7758 (USBGN)] with Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Mar. 1899, also below Baeza at ca. 4,500 ft [1,375 m], probably ca. May 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, 311); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); collector?, 24 Aug. 1902 (CM); Goodfellow, at 6,000 ft [1,825 m], Apr. 1914 (Chubb, 1916:47, as "Braza"; 1919:284, as "Baesa"); Sdderstrém Coll., May 1914 (FMNH); Séderstrém Coll., dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62); d'Espinay Coll., Jan., Apr. 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:437- 438); Olallas, 10 Sept.-24 Dec. 1922, 15 Sept.-9 Oct. 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21; USNM), 16 Mar. 1927, 25-27 June 1928 (CM), Oct. 1930 (FMNH); Olalla, 5 July 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 13-23 Oct. 1926, 20 Sept.-29 Oct. 1937, Olalla, for Clarke-Macintyre, 24 Sept. 1937 (MCZ); Olalla, 18 Oct. 1936 (LACMNH); Olallas, Sept.-Oct. 1937 (FMNH); Séderstro6m, E of Baeza on road to Archidona [0055S/7748 (USBGN)], 13 Nov. 1922 (CM); Olallas, above Baeza, 9 Oct. 1923 (CM); Colwell Coll., above Baeza, date? (de Schauensee, 1951:10); Schmitt, | km and 2 km S, 20 Oct. 1987, Sibley, 5 km S, on Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)]/Baeza road, 7 Sept. 1987 (WFVZ); Berlepsch, 1912, Verh. Sth Intern. Ornith. Kongr., Berlin, 1910(1911), p. 1024, as "Baiza"; Olrog, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22:250, as "Baoza." BAHIA CARAQUE (Chapman, 1919:257); see Bahia de Caraques. BAHIA DE CARAQUES (Chapman, 19261:712); see Bahia de Caraquez. BAHIA DE CARAQUEZ; Manabi 0036S/8025 (USBGN) Sea level, port on Bahia de Caraquez [0033S/8023 (USBGN)] at mouth of Rio Chone [0035S/8025 (USBGN)], central Manabi (MHA); note that town as well as bay bear the prefix "Bahia"; equatorial arid fauna, fertile but semi-arid region extends ca. 20 mi [32 km] to E or until altitude ca. 200 m and heavy forest takes over, Richardson, 23-28 Feb. 1913 (Chapman, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32:257, as "Bahia Caraque;" 1926a:19, 704, 712, as "Bahia de Caraques"; CM); Richardson, on coast between town of Bahia de Caraques and Manta [0057S/8044 (USBGN)], 11-22 Feb. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:19, 712, as "coast of Manavi"); Fuentes, on beach, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). BAIZA (Berlepsch, 1912:1042); see Baeza. BAJO VERDE; Guayas Not located 500 ft [150 m], Tate, date? [Aug. 1922?] (FMNH); obviously has some connection with Cerro de Bajo Verde [not located] in Cordillera de Chongén [0206S/8009 (USBGN)], NW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)]; see Bajo Verde, Cerro de. BAJO VERDE, CERRO DE; Guayas Not located 500 ft [150 m] (FMNH); in Chongon Hills [= Cordillera de Chong6n, 0206S/8009 (USBGN)], 20 mi [32 km] NW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], Chapman, 12 July 1922 (Chapman, 1925c:2); Tate, Aug. 1922 (FMNH); also see Bajo Verde. BALENITA, PUNTA (Mills, 1967:536); see Ballenita, Punta. BALLENITA; Guayas 0211S/8050 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast 15 km E of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Corado, 4 km NE, 23 Feb., Carrién, Gardner, and Corado, 5 km NE, 23 Feb., Carrién, 2 km N, 23 Nov. 1989 (WFVZ). BALLENITA, BAHIA DE; Guayas Not located Probably coastal waters around Ballenita [0211S/8050 (USBGN)], E of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)]; Festa, Jan. 1898 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:43; Chapman, 1926a:732). BALLENITA, PUNTA; Guayas Not located Presumably E of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)], off village of Ballenita [0211S/8050 (USBGN)], between La Libertad [0214S/8057 (USBGN)] and San Pablo [0209S/8047 (USBGN)]; Mills, 5, 8 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:536, as "Punta Balenita"). BALSAPAMPA (Orces, 1944:110); see Balzapampa. BALTRA, ISLA; Galapagos 0026S/9016 (USBGN) Also = South Seymour Island. BALYA Not located Hellmayr & Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 77; probably misspelled; presence of Accipiter striatus indicative of moderate to high altitude. BALZAPAMPA; Bolivar 0147S/7913 (USBGN) 630 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:818); 1,200 m , southwestern Bolivar, 38 km ENE of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] and 17 km SW of San Miguel [0144S/7901 (USBGN)] | (Mapa, 1974); humid tropical forest, surrounding hills, especially to | E, extend into temperate regions (Brown, 1941, loc. cit.); Clarke- Macintyre, 6 June 1938 (Orces, 1944:110, as "Balsapampa"; | LACMNH). BALZAR; Guayas 0122S/7954 (USBGN) i 325 ft [100 m], on Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)] in humid ~ tropical zone (Chapman, 1926a:704); Festa, in vicinity and N to Rio © Peripa [0053S/7943 (USBGN)], 9 Oct.-27 Dec. 1897 (Chapman, _ 1926a:732); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907); Olalla, 18 Oct. © 1963 (MCZ); Lévéque, between Balzar and Santa Lucia [0143S/7958 (USBGN)], 23 July 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Greenfield, between — Balzar and Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], dates? (Ridgely, 1980:244). BALZAR, CORDILLERA DE; Manabi 0055S/7955 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, range of low hills, ca. 50 km long, in central interior Manabi, roughly paralleling the eastern boundary of the province (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Cordillera de San Pablo Balazar"); Illingworth, Mar. 1880 (Sclater, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 38:45, as "Balzar mountains"; USNM, as "Babyar Mountains"). BALZAR MOUNTAINS (Sclater, 1918:45); see Balzar, Cordillera de. BANOS; Tungurahua 0124S/7824 (USBGN) 1,851 m , on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], at northern foot of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)], 29 km SE of Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)], central eastern Tungurahua (Mapa, 1957); forest extends down slopes to southern edge of town, which is in semi-arid temperate zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:818); Buckley, autumn 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803); Stolzmann, ca. Nov. 1883-Feb.1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67ff); Baron, 2 days travel E on Rio Pastaza, July-Aug. 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:56, as "Rio Pastassa"); Palmer, 14 Aug. 1910 (FMNH); Sdderstr6m Coll., dates? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:60); Olallas, Jan. 1932 (FMNH); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 27 July 1927 [?] (CM), 12 June 1937-Feb., Nov. 1938 (MCZ; FMNH; WFVZ; LACMNH); Olalla, Oct. 1943 (FMNH); Bleitz, 4 July 1969, Bleitz Coll., June 1969, 3 May 1971, Bleitz Coll., nearby, date? (WFVZ); Arvey, 24- 25, 27 Dec. 1971 (LACMNH); Vascomez, "probably East Andean slope below Los Bafios," date? [1880s?] (Chapman, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit., no 31, p. 4). BANOS, QUEBRADA DE ?; Napo Not located Alt.?; above and N of Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)], in canyon with steep E and W walls, N end with impassible gorge, S end with "Chorera de Papallacta" waterfall, flows into Rio Papallacta [0027S/7758 (USBGN)], humid temperate zone with trees and shrubs scattered on floor, thicker along stream, Moore, at ca. 11,000 ft [3,300 m], ca. Sept.-Oct. 1929, with known date of 2 Oct. (Moore, 1934d:100-103, as "Bafios Valley" and "Banos Canyon"; 1940:252, as "Bafios de Palallacta"; CM). BANOS CANYON (Moore, 1934d:101); see Bafios, Quebrada de. BANOS DE PAPALLACTA (Moore, 1940:252); see Bafios, Quebrada de. _ BANOS VALLEY (Moore, 1934d:101); see Bafios, Quebrada de. BAOZA (Olrog, 1967:250); see Baeza. BARRINGTON ISLAND; Galapagos 0049S/9004 (USBGN) Also = Isla Santa Fe. BARRO; Los Rios 0059S/7928 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on coastal plain, 5 km N of Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "El Barro"); shown too far S on MHA and Mapa, 1950; Colwell, date? (de Schauensee, 1951:4, as "El Barro"). BARTHOLOMEW ISLAND; Galapagos 0017S/9033 (USBGN) Also = Isla Bartolomé. BARTOLOME (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:31); see San Bartolomé. BARTOLOME, ISLA; Galapagos 0017S/9033 (USBGN) Also = Bartholomew Island. BATAN (WFVZ): see El Batan. BATAN, QUEBRADA; Pichincha 0013S/7829 (USBGN) Near Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], but not shown on our maps; Festa, July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:13, as "Gole [Gola] di Batan (Quito);" Chapman, 1926a:731). BATONAGO Not located Alt.?; Séderstr6m, 25 Aug. ca. 1887 (Allen, 1889:71); presence of Tanagra ruficervix indicative of upper tropical/subtropical zone, both slopes. BEAGLE ISLAND; Galapagos 0025S/9037 (USBGN) Also = Isla Tibur6n. BEATA ELVIRA (USNM); see Puebloviejo. BELLAVISTA; Loja Not located Alt.?; 40 km ENE of Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)], near Paquisha [ca. 0355S/7843 (Mapa, 1957)], Schmitt and Marin, 8 Aug. i989 (WFVZ). BELSHAW, ROCA Not located Mills, 8 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:537); probably an exposed rock off the coast at La Libertad [0214S/8057 (USBGN)], Guayas, where Mills known to have been at this time. BEREMEJO (Paynter & Traylor, 1977:11); see Bermejo. BERMEJA, QUEBRADA; Napo 0017N/7706 (USBGN) Right-bank affluent of upper Rio San Miguel [0008N/7551 (USBGN)], on Ecuador/Colombia border, with mouth 6 km below Santa Rosa de Sucuimbios [0022N/7710 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950, as "Quebrada Bermejo"; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "Quebrada Bermejo"); collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 196, as "Rio Bermejo"); identification somewhat uncertain, but presence of Aburria aburri, an eastern slope form, suggests that the locality cannot be Rio Bermejo [0442S/7927 (USBGN)], which is on western side of Andes. BERMEJO; Napo 0031S/7753 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, on lower eastern slope ca. 5 km S of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Olallas, July 1931, Olalla, Oct. 1936, Loch, ea. 1935-1937%(FMNH); Paynter & Traylor, 1977:11, as "Beremejo." BERMEJO, QUEBRADA (Mapa, 1950); see Bermeja, Quebrada. BERMEJO, RIO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:196); see Bermeyja, Quebrada. BESTION; Azuay Not located 10,105 ft [3,075 m], camp in grassy paramo along Rio Shingata [not located], with scattered temperate forest, Cherrie, between 10,000- 11,000 ft [3,050-3,350 m], 2-16 Jan. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 704, map); Chapman's map shows this to be a short distance SE of Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)], although USBGN indicates that in opposite direction there is a village of Bestién [0310S/7913 (USBGN)]. BIBLIAN; Cafar 0242S/7852 (USBGN) ca. 2,600 m, central Cafiar, 5 km NW of Azogues [0244S/7850 (USBGN)] (MHA); Bleitz Coll., nearby, Mar. 1968, May, June, July 1969, Bleitz, nearby, 12 June 1969, Bleitz Coll., nearby, June, 27 July, 1 Oct., 20, 25 Nov., 7 Dec. 1970 (WFVZ). BINDLOE ISLAND; Galapagos 0021N/9029 (USBGN) Also = Isla Marchena. BLANCO, CERRO; Guayas 0210S/8002 (Parker & Carr, 1992:42) ca. 100-420 m, 2,000 ha reserve (Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco) on outskirts of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], dry to moist limestone forest, Conservation International group, 17 Jan. 1991, 15- 20 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 42-44, 67); not indicated on our maps. BLANCO, RIO; Pichincha/Esmeraldas 0028N/7925 (USBGN) Major southern tributary of Rio Esmeraldas [0058N/7938 (USBGN)], rising through confluence of Rio Mindo [0003N/7909 (USBGN)], Rio Yambi [0001S/7908 (USBGN)], and Rio Mulaule [0002N/7908 (USBGN)] on lower slopes at edge of coastal plain (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); MHA and Mapa, 1974 show Rio Blanco rising farther E in the mountains as a continuation of Rio Mindo, slightly W of town of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)]; Chapman (1926a:717) says Rio Blanco rises on NW slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)] and flows NW to Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], and to have been visited frequently by local collectors; only Rio Alambi [0014N/7849 (USBGN)] flows from Pichincha into Rio Guaillabamba, although some maps name the lower Alambi as the Rio Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)]; Mapa, 1957 does show a small Rio Blanco [not in USBGN] rising on the NW slopes of Pichincha, flowing past Calacali [0001N/7831 (USBGN)], and becoming Rio Nono [not in USBGN] before flowing into the Alambi; Chapman (1926a:11) placed Mindo on Rio Blanco, but all maps indicate that it is on Rio Mindo; it is evident that there is confusion between the Rio Blanco flowing into the Esmeraldas and the Rio Blanco rising on Pichincha; there is no documentation that collectors visited the latter river, although they probably did, while sometimes there is good evidence that they did collect on the former river; Goodfellow and Hamilton, 7 Nov.-Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:314); Rivet, on Rio Blanco on road between Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] and Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (doubtless via Mindo route, not the present southerly route, and thus at the Rio Blanco which meets the Esmeraldas), between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911); Sdderstré6m Coll., below Mindo at 3,000 ft [900 m] (thus indicating the more southern Rio Blanco), date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:67); Spillmann, 2, 10, 15 Sept.1931 (Stresemann, 1938:16); Olallas, 9, 23, 28 July, 1-2, 5, 21 Aug. 1930, 20, 22 July, 8, 12 Sept. 1931 (FMNH; CM). BLANCO, RIO; Tungurahua 0123S/7818 (USBGN) Mountain stream entering Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] from the N at Yunguilla [(0123S/7818 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820); not shown on maps available to us; lies between Banos [0124S/7824 (USBGN)] and town of Rio Negro [1024S/7813 (USBGN)]; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 5-6 Nov. 1937, 22 Jan., 3-4, 6 Feb., 16 May 1939 (MCZ, as "Rio Blanco, Bafios"; CM). BOBONAZA, RIO; Pastaza 0236S/7638 (USBGN) Left-bank tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] rising at base of mountains near Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] and flowing past Sarayacu [0144S/7729 (USBGN)] and Montalvo [0204S/7658 (USBGN)] to meet the Pastaza at the Ecuador/Peru boundary (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Buckley, at Canelos [0135S/7745 (USBGN)], autumn 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803); Buckley, at Sarayacu, ca. 1876-1880 (Sclater & Salvin, 1880:155); Stolzmann, at Canelos, 1884? (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:109); Olallas, at Sarayacu, May-July, Nov.-Dec. 1930, Mar.-Apr., Dec. 1931, 20 Feb.-Mar. 1932 (FMNH; Berlioz, 1932a:235ff; CM); Loch, at Sarayacu, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Mena, at Sarayacu, 23-24 Sept. 1937 (LACMNH); Colwell Coll., at Chichirota [(0223S/7639 (USBGN)], date? and Churo Yaco [not located], date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2; 1953:32, "Churuyaco"); Olalla, at Churo Yaco, 17 Mar. 1948 (MCZ, as "Chura Yaco"); Colwell Coll., at Chichirota [0223S/7639 (USBGN)], date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2); Proafio, at Montalvo, 17 July, 5 Sept. 1958, 18 Apr. 1964, Mena, at Montalvo, 18 Sept. 1959, Olalla, at Montalvo, 9, 27-28 Oct. 1963, 2-18, 27 Apr. 1964, Proaio, at Montalvo, 18 Apr. 1964 (MCZ); Olalla, at Montalvo, 4 July 1959, Mena, at Montalvo, 27 June 1959 (Orces, 1974:10) and 15 Jan. 1964 (LACMNH); Olalla, at Sarayacu, Nov. 1962 (MCZ); Zoila Coll., at Sarayacu, Jan. 1964 (Norton, et al., 1972:890); Olalla, at Sarayacu, 18 Apr. 1964, Dec. 1972 (Orces, 1974:9-10); Olallas, where?, Mar. 1930 (Berlioz, 1932a:228, 240); Olallas, where?, Mar. 1931, Loch, where?, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Flomoy Coll., where?, 16 July 1936 (Berlioz, 1937c:355). BOCA SUNO; Napo 0043S/7708 (USBGN) ca. 200 m, village at confluence of Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)] Ze and Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], 85 km ESE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "Suno"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, first half of May 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, as "Suno, Upper Rio Napo"); Spillmann, 1, 4, 16 Jan. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:116-117); Olalla, Apr. 1942 (FMNH); Schade, 2 May 1945 (LACMNH). BODEGAS (Sclater, 1860d:272); see Babahoyo. BODEGAS, RIO (Chapman, 1926:704); see Babahoyo, Rio. BOGOTA, RIO; Esmeraldas 0103N/7850 (USBGN) Short affluent of Rio Tulubi [0108N/7846 (USBGN)] rising on lower slopes and flowing W on coastal plain to Carondelet [0106N/7842 (USBGN)] in northern Esmeraldas (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Miketta and Flemming for Rosenberg Coll., at 325 ft [100 ml], 25 Jan. 1901 (Hartert, 1901:379; 1902:600; MCZ); Miketta and Flemming, 16 Feb. 1906 (USNM); also see Carondelet. BOLICHE; Guayas 0220S/7938 (USBGN) ca. sea level, 34 km ESE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.; MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Montero (Boliche)"; Mapa, 1974, as "General Pedro J. Montero"); USBGN indicates that General Pedro J. Montero [0216S/7938 (USBGN)] is a separate community; Gardner, 9.6 km S, Corado, 28 km S, 14 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ). BOLIVAR; Carchi 0030N/7753 (USBGN) ca. 2,800 m, southeastern Carchi, 30 km NE of Ibarra [0021 N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA); Marin, 6 km NE at Gruto de la Paz [not located], 8 Jan. 1991 (WFVZ). BOLIVAR, PROVINCIA DE 0135S/7900 (USBGN) Bounded on E by Chimborazo and Tungurahua, on N by Cotopaxi, and on W by Los Rios, west-central Ecuador. BOLONA; Pichincha 0024S/7847 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, in middle of western slope, ca. midway on road between Aldag [0028S/7835 (USBGN)] and Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (MHA); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). BOMBASCARO, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:722); see Zamora. BOMBISCARA, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:249); see Zamora. BOMBOIZA, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0325S/7829 (USBGN) Left-bank tributary of middle Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], rising on slopes W of Gualaquiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)] and joining the Zamora 6 km ESE of Gualaquiza (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Festa, probably near Gualaquiza, Jan. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:50; Chapman, 1926a:731). BORBON; Esmeraldas 0106N/7859 (USBGN) Sea level, 15 km from coast, near confluence of Rio Cayapas [0113N/7903 (USBGN)] and Rio Santiago [0105N/7858 (USBGN)], northern Esmeraldas (MHA; Mapa, 1957); collector?, July 1901 (FMNH); Arvey, 15 Dec. 1971 (LACMNH). BORJA; Napo 0025S/7750 (USBGN) ca. 1,600 m, on lower eastern slope, 10 km NE of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974, as "San Francisco de Borja"); Sibley and Varza, 7.5 km SE, 21-24 Sept., 25 Oct. 1989 (WFVZ, also as "San Francisco de Borja"). BOVERA Not located Alt.?; Olalla, 9 Aug. 1959 (Norton, et al., 1972:891); tropical zone in Oriente, as indicated by presence of Thamnophilus murinus. BRATTLE ISLAND; Galapagos 0101S/9052 (USBGN) Also = Isla Tortuga. BRAZA (Chubb, 1916:47); see Baeza. BUCAY; Guayas 0210S/7906 (USBGN) 298 m, humid tropical zone, forest, largely second growth (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820); in foothills of extreme eastern Guayas, at convergence of Guayas, Canar, Chimborazo, and Bolivar, and on railroad and Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Siemiradski, Nov. 1882 (USNM); Rhoads, 9-30 June 1911, Gill, 20 Nov.-7 Dec. 1921, Chapman, et al., 25 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 20-21; CM); Olalla, 31 Oct. 1929 (CM); Tate, July 1922 (FMNH); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:397-398); Olalla, 16-19 Mar. 1967 (MCZ). BUCU SLADA (Moore Coll.); see Salado, Rio. 23 24 BUENA VISTA; Napo ca. 0023N/7615 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 250 m, village on upper Rio Putumayo [0308S/6758 (USBGN)], on Colombia/Ecuador border, 55 km NW of Puerto El Carmen de Putumayo [ca. OO06N/7552 (Mapa, 1974)] (Mapa, 1974); Rylander, 15-30 Dec. 1970, 15-22 Aug. 1972 (Rylander, 1978); previously cited in the Ornithological Gazetteer of Colombia (Paynter & Traylor, 1981, p. 27) but is now known to be on the Ecuadorian side of the river. BUFEO, RIO; Pastaza Not located Olalla, Jan. 1963 (Orces, 1974:10); source of Hylophylax punctulata, a tropical lowland species; "Rio Bujeo" [not located; see below] is probably the same locality. BUGNAC; Chimborazo ca. 0213S/7853 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 1,987 m (Menegaux, 1908:98); 6,000 ft [1,825 m] (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283); 9,265 ft [2,825 m] (Chapman, 1926a:704); "in hot valley of Rio Chancan [0217S/7924 (USBGN)],...between Alausi [(0212S/7850 (USBGN)] and Chunchi [0217/7855 (USBGN)],"” Siemiradski, at 5,400-6,000 ft [1,650-1,825 m], May-June 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283, 290, 296). BUJEO, RIO Not located Olalla, 2 Feb. 1963 (MCZ, as "Rio Bujeo, Oriente"); Tachyphonus surinamus from here is indicative of tropical zone; "Rio Bufeo" [not located; see above] is probably the same locality. BULIM (FMNH); see Pultn. BULUM (FMNH); see Puliin. BULUN (FMNH); see Pulin. CABECERAS DE BILSA; Esmeraldas 0037N/7951 (Parker & Carr, 1992:24) 600-800 m, ridges in western Esmeraldas, near headwaters of Rio Bilsa [(0036N/8000 (USBGN)], S of city of Esmeraldas [(0059N/7942 (USBGN)] and E of Muisne [0036N/8002 (USBGN)], very wet forest, Conservation International group, 100-300 m, 26-31 Jan. 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 24-28, 67); not on our maps. CABECERAS DEL RIO; Napo Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Oct. 1937 (FMNH); doubtless near Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] as Olalla was in this area at that time. CACAO; Esmeraldas Not located Alt.?; on Rio Verde [0104N/7925 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., Map i, p. 16). CACHABE (Hartert & Goodson, 1917:412); see Cachabi. CACHABI; Esmeraldas ca. 0058N/7848 (Brown, 1941:820) ca. 200 m, on upper Rio Cachabi [0103N/7850 (USBGN), humid tropical zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820, as "Cachavi"); near base of mountains on coastal plain, northern Esmeraldas, 25 km SE of Concepcion [0103N/7850 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.); dense humid forest, Rosenberg, Nov. 1896-Feb. 1897 (Hartert, 1898:477-478; 1902:479, as "Cachavi"; Hartert & Goodson, 1917, Novit. Zool., 24:412, as "Cachabé"); Olalla, 29 May 1969 (MCZ, as "Cachavi"). CACHAVI (Hartert, 1902:479); see Cachabi. CACHIYACU; Imbabura? Not located 3,200 ft [975 m] (Hartert, 1902:607-608, as "Cachyjaca" and "Cachyjacu"); NW Ecuador (Hellmayr, 1920, Archiv f. Naturg., 1919, 85(10):7, as “Cachyjacu"); collector [Flemming?] for Rosenberg, date? (Hartert, 1900, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 11:39, as "Cachiyacu"; 1902:607-608); probably is Rio Cachiyacu [0050N/7828 (USBGN)], apparently a tributary of Rio Mira [(0136N/7901 (USBGN)], entering near Hacienda Paramba [0049N/7821 (USBGN)], a Rosenberg locality; see Cachiyacu, Rio. CACHIY ACU, RIO; Esmeraldas Not located Collector?, Oct. 1898 (FMNH); probably = Rio Cachiyacu 23 26 [OOSON/7828 (USBGN)], Imbabura, which does not appear on our maps; also see Cachiyacu. CACHUQUI (Menegaux, 1911:47); see Hacienda Cachuqui Moncayo. CACHYJACA (Hartert, 1902:608); see Cachiyacu. CACHYJACU (Hartert, 1902:608); see Cachiyacu. CAJABAMBA; Chimborazo 0142S/7845 (USBGN) 3,205 m (Atlas Geog.); 3,540 m, in Central Valley, 11 km W of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (MHA); Sibley, 10 km SW, 3 Sept. 1987 (WFVZ). CAJANUMA, EL PORTE DE (Moore Coll.); see Cajanuma, Nudo de. CAJANUMA, NUDO DE; Loja 0405S/7912 (USBGN) 2,525 m, low divide between watersheds of Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)] and Rio Catamayo [0418S/8009 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820); ca. 10 km S of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], heavily cultivated, a few patches of forest with bamboo and a few tree ferns (pers. obser.); Olallas, at "El Portete de Cajanuma," 10-16 Mar. 1936 (Moore Coll.; CM); Gémez, 16 Aug. 1939 (FMNH, as "Cajanuma"; USNM, as "Cajanuma"); Norton, 26-27 July, 2-8 Aug. 1965, Paynter and Norton, at 2,200- 2,700 m, 1-4 Oct. 1965 (MCZ, as "Cajanuma Divide"); site of Parque Nacional Podocarpus, Pratt, date?, Pearman, Dec. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:170, as "Parque Nacional Podocarpus"). CAJANUMA DIVIDE (MCZ); see Cajanuma, Nudo de. CAJAPAS Not located Alt.?; Rosenberg, 1 Nov. 1901 (FMNH); undoubtedly = Rio Cayapas [0113N/7908 (USBGN)], on coastal plain of northern Esmeraldas, a Rosenberg locality; see Cayapas, Rio. CAJAS, LAGUNA; Cotopaxi ca. 0040S/7826 4,050 m , very small lake, or series of tiny ponds, on Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)], Burger and Gochfeld, 30 Aug. 1984 (Burger & Gochfeld, 1985); not shown on our maps. CALACALI:; Pichincha 0001N/7831 (USBGN) 8,000 ft [2,450 m] (Sclater, 1860c:83); 2,816 m (town), 3,600 m (paramo to SE) (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820); 20 km N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); humid temperate to paramo (Chapman, 1926a:705); Bourcier, before 1859 (Sclater, 1859a:440); Fraser, Mar. 1859 (Sclater, 1860c:83); Festa, June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:8; Chapman, 1926a:731); Holstein, 20 Dec. 1899 (USNM, as "Calicalli"); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:7; Chapman, 1926a:733); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:86); collector?, 1914 (USNM); Marin, on Calacali/Nanegalito [Nanegal Chico, 002N/7837 (USBGN)] road, 6 July 1900 (WFVZ); also see Callipalli. CALDAS; see Esmeraldas; Esmeraldas. CALDWELL, ISLA; Galapagos 0118S/9020 (USBGN) CALICALLI (USNM); see Calacali. CALLIPALLI; Pichincha Not located 10,000 ft [3,050 m], at foot of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Allen, 1889:72); almost certainly = Calacali [0001 N/7831 (USBGN)], which see. CAMIPAMPA Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Cory, 1918, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, p. 302); presence of Acestrura bombus indicative of tropical zone, on either side of Andes. CAMP 1; Morona-Santiago ca. 0239S/7808 (Robbins, et al., 1987:244) 1,075 m, campsite on Rio Chiguasa [or Rio Chiviaza, neither located] on lower western side of "the Cutucti" [Cordillera Cutuct Occidental, 0245S/7805 (USBGN)], on trail from Logrono [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)], Robbins, et al., in area from 1,000-1,325 m, 13-22 June 1984 (Robbins, et al., 1987:244; Schulenberg & Gill, 1987). CAMP 2 (Robbins, et al., 1987:244); see Yapitya. CAMP 3; Morona-Santiago Not located 1,975 m, campsite, also called "Southern Ridge," south of the trail from Logrono [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)] in Cordillera de Cutuci [Cordillera Cutuct’ Occidental, 0245S/7805 (USBGN)], Robbins, et al., in 24} 28 vicinity from 1,950-2,100 m, 3-10 July 1984 (Robbins, et al., 1987:245). CAMP 4; Morona-Santiago ca. 0243S/7805 (Robbins, et al., 1987:245) 2,225 m, campsite, also called "Elfin Forest Camp," south of the trail from Logrono [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)] in Cordillera de Cutuci [Cordillera Cutucti Occidental, 0245S/7805 (USBGN)], Robbins, et al., in vicinity from 2,100-2,300 m, 10-17 July 1984 (Robbins, et al., 1987:245). CAMPAMENTO CAPAL GRANDE; Chimborazo? Not located ca. 3,000 ft [925 m], above Chimbo [Puente de Chimbo, 0214S/7907 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:822)], Rosenberg Coll., date? (Hartert, 1898:490). CAMPEON, ISLA (Mapa, 1957); see Champion, Isla. CANAR; Caiiar 0233S/7856 (USBGN) 3,128 m, at top of western slope in center of province, 22 km NNW of Azogues [0244S/7850 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Festa, at lake in paramo nearby, Oct.-Nov. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:25, 1900:45, 50; Chapman, 1926a:732); Simons, 5-18 Apr. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3). CANAR, PROVINCIA DEL 0230S/7900 (USBGN) West-central Ecuador; bounded on S by Azuay, on W by Guayas, on N by Chimborazo, and on E by Morona-Santiago; Bleitz Coll., location?, 20, 25 Nov. 1970 (WFVZ). CANCHACOTO; Pichincha Not located ca. 5,500-6,000 ft [1,675-1,825 m], on road from Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] to Chone [0041S/8006 (USBGN)] and Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Séderstrém Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:56ff); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:63); Gomez, Aug. 1939 (FMNH, also as "Conchacoto"); specimens from Nudo de Cajanuma [0405S/7912 (USBGN)], Loja, are also attributed to Gémez in Aug. 1939, suggesting that another collector may be involved, similar to the situation with earlier collection wholesalers who placed their names on specimens obtained from others; Olallas, 10 Feb. 1937 (Verheyen, 1941:1). | CANELOS; Pastaza 0135S/7745 (USBGN) 530 m , on lower slopes of the Oriente, on left bank of Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], 30 km SE of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); humid tropical jungle, generally rainy (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:820-821); Buckley, autumn 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803); Stolzmann, 1884? (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:109). CANGONAMA,; Loja 0358S/7942 (USBGN) 2,143 m, 58 km W of city of Loja [(0400S/7913 (USBGN)], on N slope of valley of Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], midway on road crossing mountain from Buenavista [(0355S/7944 (USBGN)] to Catacocha [0404S/7938 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Simons, at 1,550 m, 8 July 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Cangunana, El Oro"). CANGUNANA,; El Oro (Chubb, 1919:3); see Cangonaméa; Loja. CANZACOTA (Goodfellow, 1901:309); see Canzacoto, CANZACOTO; Pichincha 0026S/7845 (USBGN) ca. 6,100-6,500 ft [1,850-1,975 m] (Oberholser, 1902:309, 323); ca. 2,400 m, on Rio Quitasol [0026S/7843 (USBGN)], on western slope, 17 km W of Aldag [0028S/7835 (USBGN)] and 30 km SSW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Sept. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, as "Canzacota"). CAONI, RIO; Pichincha 0012N/7923 (USBGN) Small right-bank affluent of lower Rio Blanco [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] which rises on lower slopes of northwestern Pichincha and meets the Rio Blanco near the Pichincha/Esmeraldas border (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Olalla, on lower part at ca. 70 m, in Esmeraldas [error?], 2 Aug. 1963 (Orces, 1974:10); also see Caune, Rio. CAPAGUARI, RIO (Norton, et al., 1972:891); see Capahuari, Rio. CAPAGUARY (Orces, 1974:8); see Capahuari, Rio. CAPAHUARI, RIO; Pastaza 0231S/7651 (USBGN) Left-bank tributary of middle Rio Pastaza [(0455S/7624 (USBGN)], meeting that river near Ecuador/Peru border (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Mena, on upper part at 0200S/7715, 11 Dec. 1957 (Norton, et al., 1972:891, 893, as "Rio Capaguari"); collector?, locality?, 16, 20 Oct. 29 30 1962 (MCZ); Mena, at Capitan Chiriboga [not located], near mouth of river, 10 Nov. 1972, 15 Dec. 1973, 18 July, and 7 Nov. 1974 (Orces, 1974:8-9, as "Capaguary"). CAPATAZA, RIO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:66); see Copotaza, Rio. CAPITAN CHIRIBOGA; Pastaza Not located Alt.?; near mouth of Rio Capahuari [0231S/7651 (USBGN)] and Ecuador/Peru border, Mena, 10 Nov. 1972, 15 Dec. 1973, 18 July, and 7 Nov. 1974 (Orces, 1974:8-9). CARABURO, Pichincha 0006S/7822 (USBGN) 7,500 ft [2,287 m], in arid temperate zone of Tumbaco [0013S/7824 (USBGN)] Valley [=Rio San Pedro, 0006S/7823 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:705); near Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Sdderstré6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:34). CARACOL; Los Rios 0140S/7926 (USBGN) 100 m (Simon, 1907:16); on inner part of coastal plain, on Rio Caracol [0148S/7930 (USBGN); shown as Rio Zapotal ,0140S/7928 (USBGN) on Mapa, 1957], 15 km NNE of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog., 1907; MHA; Mapa, 1957); Rivet, ca. 1898- 1899 (Simon, 1907:16). CARAPUNGO; Pichincha 0009S/7822 (USBGN) 8,600 ft [2,625 m], arid temperate zone above Zambiza [0009S/7826 (USBGN)], 10 mi [16 km] NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:705); does not appear on our maps; Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:42 ). CARAZON Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr, 1937, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 10, p. 203); source of Sturnella militaris bellicosa, a western subspecies; possibly El Corazon [0112S/7906 (USBGN)], Cotopaxi was meant. CARBONSILLOS, PARAMO DE; Loja 0333S/7915 (USBGN) Alt.?; extreme northern Loja, short distance N of Saraguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Olallas, 22 Feb. 1936 (CM). CARCHI, PROVINCIA DEL 0045N/7800 (USBGN) North-central Ecuador; bounded on N by Colombia, on S and SW by Imbabura and Esmeraldas, and on E by Napo; Robbins, at 0054N/7812, 8 Aug. 1988 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:66); Sterling, on Pacific slope [where?] at 2,500 m, 19-22 Nov. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:172). CARIAMANGA; Loja 0420S/7935 (USBGN) 1,933 m, southern Loja, 52 km SW of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] and 40 km ESE of Macara [0423S/7957 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Krabbe, 1 km E at 2,300 m, 9 Apr. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:172). CARIGO NEGRO Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Apr. 1944 (FMNH); probably in upper Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)] area. CARIHUAIRAZO; Tungurahua 0124S/7845 (USBGN) 5,028 m, snow-capped mountain 10 km NE of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Carihuairozo"). CARIHUAIROZO (Simon, 1907:17); see Carihuairazo. CARNERO, ESTERO (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:8); see Carnero, Punta. CARNERO, PUNTA; Guayas 0218S/8055 (USBGN) Sea level, on southwestern coast of Peninsula de Santa Rosa [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], between Salinas [(0213S/8058 (USBGN)] and Anconcito [0220S/8053 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Festa, Jan. 1898 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:8, as "Estero Carnero"), Carrién, 25 Nov., and 2 km SE, 20 Nov. 1989 (WFVZ). CAROLINA; Guayas 0213S/8056 (USBGN) ca. sea level, near coast W of La Libertad [0214S/8057 (USBGN)] on north side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)]; not shown on our maps; avian fossils collected by Hoffstetter, 1946-1949 (Hoffstetter, 1952, Soc. Géol. France Mém., 66:39; Campbell, 1976:155, as "La Carolina"). CARONDELED (Chapman, 1926a:705); see Carondelet. 3a a2 CARONDELET; Esmeraldas 0106N/7842 (USBGN) 60 ft [18 m], Flemming, 9 Oct. 1900 (Hartert, 1901:369; FMNH; CM); on coastal plain on Rio Bogota [0103N/7850 (USBGN)], northern Esmeraldas (Mapa, 1950); Hammond, Oct. 1900 (FMNH, as "Curondelet"); Miketta and Fleming [Flemming], at ca. 450 ft [135 m], 23 Mar. 1901 (Sclater, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 38:44); Chapman, 1926a:705, as "Carondeled." CARRETAS Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Oct. 1945 (FMNH, as "Carretas, Oriente"). CASA (USNM); see Vinces. CASANGA (CM); see Casanga, Rio. CASANGA (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:78); see Cosanga. CASANGA, RIO; Loja 0408S/7949 (USBGN) Right-bank tributary of middle upper Rio Catamayo [0418S/8009 (USBGN)], rising in mountains of southwestern Loja NW of Catacocha [0404S/7938 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); flowing through open, barren region in arid tropics with scant vegetation, hillsides greatly eroded, Cherrie, at ca. 2,900 ft [875 m], near groves of ceiba and gallery forest along streams, 12-19 Sept. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 717; CM, as "Casanga"); Simons, July 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Casango"); Norton, at nearby Hacienda Yamana [0401S/7940 (USBGN)], 2-9 July 1965, Norton and Paynter, at Hacienda Yamana, 16-20 Oct. 1965 (MCZ, as "Yamana"). CASANGO (Chubb, 1919:3); see Casanga, Rio. CASCAJAL (CM); see Pichincha; Picinicha. CASTILLO, CERRO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1966, Species of Birds of South Amer., p. 299); Grallaria gigantea, a species of the temperate/ subtropical zones, has been recorded from here; possibly the locality is Loma Castillo [0335S/7940 (USBGN)], El Oro, which is on the western slope, far to the S of other records of the taxon, with the exception of a single report from El Tambo [ca. 0408S/7917 (Mapa, 1957)], Loja, just W of the continental divide and ca. 100 km from Loma Castillo; another possibility is El Castillo [not located], Pichincha, which is near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)]. CATACOCHA; Loja 0404S/7938 (USBGN) 1,872 m, in central Loja in upper Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)] valley, 50 km WSW of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); McLean, 10 km W, 24-25 Sept. 1975 (USNM); Krabbe, 13 Apr. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:171). CATAMAYO; Loja 0359S/7921 (USBGN) 1,268 m (Mapa, 1957); site of airport 15 km W of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], near head of arid Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)] valley (pers. observ.); olim La Toma (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Olalla, 6 May 1967 (MCZ, as "La Toma"); Norton, on mountain between Catamayo and Loja, 24 Oct. 1965 (Paynter, 1972:303). CATAPINO (FMNH); see Concepcién; Napo. CATORAL, LAGUNA; Pichincha? Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Feb., Nov. 1929 (FMNH, as "Laguna Catoral, Quito, Occidente"); probably near Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] in the Cordillera Occidental [1400S/7400 (USBGN)]; probably the same as Laguna Totoral [not located], which see. CAUNE, RIO; Esmeraldas Not located Collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 596); probably = Rio Chaune [0042S/7931 (USBGN)], Pichincha, close to the border of Esmeraldas, or Rio Caoni [(0012N/7923 (USBGN)], Pichincha, whose mouth also is near the Pichincha/Esmeraldas border. CAYAMBE; Pichincha 0003N/7808 (USBGN) 2,859 m, town in central highlands, 45 km NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] at western foot of 5,736 m Volcan Cayambe [0002N/7759 (USBGN)] (MHA); arid temperate zone, paramo above 12,000 ft [3,700 m] (Chapman, 1926a:705); records frequently do not differentiate between town and mountain; Jameson, before 1856 (Jardine, 1856:90); Rosenberg, between 9,000-13,000 ft [2,750- 4,000 m], June-July 1897 (Hartert, 1898:478ff); Gomez, July 1939 (FMNH); Ascasubi, 5 Feb. 1952 (MCZ); Sdderstr6m Coll., eastern side of Cayambe, date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:59); also see Guachala. Rio. CAYANDELE (USNM); see Cayandeled. 33 CAYANDELED; Chimborazo ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 1,368 m (Atlas Geog.); 4,500 ft [1,375 m], on western slopes, N of Bucay [0210S/7906 (USBGN)], 8 km E of Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] and 30 km NW of Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)], humid forest, trees not so high as at Chimbo [Puente de Chimbo, 0210S/7910 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821)], nectandras and fig predominate (Chapman, 1926a:705, map; Atlas Geog.); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Dec. 1882-May 1883, base from which Surupata [not located], El Placer [not located], Pedregal [not located], Chaguarpata [not located], and Tribulpata [not located] visited (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282ff; USNM, as "Cayandele"). CAYAPAS, RIO; Esmeraldas 0113N/7903 (USBGN) On coastal plain of northern Esmeraldas, near Borbén [0106N/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Rosenberg Coll., 11 Nov, 1901 (Hartert, 1902:605); also see Cajapas. CEBOLLAL (Chapman, 1926a:706); see Cebollal, Quebrada. CEBOLLAL, QUEBRADA; Loja 0355S/8003 (USBGN) Stream, presumably a left-bank affluent of Rio Puyango [Rio Tumbez [0330S/8027 (USBGN)], on lower slopes of extreme south- western Loja, near Buenos Aires [03359S/8004 (USBGN)] and N of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)]; not indicated on our maps; densely forested, uncultivated, Gill and Cherrie, at 3,100 ft [1,000 ml], 21 Sept.-8 Oct. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 706, as "Cebollal"). CECHE; Chimborazo ca. 0211S/7851 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 9,600 ft [2,925 m], between Alpachaca [ca. 0210S/7855 (Chapman, 1926a:map) and Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)], mountains, partly forested with clumps of trees and brush (Chapman, 1926a:706); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, up to 10,700 ft [3,275 m], Apr.-July 1883? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283ff); Allen, 1889, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:14], as "Cechece". CECHECE (Allen, 1889:141); see Ceche. CELICA; Loja 0407S/7959 (USBGN) 6,900 ft [2,100 mJ], on outlying ridge rising to 2,714 m in extreme southwestern Loja, 85 km WSW of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] (MHA); surrounding region mostly bare mountain slopes, arid temperate to arid tropics, in sheltered ravines some heavy subtropical forest, Cherrie, at 4,550 ft [1,400 m], 21-28 Sept. 1920 (Chapman, 1921:10; 1926a:19, 706); Norton, nearby at 1,900 m, 14- 15 July 1965, and 10 km N, at 1,900 m, 19-25 Aug., 8 Sept. 1965 (MCZ); Gardner, 25 Mar., Carrion, 30 Mar., Carriédn, Corado, and Gardner, 4 km W, 17, 24, 26, 30 Mar., Kiff, Corado, and Gardner, 9 km W, 17, 29 Mar., Kiff, 14 km SE, 21 Mar., Kiff, Corado, and Gardner, 16 km SE, 21 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ). ~CEMENTO NACIONAL; Guayas 0209S/8002 (Krabbe, 1992b:173) | ca. sea level, ca. 15 km W of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)]; not shown on our maps but obviously a manufacturing plant on the highway and railroad on the outskirts of Guayaquil; Ridgely, July 1979 and unknown subsequent dates (Krabbe, 1992b:173). CEROTAL Not located Alt.?; Austin, 4 Apr. 1927, source of Aftlapetes rufinucha spodionotus, a subtropical/temperate form from northern Ecuador (Moore Coll.). CHACO (Berlioz, 1928:439); see El Chaco. CHAGUARPATA; Chimborazo Not located 1,833 m (Menegaux, 1909:98, as "Chahuarpata"); 5,800 ft [1,775 m], on western slope in forest above Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], Stolzmann and Siemiradski, 2 Feb. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282ff; Chapman, 1926a:705-706, also as "Charguarpata"; USNM). CHAHUARPATA (Menegaux, 1909:98); see Chaguarpata. CHALOYA (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:152); see Chaloyo. CHALOYO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, May 1930 (FMNH); source of Penelope montagnii, indicative of subtropical/temperate zones; Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 152, as "Chaloya"; spelling uncertain; probably Saloya [not located], which see, was intended. CHALPA (Moore Coll.); see Chalpi. CHALPI; Napo 0022S/7804 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on Rio Maspa [Rio Papallacta, 0027S/7758 (USBGN)], 35 36 at mouth of Rio Chalpi [0023S/7803 (USBGN)], 5 km E of Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)] and 25 km NW of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Olallas, 6, 8 Mar. 1927, 6 Mar. 1937 (Moore Coll., also as "Chalpa"). CHALPI, RIO; Napo 0023S/7803 (USBGN) Left-bank tributary of upper Rio Maspa [Rio Papallacta, 0027S/7758 (USBGN)], entering that river at Chalpi [(0022S/7804 (USBGN)], 25 km NW of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Gémez, Mar. 1940 (FMNH); Whitney, in river valley 9 km [by road] E of Papallacta [(0022S/7808 (USBGN)], 15 Mar., 1 Apr. 1990 (Whitney, 1993). CHAMBO; Chimborazo 0144S/7835 (USBGN) 2,759 m, in Central Valley, 12 km SE of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)], on upper Rio Chambo [0123S/7826 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:706); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:5); Rhoads and Lemmon, 10-17 Apr. 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:706). CHAMBO, RIO; Chimborazo/Tungurahua 0123S/7826 (USBGN) A major headwater of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] which rises in the vicinity of Riobamba [014087838 (USBGN)] (MHA); Mena, where?, 15 Aug., near Riobamba, 8 Sept., Olalla, near Riobamba, 9 Sept. 1929 (CM). CHAMPION, ISLA; Galapagos 0114S/9023 (USBGN) Also = Champion Island; Mapa, 1957, as "Isla Campeon." CHAMPION ISLAND; Galapagos 0114S/9023 (USBGN) Also = Isla Champion; Mapa, 1957, as "Isla Campeon." CHANCAY; Canar Not located Alt.?; Robbins and Glenn, just NE, at 900 m, 10, 15 Aug. 1986 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:62-63); possibly this is Cochancay [ca. 0229S/7917 (Mapa, 1957)], which see. CHANCHAN, RIO; Guayas/Chimborazo 0217S/7924 (USBGN) Rises in western Andes near Alausi [0202S/7850 (USBGN)] and is one of the major tributaries of the upper Rio Yaguachi [0202S/7944 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Rhoads and Lemmon, at Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], 12-23 Feb., and at ca. 2,800 ft [850 ml], at junction of Rio Chanchan with Rio Chiguancay [not located], between Bucay [0210S/7906 (USBGN)] and Huigra, where tropical and subtropical zones meet, 23 Feb.-14 Mar. 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 706, 710); collector?, at Huigra, Aug. 1913 (FMNH); Chapman and Cherrie, at Huigra, 23 May 1916 (Chapman, 1926a:19). CHANDUY; Guayas 0225S/8040 (USBGN) Sea level, on SW coast of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 40 km below Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)] (MHA); Marchant, to N and W, Oct. 1954-Aug. 1957 (Marchant, 1958:349); Fuentes, on beaches, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). CHAPICRUZ (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:47); see Chaupicruz. CHAQUISCA YACU Not located Alt.?; in eastern lowlands, probably in Napo or Pastaza, collector?, date? (Olson, 1973, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 86:408); possible misspelling of "Chaquiscahuaicu" under which USBGN lists two streams, although these are in the highlands. CHARCO REDONDO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Paisttbabl.¢Zool.. Ser., 13; pt. 1, mo. 1, p. 609); presence of Geotrygon veraguensis is indicative of northwestern Ecuador; probably in vicinity of Charco Largo [0108N/7830 (USBGN)], Carchi. CHARGUARPATA (Chapman, 1926a:705); see Chaguarpata. CHARLES ISLAND; Galapagos 0117S/9026 (USBGN) Also = Isla Santa Maria or Isla Floreana. CHATHAM ISLAND; Galapagos 0050S/8926 (USBGN) Also = Isla San Cristdébal. CHAUPI (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:2); see El Chaupi. CHAUPICRUZ; Pichincha _ ca. 0009S/7829 (Hoja CT NIII-BI) ca. 2,780 m (Hoja CT NIII-BI); 5 mi [8 km] N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:23, 42, 47, also as "Chapicruz"); arid temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:706). Sh | 38 CHICAL; Canar 0224S/7858 (USBGN) 10,100 ft [3,075 m] (Chapman, 1926a:632); on western slope in central Cafiar, S of Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)]; not shown on maps available to us; Tate and Wickenheiser, Dec, 1922 (FMNH). CHICEROTA (de Schauensee, 1953:33); see Chichirota. CHICHEROTA; Pastaza (de Schauensee, 1951:2); see Chichirota. CHICHEROTA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Mena, 25 Nov. 1971 (Orces, 1974:8); source of Zebrilus undulatus; almost certainly this is Chichirota, Pastaza, which see. CHICHI, RIO Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Aug. 1930 (FMNH); probably is Rio Chiche [0009S/7824 (USBGN)], NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN). CHICHIROTA; Pastaza 0223S/7639 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, close to Ecuador/Peru boundary on E bank of lower Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], an affluent of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Colwell Coll., date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2, as "Chicherota, at 0222S/7638"; 1953: 33, 38, as "Chicerota"); also see Chicherota, Pichincha. CHICO, RIO; Guayas Not located Dry stream bed, apparently a tributary of Rio Grande [ca. 0020S/8055 (Edmund, 1965:1)], in southeastern Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], between Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] and Ancén [0220S/8052 (USBGN)] (Edmond, 1965:1); avian fossils collected by Spillmann, ca. 1937-1939 (Spillmann, 1942:375-377). CHIGCHI COCHA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Jan. 1931 (FMNH). CHIGUANCAY, RIO Not located Rhoads and Lemmon, at ca. 2,800 ft [850 mJ], at junction of Rio Chanchan [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] and Rio Chiguancay, on railway between Bucay [0210S/7906 (USBGN)] and Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], where tropical and subtropical zones meet [ca. 0214S/7903], 23 Feb.-14 Mar. 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 706). CHIGUAZA; Morona-Santiago 0159S/7758 (USBGN) ca. 1,000 m, on lower slopes, 40 km ESE of Volcan Sangay [0200S/7820 (USBGN)], on Rio Chiguaza [0156S/7750 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Gémez, Dec. 1942 (FMNH). CHIGUINDA; Morona-Santiago 0312S/7836 (USBGN) ca. 1,500-2,000 m, on left bank of upper Rio Cuchupamba [Rio Blanco, 0324S/7836 (USBGN)], 19 km NW of Gualaquiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Buckley, date? (Sclater, 1888, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 14:370, as "Chiquinda"). CHILCO; Pichincha Not located 8,500 ft [2,600 m] (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:26); on Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)], ca. 6 mi [10 km] E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:706); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:24); possibly Quebrada Chilcos [0035S/7836 (USBGN)] was intended. CHILLA; El Oro 0328S/7935 (USBGN) 2,450 m (Mapa, 1957); in northeastern corner of province, 29 km NNE of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)], on NW side of Cordillera de Chilla [0332S/7937 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); collector?, date? (MCZ). CHILLANES; Bolivar 0150S/7902 (USBGN) 7,686 ft [2,325 m] (Chapman, 1926a:706); in southern Bolivar, almost on its eastern border, 11 km NW of Pallatanga [0159S/7857 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Fraser, Nov. 1858 (Sclater, 1860a:63). CHILLIO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (USNM); probably a misspelling and a reference to Chillo Valley, which see. CHILLO (USNM); see Chillo Valley. CHILLOGALLO; Pichincha 0016S/7834 (USBGN) ca. 2,800 m, on southern outskirts of Quito [(0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); arid temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:706); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:23, as "Chilogalla"); Mena, 18 Feb. 1934 (USNM). 39 CHILLO VALLEY; Pichincha 0020S/7827 (Brown, 1941:821) ca. 2,500 m, broad valley through which flows Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)], SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], arid in N and semi-arid in S, irrigated cultivation (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821); Hacienda Chillo Ordéfiez [0021S/7826 (USBGN)] and Hacienda Chillo [0051S/7834 (USBGN)] are here and it may be the origin of the coined name "Chillo Valley"; Fraser, ca. Feb.-May 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:73; 1860s:88); Festa, Dec. 1896, Aug. 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:4; Chapman, 1926a:706, 731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at Cerro Ilalo [0016S/7824 (USBGN)], Nov. 1898 (Oberholser, 1902:338, as "Ilalo"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:20, as "Ilalo"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Jan. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:307); collector?, 22 Jan. 1911, Orton, date?, Riche, date? (USNM, as "Chillo" and "Chillo Valley"); Séderstr6m Coll., above Chillo [=? Hacienda Chillo], at 10,000 ft [3,050 ml], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:47); see, also, Tumbaco. CHILOGALLA (Lénberg & Rendahl, 1922:23); see Chillogallo. CHIMBO (Hartert, 1898:478); see Chimbo, Puente de. CHIMBO, PUENTE DE; Chimborazo ca. 0210S/7906 (Atlas Geog.) 345 m (Brown, 1941, Ann Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:822); settlement [and presumably a bridge, both of which seem to have disappeared] in western foothills of the Andes, near juncture of Chimborazo, Guayas, and Bolivar, on left bank of upper Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)], above railroad station at General Elizalde [Bucay, 0210S/7906 (USBGN)], Guayas (Atlas Geog.); Brown (loc. cit.) erroneously placed on Rio Chanchan [0217S/7924 (USBGN)], which rises farther south, although it eventually joins the Chimbo to form the Rio Yaguachi [0202S/7944 (USBGN)]; specimens sometimes labelled simply "Chimbo"; not to be confused with the Chimbo [not located] near Bodegas [Babahoyo, 0149S/7931 (USBGN)], Los Rios (vide Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883:536); band of virgin forest [ca. 1925] ca. 10 mi [16 km] wide along railway, fauna mainly tropical with mixture of savanna and forest forms, and some subtropical fauna (Chapman, 1926a:706-707); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, at 500-1,000 ft [250-925 mJ], ca. Aug.-Dec. 1882 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883:536ff); Rosenberg, at 500-1,000 ft [150-300 m], July-Sept. 1897 (Hartert, 1898:478ff, as "Chimbo"; CM); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:17); Chapman, et al., 31 July-4 Aug. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Tate, at 1,200 ft [350 mJ], Aug.-Sept., 1922, with known specific date of 27 Aug. (FMNH; CM); also see Mimbo, Puente de. CHIMBORAZA (Phelps & Gilliard, 1940:8); see Chimborazo; Chimborazo. CHIMBORAZO; Chimborazo 0128S/7848 (USBGN) 6,272 m, highest peak in country, in central Ecuador (MHA); Fraser, at Panza [not located], in paramo at 14,000 ft [4,275 m] on S slope, Jan. 1859 (Chapman, 1926a:714); Stolzmann, Apr. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:69, 111, 114); Simons, at 5,600 m, 2 Mar. 1889 (Chubb, 1919:260); Baron, at 12,000-17,000 ft [3,650- 5,200 mJ], Apr., Sept. 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:58); Richardson, 3-4 July 1913 (CM); Richardson, in paramo on S slope, 9 July-23 Sept. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:707); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:56); Austin, 25, 30 Aug., Moore, 22, 27, 31 Aug. 1929 (CM); Moore, at 17,000 ft [5,175 m], ca. Sept. 1929 (Moore, 1934b:150-151); Olalla, 27 Aug. 1929 (CM); Olallas, at nearby marsh (Ciénaga del Chimborazo), 25 July 1937, Gomez, May 1939 (FMNH; LACMNH); Lévéque, at foot, 23 Apr. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Krabbe, on N slope on Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)]/Guaranda [0136S/7900 (USBGN)] road, 18 Aug. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992a:168); Phelps & Gilliard, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1100, p. 8, as "Chimboraza." CHIMBORAZO, CIENAGA DEL (FMNH); see Chimborazo; Chimborazo. CHIMBORAZO, PROVINCIA DEL 0200S/7840 (USBGN) West-central Ecuador; bounded on E by Morona-Santiago, on S by Canar, on W by Bolivar, and on N by Tungurahua. CHIMIPLAY AS Not located Alt.?, three days travel E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Olallas, Sept. 1936 (FMNH); presumably near Cerro Condeja [not located], said to be two and a half days E of Quito; also see Chimiplayas, Cerro. CHIMIPLAYAS, CERRO Not located Alt.?; 13 [3?] days travel E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Olallas, Oct. 1936 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. fist. Publis \ Zool. Ser.,.13, pt..1, no. 1, °p:196, as “Cerro Chiniplayas"; also see Chimiplayas. 41 42 CHIN BLAS; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; on Volcan Sangay [0200S/7820 (USBGN)], collector?, 16 Sept. 1932 (Vuilleumier & Ewert, 1978, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 162:67). CHINGUIL; Pichincha 0013S/7839 (USBGN) 9,000 ft [2,750 m], on Pacific slope below Lloa [0015S/7835 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:707); not shown on available maps; ca. 20 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; Festa, June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5; Chapman, 1926a:731); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:67, as "Chinquil"); Holstein, 14 Dec. 1899 (USNM). CHINIPLAYAS, CERRO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:196); see Chimiplayas, Cerro. CHINQUIL (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:67); see Chinguil. CHIQUINDA (Sclater, 1888:370); see Chigiiinda. CHIRIBOGA; Pichincha 0015S/7844 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, on western slope, 25 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], on old road to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Lévéque, at Chiriboga and nearby along Rio Saloya [0001 N/7857 (USBGN)], 24 May 1960, 20, 27 Nov. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Greenfield, on "lower Chiriboga road," at 1,800 m, 13 Aug. 1978, and at 1,400 m, 7 Feb. 1980, Ridgely, et al., on road ca. 30 km WSW, 2 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:246, 247); Ross, et al., here and along road, 26-28 Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:86); Bleitz Coll., 9 Sept. 1969, and nearby, 13 July 1970, Gardner and Corado, 4.5 km SW at Las Palmeras [not located], at 1,900 m, 4, 14[?] Apr. 1991, Carrion, et al., 35 km W of Quito [(0013S/7830 (USBGN)], near Chiriboga, at Las Palmeras, 10- 26 June, 13-14 July, 13 Aug.1989, Carrion, 10-11 Mar., Beals, 16 June, Marin, 7, 14 July, 26 Aug. 1990, Marin, 11 Nov. 1991, Livingstone, 23 May, Marin, 22 June 1992(WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). CHITOQUE Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1943, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1246, p. 11); source of Tangara nigroviridis consobrina, a sub- tropical western form. CHIVINDA Not located Alt.?; Buckley, date? (Zimmer, 1944, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1262, p. 2); ranges of species recorded from here are of no help in locating the site, with Hemithraupis flavicollis peruana and Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala, forms of the eastern slope, and T. nigroviridis consobrina and Thraupis bonariensis darwini, forms of the western slope, and Sicalis luteola bogotensis, a form of the temperate highland, all reported from Chivinda; doubtless some subspecific identifications are erroneous and account for the contradictory information; Chapman, 1926a:606, as "Cluvinda"; possibly this is Chigtiinda [0312S/7836 (USBGN)], Morona-Santiago. CHOLAN; Pichincha ca. 0001S/7821 (Hoja CT NIII-B1) ca. 2,200 m, in Central Valley, 5 km N of Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B1); Marin, 18 July 1990. CHONE; Manabi 0041S/8006 (USBGN) 65 ft [20 m] (Chapman, 1926a:707); on coastal plain of central Manabi, 45 km from the coast (MHA); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:16, as "Chones"); Richardson, Dec. 1912-Feb. 1913, with known specific dates of 23 Dec., 3 Feb. (Chapman, 1926a:707; CM; USNM); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:655, as "Chones"); Proafio, 20 Nov. 1959 (MCZ). CHONES (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:655); see Chone. CHONGON; Guayas 0214S/8004 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, 25 km W of Guayaquil [(0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA); Simons, 18-22 Nov. 1898 (Chubb, 1919:2, as "Chougou"); Mena, 16, 21 Nov. 1929 (CM); Tate, Oct. 1922, Olallas, Nov. 1929 (FMNH). CHONGON, CORDILLERA DE; Guayas 0206S/8009 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, southeastern extension of Cerros de Colonche [0200S/8020 (USBGN)], a short distance NW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974, as "Cerros de Chong6n"); ravines between arid shoulders bear [still?] heavy forest and humid tropical zone fauna, Chapman, et al., 10-13 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:707, as "Chongon Hills"). CHONGONCITO; Guayas 0214S/8005 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, adjacent to Chongén [0214S/8004 (USBGN)], 25 km W of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); USBGN coordinates indicate is W of Chongén but Mapa, 1957 shows to the 43 44 E; equatorial arid fauna, Cherrie and Gill, 6-11 July 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:707). CHONGON HILLS (Chapman, 1926a:707); see Chongon, Cordillera de. CHONTA, RIO (USBGN); see Chonta Urcu. CHONTA-URCO (FMNH); see Chonta Urcu. CHONTA URCU Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:33); Olallas, June 1938 (FMNH, as"Chonta-Urco"); this may be Chonta Yacu or Chanta- Yauca, both of which are equivalent to Rio Chonta [0117S/7757 (USBGN)], Pastaza (Mapa, 1950, as "Rio Chonta"; Mapa, 1957, as "Chonta Yacu"); Hellmayr & Conover (1942, Field Mus. Nat. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 37) cast doubt on this assumption by placing "Chonta-Urco" near Archidona [0055S/7748 (USBGN)], Napo, which is ca. 40 km NNE of the river, while Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)], only ca. 25 km S, would seem to have been a more logical reference point if, indeed, Rio Chonta was meant. CHONTA YACU (Mapa, 1957); see Chonta Urcu. CHONTA-YAUCA (USBGN); see Chonta Urcu. CHORILLOS; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on western slope, near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:14, as "Chorillos, Nanegal"). CHOTA, RIO; Imbabura/Carchi 0029N/7804 (USBGN) An affluent of Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)] rising in mountains to E of Ibarra [(0021N/7807 (USBGN)] and flowing NW to meet the Mira, 15 km N of Ibarra (MHA; Mapa, 1950); valley through which it flows is hot and arid, steep sides covered with thorny scrub, sometimes devoid of green, much rock and sand, Festa, at Concepcién [La Concepcion, 0036N/7807 (USBGN)], a short distance below mouth of Rio Chota [and, strictly speaking, not in Rio Chota valley] at 5,050 ft [1,525 m], 2-30 Apr. 1897, Goodfellow and Hamilton, in valley, Apr. (Chapman, 1926a:707, 731, as "Valley of Chota") and 18 June 1898 (WFVZ, as "Chota Valley"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:54-55, sometimes as "Chotas"); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 45 (Berlioz, 1937a:408); Olalla, 21-22 Sept. 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Olallas, 2, 5 Oct. 1963, 19-20 Aug. 1965 (MCZ); also see Hacienda San Vicente and La Juna. CHOTA, VALLEY OF (Chapman, 1926a:707); see Chota, Rio. CHOTAS (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:54); see Chota, Rio. CHOTA VALLEY (WFVZ); see Chota, Rio. CHOUGOU (Chubb, 1919:2); see Chongon. CHUCHUMBLEZA, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0332S/7830 (USBGN) Tributary of upper Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], rising in mountains SW of Gualaquiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)] and entering the Zamora at Las Pefias [or Zamiqui, ca. 0331S/7829 (Mapa, 1957)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1649, p. 5, as "Rio Cumchumbleza"). CHUGA, MONTE Not located Alt.?; in eastern cordillera, Olallas, Sept. 1930 (FMNH); probably Chuga [ca. 0023N/7756 (Mapa, 1957)], at 2,742 m, above the upper Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)], Imbabura, was intended. CHUNCHI; Chimborazo 0217S/7855 (USBGN) 2,260 m, on western slope, just S of valley of upper Rio Chanchan [0217S/7855 (USBGN)] and 12 km SW of Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:626; also see Hacienda Jalancay.,,. CHUQUIPOGYO; Chimborazo 0133S/7850 (USBGN) ca. 4,000-4,500 m, on S slope of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Chuquipoquio"; Mapa, 1950); Festa, 17 Aug. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:37, as "Chuquipoquio"; Chapman, 1926a:732, as "Chuquipoquio"); Paynter & Traylor, 1977:27, as "Chuquipogyo, Tungurahua." CHUQUIPOGYO; Tungurahua (Paynter & Traylor, 1977:27); see Chuquipogyo; Chimborazo. CHUQUIPOQUIO (MHA); see Chuquipogyo; Chimborazo. CHURA YACO (MCZ); see Churo Yaco. 46 CHURO YACO,; Pastaza Not located Alt.?; on middle Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], Colwell Coll., date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2; 1953:32, as "Churuyaco," p. 38, as "Churoyaco"); Olalla, 17 Mar. 1948 (MCZ, as "Chura Yaco"). CHURUCO Not located Alt.?; Buckley, date? (Hargitt, 1890, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 18, p. 477); source of Phloeoceastes pollens, an upper elevation species; also see Curiurcu. CHURUYACO (de Schauensee, 1953:32); see Churo Yaco. CIGUIN, LAGO (de Schauensee, 1953:33); see Siguin, Laguna de. CITADO; Chimborazo ? Not located Alt.?; Buckley, 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803; 1871b:504; 1872:196); a Rio Citado, ca. 15 km NW of Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)], is shown in Atlas Geogrdfico del Ecuador (Inst. Geog. Militar & Min. Rel. Exter., 1975-1976, p. 45); this is the only time "Citado" has appeared on any map or in any gazetteer we have seen; its position on the W slope could have been predicted from the known ranges of the birds reported from Citado; Buckley, or his collectors, are also known to have been in that region (e. g., Pallatanga [(0159S/7857 (USBGN)]) about this time; it appears that Citado may refer to Rio Citado or be a hamlet near the river. CLUVINDA (Chapman, 1926a:606); see Chivinda. COAQUE; Manabi 0000/8006 (USBGN) Sea level, village on coast of northern Manabi at mouth of Rio Coaque [0001N/8006 (USBGN)], 5 km SW of Pedernales [0005N/8003 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, where shown too far N); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:563, p. 603, as "Coaque El Destino," p. 676, as "Cuaque"). COAQUE, RIO; Manabi 0001N/8006 (USBGN) Short river rising in Montafias de Mache [0015N/7950 (USBGN)], northwestern Manabi near Pata de Pajaro [002N/7959 (USBGN)], and flowing SW and then NW to coast S of Punta Pedernales [0005N/8007 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:380); Conservation International group at site within moist semideciduous forest between Tabuga [ca. 0004S/8008 (Mapa, 1974)] and Rio Cuaque [Rio Coaque], at ca. 60-320 m, 19 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 32-34, 67). COAQUE EL DESTINO (Chapman, 1926a:603); see Coaque. COCA; Napo 0028S/7658 (USBGN) 250 m, at mouth of R‘o Coca [0029S/7658 (USBGN)] on upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Francisco de Orellana"; Mapa, 1974, as "Puerto Francisco de Orellana"); Leck and Alden, on Rio Napo, near Coca, Apr. 1978 (Leck, 1980:313); Greenfield on road between here and Lago Agrico [ca. OO006N/7653 (Mapa, 1974)], 28-29 Mar. 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:243); Carrién and Sibley, 4 km SE, 24, 27 Nov., Barber and Sibley, 30 km SSE, 20 Nov., Sibley, Barber, Sornoza, and Carrion, 40 km SE, 21-27 Nov. 1988, Marin, 5 km NW on Rio Payamino [0029S/7700 (USBGN)], at ca. 350 m, 23 Nov., 11 Dec., Marin, 2 km E, at ca. 300 m, 23 Nov. 1991(WFVZ; LACMNH; Marin, in litt.). COCA, RIO; Napo 0029S/7658 (USBGN) Important left-bank tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], rising through the confluence of several rivers in the foothills of central Napo; most collecting on river done at mouth near the town of Coca [0028S/7658 (USBGN); apparently now called either Francisco de Orellana or Puerto Francisco de Orellana], at ca. 260 m, in humid tropical jungle (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:824); Goodfellow and Hamilton, May-July 1889 (Chapman, 1926a:706); collector?, at mouth, date? (Orces, 1974:9). COCA AZUL; Napo Not located Alt.?; on Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 258); possibly this is a river associated with Rio Coco [0029S/7658 (USBGN)], a tributary of the Napo. COCA FALLS; Napo Not located 1,500 m, on Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)] on the Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]/Lago Agrio [ca. O006N/7653 (Mapa, 1974)] road, Ridgely and Rowlett, 27 June 1979, Greenfield, 21 Feb. 1980, and Greenfield, ca. 10-15 km W at 1,600 m, Sept. 1978, 14 Mar. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:245, 246, 247); this may also be called Cascada San Rafael, which see. COCANCHAY (Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:68); see Cochancay. 48 COCHANCAY; Canar ca. 0229S/7917 (Mapa, 1957) ca. 100 m, on eastern edge of coastal plain, on highway at Km 56, 75 km SE of Guayaquil [(0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; WFVZ); collector?, 90 [75?] km E [SE?] of Guayaquil, 24 Nov. 1962 (MCZ); Bleitz Coll., 2, 7, 15 Nov. 1971, Bleitz Coll., nearby, 18 May 1968 (WFVZ); Ridgely, et al., above Cochancay, Aug. 1980 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:63, p. 68, as "Cocanchay"); also see Chancay. COCHASECA; Chimborazo ? Not located 7,800 ft [2,375 m], range between Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] and Huigra [0217/7859 (USBGN)], Tate, Sept. 1922 (FMNH); altitude may refer to collecting site rather than maximum height of the mountain range. COCHAUCU; Pichincha ca. 0016S/7818 3,250 m, 8 km SE of Pifo [0014S/7820 (USBGN)], Carrion, 29-30 Mar., Schmitt and Marin, 8 July 1989, Carrién and Marin, 29 Mar. 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.); not found on our maps but appears to be on lower western slopes of Eastern Andes of central eastern Pichincha on the road to Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)]. COCO; Napo Not located Alt.?; ca. 64 km NE of Puerto Francisco de Orellana [olim Coca, 0028S/7658 (USBGN)], Matheus, 16 Sept. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:28). COCO, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:708); see Pallatanga, Rio. COLIMBA; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; W of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, ptf, no. 1, pe 275): COLONCHE; Guayas 0201S/8040 (USBGN) ca. sea level, on N side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 30 km NE of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] and 5 km inland (MHA); equatorial arid fauna, Gill, 20 Dec. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 708). COLONCHE, CERROS DE; Guayas 0200S/8020 (USBGN) ca. 1,000 m, range of hills ca. 25 km inland and roughly parallel to NW coast of Guayas, with southeastern part, near Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], known as Cordillera de Chongon [0206S/8009 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Cordillera de Colonche"); forested, humid tropical zone at summit, Tate, ca. 1921- 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:16, 708); also see Chongén, Cordillera de and Manglaralto, Cerro de. COLONCHE, CORDILLERA DE (Mapa, 1957); see Colonche, Cerros de. COLTA (Saunders & Salvin, 1896:190); see Colta, Laguna de. ‘COLTA, LAGUNA DE; Chimborazo 0144S/7845 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, small lake in highlands 5 km SSE of Cajabamba [0142S/7845 (USBGN)] and 15 km SW of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Buckley, Dec. year? (Saunders & Salvin, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 25, p. 190, as "Colta"); Festa, 29 Nov. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:731); Simons, 9 Nov. 1898 (Chubb, 1919:2); Mena, 14, 16, 18 Dec. 1929 (CM); Lévéque, 7-8 Feb., 23 Apr. 1969 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Sibley, 4 Sept. 1987 (WFVZ). ‘COMPANIA, CERRO Not located Alt.?; collector?, 24 Sept. year? (Chapman, 1926a:198); presence of Bartramia longicauda no aid in determining location; possibly near Compafia [0253S/7858 (USBGN)], a suburb of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], Azuay. ‘CONAMBO; Pastaza 0152S/7647 (USBGN) ca. 200 m, on middle Rio Conambo [0207S/7603 (USBGN)], 30 km NE of Montalvo [0204S/7658 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Olalla, date? (Orces, 1974:9); probably this is the "Lonambo" of Zimmer (1943, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1225, p. 21; 1943, op. cit., no. 1245, p. 14), whose specimens of Tangara c. chrysopasta and T. n. nigrocincta are indicative of the eastern tropical zone; also see Conambo, Rio.. CONAMBO, RIO; Pastaza 0207S/7603 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Tigre [0426S/7405 (USBGN)] which rises in eastern lowlands N of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] and S of Rio Curaray [0222S/7405 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Rio Cunambo"; Mapa, 1950); Loch, where?, ca. 1935-1937, Olalla, where?, Aug. 1936 (FMNH); Olalla, at 0152/7649 [probably an error for 0152S/7647, the town of Conambo], 6 Mar. 1952, 20 June 1955, 2, 23 Nov. 1960, 2, 8-10, 20 Jan. 1962 (Norton, et al., 1972:899-893; ‘MCZ); Olalla, at Conambo, date? (Orces, 1974:9). 49 50 CONCEPCION; Carchi (Chapman, 1926a:707); see La Concepci6n. CONCEPCION; Napo 0048S/7725 (USBGN) ca. 300-500 m, 50 km NE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "Cotapino"); hacienda, with airstrip and ca. 60 acres of cultivated land, frequently cited as "Cotapino," at junction of Rio Cotapino [ca. 0048S/7726 (Mapa, 1957, where shown but unnamed)] with Rio Pucuno [0048S/7716 (USBGN)] (Norton, 1965:1-2); Olallas, May 1928, June-July 1929, with known dates of 4 Oct. 1928, 28 June, 7-10, 15-16, 25-26 July, 16 Oct. 1929 (FMNH, sometimes as "Catapino"; CM); Olalla, 25 Dec. 1919 (Norton, et al., 1972:899); Olallas, May, 9 July 1930, May 1936 (FMNH; Stresemann,, 1938:117); Olallas, 20 Aug. 1933 (CM); Norton, 25 June-12 July 1964 (Norton, 1965:1); see, also, Cotapino, Rio. CONCHACOTO (FMHN); see Canchacoto. CONCORDIA (WFVZ); see La Concordia. CONDEJA (FMNH); see Condeja, Cerro. CONDEJA, CERRO Not located — Alt.?; Olalla, "in Oriente, two and a half days travel east of Quito © [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]," Oct. 1936 (FMNH, also as "Condeja" and — "Montes de Condeja"); subtropical (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, © Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 24); § presumably near Chimiplayas [not located], which is said to be three © days E of Quito. | CONDEJA, MONTES DE (FMNH); see Condeja, Cerro. | CONGOMITA; Pichincha Not located ; Alt.?; on western lower slopes, near Santo Domingo de los © Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Olalla, date? (FMNH, as "Sta. Dgo. Colorados, Congomita"). CONUMBO, RIO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:261); see Conambo, Rio. COOPERATIVA NUEVA; Napo Not located Alt.?; on road between Tarapoa [not located] and Shushufindi [0018S/7625 (USBGN)], McLean, 20 Feb. 1975 (USNM). COPALILLO (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Copatillo. COPATAZA, RIO (de Schauensee, 1951:2); see Copotaza, Rio. COPATILLO Not located 1,000 ft [300 m], tropical forest, apparently in vicinity of Puente de Chimbo [0210S/7910 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821)] and Cayadeled [ca. 0207S/7858 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], Stolzmann and Siemiradski, date? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282); Menegaux, 1908:98, as "Copalillo." COPOTAZA, RIO; Pastaza 0207S/7727 (USBGN) Small left-bank tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] about midway between Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] and Peruvian border (Mapa, 1974); Buckley, where?, date? (Sclater & Shelley, 1891, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 19, p. 417, as "Rio Cotopaza"); Gémez, where?, Apr. 1939 (FMNH); de Schauensee, 1951:2, as "Rio Copataza"; Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, pp. 66, 210, as "Rio Capataza"; Chapman, 1926a:353, as "Rio Cotapaza." CORARAY, RIO (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:15); see Curaray, Rio. CORAZON; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; collector?, 20 Feb. 1918 (CM); there are several localities bearing this name in the province; may be the following. “CORAZON; Pichincha 0032S/7839 (USBGN) 4,791 m, peak in western Andes, 10 km WSW of Machachi [0030S/78334 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); surrounded by paramo (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:824); Festa, Aug. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:19; Chapman, 1926a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, on western slopes at 9,000 ft [2,750 ml], Sept. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:310; Oberholser, 1902:329, 334); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:6); Sdéderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:57); Goodfellow, at 13,000 ft [3,950 m], Sept. 1914 (Chubb, 1919:12, as "Gorazon," p. 269); Olallas, Nov. 1920, July 1929 (FMNH); Olallas, 17 Mar. 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:14); Olalla, at "Montafias de Corazén," 3,000 m, 20 Mar. 1930 (MCZ). ‘CORAZON, MONTANAS DE (MCZ); see Corazon. ‘CORNEJO ASTORGA (WFVZ); see Manuel Cornejo Astorga. a COSANGA; Napo 0034S/7752 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, 12 km SSE of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], within Cordillera de Guacamayo [0043S/7755 (USBGN)], at mouth of Rio Cosanga [0027S/7751 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at town and possibly elsewhere along the river, ca. Mar. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:715; Oberholser, 1902:323; Chapman, 1926a:732; Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p.78, as "Casanga"); Sibley, et al., 4-5 km SE, 7-16 Oct. 1988 (WFVZ, as "Cosanga, Guacamayos"); see, also, Cosanga, Rio. COSANGA, MONTES DEL (FMNH); see Cosanga, Rio. COSANGA, MONTES DEL RIO (FMNH); see Cosanga, Rio. COSANGA, RIO; Napo 0027S/7752 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)], rising on S slope of Cerro Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)] and flowing SE and then N, on N side of Cordillera de Guacamayo [0043S/7755 (USBGN)], joining Rio Quijos near Baeza [(0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Goodfellow and Hamilton, possibly only at town of Cosanga [0034S/7752 (USBGN)], ca. Mar. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:715; Oberholser, 1902:323; Chapman, 1926a:732); Olalla, in "Montes del Rio Cosanga" or "Montes del Cosanga," Sept. 1934, July, Sept. 1937 (FMNH). COTACACHI; Imbabura 0022N/7820 (USBGN) 4,966 m, major mountain on western side of Central Valley, 10 km S$ of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA); Zusi, 13 Nov. 1976 (USNM). COTAPAZA, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:353); see Copotaza, Rio. COTAPINO (Norton, 1965:1); see Concepcidn; Napo. COTAPINO, RIO; Napo ca. 0048S/7726 (Mapa, 1957) Small affluent of Rio Pucuno [0048S/7716 (USBGN)], a tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], which rises on southeastern side of Cordillera de Galeras [0050S/7732 (USBGN)] and NE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, shown but unnamed); Olallas, at Voca [Boca] Cotapino, 11, 17 July 1925 (MCZ); Olallas, on lower river, 3 Apr. 1927 (CM); Olallas, Oct. 1927, Sept. 1929, Clarke-Macintyre Coll., at 500 m, Dec. 1937, Olalla, Dec. 1946 — — (FMNH); see, also, Concepcién, Napo, which is the settlement at the mouth of the river. COTOCALLAO (Chapman, 1926a:708); see Cotocollao. ‘COTOCALLO (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:36); see Cotocollao. ‘COTOCOLLAO; Pichincha 0007S/7830 (USBGN) 2,784 m, 10 km N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); habitat similar to that of Quito, Festa, 26 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:708, 731, as "Cotocallao" and "Cotocallo"); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:36, as "Cotocallo"); Olalla, Apr. 1943 (FMNH); Barros, numerous visits, Sept. 1950-Mar. 1952 (Barros, 1953:156ff; WFVZ); Zusi, 5 km NW, 3, 5-6, 11, 16-17 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Marin, at Km 35 on Nanegalito [Nanegal Chico, 0002N/7837 (USBGN)]/Cotocollao road, at 3,300 m, 6 Dec. 1991 (WFVZ). \COTOPAXI; Cotopaxi 0040S/7826 (USBGN) 5,897 m, snow-capped mountain at junction of Pichincha, Napo, and Cotopaxi provinces, 50 km SSE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); lava and volcanic ash, scored at intervals by steep-sided ravines, a few stunted trees in lower ravines, shrubs at 14,500 ft [4,425 ml], tall wiry grass on more level areas between ravines, no vegetation above 15,000 ft [4,575 mJ], snowline occasionally to 14,000 ft [4,275 m], Mar.-May wet season (Corley Smith, 1969:17-18); Goodfellow and Hamilton, near Cotopaxi, ca. 1898-1899 (Goodfellow, 1902:224); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Betantt, for Rosenberg Coll., May 1925, Olallas, Aug. 1930, Feb. 1936 (FMNH); Corley Smith, 1966-1967 (Corley Smith, 1969:22); Zusi, 26 Oct. 1976 (USNM); Leck, at lake at 4,250 m, 19 Mar. 1978 (Leck, 1980:313); de Vries, at 4,000 m, 1979-1982 (de Vries, 1985); Krabbe, on paramo S of Cotopaxi, Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:169); also see Cajas, Laguna. COTOPAXI, PROVINCIA DEL 0055S/7855 (USBGN) West-central Ecuador; bounded on E by Napo, on S by Tungurahua and Bolivar, on SW by Los Rios, and on NW and N by Pichincha; formerly Provincia de Léon. COTOPAZA, RIO (Sclater & Salvin, 1891:417); see Copotaza, Rio. COTORAL OCCIDENTE Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Feb. 1929 (FMNH); probably a general term referring to the eastern region of the country. COTUCUI Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:30); source of Pipra isidorei of tropical eastern Ecuador; possibly this is Cordillera Cutucti Oriental [0240S/7751 (USBGN)], Zamora-Chinchipe. COWLEY, ISLA; Galapagos 0022S/9058 (USBGN) COYUJA (Mapa, 1974); see Cuyujta. CRISTAL; Esmeraldas ca. 0048N/7827 (Evans, 1988:24) ca. 1,100 m, settlement ca. 10-12 km S of Lita [0052N/7828 (USBGN)] and somewhat higher, in extreme northeastern Esmeraldas, on S side of Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:20, 24). CROSSMAN, ISLAS; Galapagos 0052S/9048 (USBGN) Also = Los Hermanos. CRUZPAMPA; Loja 0410S/8001 (USBGN) 1,000 m (MCZ); on lower slope of spur, on Rio Celica [0411S/8011 (USBGN)], 10 km SW of Celica [0407S/7959 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Norton, June, 10-13 July 1965 (MCZ); Dominguillo is presumably an earlier name, which see; Simons, at Dominguillo, 11 July 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Dormugillo, El Oro"). CUAMAYACLU, RIO; Napo Not located A tributary of Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)], a major left- bank tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] which rises on slopes of northern Ecuador, Olallas, July 1929 (FMNH). CUAQUE (Chapman, 1926a:676); see Coaque. CUAQUE, RIO (Parker & Carr, 1992:22); see Coaque, Rio. CUCHIBAMBA (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:17); see Cuchipamba. CUCHIPAMBA; Azuay 0303S/7847 (USBGN) Alt.?; near Sigsig [0301S/7845 (USBGN)] in central eastern part of province; does not appear on maps available to us; Festa, Nov. 1895? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:29, as "Cuchipamba (San José)"; 1900:17, as "Cuchibamba"; Chapman, 1926a:731). CUENCA; Azuay 0253S/7859 (USBGN) 2,535 m, major city in south-central highlands, arid temperate zone, extensively cultivated, no virgin forest, well covered by trails to nearby paramos (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:824- 825); Fraser, Oct.-Nov. 1857, Mar.-May 1858 (Sclater, 1859b:450); Baron, Apr. 1893, between Cuenca and Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)], Apr., Sept. 1893, and at 10,000 ft [3,050 mJ], on road to Naranjal [0242S/7937 (USBGN)], probably closer to Naranjal, Dec. 1893? (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46); Baron, 1895 (FMNH); Festa, Oct. 1895, in vicinity, 28 July-25 Nov. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:1; Chapman, 1926a:731); Simons, at 2,200 m, 23 Apr. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3); Rivet, in province, between ca., 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:98; Chapman, 1926a:733); Olalla, 1-2 Feb. 1932 (Berlioz, 1932:620); Ortiz-Crespo, 20 Oct. 1968 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:347); Bleitz Coll., May 1969, 21 Sept., 30 Oct., 20 Nov. 1970, nearby, 19 May 1968 (WFVZ). ~ CUICOCHA, LAGUNA DE; Imbabura 0018N/7822 (USBGN) ca. 3,500 m, large lake in extreme northwestern part of country 12 km NW of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Ortiz-Crespo, 18 Feb. 1969 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:347); Rylander, 10-16 Aug. 1972 (Rylander, 1974); Rylander (loc. cit.) describes the lake as being 18 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], but this is erroneous; Hilsenbeck, Jan., Mar. 1974, May 1975, Jan. 1976 (Hilsenbeck, 1979). CULEBRILLAS; Azuay (Salvadori & Festa, 1899b:19); see Paredones. CULEBRILLAS; Monona-Santiago (CM); see Culebrillas de Sangay. CULEBRILLAS, LAGO DE (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:41); see Paredones. CULEBRILLAS DE SANGAY; Morona-Santiago Not located ca. 11,000 ft [3,350 m], valley through which flows Rio Culebrillas [not located], possibly a headwater of Rio Sangay [ca. 0150S/7805 (MHA)], on NW side of Volcan Sangay [0200S/7820 (USBGN)], ca. 25 mi [40 km] from cone, humid temperate zone, floor a vast water- soaked swamp of paja grass with small streams winding through, fairly heavy growth of low gnarled trees on lower slopes, Moore, a9 56 July-Aug. 1929, with known specific dates of 19 July, 4-5, 8 Aug. (Moore, 1934a:1, as "Culebrillas Valley"; 1934b:147, as "Culebrillas Valley"; CM, as "Culebrillas"); Olallas, 7 Aug. 1929, Mena, 15-16, 22-23 July 1931, 15-16, 19, 21, 23, 29 July, 18-19, 21, 25-26 Sept. 1932 (CM, as "Culebrillas"); collector?, July-Aug. 1935 (Berlioz, 1937b:115); Ortiz-Crespo (in litt.) says that "culebrillas" is a term describing a valley or meadow with a small, meandering stream passing through it. CULEBRILLAS VALLEY (Moore, 1934a:1); see Culebrillas de Sangay. CULPEPPER, ISLA; Galapagos 0139S/9200 (USBGN) Also = Isla Darwin. CUMBARATZA; Zamora-Chinchipe ca. 0356S/7851 (Mapa, 1974) 950 m (MCZ); village on Rio Cumbaratza [0357S/7850 (USBGN)], 20 km NE of Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Norton obtained specimens from a hunter who had visited the site on 14, 16- 23, 27 Aug. 1965 (MCZ). CUMBAYA,; Pichincha 0012S/7826 (USBGN) 8,000 ft [2,450 m], temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:703); 8 km E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Rhoads, 2 May 1911 (Stone, 1928, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 1896-1899, Vol. II, Pt. V, p. 730); Rosenberg Coll., Feb. 1900 (FMNH); Rhoads and Lemmon, — 26 May-2 June 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:13); Henn, 28-29 Jan. 1914 (CM); Sdderstrém Coll., date?, and nearby, date? (Lénnberg & b Rendahl, 1922:17, 29); Mena, for Rosenberg Coll., Apr., and along © "Rio Cunbaza,”" 10 Apr., in "Balle [Valle] de Cunbaya," 11 Apr. 1927 (FMNH; MCZ; Moore Coll.); Gomez, in "valley," Feb. 1940 (FMNH); Koepcke, 1963, Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna, 3:10, as "Cumbay- — Tal"; Chapman, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:267, as © "Valle de Cumbaza, Chimborazo." . CUMBAY-TAL (Koepcke, 1963:10); see Cumbaya. CUMBAZA, VALLE DE (Chapman, 1919:267); see Cumbaya. CUMCHUMBLEZA, RIO (Zimmer, 1953:5); see Chuchumbleza, Rio. CUNAMBO, RIO (MHA); see Conambo, Rio. CUNBAYA, BALLE (FMNH); see Cumbaya. CUNBAZA, RIO (FMNH); see Cumbaya. CURARACHA (Chapman, 1926a:708); see Cucaracha, Tumbes; Peru. ‘(CURARAY, RIO; Pastaza 0222S/7405 (USBGN) Long right bank tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7640 (USBGN)] with headwaters in foothills of Andes, flowing SE, entering Peru near Cononaco [0133S/7536 (USBGN)] (MHA); location of collecting points uncertain; Norton, et al. (1972:891-893, as "Rio Curary") place Mena, 13 Sept. 1961, at 0115S/7730; other collections may have originated at settlement of Curaray [ca. 0122S/7655 (Mapa, 1974)], or more likely from river mouth in Peru; Olallas at Boca, or Voca, Curaray, 1924-1926, Mena, on river [where?], 5 Jan. 1958, 14 Nov. 1961 (MCZ); Sdderstré6m Coll., from "near river Curaray, 1000 f [300 m]" and "middle part of river Coraray 100 f [31 m]," dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:15, sometimes as "Rio Coraray"); Spillmann, at Aucayacu [0135S/7537 (USBGN)], 25 Nov., 11 Dec. 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:14); Olalla, Dec. 1930, Mar. 1931 (FMNH); Gilliard, 1941, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 77:459, as "Voco, Curaray"; Carriker, 1930:368, as "Voca." 'CURARY, RIO (Norton, et al., 1972:890); see Curaray, Rio. ‘CURIURCU; Napo ? Not located Alt.?; on eastern slope, above Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Oberholser, 1902:334); this could be the Buckley locality Churuco [not located], which see. ‘CURONDELET (FMNH); see Carondelet. ‘CURTINCAPA; El Oro 0344S/7933 (USBGN) ca. 1,200 m, in eastern El Oro on lower slopes of mountains, 10 km SE of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Simons, 12 June 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3); see, also, Hacienda de Curtincapa. -‘CURUBE; Azuay Not located 2,500 m, Simons, 13 May 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3); possibly Cumbe [0307S/7901 (USBGN)] was intended, as this is on the route taken by Simons from from Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] to Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)]. ae 58 CURUBI Not located Alt.?; Clavery Coll., date? (Berlioz, 1927:356); probably = Rio Cumbi [0009N/7821 (USBGN), olim Rio Curuvi], Imbabura; presence of such species as Glaucidium jardinii, which is an upper altitude form, strengthens belief that this is Rio Cumbi. CUTSASEME; see Guilea and Susensa. CUTERVO; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; near Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN), collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:332); possibly an error for Cutervo [0622S/7851 (USBGN)], Cajamarca, Peru. CUTUCU (Zimmer, 1943:33); see Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera. CUTUCU, CORDILLERA (MHA); see Cutuct Occidental, Cordillera. CUTUCU, CORDILLERA DE (Mapa, 1956); see Cutuct' Occidental, Cordillera; and Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera. CUTUCU, VIEJA CORDILLERA DE (Mapa, 1974); see Cutuct Occidental, Cordillera; and Cutucti Oriental, Cordillera. CUTUCU ORIENTE (MCZ); see Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera. CUTUCU OCCIDENTAL, CORDILLERA: Morona-Santiago 0245S/7805 (USBGN) 2,000 m, W of Cordillera Cutucti Oriental [0240S/7751 (USBGN)], the longer and higher of the two ranges of foothills running N-S parallel to Andes, with its northern end to the E of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Cordillera Cutucti"; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1956, as "Cordillera de Cutuct"; Mapa, 1974, as "Vieja Cordillera de Cutcucti"); frequently in the ornithological literature, aS on some maps, the two ranges are not differentiated, therefore the allocation of some of the following records may be erroneous; Feyer, "in Macas region," date? (USNM); Ridgely, et al., on lower W slope E of Macas, 2-5 Aug. 1979 (Robbins, et al., 1987:243); Krabbe, on W slope and at crest E of Logrofio [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)], Apr. 1984 (Robbins, et al., 1987:243); Robbins, et al., on and near trail from Logrofio to Yaupi [ca. 0150S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)], at Camp 1 [ca. 0239S/7808 (Robbins, et al., 1987:244)] from 1,000-1,325 m, 13-22 June 1984, at Yapitya [or Camp 2, not located] from 1,500-2,100 m, 22 June-3 July 1984, at Camp 3 [not located] from 1,950-2,100 m, 3-10 July 1984, and at Camp 4 [ca. 0243S/7805 (Robbins, et al, 1987:245)] from 2,100-2,300 m, 10-17 July 1984 (Robbins, et al., 1987:244-245); see, also, Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera; Logrofio; and Yaupi. ‘CUTUCU ORIENTAL, CORDILLERA; Morona-Santiago 0240S/7751 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, E of Cordillera Cutucii Occidental [0245S/7805 (USBGN)], the shorter and lower of the two ranges of foothills running N-S parallel to Andes, close to Miazal [0236S/7747 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Cordillera de Yaupé"; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1956, as "Cordillera de Cutucti"; Mapa, 1974, as "Vieja Cordillera de Cutucti"); frequently in the ornithological literature, as on some maps, the two ranges are not differentiated and the allocation of some of the following records may be erroneous; Gomez, Oct. 1937 (MCZ, as "Cutucti Oriente"; USNM, as "Cututcu"), Apr. 1939, and Mar. 1940 (FMNH); Gomez, in subtropical zone, ca. 2,000 m [?], 2 Dec. 1940 (Orces, 1944:109); Gémez, 2,000 m [?], 28 Dec. 1940 (Zimmer, 1932, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 523, p. 10, as "Cutucuo"; 1943:33, as "Cutuct"); Marin and Sibley, on eastern side at Tayuntza [0243S/7752 (Kiff, et al., 1989:25)], 29 July-23 Aug. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:25); also see Cutucti Occidental, Cordillera. *CUTUCUO (Zimmer, 1932:10); see Cutucti Oriental, Cordillera. ‘CUTUTCU (USNM); see Cutucti Oriental, Cordillera. ‘CUYABENO; Napo 0016S/7553 (USBGN) 230 m, northeastern Napo, on middle Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)], 90 km NW of Nuevo Rocafuerte [0056S/7524 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); site of Reserva de Produccién Faunistica, pristine forest, observers?, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carri6n, 1991:26). -CUYABENO, RESERVA DE PRODUCCION FAUNISTICA; see Cuyabeno. CUYUCO; Napo Not located 5,500 ft [1,675 m], on lower eastern slope, below Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:87); almost certainly this should be Cuyujiia [0024S/7802 (USBGN)]. CUYUJA (Norton, 1965:2); see Cuyujia. x9 CUYUJUA; Napo 0024S/7802 (USBGN) 2,400 m, on eastern slope, on road to Napo region, 10 km E of Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)], forested [1964] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974, as "Coyuja"; Norton, 1965:2, as "Cuyuja"); Olallas, 19 June 1928 (Moore, 1934c:3); Olallas, 22 May 1929 (FMNH; CM); Moore, Sept. or Oct. 1929 (Moore, 1934d:104); Olalla, 9 July 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:118); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 23 May 1936 (MCZ, as "Cuyuya"); Olalla, Aug. 1945 (FMNH); Olalla, on road to Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], 6 Dec. 1962, Estrella, 24-28 Nov. 1963, Norton, 13 June 1964 (MCZ); Olalla, Nov. 1963 (MCZ); Norton and Chandler, 19 June 1964 (Norton, 1965:2); also see Cuyuco. CUYUYA (MCZ); see Cuyujia. DANTE, RIO (Simon, 1907:16); see Daule, Rio. DAPHNE, ISLAS; Galapagos 0025S/9021 (USBGN) DARWIN, ISLAS; Galapagos 0139N/9200 (USBGN) Also = Isla Culpepper. DAULE; Guayas 0150S/7956 (USBGN) ca. sea level, 35 km N of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] on left bank of Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Festa, nearby on Rio Daule, Dec. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:49; Chapman, 19261:732); Richardson, 20-30 Apr. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:732); Lévéque, 23 July 1961, 18 Aug. 1962, S of Daule, 3 Nov. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Leck, nearby, 5 July 1974 (Leck, 1980:312). DAULE, RIO; Guayas 0210S/7952 (USBGN) Rises in flatlands of interior northernmost Guayas and at Guayaquil joins the Rio Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN)] to form Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Illingworth, at Balzar [0122S/7954 (USBGN)], prior to 1887 (Sclater, 1918, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 38:45, as "Balzar mountains"); Festa, near Balzar, near Daule [0150S/7956 (USBGN)], and on "bank of the river," 9 Oct.-Dec. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899b:30; 1900:43, 49; Chapman, 1926a:732); Rivet, at La Soledad [Isidro Ayora, 0153S/8008 (USBGN)] and Balzar, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:16, as "Rio Dante"); Richardson, at Daule, 20-30 Apr. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:732); Olalla, at Daule, Oct. 1944, at Pascuales [0205S/7956 (USBGN)], Oct. 1945 (FMNH); Lévéque, between Balzar and Santa Lucia [0143S/7958 (USBGN)], 23 July, at Daule, 23 July 1961, 18 Aug. 1962, and S of Daule, 3 Nov. 1960, at La Lojas [0159S/8001 (USBGN)], 18 Mar. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:61); collector?, at Maspasingue [0209S/7952 (USBGN)], 21-23 Jan. 1963 (MCZ); Olalla, at Balzar, 18 Oct. 1963 (MCZ). DERRUMBE COLORADO; Tungurahua Not located Alt.?; on eastern slope near Bafios [(0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 1-2 Dec. 1937 (MCZ). DOMINGUILLO; Loja 0410S/8001 (USBGN) 1,000 m (MCZ); this name does not appear on our maps but is presumably an earlier name for Cruzpampa [0410S/8001 (USBGN)], which bears the same coordinates in USBGN; Simons, one day's travel from Guachanamaé [0402S/7953 (USBGN)], 11 July 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Dormugillo, El Oro"); also see Cruzpamba. DOMONO, BOSQUE; Morona-Santiago 0207S/7808 (King, 1991:46) 1,100 m, 20 km N of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], extreme southeastern corner of Sangay National Park [not located], regenerated subtropical forest, King, 24-27 July, 21-25 Aug. 1987 (King, 1991); not found on our maps. DORADO, MOUNT (Moore, 1934b:152); see Sangay, Volcan. DORADO VALLEY (Moore, 1934b:145); see Sangay, Volcan. DORMUGILLO; El Oro (Chubb, 1919:3); see Dominguillo. DUNCAN ISLAND; Galapagos 0036S/9040 (USBGN) Also = Isla Pinzon. DURAN (Lévéque, 1964:610); see Alfaro. 61 DURANGA, RIO (Fjeldsa, et al., 1987:29); see Durango, Rio. DURANGO, RIO; Esmeraldas ? Not located Rosenberg Coll., at 3,500 ft [1,075 m], 17 May 1901 (Hartert, 1902:610); Chapman (1926a:544) cites the type locality of Lathria unirufus castaneotinctus Hartert as "Rio Durango, Paramba [Hacienda Paramba, 0049N/7821 (USBGN)], n. w. Ec.," but the reason for associating Paramba, which is on Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)] in Imbabura, with Rio Durango is unknown; possibly Rio Durango is a tributary of Rio Mira, but Cory & Hellmayr (1924, Field Mus. Nat Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, p. 325) record Pittasoma r. rufopileatum, a tropical form of the northwestern lowlands, from the river, which they place in Esmeraldas, making it difficult to reconcile the two sets of information; Fjeldsa, et al., 1987:29, as "Rio Duranga." ECUASAL, SALINAS DE; Guayas ca. 0215S/8056 Alt.?; saltworks on southern coast of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)] ca. 8 km SE of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)], Ridgely and Wilcove, 13 July, Greenfield, 20 Aug. 1978, Finch, et al., 8, 12-13 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:241, 243, 244, as "Equasal Lagoons"); S of Ayangti [0159S/8046 (USBGN)], observers, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:26); Carrion, 21- 22, 25 Nov. 1989 (WFVZ); a coined name; seems to be near Muey [Presidente Tamayo, 0215S/8056 (USBGN)]. EDEN; Napo 0031S/7605 (USBGN) 228 m, on right bank of Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)], 90 km above Nuevo Rocafuerte [0056S/7524 (USBGN)] and Peruvian border (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Olalla, 27 Nov., 1, 4, 7, 10, 17 Dec. 1964 (Orces, 1974:9, 10, as "El Edén"; MCZ, as "El Edén"; Ridgely, 1980:248, as "El Eden"). EDEN, ISLA; Galapagos 0034S/9031 (USBGN) EL ALTAR (Sclater, 1859:549); see Altar, Cerro. EL ANGEL, PARAMO (Krabbe, 1992b:169); see Angel, Paramos del. EL BARRO (Mapa, 1957); see Barro. EL BATAN; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on outskirts of Quito [(0013S/7830 (USBGN)], on Quebrada Ashitahuaycu [Quebrada Ashitahuaico, 0010S/7828 (USBGN)], Carrion, 28 Mar., 15 Oct. 1989, 12 Mar., Corado and Gardner, 3 Apr. 1991 (WFVZ, also as "Batan" and Quebrada "Asmitahuaycu"). EL BOSQUE; El Oro 0339S/7938 (USBGN) Alt.?; southern interior El Oro a short distance N of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)] and close to Malvas [0340S/7939 (USBGN)]; does not appear on available maps; Gdémez, 15-16 July 1939 (USNM). EL CARMEN; Manabi ca. 0010S/7928 (Mapa, 1974) Alt.?; ca. 35 km WSW of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] in northeastern corner of Manabi (Mapa, 1974); Marin, 10 km NW, at ca. 350 m, 20 Nov. 1991, Marin, 12 km NW, near Maicito [ca. 0010S/7935 (Marin, in litt.)], 18 July 1988, Marin and Schmitt, 29-30 June 1989, Marin, 12 km W, at ca. 300-350 m, 19-20 Nov. 1991, Marin, 20 km NW, 29 June 1989 (WFVZ), Marin, 47 km NW [=Filo de Monos, ca. 0000/7955 (Marin, in litt.)], 12, 15 July 1988 (LACMNH; Marin, in litt.); reference to Maicito made irregularly, although all collecting sites, with the exception of Filo de Monos, must be in the vicinity of Maicito; also see Filo de Monos. EL CASTILLO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on western slope near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], Olallas, 11-12 June, 20 Sept. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:118, as "El Castillo (Mindo)"); Moore Coll.; CM, as "Mindo (El Castillo)"); Olalla, 1950 (FMNH). EL CHACO; Napo 0023S/7749 (USBGN) 1,615 m, on lower eastern slope, 20 km NNE of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], on Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); d'Espinay Coll., Mar. 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:439, 63 64 442, as "Chaco"); Spillmann, below El Chaco on Rio Oyacachi [0022S/7747 (USBGN)], 4 Nov. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117). EL CHAUPI, Pichincha 0036S/7838 (USBGN) 3,343 m, town in central highlands, 10 km NE of snow-capped Illiniza [0040S/7842 (USBGN)] and 12 km SW of Machachi [0030S/7834 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1970, as "Chaupi"); Brown (1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821, as "Chaupi") calls this a group of "hills" between Illiniza and Tiupullo [Tiopullo, 0039S/7838 (USBGN)]; Festa, at 3,000 m, 16-17 June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:2, as "Chaupi"; Chapman, 1926a:731, as "Chaupi"); Gomez, 26 Aug. 1939 (USNM, as "Chaupi"). EL CHIRAL; El Oro ca. 0338S/7941 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 5,350 m [1,625 m], campsite NW of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)], in heavy subtropical forest well up on steep slope of western cordillera, vegetation dense, trails few, collections from ca. 4,000-6,400 ft [1,225-1,950 m], Cherrie and Anthony, ca. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:708). EL CINTO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Phelps & Gilliard, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1100, p. 8; Zimmer, 1951, op. cit., no.1540, p. 10); presence of Aglaeactis cupripennis and Atlapetes rufinucha indicative of temperate zone; may refer to Rio El Cinto [(0015S/7844 (USBGN)], SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]. EL CUIRAL; El Oro Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Olrog, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22:250); probably a misspelling of El Chiral [ca. 0338S/7941 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], near Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)]. EL DESTINO; Manabi Not located 300 ft [900 m] (de Schauensee, 1952, Caldasia, 5:1129); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:256, p. 469, as "El Destino, Manavi," p. 603, as "Cauque El Destino"); apparently near Coaque [0000/8006 (USBGN)] or Rio Coaque [0001N/8006 (USBGN)]; all specimens indicative of coastal plain. EL DORADO VALLEY (Moore, 1940:251); see Sangay, Volcan. EL EDEN (MCZ); see Edén. EL EGIDO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; plain N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Goodfellow and Hamilton, ca. Jan. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:474); now spelled El Ejido and a park within the city of Quito (Ortiz-Crespo, in litt.). EL EJIDO; see El Egido. EL EMPALME; Guayas ca. 0102S/7935 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 50 m, in extreme northern Guayas, 20 km W of Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974, also as "Velasco Ibarra"); collector?, date? (Orces, 1974:10). EL EMPALME; Loja ca. ? 0415S/7950 (MHA) ca. 300 m (Mapa, 1974); probably in southwestern Loja where road from Celica [0407S/7959 (USBGN)] joins [empalme] PanAmerican Highway, between Macara [0423S/7957 (USBGN)] and Catacocha [0404S/7938 (USBGN)], in Rio Catamayo [0418S/8009 (USBGN)] valley, dry, brushy (Paynter, pers. obser.); Markl, 1, 4 Apr. 1961 (Basel Mus.); Markl's specimens are typical of this area. ELFIN FOREST CAMP (Robbins, et al., 1987:245); see Camp 4. EL GUARUMO (WFVZ); see Guaramo EL INCA; Pichincha ca. 0009S/7828 (Hoja CT NIII-B1) ca. 2,800 m, in Central Valley N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], ca. 2.5 km W of Zambiza [0009S/7826 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII- B1); Sdéderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:47, as "Inga [Inca] road to Zambiza"); perhaps this refers to an Incan road rather than to the road between El Inca and Zambiza, but even if it is the former it is still near Zambiza. EL JUNO Not located Alt.?; eastern Ecuador, collector?, date? (Hellmayr, 1937, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 10, p.39). EL LORETO (Olson, 1973:498); see Loreto. EL MIRADOR (Brown, 1941:836); see Mirador; Tungurahua. EL MORRO; Guayas 0239S/8019 (USBGN) ca. sea level, 65 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] and 7 65 66 km E of coastal Playas [0238S/8023 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Morro"); Carrié6n, 19 Nov. 1989 (WFVZ). EL MUERTO (Murphy, 1936:29); see Santa Clara, Isla. EL NARANJAL (de Schauensee, 1953:43); see Naranjal; Guayas. EL ORO, PROVINCIA DE 0330S/7950 (USBGN) Southwestern Ecuador; bounded on SW by Peru, on W by the Pacific, on N by Azuay and Guayas, and on E and S by Loja. EL PALMAR; Tungurahua 0123S/7818 (USBGN) Alt.?; on slopes of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7817 (USBGN)], a short distance E of Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 10, 13 Dec. 1937 (MCZ); not found on maps available to us. EL PAPAYO; Los Rios Not located Alt.?; near San Juan [0138S/7932 (USBGN)], 7 km SW of Puebloviejo [0134S/7930 (USBGN)], McLean, 21-22 Jan. 1975 (USNM). EL PASO; see Hacienda El Paso. EL PELADO; Carchi ca. 0044N/7755 (MHA) 4,151 m, peak in western cordillera, 25 km SW of Tulcan [0048N/7743 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Rivet, Jan. 1903 (Menegaux, 1911:10). EL PLACER; Chimborazo Not located 2,600 ft [800 m], near Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], on western slope (Chapman, 1926a:708); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, between 2,600-2,800 ft [800-850 ml], ca. Jan.-Mar. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:287, as "Placer," pp. 298, 307); may be equivalent to Hacienda El Placer [0139S/7845 (USBGN)]. EL PLACER; Esmeraldas 005 1N/7834 (Evans, 1988:24) ca. 650 m, on railroad ca. 13 km E of Ventanas [0059N/7840 (USBGN)] and 8 km W of Alto Tambo [0056N/7832 (USBGN)] on eastern edge of coastal plain, extreme northeastern Esmeraldas, Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:17, 22); not shown on our maps; very humid, tall forest being cleared [1983], local hunter, 26 Oct. 1983, and Krabbe, Mar. 1979, Oct. 1983, July 1984 (Fjeldsa, et al., 1987:29); Greenfield, 5 Mar. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:247); Prum and Johnson, 27 June-28 July 1985 (Prum & Johnson, 1987:522); Robbins, et al., 28-31 July, 1, 4-6, 8-10, 13, 16 Aug. 1987 (Robbins & Glenn, 1988; USNM). EL PLACER; Morona-Santiago Not located 2,800-3,100 m, abandoned site on upper Rio Palora [0151S/7749 (USBGN)], in "Sangay National Park," a few kilometers above Planchas [not located], Ridgely and O'Neill, 11-15 Oct. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:245, 247). EL POROTILLO SAN JOSE; Loja Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 17 Feb., 4, 6 Mar. 1936 (CM); this is probably San José [0414S/7915 (USBGN)] S of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] and near Nudo de Cajanuma [0405S/7912 (USBGN)], where the Olallas were in mid-March; it probably should be El Portillo San José. EL PORTETE (de Schauensee, 1951:9); see Portete EL PORTETE DE CAJANUMA (Moore Coll.); see Cajanuma, Nudo de. EL PORTETE DE TARQUI (Berlioz, 1932); see Portete. EL PORVENIR (Brown, 1941:842); see Hacienda Porvenir. EL PUN; Carchi 0040N/7737 (USBGN) 2,600-2,800 m, on Ecuador/Colombia border, SW of Tulcan [0048/7743 (USBGN)] (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:1-2, as "Pun"); Festa, 1-22 Feb. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:731, as "Pun"); Chubb, 1919:7, as "Puno." EL PUYO (Lévéque, 1964:58); see Puyo. EL QUINCHE (WFVZ); Quinche. EL ROSARIO; Pichincha (Chapman, 1926a:709); see Hacienda Rosario. EL ROSARIO; Tungurahua ca. 0124S/7813 (Brown, 1941:834) ca. 1,400 m, old hacienda, also known as Hacienda Tungurahua, E of Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] near mouth of Rio Mapoto [0125S/7815 (USBGN)], a very small tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Buckley, date? (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:834, 844). 67 68 EL TAMBO; Canar 0230S/7854 (USBGN) 2,979 m, on western side of central highlands, on road and railroad 7 km NNE of Canar [0233S/7856 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Tambo"; Mapa, 1957); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., Mar. 1938, Gomez, Jan. 1939 (FMNH); Bleitz Coll., 76 km from Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], on Duran [Alfaro, 0212S/7950 (USBGN)]/El Tambo highway, 26, 29 June 1970 (WFVZ). EL TOPO (Cory & Hellmayr, 1924:221); see El Topo. EL TROJE; Carchi Not located 3,050 m, in northeastern corner of Carchi, SE of Tulcan [0048N/7743 (USBGN)], on flanks of Cerro Mirador [0036N/7739 (USBGN)], near Huaca [0038N/7744 (USBGN)], Festa, 29 Jan., 24 Feb.-1 Mar., 10-16 Mar., [Sept.?] 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:10ff, as "El Troje (Huaca)"; 1899b:2ff, as "El Troje (Huaca)," p. 24, as "El Troye"; 1900:6 ff, p. 45, as "Monte Mirador, El Troje (Huaca)"; Chapman, 1926a:731); also see Mirador, Cerro. EL TROYE (Salvadori & Festa, 1899b:24); see El Troje. EL VIEJO, ISLA; Guayas 0156S/8049 (USBGN) Sea level, small island in Ensenada de Valdivia [0157S/8044 (USBGN)], N of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 5 km offshore of Valdivia [0157S/8044 (USBGN)] and near Isla Pelado [0154S/8050 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Mills, May 1966 (Mills, 1967:535). ENDERBY, ISLA; Galapagos 0114S/9021 (USBGN) ENGABAO (USNM); see Atahualpa; Guayas. ENGABAO; Guayas 0235S/8029 (USBGN) Sea level, 12 km NW of Playas [0238S/8023 (USBGN)] and 78 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Engabao del Morro"); McLean, 16-20 Dec. 1974 (USNM, as "Engabao del Morro"); not to be confused with the Engabao now known as Atahualpa [0219S/8047 (USBGN)]. ENGABAO, RIO; Guayas 0222S/8050 (USBGN) Small tributary of Rio Grande [0232S/8021 (USBGN)] on southwestern coast of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], N of Ancén [0220S/8052 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Edmund, 1958, 1961, at fossil sites on tributaries at ca. 0218S/8049, near Atahualpa [0219S/8047 (USBGN)] (Edmund, 1965:1). ENGABAO DEL MORRO (Mapa, 1957); see Engabao, EQUASAL LAGOONS (Ridgely, 1980:241); see Ecuasal, Salinas de. ESCUDILLA Not located Alt.?; Olalla, July-Nov. 1930 (Berlioz, 1932a:239, 241); possibly this is Rio Escudillas [0024N/7755 (USBGN)], a high altitude river forming part of the border between Carchi and Imbabura; the presence here of temperate/subtropical birds, e. g., Grallaria quitensis and Buthraupis eximia, lends credence to this suggestion. ESMERALDAS; Esmeraldas 0059N/7942 (USBGN) Sea level, near center of provincial coast, at mouth of Rio Esmeraldas [0058N/7938 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Colombia- Pacific faunal region, arid in vicinity of city but inland humid and largely forested [1926], Fraser, Oct.-Dec. 1859, Richardson, including at Caldas [not located], 17 Oct.-6 Dec. 1912 (Chapman, 1926a:709; CM; USNM); Flemming, Mar. 1899 (FMNH); collector?, Oct. 1934 (Yamashima, 1943:145). ESMERALDAS, PROVINCIA DE 0040N/7930 (USBGN) Northwestern Ecuador; bounded on E by Carchi and Imbabura, on S by Pichincha and Manabi, on N by Colombia, and on W by the Pacific. ESPANOLA, ISLA; Galapagos 0125S/8942 (USBGN) Also = Hood Island. EUGENIO; Napo 0046S/7742 (Norton, 1965:2) 700 m, one day's foot travel NW toward Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] from Cotapino [Concepcién, 0048S/7725 (USBGN)], Norton, 16-22 July 1964 (Norton, 1965:2). 69 70 FALDAS; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Olalla, 20 June 1964 (MCZ); this may merely refer to the slopes [faldas] of the volcano, rather than to a specific locality. FANLAGUA; Pichincha Not located 8,500 ft [2,600 m], 16 mi [26 km] N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], above Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:14, 52); probably an error for Hacienda Tanlagua [ca. 0003N/7827 (Hoja CT NII-F3)], at 2,440 m. FANTI Not located 4,000 ft [1,225 mJ], on road to [province of] Manabi [presumably from Quito, 0013S/7830 (USBGN)], S6derstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:64); doubtless a misspelling of Tanti [0018S/7903 (USBGN)], Pichincha, which see. FERNANDINA, ISLA; Galapagos 0025S/9130 (USBGN) Also = Narborough Island. FILO DE MONOS; Manabi ca. 0000/7955 (Marin, in litt.) ca. 460 m, northernmost Manabi, 47 km NW of El Carmen [ca. 0010S/7928 (Mapa, 1974)], in Montanas de Chindul [0007N/7946 (USBGN)], Marin and Gardner, 7-18 July 1988, Marin, 20 Nov. 1991 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). FINA Not located Alt.?; Buckley, date? (USNM); doubtless a misspelling. FINCA NEGRA (USNM); see Huerta Negra. FINCA VICTORIA; Pichincha ca. 0040S/7910 250 m, on road to Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)], ca. 37 km S of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Vuilleumier, 11-21 July 1964 (Vuilleumier, 1978:22, 28). FLOREANA, ISLA; Galapagos 0117S/9026 (USBGN) Also = Isla Santa Maria or Charles Island. FRANCISCO DE ORELLANA (Mapa, 1974); see Coca. | FRUTILLAS; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Festa, June-July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5ff; Chapman, 1926aL731); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:37); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); presence of Lafresnaye lafresnayi, Gralleria quitensis, and similar species indicative of fairly high altitude; probably refers to Quebrada Frutillas [0004S/7836 (USBGN)], NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]. (GALAPAGOS, TERRITORIO DE 0030S/9030 (USBGN) In Pacific Ocean, ca. 1,000 km W of mainland. ‘(GALERA, CERRO (FMNH); see Galeras, Cordillera de. GALERAS, CERRO (Zimmer, 1940:4); see Galeras, Cordillera de. -GALERAS, CORDILLERA DE; Napo 0050S/7735 (USBGN) 1,500 m, range of low mountains ca. 40 km SSE of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Olallas, 12 July 1925 (MCZ, as "Galeras, Rio Pauchsi Jacu [Rio Paushiyacu, 0028S/7711 (USBGN)]" and as "Galuas"; Atyeo & Peterson, 1977, Journ. Med. Entom.,13:740, as "(Rio Pauchsi, Jacu), Cordiellera [sic] de Galeras"); the river is too far N to be associated with Cordillera de Galeras and therefore is presumed to be an error, but the Olallas are known to have been at the mouth of Rio Cotapino [ca. 0048S/7726 (Mapa, 1957)], adjacent to the cordillera, a day earlier, 11 July 1925; Gémez, Dec. 1939 (FMNH, as "Cerro Galera"); Zimmer, 1940, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1060, p. 4, as "Cerro Galeras." GALGALAN; Morona-Santiago Not located 10,000 ft [3,050 mJ], on upper Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:634); Feyer, date? (AMNH); doubtless near Cerro El Galgalan [ca. 0210S/7825 (Atlas Geografico del Ecuador, Inst. Geo. Militar. & Min. Rel. Exteriores, 1975-1976)], near the 72 Chimborazo/Morona-Santiago border, ca. 15 km NW of Zifac [Zuna, 0212S/7816 (USBGN)]. GALUAS; Napo Not located Alt.?; on Rio Pauchsi Jaco [Rio Paushiyacu, 0028S/7711 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Payamino [0029S/7700 (USBGN)] between Rio Coca [0029S/7658 (USBGN)] and Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], Olallas, 12 July 1925 (MCZ); also see Galeras, Cordillera de. GANETOS Not located Alt.?; in the "Occidente," Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 9 Feb. 1937 (MCZ). GARDNER ISLAND; Galapagos 0120S/9017 (USBGN) Also = Isla Jardinero. GARETAS Not located Alt.?; Loch, July 1936 (FMNH); source of Buthraupis montana, a subtropical-temperate zone form; probably the same as Garretas [not located], Pichincha, which see. GARRETAS; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:70); source of Turdus fuscater, which suggests a higher altitude than the 500 m of Santo Domingo de los Colorados; also see Garetas. GARZA, ISLA DE LA (USNM); see Vinces. GENOVESA ISLAND; Galapagos 0020N/8958 (USBGN) Also = Tower Island. GIMA; Azuay 0312S/7857 (USBGN) 2,950 m (Mapa, 1954); in southeastern Azuay, 21 km E of Girdén [0310S/7908 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, as "Jima"; Mapa, 1970); at headwaters of Rio Palmar [0246S/7929 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Paute [0246S/7816 (USBGN)] on trail from Gualaceo [0254S/7847 (USBGN)] to Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann, Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:826); apparently the name also applied to the region as well as to the town (Chapman, 1926a:711, as "Jima"); Buckley, Mar. 1877 (Sclater & Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 521, as "Jina"; AMNH; USNM, as "Jima"); also see [ama. GIRON; Azuay 0310S/7908 (USBGN) 2,090 m, at head of Rio Girén [0318S/7912 (USBGN)], 40 km SW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); in arid table- land of inter-Andean region (de Schauensee, 1951:2); Gomez, June 1939 (FMNH). GONZANAMA,; Loja 0415S/7927 (USBGN) 2,090 m, on NNW end of Cordilllera de Santa Rosa [0422S/7919 (USBGN)], 35 km SW of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], southeastern Loja (Mapa, 1957); Paynter and Norton, 5 km SE, above town at 2,300 m, subtropical, dry but not arid, many fields and pastures, ridges covered with dense scrub, chest high, areas not cultivated are heavily cut, 5-9 Oct. 1965 (Paynter, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 143:303; MCZ). GORAZON (Chubb, 1919:12); see Corazon. GOVINDA Not located Alt.?; Buckley, date? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:312; USNM); presence of Chamaepetes goudotii is indicative of moderate to high elevations. GRANADILLAS; Morona-Santiago 0308S/7844 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on eastern slope midway between Sigsig [0301S/7845 (USBGN)] and Gualaquiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Buckley, date? (Ogilvie-Grant, 1893, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 22:437); Festa, 12 Nov. 1895 (Chapman, 1926a:731). GRANDE, RIO; Guayas ca. 0220S/8055 (Edmund, 1965:1) Small river rising in interior of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)] and discharging on southwestern coast between Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)] and Anconcito [0220S/8053 (USBGN)], W of Punta Carnero [0218S/8055 (USBGN)] (Edmund, 1965:1); dam near mouth creates Lago Velasco Ibarra (Mapa, 1970); Marchant, in general vicinity, 1954-1957 (Marchant, 1958:349, 352, 384); Spillman, collected avian fossils nearby at Rio Chico [not located] and at Carolina Oil Company camp [not located], ca. 1937- 1939 (Spillmann, 1942:357-378). GUACA (Chapman, 1926a:709); see Huaca. GUACAMAYO, CORDILLERA DE; Napo 0043S/7755 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, spur extending SW from Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 he) 74 (USBGN)] to main Andean range (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Cordillera de Huacamayo"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, ca. Feb.-Apr. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1902:221); Krabbe, at 2,100 m, where?, 2 Sept., and at 1,300 m, above Rio Hollin [0058S/7745 (USBGN)] road, ca. 10 km from turnoff from Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)]/Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] road, also 2 Sept. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:170, as "Cordillera de Huacamayos," p. 172, as "Cordillera de Guaca- mayos"); see, also, Cosanga. GUACAMAYOS (WFVZ); see Cosanga. GUACAMAYOS, CORDILLERA DE (Krabbe, 1992b:172); see Guacamayo, Cordillera de. GUACHALA, RIO; Pichincha 0001N/7811 (USBGN) Apparently rises on western side of Volcan Cayambe [0002N/7759 (USBGN)], passing by town of Cayambe [0003N/7808 (USBGN)], although not named on our maps; Rosenberg, at 9,200 ft [2,800 ml], ca. June-July 1897 (Hartert, 1898:493); Cory & Hellmayr, 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 3, p. 342, as "Rio Guchala."” GUACHANAMA,; EI Oro (Chubb, 1919:30); see Guachanaméa; Loja. GUACHANAMA,; Loja 0402S/7953 (USBGN) 3,086 m, flat-topped mountain in southeastern Loja, 18 km ESE of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)] and 10 km ENE of Celica [0407S/7959 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); scattered stands of stunted temperate forest but much of slopes open or covered with tough scrub (Chapman, 1926a:706); Simons, at 2,000 ft, 10 July 1899 (Chubb, 1919:30, as "Guachanama, El Oro"); Cherrie, at 9,050 ft [2,775 m], 7-11 Oct. 1920 (Chapman, 1921a:10, as "Guachumana"; 1926a:19, 709); Paynter and Norton, at 2,500 m, in cloud forest with some areas cleared for cultivation, 27-29 Oct. 1965 (MCZ). GUACHUMANA (Chapman, 1921a:10); see Guachanama; Loja. GUACKI Not located Alt.?; on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Olallas, 16-19 Jan. 1936 (CM; Moore Coll.); source of Atlapetes brunneinucha, a subtropical species; probably this is Guachi [Huachi Chico, | 0116S/7838 (USBGN)], 6 km S of Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)], Tungurahua, and on the uppermost headwaters of the Rio Pastaza (Atlas Geog.). GUADELOUPE; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; Ridgely and Rowlet, E of Guadeloupe, at 1,300 m on western base of Cordillera de Cutucti [Cordillera Cutucti' Occidental, 0245S/7805 (USBGN)], 4 Aug. 1979 (Krabbe, 1992b:172). GUADUAL; Esmeraldas 0051N/7829 (Evans, 1988:24) ca. 600 m, on railway between Alto Tambo [0056N/7832 (USBGN)] and Lita [(0052N/7828 (USBGN)], on southern side of Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], extreme northeastern Esmeraldas, Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:17, 21, 24); not the town of this name at 0044N/7814 (USBGN); not found on our maps. GUAGUA (USNM); see Pichincha; Pichincha. GUAGUA PICHINCHA; see Pichincha; Pichincha. GUAILLABAMBA,; Pichincha 0004S/7821 (USBGN) 2,139 m, town in Central Valley 20 km NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1970, as "Guayllabamba"); very arid, below town is canyon of Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], 2,000-3,000 ft [600-900 m] in depth, its steep sides are bare except for a few cacti and acacias (Chapman, 1926a 286, as "Guallapampa," p. 709); near town is [was?] a marsh, Jameson, before 1856 (Jardine, 1856:91, as "Guilabamba"); Festa, June-July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:5, as "Guallabamba"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at 6,500 ft [1,975 m], between 1898-1899 (Oberholser, 1902:569, as "Guallabamba"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Guallabamba"); Simons, at 4,500 m?, 16 Jan., 17 Feb 1899 (Chubb, 1919:2, 269, as "Guallabamba, Chimborazo"); Olalla, Jan. 1935, Aug. 1936 (FMNH, as "Guallabamba"); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1936:408); Gomez, Apr. 1939, Apr. 1940 and at "Mt. Guallabamba" [not located], Apr. 1939 (FMNH); Ortiz-Crespo, on west flank of gorge ca. 3 km from bridge on PanAmerican highway, 2,330 m, 15, 29 Nov. 1969 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:359, as "Guayllabamba"); Hilgert, brief times from Oct. 1981-Feb., Oct.-Nov. 1982, Jan.-Feb. 1983, Apr., July 1984-Jan., Aug., Oct. 1985 (Hilgert, 1988:751, as "Guayllabamba."). VW GUAILLABAMBA, RIO; Pichincha/Imbabura/Esmeraldas 0028N/7925 (USBGN) An affluent of Rio Esmeraldas [(0058N/7938 (USBGN)] rising in the inter-Andean valley N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and flowing NW and then WNW out of the Andes to the coastal plain (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Sdderstr6m Coll., below Zambiza [0009S/7826 (USBGN)], at 7,500 ft [2,300 m], and near river at 7,000 ft [2,150 mJ, dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:27, 41); Olallas, where?, Jan. 1939 (FMNH); Norton, where?, at 1,900 m, 29 Aug.-2 Sept. 1964 (MCZ, as "Rio Guiallabamba"); Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:359, as "Rio Guayllabamba." GUAINCHE; Loja Not located 3,200 ft [975 m], between Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)] and Celica [0407S/7939 (USBGN)] in broad well-cultivated valley [= Rio Alamor, 0430S/825 (USBGN) ?], Cherrie and Gill, 25-29 Aug. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:709). GUALACEO; Azuay 0254S/7847 (USBGN) 2,320 m, in eastern part of Central Valley, 22 km E of Cuenca [0254S/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1970); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:26); Norton, 13 Nov. 1965 (MCZ); Chapman, 1926a:348, as "Gualaco." GUALACO (Chapman, 1926a:348); see Gualaceo. GUALAQUIZA; Morona-Santiago 0324S/7833 (USBGN) 971 m, in foothills in southwestern part of province, in valley of Rio Bomboiza [0325S/7829 (USBGN)], a tributary of upper Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], 65 km SE of Cuenca [0254S/7859 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Fraser, Dec. 1857-Feb. 1858 (Sclater, 1859b:450); Baron, at 4,000 ft [1,225 m], May 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43-44); Festa, in vicinity, 14 Nov. 1895-18 July 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:731); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:23); Marin, 5 km SE, at 850 m, near Bomboiza [= ? Rio Bomboisa], 22 July 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). GUALCA Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Koepche, 1963, Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna, 3:10); probably an error for Gualea [(0007N/7850 (USBGN)]. GUALEA; Pichincha 0007N/7850 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, northwestern Pichincha, on lower slopes, 8 km WNW of Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] on Rio Alambi [0014N/7849 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1970, where shown too far S); name has been used in a regional sense, with altitudes ranging from ca. 3,900-6,000 ft [1,200-1,825 mJ], subtropical (Chapman, 1926a:709); Festa, May, July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5; Chapman, 19261a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, July-Aug. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:301); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:4); Holstein, date? (USNM, as "Gualia"); Hoffman, for Rosenberg Coll., May 1904 (FMNH); Séderstrém, 28 Sept. 1910 (USNM), May 1913, Hammond, Apr. 1914 (FMNH); collectors?, 8 May 1911, 4 Oct. 1912, 13 Nov. 1913, 8 Mar., 5 Oct. 1914, Mar. 1919 (USNM); Richardson, 20 June 1913 (USNM); Goodfellow, July 1914 (Chubb, 1916:48); Sdderstrém, below Gualea at 3,500 ft [1,025 m], 20 Aug. 1919 (Gyldenstolpe, 1941, Arkiv. Zool., 33A, p. 17); Séderstr6m, May 1916 (USNM), 1 Nov. 1920 (Kelso, 1940, Biol. Leaflets, no. 12, p. 1); Séderstr6m Coll., at Gualea and in vicinity, dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:18ff); d'Epinay Coll., Feb. 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:439); Gonzal, July 1923 (USNM); Olallas, 6 Oct. 1926, 20 Mar. 1928, 9-10 June 1929, nearby, 7 Aug. 1921 (CM); Rosenberg, Aug. 1929 (FMNH); Olallas, 3, 12 Apr., 15, 19 June 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Olallas, at "montes de Gualea," ca. 1935-1937, Gomez, at "montes de Gualea," May 1939 (FMNH); Olalla, 22-23 Apr., 18 Nov. 1963, 8-12 June 1964 (MCZ); Riley, 1914:213, as "Gualia"; Park & Atyeo, 1974 Journ. Georgia Entom. Soc., 9:32, as "Qualea." 'GUALIA (Riley, 1914:213); see Gualea. 'GUALLABAMBA; Chimborazo (Chubb, 1919:2); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. ‘GUALLABAMBA; Pichincha (Simon, 1907:17); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. 'GUALLABAMBA, MT. (FMNH); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. (GUALLAPAMPA (Chapman, 1927a:286); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. '(GUALLAVO (Chubb, 1919:3); see Guayabo; El Oro. ‘GUALLUPE; Imbabura 0047N/7818 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, in northwestern corner of province, on Carchi border and Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], 10 km SE of Carolina a7 [0047N/7818 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Guallupi"; Mapa, 1957); Olallas, at "pajonales de Guallupe," July 1931 (FMNH); also see Guayupe. GUALLUPI (MHA); see Guallupe. GUALON Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 251); presence of Micrastur ruficollis guerilla indicative of tropical/subtropical zone of northwest; probably a misspelling of Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)]. GUAMANI; Pichincha ca. 0020S/7813 (Mapa, 1957) Alt.?; mountain below which is a pass at 0020S/7813 in paramo at 3,600 m through which the Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)}]/Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)] road crosses the Cordillera Oriental [1400S/7100 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:828); longitude of 7833 given by USBGN is certainly erroneous; Chapman (1926a:709, as "Cerro of Guamani") gives an altitude of 13,600 ft [4,200 m], which must refer to peak rather than to the pass, although Goodfellow and Hamilton (Goodfellow, 1901:700) did collect at 16,000 ft [4,900 mJ], 1898-1899; most collections presumably made at pass; Olallas, 25 Oct.-6 Dec. 1922, 18-19 July 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21, as "Cerro Guamani," p. 627, as "Cerro Huamani"); Olallas, 9 Jan. 1925 (MCZ, as "Cerro Huamani arriba"); Olallas, 11 Nov. 1927 (CM, as "Cerro Guamani"); S6derstr6m Coll., on north side of "Guamani road," at 11,000 ft [3,375 m], date? and below Guamani, W of Papallacta, at 13,000 ft [4,000 m], date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:25, 68); Olallas, Dec. 1932, Jan. 1934 (FMNH); Corley Smith, at ca. 13,200 ft [4,000 m], ca. 1964-1967 (Corley Smith, 1969:21); Vuilleumier and Hill, in the pass at ca. 4,000 m, 30 Aug. 1964 (Vuilleumier, 1976). GUAMANI, CERRO (Chapman, 1926a:21); see Guamani. GUAMANI, CERRO OF (Chapman, 1926a:709); see Guamani. GUAMAYACU Not located Alt.?; collector?. date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no.1, p.188); Chamaepetes giudoti tschudii and Aramides calopterus have been found here and are ' indicative of the eastern subtropical/tropical zones. GUAMBA; Tungurahua ? Not located Alt.?; near Bafios [(0124S/7825 (USBGN)], on eastern slope, Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 7 Jan 1938 (MCZ). GUANACILLA; Pichincha ca. 0012S/7915 (MHA) ca. 500-700 m, 10 km W of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (MHA); humid tropics, Goodfellow and Hamilton, Oct. 1898 (Chapman, 1926a:710, as "Guanacillo," p. 732). GUANACILLO (Chapman, 1926a:710); see Guanacilla. GUANGOPOLO; Pichincha 0015S/7827 (USBGN) ca. 2,600 m, in Central Valley, 8 km SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], at western base of Cerro Ilal6 [(0016S/7824 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Rhoads, date? [1911?] (Chapman, 1926a:481). GUANO; Chimborazo 0135S/7838 (USBGN) 2,713 m, in Central Valley, 10 km N of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); arid temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:710); Fraser, June, Aug.? 1858 (Sclater, 1859c:549); Lévéque, May 1950? (Lévéque, 1964:57). GUAPALO (Goodfellow, 1901:459); see Guapulo. GUAPILES Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1955, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 17, p. 26); source of Notiochelidon c. cyanoleuca, a form with a wide altitudinal range; probably an error for Guapulo [0012S/7829 (USBGN). GUAPILO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1944, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1262, p. 21); source of Thraupis bonariensis darwini, an Andean taxon; probably an error for Guapulo [0012S/7829 (USBGN)]. GUAPULO; Pichincha 0012S/7829 (USBGN) 2,960 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:828); an eastern suburb of Quito [0013S/7930 (USBGN)] on Rio Machangara [0010S/7825 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Fraser, ca. Feb.-Apr. 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:74); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between 1898-1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, 458, as "Guapalo"); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:17); Chapman and Cherrie, 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:710); Sdderstr6m Coll., between Z9 80 Guapulo and Cumbaya [0012S/7826 (USBGN)], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:59); also see Guapiles and Guapilo. GUARACILLO Not located Alt.?; Goodfellow and Hamilton, Sept. 1898 (USNM); possibly a misreading of Milligalli [ca. 0016S/7836 (Brown, 1941:836)] where Goodfellow and Hamilton were in Sept. 1898. GUARAMO; Pichincha Not located 2,150 m (Marin, in litt., as "Guarumo"); 18 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], near Nono [0004S/7835 (USBGN)], Corado, 6 July 1990 (WFVZ, also as "El Guarumo"); correct name unknown; a stream "Guarumos" [0004S/7838 (USBGN)], which see, is nearby. GUARANDA; Bolivar 0136S/7900 (USBGN) 2,608 m, large town on upper western slope, 42 km W of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Festa, 18-19 Aug. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:732), but there is no record in Salvadori & Festa (1899, 1900) of Festa having collected there; Sdderstr6m Coll., along old road to Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)], at 7,000-8,000 ft [2,150-2,450 ft], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:59). GUARUMO (Marin, in litt.); see Guaramo. GUARUMOS; Pichincha 0004S/7838 (USBGN) Stream on western slope about midway between Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], in vicinity of Nono [0004S/7835 USBGN)], which may be a headwater of the Rio Nono/Rio Blanco [ca. 0005N/7845 (Mapa, 1957)], which in turn flows into the Rio Alambi [0014N/7849 (USBGN)]; the Guarumos is not shown on our maps and the Rios Nono and Blanco appear only on Mapa, 1957; probably this is the "Guarumus" of Andes-Amazon Exped., June 1936 (Berlioz, 1937b:115), of the Olallas 25 June 1932 (FMNH, as "via Mindo-Rio Blanco"; CM), and of Loch, July 1936 (FMNH); Gomez, 20 Sept. 1939 (USNM, as "Guarurnos"); Marin, 18 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], near Nono, 19 July 1988 (WFVZ, as "Guarumo"); there is probably a town nearby also bearing this name and some of the above citations doubtless refer to the town rather than the stream; also see Guaramo GUARUMUS (Berlioz, 1937b:115); see Guarumos. GUARURNOS (USNM); see Guarumos. GUASI GUAICO (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:60); see Huasihuaico. GUATARACO, CERRO; Napo ? Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olallas, 26 Sept. 1929 (CM); Olalla, Aug. 1930 (FMNH); Olallas, 1-2 July, 15 Sept. 1932 (Stresemann, 1937b:14- 15); Spillmann and Olallas, 16 Apr. 1930, 30 June, 21, 24 Aug. 1932 (Stresemann, 1938:117-118); Gomez, July 1930 (FMNH, as "Guataraco, near Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)]"); presumably in vicinity of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)], near head of Rio Guataracu [0046/7715 (USBGN)] at ca. 0040S/7735 (Norton, 1965:3), and to be spelled "Guataracu," but there is a record of the Olallas at Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] on the western slope of Pichincha on 16 Apr. 1930; possibly this is an error and Spillmann was not accompanied by one of the Olallas at Cerro Guataraco, or perhaps he was, but with a different Olalla than the ones at Mindo. GUATARACO, RIO (Norton, 1965:3); see Guataracu, Rio. GUATARACU, RIO; Napo 0046S/7715 (USBGN) Affluent of Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)], which is a tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], rising on the southeastern slope of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Norton, where?, 9 Aug. 1963 (MCZ); Norton, at 1,350 m, near head of river at 0040S/7735, 25 July-5 Aug. 1964 (Norton, 1965:3, as "Rio Guataraco"). ~GUATICOCHA; Napo 0045S/7724 (Norton, 1965:3) 750 m, small, round, very deep lake on southeastern slope of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)], Chandler and Norton, 16-24 Aug. 1964 (Norton, 1965:3). GUAYABA; Santiago-Morona Not located Alt.?; on Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:387); collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1950, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1474, p. 21, as "Guayabo"); there are two sites bearing the name "Guayabo" in the western part of the country, but the Zimmer reference concerns Thalurania furcata viridipectus, a form of the eastern lowlands; it is assumed that Guayabo is a lapsus for Guayaba. GUAYABO (Zimmer, 1950:21); see Guayaba. GUAYABO; El Oro 0335S/7954 (USBGN) 1,000 m, Simons, 20 June 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Guallavo"); central western El Oro, on lower slope a short distance from Santa Rosa [0327S/7558 (USBGN)] and close to Saracay [0338S/7955 (USBGN)]; does not appear on maps available to us. GUAYABO; Manabi 0101S/8029 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, in central interior Manabi, 5 km NW of Portoviejo [0103S/8027 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). GUAYAQUIL; Guayas 0210S/7950 (USBGN) Sea level, Ecuador's major port, on Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)], equatorial arid fauna, shores of river and estuaries bordered with red mangroves, savannas nearby flooded in rainy season (Chapman, 1926a:710); Belcher, 19 July 1839, Destruge, date?, Doyle, date? (USNM, sometimes as "Santiago de Guayaquil"); collector?, before 1844 (Lesson, 1844, Rev. Zool. [Paris], 7:433); Dellatre, before 1858 (Sclater, 1859b:452, as "Guyaquil"); Fraser, probably summer 1859 (Sclater, 1860d:287); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, July-Dec. 1882, Aug. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883:536; 1884:281, 312); MacFarlane, May-June 1883 (MacFarlane, 1887:209); Jones, 1884 (Ridgway, 1906, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19:120; USNM); Festa, early Oct. 1895, 23 Aug.- 1 Sept. 1897, 31 Dec. 1897-4 Jan. 1898 (Chapman, 1926a:731-732); Richardson, 26 May, 15 Aug. 1913 (USNM); Powell, date? (Hartert and Goodson, 1917, Novit. Zool., 24:412); Sdderstr6m Coll., savanna, 50-300 ft [15-100 mJ], date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:61); Berlioz, Aug., Sept. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:393); Campos, ca. 1937 (Campos, 1938); Monge, 23 Oct., 27 Dec. 1945, 4 Juiy 1946, 31 May 1948 (LACMNH); Marchant, 75 km from Guayaquil, road to Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)], 21 Aug. 1956 (Marchant, 1958:373); Lévéque, various times 1960-1962 (Lévéque, 1964:52, 61); Mills, nearby at city's "Puerto Maritimo,” 29 Sept., | Oct. 1965, 3-6 May 1966, and at race track "Hippodroma Santa Cecilia," 30 Sept. 1966 (Mills, 1967:536-537); Bleitz Coll., nearby, 15, 20-21 Sept. 1969 (WFVZ); Ross, et al., 16 Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:83); also see Cemento Nacional and Tarasama. GUAYAQUIL, GOLFO DE; Guayas 0300S/8030 (USBGN) Major bay on southwestern coast (MHA); Barclay, before 1860 (Sclater, 1860d:286); Lévéque, various times, 1960-1962 (Lévéque, 1964:52, 61); Mills, in vicinity, Oct. 1965, 31 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:534). GUAYAS, PROVINCIA DEL 0200S/8000 (USBGN) In west-central Ecuador; bounded on S and W by the Pacific, on N by Manabi and Pichincha, on E by Los Rios, Bolivar, and Canar, and on SE by Azuay and El Oro; A. and E. Asanza, in coastal region, ca. 29 Oct.-6 Nov. 1986 (Low, 1987a, 1987b). IGUAYAS, RIO; Guayas 0236S/7952 (USBGN) Short tidal river formed by confluence of Rios Daule and Babahoyo at 0210S/7952 (USBGN) by city of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] and emptying into Golfo de Guayaquil [0300S/8030 (USBGN)] via a delta with many large islands (Mapa, 1970); some maps, e. g., MHA, show the lower part of the Rio Babahoyo as the Guayas and restrict the Babahoyo to above the city of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)]; Quabicker, 1939 (Marchant, 1958:370); Curry, Aug. 1960, Lévéque, numerous visits 1960-1962 (Lévéque, 1964:52, 61); Mills, near mouth at Posorja [(0244S/8015 (USBGN)], 7 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:536). 'GUAYLLABAMBA (Mapa, 1970); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. IGUAYLLABAMBA, RIO (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:359); see Guaillabamba, Rio. \(GUAYRA PATA Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 4 Dec. 1935 (Moore Coll.); source of Atlapetes pallidinucha, indicating the locality is at a moderate altitude, probably on the eastern slope. ‘(GUAYUPE; Imbabura Not located 3,600 ft [1,100 ml], collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:35); source of Schiffornis turdinus rosenbergi, a taxon of the western lower slope; this may be an error for Guallupe [0047N/7818 (USBGN)], which see. GUCHALA, RIO ( Cory & Hellmayr, 1924, p. 342); see Guachala, Rio. GUIALLABAMBA, RIO (MCZ); see Guaillabamba, Rio. GUICHAPA (Hellmayr, 1937:203); see Paguishapa. 83 84 GUILABAMBA (Jardine, 1856:91); see Guaillabamba; Pichincha. GUILCA; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," collector?, May 1933 (Berlioz, 1937b:115); Gomez, Sept. 1937 (USNM); Gomez, near Macas 0219S/7807 (USBGN)], 6 Sept. 1939 (LACMNH); doubtless error for Huilca [not located], Morona-Santiago, which see. GUILEA; Morona-Santiago ? Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Cutsaseme [not located], Gémez, 29 Mar. 1939 (USNM); probably a misspelling of Guilca [see above], which is an error for Huilca [not located], which see. GUINTZA, PARAMO DE; Cotopaxi 0045S/7845 (USBGN) Alt.?; on southwestern slope of Illiniza [0040S/7842 (USBGN)], central northern Cotopaxi; not indicated on our maps; Krabbe, on northwestern side, at the "highest point of new road to Sigchos [0042S/7853 (USBGN)]," from 3,350-3,500 m, 7, 9 Aug., 17 Oct. 1990, 3 Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992a:166-168, as "Planadas de Guintza"). GUINTZA, PLANADAS DE (Krabbe, 1992a:166); see Guintza, Paramo de. GUISHAPA (Chubb, 1919:3); see Paguishapa. GUIVEDO (USNM); see Quevedo. GUY AQUIL (Sclater, 1859b:452); see Guayaquil. GUY FAWKES, ISLA; Galapagos 0030S/9031 (USBGN) HACIENDA ALCHIPICHI; Pichincha 0003N/7824 (USBGN) ca. 2,800 m ? (Mapa, 1957); short distance WSW of Malchingui [0004N/7820 (USBGN)], above Rio Guaillamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] (Whymper, 1892, Travels Amongst Great Andes of Equator, p. 284, map); Olallas, Apr. 1934 (FMNH, as (Valle Alchipichi"). HACIENDA ALMENDRAL; Loja 0405S/7948 (USBGN) 2,900 ft [900 m], in Rio Casanga [0408S/8009 (USBGN)] valley, Cherrie, 13, 17 Sept. 1920 (MCZ, as "Almendral"; Chapman, 1926a:20). HACIENDA ANAGUMBA; Imbabura 0012N/7824 (USBGN) 7,500 ft [2,300 m], western side of Mojanda [0008N/7824 (USBGN)], near [Hacienda] Piganta [0009N/7823 (USBGN)], Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62, as "Anagumba"); not shown on our maps; Olallas, at "Montes Anagumba," June 1931, Feb., May 1934 (FMNH). HACIENDA ANA MARIA Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1948, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1380, p. 37); source of Trogon violaceus concinnus, a tropical western race; almost certainly this is Ana Maria [0059S/7925 (USBGN)], Los Rios, which see. -HACIENDA ANTISANILLA; Pichincha 0023S/7817 (Brown, 1941:817) 3,700 m, herder's shelter in paramo on trail to Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:817); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:210, as "Antisanilla"). HACIENDA ARCADIA; Pichincha 0018S/7832 (USBGN) 9,700 ft [2,950 m], 6 mi [10 km] S of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Sé6derstrom Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:21, as "Arcadia"); does not appear on our maps. HACIENDA AYALAN; Guayas 0237S/8017 (USBGN) ca. sea level, in southern Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], short distance N of Posarja [0144S/8015 (USBGN)] and ca. 70 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)]; does not appear on maps available to us; archaeological site with bird remains, Ubelaker, date? (Hesse, 1980, as "Ayalan"). 85 86 HACIENDA CACHUQUI MONCAYO; Pichincha 0005S/7832 (USBGN) Alt.?; in vicinity of Nono [0004S/7835 (USBGN)] on western slope, NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; does not appear on maps available to us; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:47, as "Cachuqui"). HACIENDA CASPIGASI (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:347); see Hacienda Caspiguasi. HACIENDA CASPIGUASI; Pichincha 0001N/7829 (USBGN) 2,760-2,825 m, ca. 20 km N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] on western slope of Pomasqui [0003S/7827 (USBGN)]/San Antonio [0001S/7827 (USBGN)] valley, ca. 50 ha, open area, flatter parts cultivated, hilly areas left fallow with sparse growth of native herbs and small shrubs, only trees are introduced and <10 m, Ortiz- Crespo, Oct. 1968-Sept. 1970, Léon, Mar. 1971 (Hoja CT NII-F3, as "Hacienda Caspigasi"; Ortiz-Crespo, 1947:347, as "Hacienda Caspigasi"). HACIENDA DE CURTINCAPA; EI Oro Not located 1,000 m, Simons, 12 June 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3); in extreme eastern El Oro, near Curtincapa [0344S/7933 (USBGN)], but evidently not the same; see Curtincapa. HACIENDA EL PASO; Azuay 0322S/7905 (USBGN) Alt.?; in highlands of southeastern Azuay, near Nabén [0320S/7904 (USBGN)]; not shown on our maps; collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:613,as "El Paso"; Koepcke, 1963, Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna, 3:10, as "El Paso (Azuay)"). HACIENDA EL REFUGIO; Guayas Not located Alt.?; northwestern Guayas, near Manglaralto [0150S/8044 (USBGN)], McLean, 23-25 Oct. 1974 (USNM). HACIENDA GARZON; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on slopes of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], subtropical or temperate, Rhoads, 29 Apr., 3, 13-14 May 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 631; WFVZ); Mena, 2 Dec. 1937 (WFVZ). HACIENDA GUACHALA,; Pichincha 0001S/7810 (USBGN) 2,801 m, on southern slopes of Cayambé [0002N/7759 (USBGN)] on road to town of Cayambé [0003N/7808 (USGBN)], arid temperate zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:826); collector?, 5 Feb. 1951 (Norton, et al., 1972:889, as "Hda. Guachala;...L.[ago?] de Ascasubi [? Ascazubi, 0005S/7817 (USBGN)]"). HACIENDA IBARRA,; Pichincha 0018S/7833 (USBGN) Alt.?; on southwestern outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; not found on maps available to us; Olalla, July 1944 (FMNH). HACIENDA ITULCACHI; Pichincha 0017S/7820 (USBGN) ca. 2,660 m, on southeastern outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Olallas, Feb. 1935 (FMNH, as "Rocas de Itulcache"); Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 148, as "Bocas del Itulcache, Napo Pastaza." HACIENDA JALANCAY; Chimborazo Not located Alt.?; on western slope in vicinity of Chunchi [0217S/7855 (USBGN)] and the upper Rio Chanchan [0217S/7924 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Cory & Hellmayr, 1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 5, p. 428, as "Chunchi, Hacienda Jalancay"); Rhoads, 24-26 Mar. 1911 (WFVZ, as "Chunchi, Hacienda Jalancay"); also see Chunchi. HACIENDA LA IBERIA Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Oct. 1944 (FMNH). HACIENDA LA LIBERTAD; Pichincha 0004S/7809 (USBGN) Alt.?; in Central Valley, 11 km NW of Guillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)], Carri6n and Marin, 2 km S, at 2,000 m, on road to Puéllaro [0004N/7824 (USBGN)], 28 July 1990, Marin, nearby, 17 Nov., 1, 12 Dec. 1991 (WFVZ, as "La Libertad"; Marin, in litt., as "La Libertad"); does not appear on our maps. HACIENDA LA MERCED; Pichincha 0002S/7833 (USBGN) Alt.?; on western slope northwest of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and not far from Nono [0004S/7835 (USBGN)], but not shown on our maps; Lévéque, between Hacienda La Merced and Nono, at ca. 3,000 m, 17 Sept. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:60-61). HACIENDA LA PERLA; Pichincha[/Esmeraldas?] Not located 300 m, private reserve between Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] and La Concordia [ca. 0002N/7924 (Mapa, 1974)], observer?, date? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:27); if the 87 hacienda lies between the named towns, it is unlikely that it extends to Provincia de Esmeraldas as described. HACIENDA LELIA (Barros, 1956:116); see Lelia. HACIENDA MAPOTO; Tungurahua Not located 7,000 ft [2,125 m], in humid forests, on route between Bajos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] and Canelos [0135S/7745 (USBGN)], on Rio Pastaza [0455S/76224 (USBGN)], Stolzmann, Dec. 1883-Feb. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67ff); 1,237 m, near Bajos, collector?, date? (Menegaux, 1909:98, as "Mapoto"); although the altitudes differ significantly, presumably the locality is the same; probably near the mouth of Rio Mapoto [0125S/7815 (USBGN)], which is below Bafios on Rio Pastaza; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., Feb. 1939 (FMNH). HACIENDA MI CIELO; Pichincha Not located 3,000-3,700 m, on eastern side of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Ortiz-Crespo, 17 May 1969 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:352; Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:28-29). HACIENDA MONJAS; Pichincha 0014S/7837 (USBGN) Alt.?; SW of Quito [0013S/7838 (USBGN)], near Lloa [0015S/7835 (USBGN)]; does not appear on the maps available to us; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:31, as "Monjas, Lloa"); presumably this is the correct Hacienda Monjas because of its proximity to Lloa, but there are several others nearby; possibly this refers to the mountain Monjas [0013S/7828 (USBGN)], also near Lloa. HACIENDA PACARITAMBO; Guayas Not located Alt.?; 160 km [presumably by road] N of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], near Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)], Los Rios, in Canton Balzar [0122S/7953 (USBGN)], northern Guayas, Brosset, at 5 ha plot at northern limits of arid region, 18-28 May, 15-20 June 1962, 10-15 Feb 1963 (Brosset, 1964:1, also as "Pacaritambo"). HACIENDA PALUGUILLO; Pichincha 0015S/7818 (USBGN) ca. 9,500 ft [2,900 m] (Moore, 1934d:98, as "Paluguillo"); ca. 12 km E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and 6 km E of Cerro Ilal6 [0016S/7824 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Ortiz-Crespo, 17 May 1969 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:352); Schmitt, at 3,450 m, 8 July 1989 (WFVZ, as "Paluguillo"; Marin, in litt.). HACIENDA PARAMBA,; Imbabura 0049N/7821 (USBGN) 777 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom, Soc. Amer., 34:840); 3,500 ft [1,050 m] (Chapman, 1926a; 714); in northernmost Imbabura on southern bank of Rio Mira [(0136N/7901 (USBGN)], 8 km NW of La Carolina [Carolina, 0047N/7818 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Paramba"); forested with open country nearby to E (Chapman, 1926a:714); parts of valley very dry (Brown, 1941, loc. cit., p. 840); Miketta, July 1895, Aug., Nov. 1898 (FMNH), 17 Mar. 1899, Flemming, 12 Sept. 1899, 15 Jan. 1900 (CM); Rosenberg and collectors, various dates Oct. 1897-22 Aug. 1899 (FMNH; MCZ; Hartert, 1898, 1901, 1902); Flemming, various dates, Mar. 1899- Jan. 1900, Bishop, Jan. 1900, Osgood and Anderson, May 1912, Olallas, at "montes de Parambas," July 1935 (FMNH); Gomez, 5, 16 June 1941 (USNM, as "Mingalito [not located], Paramba") and 18, 22 June 1941 (USNM, as "Perro [not located], Paramba"); Cory, 1918 , Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, p. 84, as "Perambe,” p. 189, as "Peramba." HACIENDA PESILLO; Pichincha 0010N/7804 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, on eastern side of central highlands, ca. 20 km SSE of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] and adjacent to Olmedo [0009N/7805 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Pesillo"; Mapa, 1950); collector?, date? (Berlepsch, 1912, Verh. 5th Intern. Ornith. Kongr. Berlin, 1910 (1911), p. 1013). HACIENDA PIGANTA; Pichincha 0009N/7823 (USBGN) 8,500-9,000 ft [2,600-2,750 m], on western slope of Mojanda [OO08N/7817 (USBGN)], at junction of subtropical and temperate zones (Chapman, 1926a:715); in extreme north-central Pichincha, ca. 5 km S of Otavalo [(0014N/7816 (USBGN)]; not found on our maps; Olallas, Nov. 1920 (FMNH); Sdéderstr6m Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:15); Séderstr6m, Dec. 1923, Feb. 1924, Olallas, June 1925, Jan. 1928, Dec. 1934 (FMNH). ~HACIENDA PINANTURA,; Pichincha 0025S/7822 (USBGN) 3,142 m, on trail to Antisana [ca. 0032S/7812 (MHA)], temperate (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:841); on eastern slope 20 km SW of Sangolqui [0019S/7827 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Pinantura"); Olalla, 2 Feb. 1930 (MCZ). HACIENDA PORVENIR Not located Alt.?; Simons, 10 Mar. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Povenir"); Brown (1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:842, as "El Porvenir") states 90 that there is an Hacienda El Porvenir "about a half day's journey W of Hacienda Talahua [0121S/7904 (USBGN)]," another collecting site; Simons was at Hacienda Talahua earlier in March. HACIENDA PUERTO NUEVO (USNM); see Vinces. HACIENDA RIO NEGRO (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43); see Rio Negro. HACIENDA ROMERILLOS; Pichincha 0035S/7835 (USBGN) 11,000 ft [3,350 m], on [northJeastern slope of Illiniza [(0040S/7842 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:718, as "Romerillos"); not found on maps available to us; Sdderstrém Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:32, as "Romerillos"); Olallas, 4 July 1929 (FMNH, as "Romerillos"). HACIENDA ROSARIO; Pichincha 0026S/7834 (USBGN) ca. 12,000 ft [3,700 m], 6 mi [10 km] from [W of] Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] in foothills of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Rhoads and Lemmon, at hacienda and in paramo on Pichincha, Apr.-May 1911 (Rhoads, 1912:142); Chapman, 1926a:700, as "El Rosario." HACIENDA SAN FRANCISCO (Brown, 1941:834); see San Francisco; Tungurahua. HACIENDA SAN IGNACIO; Pichincha ? 0023S/7831 (USBGN) 11,000 ft [3,350 m], on eastern side of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Sdéderstrém Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:57, as "San Ignacio"); presumably correctly identified, although actually more S than E of Pichincha; there is another Hacienda San Ignacio in Pichincha at 0012S/7833 (USBGN), but this is directly N of the mountain; Olallas, at "San Ignacio, Pichincha," 22 Aug. 1930, but which one is unknown (CM). HACIENDA SAN RAFAEL; Guayas 0258S/7947 (USBGN) Alt.?; on coastal plain of southernmost Guayas, close to Tenguel [0300S/7946 (USBGN)]; not on our maps; McLean, 16 July 1974 (USNM, as "San Rafael"). HACIENDA SANTA CLARA; Pichincha 0019S/7826 (USBGN) Alt.?; on southeastern outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; not on maps available to us; Olallas, 25 Dec. 1927 (CM, as "Quito (Santa Clara)"); identification fairly certain. HACIENDA SANTA TERECITA (USNM); see Vinces. HACIENDA SAN VICENTE; Carchi 0030N/7801 (USBGN) 1,520 m (Simon, 1907:17); on southern border of Carchi on Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)], 18 km N of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "San Vicente"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "San Vicente"); identification fairly certain, since we know that Rivet was at Ibarra and in the valley of Rio Chota. HACIENDA SAN VICENTE; Pichincha 0002S/7848 (Prum & Johnson, 1987:522) 1,400-1,700 m, in mossy cloud forest at Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] on western slope, Prum and Johnson, 11 May-22 June 1985 (Prum & Johnson, 1987:522); hacienda not indicated on our maps; see, also, Mindo. HACIENDA TALAHUA; Bolivar 0121S/7904 (USBGN) 4,000 m (Chubb, 1919:3); 2,800-3,500 m, on western slope in northern Bolivar, upper limit of humid temperate forest, paramo begins at ca. 3,000 ft [900 m], rainy season Dec.-May (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:848); not shown on maps available to us; Simons, | Mar. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Talahua, Azuay"). HACIENDA TANDA; Pichincha 0000/7820 (USBGN) 2,200 m, 7 km N of Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)], Corado and Marin, 13 July 1990 (WFVZ, as "Tanda"); in Central Valley NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; does not appear on maps available to us. HACIENDA TANLAGUA,; see Fanlagua. HACIENDA TITAICUN; Chimborazo 0144S/7834 (USBGN) Alt.?; ca. 25 km E of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)], on slopes of Cerro Altar [0140S/7824 (USBGN)]; not on our maps; Fraser, "within one league of perpetual snow," 1858 (Sclater, 1859c:549, as "Titaicun, El Altar"). HACIENDA TRINIDAD; Chimborazo Not located Alt.?; near Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)], Olalla, 12 Aug. 1929 (CM). HACIENDA TUNGURAHUA; see El Rosario; Tungurahua. 91 92 HACIENDA TURUBAMBA ALTO; Pichincha 0021S/7832 (USBGN) 9,500 ft [2,900 m], in arid temperate zone, 6 mi [10 km] S of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:721, as "Turubamba"; MHA, as "Turubamba"); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:36, as "Tucubamba"); Betantt, July 1925, Mena, Feb. 1927 (FMNH); identification somewhat uncertain as there is contiguous to this an Hacienda Turubamba Bajo [0020S/7832 (USBGN)], but which place was visited cannot be of any biological significance. HACIENDA VITALIA (Chapman, 1926a:732); see Vitalia. HACIENDA YAMANA; Loja 0401S/7940 (USBGN) 1,000-1,100 m, southwestern Loja, near head of arid valley of the Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], Norton, 2-9 July, Paynter and Norton, 16-20 Oct. 1965 (MCZ, as "Yamana"); does not appear on our maps. HACIENDA ZUMBAGUA; Cotopaxi 0058S/7854 (USBGN) ca. 3,500 m, in western cordillera, 30 km W of Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Zumbagua"); only USBGN seems to retain the prefix "Hacienda"; Krabbe, on Latacunga/Zumbagua road, 3 Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992a:168, as "Zumbahua"). HATUNTAQUI (Simon, 1907:17); see Atuntaqui. HIERBABUENA (Mapa, 1957); see Yerbabuena. HIPPODROMA SANTA CECILIA (Mills, 1957:537); see Guayaquil. HOLLIN, RIO; Napo 0058S/7745 (USBGN) Rises on southern slope of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/778 (USBGN)] and flows S to meet Rio Misahualli [0102S/7741 (USBGN)], E of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Olalla, at 600 m, May 1945 (FMNH); Moore (1934c:4) cites a Rio "Tollin," but in the absence of such a river this is doubtless what was meant. HOOD ISLAND; Galapagos 0125S/8942 (USBGN) Also = Isla Espanola. HOY AUCSHI; Cajar ? Not located 2,829 m, collector?, date? (Menegaux, 1908:98, as "Hoyaxi"); 8,500 ft [2,600 m], S of Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], Tate, Dec. 1922 (FMNH); correct spelling unknown; this may be the same locality as Yoyaxi [not located], which see, both of which seem to be near the Chimborazo/Canar boundary. HOY AXI (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Hoyaucshi. HUACA; Carchi 0038N/7744 (USBGN) 2,940 m, near Colombian border in northeastern corner of Carchi, 20 km S of Tulcdan [0048N/7743 (USBGN)], near Cerro Mirador [0036N/7739 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); arid temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:709, as "Guaca"); De Lattre, 184? (Bourcier, 1847, Lyons Soc. Agric. Ann., 10:623); Jameson, 1854 (Jardine, 1855:116, as "Guaca"); Festa, 9-11 Jan. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:10; Chapman, 1926a:731); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:58, as "Hunca"). HUACAMAYO, CORDILLERA DE (Mapa, 1957); see Guacamayo, Cordillera de. HUACAMAYOS, CORDILLERA DE (Krabbe, 1992b:170); see Guacamayo, Cordillera de. HUACHI CHICO; see Guacki. HUAGRAPAMBA; Tungurahua Not located 7,500 ft [2,300 m], on eastern slope, near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 8-10 Dec. 1937 (FMNH; MCZ); Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 153, as "Huagropamba"; correct spelling unknown. HUAGROPAMBA (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:153); see Huagrapamba. HUAICO; Loja Not located Alt.?; Gomez, 4 Sept. 1939 (FMNH; USNM); subtropical/temperate zone as indicated by presence of Penelope argyrotis barbata. HUAMANI, CERRO (Chapman, 1926a:627); see Guamani. HUAMANICHUPA, LOMA DE; Pichincha Not located 3,800 m, 15 km SE of Pifo [0014S/7820 (USBGN)], in Cordillera Yanaurcu [? Cerro Yanaurcu, 0025S/7821 (USBGN)], Marin, Holmgren, and Schmitt, 8 July 1989 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.); 93 94 probably not far from Hacienda Paluguillo [(0015S/7818 (USBGN)] and Cochaucu [ca. 0016S/7818] locations visited by Schmitt on the same date. HUANTUPUNGO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on western slope, near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:38, as "Huantu- pungo, Nanegal"). HUASIHUAICO; Azuay 0246S/7920 (USBGN) 10,000-12,000 ft [3,050-3,650 m], near [= ca. 40 km WNW of] Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], Barron, 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:60, as "Guasi Guaico"); this does not appear on our maps and may not be correctly identified, since 40 km would not seem near Cuenca. HUERTAL NEGRA (USNM); see Huerta Negra. HUERTA NEGRA; Guayas ca. 0300S/7946 Alt.?; extreme southern Guayas, 20 km ESE of Balao [0255S/7949 (USBGN)], near and E of Tenguel [0300S/7946 (USBGN)], McLean, 14-15 July, 26-28 Aug., 24-26 Sept., 24 Nov. 1974, 24 Jan., 20-22 Aug. 1975, 10, 29-30 Oct., 21 Nov. 1976 (USNM, sometimes as "Finca Negra" and "Huertal Negra"); also see Tenguel. HUIGRA; Chimborazo 0217S/7859 (USBGN) 1,220 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:829); in upper valley of Rio Chanchan [0217S/7924 (USBGN)], 18 km SW of Alausi [0202S/7850 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); subtropical, semi-arid, Rhoads and Lemmon, 12-23 Feb. 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 710); Rhoads, 18 Mar. 1911 (WFVZ); collector?, Aug. 1913 (FMNH); Chapman and Cherrie, 23 May 1916 (Chapman, 1926a:19). HUILA; Napo ? Not located Alt.?; in region of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Orces, 1944:120; Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 120); in upper tropical or subtropical zone, as indicated by presence of Nothocercus bonapartei plumbeiceps and Chlorophonia cyanea, to be distinguished from Huila [0003N/7853 (USBGN)], Pichincha, on western slope; also see Thuila. HUILA; Pichincha 0003N/7853 (USBGN) ca. 1,000-1,500 m, on lower western slope, 9 km NW of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN) (Mapa, 1957, as "Huilla"); d'Espinay Coll., July 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:438, 440); Olallas, June 1938 (FMNH); not to be confused with the Huila [not located] on the upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)]. HUILCA; Morona-Santiago Not located 4,000 ft [1,225 m], W of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], Feyer, date? (Chapman, 1926a:5); also see Guilca and Guilea. HUILLA (Mapa, 1957); see Huila; Pichincha. HUNCA (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:58); see Huaca. IAGUACHE; Los Rios Not located Alt.?; Sdéderstr6m Coll., 1 July year? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:54); Lénnberg & Rendahl (op. cit.) record one specimen from "Babahoyo, Iaguache," two from "Iaquache, Naranjito, Babahoyo," and still another from "Milagro, Jaguache"; the locality is probably in Los Rios in the general area of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)], Naranjito [0213S/7929 (USBGN)], and Milagro [0207S/7936 (USBGN)); the spelling is uncertain. IAMA Not located Alt.?; Gémez, 21 Apr. 1942 (USNM); probably a misspelling of Gima, which see, IAQUACHE (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:55); see Iaguache. IBANA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:29); see Ibarra. IBARRA; Imbabura 0021N/7807 (USBGN) 2,211 m, on Rio Taguando [0024N/7808 (USBGN)] in arid inter- Andean plain, S of Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:829; MHA); open country, 23) 96 mostly cultivated, Festa, 25 Mar.-1 Apr. 1897 and at nearby Laguna de Yaguarcocha [0022N/7807 (USBGN)], 29-31 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:710, 731); Rosenberg, date? (Hartert, 1898:478); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between 1898-1899 (Oberholser, 1902:309); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Sdéderstr6m Coll., nearby at Lago "Jaguarcocha" [Yaguarcocha], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:29, as "Ibana"); Rosenberg Coll., at 7,000 ft [2,150 mJ], 2 June 1899 (Hartert, 1902:605); Olallas, Sept. 1935 (FMNH); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:404); Olalla, as "Valles de Ibarra," May 1937, Olalla, July 1944 (FMNH); Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:76). IBARRA, VALLES DE (FMNH); see Ibarra. ICHIMBIA; Pichincha 0013S/7830 (USBGN) 9,600 ft [2,925 m], mountain "above Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], eastern side," Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:79); not indicated on maps available to us. ILALO (Simon, 1907:20); see Ilal6, Cerro. ILALO, CERRO; Pichincha 0016S/7824 (USBGN) 3,187 m, SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] in Chillo Valley [0020S/7827 (Brown, 1941:821)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Nov. 1898 (Oberholser, 1902:338, as "Illalo"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Cerro Lalo," p. 20, as "Ilalo"). ILAMBO Not located Alt.?; in "Occidente" (Stresemann, 1938:117); d'Espinay Coll., May 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:439); Olallas, 17 May 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Olallas, June 1930 (FMNH); numerous records of tropical/subtropical taxa. ILANA; Imbabura Not located 8,000 ft [2,450 m], near and N of Yaguarcocha [0022N/7806 (USBGN)] and Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:26, as near "Jaquarcocha," p. 71, as near "Jaguarcocha"; Cory & Hellmayr, 1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 5, p. 9, as near "Taguarcocha"). ILINESA (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948:351); see Illiniza. ILINIZA (Chapman, 1926a:710); see Illiniza. ILLALO (Oberholser, 1902:338); see Ilalo, Cerro. ILLINIZA; Pichincha/Cotopaxi 0040S/7842 (USBGN) 5,305 m, small snow-capped peak ca. 30 km W of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (MHA); Festa, on flanks, 17 June 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:710, 731, as "Iliniza"); Festa, also in paramos, June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899b:2, as "Iliniza"); Rivet, at ca. 4,000 m, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Iliniza," p. 19, as "Mont Lniza"); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19ff, sometimes as "Iliniza"); Olallas, Dec. 1928, Mar. 1930 (FMNH); Spillmann Coll., 8-16 Apr. 1931 (Stresemann, 1937a:75- 77, as "Monte Iliniza"); Gomez, Feb. 1941 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 351, as "Ilinesa"); Krabbe, on slopes at 0053S/7843 and 3,200 m, 3 Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:173). ILLOTE, PUNTA; Manabi 0137S/8051 (USBGN) Sea level, point on coast of southern Manabi, just S of Isla Salango [0136S/8052 (USBGN)] (MHA); Schmitt, 22 Jan. 1933 (USNM). ~IMBABURA, PROVINCIA DEL 0002N/7825 (USBGN) Northern Ecuador; bounded on S by Pichincha, on E by Napo, on N by Carchi, and on W by Esmeraldas. IMBANA, CERRO; Loja ? 0338S/7904 (USBGN) 2,600-2,800 m (de Schauensee, 1951:8); not shown on maps available to us, but coordinates seen to indicate at the junction of Loja, Azuay, and Zamora-Chinchipe; Pérez, 20 Jan. 1948 (de Schauensee, 1951:8, as "Mt. Imbana, Loja"; Norton, et al., 1972:893, as "Portete Imbana"). IMBANA, PORTETE (Norton, et al., 1972:893); see Imbana, Cerro. INDEFATIGABLE ISLAND; Galapagos 0038S/9023 (USBGN) Also = Isla Santa Cruz. INGA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:47); see El Inca. INTAC (Chapman, 1926a:710); see Intag. INTAG; Imbabura ca. 0024N/7836 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 3,900 ft [1,200 m], on Rio Llurimaguas [0018N/7858 (USBGN)], N of Cordillera de Intag [0008N/7850 (USBGN)], subtropical zone oO” 98 (Chapman, 1926a:map, as "Intac"; p. 240, as "Pintag"); not on our maps; Buckley, date? (Sclater & Salvin, 1878:439, as "Intaj"); Festa, June 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:13, as "Intac"; Chapman, 1926a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, July-Aug. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, p. 461, as "Intaj"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Intac"); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:53); Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 77, as "Intaq"); site of private Reserva de Bosque Nublado de Intag, W of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)] en route to Apuela [0021N/7828 (USBGN)] (Ortiz & Carrién, 1991:26). INTAG, RESERVA DE BOSQUE NUBLADO DE; see Intag. INTAJ (Sclater & Salvin, 1878:439); see Intag. INTAQ (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:77); see Intag. IPIALES (Chapman, 1926a:731, as "Ipialis"); in Colombia; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. IPIALIS (Chapman, 1926a:731); error for Ipiales, Colombia. ISABELA, ISLA; Galapagos 0030S/9106 (USBGN) Also = Albermarle Island. ISIDRO AYORA; Guayas 0153S/8008 (USBGN) 20-30 m (Simon, 1907:16); in central part of province, 14 km W of Daule [0150S/7956 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Soledad"); Rivet, ca. 1898- 1899 (Simon, 1907:16, as "La Soledad"). ITAGUA Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," Olallas, June 1930 (FMNH). ITULCACHE, BOCAS DEL (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:148); see Hacienda Itulcachi. ITULCACHE, ROCAS DE (FMNH); see Hacienda Itulcachi. JAGUACHE (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:55); see Iaguache. JAGUARACOCHA (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19); see Yaguarcocha. JAGUARCOCHA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:71); see Yaguarcocha. JAMA; Manabi 0011S/8016 (USBGN) Sea level, on coastal plain of northern Manabi, 5 km from mouth of Rio Jama [0011S/8016 [?] (USBGN); longitude appears erroneous as all maps show mouth ca. 02' farther W] (MHA; Mapa 1974); Marchant, 1950s (Marchant, 1958:379). -JAMBELI; Guayas 0204S/8045 (USBGN) Sea level, SW of Colonche [0201S/8040 (USBGN)] on north side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [(0215S/8050 (USBGN)}]; not found on maps available to us; beaches visited by Fuentes, 10 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:11); not the Jambeli [0324S/8015 (USBGN)] on Isla Tembleque [0325S/8014 (USBGN)]. JAMBELI, ISLA; El Oro 0320S/8004 (USBGN) Sea level, very large, low island close to the coast of central El Oro, W of Machala [0316S/7958 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); outer shores sandy, inner shores and interior covered by mangroves, Gill, 31 Oct.-4 Nov.1921, Chapman, et al., 18 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 710); village of Jambeli [(0324S/8015 (USBGN)] not here but on nearby Isla Tembleque [0325S/8014 (USBGN)]. JAMBILLO (Chapman, 1926a:300); see Tambillo. JAMES ISLAND; Galapagos 0014S/9045 (USBGN) Also = Isla San Salvador or Isla Santiago. JAPAYO, RIO (Hartert, 1902:600); see Zapallo Grande, Rio. JAPLON (Oberholser, 1902:320); see Tabloén. JAQUARCOCHA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:26); see Yaguarcocha. JARAMIJO; Manabi 0057S/8038 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast of southern Manabi, 7 km E of Manta [0057S/8044 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Fuentes, on beaches, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). 99 100 JARAMILLO, PARAMOS DE; Tungurahua 0112S/7826 (USBGN) ca. 3,000-4,000 m (MHA); not indicated on our maps; appear to be about midway between Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)] and Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)], in Cordillera de la Llanganates [0013S/7815 (USBGN)]; Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH, as "Paramo de Paramillo"); Koepcke, 1963, Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna, 3:17, as "Paramo de Jaranillo." JARANILLO, PARAMO DE (Koepcke, 1963:17); see Jaramillo, Paramos de. JARDINERO, ISLA; Galapagos 0120S/9017 (USBGN) Also = Gardner Island. JATUNCOCHA (Ridgely, 1980:242); see Jatuncocha, Laguna. JATUNCOCHA, LAGUNA; Napo 0100S/7527 (USBGN) ca. 250 m, small lake on northern side of lower Rio Yasuni [0056S/7523 (USBGN)], 10 km SW of Nuevo Rocafuerte [0056S/7524 (USBGN)], extreme eastern Napo (Mapa, 1957, as "Laguna Jatun Cocha"); Ridgely, 17, 19 Sept. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:242, 246, 248, as "Jatuncocha"). JATUN RUTUNO YACU (Mapa, 1957); see Rutuno, Rio. JATUN RUTUNO YACU, RIO (Mapa, 1974); see Rutuno, Rio. JATUN SACHA, RESERVA; Napo Not located 300 m, private reserve on southern side of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], near Misahualli [0102S/7740 (USBGN)], Bochan, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carri6n, 1991:26). JAUNECHE; Los Rios 0120S/7935 (Parker & Carr, 1992:46) 50-70 m, 138 ha reserve in northwestern Los Rios, formerly known as "Estacion Cientifica y Reserva Pedro Franco Davila," moist forest, Conservation International group, 6-9 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:16, 45-48); not shown on our maps. JAVARRI, RIO (Cory & Hellmayr, 1924:16); error for Rio Yavari, Peru. JERVIS ISLAND; Galapagos 0024S/9042 (USBGN) Also = Isla Rabida. JIMA (Chapman, 1926a:711); see Gima. JINA (Sclater & Salvin, 1877:521); see Gima. JIVINO, RIO; Napo 0026S/7637 (USBGN) Small left-bank tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Pearson, at river near Liméncocha [0025S/7638 (Norton, 1965:2)], 16 Sept. 1971 (Pearson, 1974, Wilson Bull., 86:290). JIPUTINI (Zimmer, 1943:5); see Tiputini, Rio. JOMBACO (Oberholser, 1902:341); see Tumbaco. JOYAPAL; Canar ca. 0229S/7910 (Mapa, 1957) 900 m (van Oosten, in litt.); on lower slopes of western Cafiar, on highway ca. 9 km W of Chontamarca [0226S/7908 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); van Oosten, Aug. 1965, Aug. 1967 (van Oosten, in litt.). JUAN GOMEZ RENDON; Guayas 0224S/8022 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on Peninsula de Santa Elena [(0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 58 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] and same distance SE of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)], formerly named Progreso (Mapa, 1950; Mapa 1974); Marchant, 195? (Marchant, 1958:358). JUAN MONTALVO; Los Rios Not located Alt.?; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 7-8 Mar. 1938 (WFVZ; LACMNH); possibly an error for Montalvo [olim Playas, 0148S/7920 (USBGN)], as none of the Juan Montalvos cited in USBGN occur in Los Rios. JUBONES, RIO; El Oro/Loja 0313S/7957 (USBGN) Rises deep in interior of southern mountains NW of Saraguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)] and with numerous tributaries drains much of the region, emptying into Canal de Jambeli [0300S/8000 (USBGN)], N of Machala [0316S/7958 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Gill, 6-10 Nov. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20); there is no evidence that the upper part of the river is called "Rio Rompido," as stated by Chapman (1926a:718), and the dates he gives there (loc. cit.) for Gill are erroneous, although they are correct earlier in the same volume. JUIBE (MCZ); see Juivi. 101 102 JUIVE (MCZ); see Juivi. JUIVES (MCZ); see Juivi. JUIVI; Tungurahua 0123S/7824 (USBGN) ca. 2,000 m, on northwestern slope of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)], near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], arid temperate zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:818); does not appear on our maps; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 2-3, 7 Dec. 1937, 11, 18, 27 Jan. 1938 (MCZ, as "Juives," "Juive," and "Juibe"). JUMBACA (FMNH); see Tumbaco. JUNGILLA (Menegauz, 1911:100); see Yunguilla; Pichincha. JULIAN Not located Alt.?, collector?, 16 Apr. 1901 (MCZ); perhaps a misspelling of Julia [0142S/7932 (USBGN) or 0206S/7952 (USBGN)]. KILENDANA (Goodfellow, 1902:226); see Quilindafia. KINGORA, LAGUNA DE; Azuay Not located Alt.?; northeastern Azuay, near Sigsig [0301S/7845 (USBGN)], Festa, 2 Nov. 1895, 23-26 July 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:11; 1900:39; Chapman, 1926a:731); doubtless misspelled. LA AVANZADA; EI Oro 0333S/7959 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, interior southernmost El Oro, 12 km E of Arenillas [0333S/8004 (USBGN)] and 47 km WNW of Pifias [0342S/7942 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Ridgely, et al., on road between Pifias and La Avanzada, 400 m, 24 June 1985 and at 900 m, 6 Aug. 1988 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:62); Gardner, Corado, Kiff, and Carrién, 6 km SE, 2 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ, also as "Avanzada"). LA BOCA; Esmeraldas 0100N/7940 (Norton, et al., 1972:893) Sea level, near Esmeraldas [0059N/7942 (USBGN)] and mouth of Rio Esmeraldas [0058N/7939 (USBGN)], Olalla, 7-27 Mar. 1962 (Norton, et al., 1972:890, 893; MCZ); this may merely indicate that the collection comes from the mouth of the river rather than being a proper name. LA BONITA; Napo 0029N/7730 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, in northwestern Napo, at mouth of a tributary [name ?] of Rio Chingual [0003N/7710 (USBGN)], which is an affluent of Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Olalla, 15 Jan. 1963 (MCZ). LA CAROLINA; Guayas (Campbell, 1976:155); see Carolina. LA CAROLINA; Pichincha Not located 9,300 ft [2,850 m], on northern border of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], once an area of hundreds of acres of low-lying land, flooded Jan.-Apr. but from May-Nov. the water limited to drainage systems and small tracts covered with aquatic vegetation, later became largely pasture land, bounded on E and W by highways (Chapman, 1926a:711); now part of Quito suburbs (Lévéque, 1964:52); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between Dec. 1898-Jan. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1902:222, 227, as "Santa Carolina"); collector?, 2 Nov. 1910 (FMNH); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:20ff). LA CHAMERA, LAGUNA; Esmeraldas Not located Alt.? [sea level?]; 3 km NE of Same [? Punta Same, 0222S/8001 (USBGN)], observer?, date? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:27). LA CHIQUITA; see San Lorenzo. LA CHONTA; El Oro 0335S/7953 (USBGN) 2,000 ft [600 m], on trail to Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)], 103 104 between Santa Rosa [0327S/7958 (USBGN)] and El Chiral [ca. 0338S/7941 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], humid tropics, Cherrie and Gill, 22-28 July 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:711); not shown on our maps. LA CLEMENTINA; Guayas (Vuilleumier, 1978:22); see La Clementina; Los Rios. LA CLEMENTINA; Los Rios 0147S/7936 (USBGN) Alt.?; southernmost Los Rios, between Babahoyo [1049S/7931 (USBGN)] and Baba [0147S/7940 (USBGN)}]; does not appear on our maps; Vuilleumier, 24-25 Aug. 1964 (Vuilleumier, 1978:22, 28, as "La Clementina, Guayas"). LA CONCEPCION; Carchi 0036N/7807 (USBGN) ~ 5,050 ft [1,525 m] (Chapman, 1926a:707, as "Concepcién"); on right bank of uppermost Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], below mouth of Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)], 5 km W of Juan Montalvo [0035N/7804 (USBGN)] and 25 km N of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Festa, from subtropics to paramo, 2-30 Apr. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:707, 731; Salvadori & Festa, 1900:13); both Salvadori & Festa (loc. cit.) and Chapman (loc. cit.) erroneously treat La Concepcion as being in the valley of the Rio Chota. LA CONCORDIA; Pichincha ca. 0002N/7924 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 300 m, northwestern Pichincha, on highway to Esmeraldas [0059N/7942 (USBGN)], 40 km NW of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Corado, 22 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ, as "Concordia"). LADRILLO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Mena, 1 June 1939 (LACMNH). LAGARTOCOCHA (Orces, 1974:8); see Lagartococha, Rio. LAGARTOCOCHA, RIO; Napo 0039S/7516 (USBGN) A tributary on northern side of lower Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)] in northeastern Napo, forming part of the Peru/Ecuador border; Olallas, at "Voca [Boca] Lagarto Cocha," 14, 27 Nov. 1925, 15-22, 24-26 Jan. 1926 (MCZ; USNM); Olalla, 13, 17 Dec. 1967 (Orces, 1974:8, 10, as "Lagartococha"); also see Lagarto Yacu. LAGARTO YACU Not located Alt.?; in eastern lowlands (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 18); Olallas, Oct. 1929 (FMNH); probably equivalent to Rio Lagartococha [0039S/7516 (USBGN)], Napo, which see. LAGO AGRIO; Napo ca. QO06N/7653 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 300 m, town in northern central Napo on left side of upper Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)j, 60 km ENE of Puerto Francisco de Orellana [olim Coca, 0028S/7856 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974; Mapa, 1990, as "Nueva Loja (Lago Agrio)"); McLean, at ca. Km 61 [Cerro Lumbaqui, 0000/7718 (USBGN)] on Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]/Lago Agrio road, 16-19 Feb. 1975 (USNM); Greenfield, on road between here and Coca, 28-29 Mar. 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:243); Marin, 10 km S on road to Coca, 11 Dec. 1991 (WFVZ). LAGUANO; Napo Not located Alt.?; on Rio Napo [0320S/7640 (USBGN)], Osculati, date? (Bourcier, 1853, Rev. Mag. Zool., ser. 2, 5:296). LA JUNA; Imbabura or Carchi Not located Alt.?; above valley of the Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)], Goodfellow and Hamilton, date? [Apr.1898?] (Oberholser, 1902:317); probable misspelling of Las Juntas or Laguna. LALAYA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; G6mez, 6 May 1939 (USNM); collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 30); presence of Chondrohierax uncinatus is indicative of the tropical zone. LA LIBERTAD; Guayas 0214S/8057 (USBGN) Sea level, on northern coast of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8057 (USBGN)], 8 km E of Salinas [0213S/8058 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Libertad"); Berlioz, observations, 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:394-395); Marchant, in general area, Oct. 1954-Aug. 1957 (Marchant, 1958:349); Fuentes, on beaches, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10); Mills, in vicinity, 5-8 May, 2 mi [3 km ] N, 5 May, 8 km E, 6 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:534, 536). LA LIBERTAD; Pichincha (WFVZ); see Hacienda La Libertad. LALO, CERRO (Simon, 1907:17); see Ilal6, Cerro. 105 106 LA MANA; Cotopaxi ca. 0059S/7917 (Mapa, 1957) ca. 250 m, extreme western Cotopaxi, on highway, on eastern edge of coastal plain, 20 km ESE of Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, 11 Dec. 1966 (MCZ). LAMAS; Tungurahua Not located ca. 2,000 m, on eastern slope, near Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (Orces, 1944:116). LAMBARANDON (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:186); see Samborond6n. LAMBEDERO (Chapman, 1926a:711); error for Lamedero, now in Peru. LAMEDERO (Chapman, 1926a:711, as "Lambedero"); now in Peru. LA MERCED; Loja Not located Alt.?; Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). LA MERCED; Pichincha 0018S/7824 (USBGN) 2,300 m (Kiff, et al., 1989:27); 10 km SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], at southern base of Cerro Ilal6 [0016S/7824 (USBGN)] and NE of Sangolqui [0019S/7827 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Marin and Sibley, 25 July 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:27). LANIBARONDON (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:30); see Samborondon. LANLIN; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)} on western slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:7, as "Lanlin, Nanegal"); Chapman, 1926a:169, as "Laulin." LA PALMA; Guayas 0155S/7941 (USBGN) 2-3 m (Simon, 1907:16); on left bank of Rio Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], near Samborondén [0157S/7944 (USBGN)], 30 km SE of city of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] and 35 km NE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)](MHA); arid tropics (Berlioz, 1932a:228, as "La Palma, Los Rios"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:16); Olallas, Sept.-Oct. 1931 (Berlioz, 1932a:229; CM). LA PALMA; Los Rios (Berlioz, 1932a:228); see La Palma; Guayas. LA PALMA; Pichincha 0019S/7855 (USBGN) 1,000 m, on western slope, ca. 50 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 107 (USBGN)], on Rio Pilat6n [0019S/7857 (USBGN)], Colwell, date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2; 1953:29); not found on our maps; near Alluriquin [(0019S/7859 (USBGN)]. LA PALMERA; Tungurahua Not located Alt.?; on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], near Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 23 Dec. 1937 (MCZ; FMNH). LA PAZ; GRUTO DE (WFVZ); see Bolivar; Carchi. LA PLATA, ISLA; Manabi 0116S/8106 (USBGN) ca. 500 ft [150 m], ca. 20 mi [32 km] off coast at [SE of] San Lorenzo [0104S/8054 (USBGN)], arid tropical, steep slopes rise to plateau, 5 mi [8 km] by 4 mi [6 km] at widest, arid plain cut by two ravines, covered with thorny brush, wild cotton, cactus, with some stunted trees, Richardson, 13-19 Mar. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 711); lighthouse keeper, Nov. 1924, Murphy and Heilner, 17-19 Feb. 1925 (Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds South America, Vol. 1, pp. 29, 312); Garth, 22 Jan 1933 (USNM); Fricke, 6 Apr. 1936 (CM); Owre, at Punta Machete [not located] at NW tip, Mar., 31 Dec. 1974, 15-17 May 1975 (Owre, 1976); Hurtado, 1981 (Hurtado, 1981); Tickell, 20-21 May 1988, Univ. of Bristol exped., 20 July-1 Sept. 1990, and de Vries, 8-11 Jan. 1992 (Ortiz-Crespo & Agnew, 1992:66, 73); Wetmore, 10 mi [16 km] W, 9 May 1921 (USNM). LA POZA; Guayas Not located Sea level, on mainland near Posorja [0244S/8015 (USBGN)], opposite Isla Puna [0120S/8008 (USBGN)], Fuentes, on beaches, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). LA PUENTE; Loja Not located 2,500 ft [775 m], in southwestern part of province, S of Puyango [ca. 0352S/8005 (Mapa, 1974)], dense forest with some clearings, Gill, 8- 11 Oct. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a: 20, p. 716, as "Puente"). LAS CAJAS, AREA NACIONAL DE RECREACION; Azuay Not located 3,000-4,200 m, large area in Western Andes of paramo, some temperate forest, patches of Polylepis, and lakes, W of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], Ridgely and Wilcove, 20 July 1978, Ridgely, et al., 24 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:241, 247; Min. Agricultura Ganaderia, 1986); see, also, Llaviuco, Laguna; Mazan, 108 Rio; and Mazan, Bosque de, all of which are in the same region but whose relationships are unclear. LA SELVA, HOSTERIA; Napo 0024S/7639 (English & Bodenhorst, 1991:661) 280 m, on north bank of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], ca. 100 km below Coca [0028S/7658 (USBGN)], low rainforest, English and Bodenhorst, 30 Apr.-17 May, 29 June-5 July 1989, 20-27 May, 9-12 June, July 1990 (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:27; English & Bodenhorst, 1991:661, as "La Selva Lodge"). LA SELVA LODGE (English & Bodenhorst, 1991:661); see La Selva, © Hosteria. LA SILVA (Hellmayr, 1937:28); see Silva, Isla. LAS LOJAS; Guayas 0159S/8001 (USBGN); ca.0201S/7956 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 100 m, on Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], 20 km NNW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); collector?, 1889 (USNM, as "Lojas"); identification not certain; Lévéque, 18 Mar. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:61). LA SOLIDAD (Simon, 1907:16); see Isidro Ayora. LAS PALMAS (Berlioz, 1932a:620); see Palmas. LAS PALMERAS (WFVZ); see Chiriboga. LAS PINAS; Loja Not located 3,600 ft [1,100 ml], in southwestern part of province, NE of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)], in narrow valley, heavy forest, Cherrie and Gill, 8-15 Sept. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:710). LAS TABLAS; Carchi Not located 600-800 m, near Prov. Imbabura boundry [= ca. ? 0050N/7815], Hidalgo, 22 Oct. 1967 (Orces, 1974:10). LATACUNGA; Cotopaxi 0056S/7837 (USBGN) | 2,771 m, capital of province, arid, temperate, surrounding area mostly cultivated, extensive marshes and deep grass meadows nearby to N (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:830); Whitacre, Apr. 1825 (FMNH); Festa, 2-3 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:711); Barros, nearby, at ca. 4,000 m, 7 July 1951 (Barros, 1953:162); Krabbe, on Latacunga/Zumbagua [Hacienda Zumbagua, 0058S/7854 (USBGN)] road, 3 Jan. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992a:168). LA TOLA; Esmeraldas 0112N/7906 (USBGN) Sea level, coastal village in northern Emeraldas (Mapa, 1950); collector?, date? (Hellmayr, 1937, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser, 13, pt: 10,.p. 92). LA TOLITA; Esmeraldas 0111N/7900 (USBGN) Sea level, village on coastal Isla de La Tola [(0110N/7859 (USBGN)], 7 km S of Limones [Valdes, 0115N/7900 (USBGN)] (MHA); zooarchaeological site, collectors?, dates? (Cadena & Boucard, 1980). LA TOMA (MCZ); see Catamayo. LAULIN (Chapman, 1926a:169); see Lanlin. LA UNION (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1884:283); see Llagos. LA UNION, BAY OF; Guayas Not located MacFarlane, Oct. 1885, "crossed [from Guayaquil, 0210S/7950 (USBGN)] the large bay of La Union" (MacFarlane, 1887:209); probably a lapsus for "off La Union" because there is a village of La Uniodn [0217S/7950 (USBGN)] across from the city of Guayaquil. LA UNION DEL TOACHI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Kiff and Gardner, 1 km SE, 13 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ); almost certainly this is La Union [ca. 1118N/7924 (Mapa, 1957)], which is on the eastern edge of the Pacific lowlands on the Rio Toachi [0008N/7918 (USBGN)] in the northwestern corner of the province (Mapa, 1957). LA VICTORIA Not located Alt.?; on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 187); presence of Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii indicative of subtropics. LA VIRGEN; Pichincha 0019S/7812 (Kiff, et al., 1989:28) 4,000 m, highest point on road from Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] to Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], Kiff, 1 km E, 20 Oct., Kiff, 1 km W, 20 Oct., Matheus and Kiff, 2 km W at 3,800 m, 16 Oct., Kiff, et 109 110 al., same locality, 23 Oct., Schmitt, 3 km W, 23 Oct., 11 km W at 3,400 m, 23 Oct. 1987, Marin, 2 km E, at 3,800 m, 6 Nov. 1991 (Kiff, et al., 1989:25, 28-30; WFVZ); not shown on our maps. LECHUGAL (Chapman, 1926a:711); now in Peru. LELIA; Pichincha 0018S/7901 (USBGN) ca. 700-1,000 m, on western slope, 18 km SE of Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:107); Barros, Aug. 1951 (Barros, 1956:116, as "Hacienda Lelia"). LEON, PROVINCIA DE; see Cotopaxi, Provincia de. LEON, RIO; Azuay/Loja 0333S/7916 (USBGN) Tributary of upper Rio Jubones [0313S/7957 (USBGN)], rising through the confluence of several streams NW of Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Paynter and Norton, at irrigated patch in arid region 10 km NW of Ofna and | km W of river at 1,900 m, 2-4 Nov. 1965 (MCZ; Paynter, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 143:313). LIBERTAD (Mapa, 1957); see La Libertad; Guayas. LICTO; Chimborazo 0148S/7836 (USBGN) 2,844 m, in central highlands, 18 km SE of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Moore, 15 July 1929 (Moore, 1934b:146). LIGUI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], on road from Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:66, 98); the locality is at a higher elevation than Santo Domingo de Los Colorado as indicated by the presence of Cinnycerthis unirufa, a subtropical/temperate form, and by /ridosornis rufivertex, from the temperate zone. LIMA PAREJA; Los Rios Not located Alt.?; northern Los Rios, N of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)], 4 km SW of Puebloviejo [(0134S/7930 (USBGN)], near or 5 km N of San Juan [0138S/7932 (USBGN)], McLean, 18 July 1964, 2 Oct. 1974, 22-24 Jan. 1975 (USNM; compass directions and distances inconsistent). LIMNONCOCHA (Ridgely & Robbins, 1988:174); see Limdéncocha. LIMONCOCHA; Napo ca. 0025S/7638 (Norton, 1965:2) 300 m, missionary station established 1955 on unspoiled lemon- colored lake in tropical forest [pow destroyed], 2 km from mouth of Rio Jivino [0026S/7637 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7640 (USBGN)], Norton, 25 June-2 Aug. 1963 (Norton, 1965:2); Stevenson, ca. 25 Apr.-7 May 1964 (Stevenson, 1972:99); Willis, 1965 (Willis, 1979, Rev. Brasil. Biol., 39:117); Pearson, in vicinity, [3?] 19 July 1971 - [167] 19 Apr. 1972, 23 Feb.-7 Mar., 23- 27 Sept. 1977 (Pearson, 1975b:454; 1980:274; USNM); Arvey, 10- 13 Jan. 1972 (LACMNH); E and D Tallman, 1975, 1976 (Tallman & Tallman, 1977; Laybourne, 17 July 1976 (USNM); Tallman, Corkum, & Tallman, 1985, Amer. Midl. Nat., 113:374-383); Wiley, 10-25 Mar. 1978 (Wiley, 1980: 129); Leck, et al., 13 Apr. 1978 (Leck, 1980:312); Greenfield and Pearson, 20 Oct. 1979, Ridgely and Rowlett, nearby, 11 July 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:243, 244); van den Berg and Bosman, 19, 21, 23 Feb. 1981 (van den Berg & Bosman, 1984:152, 153); Liicker, 1985 (Liicker, 1987:43); Ross, et al., 11-20 July 1986 (Evans, 1988:79); Ridgely & Robbins, 1988:174, as "Limnoncocha." LIMPIO, LAGUNA DE (MCZ); see Limpiopungu, Laguna de. LIMPIO, LAGUNA DEL (Krabbe, 1992b:169); see Lipiopungu, Laguna de. LIMPIOPUNGU, LAGUNA DE; Pichincha 0037S/7828 (USBGN) ca. 3,800 m, on northwestern slopes of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT N-III-D3); Norton, at 3,700 m, 5 Sept. 1964 (MCZ, as "Laguna de Limpio"); Krabbe, 9 Oct. 1983 (Krabbe, 1992b:169, as "Laguna del Limpio"). LITA; Imbabura 0052N/7828 (USBGN) 3,000 ft [900 m] (Chapman, 1926a:712); at junction of Emeraldas, Carchi, and Imbabura, on left bank of Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)] at mouth of Rio Lita [(0052N/7827 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Rosenberg collectors, Flemming, Oct. 1899, with known specific date of 19 Oct., and Miketta, Sept.-Oct. 1899 (FMNH; Park & Atyeo, 1973, Journ. Georgia Entom. Soc., 8:50); Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:18). i t2 LLAGOS; Chimborazo 0217S/7856 (USBGN) 2,259 m, on Chimborazo/Canar boundary, 22 km SW of Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); humid forests, Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Jan., June-July 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283, 312, also as "La Unién"; Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67). LLANGANATES, CORDILLERA DE LOS; Napo/Tungurahua 0113S/7815 (USBGN) 4,689 m, range extending roughly at right angles from the eastern cordillera, about midway between Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)] and Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)], reaching its maximum height on Cerro Hermoso [0110S/7812 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Loch, Jan. 1937 (FMNH); Olalla, Aug.-Sept. 1967 (MCZ, as "Cordillera Llanganates, Tungurahua"); Borrero, 1960, Noved. Colombianas, 1:241, as "Llanganati." LLANGANATI (Borrero, 1960:241); see Llanganates, Cordillera de Los. LLAVIUCO, LAGUNA; Azuay Not located 3,000 m, in Area Nacional de Recreacién Las Cajas [not located], Ridgely, nearby, 18 July 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:245); also see Mazan, Bosque de, and Mazan, Rio, as well as comments under Llaviuco, [Rio]; all these localities are in the same region but their relationships are unclear. LLAVIUCO, [RIO 2]; Azuay Not located Valley, presumably containing Rio Llaviuco [not located], W of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], 4 km N of [source of?] the Rio Mazan [0129S/7913 (USBGN)] valley and separated from it by a ridge 3,850 m high, vegetation similiar to that of Rio Mazan valley, ca. 300 ha forested, occupied by Laguna Llaviuco [not located], various workers, mid-July 1979, Sept. 1985, austral summer 1985- 1986, late July 1986, Aug. 1987 (King, 1989:141); not indicated on maps available to us but presumably rises on eastern slope of Cordillera de Chanchan [0305S/7930 (USBGN)] and runs parallel to Rio Mazan. LLOA: Pichincha 0015S/7835 (USBGN) _ 3,577 m, 10 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] on southern slopes of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Fraser, numerous visits, Feb.-June 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:73-76, 81); collector?, 1884 (USNM); Festa, July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5; Chapman, 1926a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, on swampy grasslands nearby, between 1898-1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309; 1902:231); collectors?, Sept. 1899 and in surrounding hills ("Lloa Hills"), Jan. 1900 (FMNH); Holstein, in vicinity, 14 Feb., 12-13 Dec. 1899, 20 Jan., 17, 19 Feb. 1900, collector?, 20 Jan. 1911 (USNM); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:31); Henn, 15 Jan., 1 Feb. 1914 (CM); Séderstr6m Coll., 25 Aug. 1927 (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:78; CM; USNM); Spillmann, Aug.-Oct. 1925 (FMNH); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:404); Gomez, 6 Feb. (LACMNH), 30 Sept. (USNM), and Oct. 1939 (FMNH); also see Urauco. LLOA HILLS (FMNH); see Lloa. LLOA-URABUCO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:152); see Lloa-Uraucu. LLOA-URAUCU; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Oct. 1930 (FMNH); probably is Quebrada Uraucu [0015S/7837 (USBGN)] at Lloa [0015S/7835 (USBGN)] on south- western outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 152, as "Lloa-urabuco." LLOGUA Not located Alt.?; Holstein, date? (USNM); possibly a misspelling of Llagos. LNIZA, MONT (Simon, 1907:17); see Illiniza. LOBOS, ISLA; Galapagos 0051S/8934 (USBGN) LOGRONO; Morona-Santiago ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974) Alt.?; in valley of Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)], 18 km NNE of Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)] and 36 km SSE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], E of Cordillera Cutucti' Occidental [0245S/7805 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Gill, et al., on and in vicinity of road between Logrofio and Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)], 14, 17-19, 26 June, 6-8, 10-14, 17 July 1984 (USNM). LOJA; Azuay (Chubb, 1919:3); see Loja; Loja, LOJA; Loja 0400S/7913 (USBGN) 7,200 ft [2,200 m], in broad open valley of Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], close to western base of Eastern Andes, highly cultivated, Wt3 arid temperate zone, but patchy temperate forest on mountains flanking valley (Chapman, 1926a:712); Simons, | June 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Loja, Azuay"); Richardson, 11-14 Oct., 8-12 Nov. 1913, Cherrie, 30 Oct.-2 Nov. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:19-20); Gémez, Mar. 1938 (MCZ); Gomez, in "Loja Valley," June 1939 (FMNH); Bleitz Coll., 14 Nov, 1971 (WFVZ); Norton, 20-29 June, 24-25 July, 8 km S in eucalyptus grove, 27 July, in hills S of Loja and E of upper Rio Zamora, 2,300-2,400 m, 28-31 July, at Km 45 on Loja/Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)] road, 1,600 m, 14, 23-26 Aug. 1965 (MCZ); Baron, between Loja and Zamora, 10,000 ft [3,050 m], May 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43-64); local collectors for Norton, at Km 25, Loja/Zamora road, 2,100 m, 18, 20-28 Sept., at Km 40, Loja/Zamora road, 1,600 ft, 21, 27-28, 31 Aug., 1-17, 24, 27 Sept. 1965 (MCZ); Ridgely and Finch, on Loja/Zamora road at 2,800 m, 27 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:245); Gould, 1872:195, as “Lexa.” LOJA, PROVINCIA DE 0410S/7930 (USBGN) Southwestern Ecuador; bounded on N by Azuay, on E by Zamora- Chinchipe, on W by El Oro, and on S by Peru; Bleitz Coll., location?, Jan. 1968, Nov. 1971 (WFVZ); Intern. Council Bird Protec. expedition, various localities Jan.-July 1989 (Poulsen, et al., 1989). LOLITA; Guayas 0212S/7910 (Brown, 1941:833) 285 m, ca. 4 km W of Bucay [0210S/7906 (USBGN)], on railroad, extreme eastern Guayas, near juncture of Guayas, Bolivar, Chimborazo, Canar, and Guayas (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:833); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:277). LONAMBO (Zimmer, 1943:21); see Conambo. LOPEZ (Mapa, 1950); see Puerto Lépez. LORETO; Napo 0038S/7719 (USBGN) 550 m (de Schauensee, 1951:2); on lower eastern slope on left bank of lower middle Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], 12 km E of Avila [0038S/7725 (USBGN)] and 65 km NE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Olallas, date? (Norton, et al., 1972:893); Olalla, 11 Feb. 1939 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Carri6n, 30 Oct. 1989 (WFVZ); Olallas, below Loreto on Rio Suno, 13, 16 Feb. 1929 (CM); Sibley and Carrién, at Km 19 on Narupa [not located]/Loreto road, on eastern side of Rio Hollin [(0058S/7745 (USBGN)], 11-20 Mar. 1988 (WFVZ); Olson, 1973, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 86:408, as "El Loreto"; see, also, Suno, Montes del. LOS BANOS (Chapman, 1922:4); see Bajfios. LOS DOS RIOS; Pichincha Not located 1,200 m, 47 km WSW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], on Chiriboga [0015S/7844 (USBGN)] road, Marin and Corado, 14 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ). LOS HERMANOS; Galapagos 0052S/9048 (USBGN) Also = Islas Crossman. LOS LLANOS Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Moore Coll.); "Probably west slope near Balzapamba [0147S/7913 (USBGN)]," possibly in Chimborazo, downstream from Pallantanga [0159S/7857 (USBGN)] at ca. 0203S/7858 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:833). LOS PERALES; Manabi ca. 0034S/8020 (Fuentes, 1966?:map) Sea level, near San Vicente [0035S/8024 (USBGN)], on Bahia de Caraquez [0033S/8030 (USBGN)], Fuentes, on beaches, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). LOS RIOS, PROVINCIA DE 0130S/7925 (USBGN) West-central Ecuador; bounded on S and W by Guayas, on N by Pichincha and Cotopaxi, and on E by Bolivar; Macintyre Coll., where?, 7 Apr. 1938 (LACMNH); collector?, where?, 19 Nov. 1975 (USNM). LOS TAYOS; Morona-Santiago 0306S/7812 (Snow, 1979:457) 550-600 m, central Morona-Santiago, in eastern foothills, Snow, et al., ca. 7 July-2 Aug. 1976 (Snow, 1979; 1981); does not appear on our maps but apparently is in valley of lower Rio Coango [0303S/7812 (USBGN)], a headwater of Rio Santiago [0427S/7738 (USBGN)], ca. 20 km SW of Santiago [ca. 0303S/7802 (Mapa, 1974)]. LOXA (Gould, 1872:195); see Loja; Loja. LUNAMA; Loja Not located 4,600 ft [1,400 m], small valley opening into valley of Rio Casanga PYS [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], N [NE?] of Guachanama [0402S/7953 (USBGN)], semi-arid, some forests, pastures and tangled, thorny brush, Cherrie and Gill, 12-14 Aug. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:712). LUMBAQUI (USNM); see Lumbaqui, Cerro. LUMBAQUI, CERRO; Napo 0000/7718 (USBGN) 1,128 m, small, isolated hill between the headwaters of Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)] and those of the Rio Coca [0029S/7658 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Lumbaqui"); McLean, at ca. Km 61 (Cerro Lumbaqui) on Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]/Lago Agrio [ca. OO06N/7653 (Mapa, 1974)] road, McLean, 16-19 Feb. 1975 (USNM, as "Lumbaqui"). MACAL Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1953, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1604, p. 11); reference is to a specimen of Heliothryx a. aurita, indicative of eastern lowlands, suggesting that this may be a missprint for Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)]. MACAS; Morona-Santiago 0219S/7807 (USBGN) 1,015 m, on west bank of Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)], near where river emerges from foothills, immediate area cultivated, forest a few km away [still?], typical of upper Amazonian tropics (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:833); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:92); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62); Goding, at Macas and nearby, Dec. ~ 1921 (USNM); Olallas, June 1934 (FMNH); collector?, June 1935, (Berlioz, 1937b:115); Gémez, Sept.-Oct. 1937, Sept., 15 Dec. 1939 (FMNH; MCZ; LACMNB). MACHACHE (Chapman, 1926a:731-732); see Machachi. MACHACHI; Pichincha 0030S/7834 (USBGN) 2,933 m, on inter-Andean plateau, 30 km S of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); semi-arid, temperate (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:833); Festa, 5 June, 9-10, 20 July, 15 Aug, 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:731-732, as "Machache"); Soderstrom Coll., date? (Lo6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:30, as Machache"). MACHACHILLA (Chapman, 1925c:8); see Machalilla. MACHALA,; El Oro 0316S/7958 (USBGN) 10 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:834); in center of the coast of El Oro (MHA; Mapa, 1950); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:257). MACHALILLA; Manabi 0129S/8046 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast of southern Manabi (MHA); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1925c:8, as "Machachilla"; 1926a:434); erroneously equated with Machala [0316S/7958 (USBGN)], El Oro by Chapman, (1919:257) and later corrected (Chapman, 1926a:434). MACHALILLA, PARQUE NACIONAL; Guayas/Manabi ca. 0142S/8046 (Mapa, 1990) Sea level-800 m, 55,000 ha reserve in southern Manabi and northwestern Guayas, between Manglaralto [0150S/8044 (USBGN)] and Puerto Lopez [0134S/8049 (USBGN)], includes Isla La Plata [0116S/8106 (USBGN)] and Salango [0135S/8051 (USBGN)], dry forest, fog forest, and coastal scrub, Norton, at Salango, date? and Conservation International group, on mainland, 18-24 Jan. 1991 (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:28; Mapa, 1990; Parker & Carr, 1992:14-15, 34-40, 67). MACHANGARA, RIO; Pichincha 0010S/7825 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio San Pedro [0006S/7825 (USBGN)] rising to SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and flowing NE around the city to the San Pedro (Mapa, 1950; Hoja CT N III-B3); Fraser, "below Quito," May 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:83); Sdderstré6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:29); collecting done chiefly near Guapulo (Chapman, 1926a:718), which also see. MACHAY; Tungurahua 0124S/7816 (USBGN) 1,521 m, old hacienda on northern bank of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], upper subtropical zone (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:833-834, as "Machi"); at mouth of Rio Machay [0124S/7815 (USBGN)], ca. 15 km E of Bafios and near town of Rio Negro [0124S/7813 (USBGN)]; not indicated on our maps; Stolz- mann, Nov. 1883-Jan. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67ff). MACHI (Brown, 1941:833); see Machay. MACHTY ACO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Andes-Amazon Exped., Apr. 1936 (AMNH); Nachigaco [not located], an Olallas locality, which see, may be the same. MACUL; Los Rios ? Not located Alt.?; near Vinces [0132S/7945 (USBGN)], Los Rios, Lévéque, 18 Mar. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:55, 61); probably near Rio Macul [0138S/7851 (USBGN)] in southwestern Los Rios. MACUMA; Morona-Santiago 0209S/7742 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, on lower slopes, on upper Rio Macuma [0244S/7724 (USBGN)], 48 km NE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); a second Macuma is shown on Mapa, 1957 at ca. 0239S/7725, but the first, being nearer the town of Macas and an important Jivaro Indian settlement, is the more likely locality to have been visited by collectors fifty years ago; Gémez, at 2,500 ft [750 m], Jan. 1943 (FMNH, as "Makumma"); collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:39). MACUMA, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0244S/7724 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Cangaime [0253S/7742 (USBGN)] in northeastern Morna-Santiago (Mapa, 1957); Pearson, at 0230S/7705 [sic, impossible coordinates for this river], 1 Feb. 1972 (Pearson, 1975a:98). MAGDALENA, LOMA; Morona-Santiago Not located 3,600 m, just below timberline on eastern slope of Eastern Andes in "Sangay National Park," Ridgely and O"Neill, 9-10 Oct. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:246). MAICITO; see El Carmen. MAKUMMA (FMNH); see Macuma. MALACATOS; Loja 0414S/7915 (USBGN) ca. 2,000 m, on western slope of Andes, 25 km SSW of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Malacatus"; Mapa, 1974); Gomez, 7, 20 Aug. 1939 (USNM); Norton, 18 July, and 3 km SW at 1,500 m, 18-21 July 1965 (MCZ). MALACATUS (Mapa, 1957); see Malacatos. MALCHINGUI; Pichincha 0004N/7820 (USBGN) 2,848 m, 30 km NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] in valley of upper Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Festa, 26-27 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:731); Festa, May 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:43, as "Malcingui, Imbabura"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Zimmer, 1936, Amer. Mus. Novit., no 861, p. 8, as "Malchinque, Otovala." MALCHINQUE (Zimmer, 1936:8); see Malchingui. MALCINGUI; Imbabura (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:43); see Malchingui; Pichincha. MANABI, PROVINCIA DE 0040S/8005 (USBGN) Northwestern Ecuador; bounded on N by Esmeraldas, on E by Pichincha, on S by Guayas, and on W by the Pacific Ocean; A. and E. Asanza, in coastal region, ca. 29 Oct.-6 Nov. 1986 (Low, 1987a, 1987b). MANAVI (Chapman, 1926a:19); see Bahia de Caraquez and Manta. MANGAYA Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:42); apparently on western slope as indicated by presence of Tityra semifasciata nigriceps. MANGLARALTO; Guayas 0150S/8044 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast N of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)], 20 km NW of Colonche [0210S/8040 (USBGN)] and 44 km NNE of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); collector? [Tate?], date? [May-June 19237] (Chapman, 1926a:712); Ridgely and Wilcove, 10 km N, 13 July 1978 (Ridgely, 1980:244); Kiff, 24 Feb. 1989 (WFVZ); also see Hacienda El Refugio. MANGLARALTO, CERRO DE; Guayas Not located Alt.?; portion of Sierra [Cerros] de Colonche [0200S/8020 AS. 120 (USBGN)] E of town of Manglaralto [0150S/8044 (USBGN)], densely forested, rain daily on western slope, Tate, between 1,200- 1,500 ft [375-450 m], May-June 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:712, as "Cerro of Manglar Alto"); does not appear on our maps; see Colonche, Cerros de. MANGLARES-CHURUTE, RESERVA; Guayas 0230S/7945 (Ortiz- Crespo, 1988:141) ca. sea level, sanctuary in delta of Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)] on Golfo de Guayaquil [0300S/8030 (USBGN)], near town of Churute [0226/7939 (USBGN)], ca. 40 km SE of Guayaquil [0210/7950 (USBGN)], Ortiz-Crespo, 5 Nov. 1987 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1988:141); shown but not named on Mapa, 1990. MANGOSISA (USNM); see Mangosiza. MANGOSIZA; Morona-Santiago 0232S/7754 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, in eastern foothills of Cordillera Cutuci' Occidental [0245S/7805 (USBGN)], 52 km NE of Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)] and 35 km SE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Gomez, Sept. (USNM, as "Mangosisa"), Oct. 1937 (MCZ, as "Mongosisa"). MANGOY ACO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:32-33); presence of Pipra pipra and Machaeropterus regulus are indicative of the eastern lowlands; perhaps this is the same as Mongoyoco [not located], which see. MANTA; Manabi 0057S/8044 (USBGN) Sea level, in middle of the coast of Manabi (MHA; Mapa, 1950); near northern boundary of equatorial arid zone, stunted scrubby growth of vines, brush, ceiba, and cactus (Chapman, 1926a:712; Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:834); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between 1898-1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309; 1902:220); Richardson, 5-10 Mar., and on coast between town of Bahia de Caraquez [0036S/8025 (USBGN)] and Manta, 11-22 Feb. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:19, 712, as "coast of Manavi"); Garth, 20 Nov. 1934, 20 Jan. 1935 (LACMNH); Lévéque, 24-25 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Fuentes, on beaches, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:61). MANTA REAL; Cajiaar 0234S/7921 (Parker & Carr, 1992:49) 250 m, village at base of Andes, western Canar, Conservation International group, between 250-1,100 m, in cloud forest and wet forest, 10-17 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:17, 49-53, 67); not shown on our maps. MANTEQUILLA, ABRAS DE; see Vinces. MANUEL CORNEJO ASTORGA; Pichincha 0025S/7848 (USBGN, olim Tandapi) ca. 1,500 m, in middle of western slope, 40 km SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], on road to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], at mouth of Rio Tandapi [0025S/7847 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Bleitz Coll., 13 July, Sept. 1970 and Marin, 10 km NW, at 1,250 m, Aug. 1990 (WFVZ, as "Cornejo Astorga (Tandapi)" and "Tandapi"); also see Tandipi. MANUEL J. CALLE; Cajiar 0223S/7924 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on coastal plain in western Cafiar, on border with Guayas, and near mouth of Rio Bulubulu [0221S/7924 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Lévéque, 6 Dec. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61). MANZAYACU Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Gémez, 30 June 1940 (USNM). MAPASINGUE; Guayas 0209S/7954 (USBGN) ca. sea level, on right bank near mouth of Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], 8 km N of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.); collector?, 21-23 Jan. 1963 (MCZ). MAPOTO (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Hacienda Mapoto. MAQUINA,; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near San Nicolas [not located], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:56); an upper tropical/subtropical site as indicated by presence of Myiodynastes chrysocephalus. MAQUIPUCUNA (WFVZ); see Maquipucuna, Reserva. MAQUIPUCUNA, RESERVA; Pichincha Not located 1,400-1,800 m, on western slope near Nanegalito [Nanegal Chico 0002N/7837 (USNGN)], montane forest, Kiff, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrion, 1991:28); 15 km W of Calacali [0001 N/7831 (USBGN)] and 40 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Gardner, et al., at 1,500 m, 11-29 June, 19 July [?] 1988, Kiff and Corado, 14 Feb., b2at 122 Carrion, 15 Feb., Kiff and Gardner, 16 Feb. 1989 (WFVZ, usually as "Nanegal, Maquipucuna"; Marin, in litt.); does not appear on maps available to us. MARARURIA; Loja ? Not located 3,000 m, Simons, 16 May 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Mararuria, Paramo"); Simons was also at "Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)], Guishapa [Paguishapa, ca. 0335S/7920 (Atlas Geog.)]" on the same day, indicating site is nearby; it may be in Azuay. MARAVINA (Sclater & Salvin, 1879:426); see Mariviiia. MARAYNIOC (Sharpe, 1896, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 24, p. 138); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. MARCHENA, ISLA; Galapagos 0021N/9029 (USBGN) Also = Bindloe Island. MARGARETTA, CERRO DE (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Margarita, Cerro. MARGARITA, CERRO; Chimborazo ? Not located 3,136 m (Menegaux, 1908:98, as "Cerro de Magareta"); on road between Guayaquil [0210S/7850 (USBGN)] and Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)], possibly near Ceche [ca. 0211S/7851 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], Stolzmann, Apr. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282, 296, 304). MARIVINA; Azuay 0309S/7859 (USBGN) 3,163 m (Atlas Geog.); in central highlands, 30 km S of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] and 18 km E of Girén [0310S/7908 — (USBGN)] (MHA); Buckley, date? (Sclater & Salvin, 1879, Ibis, p. | 426, as "Maravifia"); Villagomez, date? (Sharpe & Ogilvie-Grant, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17, p. 447, as "Maraviiia"). MASPA; Napo 0025S/7801 (USBGN) 8,500 ft [2,600 m] (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13); on eastern slope of Andes, on Rio Maspa [Rio Papallacta, 0027S/7758 (USBGN)], 9 ' km WNW of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13). MATAGAN Not located ; Buckley, date? (Salvadori, 1895, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 27, p. 557); apparently in paramo, as indicated by presence of Nothoprocta curvirostris. MATOS (Chapman, 1926a:712); see Matus. MATUS; Chimborazo 0133S/7830 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, 18 km NE of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] and on road to Bafios [0124/7825 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); humid temperate zone (Chapman, 1826a:712, as "Matos"); Fraser, June and/or Aug. 1859 (Sclater, 1859¢:549, as "Matos"). MAYO Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," Moore, above Mayo, near Pacaya [not located], 21 Apr. 1927 (CM). MAYORAZGO; Tungurahua Not located 9,000 ft [2,750 m], small cave sheltering colony of Steatornis in an almost inaccessible ravine near San Rafael [ ? 0122S/7829 (USBGN)] on eastern [?] slope of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)], Stolzmann, date? (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67). MAZAN (King & Holloway, 1990:79); see Mazan, Rio. MAZAN, BOSQUE DE; Azuay Not located 3,000-3,800 m, at summit of the Andes, paramo, 10 km NW of Cuenca [0253/7859 (USBGN)], at foot of Cajas [0249S/7916 (USBGN)], observer?, date? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:28); also see Las Cajas, Area Nacional de Recreacién; Mazan, Rio; and Llaviuco, Laguna, all of which are in the same region but whose relationships are not clear MAZAN, RIO; Azuay 0249S/7913 (USBGN) Rises in central Azuay on eastern slope of Cordillera de Chanchan [0305S/7930 (USBGN)] and flows NE into Rio Matadero [0254S/7859 (USBGN)], which passes through Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] in the valley between the eastern and western cordilleras (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); valley of ca. 1,400 ha, of which half is in a reserve, Podocarpus forest, Gretton, et al., ca. 1985-1986 (Barnett & Gretton, 1987); King (1989:140-141) says reserve is 3,300 ha, predominately paramo above 3,400 m and Podocarpus forest from 3,400 m down to 3,150 m, covering 500 ha; King, et al., mainly above 3,000 m, 26 July-27 Sept. 1986, 30 July-29 Oct. 1987, plus mist netting in 7 forest sites between 3,050-3,350 m on 72 dates, 123 124 years? (King, 1989:141-147, as "Rio Mazan Valley" and "Mazan"; 1990, as "Rio Mazan Valley" and "Mazan"; 1991, as "Rio Mazan Valley"; King & Holloway, 1990, as "Rio Mazan Valley" and "Mazan"); presumably this is within the Area Nacional de Recreacion Las Cajas [not located], which see; also see Mazan, Bosque de and Llaviuco, Laguna; all these localities are in the same region but their relationships are unclear. MAZAR, BOSQUE DE; Cafar Not located 2,000-4,00 m, on N side of valley of Rio Paute [0246S/7816 (USBGN)], observer?, date? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:28); because only the uppermost Rio Paute touches Cafar, forming a very small portion of the border with Azuay, the locality must be in extreme southern Canar, S of Azogues [0244S/7850 (USBGN)]. MENDEZ, VALLE DE; Morona-Santiago ? Not located Alt.?; possibly this name applied to lower valley of Rio Paute [0246S/7816 (USBGN)] in vicinity of Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)]; Festa, Apr. 1896? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:18; 1900:25; Chapman, 1926a:731). MERA; Pastaza 0128S/7808 (USBGN) 1,140 m, on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] a short distance above Shell Mera [0130S/7803 (USBGN)], 36 km ESE of Bajos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); mean temperature ca. 21° C, mean precipitation over 4,500 mm (Brown, 1941, Ann Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:834); Austin, 12 May 1927 (CM); Olalla, Apr., Nov. 1931 (Berlioz, 1932a:240-241); Olallas, 24 Apr. 1931, 19 Jan., Apr. 1932, 15 Jan. 1933, Loch, ca. 1935-1937, Gémez, July 1939 (FMNH; CM); Sibley, 3 km W and 8 km WNW, 5 Sept. 1987 (WFVZ); MICA, LAGUNA (FMNH); see Mica-cocha. MICA-COCHA; Napo ca. 0033S/7812 (MHA) 13,500 ft [4,100 mJ], in paramo (Chapman, 1926a:712, as "Mica Lake"); on SW slope of Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Laguna Micacocha"); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:21, as "Lake Mica"); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., Feb. 1938 (FMNH, as "Laguna Mica"); Olallas, May 1938 (FMNH, as "Lago Antisana"). MICACOCHA, LAGUNA (Mapa, 1957); see Mica-Cocha. MICA LAKE (Chapman, 1926a:712); see Mica-Cocha. MINGALITO (USNM); see Hacienda Paramba. MIGUIR, RIO; Azuay 0246S/7928 (USBGN) Short river, a tributary of Rio Norcay [0232S/7931 (USBGN)], rising on the western slopes of the western Andes NE of Molleturo [0248S/79026 (USBGN)], ca. 35 km WNW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Rio Mihuir"; Mapa, 1957, as "Rio Mihuir"; Mapa, 1974, as "Rio Migiiir"); Ortiz-Crespo, along river at town of Mihuir [Miguir, 0247S/7918 (USBGN)] and above, from ca. 3,400- 3,600 m, 31 Dec. 1981 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1984). MIGUIR, RIO (Mapa, 1974); see Miguir, Rio. MIHUIR, RIO (Ortiz-Crespo, 1984); see Miguir, Rio. MILAGRO; Guayas 0207S/7936 (USBGN) 13 m, on railroad, 35 km E of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:55); Tate, Dec. 1922 (FMNH); Lévéque, 22 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61). MILAGROS; Loja 0407S/8008 (USBGN) Alt.?; village in extreme southwestern Loja, ca. 13 km SW of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)] and SW of Cerro Milagros [0405S/8009 (USBGN)]; does not appear on any of our maps; Watkins, 5 July 1919 (Chapman, 1926a:633, as "Milagros, Peru"; Atyeo, 1989, Zoologica Scripta, 18:341). MILIGALLI (de Schauensee, 1953:43); see Milligalli. MILLEGALA (Allen, 1899:71); see Milligalli. MILLIGALLI; Pichincha ca. 0016S/7836 (Brown, 1941:836) 1,800 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:836); subtropical, on trail to Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:712); not on our maps; Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Allen, 1889:7, as "Millegala"; Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:62); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Sept. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); de Schauensee, 1953:43, as "Miligalli"; also see Guaracillo. 125 126 MILPE; Pichincha 0000/7857 (USBGN) Alt.?; on lower western slope, W of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Olallas, July 1931 (FMNH); Ponce, 1939 (Inst. Nac. Mehia, Quito); Olalla, 29 Dec. 1962 (MCZ, as "Milpe, via Puerto Quito [0010N/7916 (USBGN)]"). MILPE MINDO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 145); probably meant to indicate a place between Milpe [0000/7857 (USBGN)] and Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], on the lower western slope. MIMBO, PUENTE DE; Chimborazo Not located 9,000 ft [2,750 m], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:57, as "Pallatanga [(0159S/7857 (USBGN)], old road to Puente de Mimbo"); probably refers to Puente de Chimbo [ca. 0210S/7906 (Atlas Geog.)], which see; see, also, Pallatanga. MINDO; Pichincha 0002S/7848 (USBGN) 1,264 m (Atlas Geog.); on right bank of Rio Mindo [0003N/7909 (USBGN)] on lower western slope, 45 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); subtropical zone (Chapman, 1926a:713); Good- fellow and Hamilton, Nov. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:35); collector?, 4 Apr. 1912 (USNM); Séderstré6m Coll., at, nearby, and below on Rio Blanco [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], with only known date of 3 May 1920 (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:26ff; CM); Loch, July 1913 (FMNH); Goodfellow, at 6,000 ft [1,825 m], Jan. 1914 (Chubb, 1919:46); collectors?, below Mindo, 11 July 1914, 3 May 1915 (USNM); Séderstrém Coll., 13 Oct. 1915 (Chapman, 1925c:6); d'Espinay Coll., July 1922 (Berlioz, 1928:439-440); Olallas, in vicinity, Aug. 1922, 21 July-18 Aug. 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Olallas, 2, 8, 15-16 Apr. 1930 and nearby at El Castillo [not located], 20 Sept. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117-118; MCZ); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 4 Aug. 1936 (MCZ); Loch, Aug. 1936, Olallas, May 1939 (FMNH); Olallas, 16 Oct. 1964, 24 Mar. 1968 (MCZ); Coopmans, nearby at 1,700 m, July 1990, Krabbe, at same site, date? (Krabbe, | 1992b:171); Ridgely, et al., above Mindo at 1,700 m, 25 June 1979, Greenfield, et al., nearby at 1,400 m, 18 Oct. 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:244, 246); Glenn and Robbins, on road between Mindo and Quito, 22, 29 July 1984 (USNM); Schulenberg, nearby, 2 Aug. 1984 (USNM); Sheldon, 21-22 Aug., Robbins, 20, 23-27 Aug. 1987 (USNM); Schmitt, 3 km W, 10 Oct. 1987, Sornoza, 4 km SE, 9-12 Oct., Gardner, 4 km SE, 9-25 Oct., Sibley, 4 km SE, 25 Oct. 1988, Kiff, 4 km SE, 10 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ); also see Hacienda San Vicente, Pichincha, San Pedro de Mindo, and El Castillo. MINDO, RIO; Pichincha 0003N/7909 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Blanco [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] on western slope, rising on NW side of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)] (MHA); Séderstré6m Coll., dates? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:26). MINDO-NAMBILLO, BOSQUE PROTECTOR; Pichincha Not located 1,200-3,700 m, on northwestern slopes of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], montane and subtropical forest, observers?, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carridn, 1991:29); presumably between Mindo [0002N/7848 (USBGN)] and Nambillo [? Rio Nambilla, 0000/7856 (USBGN)]; also see Nambilla, Rio. MIRA; Carchi 0033N/7802 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, in southern Carchi, 20 km NNE of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH, as "Mira," without designation of province; possibly an error for Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)], Pastaza). MIRA, RIO; Carchi/Imbabura/Esmeraldas 0136N/7901 (USBGN) Major river in northwestern Ecuador, originating N of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] and flowing NW to enter the Pacific in southern Colombia (Mapa, 1957); Olalla, Aug. 1935 (FMNH); Flemming, Oct., and Miketta, Sept.-Oct. 1899, both collectors for Rosenberg, at Lita [0052N/7828 (USBGN)] at mouth of Rio Lita [0054N/7827 (USBGN)], an affluent of Rio Mira. MIRADOR; Carchi (Chapman, 1926a:731); see Mirador, Cerro. MIRADOR; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on road between Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and Santo Domingo [de Los Colorados, 0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:57); Holmgren and Beals, 6 km WNW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], 8 June 1989 (WFVZ). MIRADOR; Tungurahua ca. 0126S/7815 (Brown, 1941:836) 1,533 m, on Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)]/Caneolos [0135S/7745 (USBGN)] trail, on northern bank of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], short distance W of Rio Mapoto [0125S/7815 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:836, as "El Mirador"); P27 128 Simons, at 1,800 m, 1 Feb. 1890 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Rio Tapo [Rio Topo, 0124S/7812 (USBGN)], Azuay [Tungurahua]"; p. 287, as "Mirador, Bafios"); it is assumed that Simons made his headquarters at Mirador and collected on the Rio Topo, which is a tributary of the Rio Pastaza, below (E of) the Rio Mapoto. MIRADOR, CERRO; Carchi 0036N/7739 (USBGN) 4,086 m (MHA); 3,832 m, northeastern Carchi, 55 km NE of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGB)] and 23 km SSE of Tulc4n [0048S/7743 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Festa, 1-9 Mar. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a: 731, as "Mirador, El Troje (Huaca)"); Salvadori & Festa, 1900:45, as "Monte Mirador"; also see El Troje. MIRADOR, MONTE (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:45); see Mirador, Cerro. MISAGUALLI (MCZ); see Misahualli. MISAGUALLI, RIO (FMNH); see Misahualli, Rio. MISAHUALLI; Napo 0102S/7740 (USBGN) 431 m, at mouth of Rio Misahualli [0102S/7741 (USBGN)], a left- bank affluent of the upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], 18 km SE of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "Puerto Misahualli"); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH, as "Misagualli"); Olalla, 14 July 1959 (MCZ, as "Misagualli"); Leck, nearby, 17 July 1974 (Leck, 1980:313); Hayes, et al., nearby, 18 Aug. 1984 (Hayes, et al., 1985, as "Puerto Misahualli"). MISAHUALLI, RIO; Napo 0102S/7840 (USBGN) A small left-bank tributary of the upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] rising in Cordillera de Guacamayo [0043S/7755 (USBGN)], N of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)], and entering the Napo 18 km SE of Tena (Mapa, 1957); Loch, at town of Misahualli [0102S/7740 (USBGN)], as well as at the river, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH, as "Rio Misagualli"); Olalla, at town, 14 July 1959 (MCZ, as "Misagualli"). MOCHA; Chimborazo (Chapman, 1919:266); see Mocha; Tungurahua. MOCHA; Tungurahua 0125S/7840 (USBGN) 3,236 m, in inter-Andean valley of southern Tungurahua on northeastern slope of Carihuairazo [(0124S/7848 (USBGN)], between Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)] and Riobamba [0140S/7838 29 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Fraser, at paramo between Mocha and Riobamba, ca. Jan. 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:82); Chapman and Cherrie, at 12,000 ft [3,650 m] in "upper Mocha Cajfion," 27-30 May 1916 (Chapman, 1926a:19, 634); Chapman, 1919. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:266, as "Mocha, Chimborazo". MOJANDA,; Pichincha/Imbabura 0008N/7817 (USBGN) 4,294 m (Atlas Geog.); tranverse chain, or nudo, on the Pichincha/Imbabura border, S of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)] and N of Tabacund [0003N/7812 (USBGN)], connecting the eastern and western cordilleras and enclosing the Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] valley to the N (MHA, shown as Paramos de Mojanda [0007N/7817 (USBGN)]; Mapa, 1957); summit in paramo, luxuriant [formerly] subtropical and temperate forests on southwestern and northwestern slopes (Chapman, 1926a:713); slopes [ca. 1940] well cultivated, especially in N and on upper part of southern slopes, extreme southern slope covered with semi-arid thorn brush (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:836); Goodfellow and Hamilton, ca. 1898-1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:701-702); Sdderstr6m, Dec. 1913 (FMNH); Séderstr6m Coll., dates? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:75); Chapman, et al., 28 Aug. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Clavery Coll., date? (Berlioz, 1927:353); "H.S.M," Mar. 1924 and June 1925, and also near Piganta [Hacienda Piganta, 0009N/7823 (USBGN)], June 1925 (FMNH); Olallas, Aug. 1934 (FMNH). MOJANDA, LAGUNA DE; Pichincha/Imbabura O008N/7816 (USBGN) ca. 3,760 m, small lake near summit of the Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)] range, ca. 10 km S of Otovalo [(0014N/7816 (USBGN)] on border of Pichincha and Imbabura (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974; Hoja CT NII-F3, as "Laguna Grande de Mojanda"); collector?, date? (Berlioz, 1927:354); Carrién, 2 Nov. 1987, Schmitt, Carrién, and Marin, at 3,800 m, 16 July 1989 (WFVZ, as "Lagunas de Mojanda"; Marin, in litt., as "Lagunas de Mojanda"). MOJANDA, LAGUNA GRANDE DE (Hoja CT NII-F3); see Mojanda, Laguna de. MOJANDA, LAGUNAS DE (WFVZ); see Mojanda, Laguna de. MOLLETURO; Azuay 0248S/7926 (USBGN) 2,557 m, northwestern Azuay, 50 km WNW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] on western slopes of western Andes (MHA); Baron, nearby at 8,000 ft [2,450 mJ], Dec. 1893? (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46, as "Mollituro"). MOLLITURO (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46); see Molleturo. MONDRAGON, ISLA; Guayas 0235S/7950 (USBGN) Sea level, large island in the delta of Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)], 40 km S of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA); Lévéque, at mangrove islet between Isla Mondragén and Isla Verde [0240S/7957 (USBGN)], sometime between Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:56). MONGI (Sclater & Salvin, 1877:522); see Monji. MONGOSISA (MCZ); see Mangosiza. MONGOYOCO Not located Alt.?; Gomez, July 1942, Olalla, June 1944 (FMNH); probably this is the same as Mangoyaco [not located], of the eastern lowlands, which see. MONJAS (Menegaux, 1911:31); see Hacienda Monjas. MONIJAS, RIO; Pichincha 0002N/7825 (USBGN) Small, left-bank tributary of upper Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] in northeastern Pichincha, rising near San Antonio de Pichincha [San Antonio, 0001S/7827 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NII-F3); Ortiz-Crespo and Léon, at nearby Hacienda Caspiguasi [0001N/7829 (USBGN)], Oct. 1968-Sept. 1970, Mar. 1971 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:347). MONJI Not located Alt.?; western Ecuador, Buckley, date? (Chapman, 1926a:713; Sclater & Salvin, 1877:522, as "Monghi"); presence of Poecilotriccus ruficeps rufigenis indicative of subtropical western Ecuador. MONKEY ISLAND (Ridgely, 1980:245); see Monos, Isla de la. MONOS, ISLA DE LA; Napo Not located Alt.?; on Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], near Primavera [not located], which is near Liméncocha [0025S/7638 (Norton, 1965:2)], Leck, 10 Apr. 1978 (Leck, 1980:313); Ridgely and Rowlett, 11 July 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:245, as "Monkey Island"). MONTALBO (de Schauensee, 1953:29); see Montalvo; Pastaza. ~ MONTALVO; Los Rios 0148S/7920 (USBGN) 30 m, olim Playas, humid tropics (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:836); in easternmost Los Rios, on Rio Playas [0148S/7926 (USBGN); called Rio Cristal on some maps], 25 km E of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] (MHA); Festa, 20 Aug. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:13, as "Playas (Prov. di Guayas)"; Chapman, 1926a: 732, as "Playas"). ~MONTALVO; Pastaza 0204S/7658 (USBGN) | 314 m, deep in Amazonian lowlands on middle Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], at mouth of Rio Pucayacu [0203S/7658 (USBGN)], ca. 130 km SE of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Proanio, 17 July, 5 Sept. 1958, Mena, 18 Sept. 1959, Olalla, 9, 27-28 Oct. 1963, 2-18, 27 Apr. 1964, Proafio, 18 Apr. 1964 (MCZ); Olalla, 4 July, Mena, 27 June 1959 (Orces, 1974:10); Mena, 15 Jan. 1964 (LACMNH); de Schauensee, 1953:29, as "Montalbo." MONTE PILALO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:27); see Palalo. MONTERO (Mapa, 1957); see Boliche. MONTERO, GENERAL PEDRO J. (Mapa, 1974); see Boliche. _ MONTE VERDE; Azuay Not located | Alt.?; Olalla, 24 Jan. 1932 (Berlioz, 1932b:622); probably Quebrada Monteverde [0258S/7841 (USBGN)], on eastern slope, was intended, as Olalla was at nearby Palmas [0241S/7835 (USBGN)] from 23-30 Jan. 1932. MONTEVERDE; Guayas 0203S/8044 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast of northwestern Guayas, 6 km SW of Colonche [0201S/8040 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Fuentes, on beaches, 10 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:11, also as "Monteverdo"); Lévéque, 9 Jan. 1976 (Lévéque, 1977). MONTEVERDO (Fuentes, 1966?:11); see Monteverde; Guayas. MORADO PAMBA Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Apr. 1930 (FMNH); possibly on western slope near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], Pichincha, where the Olallas were in first half of Apr. 1930. 11 132 MORETE Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olalla, 3-27 Oct. 1958 (MCZ; Norton, et al., 1972:890-891); specimens indicative of Amazon lowlands. MORONA-SANTIAGO, PROVINCIA DE 0230S/8013 (USBGN) Southeastern Ecuador; bounded on N by Pastaza, on E by Peru, on S$ by Zamora-Chinchipe, and on W by Azuay, Cafnar, Chimborazo, and Tungurahua; former Provincia de Santiago-Zamora is now divided into Morona-Santiago and Provincia Zamora-Chinchipe. MORRO (MHA); see El Morro. MORRO, CANAL DE; Guayas 0245S/8013 (USBGN) Channel separating Isla Puna [0250S/8028 (USBGN)] from mainland to NW (MHA); Lévéque, several observations between Jan. 1960- Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:54). MOSQUERA, ISLA; Galapagos ca. 0023S/8013 (Mapa, 1957) MOUIJI Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 55); probably equivalent to Monji and Mongi, which cannot be located. MOYA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 22, 24 Aug. 1928, 6 June 1929 (CM); probably near Alaspungo [0000/7836 (USBGN)], where the Olallas were on 4 June and Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)], where they were 9-10 June 1929. MOZO PICHINCHA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:3, as "Paramos du Mozo Pichincha," p. 13ff, as "Rochers du Mozo Pichincha, Cordillere"); surely on or near Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)] and may refer to either Rio Mozo Chico [0012S/7905 (USBGN)] or Rio Mozo Grande [0012S/7907 (USBGN)]. MUTILES, CERRO; Esmeraldas 0054N/7937 (Parker & Carr, 1992:20) 200-300 m, hill short distance SE of Esmeraldas [0059N/7942 (USBGN)], site of forest reserve of Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres, tropical moist forest, Conservation International group, ca. 60-300 m, 2-4 Feb. 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 20-24, 67); not on our maps. NABON; Azuay 0322S/7905 (USBGN) 2,702 m (MHA); 2,792 m, on western slope of southern Azuay, 50 km SSW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] and on Rio Nabon [Rio Shifia, 0321S/7908 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Jubones [0313S/7957 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:252). NACHIGACO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olallas, 21 Apr. 1936 (WFVZ); Machiyaco [not located], which see, may be the same locality. NACHIZAREO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Gomez, Apr. 1936 (MCZ); a specimen of Campylopterus villaviscensio is indicative of the upper tropical region at the head of the Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] -NAMBILLA, RIO; Pichincha 0000/7856 (USBGN) Rises on western slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)] and joins Rio Mindo [0003N/7909 (USBGN)] a short distance W of Mindo [0002N/7848 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); collector?, place?, date? (de Schauensee, 1966, Species Birds South Amer., p. 299, as "Rio Nambillo"); Gardner, at "Nambillo [? Rio Nambilla], 14 km SE of Mindo," 27 Oct. 1988, Kiff, same locality, 12 Mar. and "10 km SE, below Nambillo," 13 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ). NAMBILLO (WFVZ); see Nambilla, Rio. NAMBILLO, RIO (de Schauensee, 1966:299); see Nambilla, Rio. NAMELESS ISLAND; Galapagos 0040S/9036 (USBGN) Also = Isla Sin Nombre. NANEGAL; Pichincha 0007N/7846 (USBGN) ca. 1,400 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:837); in central northern Pichincha, on Rio Nanegal [(0007N/7846 (USBGN)], 50 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); subtropical, often frequented by local collectors who used the name in a regional sense (Chapman, 1926a:713); specimens labeled from Nanegal often lack date and collector; Fraser, Feb. 1889 (Sclater, 1860c:83); Festa, June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5ff; Chapman, 1926a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, July-Aug. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Holstein, 20 Dec. 1899 (USNM); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:17ff); Rivet, 133 134 between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911, often with name of another town appended, e. g., "Palmito (Nanegal)"); Orton, 1884, collector?, 1911, Rosenberg, 4 Apr. 1915 (USNM); Spillmann, Sept. 1925, Olallas, June 1929, Gomez, June 1940 (FMNH); Olallas, 5-6 Mar. 1928, Henn, date? (CM); Sornoza, 23, 26 June 1988 (LACMNH). NANEGAL CHICO; Pichincha 0002N/7837 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, on Rio Alambi [0014N/7849 (USBGN)], 6 km SE of Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], 45 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Nanegalito"; Mapa, 1974, as "Nanegalito"); Olallas, 25 Aug. 1928, 20 Apr. 1929 (CM); Olalla, 12 June 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Marin, 35 km NW of Quito, near "Nanegalito," 19 July 1988 and 22 Aug. 1990, Marin, at Km 35 on "Nanegalito"/Cotocollao [0007S/7820 (USBGN)] road [same as previous locality?], 6 Dec. 1991, Marin, on Calacali [0001 N/7831 (USBGN)]/"Nanegalito" road, 6 July 1990 (WFVZ). NANEGALITO (Mapa, 1957); see Nanegal Chico. NANEGAN Not located Alt.?; N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Bourcier, ca. 1850 (Sclater, 1851, Jardine's Contr. Ornith., p. 100); probably an error for Nanegal [(0007N/7846 (USBGN)]. NAPA (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:76); see Napac, Rio. NAPAC, RIO; Pichincha 0020S/7854 (USBGN) Stream on lower western slopes, ca. midway between Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps but is probably one of the headwaters of Rio Toachi [0008N/7918 (USBGN)]; Sdéderstré6m Coll., "Napa road to Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, about 3800 f [1,150 m]," date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:76); "Napa" doubtless refers to the Rio Napac. NAPO (Chapman, 1926a:713); see Puerto Napo. NAPO, PROVINCIA DE 0020S/7650 (USBGN) Northeastern Ecuador; bounded on S by Pastaza, on E by Peru, on N by Colombia, and on W by Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Tungurahua; formerly was Provincia de Napo-Pastaza, which is now divided into Napo and Pastaza provinces; Monge, where?, 20, h35 25, 28, 30 Nov. 1935, 26 June 1937, 8 Dec. 1938, 30 July, 1 Aug. 1939, 1940, 1945, 30 Apr. 1948, Aug. 1949 (LACMNH). NAPO, RIO; Napo 0320S/7640 (USBGN) Large tributary of the Amazon, rising near Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] and flowing E into Peru (MHA); the numerous specimens from "Napo," "upper Napo," etc., may be from anywhere along the river, from Puerto Napo [0103S/7447 (USBGN)], or from the general area; Moore, date? (Sclater, 1860c:86); Whiley, 1875 (USNM); Wiener, 1881 (Menegaux & Hellmayr, 1906, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun., 19:106); Gonnessiat and Rivet, between 1899- 1906 (Menegaux, 1911:12-15); S6éderstr6m Coll., Apr. 1921 (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13ff; CM); Olallas, "near river," Mar. 1921 (Gyldenstolpe, 1930:3); Olallas, Jan. 1931, Apr. 1937, Loch, ca. 1935-1937, Olalla, July 1945 (FMNH). NAPO-PASTAZA, PROVINCIA DE; see Napo, Provincia de, and Pastaza, Provincia de. NARANCHITO (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:109); see Naranjito. NARANJAL; Azuay Not located Alt.?; collector?, date?, specimens in ANSP (Ridgely & Robbins, 1988:174); this may be the prominent Naranjal cited below, as one in Azuay cannot be found. NARANJAL; Guayas 0242S/7937 (USBGN) ca. 10 m, on coastal plain in extreme southeastern Guayas, 65 km SE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], 15 km inland from coast, and 8 km from Azuay border (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Baron, date? [18937] and also on road between Naranjal and Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], date? [18937] (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46, 57); collec- tor?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:43, as "El Naranjal"); identification of the de Schauensee (and ANSP) locality is uncertain but presumably it is this Naranjal, as specimens are indicative of the western lowlands. NARANJITO; Guayas 0213S/7929 (USBGN) 30 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:837); on railway, 48 km E of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], humid tropics (Chapman, 1926a:714); Stolzmann, 188? (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:109, as "Naranchito"); Richardson, 6-24 May, 11-30 Dec. 1913 136 (Chapman, 1926a:19, as "Naranjo"); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:55); Olalla, 21 May 1965 (MCZ). NARANJO (Chapman, 1926a:19); see Naranjito. NARBOROUGH ISLAND; Galapagos 0025S/9130 (USBGN) Also = Isla Fernandina. NARIHUINA (Menegaux, 1911:8); see Narihuifia, Laguna. NARIHUINA, LAGUNA; Azuay 0302S/7929 (USBGN) ca. 3,000-3,500 m, small lake high in mountains in southwestern Azuay, 11 km NNW of Pucara [0314S/7930 (USBGN)] (MHA, where shown but not named); Rivet, Dec. 1904 (Menegaux, 1911:8, as "Narihuifa"). NARUPA; Napo Not located Alt.?; Sibley and Carrioén, at Km 19 on Narupa/Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)] road, on E side of Rio Hollin [0058S/7745 (USBGN)], 11- 20 Mar. 1988 (WFVZ). NAUGAL Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (USNM); probably an error for Nanegal. NAVAC (USBGN); see Navaz-Cruz. NAVAS, CERRO DE (Berlioz, 1932a:230); see Navaz-Cruz. NAVAS CRUZ, PASO DE (MHA); see Navaz-Cruz. NAVAZ-CRUZ; Chimborazo ca. 0145S/7850 (Atlas Geog.) 3,868 m, peak in northwestern Chimborazo, ca. 27 km NW of Guamote [0156S/7843 (USNGN)] and ca. 16 km SW of Cajabamba [0142S/7845 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.); Olalla, altitude?, Sept. 1931, Oct. 1932 (Berlioz, 1932a:230, as "Cerro de Navas"); spelling uncertain as USBGN lists a nearby town of Navac [0148S/7850 (USBGN)] and MHA shows a "Paso de Navas Cruz" also nearby at ca. 0150S/7852 (USBGN)]. NEGRA, LAGUNA; Imbabura 0008N/7815 (USBGN) ca. 3,760 m, very small lake to SE of much larger Laguna de Mojanda [0008N/7816 (USBGN)], and almost connected to it, in the Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)] range on border of Pichincha and L37 Imbabura (Hoja CT NII-F3); collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2, p. 359, as "Laguna Negra, Salvador"; significance of "Salvador" unknown). NEGRO, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0242S/7817 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Paute [0246S/7816 (USBGN)] which rises in mountains of westernmost central Morona-Santiago, SW of Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)], and enters the Paute close to Méndez (Mapa, 1957); old trail from Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] to Méndez followed the river from its source (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:837); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); it is possible that the Loch records are from village of Rio Negro [0124S/7813 (USBGN)], Tungurahua, rather than this river. NIEBLE; Pichincha ca. OOO6N/7831 (MHA) 7,500 ft [2,300 m] (Chapman, 1926a714); ca. 2,000 m, central northern Pichincha, 10 km NE of Nono [0004S/7835 (USBGN)] and 13 km W of Perucho [0007N/7825 (USBGN)] (MHA; Atlas Geog.); Festa, July 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:9ff; Chapman, 1926a:731); Sdéderstr6m Coll., at 7,000 ft [2,150 mJ], date ? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:85). NOBOL; Guayas 0155S/8001 (USBGN) ca. 50 m, central southern Guayas, 7 km SSW of Daule [0150S/7956 (USBGN)] and 30 km NNW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.; Mapa, 1957 shows Nobol to have been changed to Piedrahita, but USBGN gives coordinates for Piedrahita as 0154S/8008; MHA, Mapa 1950, and Mapa 1957 all omit Nobol and show Piedrahita); Lévéque, 18 Mar. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:54, 56, 61). NONO; Pichincha 0004S/7835 (USBGN) 2,730 m, on western slope, on road to Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], 17 km NNW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); erroneously given as 1,200 m by Simon (1907:17) and as 3,900 ft [1,200 m] by Chapman (1926a:714); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:40); Holstein, at and below, 3, 7, 9, 19 Feb. 1900 (USNM); Rosenberg Coll., 10 Mar. 1916, Feb. 1960 [7], Coale, date? (FMNH); Sdderstrém Coll., at and in vicinity, with known dates of 9 Feb. 1908, 5 Feb. 1912, and Apr. 1918 (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:17ff; CM); Zusi, 6 Nov., and 5 km S at Rancho Yanacoacha [not located], 21 Oct. 1976 (USNM); "L. S. M.," below 138 Nono at 8,500 ft [2,600 mJ], 3 Aug. 1914 (MCZ); Marin, nearby, 1 June, 9 July 1989 (WFVZ). NORTH SEYMOUR ISLAND; Galapagos 0024S/9017 (USBGN) Also = Seymour Island. NUEVA LOJA (Mapa, 1990); see Lago Agrico. NUEVO ROCAFUERTE; Pastaza 0056S/7524 (USBGN) ca. 100-200 m, on right bank of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] at Ecuador/Peru border (MHA, where shown on the left bank, as "Rocafuerte"; Mapa, 1950); Olalla, 10 Nov. 1958 (Lévéque, 1964:55). OLINDO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1949:562); Heliodoxa imperatrix has been recorded from here and is indicative of subtropical northwestern Ecuador. ONA; Azuay 0332S/7910 (USBGN) 2,920 m, southern Azuay, 15 km NNE of Zaraguro [Saraguro, 0336S/7913 (USBGN)] (MHA); Simons, at 2,000 m, at "Ona, Guishapa [Paguishapa, ca. 0335S/7920 (Atlas Geog.)]", 16 May 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3); Paynter and Norton, at irrigated patch in arid region, 10 km NW of Ofa and 1 km W of bridge over Rio Léon [0333S/7916 (USBGN)], at 1,900 m, 2-4 Nov. 1965 (MCZ; Paynter, 1972, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 143:313); Ridgely, below Ona in valley of Rio Leones [Rio Leon], on Azuay/El Oro border, 14 Feb. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:173); Ridgely and Finch, 2 km SW, at 1,900 m, 2 Mar. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:245). ONSLOW, ISLA; Galapagos 0114S/9026 (USBGN) ORO, RIO DE; Manabi 0028S/7936 (USBGN) Short, right-bank headwater of Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)] in northeastern Manabi (MHA); Richardson, in virgin, humid tropical forest, on or near divide between Esmeraldas and Guayas drainage, 60 mi [97 km] inland, 7-30 Jan. 1913 (Chapman, 1926a:19, 717; USNM). ORONGO; Pichincha Not located ca. 5,500-6,500 ft [1,625-1,975 m], on road to Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)], Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:56). OROSA (MCZ); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. ORRIBE Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Olrog, 1967, Acta Zool. Lilloana, 22:249); probably a misspelling. OTAVALO; Imbabura 0014N/7816 (USBGN) 2,573 m, major town in south-central Imbabura, 50 km NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); temperate, surrounded by cultivated land and pastures (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:838); Festa, 20-21 May 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:11, as "Ottavalo"; Chapman, 1926a:731); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Séderstr6m Coll., from nearby Laguna de San Pablo [0013N/7812 (USBGN)], date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19); Olallas, at Laguna de San Pablo, 18 Mar. 1925 (MCZ, as "Lago San Pablo"); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:407); Lévéque, above Otavalo, at 3,400 m, May 1961, and at Laguna de San Pablo, 9-10 Oct. 1960, 13-15 May 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:60, 61); Greenfield, at Laguna de San Pablo, 16 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:247). OTONGORO, MONTE Not located Alt.?; Olalla, 23 May 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:117); presence of Urochroa b. bougueri indicative of the northwestern slopes. OTTAVALO (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:11); see Otavalo. OUCA YACO (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:37); see U Occo Yacu. OYACACHI; Napo 0010S/7807 (USBGN) 2,500 m (Simon, 1907:17, as "Oyacachi, Pichincha"); on eastern slope, 35 km NW of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:32); Olallas, in 140 vicinity, 2 Aug.-6 Nov. 1922, 17 Jan.-6 Feb., 2-12 Aug., 25-30 Sept., 2-8 Oct. 1923, Dec. 1930 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 714; FMNH; CM); Olallas, 26-29 Sept. 1967 (MCZ). OYACACHI; Pichincha (Simon, 1907:17); see Oyacachi; Napo. OYACACHI, RIO; Napo 0022S/7747 (USBGN) Major left-bank tributary of Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)], with its headwaters deep within the Andes on the eastern slope of the mountain called Puntas [0013S/7811 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Spillmann, on Rio Oyacachi, below El Chaco [0023S/7749 (USBGN)], 4 Nov. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Olallas, where?, Dec. 1933 (MCZ). PACAYA Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," Moore, 22 Apr. 1927 (CM); Austin, 1927 (Moore Coll.); a specimen of Atlapetes rufinucha is indicative of the subtropical/temperate zones; also see Mayo. PACARITAMBO (Brosset, 1964:1); see Hacienda Pacaritambo. PACHICUTZA; Zamora-Chinchipe Not located 1,400 m, 35 km ESE of Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)], in valley of Rio Nangaritza [0354S/7838 (USBGN)], on western slope of central Cordillera del Céndor [0400S/7830 (USBGN)], Marin, et al., 3[7], 23-30 July, 1-8 Aug. 1989 (WFVZ; Krabbe, 1992b:172; LACMNBH). PACHIGAL (Chapman, 19261:331); see Tambillo, Rio. PACHIJAL (Menegaux, 1911:4); see Tambillo, Rio. PACHIJAL, RIO (FMNH); see Tambillo, Rio. PACTO; Pichincha ? 0012N/7852 (USBGN) ca. 1,200 m (Mapa, 1974); ca. 1,000 m (Mapa, 1950); Mapa, 1950 indicates that Pacto is on Rio Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] and ca. 7 and 15 km downstream from Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)] and Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], respectively; Mapa, 1957 places villages in the same relative position but on Rio Alambi [0014N/7849 (USBGN)] and does not recognize the Rio Nanegal; Mapa, 1974 shows both Gualea and Pacto well to W of river (unnamed); placement of Pacto on all three maps not in agreement with coordinates of USBGN; Stresemann (1937b:15) places Pacto on Rio Verde [0104N/7925 (USBGN)], Esmeraldas but doubtless meant the Rio Verde [not located], Pichincha (which see); Olallas, 13 Mar. 1928 (CM); Spillmann Coll., 3 June 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:15), 20 May 1929, 20 Mar. 1930, 6, 10 Sept. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117); Olallas, June 1930, Gomez, Feb. 1940 (FMNH). PACUBAMBA,; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Olalla, 27 Aug. 1929 (CM), 13 Jan. 1964 (MCZ). PADREGAL (Oberholser, 1902:330); see Pedregal; Pichincha. PAETO Not located Alt.?; eastern Ecuador, d'Espinay, May 1922 (Berlioz, 1928b:437, 439); possibly a misspelling of "Pacto," although Pacto is on the western slope; source of Lipaugus cryptolophus, an upper tropical/subtropical species. PAGINA FOREST (ANSP); see Pagma. PAGMA; Chimborazo Not located 6,200 ft [1,900 m] (ANSP); on western slope, subtropical zone, above Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], Rhoads and Lemmon, 19-27 Mar., 30 June-4 July 1911 (Chapman, 1926a:714, as "Pagma Forest"); specimens in ANSP also cited as "Pagina Forest, Chunchi [0217S/7855 (USBGN)]" and as "Paguia Forest"; evidently a site, badly misspelled, on railroad as it ascends Andes from the coastal plain. 141 142 PAGMA FOREST (Chapman, 1926a:714); see Pagma. PAGUASIQUE Not located Alt.?; Olalla, 1929 (AMNH); source of Heliangelus strophianus, indicative of subtropical northwestern Ecuador. PAGUIA FOREST (ANSP); see Pagma. PAGUISHAPA; Loja ca. 0335S/7920 (Atlas Geog.) 2,000 m (Chubb, 1919:3); 2,400 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:838); on road from Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] to Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], in northern Loja province, ca. 13 km SSW of Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)], just over the border with Azuay (Atlas Geog.); Brown (loc. cit.) indicates that "Guishapa" is an error for Paguishapa and gives the coordinates as "ca. 0321S/7921," but as this would place Paguishapa N of Ojia it is obviously erroneous; Simons, 16 May 1899 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Ona, Guishapa"); Hellmayr, 1937, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 10, p. 203, as "Guichapa, Ofna"); see, also, Mararuria. PAITA (Cory & Hellmayr, 1925, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 4, p. 23, as "Payta"); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. PAJAR VACA; Napo Not located Alt.?; collector? [Olalla ?], on Rio Cotapino [ca. 0048S/7726 (Mapa, 1957)], date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ: Zool: Ser) 13; ‘ptr lnou2 ps 225): PALABI, RIO; Esmeraldas 0111N/7843 (USBGN) Small river in extreme northern Esmeraldas, apparently a tributary of Rio Tulubi [0108N/7846 (USBGN)], which flows into Rio Santiago [(0105N/7858 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Olalla, 4 July 1963 (Norton, et al., 1972:890, as "Rio Palavi"). PALAMBLA (Chapman, 1926a:428); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. PALAVI, RIO (Norton, et al., 1972:890); see Palabi, Rio. PALENQUE; Los Rios 0102S/7928 (USBGN) 260 ft [75 m], humid tropical zone (Chapman 1926a:714); central western Los Rios on Rio Vinces [0139S/7947 (USBGN)], 19 km ESE of Balzar [0122S/7954 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:16); not to be confused with the research station "Centro Cientifico Rio Palenque," ca. 5 km S of Puerto Ila [0033S/7922 (USBGN)]. PALENQUE, RIO; Los Rios 0102S/7928 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Vinces [0139S/7947 (USBGN)], rising near Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] as Rio Baba and changing to Rio Quevedo before becoming Rio Palenque, near Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); nomenclature of the river and its components differs between maps; USBGN, which does not separate Rio Baba and Rio Quevedo from Rio Palenque, is followed here; Hammond, on river at Quevedo, Aug. 1914 (FMNH); not to be confused with Centro Cientifico Rio Palenque, which is sometimes referred to simply as "Rio Palenque," e. g., van den Berg & Bosman, 1984:153. PALETILLA (Chapman, 1919:259); see Paletillas. PALETILLAS; Loja 0411S/8017 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, in extreme southwestern Loja, almost on Peru border, at head of Quebrada Cerro Verde [0410S/8027 (USBGN)], 30 km SW of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)] and 35 km WSW of Celica [0407S/7959 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); collector? [Watkins?], date? [1919?] (Chapman, 1919, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:259, as "Paletilla"; 1926a:636, as "Paletillas, Peru"). PALICHTAGUA; Tungurahua ? Not located 7,800 ft [2,375 m], Stolzmann, date? [ca. 18847] (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:90); possibly near Hacienda Mapoto [not located] and Machay [0124S/7816 (USBGN)], in region of upper Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Tungurahua. PALLATANGA; Chimborazo 0159S/7857 (USBGN) 4,950 ft [1,500 m] (Chapman, 1926a:714); far up in valley in central western Chimborazo, 25 km W of Guamote [0156S/7843 (USBGN)], on Rio Pallatanga [0200S/7858 (USBGN)] which enters the Rio Coco [ca. 0205S/7900 (Mapa, 1957)], a tributary of Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); see comments under Rio Pallatanga regarding problems with the names of the rivers; surrounding mountains forested [now?] with some paramo (Chapman, 1926a:714); slopes semi-arid (Brown, 1941, 143 144 Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:838); Fraser, Aug. 1858-Jan. 1859 (Sclater, 1859d:135; 1860a:73); Buckley, 1870? (Gould, 1871b:803; 1872:196); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:57); Chapman, et al., 29-30 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Mena, 22 Oct. 1929 (CM); Olalla, 21, 23 Feb. 1967 (MCZ); see, also, Mimbo, Puente de. PALLATANGA, RIO; Chimborazo/Bolivar 0200S/7858 (USBGN) Rises in mountains E of Pallatanga [(0159S/7857 (USBGN)], abruptly turns SSW at Pallatanga, and enters Rio Chimbo [0217S/7924 (USBGN)] on Chimborazo/Bolivar border (Mapa, 1950); Mapa, 1957 and Mapa, 1974 show the segment S of Pallatanga as Rio Coco and do not name the Rio Pallatanga; USBGN cites no Rio Coco; Cherrie and O'Connell, at 2,425 ft [750], at confluence of Rio Coco and Rio Chimbo, ca. 10 mi [16 km] N of Puente de Chimbo [0210S/7910 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821)], in narrow valley floor from which heavily forested mountains rise steeply, fauna mixed humid tropical and subtropical, 27-31 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:13, 708, as "Rio Coco"). PALMAL (Taczanowski, 1877a:331); see Palmales. PALMALES; EI Oro 0341S/8007 (USBGN) 93 m, on Quebrada Palmales [0339S/8012 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Zarumilla [0326S/8014 (USBGN)], ca. 13 km SSW of Arenillas [0333S/8004 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Palmares" and "Rio Palmares"; Mapa, 1957); virgin forest [1876], Jelski and Stolzmann, 1876 (Taczanowski, 1877:331, as "Palmal"); Hellmayr, 1929, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt.6, p. 83, as "Palmar." PALMAR (Hellmayr, 1929:83); see Palmales. PALMA REAL; Imbabura 0020N/7856 (USBGN) ca. 500-700 m, in extreme western Imbabura, at western end of Cordillera de Intag [0008N/7850 (USBGN)], on Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] (MHA); Séderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:58). PALMARES (MHA); see Palmales. PALMAS; Azuay 0241S/7835 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on eastern slope of northeastern Azuay, in valley of Rio Paute [0246S/7816 (USBGN)], 16 km NE of town of Paute [0247S/7850 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Olallas, 23-30 Jan. 1932 (Berlioz, 1932b:620, as "Las Palmas"; LACMNH, as "Las Palmas"). PALMAS; Loja 0341S/7928 (USBGN) Alt.?; on western slope, short distance E of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)]; does not appear on maps available to us; Corado, 26 km SE, 4 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ). PALMIRA; Tungurahua Not located Alt.?; E of Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:208). PALMITO (Menegaux, 1911:105); see Palmito Palma. PALMITO PALMA; Pichincha QO06N/7844 (USBGN) Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] on the western slope; not found on maps available to us; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:105, as "Palmito (Nanegal)"). PALM PEAK; Napo ca. 0039S/7736 (Norton, 1965:3) 1,500 m, on rim of altiplano which slopes gradually up to final steep slope of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)], Norton, 6-14 Aug. 1964 (Norton, 1965:3); coined name translated from the Quechuan Ramus-Urcu, see, also, Ramos Urcu. PALOMA Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Aug. 1935 (FMNH, as "Paloma, Santa Cruz"). PALUDI Paynter & Traylor (1977:87) misinterpreted Salvadori & Festa's phrase (1900:45) "Paludi presso Cafiar" to mean "town of Paludi, near Canar," but it is Italian for "ponds near Canar." PALUGUILLO (Moore, 1934d:98); see Hacienda Paluguillo. PAMBILAR Not located Alt.?; tropical zone of northwestern Ecuador, collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:714); possibly in vicinity of Rio Pambil [0046N/7905 (USBGN)], Esmeraldas. PAMPA DE LIMPIO (MCZ); see Pampa de Limpios. 145 146 PAMPA DE LIMPIOS; Pichincha ca. 0037S/7828 (Hoja CT N-III-D3) 3,700 m (MCZ); on northwestern slope of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT N-III-D3); Norton, 5 Sept. 1964 (MCZ, as "Pampa de Limpio"). PAN DE AZUCAR; Napo 0020S/7740 (USBGN) 3,600 m, somewhat isolated massif on eastern slope, 25 km N of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] and ca. 25 km NE of Borja [0025S/7750 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Cerro Pan de Azitcar"; Mapa, 1974 as "Cerro Pan de Aztcar"); Sibley and Varza, 2 km S, 6[?], 27-30 Sept., 1, 5-8, 10-24 Oct. 1989 (WFVZ); Krabbe, at 1,300 m, on northern flank, 2-3 Nov. 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:172). PANTAVI; RIO; Imbabura Not located A right-bank tributary of upper Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], ca. 50 km in length, rising in the western Andes of Imbabura, Ortiz-Crespo, at headwaters between the mountains of Cotacachi [0022N/7820 (USBGN)] and Yana-urcu de Pinan [0029N/7820 (USBGN)], at 3,600 m, 22 Dec. 1975 and Bleiweiss, in same area, 23 June 1980 (Ortiz-Crespo & Bleiweiss, 1982); the river does not appear on our maps. PANTICUCHO; Tungurahua Not located 2,200 m, near Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] on the eastern slope, Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 19 Sept., 4, 7 Oct. 1937 (MCZ); Olalla, Apr. 1939 (FMNH). PANZA; Chimborazo Not located 14,000 ft [4,275 m], on southern slope of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)], open paramo with bushes and stunted trees characteristic of upper humid temperate zone, Fraser, Jan. 1859 (Chapman, 1926a:714); Menegaux, 1911:6, as "Pariza." PAPALLACTA; Napo 0022S/7808 (USBGN) 3,149 m, on eastern slope, on main northern route into the Amazon basin, 45 km SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and 30 km W of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); "in verdant bend , of [Cerro] Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)]" (Chapman, 1926a:714); Festa, 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:10; Chapman, 1926a:731); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Feb. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Papallacta, Pichincha"); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:59); Olallas, 6- 7 Sept. 1922, 22 July, 13, 27 Sept., 26 Oct. 1923, 10 Mar. 1927, 16 147 June 1928,18, 20 May 1929, 16 Feb., 17, 20 May 1932 (Chapman, 1926a:21; CM); Moore, in vicinity, several days in Sept. or Oct. 1929 (Moore, 1934d:100-104); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 4 Oct. 1937 (MCZ); Olalla, Aug. 1945 (FMNH); Menas, 6, 10 June 1963 (MCZ); Zusi, 31 Oct., and 5 km NW, 15 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Sibley and Sibley, 3 km E, on Pifo [0014S/7820 (USBGN)]/Baeza road, 8 Sept., Kiff, 1 km SW, 16 Oct., Schmitt, 4 km W, 16 Oct., Kiff, 6 km W, 16 Oct. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:29; WFVZ); Whitney, 9 km [by road] E, in valley of Rio Chalpi Grande [Rio Chalpi, 0023S/7803 (USBGN)], at 2,700 m, 25 Mar., 1 Apr. 1990 (Whitney, 1993). PAPALLACTA; Pichincha (Simon, 1907:17); see Papallacta; Napo. PAPALLACTA, BANOS DE (Moore, 1940:252); see Bafios, Quebrada de. PAPALLACTA, LAGO DE; Napo ca. 0024S/7811 (Mapa, 1957) ca. 3,000 m, a short distance W of town of Papallacta [(0022S/7808 (USBGN)], on eastern slope (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Simons, May 1914 (Chubb, 1919:277, as "Papallacta Lake"). PAPALLACTA LAKE (Chubb, 1919:277); see Papallacta, Lago de. PAQUISHA; Zamora-Chinchipe ca. 0354S/7842 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 1,200 m, on Rio Nangaritza [0345S/7838 (USBGN)], 37 km NW of Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Ridgely and Wilcove, N of Paquisha, at 950 m, 24 July 1978 (Leck, 1980:312; Ridgely, 1980:264). PARAMBAS, MONTES DE (FMNH); see Hacienda Paramba. PARAMILLO, PARAMO DE (FMNH); see Jaramillo, Paramos de. PARAMOS Not located 4,500 m, Simons, 23 Jan. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:268); unknown whether label intended to indicate specimen was collected at a locality named "Paramos" or was merely an indication that the species is characteristic of paramos. PAREDONES; Azuay 0329S/7908 (USBGN) 4,000 m, in paramo, Festa, Oct. 1896? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:2, as "Paredones and Laguna de Culebrillas," p. 25; 1899b:19, as "Culebrillas (Paredones)"; 1900:41, as "Laguna de Culebrillas"); seems to be on Cerro Yanauroco [0332S/7904 (USBGN)], to E of 148 Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)]; it appears that Laguna de Culebrillas is at Paredones PARIZA (Menegaux, 1911:6); see Panza. PASCUALES; Guayas 0205S/7956 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], 15 km NNW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA); Olalla, Oct. 1945 (FMNH). PASOCHOA; Pichincha 0028S/7829 (USBGN) 4,199 m, mountain 25 km N of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] in eastern cordillera (MHA, as "Cerro Pasochoa"; Mapa, 1950, as "Pasuchoa"); collector?, altitude?, date? (Orces, 1944:117). PASOCHOA, BOSQUE PROTECTOR; Pichincha Not located 2,800-4,000 m, reserve 5 km E of Amaguafia [0022S/7830 (USBGN)] and Tambillo [0024S/7833 (USBGN)], observers?, dates? (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:29); central eastern Pichincha, in Central Valley, presumably on northern slope of Pasochoa [0028S/7829 (USBGN)]. PASOCHOA, CERRO (MHA); see Pasochoa. PASTASSA, RIO (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43); see Pastaza, Rio. PASTAZA, PROVINCIA DE 0145S/7650 (USBGN) Eastern Ecuador; bounded on N by Napo, on E by Peru, on S and SW by Morona-Santiago, and on W by Tungurahua; former Provincia de Napo-Pastaza now divided into Pastaza and Napo. PASTAZA, RIO; Tungurahua/Pastaza/Morona-Santiago 0455S/7624 (USBGN) Major affluent of Rio Maranon [0430S/7327 (USBGN)], rising deep in eastern Andes W of Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] in vicinity of Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)] and flowing SE through Amazonian lowlands into Peru; Buckley, at Santa Inés [(0125S/7812 (USBGN)], 1870 and at Ulba [0124S/7822 (USBGN)] and Bafios, autumn 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803, as "St Ines" and "Ulva"); Vascomez, "probably East Andean slope below Los Bajos," date? [1880s?] (Chapman, 1922, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 31, p. 4); Stolzmann, at Banos, ca. Nov. 1883-Feb. 1884, and Hacienda Mapoto [not located] and Machay [not located], all about same time, and also at Palichtagua [not located], date? [18847] (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67ff); Simons, at Mirador [ca. 0126S/7815 (Brown, 1941:836)], 1 Feb. 1890 (Chubb, 1919:287); Baron, 2 days' travel E of Banos and at Rio Negro Hacienda [Rio Negro, 0124S/7813 (USBGN)], July-Aug. 1893, and also at Bafios, Oct. 1893 [?] (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43ff, as "Rio Pastassa"); Rivet, at Santa Inés, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Palmer, at Bafios, 14 Aug. 1910 (FMNH); Sdderstrom Coll., at Bafios, dates? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:60); Austin, at Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)], 12 May 1927 (CM); Clarke- MacIntyre Coll., at Bafios, 27 July 1927 [?] (CM), 12 June 1937- Feb., Nov. 1938 (MCZ; FMNH; WFVZ; LACMNH), Olalla, at Yunguilla [(0123S/7818 (USBGN)], July, Nov., 1930, May, Nov., 1931 (Berlioz, 1932a:236); Olalla, at Mera, Apr., Nov. 1931 (Berlioz, 1932:240-241); Olallas, at Mera, 24 Apr. 1931, 19 Jan., Apr. 1932, 15 Jan. 1933, Loch, at Mera, ca. 1935-1937, Gomez, at Mera, July 1939 (FMNH; CM); Olallas, at Banos, Jan. 1932 (FMNH); Loch, at Ulba, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Olallas, at Guacki [not located; probably Huachi Chico, 0116S/7838 (USBGN)], 16-19 Jan. 1936 (CM; Moore Coll.); Olalla, where?, Jan. 1936 (FMNH); Mission Flornoy, at Laguna de Siguin [not located] on right bank, between July-Oct. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937c:354); Gémez, where?, May 1937 (USNM); Clarke-MacIntyre Coll., at San Francisco [? 0118S/7830 (USBGN)], 21-22 Sept., 11-16 Oct., Nov. 1937 (FMNH; MCZ); Clarke-MacIntyre Coll., at Huagrapamba [not located], 8-10 Dec., and at La Palmera [not located], 23 Dec. 1937 (FMNH; MCZ); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., at Yunguilla, 4-6 Feb. 1938 (MCZ); Olalla, at Andreas [not located; probably Andoas intended], Oct. 1938 (FMNH); Olalla, where?, Mar. 1939 (FMNH); Olallas, at Banos, Oct. 1943 (FMNH); Norton, at Rio Negro, 12-14 Sept. 1964 (Norton, 1965:2); Andi, at Shell Mera [0130S/7803 (USBGN)], 10 Sept. 1965 (WFVZ); De Lafebra, at Rio Negro, Aug., 2-4, 6-7, 14-15, 17 Sept. 1966 (CM); Bleitz, at Bafios, 4 July 1969, Bleitz Coll., at Banos, June 1969, 3 May 1971 (WFVZ); Arvey, at Bafios, 24-25, 27 Dec. 1971 (LACMNH); Zusi, at Rio Negro, 28 Oct. 1978 (USNM); collector?, at La Victoria [not located], date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 187). PASTAZA ANDEAS (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949:41); see Andoas. PASTOCALLE (WFVZ); see San Juan de Pastocalle. 149 150 PASUCHOA (Mapa, 1950); see Pasochoa. PATA DE PAJARO; Manabi ? 0002N/7959 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, village near base at western side of Montafias de Chindul [0007N/7946 (USBGN)], ca. 18 km inland, northern Manabi (Mapa, 1957, as "Pata Pajaro"; Mapa, 1974, as "Para Pajaro"); both Mapa, 1957 and Mapa, 1974 show at ca. 0002S; Tate, June-July 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:715, as "Cerro of Pato de Pajaro"). PATA DE PAJARO, CERRO; Manabi 0002N/7958 (Parker & Carr, 1992:29) 800 m, mountain with isolated cloud, fog, and wet forests of ca. 800 ha in northern Manabi, E of Pedernales [0005N/8003 (USBGN)], Conservation International group, at 650-800 m, 20-21 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 29-32, 67); not indicated on available maps although the town of Pata de Pajaro [0002N/7959 (USBGN)] is. PATA PAJARO (Mapa, 1957); see Pata de Pajaro. PATATE; Tungurahua 0119S/7831 (USBGN) 7,530 ft [2,300 m] (Chapman, 1926a:715); on eastern slope on Rio Patate [0123S/7826 (USBGN)], a headwater of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], 18 km SE of Ambato [0015S/7837 (USBGN)] and 18 km NW of Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17). PATO DE PAJARO, CERRO OF (Chapman, 1926a:715); see Pata de Pajaro. PAUCHSI JACU, RIO (MCZ); see Galeras, Cordillera de. PAUMA, CERRO Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," Olallas, 19 Oct. 1927, 26 Mar. 1928 (CM); probably in Pichincha; the Olallas were at Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)] on 20 Mar. 1928. PAUSHIYACU, RIO; see Galeras, Cordillera de. PAYAMINO; Napo 0030S/7717 (USBGN) 304 m (de Schauensee, 1951:2); in eastern lowlands on middle upper Rio Payamino [0029S/7700 (USBGN)], 20 km N of Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "San José de Payamino"); Colwell Coll., presumably at the town, date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2, 6). PAYAMINO, RIO; see Coca. PAYTA (Cory & Hellmayr, 1925:23); error for Paita, Peru. PECHAHAL Not located 3,000 ft [900 m], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:53); presence of Androdon aequatorialis is indicative of the Pacific slope; may refer to Rio Pachijal; see Tambillo, Rio. PEDREGAL; Chimborazo Not located 2,600 ft [800 mJ], near Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a: map)], on western slope, Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Jan.- Mar. 1883, with known date of 16 Feb. (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282; USNM). PEDREGAL; Cotopaxi or Pichincha ? Not located 11,000 ft [3,350 mJ], on northern side of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)], Sdderstrém Coll., date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:27); possibly this the Rio Pedregal [(0029S/7825 (USBGN)] which rises on northern side of Cotopaxi. PEDREGAL; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on eastern slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Goodfellow and Hamilton, Nov.-Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:704); Oberholser, 1902:330, as "Padregal." PEDREGALI (USNM); see Pedregal; Chimborazo. PEDRO VICENTE MALDONADO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Sornoza, Marin, and Livingstone, 17-19 km N, at 600 m, 28- 31 May, 1-17 June 1992 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.); specimens from here are typical of the lower western slope. PELADO, ISLA; Guayas 0154S/8050 (USBGN) ca. 20 m (Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds S. Amer., Vol. 1, p. 309); small island off central Guayas, in Esenada de Valdivia [0157S/8044 (USBGN)], 10 km offshore from town of Valdivia [0157S/8044 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); desert-like, steep-walled, bald, guano- stained top, Murphy and Heilner, 14 Feb. 1924 (Murphy, 1936, op. 151 S2 cit., pp. 29, 308-309); Marchant, Dec. ca. 1955 (Marchant, 1958:356); Mills, 5 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:535). PELAGALLO; Pichincha 0009N/7832 (USBGN) ca. 1,500-2,000 m, in drainage of Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], on opposite side of Montanas de Nanegal [0007N/7840 (USBGN)] from town of Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, which shows at ca. 0010N/7837); Festa, June 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:17; Chapman, 1926a:730); Rivet, between ca. 1899- 1906 (Menegaux, 1911:100). PENAS DE PENANEGRA; Imbabura ? Not located Alt.?; Olallas, July 1935 (FMNH); probably near Hacienda Paramba [0049N/7821 (USBGN)], Imbabura, where Olallas also were in July 1935. PENIPE; Chimborazo 0134S/7832 (USBGN) 8,027 ft [2,450 m], arid temperate (Chapman, 1926a:715); at western base of eastern cordillera, 20 km NE of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (MHA); Fraser, June and/or Aug. 1858 (Sclater, 1859c:549, as "Pinipi"); Olalla, on Penipe road near Riobamba, 7 Sept. 1929 (CM). PERAMBA (Cory, 1918:189); see Hacienda Paramba. PERAMBE (Cory, 1918:84); see Hacienda Paramba. PERIPA, RIO; Manabi/Pichincha 0053S/7943 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Daule [(0210S/7952 (USBGN)] which rises to SW of Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] and enters the Daule ca. 28 km NW of Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Festa, on Rio Daule from Balzar [0122S/7954 (USBGN)] N to Rio Peripa, 10 Oct.-27 Dec. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:6; 1899b:4; Chapman, 1926a:718, 732). PERRO (USNM); see Hacienda Paramba. PERUCHO; Pichincha 0007N/7825 (USBGN) 1,830 m, in upper valley of Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], 38 km N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); Fraser, Apr. 1859 (Sclater, 1860c:83); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Kiff, 15 km SW, 15 Feb., and Corado, W of Perucho, at 2,300 m, 4 June 1989, 13 July 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). PESCADO, RIO; Guayas ? Not located Baron, Jan., 18 Feb., Mar.-Apr., July 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43, 47, 54); evidently not the Rio Pescado [0125S/8015 (USBGN)] in southeastern Manabi, as Hartert & Hartert (1894:43) mention the proximity of the river to Naranjal, which presumably is the Naranjal in southeastern Guayas at 0242S/7937 (USBGN); about 20 km SE of the mouth of the Rio Pescado in Manabi there is another Naranjal [0130S/6954 (USBGN)], but this is not near the river nor would it be a logical reference point; also, it is known that Baron was in the vicinity of the more southern Naranjal en route to Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)]. PESILLO (MHA); see Hacienda Pesillo. PICHAN; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] on the Pacific slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:80, as "Pichan (Mindo)"); Mena, 14 July 1939 (LACMNH); probably this is a reference to Rio Pichan [0001N/7835 (USBGN)], which is in the vicinity of Mindo. PICHAN, QUEBRADA (CM); see Pichan, Rio. PICHAN, RIO; Pichincha 0001N/7835 (USBGN) On northern side of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], rising near Calacali [0001N/7831 (USBGN)] and apparently a headwater of Rio Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.); Olallas, 7 Jan. 1932 (CM, as "Quebrada Pichan"). PICHAN, VOLCAN; Pichincha. Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 24 Nov. 1931 (CM); Olalla, 20 Jan. 1964 (MCZ); presumably on the western slope near Rio Pichan [0001N/7835 (USBGN)]. PICHINCHA; Pichincha 0010S/7833 (USBGN) Volcano with two summits, viz. Guagua Pichincha [0010S/7836 (USBGN)] at 16,000 ft [4,875 m] and Rucu Pichincha [0010S/7834 (USBGN)] at 15,400 ft [4,425 m] (Chapman, 1926a:715); Menegaux (1911:115) cites a third, "le cratere"; rises above Quito [0013S/7834 (USBGN)] (MHA); name used in a regional sense, with collecting from subtropical to paramo zones; for 2,000 ft [600 m] above Quito the slopes are covered with flowering bushes and stunted trees, Jameson, above 11,000 ft [3,350 ml], ca. 1849 (Jardine, 1849:41, L353 154 44); Fraser, Feb.-Apr., 5 June 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:73, 80); Festa, June 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:25; Chapman, 1926a:730-731); Rosenberg, 1897 (FMNH); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Nov.-Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Rivet, from mountain, crater, lower summit (as "Ruco Pichincha"), and "Paramos" and "Rochers" du Mozo Pichincha, Cordillera, etc., ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911: 33ff); Holstein, at varying altitudes, 1, 6, 20, 24 Jan., 7, 9, 19 Feb. 1900, collectors?, 1 Nov. 1910, 10 May 1914 (USNM); Rhoads, 26 Apr. 1911 (Stone, 1928, Repts. Princeton Univ. Exped. Patagonia 1896-1899, Vol. II, Pt. V, p. 743); Rhoads, at S base, 1, 7 May 1911 (WFVZ); Rhoads and Lemmon, in paramo above Hacienda Rosario [0026S/7834 (USBGN)], 1, 12 May 1911 (Rhoads, 1912:142-149; CM); Richardson, 31 May 1913 (USNM); Henn, on Guagua Pichincha, 28-29 Jan., 1 Feb. and on Rucu Pichincha, 15, 19 Jan., 1 Feb. 1914 (CM); Goodfellow, at 12,000 ft [3,650 m], Nov. 1914 and at ca. 11,000 ft [3,350 m], Feb. 1915 (Chubb, 1919:46-47); Henn, 1914, collector? [Henn?], 19 Jan. 1914 (USNM, as "Guagua"); © Sdderstr6m Coll., on various sides with known dates of 9 Feb. 1908, 9 Feb. 1909, 17 Feb. 1917, 24 June 1924, 10 Jan. 1925 (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:71; CM); Olallas, at "crater of Pichincha," 6 Dec 1923 (Chapman, 1925c) and 14 Dec. 1927 (CM); Olalla, on NE slope at Cascajal [not located], 7 Apr. 1927 (CM); Olallas, in "Paramo del Pichincha," Feb.-Mar. 1929, Aug. 1930, Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937:404); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., from 4,000 m, 11 Oct., 2-16 Nov. 1937, 6, 12-13 Jan. 1938 (MCZ); Mena, 1, 7, 17 Oct., 14 Nov., 2-4, 11, 14 Dec. 1937, 20 Sept. 1938, 8 Apr., 10 May, 20 June, 2 Dec. 1939 (LACMNH) and 14 Dec. 1939 (WFVZ); Olalla, 18 Nov. 1937 and Monge, 3 Oct. 1938 (LACMNH); Olalla, Nov. 1943 (FMNH); Lévéque, 4,000 m, 25 Jan. 1960, 21 May 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Olalla, at "crater of Pichincha," 7 Apr. 1963, on slopes, 27 Mar., 7 Apr. 1963, 13-19 Jan., 19-20 June 1964 (MCZ); Zusi, 4 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Schuchmann, on W slope at 3,500 m, 16 Feb. 1977 (Schuchmann, 1988); Bleiweiss and Olalla, in vicinity, three weeks in September 1980, including on Cerro Pugsi [not located], on W slope, above upper Rio Mindo [0003N/7909 (USBGN)], at 3,020 m, 19-27 Sept. (Bleiweiss & Olalla, 1984); Sibley, on E side, at 3,000 m, 2 km W of Quito, 24 July, Kiff and Schmitt, same locality, 14-16 Oct. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:26); Schulenberg, on N slope, 19 Aug. 1987 (USNM); Sibley, in large canyon on E side, 31 Aug.-2 Sept. 1987, Nov. 1991 (WFVZ); also see Yanacocha and Tichineha. | Marin and Schmitt, on E slope, 3, 6 July 1989, Marin, 9, 16, 21 | PICHINCHA, PARAMO DEL (FMNH); see Pichincha. PICHINCHA, PROVINCIA DEL 0010S/7840 (USBGN) North-central Ecuador; bounded on N by Imbabura, on E by Napo, on § by Cotopaxi and Guayas, and on W by Manabi and Esmeraldas. PIEDRAS; El Oro 0338S/7955 (USBGN) ca. 200-500 m, southern El Oro in foothills at edge of coastal plain, 40 km S of Machala [0316S/7843 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950, where shown too far W; Mapa, 1974); Gomez, Sept. 1939 (FMNH); Colwell Coll., date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2); collector?, date? (Ridgely & Robbins, 1988:174). PIEDRAHITA (Mapa, 1957); see Nobol. PIFO; Pichincha 0014S/7820 (USBGN) 8,475 ft [2,575 m] (Chapman, 1926a:715); town 15 km E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], on Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)] road (Hoja CT NII-B3); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Oct. 1898 (Good- fellow, 1901:309, 473); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Moore, in area briefly, Sept or Oct. 1929 (Moore, 1934d:98, 100); Ortiz-Crespo, in area, 28 Dec. 1968 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:352); Zusi, 17 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Carri6n, 10 km SE [=? Cochaucu, ca. 0016S/7818], 27 Sept. 1989, Kiff, 23 km E [by road?], 1 Nov., 24.8 km E [by road?], 6 Nov. 1991 (WFVZ); Chapman, 1926a:296, as "Pilo." PILALO; Cotopaxi 0059S/7901 (USBGN) 2,486 m, on western slope on road from Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)] to Quevedo [0102S/7929 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Olallas, 8 May 1931 (Stresemann, 1937:14); Gomez, May 1939 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 27, as "Monte Pilalo, Rio Pilato [Rio San Pablo, 0059S/7927 (USBGN)], Leén, Cotopaxi." PILCHE Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," on Rio Gauchi [not located], Cadwalader, Aug. 1936 (ANSP); presence of Pteroglossus torquatus erythropygius, an endemic, is indicative of the tropical zone from Guayas to Esmeraldas. PILLARO; Tungurahua 0110S/7832 (USBGN) 2,803 m, large town in central highlands, 11 km NE of Ambato 155 156 [0015S/7837 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). PILO (Chapman, 1926a:296); see Pifo. PILON; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; possibly near Quebrada de Pilédn [003N/7819 (USBGN)], ca. 2,680-2,800 m, 35 km NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NII-F3); Clavery Coll., date? (Berlioz, 1927:357); specimens from Pilon, e. g., Piculus rivolii, indicative of a high altitude; Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, p. 169, as "Pinon." PIMA ISLAND (USNM); see Puna, Isla. PIMAMPIRO; Imbabura 0026N/7758 (USBGN) ca. 2,000 m, on upper Rio Chota [0029N/7758 (USBGN)], 20 km NE of Ibarra [(0021N/7807 (USBGN) (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Olallas, 25 Sept. 1931 (FMNH; Atyeo & Pérez, 1990, Fieldiana: Zool., n. s., no. 62s-p. 17). PIMOCHA, RIO; Los Rios Not located Tributary of Rio Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], Olallas, Sept. 1931 (FMNH); doubtless near Pimocha [0152S/7935 (USBGN)], 10 km SW of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)]. PINAMPUNGU Not located Alt.?; Stolzmann and Siemiradski, ca. Jan.-Mar. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:306, also p. 305 as "Pinyampunga," which is probably less nearly correct); presence of Amazilia tzacatl jucunda and Ocreatus underwoodi melanantherus indicative of a western subtropical, or possibly a tropical, locality; probably near Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], Chimborazo, which collectors used as a base for half a year. PINAN; Imbabura 0032N/7826 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on western slope of northwestern Imbabura, ca. 40 km | NW of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Wiggins, on paéramo between Pifian and Atuntaqui [0020N/7813 (USBGN)], at ca. 11,200 ft [3,400 m], June 1944 (Wiggins, 1945:167). PINANTURA (Mapa, 1957); see Hacienda Pinantura. PINAS; El Oro 0342S/7942 (USBGN) 905 m (MHA); 1,014 m, central southern El Oro, 10 km W of Zaruma [0341S/7937 (USBGN)] at head of Rio Pifas [0349S/7946 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Pindo [0350S/7945 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Gémez, July 1939 (FMNH); humid, upper tropical forest, Ridgely, et al., in general area ca. 9 km by road W of Pinas at 900 m, Aug. 1980, 11 June-6 July 1985, Aug. 1988, Jan., Apr., Aug. 1989, Greenfield, Jan. 1988, Rowlett, 18 Jan. 1988 (Ridgely & Robbins, 1988:173; Robbins & Ridgely, 1990:59, 64, 67); Ridgely, et al., on road between Pifias and La Avanzada [0333S/7959 (USBGN)], 400 m, 24 June 1985, and at 900 m, 6 Aug. 1988 (Robbins and Ridgely, 1990:62); Kiff, et al., 10 km NW, 28 Feb., 1 Mar 1989 (WFVZ; LACMNH); Krabbe, 9 km W at ca. 900 m, 14-15 Apr. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:170, 172). -PINDAL; Loja 0409S/8010 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, southwestern Loja in valley of upper Rio Alamor [0430S/8002 (USBGN)] 8 km WSW of Celica [0407S/7959 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Kiff, et al., 3 km S, 16, 22 Mar., Gardner, and Corado, 1 km S, 22 Mar., Corado 3 km SSE, 22 Mar., Corado, 4 km S, 16 Mar., Kiff, 5 km E 18 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ). PINDO Not located Alt.?; Buckley, date? (Sclater, 1888, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 14:379); doubtless is the Rio Pindo [0350S/7945 (USBGN)], Pastaza, or a village bearing that name on the river; see, also, Pindo, Rio; Pastaza. PINDO, RIO; El Oro 0350S/7945 (USBGN) Small, left-bank tributary of upper Rio Puyango [Rio Tumbez, 0330S/8027 (USBGN)], northwestern Loja (Mapa, 1957); Cherrie, at camp 6 mi [10 km] E of Portovelo [0343S/7939 (USBGN)], at 1,850 ft [550 mJ], in narrow valley, hillsides barren and steep, only vegetation along the stream coming down from Cordillera de Chilla [0332S/7937 (USBGN)], 4-7 Sept. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 718; CM). PINDO, RIO; Pastaza 0132S/7757 (USBGN) Small tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] near Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)], Buckley, date? (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:841); does not appear on our maps; also see Pindo. PINIPI (Sclater, 1859c:549); see Penipe. 157 PINON (Hellmayr, 1936:169); see Pilon. PINTA, ISLA; Galapagos 0035N/9044 (USBGN) Also = Abingdon Island. PINTAG (Chapman, 1926a:240); see Intag. PINY AMPUNGA (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:305); see Pinampungu. PINZON, ISLA; Galapagos 0036S/9040 (USBGN) Also = Duncan Island. PIRCA; Pichincha ? Not located Alt.?; Soderstrom Coll., date? (Allen, 1889:75); source of Pharomachrus antisianus, a subtropical form from both sides of the Andes; this is probably either Hacienda Pirca [0009N/7825 (USBGN)] or, more likely, the Pirca [0002S/7852 (USBGN)] near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], on the western slope. PIRINCAY; Azuay ca. 0247S/7850 (Miller & Gill, 1990:50) ca. 2,250 m, archaeological site on eastern edge of Cuenca [0253S/7859(USBGN)] basin on Rio Paute [(0246S/7816 (USBGN)], just S of town of Paute [(0247S/7850 (USBGN)], zooarchaeological studies, ca. 1984-1987 (Miller & Gill, 1990). PISAGUA; Los Rios 0150S/7924 (USBGN) Alt.?; southeastern Los Rios, E of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)]; not shown on our maps; Buckley, date? (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:841); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:61). PISCOPATA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] on western slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:39, as "Piscopata, Nanegal"). PITA, RIO: Pichincha 0018S/7828 (USBGN) | Originates on northern slope of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] and flows N to join Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)] E of | Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Sdéderstr6m Coll., "above Chillo" [? Chillo Valley, 0020S/7827 (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:821)], at 9,000 ft [2,750 mJ, date? (L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922:28). PITALOMA; Morona-Santiago Not located 3,500-4,000 ft [1,050-1,200 m], near Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:352). PITUIMI Not located Alt.?; tropical zone of eastern Ecuador, Willis, date? (de Schauensee, 1966, Species Birds South Amer., p. 293). PLACER (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:287); see El Placer. PLANCHAS; Morona-Santiago Not located 2,800-2,900 m, abandoned town on upper Rio Palora [0151S/7749 (USBGN)], a few kilometers below El Placer [not located], in "Sangay National Park," Ridgely and O'Neill, 11-15 Oct. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:245, 247). PLANTANALE; Los Rios Not located Alt.?; 123 km NE of Vinces [0132S/7945 (USBGN)], collector? [McLean?], 20 May 1975 (USNM). PLATANAL (USNM); see Vinces. PLAYAS; Guayas (1) 0238S/8023 (USBGN) Sea level, on Golfo de Guayaquil [(0300S/8030 (USBGN)], 80 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Lévéque, 10 Apr., 7 Aug., 3-4 Dec. 1960, 29 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Fuentes, 8 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10); McNeil, Dec. 1975 (McNeil, 1985); Buckley and Tilger, July 1982 (Buckley & Tilger, 1983:214); Ross, et al., 17 Sept., and between Playas and Posorja [0244S/8015 (USBGN)], 18 Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:84); Greenfield, a few km SE, 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:243). PLAYAS; Guayas (2) (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:2); see Montalvo; Los Rios. PLAYAS; Loja Not located 1,000 m, close to Hacienda Yamana [0401S/7940 (USBGN)] in valley of Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], Norton, 5 km SW of Playas, 10 July 1965 (Norton, pers. comm.); not shown on our maps, but presumably close to mouth of Rio Playas [0402S/7945 (USBGN)]; Kiff, 3 km SW, 3 Mar., Corado, 3 km W, 18 Mar., Kiff, 10 km SE, 4 Mar., Corado, 21 km SW, 3 Mar., Kiff, et al., 26 km SW, 3-4 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ). Ly9 160 PLAYAS; Los Rios (Chapman, 1926a:732); see Montalvo; Los Rios. PLAZA, ISLA; Galapagos 0035S/9009 (USBGN) POCARA (MHA); see Pucara; Bolivar. POCUNO, RIO (de Schauensee, 1953:33); see Pucuno, Rio. PODOCARPUS, PARQUE NACIONAL (Krabbe, 1992b:170); see Cajanuma, Nudo de. POGIO Not located Alt.?; Baron, between Pogio and Santa Rosa [0327S/7958 (USBGN)], on road from Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] to Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], July 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:45, 46, 60); specimens cited from Pogio and vicinity range from tropical to lower temperate zone forms, suggesting the locality is on a steep slope. POMASQUI; Pichincha 0003S/7827 (USBGN) 8,200 ft [2,500 m] (Chapman, 1926a:715); in Central Valley, 20 km N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); predominantly arid temperate zone fauna, surrounding slopes bare to thinly grass covered, irrigated area along Rio Pomasqui [Rio Pusuqui, 0002S/7827 (USBGN)] chiefly pastures, Chapman, et al., en route to Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)] 25 Aug. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 715); Sdéderstré6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:17); Ortiz-Crespo, nearby, 13 Feb. 1970 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:352). POMPEYA; Pastaza ? Not located Alt.?; on Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)], Pastaza [Napo?], Pena, 14-22 May 1965 (Couri, 1984, Rev. Brasil. Ent., 28:482). PONDOA; Tungurahua Not located Alt.?; on eastern slope, near Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 12 Jan. 1938 (MCZ, as "Pondoa, near Banos"); | possibly this is Hacienda Pondoa [0111S/7838 (USBGN)], although it is not particularly near Bajos. PONGO; Azuay Not located 2,900 m, forest SW of Girén [0310S/7908 (USBGN)], Ridgely and Wilcove, 19 July 1978 (Ridgely, 1980:245). 161 PONGO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:83, as "Pongo, near Santo Domingo"); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 14 Feb. 1937 (MCZ); Buthraupis eximia is from here and indicative of subtropical/temperate zones; probably this is the Pongo [0029S/7841 (USBGN)] in the mountains, a considerable distance from Santo Domingo de Los Colorados, but on the road to that town; also see Pugzo. PONGO, RIO; Pichincha ? Not located In "Occidente," Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 10 Oct. 1937 (MCZ); probably in vincinity of Pongo [not located], which see. PORTETE; Azuay 0306S/7906 (USBGN) 2,750-2,800 m (de Schauensee, 1951:2, as "Portete de Tarqui"); pass on road between Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] and Gir6én [0310S/7908 (USBGN)], near the village of Tarqui [0301S/7902 (USBGN)]; not shown on available maps; Olalla, 3-11 Feb. 1932 (Berlioz, 1932b:620, as "Portete de Tarqui", p. 621, as "El Portete de Tarqui"; CM); Colwell Coll., date? (de Schauensee, 1951:2, as "Portete de Tarqui," p. 9, as "El Portete de Tarqui"). PORTETE DE TARQUI (de Schauensee, 1951:2); see Portete. PORTETE IMBANA; Loja Not located Alt.?; a pass, presumably in eastern Andes in vicinity of Cerro Imbana [0338S/7904 (USBGN)]; Norton, et al. (1972:893) give as its coordinates those of the summit of the mountain, which seems to be on the Loja/Zamora-Chinchipe border; Pérez, date? (MCZ, as "Portete Imbana, Cord. Or. de Loja"). PORTOVELO; El Oro 0343S/7939 (USBGN) 640 m, ca. 4 km S of Zaruma [0341S/7939 (USBGN)], on Rio Amarillo [0345S/7940 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); in upper Rio Tumbes [0330S/8027 (USBGN)] drainage, humid tropics [?; see description of nearby Zaruma] but largely deforested and appears arid, Cherrie, 8-12, 14 July, 6-8 Aug., 31 Aug.-Sept. 1920, Cherrie and Gill, 30 July-9 Aug. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20-21, 716; USNM; Kudon, 1982, Journ. Georgia Entom. Soc., 17:535). POSO DE LAMBEDERO [Pozo de Lamedero] (Taczanowski, 1877:319); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. 162 POSORJA; Guayas 0244S/8015 (USBGN) Sea level, on peninsula jutting southward from mainland toward Isla Puna [0250S/8008 (USBGN)], 70 km SW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Lévéque, several observations between 1960-1962 (Lévéque, 1964:54); Fuentes, on beaches, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuente, 1966?:10); Mills, 7 May 1966 (Mills, 1967:536); Ross, et al., here and between here and Playas [0238S/8023 (USBGN)], 18 Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:85). POVENIR (Chubb, 1919:3); see Hacienda Porvenir. POZO DE LAMBEDERO [Pozo de Lamedero] (Chapman, 1926a:716); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. POZUL (WFVZ); see San Juan de Poézul. PROGRESO; see Juan Gomez Rendon. PUCARA; Azuay 0314S/7930 (USBGN) 3,147 m, in western Azuay, 52 km E of Machala [0316S/7959 (USBGN)] (MHA); Olallas, Dec. 1929 (FMNH). PUCARA; Bolivar ca. 0138S/7905 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, almost on the Los Rios border, 10 km W of Guaranda [0136S/7900 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Pocara," corrected in index); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17). PUCARA,; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 152); Penelope montagnii atrogularis has been collected here, which is indicative of the western subtropical-temperate zone; there are many localities bearing the name Pucara, but none can be found at a moderate elevation on the western slope in Pichincha. PUCAYACO, RIO (MCZ); see Pucayacu, Rio. PUCAYACU, RIO; Pastaza 0203S/7658 (USBGN) Tributary of middle Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)] with its mouth at Montalvo [0204S/7658 (USBGN)] (MHA); Olallas, where?, Dec. 1930 (FMNH); Olalla, where?, July 1960 (Norton, et al., 1972:891, 893, as "Rio Pucuyacu"; MCZ, as "Rio Pucayaco"); see, also, Montalvo, Pastaza. PUCUNO, RIO; Napo 0048S/7716 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)], rising on southern side of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] and flowing NE to meet the Suno (Mapa, 1950); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., at headwaters, 6, 10 Oct. 1937 (MCZ); Gomez, where? (FMNH); Norton, at 0036S/7734, 1,200 m, as "Sumaco, Upper Rio Pucuno," 11-16 Aug. and at 0046S/7728, 500 m, as "Lower Rio Pucuno," 19-31 Aug. 1963 (Norton, 1965:2-3); Olalla, where?, 18 June 1968 (MCZ); collector?, where?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:33, as "Rio Pocono"). | PUCUYACU, RIO (Norton, et al., 1972:893); see Pucayacu, Rio. PUEBLO NUEVO; Pichincha Not located 1,500 m, 38 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], N of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], Marin and Corado, 15 July, 15, 24 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). PUEBLOVIEJO; Los Rios 0134S/7930 (USBGN) ca. 75 m, northern Los Rios, 28 km N of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] (MHA); McLean, at and 3 km N, 19 July 1974 (USNM, as "Beata Elvira (Pueblo Viejo)"); also see El Papayo and Lima Pareja. PUELLARO; Pichincha 0004N/7824 (USBGN) 2,063 m, in the upper Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] valley, 5 km SSE of Perucho [0007N/7825 (USBGN)] and 35 km NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Fraser, at Puéllaro, Apr., and above Puéllaro at 8,000 ft [2,450 ml], Apr.- May ? 1859 (Sclater, 1860c:83); humid temperate zone at latter locality (Chapman, 1926a:716); Ortiz-Crespo, nearby at site of Steatornis colony, 7, 9 Oct 1977 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1979:187); Corado, 2 km S at Quebrada Alchipichi [not located], 18 July 1990, Marin, same locality, 6 Jan. 1991 (WFVZ). PUEMBO; Pichincha 0011S/7821 (USBGN) ca. 2,440 m, on Rio Guambi [0007S/7823 (USBGN)], 15 km NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Dec. 1898 (Oberholser, 1902:320) and Jan. 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17). PUENTE (Chapman, 1926a:716); see La Puente. PUERTO DE ILA (Zimmer, 1951:13); see Puerto Ila. 163 164 PUERTO DEL NAPO (Sclater, 1858:59); see Puerto Napo. PUERTO EL CARMEN DE PUTUMAYO,; see Putumayo. PUERTO FRANCISCO DE ORELLANA (Mapa, 1974); see Coca. PUERTO ILA; Pichincha 0033S/7922 (USBGN) ca. 200 m, on coastal plain, on Rio Baba [0154S/7942 (USBGN)], 40 km SSW of Santo Domingo de Los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1951, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1513, p. 13, as "Puerto de Ila"). PUERTO LIBRE; Napo Not located Alt.?; on Rio San Miguel [0008N/7551 (USBGN)] and, according to Norton, et al. (1972:893) at 0O008N/7551, but these coordinates are at the mouth of the Rio San Miguel, where it joins the Rio Putumayo [0308S/6758 (USBGN)], and is the location of the town of Putumayo [0007N/7552 (USBGN)] and close to Puerto el Carmen de Putumayo [ca. OOOSN/7554 (Mapa, 1974)] (Mapa, 1974, as "Puerto Putumayo"); Olalla, ca. 31 Jan.-10 Feb 1963 (MCZ; Norton, et al., 1972:892); presumably this is the same site where Olalla collected on 1 Jan. 1963 and which is placed on the upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] by Orces (1974:10, as "Puerto Libre, alto Napo, Prov. Napo"); PUERTO LOPEZ; Manabi 0134S/8049 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast of southern Manabi, midway between Manta [0057S/8044 (USBGN)] and Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, as "Lépez"; Mapa, 1974); Ridgely and Wilcove, 11 July 1978 (Ridgely, 1980:244). PUERTO MARITIMO (Mills, 1967:536); see Guayaquil. PUERTO MISAHUALLI (Mapa, 1974); see Misahualli. PUERTO NAPO; Napo 0103S/7747 (USBGN) 464 m, on uppermost Rio Napo [0320S/7640 (USBGN)], 5 km SSW | of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, as "Napo"; Mapa, 1957); tropical zone but early collectors used name "Napo" in a regional sense and specimens have also come from subtropical and temperate zones (Chapman, 1926a:713, as "Napo"); Villavicencio?, date? (Sclater, 1858:59, as "Puerto del Napo"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, 1899 (Oberholser, 1902:311, as "Napo village"; Goodfellow, 1901:309); Sdderstrém Coll., from nearby and various places on the road to, 3,000-6,000 ft [900-1,825 m], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13ff; Allen, 1899:71-75, as "Napo"). PUERTO NUEVO; Guayas 0213S/7955 (USBGN) Sea level, 8 km S of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], Lévéque, 6 Aug. 1960, 19 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); not shown on our maps. PUERTO NUEVO; Los Rios (USNM); see Vinces. PUERTO PUTUMAYO (Mapa, 1974); see Putumayo. PUGSI, CERRO (Bleiweiss & Olalla, 1984); see Pichincha. PUGZO; Los Rios Not located 1,151 m, E of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)], Rivet, ca. 1898- 1899 (Simon, 1907:17); may be a misspelling of Pongo, and may even refer to the Pongo [not located] in Pichincha, another Rivet locality. PULLANGO (Chapman, 1926a:716); see Puyango. PULULAGUA,; Pichincha 0002N/7829 (Brown, 1941:842) 3,250 m (peak), 2,000-2,700 m (hacienda) (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:842); 2,940 m (peak) (Atlas Geog.; Mapa, 1957); mountain range at eastern end of Montafias de Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], W of Puéllaro [0004N/7824 (USBGN)] and N of Calacali [0001N/7831 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); also the name of a nearby hacienda (fide Brown, loc. cit); Festa, July 1897, presumably at the hacienda (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:10; Chapman, 1926a:731); Olallas, Feb. 1934 (FMNH, as "Cerro Pululagua"). PULULAGUA, CERRO (FMNH); see Pululagua. PULUN; Esmeraldas 0105N/7840 (USBGN) 160 ft [50 m] (FMNH); 350 ft [100 m] (Hartert, 1902:599); on coastal plain at foot of mountains, near Colombian border, 40 km ESE of Valdez [0115N/7900 (USBGN)] and 10 km ESE of Carondelet [0106N/7842 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); tropical zone (Chapman, 1926a:705, as "Bulin"); Miketta, Nov.-Dec. 1900, Jan. 1901, and Flemming, Nov.-Dec. 1900, collector?, Nov. 1927 (FMNH, as "Bultin," "Bulim," and "Bulim"); see, also, Salidero. 165 166 PUN (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:1); see El Pun. PUNA, ISLA; Guayas 0250S/8008 (USBGN) 925 m, very large, low-lying island with low hills in the interior, ca. 1 km offshore in Golfo de Guayaquil [0300S/8030 (USBGN)] (MHA); salt marshes on E, remainder dry with thorn-bush scrub (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:842); tall mangroves on N (Lévéque, 1964:55); Barclay, prior to 1860 (Sclater, 1860d:286); Reeve, 1868? (Lawrence, 1869:234-238; USNM, also as "Pima Island"); Simons, 1, 10? Nov. 1898 (Chubb, 1922:2, 261); Neeve, date? (USNM); Richardson, 31 Mar.-12 Apr. 1913, Chapman, et al., 15-17 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:19-20); Lévéque, several observations between ca. Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:54ff). PUNAPI; Tungurahua 0122S/7828 (USBGN) Alt.?; on eastern slope near Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 9 Feb. 1938 (MCZ). PUNA VIEJA; Guayas 0258S/8011 (USBGN) Sea level, town on southeastern side of Isla Puna [0250S/8008 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950, as "Puna Viejo"); Chapman, et al., July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 716). PUNA VIEJO (Mapa, 1950); see Puna Vieja. PUNIN; Chimborazo 0146S/7838 (USBGN) 9,000 ft [2,750 m], arid temperate zone (Chapman, 1926a:716); in Central Valley, 10 km S of Riobamba [0140S/7838 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Fraser, June-Aug.? 1858 (Sclater, 1859¢:549). PUNO (Chubb, 1919:7); see El Pun. PUNTAS, CERRO; Pichincha 0011S/7812 (USBGN) 4,452 m, peak in eastern cordillera, 33 km E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Olallas, Sept. 1930 (FMNH), 8-9 Nov. 1931 (CM). PUTUMAYO; Napo 0007N/7552 (USBGN) ca. 200 m, on Colombian border at confluence of Rio San Miguel [0008N/7551 (USBGN)] with Rio Putumayo [0308S/6758 (USBGN)] and close to Puerto el Carmen de Putumayo [ca. OO05N/7554 (Mapa, 1974)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "Puerto Putumayo"); Monge, 30 [?] Feb., 1934, 1936, 7 Jan., 3 May 1937, 2, 167 8 Jan. 1938 (LACMNH); Monge's data are notoriously poor; these records may refer to Rio Putumayo; see comments under Puerto Libre. PUYANGO; Loja ca. 0352S/8005 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 300 m, on Loja/El Oro border, on Rio Puyango [Rio Tambez, 0330S/8027 (USBGN)], near where valley broadens, 18 km NNW of Alamor [0402S/8002 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); equatorial arid zone, ceiba and thorny bush, Watkins, 16-17 July 1919, Gill, 11-17 Oct. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 716, as "Pullango"). PUYO; Pastaza 0128S/7759 (USBGN) 975 m, on Rio Puyo [0140S/7755 (USBGN)], a short tributary of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], in foothills of Cordillera Oriental [1400S/7100 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Cadwalader, 8 Aug. 1936 (CM); Curry, Sept. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:58, as "El Puyo"); Arvey, at Puyo, 22-30 Nov., 2 km S, 24 Nov., 4 km W, 29 Nov. 1971 (LACMNH); Leck, July 1974 (Leck, 1980:312); Fraga, 4.5 km S of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], on Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)}]/Puyo road, 6 Jan. 1990 (Fraga, 1992). QUALEA (Park & Ayteo, 1974:32); see Gualea. QUEVEDO; Los Rios 0102S/7929 (USBGN) 54 m (Mapa, 1957); in Pacific lowlands of northernmost Los Rios on Rio Vinces [0139S/7947 (USBGN)], slightly W of mouth of Rio Palenque [0102S/7928 (USBGN)] (MHA); Buchwald, 27 Feb. 1910 (MCZ), Aug. 1911 (FMNH), 27 Feb. (MCZ), and July 1913, Hammond, Aug. 1914 (FMNH); Mena, 17 Oct. 1950 (CM; ANSP); Olalla, 1 May 1953 (USBGN, as "Guivedo"). QUICHINCHE (Mapa, 1957); see San José de Quichinche. 168 QUICHINDE (WFVZ); see San José de Quichinche. QUIJOS; Napo ca. 0025S to 0100S/7805 to 7801 (Mapa, 1950) [Old] name applied to region (province) on Amazon slope between Rio Maspa [Rio Papallacta, 0027S/7758 (USBGN)] and upper Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:716); Osculati, ca. 1846-1848 (Sclater, 1855:109, also as "Quixos," pp. 112-113); collector?, 1850's (Gould, 1855:9). QUIJOS, PUENTE DEL RIO; Napo Not located Alt.?; a bridge over Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)], E of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], on Napo trail, subtropical, Olallas, 24 July 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 716); not indicated on our maps. QUILAMO; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; near Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], Gomez, 13 Sept. 1940 (Atyeo & Peterson, 1977, Journ. Med. Entom., 13:740, as "(?Quilamo), near Macas"). QUILINDANA; Napo 0047S/7818 (USBGN) 4,877 m, mountain in the eastern cordillera, 18 km SE of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (MHA); Goodfellow and Hamilton, between Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)] and Quilindana, in valley of Rio Valleviciosa [0050S/7806 (USBGN)], Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1902:226, as "Kilendafia" and "Valle de Viciosa"). QUILLOTOA (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:56); see Quilotoa. QUILLO TURO (Moore, 1940:253); see Quilloturo. QUILLOTURO; Chimborazo Not located ca. 13,000 ft [3,950 m], campsite on eastern side of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)], at treeline, Moore, 24-31 Aug. 1929 (Moore, 1940:253, as "Quillo Turo"); Paynter and Traylor (1977, p. 100) erroneously confused this with far distant Quebrada de Quilloturo [0102S/7856 (USBGN)]. QUILLOTURO, QUEBRADA DE (Paynter & Traylor, 1977, p. 100); see Quilloturo. QUILOTOA; Cotopaxi 0052S/7855 (USBGN) 3,981 m, mountain in western cordillera, 25 km NE of Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:56, as "Quillotoa"). QUINCHE; Pichincha 0007S/7818 (USBGN) 2,664 m (Simon, 1907:17); on eastern side of Central Valley, 25 km ENE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and 8 km SE of Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Carrién, 2.5 km NW, 9 Sept. 1989 (WFVZ, also as "El Quinche"). QUINCHICOTO; Tungurahua 0123S/7839 (USBGN) Alt.?, in central highlands, S of Ambato [0115S/7837 (USBGN)], near Cevallos [(0121S/7837 (USBGN)]; not shown on maps available to us; Loch, ca. 1935-1937, Olalla, Feb. 1937 (FMNH); possibly Conchacoto [not located], which see, is equivalent. QUINDIVA Not located Alt.?; Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:61); presence of Acestrura bombus is indicative of the tropical zone. QUININDE (USBGN); see Rosa Zarate. QUINOA (MHA); see Quinoas. QUINOAS; Azuay 0248S/7915 (USBGN) 3,631 m, in western cordillera, on Rio Matadero [0248S/7859 (USBGN)], 22 km W of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Quinoa"); Festa, Oct. 1895 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:25, p. 26 as "Tambo di Quinoas"). QUISAYA; Pichincha 0010N/7831 (USBGN) ca. 1,000 m, northern central Pichincha, on right bank of upper Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], 11 km N of Perucho [0007N/7825 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, date? (USNM). QUITO; Pichincha 0013S/7830 (USBGN) 2,818 m (Mapa, 1957); on western side of tableland at eastern base of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], arid temperate zone, extensively cultivated with no forests remaining (Chapman, 1926a:717); mean temperature ca. 13°C, with dry season June-Sept. and wettest months Mar., Apr., and Oct. (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:842); distribution point, since ca. 1846, for unlabeled or poorly labeled specimens obtained by local collectors, 169 170 mainly from Pacific slope in vicinity of Gualea [0007N/2850 (USBGN)] and Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)] and from "Napo region" on Amazon slope (Chapman, 1926a:717); after ca. 1920 local collectors labeled material more fully, but not necessarily accurately; many foreign collectors also have used Quito as a base; among the collectors who have worked in or near Quito, and for whom dates are at least broadly known, are the following: Jameson, 1840s and 1850s (Jardine, 1849:41ff; 1850:1ff); Fraser, Jan. 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:73); Orton, ca. 1870 (Orton, 1871:619ff); Sdder- strém, ca. 1885-1920 (Allen, 1889:69ff; L6nnberg & Rendahl, 1922: 17ff); Festa, 3-26 Dec. 1896, 22 May-5 June, 9, 20 July-14 Aug. 1897 (Chapman, 19261:731-732); Goodfellow and Hamilton, Dec. 1898-Jan. 1899 (Goodfellow 1901:309); Holstein, 17, 19 Feb. 1900 (USNM); Rivet (incl. Gonnessiat and Baer), between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:1ff); Schréter, Apr. 1909 (FMNH); Richardson, 21 May 1913 (AMNH); Rosenberg Coll., 8 Feb. 1915 (MCZ); Chapman, et al., 17-22 Aug. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Olallas, Nov. 1929 (FMNH); Barros, 20 Dec. 1951 (Barros, 1953:158); Lévéque, Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Norton, 3 mi [5 km] W, 16 June 1963 (MCZ); Jameson, 20 Jan. 1964 (USNM); Leck, on outskirts, 7 July 1974 (Leck, 1980:313); collector?, 3 July 1975 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1979:187); McLean, at Km 61 (Cerro Lumbaqui, 0000/7718 (USBGN)) on Quito/Lago Agrio [ca. 0006N/7653 (Mapa, 1974)] road, 16-19 Feb. 1975 (USNM); Zusi, 20 km NW, 14 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Schmidt-Marloh & Schuchmann, nearby at ca. 3,400 m, Jan.-Feb. 1977 (Schmidt-Marloh & Schuchmann, 1980:61, 69); Ross, et al., various times July-Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:77); Jenny, et al., ca. 30 km NW of Quito in foothills of eastern cordillera at 2,400 m, 14-15 Mar. 1979, Sullivan, et al., same locality, 3, 27 Feb. 1980 (Jenny, et al., 1981); Jenny, same locality, fall and winter 1981, Burham and Jenny, 20 Jan., Hilgert and de Vries, Oct.-Dec. 1982 (Jenny, et al., 1983); Kiff and Schmitt, 11 Oct. and 2 km W, 11-12, 14-15 Oct., Carri6n, 22 Mar. 1989, Schmitt, 9 km W, 14 Oct. 1987, Gardner, et al., 2 km N, 19 Feb., Corado and Gardner, 2 km NW, 19 Feb., Marin, 30 km N, 4 June and 35 km N, 14 June 1989, Corado and Gardner, 2 km W, 11 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ). QUIXOS (Sclater, 1855:109); see Quijos. RABIDA, ISLA; Galapagos 0024S/9042 (USBGN) Also = Jervis Island. RAMOS URCU Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Dec. 1929 (FMNH); Olallas and Spillmann, 3-24 Sept. 1932 (Stresemann, 1937:14-15; 1938:117; USNM); presence of eastern tropical and subtropical taxa, e. g., Lipaugus subalaris, Pogonotriccus orbitalis, and Myiophobus phoenicomitra, seems to preclude Paso Ramos-urcu [ca. 0340S/7925 (MHA)], a pass at 3,110 m in Loja near Sararguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)] on the road from Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)]; it is more likely the "Ramus-Urcu" ["Palm Peak" of Norton, which see] in Napo at ca. 0039S/7736 (Norton, 1965:3) on the southeastern slopes of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)], which is close to Concepcién [0048S/7725 (USBGN)], a locality visited frequently by the Olallas; furthermore, it is known that the Olallas were at Concepcién on 25 Dec. 1929. RAMUS-URCU (Norton, 1965:3); see Palm Peak and Ramos Urcu. RANCHO YANACOCHA (USNM); see Nono. RAYA-CHIGTA; Napo Not located Alt.?; near Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)], deep in Amazonia, Olallas, Sept. 1930 (FMNH, as "Oriente, Loreto, Raya-Chigta"). RAYA YACO; Napo Not located Alt.?; near Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)], in central Napo, Olallas, June-July 1930 (FMNH, as "Prov. Oriente, Loreto, Raya Yaco"); probably should be spelled "Raya Yacu." RAYA YACU; see Raya Yaco. RIOBAMBA; Chimborazo 0140S/7838 (USBGN) 2,754 m, major city in central northern Chimborazo in Central Valley (Mapa, 1957); arid temperate, surrounding area heavily cultivated or barren, mean temperature ca. 13° C and precipitation ca. 550 mm, occurring mainly in Mar., Oct., and Nov. (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:844); Fraser, June, Aug. 1858 (Sclater, 1859c:549) and on paramo between Riobamba and Mocha [0125S/7840 (USBGN)], ca. Jan. 1859 (Sclater, 1860b:73, 82); Stolzmann, Apr.-May 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67ff); Baron, May-June 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:58); Festa, 28 Nov. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:9; Chapman, 1926a:731); Simons, 30 eg VR2 Dec. 1898, 27 Mar. 1899 (Chubb, 1919:2-3); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:102); Rhoads, 12 April 1911 (WFVZ); Feyer, 24 June 1923 (FMNH; CM); Olalla, on outskirts, 21 Aug., Moore, on outskirts, 22 Aug., Mena, nearby in valley of Rio Chambo [0144S/7835 (USBGN)], 8 Sept., on outskirts, 9-10 Sept., Moore, on outskirts, 7, 10 Sept., Olalla, in valley of Rio Chambo, 7, 9 Sept., Olalla, on Penipe [0134S/7832 (USBGN)] road near Riobamba, 7 Sept. 1929 (CM); Berlioz, Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:398). RIO NEGRO; Tungurahua 0124S/7813 (USBGN) 1,200 m (Norton, 1965:2); town on upper Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], between Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] and Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Baron, July-Aug. 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43, 47, 57, as "Rio Negro Hacienda"); Norton, 12-14 Sept. 1964 (Norton, 1965:2); De Lafebre, Aug., 2-4, 6-7, 14-15, 17 Sept. 1966 (CM); Zusi, 28 Oct. 1978 (USNM); Sibley, nearby, | Nov. 1989 (WFVZ). RIO NEGRO HACIENDA (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43); see Rio Negro. RIO NUEVO (USNM); see Vinces. RIO PALENQUE (van den Berg & Bosman, 1984:153); see Rio Palenque, Centro Cientifico. RIO PALENQUE, CENTRO CIENTIFICO; Pichincha _ca. ? 0030S/7930 [ca. ? 0045S/7915 (Leck, 1979:343)] 200 m, research station on 167 ha, of which 87 ha are primary forest, now isolated within agricultural zone at base of western foothills, 65 km S of Equator and 47 km S of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], on Rio Palenque [0102S/7928 (USBGN)] (see Palenque, Rio, for discussion of confused nomen- clature of river), annual rainfall 380+ cm, mainly between Dec.- May, temperature averages 17-24° C in dry season and 23-32° C in wet season, observers include Owre, 1973-?, Ortiz-Crespo, dates?, Webster, 9 June-3 Sept. 1975, Leck, 21 Feb.-6 Apr. 1978 (Leck, | 1979:343-344); Zusi, 8 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Vigle, 7-18 Jan. 1978 (Vigle, 1982:172); Steiner, twice sometime between 20 July-2 Aug. 1978 (Steiner, 1980:490); Schupp, 2 Feb. 1979 (USNM); van den Berg and Bosman, 10 Mar. 1981 (van den Berg & Bosman, 1984:153, as "Rio Palenque"); Ridgely, et al., 3 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:248); the coordinates given by Leck appear erroneous as they do not fit his description of the locality; not shown on our maps RIO TIGRE; Pastaza 0207S/7604 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, town on Ecuador/Peru border where Rio Conambo [0207S/7603 (USBGN)] and Rio Pindo [0207S/7603 (USBGN)] join to form the Rio Tigre [0426S/7405 (USBGN)], a major tributary of the Amazon (Mapa, 1974); Olallas, 13 Feb. 1933, Loch, ca. 1935- 1937 (CM; FMNH). ROCAFUERTE (MHA); see Nuevo Rocafuerte. ROJAS; see Rojas, Valle de. ROJAS, VALLE DE Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 7 Nov. 1928, Feb., Mar., 2 Oct. 1929, Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 10 Aug. 1937 (FMNH; MCZ, as "Valle de Rojas, Occidente"; CM, as "Valle de Rojas, near Tumbaco"); specimens from here are characteristic of the arid temperate zone; it is probable that this locality is Hacienda Rojas [0013S/7826 (USBGN)], Pichincha, in the Central Valley on eastern outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], contiguous with Tumbaco [0013S/7824 (USBGN)], along the Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3, as "Rojas"). ROLOYA, RIO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:43); a specimen of Rubicola peruviana sanguinolenta from here is indicative of the northwestern slopes; probably a misspelling of Rio Saloya [0001 N/7857 (USBGN)]. ROMERILLOS (Chapman, 1926a:718); see Hacienda Romerillos. ROMOS URRO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 18); presence of Tinamous major ruficeps is indicative of eastern lowlands; doubtless a misspelling of Ramos Urcu [not located], which see. ROMPIDO, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:718); see Jubones, Rio. ROSA ZARATE; Esmeraldas 0020N/7928 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on Rio Quinindé [0020N/7928 (USBGN)] where it enters Li gs 174 the Rio Blanco [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], a major affluent of Rio Esmeraldas [0058N/7938 (USBGN)], in southern interior Esmeraldas (Mapa, 1950); olim Quinindé (USBGN); Olalla, Sept. 1936 (FMNH); McLean, on highway 7 km N, 3-4, 23 Sept. 1974, on highway 10 km N, 4 Sept. 1974, 18 Mar. 197? (USNM, as "Quinindé"). ROTUNO, RIO (Brown, 1941:844); see Rutuno, Rio. RUCO PICHINCHA (Menegaux, 1911:37); see Pichincha; Pichincha. RUCU PICHINCHA,; see Pichincha; Pichincha. RUMINAGUI (MCZ); see Rumifiahui, Cerro. RUMINAHUI, CERRO; Pichincha 0034S/7830 (USBGN) 4,719 m, twin peaks, ca. 15 km NW of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (MHA); Olalla, at 3,500 m, 14-17 Feb. 1930 (MCZ, also as "Ruminagui"). RUMIPAMBA; Pichincha ? Not located Alt.?; Holstein, 9 Feb. 1900 (USNM); apparently near Nono [0004S/7835 (USNBGN)] as collector was also there on this date. RUNACOCHA Not located Alt.?; Stolzmann, 2 Jan. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:112); undoubtedly in vicinity of Rio Pastaza [(0455S/7624 (USBGN)] and Banos [0124S/7824 (USBGN)] as Stolzmann is known to have been in that region from ca. Nov.1883 to Feb. 1884; probably misspelled. RUNTUN; Tungurahua 0126S/7824 (USBGN) 2,000-2,800 m, on northeastern shoulder of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)], S of Banos [0124S/7824 (USBGN)], partly forested and partly cultivated to 2,700 m, with lower part of trail from Banos and lower slopes subtropical and upper slopes temperate (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:844); does not appear on our maps; Stolzmann, at Runtun forest, 6,500-7,500 ft [2,000- 2,300 mJ, ca. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67); Clarke- Macintyre Coll., at "Runtun, Bajos," 5 July, 8, 15 Aug., 15, 28 Sept., 10 Dec, 1937, 10 Jan. 1938, and at "Runtun Hills, near Banos," 30 Nov., 4, 14, 27 Dec. 1937, 2 Jan. and Feb.? 1938 (MCZ); Clarke- Macintyre collected in vicinity of a small pond at 2,500 m (Brown, 1941:844). LFS RUTUNO, RIO; Pastaza 0155S/7714 (USBGN) One of the right-bank headwaters of the upper Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], northeast of Sarayacu [0144S/7729 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Jatin Rutuno Yacu"; Mapa, 1974, as "Rio Jatin Rutuno Yacu"); Colwell?, near mouth at 400 m, date? (de Schauensee, 1951:3); Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:844, as "Rio Rotuno." SABANILLA; Loja (Mapa, 1974); see Sabanillas. SABANILLA; Zamora-Chinchipe 0402S/7901 (USBGN) 5,700 ft [1,750 m] (Chapman, 1926a:718); near mouth of Rio Sabanilla [0402S/7900 (USBGN)], a tributary of the Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], ca. midway on road between Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] and Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); subtropical forest [still?], high rainfall, Cherrie, from 4,000- 7,000 ft [1,200-2,150 m], 6-20 Nov. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 718; USNM); Ridgely and Wilcove, above Sabanilla at 2,050 m, 22 July and below Sabanilla at 1,400-1,700 m, 22-25 July 1978 and Ridgely, et al., 26-29 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:244, 245, 246, 247); do not confuse with Sabanillas, Loja. SABANILLA, NUDO DE; Loja/Zamora-Chinchipe 0430S/7910 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, mountain range on border of southeastern Loja and northwestern Zamora-Chinchipe (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1974); Clarke- Macintyre Coll., Apr. 1938 (FMNH). SABANILLAS; Loja 0410S/8008 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, southwestern Loja, in valley of Rio Alamor [0430S/8025 (USBGN)], 18 km WSW of Cruzpamba [olim Dominguillo, 0410S/8001 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Sabanilla"; Mapa, 1974, as "Sabanilla"); although the spelling given by Chubb (1919:3, as "Sapatillo") is distinctly different from "Sabanillas" (but Chubb's, or Simons’, spelling of names was often poor, e. g., "Dormugillo" for "Dominguillo" and "Cangunana" for "Cangonama"), there is little 176 doubt that "Sabanillas" was meant. This is a logical place for Simons to have stopped on 12 July 1899 on a route leading from Curtincapa [0344S/7933 (USBGN)] and Guallavo [Guayabo, 0335S/7954 (USBGN)] over the mountains, in one-day stages, to Cangonama [0358S/7942 (USBGN)], to the Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], to Cruzpamba, to "Sapatillo," and finally to Sulana [0435S/8041 (USBGN)], Peru; Kiff, et al., 4 km SW, 18-20, 23-24, 27 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ, as "Sabanilla"); not to be confused with Sabanilla, Zamora- Chinchipe. SABIANGO; Loja 0424S/7952 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, ca. 15 km E of Macara [0423S/7957 (USBGN)], southern Loja (Mapa, 1974); Paynter and Norton, 10-13 Oct. 1965, ca. 5 km W, 650 m, at river [name?] short distance before it joins Rio Macara [0417S/8009 (USBGN)], hot, dry, acacia scrub except for a few lush fields where irrigated (Paynter, pers. obser.). SAINTE MARIE Not located Alt.?; in "high Amazon," collector? [Castelnau and Deville?], date? [mid-1840s ?] (Deville & Des Murs, 1849, Rev. Zool. Paris, 1849:171); presumably this is Santa Maria and probably the Santa Maria [ca. 0305S/7155, Vaurie, 1972, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 2491, p. 30] near Pebas [0320S/7149 (USBGN)], Loreto, Peru. ST. INES (Gould, 1871a:803); see Santa Inés. ST. LUCAS (Gould, 1872:195); see San Lucas. SALADO, ESTERO; Guayas 0227S/8002 (USBGN) Estuary stretching from Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] south to Canal de Morro [0245S/8013 (USBGN)] and Isla Puna [0250S/8008 (USBGN)] (MHA); Lévéque, various times from Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:59). SALADO, RIO; Napo 0014S/7743 (USBGN) An affluent of uppermost Rio Quijos [(0014S/7743 (USBGN)], rising on southern side of Saraurcu [0006S/7755 (USBGN)] and flowing E to meet the Quijos 38 km NE of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Olallas, at mouth, 7 Mar. 1937 (Moore Coll., as "Bucu [Boca] Slada [Salado], Oriente"); there are a number of Rio Salados, but the identification of this one is certain because the Olallas were at nearby Chalpi [0022S/7804 (USBGN)] the day before and the day after; Olalla, where?, 16 Jan. 1956 (MCZ, as "Rio Salado, Oriente"); presumably the latter record has been correctly allocated, but there is a slim possibility that it could be the Rio Salado [0059S/7538 (USBGN)] that enters the Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] near Nuevo Rocafuerte [0056S/7524 (USBGN)]. SALAMALA, CERRO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1953:36); presence of Ampelion rubrocristatus is indicative of a humid temperate region; probably near Hacienda Salamala [0050S/7844 (USBGN)] and Quebrada Salamala [0049S/7844 (USBGN)] in Prov. Cotopaxi. SALANGO; Manabi 0135S/8051 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast of southernmost Manabi (MHA); archaeological site with remains of birds, collector?, ca. 1979-1988 (Stahl & Norton, 1987). SALAYA (FMNH); see Saloya. SALCEDO (WFVZ); see San Miguel de Salcedo. SALIDERA (Hartert, 1902:605); see Salidero. SALIDERO; Esmeraldas ca. 0105N/7840 160-350 ft [50-110 m], near Bulan [Pultin, 0105N/7840 (USBGN)], on Rio Bogota [0103N/7850 (USBGN)], on coastal plain near Colombian border, Miketta and Flemming, date? [19007] (Hartert, 1901:370, as "Salidero, Bulun (type), Rio Bogota"; 1902:605, as "Salidera"); Flemming, Feb. 1901 (AMNH); see, also, Pultin. SALINAS; Imbabura 0030N/7808 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, northernmost central Imbabura in headwaters of Rio Mira [0136N/7901 (USBGN)], 15 km NNW of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA); Schmitt, 6 km by road N of Salinas at 1,425 m, 17, 19-20 Oct. 1983 (Schmitt & Schmitt, 1990:139). SALINAS; Guayas 0213S/8050 (USBGN) Sea level, on coast, 14 km W of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Marchant, 15 Oct. 1955 (Marchant, 1956:533); Lévéque, 30-31 Jan., 20 Feb., 19 Sept. 1960, 20 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:57); Fuentes, 9 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10); Marchant, at Km 75 between Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] and Salinas, 21 Aug. 1956 (Marchant, 1958:373); Ross, et al., 12-15, 19-21 Sept. 1986 (Evans, 1988:82); also see Ecuasal, Salinas de. PTT 178 SALOYA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, May 1930, Apr. 1937, Gomez, July 1939, Aug. 1940 (FMNH, as "Saloya, Occidente" and "Salaya"); collector?, 8 May 1939 (USNM, as "Salaya"); USBGN lists a Salaya at 0001S/7835 and another at 0018S/7840, both of which are in Pichincha and on western slope, presumably on Rio Saloya [0001N/7857 (USBGN)}; also see Chaloyo. SALOYA, RIO; Pichincha 0001N/7857 (USBGN) Long left-bank tributary of lower Rio Mindo [0003N/7909 (USBGN)] which rises high on the western cordillera on slopes of Atacazo [0022S/7837 (USBGN)] and flows NW to the Mindo (Mapa, 1957); collector?, at Salvador [0017S/7841 (USBGN)], on north- western side of Atacazo, date? (Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, p. 201, as "Salvator"); Berlioz, in valley (where?), Aug. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:404); Lévéque, near Chiriboga [0015S/7844 (USBGN)], 24 May, 20, 27 Nov. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61); also see Roloya, Rio. SALPI Not located 725 m, Olalla, Sept. 1930 (FMNH); this may be Quebrada Salpi [0002S/7834 (USBGN)], Pichincha, although the recorded altitude appears too low for here; there are records of Olalla at Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)], Napo, at Rio Chota [0029N/7804 (USBGN)], Imbabura/Carchi, at Monte Chuga [not located] in the eastern cordillera, and at Cerro Puntos [0011S/7812 (USBGN)], Pichincha, all in Sept. 1930, which do not help to identify Salpi and also indicate that a single Olalla could not have been all these places in the same month; obviously, more that one member of the family must have been at work. SALVADOR; Imbabura (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948:359); see Negra, Laguna. SALVADOR; Pichincha 0017S/7841 (USBGN) Alt.?; high in western cordillera on northwestern side of Atacazo [0022S/7837 (USBGN)], 20 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and 12 km WSW of Chillogallo [0016S/7834 (USBGN)] (MHA); on Rio Saloya [0001N/7857 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, p. 201, as "Salvator"). SALVATOR (Hellmayr, 1936:201); see Salvador; Pichincha. SALVIAS; El Oro 0347S/7921 (USBGN) 3,500 ft [1,050 m], on Rio Amarillo [0345S/87921 (USBGN)], N [SE?] of Portovelo [0343S/7939 (USBGN)], humid tropics, Cherrie, up to 5,500 ft [1,700 m] in subtropics, 10-13 Aug. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 718); this locality, in the southeastern corner of El Oro, is not shown on maps available to us, but the description given by Chapman (loc. cit.) differs somewhat from the coordinates given by USBGN. SAMBIZA (FMNH); see Zambiza. SAMBORONDON; Guayas 0157S/7944 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on coastal plain, on right bank of Rio Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN], 25 km NE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Gomez, Jan. 1939 (FMNH); Olalla, Jan. 1939 (ANSP); Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, pp. 186, 268, as "Lambarandon," p. 30, as "Lanibarond6n"; also see Silva, Isla. SAN AGUSTIN, PARAMO; Cotopaxi 0041S/7832 (USBGN) 3,100 m, on southwestern slope of Cotopaxi [(0040S/7826 (USBGN)], tree-filled dry brook, bushes, Norton, 7 Sept. 1964 (MCZ); not found on our maps. SANANLAJAS; Chimborazo Not located 13,000-13,500 ft [3,850-4,100 mJ], at foot of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:18); possibly a misspelling. SAN ANTONIO; Pichincha 0001S/7827 (USBGN) 2,397 m, 23 km NNE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] on road to Malchingui (Mapa, 1957); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:47); Olallas, Jan. 1934 (FMNH); Gomez, Oct. 1938 (FMNH, as "San Antonio Hills, Pichincha"); Ortiz-Crespo, 19 Mar., 14 Apr. 1970 (Ortiz-Crespo, 1974:352). SAN ANTONIO; Tungurahua ? 0109S/7828 (USBGN) Alt.?; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 8 July 1937 (MCZ); identification uncertain but the date suggests it is near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], which is the location of this San Antonio. SAN ANTONIO, RIO; Los Rios ca. 0148S/7927 (Mapa, 1974) Small river in southeastern Los Rios between Rio Embarcadero 7 180 [0148S/7925 (USBGN)], which is a tributary of the Rio San Antonio, and the Rio Cristal [olim Rio Playas, 0123S/7818 (USBGN)], which joins Rio San Pablo [ca. ? 0149S/7931 (Mapa, 1974)] ca. 8 km E of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); courses, as well as names, of rivers in area vary greatly on different maps; according to | Mapa, 1974, another Rio San Antonio joins the Rio Pita [ca. 0139S/7917 (Mapa, 1974)] in Los Rios, just W of San Antonio [0137S/7915 (USBGN)], Bolivar, although the MHA shows the town in Los Rios and the affluent rivers very differently positioned; | however, the first river fits the description of Berlioz (1932a:229); Olallas, where on river?, Sept.-Oct. 1931 (FMNH; Berlioz, © 1932a:229); also see San Antonio Sur, Rio. | SAN ANTONIO HILLS (FMNH); see San Antonio; Pichincha. SAN ANTONIO SUR, RIO; Los Rios Not located | Olallas, 23 Sept. 1931 (CM); also see San Antonio, Rio. | SAN BARTOLO; Loja ca. 0402S/7955 (Chapman, 1926a, pl. 3) | 7,500 ft [2,300 m], on western slope of Guachanama [0402S/7953 (USBGN)], Cherrie and Gill, 3-6 Sept. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, | 718); not shown on our maps. SAN BARTOLO; Pichincha 0016S/7831 (USBGN) | 9,400 ft [2,875 m], a southern suburb of Quito [0013S/7830 | (USBGN)], Séderstré6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:36); | not on maps available to us. SAN BARTOLOME; Azuay ? 0303S/7852 (USBGN) | ca. 2,500 m, ca. 30 km SE of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (Mapa, © 1974); MHA indicates at ca. 0257S/7849, while Mapa, 1950 shows at | ca. 0302/7847, Mapa 1957 at ca. 0301S/7851, and Mapa, 1974 at ca. 0302S/7850; Festa, Nov. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:31, as "Bartolomé"; Chapman, 1926a:731). SAN CADAO-MINDO; Pichincha ? Not located | Alt.?; Olallas, July 1931 (FMNH); presumably on the western slope near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)]; probably error for San Tadeo [0001N/7848 (USBGN)], which see. SAN CRISTOBAL, ISLA; Galapagos 0050S/8926 (USBGN) ; Also = Chatham Island. SANCUDO COCHA, LAGUNA (USBGN); see Zancudo. SAN DIEGO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 15 Jan. 1964 (MCZ, as "San Diego, Volcan Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)]"). SAN DOMINGO (Menegaux, 1908:92); see Santo Domingo de los Colorados. SAN ELENA, CAPE (USNM); see Santa Elena, Punta. SAN FERNANDO; Azuay 0311S/7916 (USBGN) 2,700 m (MCZ); southwestern Azuay, 13 km W of Girén [0310S/7908 (UBGN)] in valley of uppermost Rio Rircay [0324S/7921 (USBGN)] (MHA); Gémez, 30 June 1939 (MCZ). SAN FRANCISCO; Tungurahua ? 0118S/7830 (USBGN) 3,500 ft [1,050 m], on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 21-22 Sept., 11-16 Oct., Nov. 1937 (FMNH; MCZ); there are many localities with similar names, but the coordinates of this one seem best to fit Clarke-Macintyre's description; this may be the Hacienda San Francisco, near the mouth of the Rio Mapoto [0125S/7815 (USBGN)], mentioned by Brown (1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:834); Olallas, at "San Francisco, Oriente," 1,300 m, Mar. 1945 (FMNH), which could be the same locality. SAN FRANCISCO, CABO DE; Esmeraldas 0040N/8005 (USBGN) Major cape in southwestern Esmeraldas, 60 km SW of city of Esmeraldas [(0059N/7942 (USBGN)] (MHA); Ashcraft, 23 Feb. 1938 (LACMNH). SAN FRANCISCO DE BORJA (Mapa, 1974); see Borja. SAN FRANCISCO DE LAS PAMPAS; Cotopaxi Not located 1,750 m, 57 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Holmgren and Marin, 2-7 km NE, 3 June 1989 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). SAN GABRIEL; Carchi 0036N/7749 (USBGN) 2,871 m, in eastern Carchi between the eastern and western cordilleras, 42 km NE of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Rivet, between ca. 1898-1906 (Simon, 1907:17; 181 Menegaux, 1922:58); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:58); see, also, Tusa. SANGAY, VOLCAN; Morona-Santiago 0200S/7820 (USBGN) 5,320 m (MHA); although MHA, USBGN, and Mapa, 1957 indicate the summit is at 0200S, Mapa, 1950 and Mapa, 1974 show it at ca. 0158S; Moore, on NW slope at El Dorado Valley (or Dorado Valley) and Mt. Dorado, coined names, neither of which can be placed, but presumably are above 4,000 m, ca. 25 July-7Aug. 1929, (Moore, 1934b:145, 152; 1940:251); Mena, 10, 30 Sept. 1932 (LACMNH); collector? [Mena?], 16 Sept. 1932 (Vuilleumier & Ewert, 1978, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.. Hist., 162:67); Olallas, June 1935 (FMNH); also see Culebrillas de Sangay; Planchas; El Placer, Morona-Santiago; and Magdalena, Loma. SAN GOLQUI (Simon, 1907:17); see Sangolqui. SANGOLQUI; Pichincha 0019S/7827 (USBGN) 2,510 m, in Central Valley, 12 km SSE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA, Mapa, 1957); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:48); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "San Golqui"); Chapman, 1926a:314, as "San Holqui." SAN HOLQUI (Chapman, 1926a:314); see Sangolqui. SAN IGNACIO (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:57); see Hacienda San Ignacio. SAN ISIDRO; Morona-Santiago ca. 0213S/7810 (Mapa, 1957) ca. 1,200 m, 12 km NNE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Ridgely, nearby, 3 Aug. 1979 (Ridgely, 1980:244). SAN JACINTO; Manabi 0047S/8031 (USBGN) Sea level, village on coast of central Manabi, S of Bahia de Caraquez [0033S/8030 (USBGN)] and N of Bahia de Manta [0054S/8042 | (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Fuentes, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). SANJAS Not located Alt.?; Rosenberg Coll., date? (FMNH); presence of Ochthoeca | fumicolor brunneifrons is indicative of high altitude. SAN JAVIER Not located Alt.?; northwestern Ecuador, Rosenberg Coll., dates? (Hartert, 1901:369ff; 1902:602ff); probably the San Javier at 0104N/7847 (USBGN), Esmeraldas, but there are several other San Javiers nearby. SAN JAVIER; Esmeraldas 0104N/7847 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, interior northern Esmeraldas on coastal plain, on railway, near where Rio Cachabi [0103N/7850 (USBGN)] swings abruptly W, 13 km E of Maldonado [0104N/7852 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974, as "San Javier de Cachabi"); Flemming, for Rosenberg Coll., May-Aug. 1900 (FMNH; MCZ); "G. F." [G. Flemming], 2, 17, 28 Jan., 6 July, 6 Aug. 1900 (MCZ; FMNH; CM); Olalla, 2 Apr., 30 Sept. 1962 (MCZ). SAN JAVIER DE CACHABI (Mapa, 1974); see San Javier; Esmeraldas. SAN JORGE; Chimborazo ? Not located Alt.?; Fraser, Oct. 1859 (Sclater, 1859d:141, as "San Jorge (Pallatanga [0159S/7857 (USBGN)])". SAN JOSE Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Festa, May 1896? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:16ff, as "San José" or "San José, Ecuador or."; Chapman, 1926a:731); collector?, June 1923 (USNM); presumably in vicinity of Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)], date? (de Schauensee, 1951:3); this is probably San José Nuevo [0026S/7720 (USBGN)], which see. SAN JOSE; Azuay Not located Alt.?; collector?, Aug. 1913 (FMNH). SAN JOSE; Cafar ca. ? 0225S/7905 (FMNH) 1,760 ft [525 m], northernmost Cafiar, 12 mi [20 km] SW of Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], Hempel, for Rosenberg Coll., Aug. 1913 (FMNH). SAN JOSE; Manabi Not located Alt.?; Gomez, June 1942 (FMNH). SAN JOSE, CERRO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Aug. 1931 (FMNH); Olalla, 28 Mar. 1963 (MCZ, as "San José via Mindo"); probably one of several towns and haciendas 183 184 bearing this name in the Montafas de Mindo [0010N/7855 (USBGN)]. SAN JOSE, RIO; Los Rios Not located Central Los Rios, in vicinity of Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], Olalla, Sept.-Oct. 1931 (Berlioz, 1932a:228-230). SAN JOSE, RIO; Moronoa-Santiago ca. ? 0317S/7837 The Rio San José, a small river ca. 25 km SSE of Granadillo [Granadillas [0308S/7844 (USBGN)] and ca. 20 km NW of Guala- quiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)], is depicted on MHA as entering the left bank of the Rio Blanco [0352S/7904 (USBGN)] at ca. 0330S/7837; although the relationship to the Rio Blanco [called Rio Cuchupamba on Mapa, 1974] may be correct on the MHA, the entire region appears to have been displaced south when compared with Mapas, 1950, 1957, and 1974; e. g., Gualaquiza is at 0337S on MHA vs. 0324 in USBGN and on Mapas, 1950, 1957, and 1974; it appears therefore, that the Rio San José must enter at ca. 0317S/7837; Festa, presumably at mouth, 13 Nov. 1895 (Chapman, 1926a:731). SAN JOSE ABAJO (Olson, 1980:72); see San José Nuevo. SAN JOSE DE MINAS; Pichincha 0010N/7825 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, 20 km SW of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)], above Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Sdderstr6m Coll., at ca. 7,000 ft [2,150 m], date? (Hartert, 1898:499, as "Urabi [not located], San José de Minas"); Marin, nearby, 15 km SW of Otovalo, 13 July 1990 (WFVZ). SAN JOSE DE PAYAMINO (Mapa, 1974); see Payamino. SAN JOSE DE QUICHINCHE; Imbabura 0015N/7817 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, south-central Imbabura, 5 km W of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957, as "Quichinche"); Marin, nearby, Il km WSW of Otavalo, at 2,800 m, 13 July 1990 (WFVZ, as "Quichinche" and "Quichinde"; Marin, in litt., as "Quichinde"). SAN JOSE DE SUMACO (Chapman, 1926a:719); see San José Nuevo. SAN JOSE DE SUMARCO (Park & Atyeo, 1973:228); see San José Nuevo. SAN JOSE NUEVO; Napo 0026S/7720 (USBGN) ca. 500-1,000 m, 60 km E of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], 35 km NE of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)], and 10 km NW of Payamino [0030S/7717 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Chapman (1926a: 719) cites this as "San José de Sumaco," never specifically using the term nuevo, although differentiating this settlkement from its precursor, viz., San José Viejo [0032S/7725 (USBGN)], a short distance to the S and close to the Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); San José Viejo seems to have been renamed Gonzalo Pizarro and San José Nuevo to have disappeared (Mapa, 1974); Chapman decribes San José Nuevo as being on the lower edge of the subtropical zone and on the flanks of Volcan Sumaco, although it is 35 km from the summit, and explains that all AMNH material recorded from "San José" or from "below San José" was obtained at San José de Sumaco [=San José Nuevo] by the Olallas, 2-31 Mar. 1923, 22 Mar.-24 Apr. 1924 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 719; Park & Atyeo, 1973, Journ. Georgia Entom. Soc., 8:48); Olallas, 30? Mar. 1926 (Olson, 1980, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 93:72, as "San José Abajo"); Olallas, below San José Nuevo, 8-10, 14-17 Apr. 1927, 10 Mar. 1933 (CM); Park & Atyeo, 1973, Journ. Georgia Entom. Soc., 8:228, as "San José de Sumarco." SAN JOSE VIEJO (Chapman, 1926a:719); see San José Nuevo. SAN JUAN; Cafar 0214S/7908 (USBGN) 1,215 m, 15 mi [25 km] W [NW] of Huigra [0217S/7859 (USBGN)], Cherrie, Aug. 1905, Hempel, 15 Aug. 1913 (FMNH); presumably this is on the railroad in extreme northern Canar, on Chimborazo border; not depicted on our maps. SAN JUAN; Pichincha 0018S/7837 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, on road to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], 16 km SW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Marin, et al., nearby, from 2,500-3,200 m, 25- 26 June, 13 Aug. 1989, Corado, nearby, 7 July 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). SAN JUAN DE PASTOCALLE; Cotopaxi 0043S/7838 (USNGN) ca. 3,800 m, in central northern Cotopaxi, SE of Illiniza [0040S/7842 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Pastocalle"); Carri6n, 5 km NW on paramos of Illiniza, 7 Oct. 1989 (WFVZ, as "Pastocalle" and "San Juan Pastocalle"). 185 186 SAN JUAN DE POZUL; Loja 0406S/8005 (USBGN) Alt.?; ca. 10 km WNW of Catacocha [0404S/7938 (USBGN)] in valley of upper Rio Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)]; not shown on available maps; Corado, 3 km W, 18 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ, as "Pozul"). SAN JUAN PASTOCALLE (WFVZ); see San Juan de Pastocalle. SAN LORENZO; Esmeraldas 0117N/7850 (USBGN) Sea level, extreme northern coastal Esmeraldas, terminus of railroad, 20 km from Colombian border (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Proano, May 1963 (ANSP, as "San Lorenzo, Occidente"; identification uncertain); Vuilleumier, 5-11 Aug. 1964 (Vuilleumier, 1978:22); Arvey, 10-13 Dec. 1971 (LACMNH, as "La Chiquita, zona San Lorenzo"); Angle and Watson, off cape, 25 Apr. 1965 (USNM). SAN LUCAS; Loja 0345S/7915 (USBGN) 2,490 m , northern Loja, 28 km N of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] and 15 km S of Saraguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1974); collector for Buckley, date? (Gould, 1872:195, as "St. Lucas, near Loxa"); Villagomez and Illingworth, date? (Chapman, 1926a:719); Baron, between San Lucas and Loja, at 9,000 ft [2,759 m], date? [1893?] (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46). SAN LUIS; Morona-Santiago Not located Alt.?; near Volcan Sangay [0200S/7820 (USBGN)], collector?, date? (Moore Coll., as "San Luis, Zamora, near Sangay"); Mena, 8, 11, 14 July 1931, 6, 12 July, 14, 29 Sept.1932 (CM). SAN MARCOS; Cotopaxi Not located 550 m, 63 km [by road?] W of Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)], NE of La Mana [not located], Corado and Marin, nearby, 21 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ). SAN MARTIN; Azuay 0311S/7913 (USBGN) Alt.?; SW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], probably on road below Girén [0310S/7908 (USBGN)]; not indicated on our maps; Gomez, June 1939 (FMNH). SAN MARTIN; Guayas 0257S/7953 (USBGN) Alt.?; in extreme southern Guayas, on coastal plain and probably on the coast, near Tenguel [0300S/7946 (USBGN)]; not shown on maps available to us; Baron, ca. Jan.-Apr. year? [1893?] (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:52, 58); identification uncertain but probably correct because at about the same time Baron was at Naranjal [0242S/7937 (USBGN)] and Molleturo [0248S/7926 (USBGN)], which are nearby. SAN MATEO; Esmeraldas (Berlioz, 1937b:116); see San Mateo; Manabi. SAN MATEO; Manabi 0058S/8050 (USBGN) Sea level, coastal village SW of Manta [0057S/8044 (USBGN)], central Manabi (Mapa, 1957); Olallas ?, 3-30 Sept. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937b:116-118, as "San Mateo, Esmeraldas"); Olallas, 23, 30 Sept., 9, 11 Oct. 1936 (CM); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 16 Jan. 1937 (LACMNH, as "San Mateo, Esmeraldas"); there is a slight possibility that some records from "San Tadeo" (which see) refer to San Mateo, as sometimes names have been interchanged (USBGN, p. 157). SAN MIGUEL; Bolivar 0144S/7901 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on western slope in upper valley of Rio Chimbo [0127S/7924 (USBGN)], 52 km ENE of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] and 17 km SSW of Guaranda [0316S/7900 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Sdderstrém Coll., at 4,000 ft [1,200 m], Nov. 1881 (Allen, 1889:73); the low altitude of the Sdderstrém locality suggests that it may refer to another San Miguel; Festa, 19-20 Aug. 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:30, as "San Miguel de Chimbo"; Chapman, 1926a:723). SAN MIGUEL; Cotopaxi (Mapa, 1974); see San Miguel de Salcedo. SAN MIGUEL DE CHIMBO (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:30); see San Miguel. SAN MIGUEL DE LOS BANCOS; Pichincha ca. 0002N/7852 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 900 m, on lower western slope, 34 km WNW of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Greenfield and Davis, 13 Dec. 1978 and ca. 5 km W at 1,200 m, 8 Nov. 1978 (Ridgely, 1980:246, 247); Carrion, 14 Nov. 1987 (WFVZ). SAN MIGUEL DE SALCEDO; Cotopaxi 0102S/7834 (USBGN) 2,651 m, in Central Valley, 12 km SSE of Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Salcedo"; Mapa, 1974, as "San Miguel"); Sornoza, et al., at Km 21 on Salcedo [San Miguel de Salcedo]/Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] road, 27 Nov., at Km 24, same road, 27 Nov., at Km 29, at 4,100 m, same road, 27 June [?], 27 Nov., at Km 35, at 4,100 m, same road, 27 Nov., at Km 50, at 3,400 m, same road, 27 Nov. 1991 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). SAN NICOLAS; Pichincha Not located 3,000 ft [900 m], on trail to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] from Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], and presumably W of Canzacoto [0026S/7845 (USBGN)], Goodfellow and Hamilton, Sept. 1898 (Goodfellow & Hamilton, 1901:309, 479; Simon, 1907:16-17); Rivet, at 800 m, between ca. 1898-1906 (Simon, 1907:16-17; Menegaux, 1911:27). SAN NICOLAS; Tungurahua ? Not located Alt.?; near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 14-15 Nov., 14 Dec. 1937, 12 Jan. 1938 (MCZ). SAN PABLO, LAGO (MCZ); see San Pablo, Laguna de. SAN PABLO, LAGUNA DE; Imbabura 0013N/7812 (USBGN) ca. 2,573 m, in Central Valley, 5 km SE of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)] at foot of Imbabura [0016N/7810 (USBGN)] (MHA); temperate (Chapman, 1926a:719); S6derstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19); Olallas, 18 Mar. 1925, Mar. 1931, Dec. 1933, Feb. 1939 (MCZ, as "Lago San Pablo"; FMNH); Berlioz, 1936 (Berlioz, 1937a:408); Lévéque, 9-10 Oct. 1960, 13-15 May 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Greenfield, 16 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:247). SAN PABLO BALZAR, CORDILLERA DE (Mapa, 1957); see Balzar, Cordillera de. SAN PEDRO; Guayas 0158S/8044 (USBGN) Sea level, village on coast of northern Guayas at mouth of Rio © Valdivia [0156S/8044 (USBGN)] on Ensenada de Valdivia | [0157S/8044 (USBGN)] (MHA); Fuentes, on beach, 10 Sept. 1965 © (Fuentes, 1966?:11). . SAN PEDRO; Pichincha (CM); see San Pedro de Taboada. SAN PEDRO; Loja 0358S/7925 (USBGN) | 1,715 m, central Loja, on ridge on western side of valley of Rio — Casanga [0408S/7949 (USBGN)], 8 km NW of Catamayo | [0359S/7921 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Kiff, 5 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ, as "San Pedro de la Bendita"). SAN PEDRO, RIO; Pichincha 0006S/7823 (USBGN) Flows N from southern Pichincha, draining the basin between the cordilleras, passing E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], to join Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Festa, where?, July 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899b:3; Chapman, 1926a:731); Séderstr6m Coll., along river, at 8,000 ft [2,450 mJ], 18 Oct., near Amaguana [0022S/7830 (USBGN)j, at 8,500 ft [2,600 mJ, 10 Mar., near Cumbaya [0012S/7826 (USBGN)], at 8,000 ft [2,450 m], 5 Feb., near Tumbaco [0013S/7824 (USBGN)], at 8,000 ft [2,450 m], June, July, 23 Dec., below Tumbaco, at 7,500 ft [2,300 m], 20 Jan. year or years? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19ff); Sdderstr6m Coll., Oct. 1913, Oct. 1920 (FMNH). SAN PEDRO DE LA BENDITA (WFVZ); see San Pedro; Loja. SAN PEDRO DE MINDO; Pichincha ? Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 5, 14 Apr. 1930 (Stresemann, 1938:117); presumably not far from Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)], which see, as collection dates bracket those from here. SAN PEDRO DE TABOADA,; Pichincha 0019S/7828 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, in Central Valley, 11 km SE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] and contiguous with Sangolqui [0019S/7827 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950, as "San Pedro"; Mapa, 1957, as "San Pedro"); Gomez, 5 May 1939 (CM, as "San Pedro"). SAN PEDRO FINGO, VOLCAN DE (Berlioz, 1927:491); see San Pedro Tingo, Volcan de. SAN PEDRO TINGO, VOLCAN DE Not located Alt.?; possibly a mountain [= ? Cerro Ilal6, 0016S/7824 (USBGN)] near San Pedro [0011S/7825 (USBGN)], Pichincha, which is near village of El Tingo [0017S/7826 (USBGN)], and close to Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]; Clavery Coll., date? (Berlioz, 1927:491, as "V. de San Pedro Fingo"; 1928b:75). SAN RAFAEL; Chimborazo (Menegaux, 1911:39); see San Rafael; Tungurahua. SAN RAFAEL; Guayas (USNM); see Hacienda San Rafael. SAN RAFAEL; Pichincha 0019S/7826 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, in Central Valley, 12 km SSE of Quito [0013S/7830 190 (USBGN)] and adjacent to Sangolqui [0019S/7827 (USBGN)] (Hoja CT NIII-B3); on Rio San Rafael [? Quebrada San Rafael, 0003S/7827 (USBGN)] and Rio El Tingo [? 0039S/7851 (USBGN)], Reck, 24 Oct. 1991 (WFVZ). SAN RAFAEL; Tungurahua 0122S/7829 (USBGN) 9,000 ft [2,750 mJ, hacienda on slopes of Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)], with forest extending to 11,500 ft [3,500 m], Stolzmann, from ca. 5,000-15,000 ft [1,500 m-4,600 ml], ca. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:67); it is uncertain whether the hacienda was at or near the site of the present village of San Rafael, whose coordinates are given above; Menegaux, 1911:39, as "San Rafael, Chimborazo." SAN RAFAEL, CASCADA; Napo Not located Alt.?; falls on Rio Coca [0029S/7658 (USBGN)] on Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)]/Lago Agrio [ca. O0006N/7653 (Mapa, 1974)] road, between villages of San Rafael [not located] and Rio Reventador [not located; presumably where Rio del Reventador, 0009S/7723 (USBGN), crosses highway], Ross, et al., late Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:77-78); the Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)] is a major headwater of the Rio Coca and it is probable that Evans (loc. cit.) was uncertain where the Quijos becomes the Coca and applied the wrong name to the portion of the river he visited; this may also be cailed Coca Falls, which see. SAN SALVADOR, ISLA; Galapagos 0014S/9045 (USBGN) Also = James Island or Isla Santiago. SAN SEBASTIAN, CERRO Not located Alt.?; apparently at northern end of Cerros de Colonche [0200S/8020 (USBGN)] near Manabi/Guayas border, collector?, at 400-750 m, date?, ANSP personnel, up to 800 m, Jan., Aug. 1991 (Krabbe, . 1992b:171, 173). | SANTA ANA Not located Alt.?; Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 22 Sept., 22 Jan. 1938 (MCZ); presence of Chlorornis r. riefferii indicative of a moderate altitude. SANTA ANA, PUNTA; Loja ? ca. 0350S/7933 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 3,650 ft [1,100 mJ], camp between Portovelo [0343S/7939 (USBGN)] and Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] at headwaters of Rio Tambez [0330S/8027 (USBGN)] in heavy, humid, tropical forest within arid region, Cherrie, 7-23 Dec. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 716). SANTA BARBARA; Napo ca. 0038N/7735 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 2,000 m, on slopes of Andes in extreme northwestern Napo, on upper Rio Chingual [0003N/7710 (USBGN)], very close to Carchi and Colombian borders (Mapa, 1974); Olalla, 12, 14 Dec. 1963 (Orces, 1974:10; MCZ). SANTA CAROLINA (Goodfellow, 1902:222); see La Carolina; Pichincha. SANTA CECILIA; Napo 0003N/7658 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, in northern lowlands near the Colombian border on Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); collector?, date? (Olson, 1973, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34:409); observers?, 29 June-15 Aug. 1971 (Kikkawa, et al., 1980:962). SANTA CECELIA, HIPPODROMA (Mills, 1967:537); see Guayaquil. SANTA CLARA (CM); see Hacienda Santa Clara. SANTA CLARA, ISLA; Guayas ? 0310S/8027 (USBGN) Sea level, in Golfo de Guayaquil [0310S/8027 (USBGN)], ca. 30 km SW of Isla Puna [0250S/8008 (USBGN)] (MHA); Murphy and Heilner, 24-26 Feb. 1925 (Murphy, 1936, Oceanic Birds S. Amer., Vol. 1, p. 29, as "El Muerto" or "Amortajada"). SANTA CLARA DE SAN MILLAN; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on outskirts of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Sdderstrém Coll., 10 June year? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:48); probably the Santa Clara at 0005N/7809 (USBGN) or possibly Hacienda Santa Clara [(0019S/7826 (USBGN)], on the Rio Santa Clara [0018S/7828 (USBGN)], now a suburb of Quito; "Millan" may be a misspelling. SANTA CRUZ, ISLA; Galapagos 0038S/9023 (USBGN) Also = Indefatigable Island. SAN TADEO; Pichincha 0001N/7848 (USBGN) 5,000 ft [1,500 m] (FMNH); on western slopes, just N of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] and somewhat higher (Mapa, 1957); Olallas ?, June 1935 (Berlioz, 1937b:115); Gomez, May 1940 (FMNH); Sternitzky, 8 Oct. 1940 (CM); there is a slight possibility that some on 192 records from San Mateo [0058S/8050 (USBGN)], Manabi (which | see) refer to San Tadeo, as sometimes the names have been | interchanged (USBGN, p. 157); also see San Cadao-Mindo. | SANTA ELENA; Guayas 0214S/8051 (USBGN) Sea level, on northern side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 | (USBGN)], 15 km E of Salinas [0213S/8059 (USBGN)] and a short © distance inland (Mapa, 1974); Festa, in general region, 5 Jan.-9 Feb. — 1898, Gill, 13-19 Dec. 1921 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 732); Garth, 20 © Jan. 1933 (LACMNH); Hershkovitz, 23 Dec. 1933 (Storer & Getty, © 1985, Amer. Ornith. Union Monog., no. 36, p. 38); Carridn, 30 | Mar. 1990, Corado, et al., 1 km S, 22 Feb., 1 km SE, 25-26 Feb., 11 | km E, 22, 24-25 Feb., 18 Apr., 3 km SE, 26 Feb., 10 km N, 10 Mar. | 1989 (WFVZ). SANT ELENA, BAHIA DE; Guayas 0206S/8053 (USBGN) — Large bay on northeastern side of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)] (MHA); Garth, 18, 20-21 Jan. 1933 (LACMNH). | SANTA ELENA, PENINSULA DE; Guayas 0215S/8050 (USBGN) Broad, generally flat peninsula jutting into the Pacific W of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], with ill-defined eastern limits roughly delimited by the western edge of the Cordillera de Colonche [Cerros de Colonche, 0200S/8020 (USBGN)], gently sloping upward to ca. 100 m in eastern portion, roughly 40 km inland, with a few — hills and ridges up to 300 m (MHA; Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); driest region in Ecuador, but well vegetated with xerophytic shrubs and trees, grasses, and cacti, with a dry season from ca. May- Dec., when it is cool and cloudy, and a very hot wet season; collections and studies made at several sites, e. g., Aconito [0220S/8053 (USBGN)], Ancoén [0220S/8052 (USBGN)], Atahualpa [0219S/8047 (USBGN)], Carolina [0213S/8056 (USBGN)], Chanduy | [0225S/8040 (USBGN)], Rio Chico [not located], Colonche | [0201S/8040 (USBGN)], Rio Egabo [0222S/8050 (USBGN)], Jambei [0204S/8045 (USBGN)], Juan Gémez Rendén [0224S/8022 (USBGN)], La Libertad [0214S/8057 (USBGN)], Manglaralto [0150S/8044 (USBGN)], Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)], and Punta Santa Elena [0211S/8100 (USBGN)], which see; overall study and collection by Marchant, Oct. 1954-Aug. 1957 (Marchant, 1958:349-353). ANTA ELENA, PUNTA; Guayas 0211S/8100 (USBGN) Sea level, westernmost point of Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); probable locale of Festa, Jan. 1898 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5, as "Puntilla de S. Elena"); Murphy and Heilner, 12-16 Feb. 1925 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Fagan, 15 mi [24 km] offshore, 21 June 1922 (USNM, as "Cape San Elena"). |SANTA ELENA, PUNTILLA DE (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:5); see Santa Elena, Punta. SANTA EULALIA; Pichincha 0001 S/7821 (USBGN) ca. 2,200 m, 2 km N of Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)], on Rio Pisque [0002S/7823 (USBGN)], in centrral valley (Hoja CT NIII-B1); Marin, at 2,050 m, 15-17 Nov. 1991, Livingstone and Marin, 21 June 1992 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). SANTA FE, ISLA; Galapagos 0049S/9004 (USBGN) Also = Barrington Island. SANTA INES: Tungurahua 0125S/7812 (Brown, 1941:846) 1,244 m, on north bank of upper Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], ca. halfway between Rio Mapoto [0125S/7815 (USBGN)] and Rio Topo [0124S/7812 (USBGN)] and 22 km below Bafos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:846; Atlas Geog.); Buckley, 1870, presumably at this Santa Inés (Gould, 1871a:803, as "St Ines"); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Chapman, 1926a:719, as "Santa Inez." SANTA INEZ (Chapman, 1926a:719); see Santa Inés. SANTA LUCIA (Chapman, 1926a:719, as "Santa Luzia"); in Tumbes, Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. SANTA LUCIA; Guayas 0143S/7958 (USBGN) ca. 200 m, central Guayas on left bank of Rio Daule [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], 50 km NNW of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Lévéque, 23 July 1961 and at pond between here and Daule [0150S/7956 (USBGN)], Mar. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:53, 61). SANTA LUZIA (Chapman, 19326a:719); error for Santa Lucia, Tumbes, Peru. 193 194 SANTA MARIA, ISLA; Galapagos 0117S/9026 (USBGN) Also = Charles Island or Isla Floreana. SANTA RITA Not located Alt.?; Villagomez, date? (Sharpe, 1892, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 17:140); Buckley, date? (Salvadori, 1891, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus., 20:342); presumably in the Andes, as this is the type locality of Hapalopsitta pyrrhops. SANTA ROSA; EI Oro 0327S/7958 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, in central El Oro on arid coastal plain, 20 km S of Machala [0316/7958 (USBGN)] (MHA); Beal and Steere, Dec. 1872 (FMNH); Richardson, 8-12 Sept., 21 Nov.- 7 Dec. 1913, Cherrie and | Gill, 15-20 July 1921, Gill, 21-27 Oct. 1921, Chapman, et al., 19 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:19-21); Gémez, Sept. 1939 (FMNH); Olallas, 19-20 May 1967 (MCZ). SANTA ROSA; Pastaza ? Not located Alt.?; on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7642 (USBGN)] watershed, Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 14 June 1937 (WFVZ). SANTA ROSA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on trail from Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] to Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:78); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., 30 Oct. 1937 (MCZ); may not be same as Rivet's Santa Rosa; Marin and Corado, ca. 30 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], at 2,000- 2,300 m, on Tandayapo [Tandayapa, 0001S/7846 (USBGN)]/Santa Rosa road, 24, 29 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ); may not be the same Santa Rosa as above records. SANTAY, ISLA; Guayas 0214S/7952 (USBGN) Sea level, moderate size island in Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 _ (USBGN)], opposite Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)] (Mapa, — 1950); Lévéque, several occasions between Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:55). SANTIAGO, ISLA; Galapagos 0014S/9045 (USBGN) Also = James Island or Isla San Salvador. SANTIAGO, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0427S/7738 (USBGN) Rises through confluence of Rio Namangoza [0300/7830 (USBGN)] and Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN), on lower slopes about midway between Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)] and Gualaquiza [0324S/7833 (USBGN)], and flows E for ca. 40 km, thence S to Rio Marafion [0430S/7327 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1950); Festa, using Gualaquiza as a base, on this and nearby rivers, 14 Nov., 1895 - 18 July 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:4ff; 1899b:5ff; 1900:3ff; Chapman, 1926a:731). SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL (USNM); see Guayaquil. SANTIAGO-ZAMORA, PROVINCIA DE; see Zamora-Chinchipe, Provincia de and Morona-Santiago, Provincia de. SANTO DOMINGO (Goodfellow, 1901:306); see Santo Domingo de los Colorados. SANTO DOMINGO DE LOS COLORADOS; Pichincha 0015S/7909 (USBGN) 500 m, on the lower western slopes, western Pichincha, 70 km WSW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], a short distance W of lower Rio Toachi [0008N/7918 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); at end of 19th century consisted of three huts in humid tropical forest (Goodfellow, 1901:306, as "Santo Domingo"); now a town with all surrounding region cleared for agriculture (Lévéque, 1964:52); Rivet, between ca. 1898-1906 (Simon, 1907:16; Menegaux, 1911:3ff); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at 600 ft ? [175 mJ], Oct. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:13ff); Hammond and Rosenberg Coll., June-July 1914 (MCZ; USNM, as "Santo Domingo"); Mena, 3, 8-9, 15 June 1929 (CM); Olallas, 7 June 1929 (CM); Olallas, June 1919, May 1937 (FMNH); Ruschi, 17 Sept. 1958 (Ruschi, 1961, Bol. Mus. Biol. Prof. Mello- Leitdo, Biol., no. 28, p. 3); Olalla, July 1943 (FMNH); Lévéque, 16 Oct. 1960, 29-30 Dec. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61); Duran, 4 Nov. 1972, Aug. 1974, and Ayala, at Km 4 on road to Esmeraldas [0059N/7942 (USBGN)], 19 Oct. 1971 (Orces, 1974:9, 10); Arvey, 15 km E, 4-8, 20-24 Jan. 1972, Kull, same locality, 4, 6, 8 Jan. 1972 (LACMNH, as "Santo Domingo"); Kiff, et al., 3 km E, 13 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ); Menegaux, 1908:92, as "San Domingo"; also see Congomita. SAN VICENTE; Carchi (Simon, 1907:17); see Hacienda San Vicente. SAN VICENTE; Manabi 0035S/8024 (USBGN) Sea level, village in center of Manabi coast at mouth on north side of oS 196 Rio Chone [0035S/8025 (USBGN)], Bahia de Caraquez [0033S/8030 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Fuentes, 7 Sept. 1965 (Fuentes, 1966?:10). SAN VICENTE; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, June 1931 (FMNH). SAPATILLO (Chubb, 1919:3); see Sabanillas. SAPAYO, RIO (Chapman, 1926a:718); see Zapallo Grande, Rio. SAPAYO GRANDE (MHA); see Zapallo Grande. SAPAYO GRANDE, RIO (MHA); see Zapallo Grande, Rio. SARAGURO; Loja 0336S/7913 (USBGN) 2,512 m, northern Loja, 38 km N of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Zaraguro"; Mapa, 1957); Buckley, 1880 (USNM). SARA-Y ACO (Hellmayr, 1942:37); see Sarayacu. SARAY ACU; Pastaza 0144S/7729 (USBGN) 700 m, in humid tropics (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:846); on middle Rio Bobonaza [0236S/7638 (USBGN)], 60 km SE of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Buckley, ca. 10,000 specimens from here, ca. 1876-1880 (Sclater & Salvin, 1880:155); Brown (1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:846), presumably referring to insects but doubtless applicable to birds, cautions that all of Buckley's material was not collected in immediate vicinity and some may have come from as far W as the Andean foothills; Olallas, May-July, Nov.-Dec. 1930, Mar.-Apr., Dec. 1931, 20 Feb.-Mar. 1932 (FMNH; Berlioz, 1932a:235ff; CM); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Mena, 23-24 Sept. 1937 (LACMNH); Olalla, | Nov. 1962 (MCZ); Zoila Coll., Jan. 1964 (Norton, et al., 1972:890); | Olalla, 18 Apr. 1964, Dec. 1972 (Orces, 1974:9-10); Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 37, as "Sara-Yaco, Rio Bobonaza"; to be distinguished from Sarayacu [0644S/7515 (USBGN)], Peru, another important collecting | station (see Jenkinson & Tuttle, 1976). SARDINAS, RIO; Napo ca. 0023S/7748 (USBGN) A small tributary of upper Rio Quijos [0014S/7743 (USBGN)], a short distance N of Baeza [0027S/7753 (USBGN)], entering the 197 Quijos on left bank, 8 km downstream from Rio Borja [0025S/7750 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Olallas, 23-31 July 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21). ATZA YACU (Mapa, 1957); see Zatzayacu. AUCILLO; Loja 0415S/8012 (USBGN) Alt.?; in southwestern Loja, in valley of Rio Alamor [0430S/8025 (USBGN)], SW of Sabanilla [Sabanillas, 0410S/8008 (USBGN)]; not on our maps; 16 km SW of Sabanilla [Sabanillas], Corado, et al., 20, 22, 25, 28 Mar. 1991 (WFVZ). SAYA, CERROS DE; Guayas 0210S/8040 (USBGN) ca. 500 m, first range of hills in from the coast, ca. 35 km E of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] and parallel to Cordillera de Colonche [Cerros de Colonche, 0200S/8020 (USBGN)] farther inland, on Peninsula de Santa Elena [0215S/8050 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Cerros de Sayt"); Marchant's colleague, 10 May year? (Marchant, 1960:354, as "Saya Hills"). SAYA HILLS (Marchant, 1960:354); see Saya, Cerros de. SAYU, CERROS DE (MHA); see SayA, Cerros de. SECAS; Pichincha 0027S/7820 (USBGN) Alt.?; in eastern cordillera in southeastern corner of province, W of Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)]; not shown on the maps available to us; Olallas, Mar. 1929 (FMNH); although there is only one locality of this name in USBGN, there is no evidence that this is the Secas visited by the Olallas; its remoteness suggests that it may not be. SEPAYO, RIO (Hartert, 1902:616); see Zapallo Grande, Rio. SEYMOUR, ISLA; Galapagos 0024S/9017 (USBGN) Also = North Seymour Island. SHAIME; Zamora-Chinchipe Not located Alt.?; on upper Rio Nangaritza [0345S/7838 (USBGN)], 43 km SE of Zamora [0404S/7858 (USBGN)], Marin, et al., 23-31 July, 1-4, 6 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ). SHELL MERA; Pastaza 0130S/7803 (USBGN) ca. 1,100 m, on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] a short distance 198 below Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)], 6 km W of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] and 46 km ESE of Bajios [0124S/7824 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Andi, 10 Sept. 1965 (WFVZ). SHICAL (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Sical. SHUBOL; Chimborazo ca. 0128S/7848 (FMNH) Alt.?; very near town of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)] at southeastern base of the peak of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; Olallas, Apr. 1930 (FMNH); probably a misspelling. SHUBOL, RIO Not located Collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1948, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 2); presumably near Shubol [ca. 0128S/7848 (FMNH)], Chimborazo. SIBAMBE, MOLINO DE; Chimborazo ca. ? 0212S/7855 4,000-5,000 ft [1,200-1,500 m], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:53); presumably on the western slope near Siambe [0212S/7855 (USBGN)], Chimborazo, on railway 7 km SW of Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)]. SICAL Not located 3,037 m (Menegaux, 1908:98, as "Shical"); Buckley, 1876 (Sclater & Salvin, 1877, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877:19; USNM); presence of Iridosornis rufivertex ignicapillus is indicative of a high altitude in western Ecuador; probably a misspelling of Sicalpa [=Cajabamba, 0142S/7845 (USBGN)], Chimborazo, as Buckley is known to have been at Laguna de Colta [0144S/7845 (USBGN)], 5 km from Sicalpa; there is a Rio Shical [0223S/7901 (USBGN)], but this seems low and an unlikely Buckley locality. SIGLON; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], on western slope, Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:98, as "Siglon, Nanegal"). SIGSIG; Azuay 0301S/7845 (USBGN) ca. 3,000 m, on Rio Santa Barbara [(0259S/7847 (USBGN)], in inter- Andean valley near eastern Andes, 15 km S of Gualaceo [0254S/7847 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Baron, nearby and higher, May-June year? (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:46); Festa, Oct., Nov. 1895, 27 July 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:4; 1900:52; Chapman, 1926a:731). SIGSIQUINGRE; Cotopaxi Not located 3,800 m, 24 km [by road?] W of Latacunga [0056S/7837 (USBGN)], Corado and Marin, nearby, 21 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ; Marin, in litt.). SIGUIN, LAGUNA DE Not located On right bank of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], Mission Flornoy, between July-Oct. 1936 (Berlioz, 1937c:354); probably the same as Lago Ciguin of de Schauensee (1953:33), source of Heterocercus aurantiivertix, a form of Amazonia Ecuador; Mapa, 1950, and no other source, shows a range of hills as "El Siguin," ca. 25 km SE of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)], on the right bank of the Pastaza; presumably Laguna de Siguin is near here. SILANTI (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:82); see Silanti, Rio. SILANTI, RIO; Pichincha 0026S/7846 (USBGN) Small river in south-central Pichincha, a headwater of Rio Pilatén [0019S/7857 (USBGN)], rising on the northwestern flank of Corazon [0032S/7839 (USBGN)] (MHA); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:82, as "Silanti"). SILVA, ISLA; Guayas 0157S/7944 (USBGN) Alt.?; on Rio Babahoyo [0210S/7952 (USBGN)], arid tropics (Berlioz, 1932a:228-229, as "Isla Silva, Los Rios"); does not appear on the maps available to us, but bears the same coordinates as Samborondén [0157S/7944 (USBGN)], Guayas; Olallas, 3 Aug., 26 Sept.-Oct., 7 Nov. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117; Berlioz, 1932a:228; FMNH; LACMNH; CM; USNM); Hellmayr, 1937, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 10, p. 28, as "La Silva." SILVA, ISLA; Los Rios (Berlioz, 1932a:228); see Silva, Isla; Guayas. SILVAN, CERRO (Orces, 1944:117); see Alpachaca, Cordillera de. SINCHE (Chubb, 1919:2); see Sinchig. SINCHIC (Chapman, 1926a:720); see Sinchig. SINCHIG; Bolivar 0132S/7859 (USBGN) ca. 3,000-3,500 m, central Bolivar, on middle Rio de Salinas 199 200 [0138S/7900 (USBGN)], 10 km N of Guaranda [0136S/7900 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Sinchic"; Mapa, 1957); pampas and bunch grass, patches of low temperate forest (Chapman, 1926a:720, as "Sinchic"); Simons, 12-25 Dec. 1898 (Chubb, 1919:2, as "Sinche"). SINCHOLAGUA,; Pichincha 0032S/7823 (USBGN) 4,893 m, mountain in eastern Andes, far southeastern Pichincha (MHA; Mapa, 1974); Sdderstré6m Coll., on northern slope at 13,500 ft [4,100 m], date? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:41). SINGUNA (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:14); see Singuna, Quebrada. SINGUNA, QUEBRADA,; Pichincha 0006S/7830 (USBGN) 10,000-11,000 ft [3,050-3,350 mJ], on northern slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:14, as "Singufia"); does not appear on our maps; uncertain whether collection made at Quebrada Singuna or closeby Hacienda Singuna [0007S/7831 (USBGN)]. SIN NOMBRE, ISLA; Galapagos 0040S/9036 (USBGN) Also = Nameless Island. SIPUTINI, RIO (Hellmayr, 1936:138); see Tiputini, Rio. SOLEDAD (MHA); see Isidro Ayora. SOUTHERN RIDGE (Robbins, et al., 1987:245); see Camp 2 SOUTH SEYMOUR ISLAND; Galapagos 0026S/9016 (USBGN) Also = Isla Baltra. SOZORANGA (Krabbe, 1992b:171); see Zozoranga. STAGNI Chapman (1926a:210) misinterpreted Salvadori & Festa's phrase (1900:50) "Stagni presso Cafar" to mean "town of Stagni, near Canar," but it is Italian for "marshes near Canar." SUMACO ABAJO (Chapman, 1926a:720); see Sumaco, Volcan. SUMACO ARRIBA (Chapman, 1926s:720); see Sumaco, Volcan. SUMACO, LOWER (Chapman, 1926a:720); see Sumaco, Volcan. 201 SUMACO, UPPER (Chapman, 1926a:720); see Sumaco, Volcan. SUMACO, VOLCAN; Napo 0034S/7738 (USBGN) 3,807 m (MHA); 3,900 m, somewhat isolated to E of main range of the Andes (Mapa, 1974); forests nearly to the summit (Chapman, 1926a:720); Olallas, at Lower [Abajo] Sumaco, alt.?, subtropical, 1- 27 Dec. 1923, 20-30 Jan., 7, 29 Mar. 1924, and at Upper [Arriba] Sumaco, alt.?, humid temperate, 1-18 Feb., 24 May-15 June 1924 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 720); Olalla, at "Sumaco, Rio Napo," Oct. 1945 (FMNH); Norton, on southern side, on lower Rio Pucuno [0048S/7716 (USBGN)], at 0046S/7728 and 500 m, 19-31 Aug. and on upper Rio Pucuno, at 0036S/7735 and 1,200 m, 11-16 Aug. 1963 (Norton, 1965:2-3); Norton and Chandler, at Guaticocha [0045S/7724 (USBGN)] on southeastern slope, 16-24 Aug. 1964, at head of Rio Guataraco [Rio Guataracu, 0046S/7715 (USBGN)] at 0040S/7735 and 1,350 m, on southeastern slope, 25 July-5 Aug. 1964, and at Palm Peak [ca. 0039S/7736 (Norton, 1965:3)] at 1,500 m, on rim of altoplano on southeastern slope, 6-14 Aug. 1964 (Norton, 1965:2-3); Whitney, on eastern slopes, from 400-1,750 m, Jan. 1991 (Whitney, 1992:303). SUNO (Mapa, 1974); see Boca Suno. SUNO, MONTES DEL; Napo Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Jan. 1931 (FMNH, as "Montes del Suno, Loreto"); probably hills or forest associated with Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)] and near village of Loreto [(0038S/7719 (USBGN)], where the Olallas are known to have been at other times. SUNO, RIO; Napo 0042S/7708 (USBGN) Small tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], rising W of Volcan Sumaco [0034S/7738 (USBGN)] and flowing around northern side and then ca. 60 km E to meet the Napo (MHA); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at Boca Suno [0043S/7708 (USBGN)], first half of May 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309, as "Suno, Upper Rio Napo"); Olallas, on river above Avila [0038S/7725 (USBGN)], 1 Feb.-30 Apr. 1923, on river [where?], 3 Mar.-16 Apr. 1924 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 718; USNM), and below Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)], 13, 16 Feb. 1929 (CM); Spillmann 1, 4, 16 Jan. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:116-117); Olallas, where? [Boca Suno?], Jan. 1931, Gémez, where?, Jan. 1939, Olalla, at Boca Suno, Apr. 1942 and where?, at 500 m, May 1945 (FMNH); Gémez, where?, 17 Jan. 1941 (USNM); Schade, at mouth, 2 May 1945 (LACMNH). 202 SURUPABA (Chapman, 1926a:396); see Surupata. SURUPATA; Chimborazo Not located 3,700 ft [1,125 mJ], farm near Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map)] on western slopes, Stolzmann, 14 Jan.-28 Feb 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282ff); Chapman, 1926a:396, as "Surupaba." SUSENSA Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Cutsaseme [not located], Gomez, 23 Nov. 1938 (USNM). SUYANO (Goodfellow, 1901:711); see Suyuno, Rio. SUYUNO, RIO; Napo ca. 0034S/7706 (MHA) Small, left-bank tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], with its mouth 15 km above mouth of Rio Coca [0029S/7658 (USBGN)] and about same distance downstream from mouth of Rio Suno [0042S/7708 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1975, as "Suyunoyacu"); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at "upper reaches of the Suyano, Rio Napo," 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:711). SUYUNOYACU (Mapa, 1974); see Suyuno, Rio. TABLAHUAS; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; 8 km WNW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Beals, nearby, 8 June 1989 (WFVZ); almost certainly a misspelling of Tablahuasi. TABLAHUASI Not located 12,000 ft [3,650 m], collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:427); source of Schizoeaca fuliginosa, a form of the northwestern paramo; 8 km WNW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Corado, 15 July 1990, Marin, 7 Dec. 1991 (WFVZ); also see Tablahuas. TABLON; Napo 0022S/7815 (USBGN) 11,500-13,000 ft [3,500-3,950 m] (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:18); high on eastern slope, 18 km NW of Papallacta [0022S/7808 (USBGN)] (MHA); Sdderstrém Coll., date? (Loénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:18); Oberholser, 1902:320, as "Japlon." TABUGA; Manabi ca. 0004S/8008 (Mapa, 1974) Sea level, on coast of northern Manabi, 16 km below Punta Pedernales [O005N/8007 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Conservation International group, at site within moist, semideciduous forest between Tabuga and Rio Cuaque [Rio Coaque, 0001N/8006 (USBGN)], at ca. 60-320 m, 19 July 1991 (Parker & Carr, 1992:14, 32-34, 67). TAGUAQUIRI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; in Cordillera Occidental, Olallas, Feb., June 1929 (FMNH); apparently the same as Tahuaguiri [not located], which see. TAGUARCOCHA (Cory & Hellmayr, 1927:9); see Yaguarcocha. TAHUAGUIRI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, 7-8, 11 Mar. 1928, 22 Apr. 1929 (CM), 10, 26 June 1929 (Moore Coll., as "Tahuaguiri, Occidente"); apparently the same as Taguaquiri [not located], which see; presence of Atlapetes brunneinucha indicative of moderate altitude. TAISHA; Morona-Santiago 0223S/7730 (USBGN) 510 m, in eastern lowlands, 70 km ESE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); collector?, 14 Aug. 1990 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1992:985). TALAHUA; Azuay (Chubb, 1919:3); see Hacienda Talahua; Bolivar. TALMIAGIURI Not located Alt.?; Olalla, 16 June 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117, as "Talmiagiuri (Occid.)"); Heliodoxa imperatrix from here is indicative of the northwestern slope. TAMBILLO; Pichincha 0025S/7832 (Brown, 1941:848) 2,785 m, on Guayaquil [1210S/7950 (USBGN)]/Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] railroad, 20 km S of Quito (MHA; Mapa, 1957); mean temperature 13.8° C (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:848); Goodfellow and Hamilton, 1899? (Oberholser, 1902:320, as "Jambillo" but assumed by Chapman, 1926a:300, to have meant 203 204 "Tambillo"); there are several localities bearing the name Tambillo, but this is the one most likely to have been visited. TAMBILLO, RIO; Pichincha 0018N/7859 (USBGN) Tributary of Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], but no agreement as to exact position, with Mapa, 1950 placing at ca. 0020N/7903, Mapa, 1957 at ca. 0018N/7857, MHA at ca. 0018N/7902, and Mapa, 1974 at ca. 0011N/7855 with mouth on Rio Pachijal a short distance before it joins Rio Guaillabamba; Rio Pachijal is shown only on Mapa 1974 and is considered to be the same as Rio Tambillo by USBGN; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux & Hellmayr, 1906, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun., 19:57; Menegaux, 1911:4, as "Pachijal, road to Esmeraldas"); Séderstr6m Coll., ca. 1920 (FMNH); "native coll.," ca. 1920 (FMNH, as "Rio Pachijal"); Chapman, 1926a:331, as "Pachigal"; see, also, Pechahal. TAMBO (MHA); see El Tambo. TAMBO DE YERBA BUENA (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:17); see Yerbabuena. TAMBO DI QUINOAS (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:26); see Quinoas. TAMIA URCO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olallas, Sept. 1929 (FMNH); presence of Aburria aburri is indicative of lower slopes. TANARAGUA (Chapman, 1926a:319); see Tungurahua, Volcan. TANA URCU (FMNH); see Yanaurco, Cerro. TANDA (WFVZ); see Hacienda Tanda. TANDAPI (USBGN); see Manuel Cornejo Astorga. TANDAPI, RIO; Pichincha 0025S/7847 (USBGN) Affluent of Rio Pilatén [0019S/7857 (USBGN)], on trail from Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Rivet, where?, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:107); Hammond, where?, date? (FMNH); village at mouth is Manuel Cornejo Astorga [olim Tandapi, 0025S/7848 (USBGN)], which see, where collections were probably made. TANDAYAPA; Pichincha 0001S/7846 (USBGN) ca. 2,500 m, on western slope, 30 km NW of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], 12 km ENE of Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957, as "Tandayapi"); Olallas, 13 June 1931 (CM); Olalla, July 1968 (MCZ, as "Cordillera Tandayapa"); Zusi, 6 Nov. 1976 (USNM); Ridgely, et al., on ridge above Tandayapa at 1,700-1,900 m, 6, 17 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:244, 247); Schulenberg, 2.5 km SW, 2 Aug. 1985 (USNM); Marin and Corado, ca. 30 km NW of Quito on Tandayapa/Santa Rosa [not located] road, 24, 29 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ, as "Tandayapo"). TANDAY APA, CORDILLERA (MCZ); see Tandayapa. TANDAY API (Mapa, 1957); see Tandayapa. TANDAYAPO (WFVZ): see Tandayapa. TANDIPI Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. fig Fubl., Zook. Ser., 13,,pt: 1, no..1,. p. 187); presence: of Chamaepetes goudotii fagani is indicative of subtropical western Ecuador; probably this is Tandapi [Manuel Cornejo Astorga, 0025S/7848 (USBGN)], Pichincha. TANGONA; Loja Not located 5,500 ft [1,700 m], Gdmez, Aug. 1939 (FMNH); probably in vicinity of Nudo de Cajanuma [0405S/7912 (USBGN)] where Gomez also was in Aug. 1939. TANLAGUA; Pichincha ca. O005N/7826 (MHA) 1,565 m, in central highland S of Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)], 4 km SSW of Perucho [0007N/7825 (USBGN)] and 17 km NE of Nono [0004S/7835 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.; MHA); Olalla, Jan. 1934 (FMNH). TANLAGUA, CERRO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Feb. 1935 (FMNH); doubtless in vicinity of Tanlagua [ca. OOOSN/7826 (MHA)]. TANLAHUAS (WFVZ); see Tanlahuila. TANLAHUILA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; 20 km N of Quito [(0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Holmgren, et al., at 205 206 2,700 m, 6 July, 12, 16 Aug. 1989, 11 July, 11 Aug. 1990 (WFVZ, also as "Tanlahuas"; Marin, in litt.). TANTI; Pichincha 0018S/7903 (USBGN) 600 m, at junction of Rio Tanti [0017S/7904 (USBGN)] and Rio Toachi [0039S/7911 (USBGN)] on trail from highlands to Santo Domino de las Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], humid Pacific vegetation (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:848); Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:19); also see Fanti. TAPAYO, RIO Not located Northern Ecuador, Mocquerys, for Rosenberg Coll., at 450 ft [137 m], Apr., Dec. 1901 (FMNH); probably a misspelling for Rio Sapayo [Rio Zapallo Grande, 0044N/7856 (USBGN)], Esmeraldas, which see; also see Tepayo, Rio. TAPERO, RIO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Cory, 1918, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, p. 180); the presence of Amazilia rosenbergi is indicative of the lowlands of the northwest; this may be an error for Rio Tapayo [not located] which itself may be a misspelling of Rio Sapayo [Rio Zapallo Grande, 0044N/7856 (USBGN)], Esmeraldas. TAPO, RIO; Azuay (Chubb, 1919:3); see Topo, Rio; Tungurahua. TARAGUACOCHA; EI Oro ca. 0340S/7940 (Chapman, 1926a:map) 9,750 ft [2,950 m], small clearing on Salvias [(0347S/7931 (USBGN)] to Saraguro [0336S/7913 (USBGN)] trail, in Cordillera de Chilla [0332S/7937 (USBGN)], humid temperate, Cherrie, collecting up to paramo at 12,000 ft [3,650 mJ], 15-16 Aug. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:20, 720); apparently not Hacienda Targuarcocha [0347S/7949 (USBGN)]. TARASAMA; Guayaquil Not located Alt.?; near Guayaquil [(0210S/7950 (USBGN)], Mena, 2 May, 2, 9, 12, 22-23 Nov. 1929 (LACMNH, as "Tarasana"; CM, as "Tarasana"); Olallas, Nov. 1929 (FMNH); probably near Chongén [0214S/8004 (USBGN)], where Olallas are known to have been in Nov. 1929; Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 536, as "Tarasana"; Ortiz-Crespo (in litt.) says this is a misspelling of Atarazana, which is now within city of Guayaquil. TARASANA (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942:536); see Tarasama. TARDAS PIEBINIBA Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Jan. 1935 (FMNH); undoubtedly badly misspelled; the second word may be a misreading of Pichincha; as Olalla is known to have been at Guaillabamba [0004S/7821 (USBGN)], Pichincha, in Jan. 1935; perhaps this site is nearby. TARQUI; Azuay 0301S/7902 (USBGN) 2,630 m (Mapa, 1957); 15 km SSW of Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); on Rio Tarqui [0255S/7858 (USBGN)], arid grassland (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:848); Festa, Sept. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:28, as “altipiano di Tarqui"; Chapman, 1926a:731). TARQUI, PORTETE DE (de Schauensee, 1951:2); see Portete. TAYUNTZA; Morona-Santiago 0243S/7752 (Kiff, et al., 1989:25) 600 m, on eastern side of Cordillera Cutucti Oriental [0240S/7751 (USBGN)], 54 km [by road?] SE of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], primary wet forest, Marin, Sibley, and Mora, 29 July-23, 29[?] Aug. 1987 (Kiff, et al., 1989:25; WFVZ); not shown on our maps. TAYUZA; Morona-Santiago ca. 0227S/7813 (Robbins, in litt.) Alt.?; in valley of Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)], NE of Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)] and SSE of Logrofio [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] (Robbins, in litt.); not indicated on our maps; Robbins and Schulenberg, 9 June 1984 (USNM). TELEMBI; Esmeraldas 0048S/7856 (USBGN) ca. 100 m (MHA); on Rio Cayapas [0113N/7903 (USBGN)] in interior of coastal plain, northern Esmeraldas (Mapa, 1957); collector?, Oct. 1901 (FMNH). TEMBLEQUE, ISLA; El Oro 0325S/8014 (USBGN) Sea level, one of a group of islands on southern coast of Canal de Jambeli [0300S/8000 (USBGN)], almost on the Peruvian border (Mapa, 1950); low trees on the small area above water, mangroves on E, mudflats on W, Chapman, et al., 18 July 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 720); village of Jambeli [0324S/8015 (USBGN)] is on this island, not on Isla Jambeli [(0320S/8004 (USBGN)]. 207 208 TENA; Napo 0059S/7749 (USBGN) 518 m, sizable town in eastern foothills, at mouth of Rio Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)], 4 km N of Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] (MHA); Curry, Sept. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:58); Kiff, et al., 17-19 Oct. 1987, Moore and Sibley, 7-8 Nov. 1988 (WFVZ); Fraga, 4.5 km S of Rio Napo, on Tena/Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] road, 6 Jan. 1990 (Fraga, 1992). TENGUEL; Guayas 0300S/7946 (USBGN) ca. sea level, in southernmost Guayas on coastal plain 8 km inland (MHA); McLean, nearby, 16 July, 24 Sept. 1974 (USNM); also see Huerta Negra. TEPAYO, RIO Not located Collector?, 11 Dec. 1901 (USNM); probably a misspelling for Rio Sapayo [Rio Zapallo Grande, 0044N/7856 (USBGN)], Esmeraldas, which see; also see Tapayo, Rio. THUILA Not located Alt.?; in Cordillera Oriental, "Canchacoto [ ? Canzacoto, 0026S/7848 (USBGN)] Cordillera," Gomez, May 1938 (MCZ); doubtless misspelled; possibly this is Huila [0003N/7853 (USBGN)] on the western slope of northern Pichincha, near Mindo [0002S/7848 (USBGN)]; presence of Heliodoxa rubinoides cervinigularis is indicative of the subtropical zone. TIBURON, ISLA; Galapagos (1) ca. 0058S/9057 (Mapa, 1957) Islet on southern shore of Isla Isabela [0030S/9106 (USBGN)]; not listed in USBGN. TIBURON, ISLA; Galapagos (2) 0025S/9037 (USBGN) Also = Beagle Island. TICHINEHA Not located 11,000 ft [3,350 m], above Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Palmer, July 1900, Rosenberg Coll., Oct. 1910 (FMNH); almost certainly this is an error for Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)]. TICKSAN, LAGUNA DE (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283); see Tixan, Laguna de. TICSAN (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:287); see Tixan. TINALANDIA; Pichincha ca. 0018S/7900 900 m (Ridgely, 1980:246); 500-1,000 m, premontane and subtropical forest (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrion, 1991:30); hacienda [and hotel] 12 mi [20 km] short [E] of Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)] on Rio Toachi [0008N/7918 (USBGN)], Curry, 22 Aug.-1 Sept. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61, as "Tunalandia"); Greenfield, 17 Aug. 1978, 9 Feb. 1979, Ridgely and Finch, 1 Feb. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:246); van den Berg and Bosman, 28 Feb., 5 Mar. 1981 (van den Berg & Bosinan, 1984:152); Zusi, 25 Oct., 8-9 Nov. 1976 (USNM); not shown on our maps. TINTO Not located Alt.?; collector?, 18 May 1914 (MCZ); presence of Myioborus miniatus is indicative of middle altitude. TIO YACO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olallas, Jan. 1930 (FMNH). _TIPUTINI; Napo 0045S/7532 (USBGN) 220 m, in eastern Napo, on left bank of upper Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)], a short distance above mouth of Rio Tiputini [0047S/7532 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Ridgely, 27 Sept. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:243). TIPUTINI, RIO; Napo 0047S/7532 (USBGN) Right-bank tributary of Rio Napo [0302S/7240 (USBGN)], rising in foothills E of Tena [0059S/7749 (USBGN)] and entering the Napo near the eastern frontier (Mapa, 1974); Goodfellow and Hamilton, at mouth, first half of 1899 (Goodfellow, 1901:309); Hellmayr, 1936, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, p. 138, as "Rio Siputini"; Zimmer, 1943, Amer. Mus. Novit., no 1246, p. 5, as "Jiputini." TITAICUN (Sclater, 1859c:549); see Hacienda Titaictin. TIXAN; Chimborazo 0208S/7848 (USBGN) 2,922 m (Mapa, 1957); 7,000-9,000 ft [2,150-2,750 m] (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:287, as "Ticsan"); on railway and road between Palmira [0205S/7843 (USBGN)] and Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)] in central tableland (MHA); Stolzmann and Siemiradski, May-June 1883? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:287); Menegaux, 1908:98, as cixay: 209 210 TIXAN, LAGUNA DE; Chimborazo Not located 9,000 ft [2,750 m], small lake near [NE of] Alausi [0212S/7850 (USBGN)], Stolzmann and Siemiradski, date? [May-June 18837] (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283, as "Laguna de Ticksan"); although not found on our maps or in USBGN, must be near Tixan [0208S/2848 (USBGN)]. TIXAY (Menegaux, 1908:98); see Tixan. TOACHI, RIO; Pichincha 0008N/7918 (USBGN) A major tributary of Rio Blanco [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] rising deep in the Andes N of Quilotoa [0052S/7855 (USBGN)] and flowing N and then NW to meet the Blanco on the eastern edge of the coastal plain (Mapa, 1957); Curry, at Tinalandia [ca. 0018S/7900], 22 Aug.- 1 Sept. 1960 (Lévéque, 1964:61, as "Tunalandia"); Loch, on Rio Toachi, but whether this one or the less prominent, more southern, Rio Toachi [0039S/7911 (USBGN)] is unknown, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). TOISAN, CORDILLERA DE; Imbabura 0025N/7847 (USBGN) ca. 1,500, southwestern projection of the Andes on Imbabura/ Esmeraldas border (Mapa, 1957); Krabbe, in extreme western Imbabura at 1,800 m, date? (Krabbe, 1992b:171). TOLLIN, RIO (Moore, 1934c:4); see Hollin, Rio. TOLMINAGUIRE Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1949, Caldasia, 5:562); source of Heliodoxa imperatrix, known from _ subtropical northwestern Ecuador. TOPO; Tungurahua 0125S/7810 (USBGN) ca. 1,000 m, at mouth of Rio Topo [0214S/7812 (USBGN)], where it enters the Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] on the Tungurahua/Morona-Santiago border (Mapa, 1957); collector?, date? (Cory & Hellmayr, 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13;,pt. 3, p- 221, as “El Tape"): TOPO, RIO; Tungurahua 0124S/7812 (USBGN) Major affluent of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], rising on the slope of Cordillera de los Llanganates [0113S/7815 (USBGN)] and entering on the northern side midway between Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] and Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); extremely wet area (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:848- 849); Stolzmann, 31 Jan. 1884 (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:110); Simons, at Mirador [ca. 0126S/7815 (Brown, 1941, op. cit., p. 836, as "El Mirador,")], 1 Feb. 1890 (Chubb, 1919:3, as "Rio Tapo, Azuay"). TORTUGA, ISLA; Galapagos 0101S/9052 (USBGN) Also = Brattle Island. TOTORAL, LAGUNA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Olalla, Oct. 1929, Olallas, Feb., Sept. 1929, Aug. 1936, Clarke-Macintyre Coll., Aug. 1936 (FMNH, as "Laguna Totoral, Quito Occidente" or "Totoral, Quito"; probably near Quito [1113S/7830 (USBGN)] in the Cordillera Occidental [1400S/7400 (USBGN)]; probably the same as Laguna Catoral, which see. TOWER ISLAND; Galapagos 0020N/8958 (USBGN) Also = Isla Genovesa. -TRIBULPATA; Chimborazo Not located ) 6,500-7,000 ft [2,000-2,150 m], in forest near Cayandeled [ca. 0207S/7859 (Chapman, 1926a:map)], Stolzmann and Siemiradski, Mar. 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:282, 286). TUCLILLAMA (FMNH); see Tudillama. TUCUBAMBA (Lénnberg & Rendahl,1922:36); see Hacienda Turubamba Alto. TUDILLAMA Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olalla, Nov. 1944 (FMNH, writing unclear, possibly is "Tuclillama"); Ortiz-Crespo suggests (in litt.) this is Rio Indillama [0027S/7631 (USBGN)], Napo. TULCAN; Carchi 0048N/7743 (USBGN) 2,956 m, large town close to Colombian border (Mapa, 1957); semi- arid, mean temperature 12°C (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:850); Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:58); Festa, 4-8, 12-27 Jan., 10, 17 Mar. [but apparently only collected in Jan., fide Salvadori & Festa, 1900:6] 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:731); Hamilton and Goodfellow, 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:704, as "Tulcar"). 2142 TULCAR (Goodfellow, 1901:704); see Tulcan. TULIPE; Pichincha 0005N/7847 (USBGN) Alt.?; on western slope, near Gualea [0007N/7850 (USBGN)] and Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)]; does not appear on our maps; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ, ‘Zoolz Ser.) 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 620): TUMBACKO (Goodfellow, 1901:704); see Tumbaco. TUMBACO; Pichincha 0013S/7824 (USBGN) ca. 2,400 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:850); on Rio San Pedro [0006S/7823 (USBGN)] and railroad, 10 km E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); in extremely arid portion of Chillo Valley [0020S/7827 (Brown, 1941:821)] (Brown, 1941:850); Festa, July 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:12ff, as "Tumbacko"); Rivet, between ca. 1898-1906 (Simon, 1907:17; Menegaux, 1911:6ff, as "Vallée de Tumbaco," p. 81); collector?, 10 May 1900 (USNM); Séderstrém Coll., 7,500-10,000 ft [2,300-3,050 m], from, near, and above Tumbaco, throughout the year [date? ] (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:24 ff); Hamilton and Goodfellow, date? (Oberholser, 1902:341, as "Jombaco"); collector?, Feb. 1914 (FMNH, as "Junbaca"); collector?, 9 Nov. 1918 (USNM); Olallas, 10-12 Oct. 1923 (Chapman, 1926a:21); Olallas, 24 Feb. (MCZ), 17 Oct. 1928, 6 Sept. 1932 (CM); Moore, 1929 (Moore, 1934d:98); Spencer, May, Sept., Oct. 1932 (LACMNH, as "Valle Tumbaco"; CM); Henn, date? (CM); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 17 Nov. 1936, 4 Oct. 1937 (MCZ, sometimes as "Tumbaco Valley"); Mena, 5-8 Oct., Olalla, 10 Oct. 1937 (WFVZ, sometimes as "Valle de Tumbaco"; LACMNH); Olalla, 2 Apr. 1963, 25 Feb. 1964 (MCZ, as "Valle Tumbaco"); Greenfield, at ca. 2,100 m, 1989, 1990 (Krabbe, 1992b:173). TUMBACO, VALLE (MCZ); see Tumbaco. TUMBACO, VALLE DE (WFVZ); see Tumbaco. TUMBACO, VALLEE DE (Menegaux, 1911:81); see Tumbaco. TUMBACO VALLEY (MCZ); see Tumbaco. TUMBEZ (Chapman, 1926a:721); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. TUNALANDIA (Lévéque, 1964:61); see Tinalandia. TUNGARAGUA (Simon, 1907:17); see Tungurahua, Volcan. TUNGUILLA VALLEY (FMNH); see Yunguilla, Valle de. TUNGURAHUA (LACMNH); see Tungurahua, Provincia del. TUNGURAHUA, PROVINCIA DEL 0115S/7835 (USBGN) Central Ecuador; bounded on E by Napo and Pastaza, on S by Chimborazo, on W by Bolivar, and on N by Cotopaxi; Clarke- Macintyre Coll., near Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)], 10 Nov., 14 Dec. 1937, 20 June, 9 July 1938 (LACMNH, as "Tungurahua"); Clarke-Macintyre records may refer to Volcan Tungurahua [0127S/7826 (USBGN)]. TUNGURAHUA, VOLCAN; Tungurahua 0127S/7826 (USBGN) 5,016 m, in Cordillera Oriental, S of Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] and Bafios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, at 4,000 m, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17, as "Tungaragua"); Clarke- Macintyre Coll., variously from, near, and on slopes, Aug., Nov., Dec. 1937, Jan., Nov. 1938 (MCZ); Chapman, 1926a:319, as "Tanaragua"; also see Tungurahua, Provincia del. TURUBAMBA (Chapman, 1926a:721); see Hacienda Turubamba Alto. TUSA; Carchi Not located Alt.?; between Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)] and Huaca [0038N/7744 (USBGN)], Festa, 3-4 Jan. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:731); probably an overnight stop; no record of collecting; Ortiz-Crespo (in litt.) says this is an old name for San Gabriel [0036N/7749 (USBGN)], which see. TUTAPISCO, CERRO Not located Alt.?; three day's travel E of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], Olallas, Sept. 1936 (FMNH); specimen of Aburria aburri is indicative of lower slopes. ULBA; Tungurahua 0124S/7822 (USBGN) ca. 1,800 m, on Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)], 4 km E of Banos [0124S/7825 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Buckley, autumn 1870 (Gould, 1871a:803, as "Ulva"); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH). ULVA (Gould, 1871a: 803); see Ulba. U OCCO YACU; Napo ? Not located Alt.?; Olallas, Dec. 1930 (FMNH); Hellmayr & Conover, 1942, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 1, p. 37, cite "Ouca Yaco, Loreto [0038S/7719 (USBGN)], Ecuador," which is doubtless the same locality; which spelling is correct is unknown; this may well be the same as Aucayacu [0135S/7537 (USBGN)], Pastaza, which see. UPANO, RIO; Morona-Santiago 0245S/7812 (USBGN) Rises deep in mountains of northwestern Morona-Santiago, NW of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], flowing E and then S by Macas to join the Rio Namangoza [0300S/7813 (USBGN)], a headwater of Rio | Santiago [0427S/7738 (USBGN)], near Méndez [0243S/7819 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Chapman (1926a:map) incorrectly indicates Rio Upano is a tributary of Rio Morona [0445S/7704 (USBGN)]; collector?, date? (de Schauensee, 1946, Notulae Naturae [Philadelphia], no.167, p. 8); Ridgely and Rowlett, in upper valley ca. 25 km NW of Macas at 1,550-1,600 m, 29 July- 2 Aug. 1979, Ridgely and Rowlett, in upper valley [where?], 30 July-1 Aug. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:244. 246). UPARUMI; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; "Occidente," Olallas, 15 Dec. 1927 (CM); Mena, 3 Oct., 2-3, 17 Dec. 1939 (WFVZ; LACMNH). URABI; Pichincha Not located ca. 7,000 ft [2,150 m], near San José de Minas [0010N/7825 (USBGN)], SW of Otavalo [0014N/7816 (USBGN)], Sdderstr6m Coll., date? (Hartert, 1898:499, as "Urabi, San José de Minas"). URAUCO; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; Mena, 12 June 1939 (LACMNH); Gomez, 13 Mar. 1939 (USNM); probably is Quebrada Urauco [0015S/7837 (USBGN)] very near Lloa [0015S/7835 (USBGN)], where Gémez is known to have | been in 1939. URBINA; Chimborazo 0130S/7844 (USBGN) 3,650 m (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:850); on Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)]/Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] railroad at eastern base of Chimborazo [0128S/7848 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); paramo, Chapman and Cherrie, 27-30 May 1916 (Chapman, 1926a:19, 721); Gardner, 1.5 km N, 15 Aug. 1976 (USNM). VALLADOLID; Zamora-Chinchipe 0433S/7908 (USBGN) ca. 1,500 m, in western Zamora-Chinchipe, 33 km ENE of Amaluza [0433S/7927 (USBGN)] and 34 km N of Zumba [0452S/7909 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); Clarke-Macintyre Coll., Apr. 1938 (FMNH). VALLEVICIOSA, RIO (Paynter & Traylor, 1977:129); see Vallevicioso, Rio. VALLEVICIOSO (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:25); see Vallevicioso, Rio. VALLEVICIOSO, RIO; Napo 0050S/7806 (USBGN) A right bank tributary of Rio Antisana [0059S/7801 (USBGN)] rising at SSE base of Cotopaxi [0040S/7826 (USBGN)] (MHA); Goodfellow and Hamilton, in cold valley bounded by Antisana [0030S/7808 (USBGN)], Cotopaxi, and Quilindafia [0047S/7819 (USBGN)], at 14,500 ft [4,400 m], Dec. 1898 (Goodfellow, 1901:305, 309, as "Valle de Viciosa"); Festa, at ranch at 3,800 m, 10-20 July 1897 (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:25, as "Vallevicioso (Paramos del Cotopaxi)"; 1900:51, as "Vallevicioso, Sorgenti del Rio Napo"; Chapman, 1926a:731, as "Vallevicioso"); Paynter & Traylor, 1977:129, as "Valleviciosa, Rio." VAQUERIA; Esmeraldas ca. 0113N/7907 (MHA) Sea level, on coast near Colombian border on southern side of Boca de Santiago [0114N/7903 (USBGN)], NW of La Tola [0112N/7906 25 216 (USBGN)] (MHA; Atlas Geog.); Rosenberg Coll., date? (Hartert, 1902:600); Flemming, Feb. 1902, collector?, Mar. 1902 (FMNH). VEGUINA Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Cory, 1918, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, p. 197); presence of Hylocharis grayi indicative of tropical northwestern Ecuador. VELA CRUZ; Loja 0400S/7933 (USBGN) ca. 2,300 m, central Loja, 40 km W of city of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)] and 10 km NE of Catacocha [0404S/7938 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Gardner, 1/2 km S, 5 Mar. 1989 (WFVZ). VENTANA (Hartert, 1902:603); see Ventanas. VENTANAS; Esmeraldas 0059N/7840 (USBGN) 90 ft [27 m] (MCZ); extreme northeastern Esmeraldas, near Colombia, on the railroad and Rio Cachabi [0103N/7850 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Rosenberg Coll., 20, 25 Apr. 1900 (Hartert, 1902:603ff, as "Ventana"); collector? [Rosenberg Coll.?], 14, 16 Apr. 1900 (Gyldenstolpe, 1930, Arkiv Zool., 21A(26):15-16, as "Ventana"); collector? [Rosenberg Coll.?], 23, 26 Apr. 1900 (MCZ); Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:23). VERACRUZ; Pastaza ca. 0135S/7754 (Mapa, 1957) 900 m (van Oosten, in litt.); in eastern foothills, 9 km SE of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] on road to Canelos [0135S/7745 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957; Mapa, 1974); van Oosten, Aug. 1965, Aug. 1967 (van Oosten, in litt.). VERDE, ISLA; Guayas 0240S/7957 (USBGN) Sea level, small island in the delta of the Rio Guayas [0236S/7952 (USBGN)], off southwestern end of Isla Mandragén [0235S/7950 (USBGN)] and N of Isla Puna [0250S/8008 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1957); Lévéque, sometime between Jan. 1960-Apr. 1962 (Lévéque, : 1964:56). VERDE, RIO; Esmeraldas 0104N/7925 (USBGN) Small river flowing from hills (not exceeding 300 m) of interior | central Emeraldas NW to town of Rioverde [0104N/7925 (USBGN)] on coast, 30 km NE of city of Esmeraldas [0059N/7942 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); there has been much confusion with Rio Verde [not located], Pichincha (which see), but definite records from this river, possibly from town of Rioverde, seem to be: Olallas, 4, 30 June 1930 (FMNH), Spillmann Coll., 4 June 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:14), and Olalla, 16 July 1951 (Norton, et al., 1972:892). VERDE, RIO; Pichincha Not located River merging with Rio Guaillabamba [0028N/7925 (USBGN)] at western base of Catacache Hills [not located] (C. Olalla, in litt. to Conover, FMNH); that this is not the Rio Verde [0104N/7925 (USBGN)] in Esmeraldas (which see), with which it has frequently been confused, is evident by the altitudinal records, which indicate an elevation higher than that reached by the former river; definite records seem to be: Flemming, Dec. 1899 (FMNH), and Rosenberg Coll., at 3,200 ft [1,000 m], date? (Hartert, 1902:600), and Aug. 1913 (FMNH); Stresemann (1937b:15) places Pacto [? 0012N/7852 (FMNH)] on Rio Verde, "Esmeraldas" but the altitudinal records indicate he must have confused the two Rio Verdes and meant the one in Pichincha; if Pacto is indeed on the Rio Verde, Pichincha, the following Spillmann Coll. records are pertinent: 3 June 1930 (Stresemann, 1937b:15), 20 May 1929, 20 Mar. 1930, 6, 10 Sept. 1931 (Stresemann, 1938:117), and also Olallas, June 1930 and Gomez, Feb. 1940 (FMNH). VERDECOCHA,; Pichincha 0006S/7836 (USBGN) 9,400 ft [2,850 ml], at northwestern base of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], humid temperate "with a tinge of" subtropical, mountainside forested but flat areas clear or in second growth, Chapman, et al., 5-7 Sept. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 721); Séderstr6m Coll., date? (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:71); collector?, Oct. 1923 (USNM); Olallas, 2 Mar. 1932 (CM); Loch, ca. 1935- 1937, Gomez, July 1939 (FMNH); Gomez, June 1936 (USNM); Mena, 12 June 1939 (WFVZ) and July 1950 (ANSP); Olalla, 27-29 Mar. 1963, 20 June 1964 (MCZ). VERDE YACO Not located Alt.?; "Oriente," Olallas, Jan. 1930 (FMNH); presence of Nothocrax urumutum is indicative of the tropical zone. VICIOSA, VALLE DE (Goodfellow, 1901:305); see Vallevicioso, Rio. VIEJA CORDILLERA DE CUTUCU (Mapa, 1974); see Cutuct Occidental, Cordillera and Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera. VILLANO; Pastaza 0130S/7729 (USBGN) ca. 300 m, in eastern lowlands, 58 km E of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957); Mena, 5 Apr. 1962 (LACMNH). VILLANO, RIO; Pastaza 0128S/7657 (USBGN) A tributary of Rio Curaray [0222S/7405 (USBGN)] which rises on the low slopes E of Puyo [0128S/7759 (USBGN)] and joins the Curaray deep in the lowlands at the town of Curaray [ca. 0222S/7405 (Mapa, 1974)] (Mapa, 1974); Gomez, Aug. 1940 (FMNH). VINCES; Los Rios 0132S/7945 (USBGN) ca. 15 m, in low coastal forest with occasional savannahs (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:851); on Rio Vinces [0139S/7947 — (USBGN)], 35 km NW of Babahoyo [0149S/7931 (USBGN)] (MHA); Festa, near Vinces at Hacienda Vitalia [Vitalia, 0141S/7946 (USBGN) 2], 2-30 Sept. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:732); Rivet, presumably at town but possibly elsewhere on river, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, — 1907:19); Lévéque, 18 Mar. 1962 (Lévéque, 1964:61); McLean, 20 Nov. 1974, ca. 12 km N [sometimes as NE] at Hacienda Santa Teresita [not located], 20-22 Nov. 1974, ca. 12 km NE at Abras de Mantequilla [not located], 20-22 Nov. 1974, 27-28 Feb., 1 Mar., 15- 16, 20-22 May, 11, 19 Nov. 1975, 3-6 May, 19 Aug., 22-24 Sept. 1976, 27 Jan. 1977, 12 km E, 5 May 1976 (USNM, sometimes with "Puerto Nuevo"[not located], "Casa" or "La Casa" [presumably the residence], Platanal [not located], Rio Nuevo [not located], Hacienda Puerto Nuevo [not located], and Isla de la Garza [not located] appended to Abras de Mantequilla records; compass directions and distances from Vinces very inconsistent). VINCES, RIO; Los Rios 0139S/7847 (USBGN) Major river of western Los Rios, rising in northern part of province, and merging with Rio de la Bocana [Rio Bocana, 0156S/7944 (USBGN)] a short distance below town of Vinces [0132S/7945 (USBGN)] (MHA); Hammond, at 100 ft [30 ml], near | mouth, Aug. 1914 (FMNH). VITALIA; Los Rios 0141S/7946 (USBGN) Alt.?; in southwestern Los Rios, SW of Vinces [0132S/7945 , (USBGN)]; not found on available maps; Festa, 2-30 Sept. 1897 (Chapman, 1926a:732, as "Hacienda Vitalia, near Vinces"); the hacienda does not appear in USBGN and it is assumed that it has been replaced by the town of Vitalia. VOCA (Carriker, 1930:368); see Curaray, Rio. VOCA COTAPINO (MCZ); see Cotapino, Rio. VOCO (Gilliard, 1941:459); See Curaray, Rio. WATSON, ISLA; Galapagos 0121S/9018 (USBGN) WANMAN, ISLA; Galapagos 0123N/9149 (USBGN) Also = Wolf Island. WARIENTZA; Morona-Santiago ca. 0312S/7817 (Marin, in litt.) 950 m, 60 mi [100 km ] S of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)], on middle Rio Coangos [Rio Coango, 0303S/7812 (USBGN)], Sornoza and Marin, 28-31 July, 1-10 Aug. 1988 (WFVZ; LACMNH;; Marin, in litt., sometimes spelled "Warintsa"). ARINTSA (Marin, in litt.); see Warientza. OLF ISLAND; Galapagos 0123N/9149 (USBGN) 219 220 YAGUACHI; Guayas 0207S/7941 (USBGN) 5 m (Menegaux, 1908:98); ca. 100 m, on railroad, 27 km NE of Guayaquil [0210S/7950 (USBGN)], on Rio Yaguachi [0201S/7844 (USBGN)] (MHA); hot, vegetation intermediate between humid forests of Andes and depauperate vegetation of Guayaquil (Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:69-70); Siemiradski, Dec. 1882, Stolzmann and Siemiradski, May 1881, Aug.-Sept. 1883, June 1884 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1883:539; Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885:71ff); Lévéque, 21 Aug., 2 Nov. 1960, 22 Jan. 1961 (Lévéque, 1964:61). YAGUARCOCHA; Imbabura 0022N/7806 (USBGN) 8,000 ft [2,450 m] (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19); on outskirts of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)], northern central Imbabura (Mapa, 1957); Séderstr6m Coll., July year? (Lonnberg & Rendahl, 1922:19, 26, 71, as "Jaguaracocha," "Jaquarcocha," and "Jaguarcocha"); Festa, 29-31 Dec. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:41; Chapman, 1926a:731); Cory & Hellmayr, 1927, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 5, p. 9, as "Taguarcocha." YAGUARCOCHA, LAGO (Chapman, 1926a:711); see Yaguarcocha, Laguna de. YAGUARCOCHA, LAGUNA DE; Imbabura 0022N/7807 (USBGN) ca. 2,000 m, at town of Yaguarcocha [(0022N/7896 (USBGN)] on the outskirts of Ibarra [0021N/7807 (USBGN)], northern central Imbabura (MHA; Mapa, 1957); Rosenberg Coll., date? (Hartert, 1898:495); Festa, 29-31 Dec. 1896 (Chapman, 1926a:731, as "Lago Yaguarcocha"); Ross, et al., Aug. 1986 (Evans, 1988:76). YAMANA (MCZ); see Hacienda Yamana. YAMBOYA; Pichincha 0026S/7846 (USBGN) 2,005 m, on southwestern side of Atacazo [0022S/7837 (USBGN)] at mouth of Rio Yamboya [0025S/7846 (USBGN)] (Atlas Geog.); on‘ [old] trail to Santo Domingo de los Colorados [0015S/7909 (USBGN)], Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:69); Olalla, Jan. 1925 (AMNH). YAMISA, RIO Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Zimmer, 1943, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1225, p. 23); Chlorochrysa calliparaea from here is indicative of the eastern foothills. YAPITYA; Morona-Santiago Not located 1,525 m, on trail from Logrofio [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)] on western slope of Cordillera de Cutuci [Cordillera Cutucti Oriental, 0240S/7751 (USBGN)], Robbins, 26 June 1984 (Robbins & Ridgely, 1986:102); a coined name; Mapa, 1950 shows Yaupi at mouth of Rio Yaupi [0300S/7750 (USBGN)], which on Mapa 1974 is Soldado Monge, and a Mision Selesiana de Yaupi at ca. 0250S/7753, which must be the present-day Yaupi. YANACOCHA; Pichincha Not located 3,500-4,000 m (Otiz-Crespo & Carridn, 1991:30); 3,250 m, hacienda on northwestern slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], humid temperate zone, patchy dense low forest [in 1922], grassy slopes, Chapman, et al., 2-3 Sept. 1922 (Chapman, 1926a:21, 721); Polylepis forest, area now much altered (Ortiz-Crespo & Carrién, 1991:30); Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Olalla, 4 Nov. 1962 (Orces, 1974:9); Olalla, 10 Dec. 1963, 18, 20 Jan. 1964, 29 June, 16, 18 July, 14 Aug. 1967 (MCZ); Glenn, 26 July, Schulenberg, 31 July, 1-3 Aug. 1984 (USNM); Carrion, 10 Oct. 1989 (WFVZ). YANASACHA; Azuay Not located ca. 3,000 m, near Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], Boeke and Ortiz- Crespo, date? (Boeke & Ortiz-Crespo, 1978:167); this may be Yanashpa [0300S/7910 (USBGN)] or Hacienda Yanashashe [0302S/7910 (USBGH)]. YANA URCO (FMNH); see Yanaurco, Cerro. YANAURCO, CERRO; Azuay 0332S/7904 (USBGN) 3,200 m (MCZ); on Azuay/Zamora-Chinchipe border, E of Ona [0332S/7910 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950); Gomez, 12 July 1939 (MCZ, as "Yana Urcu"); Gomez, at 9,000 ft [2,750 m], June-Aug. 1939 (FMNH, as "Yana Urco" and "Tana Urcu"); not to be confused with Yana-Urcu de Pinan [0029N/7820 (USBGN)] in the Mojanda [0008N/7817 (USBGN)] range, N of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)], mentioned by Chapman (1926a:713, as "Yana-urcu") but apparently not visited by a collector. YANA URCU (MCZ); see Yanaurco, Cerro. 221 22d YANAYACU Not located }) Alt.?; Buckley, Dec. 1877 (Sclater & Salvin, 1878:439, as "Yauayaca” but certainly an error for Yanayacu, fide Chapman, 1926a:631; White, 1989:995); a common name for rivers, quebradas, and haciendas, but which one visited by Buckley is unknown; White (loc. cit.) suggests this might be Rio Yanayacu [0104S/7834 (USBGN)], which enters the Rio Cutuchi [0110S/7834 (USBGN)] near San Miguel de Salcedo [0102S/7834 (USBGN)], southeastern Cotopaxti. YANAYACU, LOMA; Pichincha Not located Alt.?; on northern slope of Pichincha [0010S/7833 (USBGN)], Krabbe, on western slope of hill at 3,600-3,700 m, 17, 19 Dec. 1990, 10 Jan. 17 Mar. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:169-170); possibly in vicinity of Hacienda Yanayacu [0000/7832 (USBGN)]. YANAYAM Not located Alt.?; collector?, date? (Hellmayr & Conover, 1949, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 1, no. 4, p. 55); presence of Accipiter bicolor indicative of tropical zone. YAPITYA; Morona-Santiago Not located 1,700 m, coined name for campsite, also called Camp 2, on trail from Logrofo [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi [ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974)] in Cordillera de Cutuct [Cordillera Cutucti Occidental, 0245S/7805 (USBGN)], Robbins, et al., in vicinity from 1,500-2,100 m, 22 June-3 July 1984 (Robbins, 1987:244). YARAQUI (Chapman, 1926a:721); see Yaruqui. YARUQUI; Pichincha 0009S/7819 (USBGN) 2,585 m (Simon, 1907:17); in Central Valley 22 km NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA); Rivet, ca. 1898-1899 (Simon, 1907:17); Chapman, 1926a:721, as "Yaraqui." YASUNI, RIO; Napo 0056S/7523 (USBGN) A major right-bank tributary of upper Rio Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)] in central eastern Napo, with its mouth at the international border (Mapa, 1950); Ridgely, on lower part of river, 18 Sept. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:244). YAUAYACA (Sclater & Salvin, 1978:439); see Yanayacu. AUPE, CORDILLERA DE (MHA); see Cutuct Oriental, Cordillera. AUPI; Morona-Santiago ca. 0250S/7755 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 600 m, in eastern foothills of central Morona-Santiago, between Cordillera Cutucti Occidental [0245S/7805 (USBGN)] and Cordillera Cutuct Oriental [(0240S/7751 (USBGN)], apparently at head of Rio Yaupi [0030S/7750 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Mapa, 1950 shows Yaupi at mouth of Rio Yaupi, which on Mapa 1974 is Soldado Monge, and a Mision Selesiana de Yaupi at ca. 0250S/7753, which must be the present-day Yaupi; observers?, at caves, 26-31 July 1976 (Snow, 1979:460); Gill, et al., on and in vicinity of road from Logrofio [ca. 0237S/7812 (Mapa, 1974)] to Yaupi, 14, 17-19, 26 June, 6-8, 10-14, 17 July 1984 (USNM); also see Cutucti Occidental, Cordillera. YAVARI, RIO (Cory & Hellmayr, 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 3, p.16, as "Rio Javarri"); in Peru; erroneously attributed to Ecuador. YERBABUENA; Azuay 0246S/7931 (USBGN) 2,778 m, on lower slopes of northwestern Azuay, close to Guayas border and 10 km SE of Naranjal [(0242S/7937 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Yerba Buena"; Mapa, 1957, as "Hierbabuena"); Festa, Oct. 1896 (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:17, as "Tambo de Yerba Buena"; Chapman, 1926a:731). YOCON; Chimborazo ? Not located 8,600 ft [2,600 m], Stolzmann, 17 May 1883? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:295); probably in vicinity of Ceche [ca. 0211S/7851 (Chapman, 1926a:map), where Stolzmann and Siemiradski were from Apr.-July 1883 (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283ff). YOYACSI (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:313); see Yoyaxi. YOY AXI; Chimborazo ? Not located 9,000 ft [2,750 ml], large marsh within forest, cold, Stolzmann, June 1883? (Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884:283, p. 313, as "Yoyacsi"); Chapman (1926a:721-722) places in Chimborazo on road from Alausi [(0212S/7850 (USBGN)] to Cuenca [0253S/7859 (USBGN)], but his evidence is unknown; Menegaux (1911:115), citing Berlepsch & Taczanowski (1894:313), associates "Yoyacsi" with Maravina [Marivifia, 0309S/7859 (USBGN)], Azuay, which is S of Cuenca, but 223 224 this is apparently an error because the citation makes no mention of Mariviiia; possibly equivalent to Hoyaucshi [not located], which see, both of which seem to be near the Chimborazo/Canar boundary. YUNGILLA (Brown, 1941:851); see Yunguilla; Tungurahua. YUNGUILLA; Pichincha ? 0009N/7840 (USBGN) Alt.?; Rivet, between ca. 1899-1906 (Menegaux, 1911:100, as "Jungilla, Nanegal"); presumably this is Yunguilla because it is near Nanegal [0007N/7846 (USBGN)], but possibly it is Hacienda Yunguilla [0002N/7833 (USBGN)], somewhat farther away. YUNGUILLA; Tungurahua 0123S/7818 (USBGN) ca. 1,600 m, on northern bank of upper Rio Pastaza [0455S/7624 (USBGN)] at mouth of Rio Blanco [0123S/7818 (USBGN)], semi- arid, subtropical by town, slopes of hills more heavily vegetated (Brown, 1941, Ann. Entom. Soc. Amer., 34:851, as "Yungilla"); not — shown on our maps; above Mera [0128S/7808 (USBGN)] and below Banios [0124S/7825 (USBGN)]; Olalla, July, Nov. 1930, May, Nov. — 1931 (Berlioz, 1932a:236; wrongly attributed to Valle de Yunguilla [0318S/7918 (USBGN)] by Paynter & Traylor, 1977:135); Clarke- Macintyre Coll., 4-6 Feb. 1938 (MCZ). | YUNGUILLA, VALLE DE; Azuay 0318S/7918 (USBGN) Of the maps available to us, it is only shown on Atlas Geog., where it is ill-defined; on western slope where appears to be the lower part of the arid valley containing the Rio Girén [0318S/7912 (USBGN)] (no Rio Yunguilla is shown) which becomes the Rio Rircay [0324S/7921 (USBGN)] and which is a tributary of the Rio Jubones [0313S/7957 (USBGN)]; Abd6én Calderén [0320S/7926 (USBGN)] and Santa Isabel [0321S/7919 (USBGN)], neither of which is shown in Atlas Geog., as well as Tomebamba [0322S/7923 (USBGN)], which does appear, all seem to lie within Valle de Yunguilla; Gémez, at 4,500 ft [1,400 m], July 1939, Loch, ca. 1935-1937 (FMNH); Colwell Coll., date? (de Schauensee, 1951:3); Olalla, 12 Apr. 1961, 31 Aug. 1965 (MCZ). DF bas ZAMBEZA (MHA); see Zambiza. ZAMBIZA; Pichincha 0009S/7826 (USBGN) ca. 2,000-2,500 m, 10 km NE of Quito [0013S/7830 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Zambeza"); arid temperate (Chapman, 1926a:722); Festa, Apr. 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1899a:33); Sdderstr6m Coll., at, near, and below Zambiza, with known date of 20 Aug. 1910 (Lénnberg & Rendahl, 1922:27; CM); Holstein, 20 Aug. 1910 (USNM); Rosenberg Coll., Feb. 1923 (FMNH); Olallas, July 1931, Feb. 1934 (FMNH, as "Valle de Zambiza" and "Sambiza"). ZAMBIZA, VALLE DE (FMNH); see Zambiza. ZAMORA; Zamora-Chinchipe 0404S/7858 (USBGN) 3,250 ft [1,000 m] (Chapman, 1926a:722); on lower eastern slope, 30 km ESE of Loja [0400S/7913 (USBGN)], at junction of Rio Bombuscara [0404S/7857 (USBGN)] (Chapman, 1926a:249, as "Rio Bombiscara," p. 722, as "Rio Bombascara") and Rio Zamora [0259S/7813 (USBGN)], humid tropics with subtropical forest on nearby western slopes (Chapman, 1926a:722; pers. obser.; MHA); Frasfer, Dec.-Feb. 1857-1858 (Sclater, 1859b:450); Baron, at and nearby, May-Sept. 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43-64); Festa, in valley of Rio Zamora, Jan. 1897? (Salvadori & Festa, 1900:39); Richardson, 17 Oct.-6 Nov. 1913, Anthony and Cherrie, 4 Dec. 1920 (Chapman, 1926a:19-20, 722; USNM); Olallas, June 1935 (FMNH); Norton, 15 km NW at 1,600 m, 10 Aug. 1965 (MCZ); Norton, via local collectors, "Zamora, 2,100 m [sic]," 5, 13 Aug., 18, 27 Sept. 1965 (MCZ); Baron, between Loja and Zamora, at 10,000 ft [3,050 m], May 1893 (Hartert & Hartert, 1894:43-64); Norton, at Km 45 on Loja/Zamora road, 1,600 m, 14, 23-26 Aug. 1965 (MCZ); Norton, via local collectors, at Km 25 on Loja/Zamora road, 2,100 m, 18, 20-28 Sept., and at Km 40 on same road, 1,600 m, 21, 27-28, 31 Aug., 1-17, 24, 27 Sept. 1965 (MCZ); Ridgely and Wilcove, on road short distance E of pass at 2,600, 22 July and on road ca. 15 km above Zamora at 1,400 m, 25 July 1978, and Ridgely, et al., ca. 10 km S in lower Jamboé River [Rio Jumboé, 0404S/7856 (USBGN)] valley, | Mar. 1980 (Ridgely, 1980:244, 246, 248). ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE, PROVINCIA DE 0415S/7850 (USBGN) Southeastern Ecuador; bounded on S, SW, and SE by Peru, by Loja and Azuay on W, and on N by Morona-Santiago; former Provincia de Santiago-Zamora is now divided into Zamora-Chinchipe and Morona-Santiago. 226 ZANCUDO; Napo ca. 0035S/7530 (Mapa, 1974) ca. 150 m, on right side of lower-middle Rio Aguarico [0059S/7511 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1974); Ridgely, 23-24 Sept., and Ridgely and de Vries, 25 Sept. 1976 (Ridgely, 1980:245, 246 as "Zancudococha"); USBGN gives a Laguna Sancudo Cocha [0035S/7830 (USBGN)] at this location, although it is not shown on our maps; the town and lake must be adjacent; spelling uncertain. ZANCUDOCOCHA (Ridgely, 1980:245); see Zancudo. ZAPALLO GRANDE; Esmeraldas 0047N/7859 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, town in northern Esmeraldas, in middle of Pacific coastal plain, at mouth of Rio Grande [0047N/7856 (USBGN)], and near junction of Rio Zapallo Grande [0044N/7856 (USBGN)], tributaries of Rio Cayapas [0113N/7903 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Sapayo Grande"); Hammond?, Dec. 1901 (FMNH). ZAPALLO GRANDE, RiO; Esmeraldas 0044N/7856 (USBGN) Northern Esmeraldas on Pacific coastal plain, joining with Rio Grande [0047N/7856 (USBGN)] to form Rio Cayapas [0113N/79043 (USBGN)] (MHA, as "Rio Sapayo Grande"); Rosenberg Coll., 450 ft [175 m], 11 Dec. 1901, 23 Jan. 1902 (Hartert, 1902:600, 602, as "Rio Japayo," p. 616 as "Rio Sapayo"); Hammond?, Nov. 1901, Spillraann, Dec. 1925 (FMNH); Chapman, 1926a:718, as "Rio Sapayo"; see, also, Tapayo, Rio; Tapero, Rio; and Tepayo, Rio. ZAPOTAL; Guayas 0220S/8033 (USBGN) ca. 100 m, on railroad 15 km inland from Golfo de Guayaquil [0300S/8030 (USBGN)] and 35 km SE of Santa Elena [0214S/8051 (USBGN)] (MHA); Marchant, Oct. 1954-Aug. 1957 (Marchant, 1958:349). ZARAGURO (MHA); see Saraguro. ZARUMA; El Oro 0341S/7937 (USBGN) 1,202 m, near head of broad valley penetrating western cordillera, on Rio Amarillo [(0345S/7940 (USBGN)], a tributary of Rio Puyango [0207S/7948 (USBGN)] (MHA; Mapa, 1957); arid tropics, Richardson, above town in subtropics to at least 6,000 ft [1,825 ml], 15 Sept.-5 Oct. 1913 (Chapman, 1914:317; 1926a:19, 722); Gomez, July 1939 (FMNH). ZATZAYACU; Pastaza 0111S/7752 (USBGN) 550-950 m (Willis, 1969, Wilson Bull., 81:366); on Rio Anzu [Rio Ansupi, 0104S/7748 (USBGN)], a headwater of Rid Napo [0320S/7240 (USBGN)], 15 km SW of Puerto Napo [0103S/7747 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Satza Yacu"); Willis, 20-23 Oct. 1965 (Willis, 1969, Wilson Bull., 81:366). ZENDA; Guayas Not located Alt.?; Simons, 4-11 Nov. 1898 (Chubb, 1919:2). ZOZORANGA; Loja 0423S/7949 (USBGN) ca. 1,000 m, extreme southern Loja, on western slope, 16 km ENE of Macara [0423S/7957 (USBGN)] (MHA); tropical forest changing to premontane and humid montane vegetation, Univ. East Anglia expedition, 1989 (Clarke, 1990:6, as "Sozoranga"; Ortiz-Crespo & Carrion, 1991:29, as "Sozoranga"); Krabbe, above town at 1,750 m, 6 Feb. 1991 (Krabbe, 1992b:171, as "Sozoranga"). ZUMBAGUA (MHA); see Hacienda Zumbagua. ZUMBAHUA (Krabbe, 1992a:168); see Hacienda Zumbagua. ZUNA (Chapman, 1926a:594); see Zufa. ZUNA; Morona-Santiago 0212S/7816 (USBGN) ca. 3,500 m, on Rio Upano [0245S/7812 (USBGN)], 31 km WNW of Macas [0219S/7807 (USBGN)] (Mapa, 1950; Mapa, 1957, as "Zunac"); collector?, date? (Chapman, 1926a:594, as "Zuna"). ZUNAC (Mapa, 1957); see Zufia. 220 Collecting Localities Contour: 1,000 m 229 BIBLIOGRAPY Abbott, I., and L. K. Abbott. 1978. Multivarient study of morphological variation in Galapagos and Ecuadorean mockingbirds. Condor, 80:302-308. Albuja, J., and T. de Vries. 1977. Aves colectados y observadas alrededor de la Cueva de los Tayos, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador. Rev. Univ. Catdlica, Quito, Afio 5, no. 16, pp. 199-215 [Not seen.] Allen, J. A. 1889. Notes on a collection of birds from Quito, Ecuador. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:69-76. Angove, R. H. 1988. Exercise Andes Diamond 14 Signal Regt [sic?] to Ecuador July-Aug. 1987. Adjutant, 18:33-35. [Not seen.] Anonymous. 1977. Post report — Ecuador. Blatter Naturschutz, no. 1, pp. 34-36. [Not seen.] . 1984. Wiederentdeckung des Purpurkehl-Glanzschwanzchens (Metallura baroni). Trochilus, 5:129. Barnett, A., and A. Gretton. 1987. Rio Mazan: a people's forest. World Birdwatch, 9(1):3-4, Barros V., R. 1953. Algunas aves del Ecuador colectadas por German Barros Valenzuela, con notas del colector. Primera parte. An. Acad. Chile Cienc. Nat., 38:155-163. 1956. Algunas aves del Ecuador colectadas por German Barros Valenzuela, con notas del colector. Segunda parte. An. Acad. Chile Cienc. Nat., 40-41: 115-119. Bauer, K. 1975. Ecuador — ein Vogelparadies. Gefiederte Welt, 99:81- 84. . 1976. Ecuador — ein Vogelparadies. Gefiederte Welt, 100:44-45; 200-201. . 1977. Ecuador — ein Vogelparadies. Gefiederte Welt, 101:58-59. 230 Berger, J., and M. Gochfeld. 1985. Nesting habitat of Andean Gulls. Colonial Waterbirds, 8:74-75. Berlepsch, H., and L. Taczanowski. 1883. Liste des oiseaux recueillis par MM. Stolzmann et Siemiradski dans l'Ecuadeur occidental. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883:536-577. . 1884. Deuxieme liste des oiseaux recueillis dans l'Ecuadeur occidental par MM. Stolzmann et Siemiradski. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884:281-313. Berlioz, J. 1927. Etude d'une collection d'oiseaux de l'Equateur donnée au Muséum par M. Clavery. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33:353-357, 486-493. 1928a. Etudé d'une collection d'oiseaux de l'Equateur donnée au Muséum par M. Clavery. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34:71-78. . 1928b. Notes sur quelques especes rares d'oiseaux de l'Equateur. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34:437-442. . 1932a. Contribution a l'étude des oiseaux de l'Ecuador. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 4:228-242. . 1932b. Nouvelle contribution a l'étude des oiseaux de l'Ecuador. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 4:620-628. . 1937a. Notes ornithologiques au cours d'un voyage en Ecuador. Oiseau, 7:389-416. . 1937b. Notes sur quelques oiseaux rares ou peu connus de l'Equateur. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 9:114-118. 1937c. Etude d'une collection d'oiseaux de I'Ecuador oriental (Mission Flornoy). Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 9:354-361. 1937d. La richesse de la faune écuadorienne et ses causes géographiques. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biog. France, 14(122):51-54. Pas Bleiweiss, R., and M. Olalla P. 1984 Notes on the ecology of the Black- breasted Puffleg on Volcan Pichincha, Ecuador. Wilson Bull., 95(1983):656-661. Boeke, J. D., and F. I. Ortiz-Crespo. 1978. Avian pollination studies: a simple scanning electron microscope technique. Science, 201(4351): 167-168. Brosset, A. 1964. Les oiseaux de Pacaritambo (ouest de l'Ecuador). Oiseau, 34:1-24, 122-135. Brown, P. 1981. Ornithological studies, pp. 117-176. Jn P. Brown (ed.), Southampton University Expedition to Ecuador 1979. Rept. University of Southampton, 212 pp. [Not seen.] Buckley, F. G., and G. M. Tilger. 1983. Frigatebird piracy on humans. Colonial Waterbirds, 6:214-218. Butler, T. Y. 1979. The Birds of Ecuador and the Galapagos Archipelago. Ramphastos Agency, Portsmouth, NH, x + 68 pp. Butler, T. Y., et al. 1975. A checklist of the birds of the mainland of Ecuador. Durham, New Hampshire, 40 pp. Cadena, A., and J. F. Bouchard. 1980. Las figurillas zoomorfas de ceramica del litoral Pacifico ecuatorial (regi6n de La Tolita, Ecuador; y de Tumaco, Colombia). Bull. Inst. Francais Etudes Andines, 9:49-68. Campbell, K. E., Jr. 1976. The late Pleistocene avifauna of La Carolina, southwestern Ecuador. Smiths. Contrib. Paleobiol., no. 27, pp. 155- 168. Campos, R. F. 1938. Pajaros adonatéfagos. El Pyrocephalus rubineus [sic] (Bodd.) (vulg. "Brujito") ataca a la libelula Micrathyria ocellata Mart. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41:167-169. Carriker, M. A., Jr. 1930. Descriptions of new birds from Peru and Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 82:367-376. 1935. Descriptions of new birds from Peru and Ecuador, with critical notes on other little-known species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 87:343-359. 232 Carrion, J. M. date? Aves del valle de Quito y sus alrededores. |. Publisher? [Not seen.] . date? Aves del occidente de Pichincha. Publisher? [Not} seen. } Chapman, F. M. 1914. Descriptions of new birds from Ecuador. 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Novit., no. 143, 16 pp. . 1925a. Descriptions of new birds from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 160, 14 pp. { 1925b. Descriptions of new birds from Ecuador and Peru. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 187, 9 pp. . 1925c. Descriptions of one new genus and of species of birds from Peru and Ecuador. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 205, 11 pp. 1926a. The distribution of bird-life in Ecuador. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55:1-784. . 1926b. Descriptions of new birds from Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 231, 7 pp. . 1928. Descriptions of new birds from eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 332, 12 pp. Chubb, C. 1916. New Birds from Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 36:46-48. . 1919. Notes on collections of birds in the British Museum, from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Ibis, 1919:1-55, 256- 290. Clarke, C. 1990. New populations of rare cracids found in Ecuador and Peru. World Pheasant Assoc. News, 28:6-9. Corley Smith, G. T. 1969. A high altitude hummingbird on the volcano Cotopaxi. Ibis, 111:17-22. de Schauensee, R. M. 1951. Notes on Ecuadorian birds. Notulae Naturae [Philadelphia], no. 234, 11 pp. . 1953. Manakins and cotingas from Ecuador and Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 105:29-43. de Vries, T. 1981. Biol6gia reproductiva de Curiquingue (Phalcoboenus carunculatus) en el paramo del Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Reuni6én Iberaoamer. Conserv. Zool. Vertebr. 1980, p. 75. [Not seen.] . 1985. Distintas épocas de reproduccién en aves rapaces en el paramo del Cotopaxi, Ecuador, p. 120. In F. G. Stiles and P. G. Aguilar F. (eds.), Primer Symposio de Ornitologia Neotropical (14- 15 octubre 1983, Arequipa-Perii), Asoc. Peri. Conserv. Nat., Lima, 126 pp. 23:3 234 Duffy, D.C., and M. Hurtado. 1984. The conservation and status of seabirds of the Ecuadorian mainland. ICBP [Intern. Council Bird Preserv.] Tech. Publ., no. 2, pp. 231-236. Edmund, A. G. 1965. A late Pleistocene fauna from the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador. Royal Ontario Mus., Life Sci. Div., Contrib., no. 63, 21 pp. English, P., and C. Boderhorst. 1991. The voice and first nesting records of the Zigzag Heron in Ecuador. Wilson Bull., 103:661-664. Evans, R. J. [ed.] 1988. Report of the Durham University expedition to Ecuador 1986. An ornithological survey in the province of Esmeraldas in north-west Ecuador August 1986. Gwent, Great Britain. Typescript, 88 pp. . Fjeldsa, J., H. Krabbe, and R. S. Ridgely. 1987. Great Green Macaw Ara ambigua collected in northwest Ecuador, with taxonomic comments on Ara militaris. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 107:28-31. Fitzpatrick, J. W., and J. P. O'Neill. 1986. Otus petersoni, a new screech- owl from the Eastern Andes, with systematic notes on O. colombianus and O. ingens. Wilson Bull., 98:1-14. Fraga, R. M. 1990. Naturaleza y aves en Ecuador. Nuestras Aves, no. 21, pp. 12-13. [Not seen.] 1992. Nesting behaviour of Methopotrix aurantiacus in Ecuador. Hornero, 13:236. Fraser, L. 1859. Letter: an expedition from Riobamba to Chimborazo. Ibis, 1859:208-209. Fuentes, H. 1966? Informe sobre el viaje efectuado a Guayaquil con el proposito de realizar observaciones de aves guaneras. Inst. del Mar del Peri, Serie Informes Especiales, no. IMP-4, 12 pp. Goodfellow, W. 1901. Results of an ornithological journey through Colombia and Ecuador. Ibis, 1901:300-319, 458-480, 699-715. . 1902. Results of an ornithological journey through Colombia and Ecuador. Ibis, 1902:59-67, 207-233. Gould, J. 1855. Description of a new species of hummingbird from Quijos. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1854:109. . 1856. On a new genus and species of Trochilidae from Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855:192. . 187la. Mr. J. Gould on two new species of humming- birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870:803-804. . 1871b. Descriptions of six new humming-birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871:503-505. . 1872. 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Abnormal yellow eye ring on a Tropical Kingbird. Wilson Bull., 97:395-396. Hesse, Brian. 1980. Archaeological evidence for Muscovy Duck in Ecuador. Current Anthrop., 21:139-140. 235 236 Hilgert, N. 1988. Aspects of breeding and feeding behavior of Peregrine Falcons in Guayllabamba, Ecuador, pp. 749-755. In T. Cade, et al., (eds.), Peregrine Falcon Populations; their Management and Recovery. Boise, Idaho: Peregrine Falcon Fund. Hilsenbeck, S. G. 1979. Food of the Silvery Grebes (Podiceps occipitalis) at Lake Cuicocha, Ecuador. Condor, 81:316. Hurtado, G. M. 1981. Informe preliminar sobre la Isla La Plata. Inst. Nac. Pesca. Guayaquil. [Not seen.] Jardine, W. 1849. Ornithology of Quito. Jardine's Contrib. Ornith., 1849:41-45, 66, 67. . 1850. Ornithology of Quito. Jardine's Contrib. Ornith., 1850:1-3. . 1855. Prof. W. Jameson's collections from eastern cordillera of Ecuador. Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., n. s., 2:113- 119. 1856. Professor W. 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Structural complexity and species clustering of birds in tropical rainforests. Acta 17th Congr. Intern. Ornith., Berlin, 1978:962-967. King, J. R. 1989. Notes on the birds of the Rio Mazan valley, Azuay Province, Ecuador, with special reference to Leptosittaca branickii, Hapalopsittaca amazonina pyrrhops and Mertallura baroni. Bull. Brit. Ormnith. Club, 109:140-147. 1990. Polymorphism in Diglossa humeralis aterrima in southern Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 110:77-79. . 1991. Body weights of some Ecuadorean birds. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 111:46-49. King, J. R., and S. J. Holloway. 1990. Notes on the Giant Hummingbird Patagona gigas in southern Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 110:79-80. Krabbe, N. 1992a. A new subspecies of the Slender-billed Miner Geositta tenuirostris (Furnariidae) from Ecuador. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, 112:166-169. 1992b. Notes on distribution and natural history of some poorly known Ecuadorean birds. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club., 112:169-174. Lawrence, G. 1869. Catalogue of birds from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution, collected by J. F. Reeve Esq. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, 9:234-238. Leck, C. F. 1979. Avian extinctions in an isolated tropical wet-forest preserve, Ecuador. Auk, 96:343-352. . 1980. Distributional notes on Ecuadorian birds. Amer. Birds, 34:312-313. Leck, C. F., F. I. Ortiz-Crespo, and R. Webster. 1980. Las aves del Centro Cientifico Rio Palenque. Rev. Univ. Catolica, 8(27):75-79. [Not seen.] Lévéque, R. 1964. Notes on Ecuadorian birds. Ibis, 106:52-62. 2h 238 . 1977. Premiére observation du Bécassau maubéche Calidris canutus dans la République de l'Ecuador. Alauda, 45:125-126. Lonnberg, E., and H. Rendahl. 1922. A contribution to the ornithology of Ecuador. Arkiv Zool., 14(25), 87 pp. Low, R. 1987a. Status of Amazona autumnalis lilacina (Lilacine Amazon). Amazona, 4(3):3-5. 1987b. Status of the Lilacine Amazon Parrot Amazona autumnalis lilacina. Avicult. 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London, 1860:83-97. . 1860d. List of birds collected by Mr. Fraser at Babahoyo in Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860:272-290. . 1860e. List of birds collected at Esmeraldas, Ecuador, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860:291- 298. . 1860f. Descriptions of new species of birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser at Pallatanga, Ecuador. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 5:427-430. Sclater, P. L., and O. Salvin. 1878. Descriptions of three new species of birds from Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878:438-440. . 1880. On new birds collected by Mr. C. Buckley, in eastern Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880:155-161. Simon, E. 1907. Liste des trochilidés observés par M. le Dr. Rivet dans la République de l'Ecuador. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13:16- 23; Snow, B. K. 1979. The Oilbirds of Las Tayos. Wilson Bull., 91:457- 461. . 1981. Relationships between hermit hummingbirds and their food plants in eastern Ecuador. Bull. Brit. 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A nest of Eutoxeres aquila heterura in western Ecuador. Auk, 99:172-173. Vuilleumier, F. 1976. On the occurrence and identity of Oreotrochilus chimborazo at the Guamani Pass, Ecuador. Ibis, 118:425. . 1978. Remarques sur I'echantillonnage d'une riche avifaune de l'ouest de l'Ecuador. Oiseau, 48:21-36. Webb, C. S. 1939. A collector in the Andes of Ecuador. Avicult. Mag., ser. 5, 4:237-250. White, C. M. 1989. A reassessment of the first nesting record of the Peregrine Falcon in Ecuador. Condor, 91:995-997. Whitney, B. M. 1992. Observations on the systematics, behavior, and vocalizations of "Thamnomanes" occidentalis (Formicaridae). Auk, 109:302-308. . 1993. A nest and egg of the Rufous Antpitta in Ecuador. Wilson Bull., 104 (1992):759-760. Wiggins, I. L. 1945. Observation of the South American Condor. Condor, 47:167-168. Wiley, R. H. 1980. Multispecies antbird societies in lowland forests of Surinam and Ecuador: stable membership and foraging differences. Journ. Zool., London, 191:127-145. 247 Yamashima, Y. 1943. Ecuador, Chloroceryle americana. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan, 13:145-146. Zimmer, J. T. 1931. New and other birds from Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 500, 23 pp. . 1943. A new species of finch from Ecuador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 56:33-34. / Grasegtin: Atie ieee thee bes etry, ' ee of ho eS dit : fi. 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