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NATURAL HISTORY

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I / I

ORNITHOLOGICAL SYNONYMS.

BY THE LATE

HUGH EDWIN STRICKLAND, M.A.,

F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.,

DEPUTY READER IN GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, ETC.

EDITED BY

Mrs. HUGH E. STRICKLAND

AND

Sir W. JARDINE, Bart., F.R.S.E., L.S., &c.

VOL. I.
ACCIPITRES.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLV.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COUKT, FLEET STBEET.

ALERE a FLAMMAM.

ORNITHOLOGICAL SYNONYMY.

INTRODUCTION

" La determination precise des especes et de leurs caracteres distinctifs fait la
premiere base sur laquelle toutes les recherches de I'histoire naturelle doivent
etre fondees. Les observations les plus curieuses, les vues les plus iiouvelles, per-
dent presque toute leur merite quand elles sent depourvues de cet appui ; et
nialgre I'aridite de ce genre de travail, c'est par la que doivent commeneer tons
ceux qui se proposent d'arriver a des resultats solides." — Cuvier.

" Si la nomenclature est indispensable a connaitre pour etre en rapport avec
tous les savans, la synonymic n'est guere moins necessaire pour reconnaitre avec
certitude le nom qui doit etre adopte de preference a tout autre, et surtout pour
lire les ouvrages des auteurs anciens, ou de ceux qui n'ont point suivi la nomen-
clature systematique." — DeCandolle.

" The vast mass of synonyms which it has now become the laborious but in-
dispensable task of the systematic naturalist to unravel, forms a most serious im-
pediment to the progress of the science." — Strickland, MS.

It is well known to every one who has worked out any branch
of natural science^ and even to those who have only partially en-
gaged in similar research, that no department requires so much
patience and impartiality, and shows so little apparent result in
comparison with the time and labour bestowed, yet is withal so
necessary and essential to the clear understanding of the subject,
as that of unravelling the Hynonymy or the various names by
which the same object has been over and over again designated.
In Zoological and Botanical science, synonymy has of late in-
creased to an enormous extent, and the space necessary to enu-
mej'ate the names that have been applied to each species is equal
to — sometimes more than, — what would be required for a detail of

a 2

iv INTRODUCTION.

their specific characters or descriptions. This increased with the
progress of research and the number of describers, but it need
not necessarily have done so. In early times there were few
who gave their attention to natural science : and up to the sera
of Linnfeus, when the binomial nomenclature had its origin,
we have not to record much synonymy, but have merely to trace
the local, or sometimes barbarous names by which animals or
plants were noticed in the older voyages and travels, or by the
few authors who attempted to describe them separately. As,
however, the love for these pursuits increased, and the interest
which their study imparted became more real, when taken in
connexion with the arts and our commercial and manufacturing-
relations, new objects continually occurred which required
names ; and if no old designation was discovered, a new one was
applied. This would have been quite legitimate, had all means
to find out whether the object referred to was ever previously
named, been exhausted ; but this was not done, and synonymy
consequently floui'ished.

The causes of this great increase are of a twofold nature ;
the one almost beyond the control of the individual, the other
depending on his own carelessness or pride. Many observers
find some object exceedingly beautiful or curious ; they cannot
make it out, and do not like the trouble of inquiring for and
examining the works that relate to it, and a new name is at once
applied, which saves all further trouble to them. Others, again,
do examine and find out what they are in search of, but they at
the same time discover something faulty in the previous name ;
— it is badly compounded ; it is not applicable to the species ; it
is too like some other name ; it is used in some other branch of
science ; in short, they wish to apply a name of their own, the
old one is discarded, and an addition made to our already long
list. New names, given under circumstances such as these, are,
we fear, the most numerous, and are certainly the most to be
regretted : others arise from causes also to be regretted, but
where individual blame cannot in the same way be attached.
Many excellent observers labour abroad, and have a large know-
ledge of their subject; but at a distance from all positive infor-
mation, they append names to their specimens sent home, often
with instructions that these are only provisionally given with

INTRODUCTION. V

reference to their lists or catalogues, but which are neglected by
their over-zealous editor, and the new names are launched out
to swell the list still farther. Other equally exact observers
labour and examine so far as their opportunities admit, but very
few possess either the libraries or collections to illustrate even
any one branch of Zoology or Botany : it is true that these hin-
drances are diminishing every day, and from the ease and small
expense with which queries regarding any unknown or disputed
species can be circulated, there is scarcely an excuse now for any
one remaining in ignorance of anything that may come into his
possession; and the alternative of either giving a new name, or
leaving it blank to be filled up by some other observer, is there-
fore taken away.

From these causes, and a few others incident to them, orni-
thological synonymy, both generic and specific, has reached a
bewildering extent. The generic names at present employed,
according to the list prepared for the British Museum by Mr.
George Robert Gray during this year (1855), reaches to no
less a number than 2403 (which, so far as we know the number
of birds already discovered, would allow somewhat less than
three species to each genus), and to these has to be added their
synonymy, reaching from one to ten for each genus*. The extent
of the specific synonymy cannot be ascertained or enumerated.
Any work, then, undertaken with care and judgment, and with
an adequate knowledge of the subject, that will unravel this
synonymy, must be of the utmost importance not only to the
student of ornithology, but to any one who is working without
the means of access to a complete library or an extensive collec-
tion ; and there cannot be any doubt that the large mass of mate-
rials which it is now our object to publish, will, when arranged
and completed, assist materially in supplying this want.

Among the various branches of Natural Science pursued by
Hugh E. Strickland, next to Geology, that of Ornithology occu-
pied the greatest portion of his attention, and was actively pi-o-
secuted at an early period of his life. During his travels on the

* A List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds, by George Robert Gray. London,
1855. Since the publication of the above, we perceive in some recent works
several additional genera have been contrived, so that the nuiubers quoted ai-e
alreadv under the amount.

vi INTRODUCTION.

continent, and in Greece and Asia Minor^ considerable collections
were made ; and on returning again to his home and commencing
a more detailed and systematic study of Zoology in general,
the same wants that had been so frequently impediments to
others, — the loose state of Zoological Nomenclature, and the im-
possibility of referring to any arranged /Sywonymy, — soon arrested
his attention, and with his accustomed energy he at once set
himself to compile and arrange materials to supply these defi-
ciencies. His plan for the reform of Zoological Nomenclature
was first publicly brought forward under the auspices of the
British Association in 1842 at its meeting in Manchester, and
after some opposition at the time, and a little difficulty in falling
at once under the rules proposed, it has become almost univer-
sally employed by zoologists as the guide and reference upon
this subject. The second part of the undertaking, by far the
most laborious and extensive, had been commenced some years
previously, and the plans for filling up and gradually per-
fecting Synomjmij were laid down. The synonymy of various
branches of Zoology had been contemplated * ; but the papers
relating to Ornithology, which had been made a more particular
study, were prepared and printed, and had been some time in
progress of being filled up. These generally accompanied him
on his visits among scientific friends, and no opportunity
was omitted to increase and verify them by comparison with
books and the examination of collections, as well as by an ex-
tensive correspondence with ornithologists both at home and
abroad ; and at the period of his decease the manuscript papers
amounted to no less than thirty-two volumes, having references
quoted from two hundred and forty-three separate works and
papers which had been completely examined and exhausted. The
work was gradually preparing for the press, and it was his in-
tention, so soon as the printing of the last volume of the Biblio-
graphy of Agassiz was finished, to have entered upon the active
prosecution of a long-promised and fondly cherished undertaking.
The melancholy event which has deprived this work of the su-
perintendence of the author himself need not be introduced now ;
it is well known to the scientific world ; suffice it to say, that

* Among the MSS. in possession of Mrs. II. E. Strickland, there is a large mass
of materials for a synonymy of the Class Reptilia, both recent and fossil.

INTRODUCTION. vii

the preparation of the materials has been a great source of satis-
faction to those more immediately afflicted by the sudden dis-
pensation of Providence. The responsibility of editing materials
far too valuable to be laid aside and forgotten, is also cheerfully
undertaken as a duty to a very dear friend and companion ; and
although every care has been taken to work out the author's
views, as far as the recollection of frequent conversations on the
subject and memoranda and notes interspersed throughout the
manuscript suggested, it may be we have not entirely succeeded
in bringing out his intentions. This must be our blame only.
We have no doubt he would have used the words of Linnaeus,
and requested, " Quo plures errores apud nos detergere potes,
eo gratior eris ; tum possemus omnia corrigere vivi;" but the
conclusion of the sentence must be borne in mind, " post Fata
non licet emendare propria opuscula."

In preparing these Synonyms for the press, it has been our
object, as already stated, to follow out as far as possible the
plans of their author, and which has been more easily done from
memoranda having been written down at various times as they
occurred, intended evidently to serve as guides for himself in
the future printing of the work. The genera have, therefore,
been placed as they followed each other in the manuscript,
and as his ornithological collection was arranged ; and although
they may not stand as he might have ultimately arranged them,
we have thought it better to place them so than to make par-
tial changes only. His views of an arrangement were averse
to anything resembling a line, square, or circle : he conceived
that it could only be mapped out by following the affinities to
the ends of the branches or tributaries, as it were, which would
form a very irregular distribution of the whole. He remarks in
his memoranda, " The best way of constructing a really natural
system of Birds seems to be, 1st, to discard all idea of symmetry
either circular or linear ; 2nd, To take one genus at a time (at
random), and to place it between those two others whose affinity
to it is the most palpable. If this were done throughout, an
irregular branching tree would be constructed, and those genera
which have only one affinity would form the ends of the branches,
those with two affinities would come in the middle of the
branches, and those with more than two would form the base of

viii INTRODUCTION.

the other branches. This synthetical method seems to me pre-
ferable to the ordinary analytical one of taking the class Birds^
dividing it into orders^ these into families/' &c.

The Synonyms generally are arranged chronologically^or as far
as the dates can be ascertained ; it was proposed for this, that
" each distinct appellation, whether differing in the name of the
genus or species, or both, should form the beginning of a distinct
paragraph, to be followed by the references to the several authors
who have given it that appellation ; that paragraph to be placed
first in which the earliest author quoted occurs, to be followed by
those paragraphs which agree with it in their specific designation,
but differ in their generic, to be placed chronologically according
to the first author quoted in each paragraph ; these to be followed
by those paragraphs which differ from the first in their specific
designation in chronological order.''

Vernacular names introduced into the Synonyms are " quoted
only from those authors who do not adopt or recognize in any
way the Latin nomenclature, as Buffon, Brown's Illustrations of
Zoology, &c. ; but from other works where Latin names are re-
cognized by implication, these are used as far as possible."

" The citation of a plate or page of any work does not
mean, 'this is a correct figure or description of the species in
question,' but, ' that figure or description cannot be referred to
any other species but the one in question.' "

" When a reference is made to any author regarding a species,
such reference must be understood to refer only to the descrip-
tion ov figwes given by such author, and not to the Synonyms.
Still less are the varieties mentioned by an author to be included
in the first reference to him."

" In making reference to the ' Regne Animal ' of Cuvier, it has
been found necessary, in many cases, to quote the titles of the
species, not as they actually stand in that work, but in that form
which by implication it is evident that Cuvier intended they
should exhibit. The comprehensive mind of that great zoologist
seems to have soared above that minute attention to details
which is indispensable to the order and efficiency of a system.
He was engaged in sketching out the grand outlines of the
picture, and left to others the laborious task of filling in the
minor touches. Hence we find that in the arrauffcmcnt of his

INTRODUCTION. ix

genera and species he followed no regular plan, but often re-
corded the essential facts with extreme looseness. By adopting
a concise and conversational style he perhaps rendered his sub-
ject more generally popular, but he diminished the scientific
accuracy of his work. After giving a brief definition of his
groups, it was his custom to append in a note a list of such
species as he referred to them; and in these cases, instead of
giving in Latin the generic and specific name which he intended
each species to retain, he merely quotes them under the old
title of the author to whose work he refers, and frequently no
other title is given than the barbarous names employed by Buffbn
and Levaillant. It follows from this, that in referring to the
work of Cuvier, the only way to record the place which he him-
self assigned to any given species, was to quote, not the title as
it stands in his work, but to take his generic name and append
to it the specific name used by the older author whose work he
quotes."

When Gray's List of Birds in the British Museum is quoted
without a date, the edition of 1848 is referred to.

Many birds, whether from the same country or from difi'erent
localities, are by some ornithologists considered distinct, by others
as identical ; for example, Pandion haliaetus and carolinensis,
Falco peregrinus and anatum : this however is a matter of opinion
only ; and where Mr. Strickland kept them distinct and imder
different names, the identity not being in any way proved, we
have allowed them to remain, and the synonyms apply to that
particular name under which they are placed ; thus, Vultur
cinereus and monachus are kept under their respective names
as distinct, though by several naturalists they are looked upon
as identical. On the other hand, Pandion haliaetus and caro-
linensis, Falco peregrinus and anatum, are, without doubt, iden-
tical, and are almost by common consent made so : these and
some others are also placed separately, but under one number,
the second being distinguished by a letter (102. and 102 a.) ;
and thus the synonyms relating to the birds from the different
countries can be at once seen ; whereas had they been arranged
together according to date, they must have been mixed with
each other. It should be observed, however, that in the MS.
these specific names were always kept upon a separate pai)er ; in

X INTRODUCTION.

some cases they might have been amalgamated by Mr. Strick-
land, in some others probably nbt. The letters affixed to the
numbers, therefore, only indicate our own opinion of the iden-
tity of the species to which a common number is affixed.

The authority for Museums or Habitats always refers only to
that after which it is immediately placed.

The Collection of the Zoological Society, which is frequently
referred to as possessing specimens, is, we regret to say, already
partially dispersed ; and it will not, we fear, be very easy to
trace the specimens. Some have been purchased by the British
Museum, and are there easily accessible. We are not aware
that any have yet been sold abroad, but several have passed to
private museums. The dispersion of this collection is to be re-
gretted. It contained the entire ornithological collection of
the late N. A. Vigors, which was presented to the Society by
that gentleman soon after its establishment in Bruton Street,
where it was originally exhibited ; it was chiefly valuable for
reference as containing the types of most of the species men-
tioned and described by Mr. Vigors in his numerous zoological
papers in the Zoological Journal and elsewhere. Many of Sir
Stamford Baffles' specimens were there ; also the first collections
that were sent home from Borneo by Mr. Brooke ; the types
of many of the species figured by Mr. Eraser in the ' Zoologia
Typica ;' some of those described in the voyage of the Beagle,
as well as others of much ornithological interest.

Mr. Swainson's collection, also quoted, is now at Cambridge.
It was purchased entire by the University before Mr. Swainson
left this country for New Zealand, and can now be consulted.

The list of authors quoted from, with the abbreviations used,
has been appended ; it is essential for the reading of the volume,
and will at the same time give an idea of the extent of research
employed by Mr. Strickland.

A work entirely of reference, such as Synonymy, more expen-
sive also to print than one of an ordinary character, would not
clear the cost of publication. In these circumstances, the British
Association again came forward to lend its support, and thus
marked its sense of the importance of the subject to zoological
science, as well as its confidence in the ability and perseverance of
Mr. Strickland. At the meeting in Liverpool (1854) a grant

INTRODUCTION. xi

of one hundred pounds was given to assist in defraying the
necessary expenses. From the desire to make this volume com-
plete in itself, it has been restricted to the Synonymy of the
first great Order of Birds, or Accipitres, and is therefore not
so large as it might have been made, had another Order been
commenced with. That it is without errors, where so many
works have been referred to and quoted from, cannot be expected,
but every pains has been taken to avoid mistakes and render the
quotations correct ; and the well-known accuracy of the printers,
Messrs. Taylor and Francis, who have taken great interest in
every part of the work, has rendered this much more easy.

In conclusion, let us return our acknowledgments to the
officers of every public Museum, as well as the proprietors of
private collections, for their assistance and advice whenever they
have been requested. In the British Museum every specimen
has been separately examined in company with Mr. George
Robert Gray, and much advantage has been gained by colla-
ting our nomenclature and synonymy with that of the Museum
lists.

Jardine Hall,

1st September, 1855.

^^

List of Works quoted from in the first volume of
the Ornithological Synonymy^ with their Ahhre-
mations.

Abhandl. Privatges. Bohm. — Abhandluugen einer Privatgesellschaft
in Bohnaen, zur Aufnahme der Naturgeschichte, &c. &c.,
von I. E. V. Born. 8vo. Prag. 1775-1784.

Abh. Ak. Berl. — Abhandlungen der physikalischen Klasse der Konig-
licb-Preussisclien Akademie der Wissenschaften. 4to. Berlin,
181.')- 1832. {Fortsetz.) Pbysikaliscbe Abbandlungen der
Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 4to.
Berlin, 1832-1846.

Abh. Geb. Natiirwiss. — Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Natur-
wissenschaften herausgegeben von dem naturwissenschaft-
liclicn Verein in Hamburg. Hamburg, 1852.

Aikin, Zool. Joum. — {Aikin, W. O.) Zoological Journal.

Alb. B. — {Albin, E.) A Natural History of Birds. 4to. London,
1738, 1740.

Ann. Lye. N. York. — Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of
New York. 8vo. New York, 1824.

Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. — Annales du Museum National d'Histoire
Naturelle. 4to. Paris, 1802-1813.

Ann. Nat. Hist. — Annals of Natural History, and Magazine of Zoo-
logy, Botany and Geology. 8vo. London, 1838-1855.

Ann. Phil. — Annals of Philosophy, &c., by T. Thomson. 8vo. Lon-
don, 1813-1826.

Ann. Sc. Nat. — Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 8vo. Paris, 1824-
1834.

Ann. Wetterau. — Annalen der Wetterauischen Gesellschaft fur die
gesammte Naturkunde. 4to. Frankfurt, 1809-1814.

As. Res. — Asiatic Researches, or Transactions of the Society insti-
tuted in Bengal, &c. 4to. Calcutta, 1788.

xiv ABBREVIATI(3NS.

Asso, Zool. Arag. — (Asso, I. de) Introductio ia Oryctographiam et
Zoologiam Aragoniee. 8vo. Madrid, 1784.

Att. Scienz. Ital. — Atti Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani. 4to. Pisa,
1840-1844.

Audonin, Desc. Egyp. — {Audouin, J. V.) Explication sommaire des
Planches du grand ouvrage d'Egypte.

Audub. B. Am. — {Audubon, J. J.) Birds of America, fol. London,
1831.

Orn. Biog. — {Audubon, J. J.) Ornithological Biography : an

account of the habits of the Birds of the United States of
America, accompanied by Descriptions of the objects repre-
sented in the " Birds of America.''' R. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1 83 1 .

Edinb. Journ. Nat. Geogr. Sc. — {Audubon, J. J.) Edinburgh

Journal of Natural and Geographical Science.

Synop. B. Am. — {Audubon, J. J.) Synopsis of the Birds of

North America. 8vo. Edinb. 1839.

Edinb. New Phil. Journ. — {Audubon, J. J.) Edinburgh New.

Philosophical Journal.

Austin, Ann. Nat. Hist. — {Austin, T.) Annals of Natural History.

Azar. Pax. Par. — {Azara, F. de) Apuntamientos para la Historia
natural de los Paxaros del Paraguay. 8vo. Madrid, 1802.

Voy. en Amer. — {Azara, F. de) Voyage dans I'Amerique me-

ridionale de 1781 a 1801. 8vo. Berlin, 1810.

Baik. & Hedd. Nat. Hist. Oread. — {Baikie, TV. B. ^- Heddle, It.)
Historia naturalis Orcadensis. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1848.

Baillon, Mem. Soc. Em. Abbeville.— (5«27^n, L. A. J.) See " Me-
moires de la Societc Royale d'Emulation d' Abbeville."

Bailly, Orn. Sav. — {Bailly, J. B.) Ornithologie de la Savoie, ou His-
toire des Oiseaux qui vivent en Savoie, &c. 8vo. Paris, 1853.

Baldenst. Denkschr. Schweiz. Gesellsch. — {Baldenstein, H. v.)
See " Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesell-
schaft."

Bancroft, Hist. Guian. — {Bancroft, E.) Natural History of Guyana
in South America. 8vo. Loudon, 1794.

Barbier. Rev. Zool.— {Barbieri, L.) Revue Zoologique.

Barthel. Att. Scienz. Ital. — {BartMlemy, ) Atti della Scienziati
Italiani.

Bartr. Trav. Carol. — {Bartram, W.) Travels through N. and S. Caro-
lina, Georgia, East and West Florida, &c. 8vo. London,
1792.

Bechst. Naturg. Beutschl. — {Bechstein, J. M.) Gemeinniitzige Na-
turgeschichte Deutschlands. 12mo. Leipzig, 1791.

Taschenb. Beutschl. — {Bechstein, J. M.) Ornithologisches

Taschenbuch von und fiir Deutschland. 8vo. Leipzig, 1803.

ABBREVIATIONS. XV

Bechst. Vog. Deutschl. — (Bechsfeiv, J. M.) Naturgeschiclite der

Vogel Deutschlands.
Begb. Journ. Mai. Penins. — {Bec/bie, P. J.) The Malayan Penin-
sula, &c. 8vo. Vejiery Mission Press, 1834.
Bellam. Nat. Hist. S. Devon. — {Bellmmj, J. C.) The Natural History

of South Devon. 8 vo. Plymouth, 1839.
Belon, Hist. Nat. — (Belon, P.) Histoire naturelle desOiseaux. fol.

Paris, 1855.
Benick. Isis. — {Benicken, ) Isis, 1824.
Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. — {Bennett, E. T.) The Gardens and Menagerie

of the Zoological Society. 2 vols. Birds. 8 vo. London, 1831.
Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. — {Bennett, E. T.) Proceedings of the

Committee of the Zoological Society.
Benoit, Orn. Sicil. — (Benoit, L.) Ornitologia Siciliana. 8vo. Mes-
sina, 1840.
Berkenh. Synop. — {Berkenhout, J.) Synopsis of the Natural History

of Great Britain and Ireland. 8vo. London, 1789.
Beseke, Vog. Kurl. — {Beseke, J. M. G.) Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte

der Vogel Kurlands. 12mo. Berlin, 1792.
Bew. Brit. B. — (Bewick, T.) History of British Birds. 8vo. New-
castle, Eds. 1797, 1826.
Blackwall, Res. Zool. — {BlackwaU, J.) Researches in Zoology.

London, 1840.
Blumenb. Abhild. Naturh. Gegenst. — {Blumenhuch, J. F.) Abbil-

dungen naturhistorischer Gegenstande. Gcittingen, 1796-

1810.
Blyth, Plan Ind. Orn. — {Blyth, E.) Plan of an Indian Ornithology.

8vo. Calcutta, 1848. (Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal.)

Ann. Nat. Hist — {Blyth, E.) Annals of Natural History.

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. — (Blyth, E.) Journal of the Asiatic

Society of Bengal.

Madr. Journ. — (Blyth, E.) Madras Journal.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calcut. — (Blyth, E.) Catalogue of the

Birds in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta.
Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl. — (Boddaert, M.) Tableau des Planches Enlumi-

nt'es d' Histoire naturelle de M. Daubenton, avec les de'nomi-

nations de MM. de Buffon, &c. Utrecht, 1783.
Boie, Isis.— (5o/e, F.) Isis, 1822, &c.
Bolle, Bemerk. Vog. Canar. Ins. Cab. Journ. Orn. — (Bolle, C)Be-

merkungen iiber die Vogel der Canarischen Inseln. " Ca-

banis. Journal fiir Ornithologie."
Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. — (Bonaparte, C. L.) List of the Birds of

Europe and North America. 8vo. London, 1838.
Am. Orn. — (Bonaparte, C. L.) American Ornithology of Birds

XVI ABBREVIATIONS.

inhabiting the United States not given by Wilson. 4to.
Philadelphia, 1825.

Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Catalogo metodico degli
Uccelh Europei. 8vo. Bologna, 1842.

Consp. Av. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Conspectus Generum Avium.

8vo. Leyden, 1850.

Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Osservazioni suUa 2*

edizione del Regno Animale del Barone Cuvier. 8vo. Bologna,
1830.

Rev. Zool. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Revue Zoologique.

Obs. Wils. Nom. Journ. Ac. Sc. N. York. — {Bonaparte, C. L.)

Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology,
printed in the Journal of the Academy of Sciences of New
York.

Nuov. Giorn. Pisa.— {Bonaparte, C. L.) Nuovo Giornale de

Letterati a Pisa.

Ann. Lye. N. York. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Annals of the Ly-
ceum of New York.

• Proc. Zool. Soc. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society.

Isis. — {Bonaparte, C. L.) Isis, 1832, &c.

Bonell. Mem. Ac. Turin. — {BonelH, F. A.) Me'moires de I'Acade'mie
de Turin.

Bonnat. Enc. Meth. — {Bonnaterre, V Abbe) Tableau Encyclopedique
et INIethodique des trois Regnes de la Nature. 4to. Paris,
1/88-1790.

Borkh. Teutsche Orn. — {Borkhausen, Lichthammer und Bekker dem
jungen) Teutsche Ornithologie oder Naturgeschichte aller
Vogcl Teutschlands. Darmstadt, 1800-1817.

B. St. Vine. Exp. Sc. Morea. — {Bory de Saint Vincent) Expedition
Scientifique en More'e. Paris, 1832, 1835.

Brandenb. Faun. March. — {Brandenburg, M.) Fauna Marchica. Ein
Handbuch bearbeitet von J. H. Schulz. 8vo. Berlin, 1845.

Brandt, Ann. Nat. Hist. — {Bi-andt) Annals of Natural History.

Brehm, V6g. Deutschl. — {Brehm, C. L.) Handbuch der Naturge-
schichte aller Vogel Deutschlands. 8vo. Ilmenau, 1831.

Isis. — {Brehm, C. L.) Isis.

Naumann. — {Brehm, C. L.) Naumannia.

Breschet, Ann. Sc. Nat. — {Breschet, G.) Annales des Sciences Na-
turelles.

Brew. (Wils.) Am. Orn. Synop. — {Brewer, T. M.) Wilson's American
Ornithology, to which is added a Synopsis of American
Birds. 8vo. New York, 1852.

Brewst. Ed. Journ. Sc. — {Brewster, D.) Edinburgh Journal of
Science. Ser. 1. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1824-1832.

ABBREVIATIONS. xvii

Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc. — {Bridges, T.) Proceedings of the Zoological

Society.
Ann. Nat. Hist. — (Bridges, T.) Annals of Natural History.

Briss. Orn. — (Brisson, M. J.) Ornithologia, sive Synopsis methodica,

sistens Avium divisionem in Ordines, Genera, Species, &c.

4to. Paris, 1760. 8vo. Leyden, 1763.
Brown, 111. Zool. — (Brown, P.) New Illustrations of Zoology. 4to.

London, 1776.
Browne, Trav. Af. — (Browne, W. G.) Travels in Africa, Egypt, and

Syria. 4to. London, 1799.

Bruce, Trav. Abyss. — (Bruce, J.) Travels to discover the Sources

of the Nile in the years 1768, 1772. 4to. Edinburgh, 1790.

French edition. Paris, 1790.
Bruch, Isis. — (Bruch, ) Isis, 1831, &c.
Briinn. Orn. Bor. — (BrUnnich, M. T.) Ornithologia borealis, sistens

CoUectionem Avium ex omnibus Imperio Danico subjectis, «&c.

8vo. Hafnise, 1764.
Buff. PI. Enl.— (Bufon, G. L. L. de) Planches Enlumine'es. fol.

Paris.
Ois. ed. Sonn. — (Buffon, G. L. L. de) Histoire naturelle des

Oiseaux par Sonnini. 8vo. Paris, 1806.
Bull. Ac. Brux. — Bulletin des Seances de 1' Academic Roy ale des

Sciences et Belles Lettres de Bruxelles. 8vo. Brux. 1833-

1846.
So. Ac. Petersb. — Bulletin Scientifique public par I'Academie

Impcriale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg. 4to. Petersburg,

1836-1842.

See. PMlom. — Bulletin des Sciences par la Societe Philoma-

tique de Paris. 4to. Paris, 1791-1824.

Burch. Trav. Af. — (Burchell, JF. J.) Travels in the Interior of
Southern Africa, in 1811-1815. 4to. London, 1822-24.

Burt. Proc. Zool. Soc. — (Burton, E.) Proceedings of the Zoological

Society.

Cab. Journ. Orn. — (Cahmiis, /,, Dr.) Journal fur Ornithologie. 8vo.
Cassel, 1853-1854.

Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. — (Cassin, J.) Illustrations of the Birds of
California, Texas, Oregon, British and Russian America.
8vo. Philadelphia, 1854.

Proc. Ac. So. Philad. — (Cassin, J.) Proceedings of the Aca-
demy of Sciences of Philadelphia.

Cat. Mus. E.I.C. — Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum of the
Honourable East India Company. 8vo. London, 1854.

Catesb. Carol. — (Cateshy, M.) The Natural History of Carolina,
Florida, and the Bahama Islands, fol. London, 1754.

h

xviii ABBREVIATIONS,

Cetti, Sard. — (Cetti, F.) Gli Uccelli di Sardegna. 8vo. Sassari,
1776.

Collins, N. S.Wales. — (Collins, B.) An Account of the English Co-
lony of New South Wales. 4to. London, 1804.

Couch, Faun. Comw. — {Couch, J.) A Cornish Fauna, heing a Com-
pendium of the Natural History of the County. Svo. Truro,

1838.

Cretzsch. (Rtpp.) Atl. Eeis. nord Af. — {CretzscKmar, P. J.) Riip-
pell's Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika. fol. 1826.

Cuv. Reg. An. — {Cuvier, Le Baron) Le Regne Animal distribue
d'apres son organisation. Svo. ed. 1. 1817 ; ed. 2. 1829,
Paris.

Lee. Anat. Comp. — {Cuvier, Le Baron) Le9ons d'Anatomie

Comparee. 8vo. Paris, 180,5.

Reg. An. ed. Griff. — {Cuvier, Le Baron) '• Regne Animal,"

with additional descriptions, &c., by E. Griffith. 8vo. Lon-
don, 1827-183.5.

Darw. Joum. Res. — {Darwin, C.) Journal of Researches into the
Geology and Natural History of the Countries visited by the
"Beagle." 8vo. London, 1839.

Zool. Besig.— {Darwin, C.) Zoologv of the Voyage of H.M.S.

"Beagle." Part 3. Birds. 4to. London, 1838-1841.

Daud. Tr. Orn. — {Daudin, F. M.) Traite' elementaire et complet
d'Ornithologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. 4to. Paris,
1800.

Degl. Orn. Eur. — {Degland, C. B.) Ornithologie Europeenne. Svo.
1849.

Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille. — {Degland, C. D.) Memoires de la So-

cicte Royale des Sciences a Lille.

De Kay, Zool. N. York.— (Zr/y, J. E.) Zoology of New York, or
the New York Fauna, comprising detailed descriptions of all
the animals hitherto observed within the State of New York.
Part 2. Birds. 4to. Albany, 1844.

Denh. Trav. Af. — (Denham, D. ^ Clapperton, H.) Narrative of
Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa.
4to. London, 1826.

Denkschr. Ak. Miinch. — Denkschriften der Koniglichen Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Miinchen. 4to. Miinchen, 1809-
1825.

Sehweiz. Gesellsch. — Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweiz-

erischen Gesellschaft f iir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften.
4to. Ziirich, 1829.

Desfont. Mem. Ac. Sc.— {Desfontaines, R. L.) Memoires de I'Aca-
demie Royale des Sciences.

ABBREVIATIONS. xix

Des Murs, Iconog. Orn. — (Des Mnrs, O.) Iconographie Ornitholo-
gique. fol. Paris, 1849.

&c. (Lefeb. & Dill.) Voy. Abyssin.— (De« Murs, O.) (Lefebvre,

T. ^ Billon, Q.) Voyage en Abyssinie, par una Commission
Scientifique composce de M. Lefebvre, Lieutenant de Vais-
seau, A. Petit, et Quartin Dillon, Naturalistes du Museum.
Zoologie, par O. Des Murs. 8vo. Paris.

Dicks. Proc. Zool. Soc. — {Dickson, ) Proceedings of the Zoological

Society.

DiefF. New Zeal. — {Biefenbach, E.) Travels in New Zealand. 8vo.

London, 1843.
Dillon, Trav. Spain. — {Billon, T.) Travels through Spain. 4to.

London, 1/80. 8vo. Leipzig, 1782.
Dillw. Faun. Swans. — {Billwyn, L. TV.) Materials for a Fauna and

Flora of Swansea and the neighbourhood. 8vo. Swansea,

1848.
Don. Nat. Rep. — {Bonovan, E.) Natural Repository of exotic Na-
tural History. 8vo. London, 1822-1826.
Donnd. Orn. Beytrag. — {Bonndorff, J. A.) Ornithologische Beytrage

zur XIII. Ausgabe des Linneischen Natursystems. 8vo.

Leipzig, 1794.
Drapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. — {Brapiez, ) Dictionnaire Clas-

sique d'Histoire Naturelle. 8vo. Paris, 1834.
Drumm. Ann. Nat. Hist. — {Brummond, H. M.) Annals of Natural

History.

Dubois, Orn. Gal. — {Bubois, C. F.) Ornithologische Gallerie, oder
Abbildungen aller bekannten Vogel. 4to. 1839.

DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. — {Bu Bus,B.) Bulletin des Se'ances de l' Aca-
demic Royale des Sciences de Bruxelles.

Esq. Orn. — {Bu Bus, B.) Esquisses Ornithologiques : descrip-
tions d'Oiseaux nouveaux. 4to, Leipzig.

Dum. Zool. Anal. — {Bum&il, A. M. C.) Zoologie Analytique, ou
Methode naturelle de Classification des Animaux. 8vo.
Paris, 180G.

Dumont, Diet. Seien., Art. Caracard. — {Bumont, C. H. F.) Diction-
naire des Sciences Naturelles, " Article Cara9ara."

Dunn, Ork. & Shet. — {Bunn, R.) The Ornithologist's Guide to the
Islands of Orkney and Shetland. 8vo. London, 1837.

Dupr. Hist. Louis. — {Bupratz, L.) Histoire de la Louisiane. 8vo.
Paris, 1 758.

Edinb. Joum. Nat. & Geog. Sc. — Edinburgh Journal of Natural and
Geographical Science, bv Ainsworth and Cheek. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1829-1831.

Edinb. Phil. Journ. — Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. 8vo. Edin-
burgh, 1819-1826.

b 2

XX ABBREVIATIONS.

Edinb. New Phil. Journ. — Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.
8vo. Edinburgh, 182G-1855.

Edw. B. — {Edwards, G.) Natural History of uncommon Birds. 4to.
London, 1 743- 1 75 1 .

Glean. Nat. Hist. — (Edwards, G.) Gleanings of Natural His-
tory. 4to. London, 1758-1764.

Elliot, Madr. Joixrn. — {Elliot, W.) Madras Journal.

Erm. Reis. — (Erman, A. ) Reise um die Erde durch Nord-Asien und
die beiden Oceane. 8vo. mit fol. Naturhistorischen Atlas.
Berhn, 1835.

Eversm. Add. Zoog. Ross. As. — (Eversmann, E.) Addenda ad cele-
berrinii Pallasii Zoographiam Rosso- Asiaticam. 8vo. Kasani,
1842,

Eydoux, Voy. Bon. Ois. — (Ei/doux, F.) Voyage autour du monde
dans La Bonite : Oiseaux. Paris, 1839.

Eyt. R. Brit. B. — {Eyton, T. C.) History of the rarer species of
British Birds. 8vo. London, 183(3.

Expl. Sc. Alger. Ois. — Exploration Scientifique de I'Algerie pendant
les Annees 1840, 1841, 1842: Oiseaux. Paris, 1844.

Faber, Prod. Island. Orn. — (Faber, F.) Prodromus der Islandischen
Ornithologie, oder Geschichte der Vogel Islands. 8vo. Co-
penhagen, 1822.

Fabr. Faun. Green. — (Fabricius, O.) Fauna Groenlandica, systema-
tice sistens Animalia Grcenlandise occidentalis hactenus inda-
gata. 8vo. Hafnise et Lipsise, 1780.

Fern. Hist, Nov. Hisp. — {Fernandez, F.) Historia Animalium et
Mineralium Novae Hispanise. 4to. Rome, 1651.

Feruss. Bull. Sc. Nat. — (Ferussac, M. de) Bulletin Universel des
Sciences et de 1' Industrie. 8vo. Paris, 1824-1831.

Feuillee, Journ. Obs. Phys. — {Feuillee, L.) Journal des Observations
sur la Physique.

Fleischer, Fischer Jahrgang. — {Fleischer, E.) Fischer's Jahrgang,
1818.

Flem. Brit. An. — {Fleming, J.) A History of British Animals, exhi-
biting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement
of Genera and Species of Quadrupeds, Birds, &c. &c. 8vo.
Edinb. 1828.

Phil. Zool. — {Fleming, J.) The Philosophy of Zoology, 8vo,

Edinburgh, 1822.

Forsk. Faun. Arab. — (i^or^^a/, P. )Descriptiones Animalium, Avium,
Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium, quae in iti-
nere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. 4to. Hafn. 1775,

Forst. Faun, lndi.—{Forster, J. R.) Faunula Indica, Halse, 1795.

Icon. Ined. — {Forster, J. R.) Icones Ineditee.

Phil. Trans. — {Forster, J. R.) Philosophical Transactions.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXi

Pox, Synop. Newcast. Mus. — {Fox, G. T.) Synopsis of the New-
castle Museum. 8vo. Newcastle, 1827.

Frankl. Proc. Comni. Zool. Soc. — {Franklin, J.) Proceedings of the
Committee of the Zoological Society.

Fraser, Zool. Typ. — {Fraser,L.) Zoologia Typica. fol. London, 1848.

Frisch, Vog. DeutscM. — {Frisck, J. L.) Vorstellung der Vogel
Deutschlands, und beiliiufig auch einiger fremden, nach ihren
Eigenschaften beschrieben. fol. Berlin, 1739-1763.

Gamb. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. — {Gambel, W.) Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff.— (Garae/-, R.) The Natural History of the
County of Stafford, &c. 8vo. London, 1844.

Gam. Voy. Coq. — {Gamot, P.) Remarques sur la Zoologie des iles
Malouines, faites pendant le Voyage autour du monde de la
corvette La Coquille.

Ann. Sc. Nat. — {Gamot, P.) Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

Gebler, Bull. Sc. Ac. Petersb. — {Gebler, F.) Bulletin Scientifique

de r Academic des Sciences de St. Petersbourg.
Gene, Mem. Ac. Roy. Sc. Turin. — {Gene, G.) Memoires de I'Acade-

mie Royale des Sciences de Turin.
Geoff. Bull. Soc. Philom.— (Geo/v-oy, St. H.) Bulletin des Sciences

par la Societe Philomatique.

Mag. Zool. — {Geofroij, St. H.) Magasin de Zoologie.

Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. — {Geoffroij, St. H.) Nouvelles

Annales du Mifseiim d' Histoire Naturelle.

Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. — {Gerardin, M. de) Tableau elementaire

d'Ornithologie. 8vo. Paris, 1803-1822.
Giraud, B. Long Isld. — {Girand, J. P.) Birds of Long Island. 8vo.

New York, 1844.
Gmel. Syst. Nat. — {Gmelin, J. F.) Systema Naturae per Regna tria

Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum

characteribus, differen'tiis, synonymis, locis. 8vo. Leyden,

1789.
Gmel. Itin. Sib. — {Gmelin, J. G.) Reise durch Siberien von 1733-

1743. 8vo. Gott. 1751, 1752.

Nov. Com. Petrop. — {Gmelin, J. G.) Novae Commentarii Aca-

demiae Scientiarum Petropolitanae, &c.

Gosse, B. Jam. — {Gosse, P. H.) Birds of Jamaica. 8vo. London,
1847.

111. B. ZdiWi.— {Gosse, P. H.) Illustrations of the Birds of Ja-
maica. R. 8vo. London, 1849.

Gould, B. Aust. — {Gould, J.) The Birds of Australia, fol. London,
1837-1848.

xxii ABBREVIATIONS.

Gould, Synop. B. Aust. — {Gould, J.) Synopsis of the Birds of Au-
stralia. 8vo. London, 1837.

Intr. B. Aust. — {Gould, J.) Introduction to the Birds of Au-
stralia. 8vo. London, 1848.

B. Eur.— (GomW, J.) Birds of Europe, fol. London, 1837.

B. Him. — {Gould, J.) A Century of Birds from the Himalaya

Mountains, fol. London, 1832.

Icon. Av. — {Gould, J.) Icones Avium, fol. London, 1837.

Proc. Zool. Soc. — {Gould, J.) "Proceedings of the Zoological

Society."

Grant, New S. Wales. — {Grant, J.) Narrative of a Voyage of Dis-
covery to New South Wales. 4to. London, 1803.

Gravenhorst, Isis. — {Gravenhorst, J. L. C.) Isis, 1832, &c.

Gray, Gen. B. — {Gray, G. R.) List of the Genera of Birds. 1st ed.
8vo. London, 1840 ; 2nd ed. 1841 ; App. 1842.

Gen. B. fol. — {Gray, G. R.) Genera of Birds, comprising their

generic characters, illustrated by D. Mitchell, fol. London,
1844-1849.

List B. Brit. Mus. — {Gray, G. R.) List of the Specimens of

Birds in the British Museum. 12mo. London, 1844 ; 2nded.
1848.

Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. — {Gray, G. R.) List of Genera and

Subgenera of Birds in the British Museum. 12mo. London,
1855.

Zool. Ereb.— (Gray, G. R.) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S.

Erebus and Terror, under the command of Sir J. Clark
Ross. Birds. 4to. London, 1844, 1845.

Gray, Zool. Misc. — {Gray, J. E,) The Zoological Miscellany. 8vo.
London, 1831.

Proc. Zool. Soc. — {Gray, J. E. 8,- G. R.) Proceedings of the

Zoological Society.

Dieff. New Zeal. — {Gray, J. E.) Appendix to DiefFenbach's

Travels in New Zealand. ^

Green, Sillim. Am. Journ. — {Green, J.) Silliman's American Journal.

Grey, Journ. Aust. — {Grey, G.) Journals of two Expeditions of Dis-
covery in North-west and Western Australia in 1837, 38, 39.
8vo. London, 1841.

Hahn, V6g. As. — {Halm, C. W.) Vogel aus Asien, Africa, America,
und NeuhoUand, in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Be-
schreibungen. 4to. Niirnberg, 1818.

Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist — {Hancock, A.) Annals of Natural History.

Rev. Zool. — {Hancock, A.) Revue Zoologique.

Hardw. Ind. Zool. — {Hardwiche, T.) Illustrations of Indian Zoology,
chiefly selected from the collection of Major General Hard-
wicke, bv J. E. Grav. fol. London, 1830-1832.

ABBREVIATIONS. xxiii

Hardy, Rev. Zool. — {Hard]/, J.) Revue Zoologique.

Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. — {Hartlauh, G.) Systematischer Index zu
Don Felix dc Azara's Aj)untamientos para la Historia Natu-
ral de los Paxaros, &c. 4to. Bremen, 1847.

Burmeist. Zeit. f. Zool. — (Hartlaub, G. ^ Burmeister, H.)

Zoologische Zeitung. Halle, 1847, 1848.

Verz. "W. Af. Vog. — {Hartlaub, G.) Beitrag zur Ornithologie

AVestafrica's, in Abliand. Geb. Naturwiss.
Abhand. Geb. Naturwiss. — {Hartlaub, G.) Abhandlungen aus

dcm Gebiete dor Naturwissenscbaften. 4to. Hamburg, 1852.
Cab. Journ. Orn. — {Hartlaub, G.) Cabanis' Journal fiir Orni-

tbologie.

■ Rev. Zool. — {Hartlaub, G.) Revue Zoologique.

. Naumann. — {HartUmb, G.) Naumannia.

Hodgs. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. — {Hodgson, B. H.) Calcutta Journal

of Natural History.

Gray, Zool. Misc. — {Hodgson, B. H.) Gray's Zoological Mis-
cellany.

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. — {Hodgson, B. H.) Journal of tbe

Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Beng. Sport. Mag. — {Hodgson, B. H.) Bengal Sporting Maga-
zine.

Cat. Nep. B. — {Hodgson, B. H.) Catalogue of Nepaul Birds.

V. d. Hoev. Handb. Dierk. — {Hoeve^i, J. Van der) Handbuch der
Dierkunde. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1855.

Homb. Voy. Pole Sud. — {Hombron ^ Jacquinot) Voyage au Pole
Sud et dans I'Oceanie sur les Corvettes 1' Astrolabe et laZelee,
pendant les anuees 1837, 38, 39, 40. 8vo. Paris, 1853.

Ann. Sc. Nat. — {Hombron, 31.) Annales des Sciences Natu-

relles.

Home, Phil. TT3ins.—{Hoine, E.) Philosophical Transactions.

Horsf. Zool. Res. — {Horsfield, T.) Zoological Researches in Java and
the neighbouring Islands. 4to. London, 1824.

Zool. Res. Java, Gen. Cat, — {Horsfield, T.) General Catalogue

of Javanese Birds, at commencement of Zoological Researches
in Java.

Linn. Trans. — {Horsfield, T.) Linnsean Transactions.

Hoy, Proc. Ac. So. Philad.— (//oy, J. D.) Proceedings of the Aca-
demy of Sciences of Philadelphia.

Humb. Rec. d'Ob. Zool. — {Humboldt, A.) Recueil d' Observations de
Zoologie et d' Anatomic Comparce. 4 to. Paris, 1805-1832.

Hurdis. — {Hurdis, ) Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology, 1850.

Hutt. Journ. As. Soc. Bei[ig.—{Hutton, T.) Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal.

xxiv ABBREVIATIONS.

HI. Prod. Mam. Av. — (IlUger, C.) Prodromus Systematis Mamma-

lium et Avium. 8vo. Berlin, 1811.

Mus. Berl. — {lUiger, C.) Berlin Museum.

Instit. — L'lustitut. Journal Universel des Sciences et des Societes

Savans en France et a I'Etranger. 1833-1855.
Int. Obs. Phys. — Introduction aux Observations sur la Physique, sur

I'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, par M. I'Abbe Rozier.

4 to. Paris, 1777.
Isis. — (0/een, L.) Isis, oder Encyclopadische Zeitung. 4to. Jena,

1817.
Jacc[. Beytrag. — (^Jacquin, J. F. v.) Beytrage zur Geschichte der

Vogel. 4to. Wien, 1784.

James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. — {Jameson, R.) Edition of Wilson and
Bonaparte's American Ornithology. I'imo. Edinburgh, 1831.

Jard. & Selby, 111. Orn.— (Jardme, W. ^ SelMj, P. J.) Illustrations
of Ornithology, fol. Edinburgh, 1826-1843.

Mag. Zool. & Bot. — {Jardine, W., Selby, P. J. ^Johnston, G.)

Magazine of Zoology and Botany. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1836-
1837.

(Wils.) Am. Orn. — {Jardine, W.) Edition of Wilson's American

Ornithology. 8vo. London, 1832.

Brit. B. — {Jardine, W.) Natural History of British Birds.

r2mo. Edinburgh, 1839.

Cont. Orn. — {Jardine, W.) Contributions to Ornithology. 8vo.

Edinburgh and London, 1848-1853.

Jaub. Mots Orn. Eur. — {Jaubert, J. B.) Quelques Mots sur I'Orni-
thologie Europeenne de M. le Docteur Degland, et sur une
critique de M. Bonaparte, precedes d'un Essai sur la definition
des especes et des races. 8vo. Marseilles, 1851.

Jenyns, Man. Brit. — {Jenyns, L.) A Manual of British Vertebrate
Animals, or Descriptions of all the Animals belonging to the
classes Mammalia, Aves, &c. 8vo. Cambridge, 1835.

Jerd. 111. Ind. Orn. — (Jerdon, T. C.) Illustrations of Indian Orni-
thology. 8vo. Madras, 1843.

Madr. Journ. — {Jerdon, T. C.) Madras Journal.

Journ. Ac. Nat. So. Philad. — Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1817.

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. — Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
8vo. Calcutta, 1832.

Journ. Obs. Phys. — Journal des Observations sur la Physique, sur
rHistoire Naturelle et sur les Arts ; redigees par I'Abbe
Bozier, J. A. Mongez et Jean de la Me'therie. 4to. Paris,
1784, 1793.

Journ. Phys. — Journal de Physique, de Chimie, et d'Histoire Natu-
relle, par J. de la Metherie. 4to. Paris, 1794-1823.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXV

Journ. Roy. Inst.— Journal of the Royal Institution of Groat Britain.

8vo. London, 1831.
Kaluz. Orn. Siles. — (Kaluza, A.) Ornithologia Silesiaca. 12mo.

Breslau.

Kaup, Class. Saug. u. Vog. — {Kemp, T. T.) Classification der Sauge-
thiere und Vogel. 8vo. Darmstadt, 1844.

Thierr. — {Kaup, T. T.) Das Thierreich. Naturgeschichte der

Vogel. 8vo. Darmstadt, 1836.

Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck.— (Art?<^, T. T.) Ueber Falken: Museum

Senckenbergianum. 4to. Frankfort, 1845.

Monog. Falk. Cont. Orn. — {Kaup, T. T.) Monograph of the

Falconidj3e, in Contributions to Ornitbology. 1850.

Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. — {Kaup, T. T.) Monograph of the

Strigidse, in Contributions to Ornithology. 1852.

Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. — {Kelaart, E. T.) Prodromus Faunae
Zeylanicee, being Contributions to the Zoology of Ceylon.
8vo. Ceylon, 1852.

Kerr, Trans. Gmel. — {Kerr, R.) Translation of the Systema Na-
turae of Gmelin. 4to. London, 1792.

Keyserl. u. Blas.Wirbelth. Eur. — {Keyserling, A. J. Sf Blasius, J. H. )
Die Wirbelthiere Europas. 8vo. Braunschweig, 1840.

King, Surv. Aust. — {King, P. P.) Narrative of a Survey of the In-
tertropical and Western Coasts of Australia. 8vo. London,
1827.

Voy. Beag — (King, P. P. ^ Fitzroy, R.) Narrative of the

Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle. 8vo.
London, 1839.

Zool. Journ. — {King, P. P.) Zoological Journal.

Kittl. Kupf. Yog.— (Kittlitz, F. H. v.) Kupfertafeln zur Natur-
geschichte der Vogel. 8vo. Frankfort, 1832-33.

Klein, Av. Prod, — {Klein, J. T.) Historise Avium Prodromus, cum
prsefatione de ordine animalium in genere. 4to. Lubeck,
1750.

Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) — {Knox, A. E.) Ornithological Rambles
in Sussex, with a Systematic Catalogue of the Birds of that
County. 8vo. London, 1849.

Koch, Baier. Zool. — {Koch, C. L.) System der Baierischen Zoologie.
Nurnberg, 1816.

Kram. Elench. — {Kramer, G. H.) Elenchus Vegetabilium et Anima-
lium per Austriam inferiorem observatorum. 8vo. Vienna,
175(3.

Kuhl, Beitrag. Zool. — {Kuhl, H.) Beitrage zur Zoologie, etc. 4to.

Frankfurt am Main, 1820.
Nom. Syst. — {Kuhl, H.) Bulfoni et Daubentoni figurarum

Avium coloratarum Nomina systematica, collegit Henricus

xxvi ABBREVIATIONS.

Kuhl. Edidit prsefatione et indicibus auxit Theodosius von
Swinderen. 4to. Groningen, 1820.

Lacep. Menag. Mus. Hist. Nat. — {Lacepede et Cuvier) La Mena-
gerie du Museum Nationnel d'Histoire Naturelle. fol. Paris,
1801.

Lafresn. Rev, Zool. — {Lafresnaye, F.) Revue Zoologique.

Mem. Soc. Ac. Falaise. — (Lafresnar/e, F.) Memoires de la

Societe Academique de Falaise.

Lapeyr. Neue Schwed. Abhand. — (Lapei/}'ouse, P. P. de) Neue Ab-
handlungen der K. Schwed. Akademie der Wissenschaften
aus der Naturlehre, &c. Leipzig, 1784-1794.

Lepechin, Itin. — {Lepechin, I.) Itinera per varias provineias imperii
Russici, anno 1768 et 1769.

Lath. Ind. Orn. — {Latham, J.) Index Ornithologicus. 4to. London,

1790.

• Ind. Orn. Supp.— (irtj'Aaw?, /.) Index Ornithologicus, Supple-

mentum. 4to. London, 1801.

Syn. — {Latham, J.) General Synopsis of Birds. 4to. London,

1781-178.5.
Syn. Supp. — (Latham, J.) Synopsis of Birds. Supplement.

4to. London, 1787-1802.
Gen. Hist. — (Latham, J.) General History of Birds. 4to.

^Yinchester, 1821-1824.

New S. Wales Dr. — (Latham, J.) New South Wales Drawings,

quoted by Latham in his Synopsis, Supp. ii. (formerly in the
possession of A. B. Lambert, but in 1843 in the possession
of Lord Derby). 3 vols. fol. Supposed to be by John
White.

Leach, Zool. Misc. — (Leach, TV. E.) Zoological Miscellany. 8vo.
London, 1814-1817.

Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. — (Leach, W. E.) Systematic Catalogue

of Mammalia and Birds in the British Museum. Small 4to.

1816.

LedrUjVoy. Tenerif., Trinit. &c. — (Ledru, A. P.) Voyage aux lies

de Teneriife, La Trinite, St. Thomas, St. Croix et Porto Rico.

8vo. Paris, 1810.
Leisl. Nachtr. zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch. — (Leisler, J. P. A.)

NachtrJige zu Bechstein's Naturgeschichte der deutschen

Vogel. 8vo. Hanau, 1812.
Ann. der Wetterau. — (Leisler, J. P. A.) Annalen der Wetter-

auischen Gesellschaft, &c.
Less. Cent. Zool. — (Lesson, R. P.) Centurie Zoologique, ou Choix

d'Animaux rares, nouveaux, ou imparfaitement connus. 8vo.

Paris, 1830.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXVll

Less. Man. Orn. — (Lesson, R. P.) Manuel d'Ornithologie. 12ino.

Paris, 1828.
Tr. Orn. — (Lesson, R. P.)Traite d'Ornithologie. 8vo. Paris,

1831.

Voy. Coq. — (Lesson, R. P., Garnot i^' Dujierrey) Voyage autour

du Monde sur la corvette Coquille. 4to. and fol. Atlas, Paris,

182G-1830.
Belang. Voy. — (Lesson, R. P.) Voyage aux Indes orientales

par le Nord de I'Europe pendant les annees 1825-1829, par

M. C. Belanger. 8vo. Paris, 1834.
L'Echo du Monde. — (Lesson, R. P.) L'Eclio du Monde Savant,

Journal des nouvelles scientifiques. Paris, 1834-1843.
Comp. Buff. — (Lesson, R. P.) Buffon, CTluvres completes, avec

les suites, par M. Lesson. Paris, 1845-46.
Levaill. Ois. Af. — (Levaillant, F.) Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux

d'Afrique. 4to. Paris, 1799.
Lewin, Brit. B. — (Leioin, J. W.) Birds of Great Britain. 4to.

London, 1/95.
Licht. Verz. Doubl. — (Lichtenstein, H.) Verzeichniss der Doubletten

des zoologischen Museums der Konigl. Universitat zu Berlin.

4to. Berlin, 1823.

Cat. BerL — (Lichtenstein, H.) Catalogue of the Berlin Museum.

Orn. Calif. — (Lichtenstein, H.) Beitrag zur ornithologischen

Fauna von Californien gelesen in der Akademie der Wissen-

schaften. 4to. Berlin, 1837.
Verz. Samml. Saug. u. Vog. Kaffeml. — (Lichtenstein, H.)

Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von Saugethieren und Vogelu

aus dem Kaffernlande. Berlin, 1842.
Forst. Desc. Av. — (Lichtenstein, H.) Forsteri J. R. Descrip-

tiones Animalium in Itinere ad Maris Australis terras per

annos 1772-74. Berlin, 1844.
Lidd. Trans. Nat. Hist. lSioxtla.Vim\i.—(LiddeU, II. T.) Transactions

of the Natural History Society of Northumberland.
Linderm. Isis. — (Lindermayer, ) Isis, 1843, p. 5.

Linn. Faun. Suec. — (Linnceiis, C.) Fauna Suecica. 8vo. Stock-
holmife, 1746.

Syst. Nat. — (Linnceus, C.) Systema Naturae. Ed. 13. 8vo.

Vindobonse, 1766-1767-

Linn. Trans. — Transactions of the Linnsean Society of London. 4to.
London, 1791.

Lubb. Faun. Norf. — (Lubbock, R.) Observations on the Fauna of
Norfolk.

M'Clell. Proc. ZooL Soc. — (MacClelland, J.) Proceedings of the Zoo-
logical Society.

c2

xxviii ABBREVIATIONS.

MacgiU. Brit. B. — {Macgillivray, W.) A History of British Birds,
indigenous and migratory. 8vo. London, 1837.

Rap. B. Brit. — {Macgillivray, W.) Descriptions of the Rapa-
cious Birds of Great Britain. 8vo. Edinb. 1836.

Madr. Journ. — Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 8vo.

Madras, 1834.
Mag. Zool. — Magasin de Zoologie par Guerin-Meneville. 8vo. Paris,

1831-1839.

Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. — {Malherhe, A.) Faune Ornithologique de
la Sicile. 8vo. Metz, 1843.

Marcg. Hist. Bras. — (Marcgrave, G.) Historise Rermn naturalium
Brasilise. fol. Amsterdam, 1648.

Marmora, Mem. Ac. Roy. Turin. — {Marmora, A.) Memoires de

I'Academie Royale de Turin.
Maud. Enc. Meth. — {Mauduyt, R. J. Et.) Dictionnaire des Oiseaux

de r Encyclopedic Methodique.
Max. Beitrag. — {Maximilian, Prinz zu TVied) Beitrage zur Natur-

geschichte von Brasihen. 8vo. Weimar, 1830.
Reis. Braz. — {Maaimilian, P. zu TV.) Reise nach Brasilien.

4to. Frankfurt, 1820-1821.

Trav. Braz. — {Maximilian, P. zu W.) Travels in Brazil.

Meisn. Verz. Vog. Schweiz. — {Meisner, F.) Systematisches Verzeich-

niss der Vogel, welche die Schweiz bewohnen, &c. 8vo. Bern,

1804.
Mus. Nat. Bern. — {Meisner, F.) Museum der Naturgeschichte

Helvetiens in Bern. 4to. Bern, 1807.
Mem. Ac. Petersh. — Memoires de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences

de St. Petersburg. 4to. Petersburg, 1809-1826. Sixieme

Serie, Sciences Naturelles. 4to. Petersburg, 1831.
Mem. pres. Ac. Petersb. — Memoires presentees a I'Academie Impe-
riale des Sciences de St. Petersburg par divers Savans. 4to.

Petersburg, 1831-1835.
Mem. Ac. Roy. Turin Me'moires de I'Academie Royale des Sciences.

4to. Turin, 1786-1816. — (Continued) Memorie della Reale

Accademia della Scienze di Torino. 4to. Turin, 1818.
Mem. pres. Ac. So. France. — Memoires presentees par divers Savans

a I'Academie Royale des Sciences de I'lnstitut de France.

4to. Paris, 1827.
Mem. Ac. Sc. — Histoire et Memoires de I'Academie Royale des

Sciences. 4to. Paris, 1701-1793.
Mem. Ac. Toulouse. — Memoires de I'Academie Royale des Sciences,

Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse. 4to. Toulouse,

1782-1844.
Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. — Memoires du Museum d' Histoire Naturelle

par les Professeurs. 4to. Paris, 1815-1832.

ABBREVIATIONS. xxix

Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. — Mcmoires de la Socit'tc d'Histoire Na-

turelle de Paris. 4to. Paris, 1823.
Mem. Soc. Ac. Falaise. — Mc'inoires de la Societe Academique des

Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres de Falaise. 8vo. Falaise,

183.5.

Mem. Soc. Em. Abbeville. — Memoires de la Socie'te Rojale d' Emu-
lation d' Abbeville. 8vo. Abbeville, 1833.
Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille. — Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences,

de FAgriculture et des Arts a Lille. 8vo. Lille, 1831.
Mem, Wern. Soc. — Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History

Society. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1811, &c.
Meyen, Nov. Act. Leop. Caxol.— (Met/en, F. J. F.) Nova Acta phy-

sico-medica Academise Csesareae Leopoldino-Carolinse Naturae

Curiosorum.
Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. — {Meyer, B. 8^ Wolf, J.) Ta-

schenbuch der deutscheu Vogelkunde. 8vo. Frankfort, 1810.

Zusatze, 1822.
V6g. Liv- u. Esthl. — (Meyer, B.) Kurze Beschreibung der

Vogel Liv- und Esthlands. 8vo. Niirnberg, 181.5.
'Vog. Deutschl. — {Meyer, B. i^- Wolf, J.) Naturgescluchte der

Vogel Deutschlands, in getreuen Abbildungen und Beschrei-

bungen. Niirnberg, 1805.
Zool. Ann. — {Meyer, B.) Zoologische Annalen. 8vo. Weimar,

1794.
Abh. Privat. Bohm. — {Meyer, B.) Abhandlungen Privatgesell-

schaft. Bohmeu.
Ann. Wetterau. — {Meyer, B.) Annalen der Wetterauischen

Gesellschaft, &c.
Meyer, Uebers. N. Zool. NeuhoU. u. Af. — {Meyer, F. A. A.) Ueber-

sicht der neuesteu zoologischen Entdeckungen in Neu-Hol-

land und Afrika. 8vo. Leipzig, 1/93.
Michah. lsis.—{Michahelles, C.) Isis, 1830.
Mill. Cim. Phys. — {Miller, J. F.) Cimelia Physica, or Figures of

rare Quadrupeds and Birds, &c. fol. London, 1/96.
Mol. St. Chili. — {Molina, G.J.) Saggio sulla storia naturale de

ChiU. 8vo. Bologna, 1/82. French edition, Paris, 1789.
Mont. Om. Diet. & Supp. — {Montagu, G.) Ornithological Dictionary

of British Birds. 8vo. London, 1812. Supplement, 8vo.

Exeter, 1813.
Om. Diet. ed. Eenn. — {Montagu, G.) Ornithological Dictio-
nary, edited by James Rennie. 8vo, London, 1831.

Linn. Trans. — {Montagu, G.) Linnsean Transactions.

Morr. Brit. B. — {Morris, F. O.) A History of British Birds, with an

illustration of each species. 8vo. London. 1851.
Mud. Brit. B.—{Mudie, R.) British Birds. 8vo, London, 1834.

XXX ABBREVIATIONS.

Miihle, Orn. Grriechl. — (MUhle, H.) Beitriige zur Ornithologie Grie-

chenlands. 8vo. Leipzig, 1844.
Miill. Ois. M.— {Mailer, J. IV. de) Description de Nouveaux Oiseaux

d'Afrique. 8vo. Stuttgard, 1834.
Midi. Prod. Zool. Dsiia..— (Mailer, O. F.) Zoologise Danicae Prodro-

mus, &c. 8vo. Havniae, 1776.
Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Av. Landk. — (Mailer, O. F.)

Verliandelingen over de Naturlijke Geschiedenis Nederland-

sche overzeesche Bezittingen, &e. Avium u. Landkunde.

Natterer, Naum. Anmerk. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. — {Natter er, J.) Nau-
mann's Anmerkung in Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutsch-
lands. Ed. nov.

Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. alte KviS%2ib. — {Naiimann, J. A.) Na-

turgeschichte der Vogel Deutschlands, nach eigenen Erfalir-

ungen entworfeu. Alte Ausgabe und Nachtrag. (Ed. nov.

von J. F. Naumann. 8vo. Leipzig, 1822.)
Nauniannia. — Archiv fiir die Ornithologie, von E. Baldamus. 8vo.

Stuttgard, 1849-1854.
Neill, Ork. & Shet. — {Neill, P.) A Tour through some of the Islands

of Orkney and Shetland. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1806.
Nilss. Orn. Suec. — {Nilsson, S.) Ornithologia Suecica. Hafu. 1817-

1821.
— ^ Scand. Faun. — {Nilsson, S.) Scandinavisk Fauna. Lund,

1820; 2nded. 1835.
Nitzsch. Pterylog. — {Nitzsch, C. L.) System der Pterylographie.

4to. Halle, 1840.

Nordm. Erm. Reis. um Erde. — {Nordmann, A. v.) Erman's Reise
um die Erde.

Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. — Nouvelles Annales du Muse'um d'His-

toire Naturelle, ou Recueil de Memoires publiees par les

Professeurs, &c. &c. 4to. Paris, 1832-35.
Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. — Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la

Society Philomatique de Paris. 4to. Paris, 1807, 1813-

1825.

Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. — Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle.
Nouvelle edition, Paris, 1816-1819.

Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. — Nova Acta Physico-medica Academise
Csesarepe Leopoldino-Carolinse Naturae Curiosorum. 4to.
Nuremberg, 1757-1791. Erlang. 1818. Bonn, 1820.

Nov. Act. Petrop. — Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis
Petropolitanse. 4to. Petersburg, 1787-1806.

Nov. Act. Reg. Ac. Suec. — Nova Acta Regise Academise Suecise.

Nov. Act. Soc. Ups. — Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Up-
saliensis. 4to. Upsaliae, 1795.

ABBREVIATIONS. xxxi

Nov. Com. Petrop. — Novi Coniuientarii Academise Scientiarum Im-
perialis Petropolitanse. 4to. Petersburg, 1750-177(5.

Nuov. Giorn. Pisa. — Nuovo Giornale de' Letterati. 8vo. Pisa, 1822.

Nutt. Man. Om. U.S. & Ca.ua.i.— (Nut tal, T.) Manual of the Orni-
thology of the United States and Canada. 8vo. Cambridge,
U.S. 1833.

Obs. Phys. — Observations sur la Physique, sur I'Histoire Naturelle,
et sur les Arts, par M. I'Abbe Rozier. 4to. Paris, 1784-
1793.

Odmann, Nov. Act. Soc. Ups. — (ddmami, S.) Nova Acta Societatis
Upsaliensis. 4to.

Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. — (OyUby, JF.) Proceedings of the Zoological
Society.

Olina, Uccell. — (Olina, Gio. P.) Uccelliera, overo Discorso della na-
tura e proprieta di diversi Uccelli, etc. 4to. Roma, 1622-
1684.

D'Orbig. (E.. Sagra) Nat. Hist. Cuba. — (Orbigny, A. d\ ^- Ramon
de la Sayra) Histoire Physique, Politique, et Naturelle de
I'lle de Cuba. 8vo. Paris, 1840. Mammiferes, par M. R.
de la Sagra ; Ornithologie, par Alcide D'Orbigny, 8vo. Paris,
1839.

Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. — {Orhigny, A. d') Voyage dans I'Amc-

rique Meridionale exe'cute pendant les anne'es 1826-1833.
Tom.iv. Oiseaux. 4to. 183.5-1844.

Sjmop. Av. Mag. Zool. — (Orhigny, A. d') Synopsis Avium in

Magasin de Zoologie.
Ord, Wils. Am. Orn. — (Ord, G.) Wilson's American Ornithology.

Paget, Nat. Hist. Yarm. — {Paget, J.) Sketch of the Natural History
of Yarmouth and its neighbourhood, containing Catalogues
of the Species of Animals, Birds, &c. 8vo. Yarmouth, 1834.

Pall. Misc. Zool. — {Pallas, P. S.) Miscellanea Zoologica, quibus
novae imprimis atque obscurse iVnimalium species descri-
buntur. 4to. Hag. Com. 1766.

Spic. Zool. — (Pallas, P. S.) Spicilegia Zoologica, quibus novse

imprimis et obscurse AnimaUum species illustrantur. Berlin,
1767-1780.

Voy. — (Pallas, P. S.) Voyages en diflferentes Provinces de

I'Empire de Russie et dans I'Asie septentrionale. Trad, de
I'AUemand par M. Gautier de la Peyronnie. 4to. Paris,
1788-1793.

Zoog. Ross. As. — (Pallas, P. S. ) Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,

sistens omnium animalium in extensvi imperio Rossico et ad-
jacentibus maribus observatorum. 4to. Petersburg, 1811.

Peab. B. Mass.— (P^^/ior/y, JF. B. O.) Birds of Massachusetts. 1 84 1 .

xxxii ABBREVIATIONS.

Peab. Bost. Joum. Nat. Hist. — {Peabody, TV. B. O.) Boston Journal
of Natural History. 8vo. Boston, 1837-1841.

Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp.— (PewZe, Titian R.) United States Explo-
ring Expedition during 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under
the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Philadelphia,
1848.

Pears. Journ. As. See. Beng. — {Pearson, J. T.) Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Penn. Ind. Zool. — {Pennant, T.) Indian Zoology. 2nd ed. 4to.
London, 1790.

Arct. Zool. — {Pennant, T.) Arctic Zoology. 4to. London,

1785.

Brit. Zoo\.— {Pen7iant, T.) British Zoology. 8vo. 1812.

Perrault, Ouvr. Anatom. Ac. Par. — {Perrault, C.) Description ana-

tomique de divers animaux disseques dans 1' Academic Royale

des Sciences de Paris.

Petheny, Isis. — {Petheny, V.) Wichtige Beobachtungen iiber den

rothfiissigen Falken, &c. Isis.
Phil. Mag. — Philosophical Magazine. 8vo. London, 1st, 2nd, and

3rd Series, 1798-1832.
Phn. Trans. — Philosophical Transactions. 4to. London, 1665-1844.

Phys. Abh. Ak. Berl. — Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie

der Wissenschaften zu Berlin : Physikalische Klasse. 4to.

Berlin, 1832-1846.
Portl. Instit. — {Portland, ) L'Institut.
Proc. Comm. Zool. See. — Proceedings of the Committee of Science

and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London.

8vo. London, 1832, &c.
Proc. Zool. See. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

8vo. Loudon, 1830-1855.
Pucher. Rev. Zool. — {Pucheran, Dr.) Revue Zoologique.
Quart. Journ. Sc. — Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and Arts.

8vo. London, 18—, 1830.
Quoy, Voy. Astrol. — Voyage de De'couvertes de 1' Astrolabe pendant

les annees 1826-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Du-

mont d'Urville. Zoologie, par MM. Quoy et Gaimard. folio

Atlas. 8vo. Paris, 1830-1833.

Voy. Uran. — Voyage autour du Monde, execute sur les cor-
vettes rUranie et la Physicienne, par M. Louis de Freycinet.
Zoologie, par MM. Quoy et Gaimard. folio Atlas. 4to. Paris,
1824.

Zool. Journ. — {Quoy, J. It. C.) Zoological Journal.

Raffl. JaUq. — {Raffles, S.) Memoir of Sir Stamford Raffles. 4to.
London, 1830. Appendix.

ABBREVIATIONS. xxxiU

Raffl. Linn. Trans. — {Raffles, S.) Linnsean Transactious.

Ranz. Elem. Zool. — (Ranznni, C.) Elementi di Zoologia. 8vo. Bo-
logna, 1823.

Ray, Synop. Av. — {Ray, J.) Synopsis methodica Avium et Piscium.
8vo. London, 1710.

Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. — {Reichenhach, A. jB. ) Praktische Natur-
geschichte der Vogel, «&c. Leipzig, 1847.

Reinw. MS. — {Reinwardt, C. G. C.) Manuscripts.
Retz. Faun. Suec. — {Retzius, A. J.) Faunae Suecicse, a Carolo A.
Liune Eq. inchoatae, Pars Prima. 8vo. Leipzig, 1800.

Rev. ZooL — Revue Zoologique, par la Societe Cuvierienne. 8vo.

Paris, 1838-1848. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et

appliquce. 8vo. Paris, 1849-1851.
Richards. & Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. — {Richardson, J. ^ Swainson,

IF.) Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Birds. 4to. London,

1831.
Rislach, Thunh. Diss. Ac. — {Rislach ^ Thunberg, C. P.) Disserta-

tiones Academicee, &c. 1799.
Risso, Hist. Nat. Nice. — {Risso, A.) Histoire naturelle des princi-
pals Productions de T Europe meridionale, particulierement

de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. 8vo.

Paris, 1826.
Ronx, Orn. Prov. — {Roux, P.) Ornithologie Proven9ale. 4to. Paris,

1825.
Riipp. Atl. Reis. nord. Af. — {RUppell, E.) Atlas zu der Reise im

nordhchen Afrika. fol. Frankfurt-a.-M. 1826.
■ Neue Wirhelth. — {RUppell, E.) Neue Wirbelthiere, zu der

Fauna von Abyssinien gehorig. Vogel. fol. Frankfurt-a.-M.

1835-1840.
Syst. tJbers. — {RUppeU,E.) Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel

Nord-ost- Afrika' s. 8vo. Frankfurt-a.-M. 1845.

Ann. Sc. Nat. — {RUppell, E.) Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

Nuov. Giorn. Pisa. — {RUppell, E.) Nuovo Giornale dei Let-

terati. Pisa.
Sab. Frankl. Exp. App. — {Sabine, J.) On the Zoology of Arctic

America, in Appendix to Franklin's First Voyage to the Polar

Sea.
Salt, Abyss. — {Salt, H.) Voyage to Abyssinia. 4to. London, 1814.
Savi, Om. Tosc. — {Savi, P.) Ornitologia Toscana, ossia descrizione

e storia degli Uccelli che trovansi nella Toscana, con I'aggi-

unta delle descrizione di tutti gli altri propri al rimanente

d'ltalia. 8vo. Pisa, 1827.
Cat. Ucc. Pisa. — {Savi, P.) Catalogo degli Uccelli del Pro-

vincia Pisana. Pisa, 1823.

xxxiv ABBREVIATIONS,

Savig. Desc. Egyp. — {Saviyny, J. C. 1^' Audouin, V.) Description de
I'Egypte. Histoire Naturelle. fol. Paris, 1809-1813.

Schemb. Vocab. Sinon. Class. — {Schemhri, A.) Vocabolario dei Si-
nonimi classic! delF Oniitologia Europea. 8vo. Bologna,
1846.

Cat. Om. Malt., or Cluad. Geog. — (Sche?nbri, A.) Quadro Geo-

grafico-ornitologico, ossia Quadro comj)arativo delle I'ornito-
logie di Malta, Sicilia, Roma, Toscana, Liguria, Nizza e la
provincia di Gard. Compilato da Antonio Schembri. 4to.

Malta, 1843.

Schinz, Faun. Helvet. — {Schinz, H. R.) Fauna Helvetica.

Schleg. Rev. Krit., orKrit. Uebers. — ( Schley el, H.) Revue Critique
des Oiseaux d'Europe. 8vo. Leide, 1844. Kritisclie Ueber-
sicht der Europaischen Vogel. Leyden, 1844.

Faun. Jap. — {Schlegel, H.) Fauna Japonica, &c. 1823-1830.

Rich. Scbomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. — (SchomburgJt, Richard) Reisen
in Britisch Guiana. R. 8vo. Leipzig, 1840.

Robt. Schomb. Ann. Nat. Hist. — {Schomburgk, Robert) Annals of
Natural History.

Hist. Barbad. — {Schomburgk, Robert) The History of Bar-

badoes, &c. 8vo. London, 1848.

Schrank, Faun. Boica. — (Schrank, F. v. P.) Fauna Boica; durchge-
dachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen
Thiere. 8vo. Niiniberg, 1798, 1803.

Schulz. Faun. Maxch,— {Schulze, J. H.) Fauna Marchica. Berlin,
1845.

Scop. Del. Faun. Ins. — {ScopoH, J. A.) Delicise Florae et Faunae In-
subriee. fol. Ticino, 178(5.

Intr. — (ScopoH, J. A.) Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem.

8vo. Prague, 1777.

Ann. — (ScopoH, J. A.) Annus I. Historico-naturalis. r2mo.

Leipzig, 1768.

Selby, 111. Brit. QrcL.—{Selby, P. J.) Illustrations of British Orni-
thology, fol. & 8vo. Edinburgh, 1833.

Cat. Gen. Typ. — {Selby, P. J.) Catalogue of Generic and Sub-
generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds. Nevpcastle, 1840.

Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. — (Selby, P. J.) Transac-
tions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland.

Sells, Proc. Zool. Soc— (Sells, W.) On the habits of Fultur aura.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1837.

S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. — {Selys-Longchamps, E. de) Indication me-
thodique des Mammifcres, Oiseaux, &c.&c., observes jusqu'ici
en Belgique. 8vo. Liege, 1842.

Sepp, Nederl. Yog.— (Sejip, J. C.) Nederlandsche Vogelen.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXXV

Shaw, Cim. Phys. — (Shaw, G.) Cimelia Physica : Figures of rare
and curious Quadrupeds, Birds, &c., with engravings and
descriptions by Miller, fol. London, 1/90.
Mus. Lev. — {Shaw, G.) Museum Leverianum : Select speci-
mens from the Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever. 4to.
London, 1 792-1 79G.

Zool. — (Shaiv, G.) General Zoology, or Systematic Natural

History. 8vo. London, 1809-1812.
Shaw & Nodd. Nat. ^{^^—{Shaw, G. ^ Nodder, F. P.) Naturalist's

Miscellany. 8vo. London, 1/90-1813.
Sibb. Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. — (Sibbald, 11.) Prodromus Historise

Naturalis Scotiee, &c. fol. Edinburgh, 16G4, 1684, 1696.
Sieb. Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap. — (Siebold, P. F. v.) Fauna Japo-

uica, conjunctis stvidiis Temminck et Schlegel.
Siemss. Handb. Land- u. Wasservog. — (Siemssen, A. C.) Handbuch
zur systematische Kenntniss der Mecklenburg. Land- und
Wasservogel. 8vo. Rostock, 1/94.
Sillim. Am. Journ. — {SUliman, B.) American Journal of Science,

conducted by. 8vo. New York, 1818-1846.
Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. — {Smith, A.) Illustrations of the Zoology
of South Africa, consisting chiefly of Figures and Descriptions
of Objects of Natural History collected during an expedition
into the interior of South Africa in 1834, 35, 36. 4to. Lon-
don, 1849.

S. Af. Cluart. Journ. — {Smith, A.) The South African Quarterly

Journal. Cape Town, 1829-1833.
Sonner. Voy. Ind. — {Sonneraf, 31.) Voyage aux Indes Orientales et

a la Chine. 4to. Paris, 1782.
Sonnini, Buff. Ois. — {Sonnini, C. S.) Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux

par L. de Bufl'on. 8vo. An. ix.
Sparrm. Mus. Carls. — {Sparrman, A.) Museum Carlsonianum. fol.

Stockholm, 1786-1788.
Spix, Av. Braz. — {Sjrix, J. B.) Avium species novse quas in itinere
per Braziham coUegit. fol. Munich, 1824, 1825.

Trav. Braz., or Reise Bras. — {Spix, J. B.) Reise in Brasilien

in den Jahren 1817-1820. Munich, 1823.— Spix's Travels
in Brazil. English edition.
Spry, Brit. Ind. — {Spnj, II.) Modern India, with a coloured Map

of the British possessions in Asia. 1837.
Stedman, Suiinam. — {Stedman,J. G.) Narrative of a five years' Ex-
pedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam. 4to. Lon-
don, 1796.
Steph. Zool. — {Stephens, J. F.) General Zoology, or Systematic Na-
tural History. 8vo. London, 1815-1826.
Storr, Alpenreise. — {Storr, G. C. C.) Alpenreise von Jahre 1781.
4to. Leipzig, 1784-86.

XXXVI ABBREVIATIONS.

Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. — (Strickland, H. E.) Proceedings of the
Zoological Society.

Ann. Nat. Hist. — {Strickland, H. E.) Annals of Natural

History.

& Sclat. Cent. Orn.— (Strickland, H. E. ^ Sclater, P. L.) Jar-
dine' s Contributions to Ornithology.

& Sclat. B. Damar. Cent. Orn. — (Stricklarid, H. E. ^ Sclater,

P. L.) List of a Collection of Birds procured by Mr. C. T.
Andersson in the Damara Country. Jardine's Contributions
to Ornithology.

Sturt, Exp. Aust. App (Sturt, C.) Expedition into Central Au-
stralia in the years 1844, 45, 46, with a Notice of the Province
of South Austraha in 1847. Appendix. 8vo. London, 1849.

Swains. An. Menag. — (Swainson, W.) Animals in Menageries.
12mo. London, 1838.

B. W. Af. — (Swainson, W.) Natural History of the Birds of

"West Africa. 12mo. London, 1837.

■ Classif. B. — (Swainson, W.) Natural History and Classification

of Birds. 12mo. London, 1837-

Syk. or Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. — (Sykes, Col. W. H.) Pro-
ceedings of the Committee of the Zoological Society.

Temm. Man. Orn. — (Temminck, C. J.) Manuel d'Ornithologie. 2nd

ed. 8vo. Paris, 1820.
Tab. Meth. — (Temtninck, C. J.) Tableau Methodique aux

Planches Enluminees de Buffon et aux Planches Coloriees.

1836.
PI. CoL — (Tetnminck, C. J. ^- Langier, Baron) Nouveau Re-

cueil de Planches Coloriees d'Oiseaux. 4to. Paris, 1820-

1836.
Cat. Syst. Cab. — (Temminck, C. J.) Catalogue systematique du

Cabinet d'Ornithologie et de la collection des Quadrumanes,

avec une courte description des Oiseaux non-decrits. 8vo.

Amsterdam, 1807.
Feruss. Bull. So. Nat. — (Temminck, C. J.) Bulletin des Sciences

Naturelles, par M. de Ferussac.
Tengm. Act. Stockli. Ann. — (Tenymalm, P. G.) Actes de 1' Acade-
mic Roy ale des Sciences de Stockholm. Paris.

Svensk. Ak. Nya Handl. — (Tengmalm, P. G.) Kongliga

Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Nya Handlingar. 8vo.
Stockholm, 1780-1846.

Schw. Ak. Neue Abh. — (Tengmalm, P. G.) Neue Abhand-

lungen der K. Schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
aus der Naturlehre, &c. Leipzig, 1784-1794.

Wetterau. Handl. — (Tengmalm, P. G.) Annalen der Wetterau-

ischen Gesellschaft, &c.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXXVli

Thienemann, Rhea. — {Thienemann, F. A. L.) Rhea : Zeitschrift fiir
(lie gesammte Ornithologie. Leipzig, 1846.

Thomps. B. Irel. — (Thompson, W.) The Natural History of Ireland.
Birds. 8vo. London, 1849.

Thomps. Nat. Hist. Verm. — (Thompson, Z.) History of Vermont,
Natural, Civil and Statistical. 8vo. Burlington, 1842. Ap-
pendix, 1853.

Thimb. Diss. Ac. — (Thimherg, C. P.) Dissertationes Academicse
Upsalise habitse sub prsesidio. l2mo. Gottingen, 1799-1801.

Tick. Joum. As. See. Beng. — (Tickell, S. R.) Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal.

Trans. Lit. Soc. Bomb. — Transactions of the Literary Society of
Bombay. 4to. London, 1819.

Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. — Transactions of the Natural
History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and New-
castle-upon-Tyne. 4to. Newcastle, 1831.

Tschud. Faim. Per. — (Tschudi,J. /.)Untersuchungen liber die Fauna
Peruana, fol. St. Gallen, 1844-1846.

Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. — (Tschudi, J. J.) Avium Conspectus.

Wiegmaun's Archiv, 1844.

Tuck. Congo. — {Tuckey, J. R.) Narrative of an Expedition to the
River Zaire, usually called the Congo. 4to. London, 1818.

Tyzenhauz. Rev. Zool. — (Tyzenhauza, K.) Revue Zoologique.

Orn. Powszech. — {Tyzenhauza, K.) Ornitologia Powszechna,

&c. 8vo. Wilno, 1842-1844.

Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Av. Landk. — Verhandelingen over de
Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Overzeesche Be-
zittingen : Zoologie. folio, Leiden, 1839-1844. Land en
Volkenkunde. folio, Leiden, 1840.

Verreaux, Rev. Zool. — (Verreaux, J.) Revue Zoologique.

Cab. Journ. Om. — {Verreaux, J.) Cabanis' Journal fur Orni-
thologie.

Ois. Nouv. Gab. Cab. Journ. Orn. — ( Verreaux, J. ^- Ver-
reaux, E.) Descriptions d'especes nouvelles, rares ou pen
connues d'Oiseaux du Gabon. Cabanis' Journal fiir Orni-
thologie.

Vieill. Anal. Orn. — (Vieillot, L. P.) Analyse d'une nouvelle Orni-
thologie elementaire. 8vo. Paris, 1816.

Enc. Meth, — (Vieillot, L. P.) Tableau Encyclope'dique et Me-

thodique des trois Regnes de la Nature. 4to. Paris, 1823.

Faun. Franc. — (Vieillot, L. P.) Faune Fran^aise, ou Histoire

naturelle, generale et particuliere des Animaux qui se trou-
vent en France : Oiseaux. 8vo. Paris, no date.

Gal. Ois. — (Vieillot, L. P.) Galerie des Oiseaux. 4to. Paris,

1825.

xxxvm ABBREVIATIONS.

Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. — {Fieillot, L. P.) Nouveau Diction-
naire d'Histoire Naturelle appliquee aux arts, Ix I'agriculture,
a recoiiomie rurale et domestique, a la medeciue, etc., par
uiie Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs, avec des figures
tirees des trois regnes de la nature. 8vo. Paris, 1816-1819.

Ois. Am. Sept. — {Vieillot, L. P.) Ilistoire Naturelle des

Oiseaux de TAnierique Septentrionale. fol. Paris, 1807.

Soc. Linn. Par. (Mem.) — (riei/lot, L. P.) Annales de la So-
ciete Linneeune de Paris. 1822-182/.

Vig. Zool. Journ. — {Vu/ors, N. A.) Zoological Journal.

Trans. Linn. Soc. — {Vigors, N. A.) Transactions of the Lin-

nsean Society.

Raffl. JMq.— {Vigors, N. A.) Life of Sir Stamford Raffles.

Denh. Trav. Af., App. — {Vigors, N. A.) Denham's Travels in

Africa. Appendix.

Vosm. Monog. — {Vosmaer, A.) Monographe et Description d'un
Oiseau de Proie nomme le Sagittaire. Amsterdam, 1769.

WagL Syst. Av. — {Wagler, J. C.) Systema Avium. Pars prima.
12mo. Stuttgard, 1827.

Watt. B. lxe\.— {Waiters, J. J.) The Natural History of the Birds
of Ireland. 16mo. Dublin & Edinb. 1853.

Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. Q2^u2x.—{Webb, P. B. ^ Berthelot, S.)
Ilistoire naturelle des iles Canaries. 4to. Paris, 1835-1837.

Wedderb. Jard. Cent. Orn. — {Wedderhurn, ) Jardine's Contribu-
tions to Ornithology. 1849, 1850.

& Trist. Cont. Orn. — ( Wedderhurn ^ Tristram) Jardine's

Contributions to Ornithology.
Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — {Werner, J. C.) Atlas des Oiseaux d'Europe,

pour servir de complement au Manuel d'Ornithologie de M.

Temminck. Paris, 1826.
White, Voy. N. S. Wales. — {White, J.) Journal of a Voyage to New

S.Wales. 4to. London, 1790.
White, Hist. Selb.— ( White, G. ) Natural History of Selborne. 4to.

London, 1789. Ed. 8vo. 1802. 8vo. London, 1853.
Wiedem. Arch. Zool. — ( Wiedemann, C. R. W.) Archiv fiir Zoologie

undZootomie. 8 vo. Berlin, 1800; Bramischweig, 1801-1804.
Wiegm. Arch. — ( Wiegmann, A. F. A.) Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte.

Berhn, 1844.
Willugh. OrTX.—{Willughby, F.) The Ornithology of Willughby, in

3 Books, fol. London, 1678.
Wils. Am. Orn. — {Wilson, A.) American Ornithology, or the Natural

History of the Birds of the United States. Philadelphia,

1808; 2nd edit. 1824.
Wils. Mem. Wern. Soc. — {Wilson, J.) Memoirs of the Wernerian

Natural History Society.

ABBREVIATIONS. XXXIX

"Wolf, Abbild. merk. Geg. — (TT'^o/f, J.) Abbildungen and Bescbrei-
bungen mcrkwurdiger naturgescbicbtlicber Gegenstande.
4to. Niirnberg, 1818-1822.

Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad. — {Sitgreaves, L.) Expedition
down tbe Zuni and Colorado Rivers. Birds, by S, W. Wood-
house, M.D. 8vo. Washington, 1853.

Wurmb & Licht. Mag. fiir das Neueste. — (Wurmb, F. B. v. ^•
Lichtetibery, L. C. v.) Magazin fiir das Neueste der Pbysik
und Naturgeschichte. 8vo. Gotha, 1781-1799.

Yarr. Brit. B.—{YarrelI, W.) A History of British Birds. Svo.
London, 1843.

Zool. Beech. Voy. — Zoology of Capt. Beechey's Voyage, compiled
from the collections and notes made by Capt. Beechey, the
officers, and naturalist of the Expedition during a Voyage to
the Pacific and Behring's Straits, by J. Richardson, N. A.
Vigors, &c. 4to. London, 1839.

Zool. Journ. — Zoological Journal. Svo. London, 1824-1834.

Summ. — Summer. Wint. — Winter.

Ace. — Accidental. Res. — Resident.

CONTENTS.

ACCIPITER 104

Accipiter approximans .... Ill

badius 1 06

bicolor 110

brachydactylus .... 114

ery thronemius 116

exilis 110

ferrugineus 109

fraucesi 115

fuscus 108

gabar 112

guttatus 110

hiogaster 112

madagascariensis ... 114

melanops Ill

mexicanus 109

minullus 113

niger 113

nisoides 106

nisosiniilis 105

nisus 104

pileatus ' 109

soloeiisis 107

sphenurus 113

striatus 109

superciliaris 116

superciliosus 115

tachiro 114

toussenelii 116

trinotatus 115

virgatus 106

AauiLA 55

Aquila audax 62

Page

Aquila bellicosa 61

bifasciata 58

chrysaeta 55

fasciata 61

fusca 59

malayensis 60, 220

mogilnik 5/

morphiioides 62

uaevia 58

nsevioides 59

pennata 60

verreauxi 63

vindbiana 59

vulturina 63

Archibuteo 38

Archibuteo aquilinus .... 41

ferrugineus 40

hemiptilopus 41

lagopus 38

sancti-johannis 40

Asio 205

Asio abyssinicus 211

brachyotus 209

capeiisis 211

crassirostris 208

galapagoensis 211

madagascariensis .... 212

mexicanus 208

otus 205

peregrinator 207

semitorqucs 209

siguapa 212

stvgius 207

d

xlii

CONTENTS.

Page

ASTUR 116

Astur atricapillus 118

leucorrhous . 1 20

. longicaudus 1 20

magnirostris 120

melauoleucus 120

monachus 121

mouogrammicus .... 121

' noveeliollandise .... 118

palumbarius 116

])oliogaster 121

radiatus 119

rufulus 221

trivirgatus 220

unicinctus 221

ASTURINA 41

Asturina brachyurus 42

nitida 41

Athene 159

Athene albifacies 1/1

boobook 165

brama 166

brodiei 169

capeiisis 169

castanoptera 168

coiiuivens 164

cuculoides 167

. cunicularia ........ 160

• dominicensis 161

ferox 162

feiTuginea ....... 162

fusca 1 70

guteruhi 172

humeralis 1 74

iiifuscata 16;^

lathami . 162

leucopsis 171

licua 1 64

inaculata 166

malabarica 168

marmorata 166

■ melanota 172

• meridionalis 160

nana 1 70

noctua 159

novse seelandise .... 166

nudipes 1/3

ocellata 1 74

Page

Athene perlata 163

punctulata 173

radiata 167

rufa 1 65

rufipes 1 72

scutellata 1 70

strenua 165

superciliaris 1 68

tseniata , , 1 73

torquata 1 72

variegata 1 73

woodfordi 1 70

AviciDA 128

Avicida cuculoides 1 28

Baza 126

Baza lophotes 1 26

— ~ magmrostris 127

reiuwardti 127

subcristata 127

Bubo 212

Bubo ascalaphus 215

bengalensis 216

capensis 217

cinerascens 217

■ dillonii 218

lacteus 217

maculosus 215

maximus 212

orientalis 216

pectoralis 216

sibiricus 213

virginianus 213

BuTEO 27

Buteo albicaudatus 35

albicollis 37

albouotatus 31

augur 34

bairdii 37

borealis 2!)

calurus 38

desertorum 33

elegans . 38

erythronotus .... 34, 219

galapagoensis 31

ghiesbreghti 36

harlani 30

insignatus 38

jakal 33

CONTENTS.

xiiu

Page

Buteo kaupi 37

. lacernulatns 34

lineatus 31

melanops 36

melanosternon 34

oxypterus 38

pectoralis 35

l)eiinsylvanicus .... 32

plumipes 38

})olionotus 37

polyosoma 219

pygmseus 36

rufipennis 36

swainsoni 30

tacliardus 33

veutralis 31

vulgaris 27

BUTEOGALLUS . 42

Buteogallus equinoctialis . . 42

nigricollis 43

Cathartes 1

Cathartes atratus ..... 2, 2 1 9

aura 1

californianus 3

CiCCABA 174

Ciccaba huhula 174

CiRCAETUS 45

Circaetus cinerascens .... 48

cinereus 47

corouatus 47

fasciolatus 48

ferox 46

gallicus 45

pectoralis 47

• solitarius 47

Circus 145

Circus acoli 156

seruginosus 145

assimilis 155

ater 153

cinerarius 152

ciuereus 156

cyaneus 147

hudsonius 150

jardinii 154

■ maculosus 155

maurus 153

megaspiles 156

Page

Circus nielanoleucus 154

ranivorus 151

spilonotus 157

swainsoni 151

Cymindts 128

Cymindis cayennensis .... 128

wilsoni 1 29

Elanoides 141

ElanoTdes furcatus 141

riocouri 142

Elanus 137

Elanus axillaris 139

cseruleus 137

leucurus 138

scriptus 139

FALCONIDiE 18

Falco 11

Falco sesalon 90

anatum 83

arcadicus 86

ardosiaceus 90

aurantius . 89

biarmicus 79

candicans 11

chiquera 87

columbarius 92

eleonorse 86

femoralis 88

frontalis 84

gyrfalco 78

hypoleucus 80

islandicus 11

jugger 79

lunulatus 89

melanogenys 84

minor 83

nigriceps 85

novse seelandise .... 94

orientalis 83

j)eregrinator 84

peregrinus 81

polyagrus 85

ruficoUis 87

rufigularis 88

sacer 79

semitorquatus 93

severus 87

subbuteo 85

</2

xliv

CONTENTS.

Page

Falco subniger 80

tibialis 90

vespertinus 93

Gampsonyx 137

Gampsonyx swainsonii .... 137

Geranoaetus 54

Geranoaetvxs melanoleucus . 54

Glaucidium 158

Glaucidium passerinum . . 158

Gypaetus 15

Gypaetus barbatus 15

hemachalanus 16

meridionalis 17

Gypohierax 14

Gypoliierax angolensis .... 14

Gyps 9

Gyps beng-alensis 11

fulvus 9

indicus 10

kolbii 10

riippelli 10

IIaliaetus 48

Haliactus albicilla 48

dimidiatus 51

leucoceplialus 49

leucogaster 53

leucoryphus 52

macei 52

maritimus 53

pelagicus 51

— — sinensis 53

vocifer 51

— — vociferoides 52

. washingtoni 51

Haliastur 73

Haliastur indus 73

leucosternus 75

spbenurus 74

Harpagtjs 101

Harpagus bidentatus .... 101

diodon 102

Helotarsxjs 76

Helotarsus ecaudatus .... 76

Herpetotheres 75

Herpetotheres cachinnans . 75
sufflator 76

HiERACIDEA 101

Hieracidea berigora 101

Page

Hieracidea occidentalis. ... 101

HiERAX 102

Hierax cserulescens 102

erythrogenys 103

• eutolmus 103

malayensis 103

sericeus 104

Ibycter 22

Ibycter americanus 22

ater 23

fasciatus 23

gymnocephalus .... 24

Ichnosceles 124

Ichnosceles ceerulescens . . 124

gracilis 1 24

niger 125

ICHTHIYAETUS 66

Ichthiyaetus bicolor 66

nanus 66

ICTINIA 140

Ictinia mississippiensis . . . . 140

plumbea 140

Ketupa 195

Ketupa ceylonensis 196

flavipes 196

javanensis 195

Macheirhamphus 135

Maclieirhamphus alcinus . . 135

Melierax 142

Melierax musicus 142

polyzonus 143

MiCRASTUR 122

Micrastur concentricus. ... 123

guerilla 1 23

— — leucauclien 1 23

ruficollis 122

semitorquatus 1 22

MiLVAGO 19

Milvago albogularis 22

australis 21

cliimachima 19

chimango 20

• megalopterus 21

pezoporus 20

MiLvus 131

Milvus forskahli 134

migrans 133

pacificus 135

CONTENTS.

xlv

Page

Milvus regalis 131

MORPHNUS 24

Morj)hnvis anthraciuus .... 25

brasiliensis 24

guianensis 24

Neophron 12

Neophron percnopterus . . 12, 13

pileatus 14

Nyctale 175

Nyctale acadica 1/6

havrisi 178

' richardsoni 1 76

siju 1 77

tengmalmi 1 75

Nyctea 194

Nyctea uivea 1 94

Otogyps 8

Otogyps auricularis 8

oalvus 8

Pandion 63

Pandiou carolinensis 64

haliaetus . 63

leucocejjhalus 65

Pernis 129

Peniis apivorus 129

cristata 131

Phodilus 183

Phodilus badius 183

POLIORNIS 125

Poliornis indicus .... 125, 222

liventer 126

pyrrhogenys 1 26

teesa 125

POLYBOROIDES 143

Polyboroides radiatus .... 143

POLYBORUS 18

Polyborus ambustus 19

tharus 18

ROSTRHAMUS 136

Rostrliamus sociabilis .... 136

luicinatus 136

Sagittarius 144

Sagittarius secretarius .... 144

Sarcorhamphus 4

Sarcorhamphus gryphus . . 4

papa 5

Scops 197

Scops asio , 199

Page

Scops atvicapilla 202

bakkaniseiia 201

choliba 204

cristata 205

grammica 205

gymnopoda 203

hendersonii 199

lempiji 200

leucotis 202

lophotes 204

. M'Callii 200

magica 203

mantis 201

megalotis 202

menadensis 202

novse-zelaudise .... 202

nudipes 203

rufesccns 201

rutila 204

senegalensis 199

trichopsis 20 1

zorca 197

SCOTOPELIA 197

Scotopelia peli 197

Spilornis 44

Spilornis bacha' 44

■ holospilus 45

Spizaetus 67

Spizaetus albescens ..... 68

alboniger 71

braccatus 68

caligatus 70

cirrhatus 69

coronatus 68

hastatus 72

isidori 72

kieneri 71

limnaetus 71

melaiioleucus 73

iiipalensis 69

occipitalis 72

ornatus 67

spilogaster 73

tyrannus 69

STRIGID.E 158

Strix 178

Strix Candida 181

capensis Ib2

xlvi

CONTENTS.

Page

Strix castanops 181

cayennensis 183

delicatula 180

flammea 178

javanica 180

1 leucomanna 182

novse hoUandise .... 181

perlata 180

poensis 182

pratiiicola 179

punctatissima 182

tenebricosa 182

SURNIA 183

Surnia choucou 185

funerea 1 83

nisuella 185

Syrnium 186

Syruium albogulare 192

aluco 186

cinereum 1 88

fasciatum 192

fuscescens 1 90

hylophilus 192

indranee 191

lapponicum 188

leptogrammicum .... 193

myrtha 1 93

nebulosum 189

Page

Syrnium nivicolum 187

perspicillatum 1 93

philippense 191

selo-puto 191

uralense 189

virgatum 1 93

Thuasaetus 26

Tlirasaetus harpyia 26

Tinnunculus 95

Tinnunculus alaudarius . . 95

ceucliris 97

cenchroides 98

cinnamominus 100

dominicensis 100

gracilis 101

moluccensis 96

punctatus 98

rupicoloides 98

rupicolus 97

sparverioides 100

sparverius 99

Urrua 218

Urrua coromanda 218

VULTURID^ 1

VuLTUR 6

Vultur cinereus 6

cliincou 7

monachus 7

ORNITHOLOGICAL SYNONYMS.

VULTURIDiE.

Genus CATHARTES, Illiger. 1811.

1 . CATHARTES AURA, (LimiEeus) 1 766.— Mus. Strickland, No. 1 .
Peale, Brit., Edinb., Munich.

Urubu, Marcgrave, Hist. Braz. p. 207.

Vultur braziiiensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 468.

V. aura, Limi. Sjst. Nat. p. \22.—GmeL Syst. Nat. p. 246.—
Lath. Syn. i. p. 9. Supp. i. p. 2 ; Ind. Orn. p. 4 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 12. pi. 3. — Penn. Arct. Zool. i. p. 221. — Bartr. Trav.
Carol, p. 285.— F^>^7/.0is. Am. Sept. pi. 2 bis.— Or^, (Wils.)
Am. Orn. pi. 75. f. 1. — Audub. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. ii.
p. 172. — Shnw, Zool. vii. p. 36. — Darw. Journ. Res. p. 68.
— Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 517- — Sells, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5.
p. 33 ; Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. i. p. 638.— Xet/rw, Voy. Te-
nerif. Trinit. &c. ii. p. 264.

V. iota, Molin. St. Chil. p. I^h.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 247.—
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 20.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 15. A.

V. aura /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 5.

V. sacer,J?ff?-#?-. Trav. Carol. p. 285. — l/eye;',Zool.Ann.i.p.288.

Cathartes aura, Illig. Prod. Syst. p. 236. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 1. i. p. 308 ; ed. 2. i. p. ?>\7.—Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 2.
— Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 384. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 73;
Tr. Orn. p. 28 (exc. syu.). — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York,
ii. p. 23 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 135 ; List Eur. & N.' Am. B. p. 1.

B

2 VULTURID^.

— Richards. ^- Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 4. — Jard.
(Wils.) Am. Orn. iii. p. 226. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i.
p. 3 ; iv. p. 245. — Brewer, (Wils.) Synop. p. 682. — Audub.
Am. B. pi, 151 ; Orn. Biog. ii. p. 339 ; Synop. B. N. Am.
p. 2. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. i. p. 43. — Swains.
Classif. B. ii. p. 205. — Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 8. — GroT/,
Gen. B. p. 1 ; ed. 2. p. 1 ; fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 3 ; List Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 2. — De Kay, Zool.
N. York, ii. p. 2. pi. 5. f. \2. — Gosse, B. Jam. p. 1.—
Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp. yiii. p. 58. — Ueichenb. Prakt. Nat.
Vog. p. 26. — Kerr, Transl. Gmel. ii. p. 472. — Max. Beitr. iii.
p. 64. — Rich. Schomb. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 742. — Caban.
(Tschudi) Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 262 ; Faun.
Per. Orn. p. 71. — VOrbig. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. p. 2 ;
Voy. Am. Merid, Ois. p. 38 ; (R. de la Sagra) Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois. p. 4. — Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 63. — Hard. Syst.
Ind. Azar. Pax. p. 1.

C. ruiicollis, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 2 (quot. Catesby, pi. 6).

C. iota, Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 1 1. p. 108 ; Ann. Nat. Hist.
xiii. p. 498.

Catharista aura, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 4.

Percnopterus aura, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 7.

Buteo specie Gallopavonis, Catesb. Carol, i. pi. 6.

Acabiray, Azar. Pax. Par. no. 3.

Habitat. — Whole of S. America. Brazil, La Plata, Chili, Falkland
Islands. N. America. Fur Country to lat. 54° N. (summer)
United States (summer). W. Indies. Jamaica.

2. CATHARTES ATRATUS, (Bartram) 1792.— Mus. Brit., Edinb.,
Jard., Peale.

Vultur atratus, Bartr.Tvsiw.CaxoX. p. 285. — Meyer, Zool. Ann.
i. p. 290.— O;-^, (Wils.) Am. Orn. pi. 75. f. 2.— Audub. Am.
B. pi. 106. — Brewst. Ed. Journ. So. ser. l.vi. p. 156.

V. aura, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 19 (quot. PI. Enl. 187).

V. urubu, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 2.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 14.

V. aura niger /3, Kerr, Trans. Gmel. p. 473.

V. iota, Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. iii. p. 236.— Ord, (Wils.) Am.
Orn. ed. 2.

Neophron iota, Cuv, Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 317.

Catharista , Fieill. Anal. Orn. p. 22.

VULTURID^. 3

Cathartes fcetens, Itlig. Mus. Berol. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
p. G3. — Gray, Gen. B. sp. 1. pi. 1. f. 3. — Max. Beitr. iii.
p. 58. — Rich. Scho7tib. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 742. — Caban.
(Tschudi) Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 262; Faun.
Per. Orn. p. 71. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. Pax. p. 1,

C. iota, Bona2J. Ann. Lye. N. York, p. 23 ; Isis, 1832,
p. 1135 ; List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. l.^King, Voy. Beag. i.
p. n32.—Nuft. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. i. p. 46.— Pea/g,
U. S. Explor. Exp. viii. p. 59.

C. atratus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 73. — Richards. ^ Swains.
Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 6. — Danv. Journ. Res. p. 68; Zool.
Beag. pt. 3. p. 7. — Temm. Tab. Meth. p. 1. — Swains. Classif.
B. ii. p. 206.^ — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 10. — Brewer,
(\Vils.)Svnop. p. 682. — Audub. Synop. B. Am. p. 3. — Bridg.
Proe. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 108 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 498.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 9. — De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p, 3.
— Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 27-

C. unibli, Less. Tr. Orn, p. 27 (exc. syn.). — TfOrbig. Voy.
Am. Merid. Ois. p. 31. pi. 1.

Percnopterus urubu, Steph. Zool. xiii. p. 7. pi. 31.

Vautour du Br6sil, Bvff. Pi. Enl. 187.

Irubu, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 19. no. 2.

Habitat. — S. of N. America. W. of Rocky Mountains to lat. 48°.
N. of S. America. E. of Andes to lat. 41° S.

3. CATHARTES CALIFORNIANUS, (Shaw) 1797.— Mus. Brit.,

Zool. Soc.

Vultur califomianus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. ix. pi. 301 ; Zool. vii.
p. 10. — Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 3 ; Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 2;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 7. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. iv. p. 259. —
Dougl.Zoo\. Journ. iv. p. 328 ; Isis, 1831, p. 1 10. — Reichenb.
Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 18.

Cathartes califomianus, C?^y. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.p. 316. — Bonap.
Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 22; Isis, 1832, p. 1135; List Eur.
& N. Am. B. p. 1 ; Consp. Av. p. 9. — Swains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 2(iQ.—Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. p. 2Z.—Gray, Gen. B.
sp. 3. pi. 2. — Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 3. — Nutt. Man.
Orn. U. S. & Canad. i. p. 2,9.— Audub. Am. B. pi. 426 ; Orn.
Biog. V. p. 240; Synop. B. Am. p. 2. — Brewer, (Wils.)
Synop. p. 832. — Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp. viii. p. 58. —
Kaup, Thierr. p. 229.

C. vnlturinus, Temm.VX.CcA. 31. — Less. Man. Orn. vii. p. 10.

B 2

VULTURTDiE.

Catharista californianus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 4.

Sarcorhampliiis californianus, Steph. Zool. xiii. p. 6. — Vig.
Zool. Jouin. ii. p. 376. — Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 1.
— Licht. Orn. Californ. p. 8. pi. 1 (Akad. d. Wissen. Berl.
p. 424).

Buzzard, Lewis ^ Clarke, Trav. iii. p. 48.

Gypagus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 11.

Habitat. — S.W. parts of N. America. California (resid.) to
lat. 49° N. (summer).

Genus SARCORHAMPHUS, Dumeril. 1806.

4. SAECOKHAMPHUS GRYPHUS, (Linn^us) 1766. — Mus.
Strickland, No. 2. Brit,, Vienna,

Vultur gryphus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 473. — Limi. Syst. Nat. p. 121.
— Gmel. Syst. Nat; p. 2Ao.—Molin. St. Chil. p. 266.— X«M.
Ind.Orn.p.l; Syn.i.p.4; Supp. i.p.l; Supp. ii. p. 1. pi. 120;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 4. pi. 1. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 8.— Shaw,
Mus. Lev. ii. p. 1. pi. 61. — Humb. Rec. d'Ob. Zool. p. 26.
pi. 8. — Wolf, Abbild. merkw. Gegenst. pi. 1. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed.l.i. p. 306; ed. 2. i. p. 316.— Farr. Linn. Tr. xvi. pi. 17-
f. 5 (anat.). — Klein, Av. Prod. p. 45. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel.
ii. p. 469.

V. mageUanicus, Shaio, Mus. Lev. pi. 1 (fern.).

V, condor, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 2. pi. 2, 3, 4.

Sarcorhamplius gryphus, Dumer. Zool. Anal. p. 32. — Steph.
Zool. xiii. p. 6. — Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 375. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 71. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 1. — Kaup,
Thierr. Vog. p. 226. — Barw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 3. — Bonap.
List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 1 ; Consp. Av. p. 9. — King, Voy.
Beag. i. pp. 185, 532.— Bridg. Froc. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 108;
Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 49S. — Graij, Gen. B. p. 1 ; ed. 2. p. I ;
fol. sp. 1. pi. 1. f. 4; ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 2 ; Gen. & Subgen.
Brit. Mus. p. 2.—Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 2 1 . pi, 1 . f. 3.

S. condor, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 25. pi. 7. — Swains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 205, — Cabnn. (Tschudi) Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 262 ; Faun. Per. Orn. p. 59. — B'Orbig. Synop. Av. Mag.
Zool. p. 1 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 17.

Gypagus condor, T^ieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 11.

K

VIJLTURID^. -5

/ ■

Cathartes gryphus, Temm. PI. Col. 133, 408, 494. — Bonap.
Ann. Lvc. N. York, ii. p. 23 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 135 ; Am, Orfl.
pt. 4. pi. 1. p. 1 {]m.).—Nutt. Man. Om. U. S. & Canad.
i. p. 35.

Condor, Buff. Ois. ed. Somi. i. p. 184.

Habitat. — S.W. of N. America (accidental). S.America. Andes,
from lat. 8° N. to Magellan Straits. /,■

5. SARCORHAMPHUS PAPA, (Linuaius) 176G. — Mus. Brit',
Munich.

Vulttir rex vulturum, Briss. Orn. i. p. 4/0. pi. 36.

Vultur papa, Z?7i?j. Syst. Nat. p. \22.-~ Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 246.
— Lat/i. Ind. Orn. p. 4 ; Syn. i. p. 7 ; Supp. ii. p. 7 ; Gen.
Hist. ii. p. 9. pi. 2.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 9. pi. 9.~Shaw/
Zool. vii. p. 39. pi. 13. ^Geqf. Bull. Soc. Philom. pt. 4.
p. 189 ; Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. iv. p. lOl.~Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 1. i. p. .306 ; ed. 2. i. p. 316. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii.
p. 471.

V. monachus, Klein, Av. Prod. p. 46 (quot. Edw. i. p. 2).

V. papa A, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 8 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 10.

V. elegans, Ger7n. Reis. Dalmat. /

Sarcorhamphus papa. Burner. Zool. Anal. p. 32. — Steph. Zool. ■
xiii. pt. 2. p. 6. — Wiedem. Arch. Zool. iv. pt. 2. p. 223. —
Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 384. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 72 ; Tr.
Orn. p. 26. pi. 5. f. 1. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. —
Bemi. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 160. — Bonap. List Eur. & N.
Am. B. p. 1 ; Consp. Av. p. 9. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. Pax.
p. 1. — Roht. Schomb. Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 255. — Rich.
Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. iii. p. 743. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 3. — Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Voo-.
p. 20. pi. 1. f. 2.~Kuhl, Norn. Syst. p. 8.— A7/m^j, Thierr!
p. 227. — Cfl!6a?^. (Tschudi) Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 262; Faun. Per. Orn. p. 69. — B'Orbiy. Svnop. Av. Mag.
Zool. p. 1 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 28.

Cathartes papa, lUig. Prod. Mam. et Av. p. 236. — Spix, Av.
Braz. i. p. 1 . pi. 1 ? . — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 23 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 1135. — Temm. Tab. Meth. p. \.—Nutt. Orn.
U. S. & Canad. i. p. 40. — Max. Beitr. iii. p. 56.

Gjrpagus , Vieill. Anal. Orn. p. 21.

G. papa, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 3.

Urubu, Buf. PI. Enl. 428.

VULTURID^.

Iribiimbicha, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 15. no. 1.
Roi des Vautours, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 13 (juv.).
Warwouwen or Indian Vulture, Albin, B. ii. pi. 4.
King of the Vultures, Edw. B. pi. 2.

Habitat. — S. part of N. America (accidental). Guiana. Mexico.

Genus VULTUR, Linnaus. 1766.

6. VULTUR CINEREUS, Gmelin, 1789.— Mas. Brit.

Vultur, Briss. Orn. i. p. 453.

V. cinereus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 247.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 1 ;
Syn. i. p. 14 ; Supp. i. p. 3 ; Supp. ii. p. 3 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 23.— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 305 ; ed. 2. i. p. 315. —
Temm. Man. Orn. pt. l.p. 4; pt. 3. p. 2 ; Isis, 1821,
p. 8G1. —Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 769. — Viff. Zool. Journ. ii.
p. 384. — Audouin, Desc. Egyp. pt. 4. p. 257. — Riipp. Ann.
Sc. Nat. ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa* xxii. pt. 2. p. 202 ; Neue Wir-
belth. p. 46. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. — Bnich, Isis,
1832, p. UQb.— Goidd, Eur. B. pi. 2. — Graij, Gen. B.
p. 1. — Bailhj, Orn, Sav. i. p. 24. — Eversm. Add. Zoog. Ross.
As. fasc. iii. p. 4. — Meyer ^ Wolf, Vog. Deutschl. pt. 18;
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 4. pi. 2. — Nautn. Vog. Nacht.
pi. 49; Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. i. pi. 1. p. 156. — Bechst.
Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 196. pi. 8. — Donnd. Orn. Beytr.
i. p. 7. — Kaluz. Orn. Siles. p. 24. — Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 2.
— Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 14. — Klein, Av. Prod. p. 44.
— Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 473.-~Kuhl, Nom. Syst. p. 8. —
Schemb. Quad. Geog. p. 1. — Kaup, Thierr. p. 230.

V. vulgaris, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 17-

V. arrianus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 18. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 21.
pi. 5. f. 2.— Temm. Tab. Meth. p. 1.

V. niger, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 62. — Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 1 ;
Faun. Fran9, p. 2. pi. 1. f. \.—Begl. Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille,
1839, pt. 1. pp. 423, 463 ; 1843, p. 175.— iVmm. Nat. Vog.
Deutschl. pi. 1. f. 1. — Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 9.
pi. 2. f. 1. — Rouoc, Orn. Prov. i. pi. 2. p. 4. — Kerr, Trans.
Gmel. p. 474.

V. monaclius, Gray, Gen. B. sp. 1. pi. 4. f. 2.

Gyps cinereus, Bonap. List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2. — MUhle,
Orn. Griech. p. W.—Keyserl. ^- JS^a*. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 133.

VULTURID^. 7

iEgjrpius cinereus, Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 17.

M, niger, Gray, Gen. B. p. l.—Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. I. p. 74.
pi. 1 1.

Polypteryx cinereus, Bhjth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 115.

Vautour, Biijf. PI. Enl. 425.— Ku/il, Nom. Syst. p. 8.

Grand Vautour, BuJ". Ois. ed. Sonn. i. p. 158. pi. 5.

L'Arrian, Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. \l.—Btif. Ois. ed.
Sonn. ii. p. 128. — JFerner, Ail. Ois. Eur.

Habitat. — S. of Europe. Alps, Pyrenees, Greece. Asia. India,
Nepal. Africa. Egypt, Cape of Good Hope.

7. VULTUR MONACHUS, Linnaeus, 1766.- Mus. Brit.

Vultur arabicus, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 29.

V. monachus, Lhm. Syst. p. 122.— Gmel. Syst. p. 246. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. p. 5 ; Syn. i. p. 8 ; Supp. ii. p. 8 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 30. — Shatv, Zool. vii. p. 19. pi. 7, 8, 9.—Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 1. i. p. 305, ed. 2. i. p. 315. — Steph. Zool. xiii. p. 5. —
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 15. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 24. — Riipp.
Ann, Sc. Nat.; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. pt. 2. p. 201. —
Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 11.

v. imperialis, Temni. PI. Col. 426.— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 315. — Gray, Gen. B. sp. 2.

Crested Black Vulture, Fdw. Glean, ii. p. 171. pi. 290.

Habitat. — Europe. Xanthus (Fellows), B.M. S. Asia. India,
Himalaya. 'Nepal (Hodgson, Blyth). S. Africa (Levaillant).

8. VULTUR CHINCOU, Daudin, 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Chincou, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 12.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 31.

Vultur chincou, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 12.

V. occipitalis, Burch.Trav.Af. ii. pp. 310, 329.— Riipp. Zool.
Journ. iv. p. 391 ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii.pt. 2. p. 204 ; Ann.
Sc. Nat.; NeueWirbelth. pp. 43, 48 ; Svst. iibers. p. 10. —
Cretzsch. (Riipp.) Atl. Reis. Nord. Af. pi. 22.— Temm. PI.
Col. 13 ; Tab. Meth. p. I.— Gray, Gen. B. sp. 3 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 5.

V. monachus, Fiy. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 376.

V. galericulatus, Less. Man. Orn, i. p. 71 ; Tr. Orn. pp. 23,
645. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. — Pucher. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 208.

VULTURID^.

Abyssinian Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 31.

Habitat. — Africa. Caffraria, Guinea, Abyssinia. India? (Ze*«on).
China (Levaillant) 1

Genus OTOGYPS, Gray. 1841.

9. OTOaYPS AURICULARIS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit., Zool.

Soc, Jard., Leyden, Frankfort.

Oricou, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 9.

Vultur auricularis, D«m(?. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 10. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 1 ; Syu. Supp. ii. p. 1 1 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 20. —
Temm. PI. Col. 407 ; Man.Orn. pt. 4. p. 585.— Chi>. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 315. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 22. — Benn. Proc. Comm.
Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 66 ; Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 105. — Smith,
Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 45. — Sivains. Classif. B. i.
p. 47, ii. p. 205. — Grai/, Gen. B. p. 1. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 18 ; Rev. Zool. 1841, p. \45.—Bartkel. Att. Scienz.
Ital. 1841, p. Z27.—Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 16.

V. auriculatus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 24. pi. 10. — Steph. Zool,
xiii. pt. 2. p. 5.

V. tracheliotus, Wolf, Abbild. merkw. Gegenst. pi. 5.

V. nubicus, Smith, Griff. Cuv. vi. p. 164.

V. ffigypius, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 315 (juv.). —Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 70 (juv.). — Riipp. iVnn. Sc. Nat. ; Nuov. Giorn.
Pisa, xxii. pt. 2. p. 201 ; Neue Wirbelth. p. 47.

JEgypius, Savif/. Ois. Egyp. pi. 1 1 (juv.).

Otogyps auricularis, Gra^/, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 2 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 4.
f. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 5 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 1.

Otogyps nubicus ?, Rilpp. Syst. iibers. p. 10.

Habitat. — Africa. Cape of Good Hope, Egypt. S. Europe.
Greece.

10. OTOGYPS CALVUS, (Scopoli) 1786.— Mus. Strickland, No. 3.

Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Vultur calvus, Scop. Del. Faun. Ins. pt. 2. p. 85.

V. ponticerianus. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 7 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 6 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 22. — Shaio, Zool. vii. p. 25. — Baud. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 285. pi. 20; Tr. Orn. ii. p. 11.—
Temm. Pi. Col. pi. 2.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 70 ; Tr. Orn.

VULTURID-^. 9

p. 23. — Cuv. Tihg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 315. — Si//ces, Proc. Comm.
Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 77 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 418. —
Riipp. Ann. Sc. Nat. ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. pt. 2. p. 201 ;
Neue Wirbelth. p. 47. — Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. —
Jerd. Maclr. Journ. x. p. 63. — Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii.
p. 93. — Gray, Ind. Zool. pi. 15. f. 1 (head). — Kerr, Trans.
Gmel. ii. p. 476.

Otogyps calvus, Gray, Gen. B.fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 5.

Vautour royale de Pondichery, Sonner. Yoy. Ind. ii. pi. 104,
p. 82.

Habitat. — Bengal, Java, Sumatra, Nepal.

Genus GYPS, Savigny. 1809.

1 1. GYPS FULVUS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit.

Vultur fulvus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 462 ; Syn. i. p. 131.— Gmel.
Syst. Nat. p. 249. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 6; Syn. i. p. 17;
Gen-. Hist. i. p. 17 B. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 27. pi. 11.—
Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 5, pt. 3. p. 3 ; Tab. Meth. p. 1 ;
Isis, 1821, p. 861 ; 1829, p. 1263.— S^^y*. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 5. — D«Mc?. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 17. — Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 2.
pi. 1. f. 2. — Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 384 ; Denh. Trav. Af.
App. p. \9b.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 305, ed. 2. i. p. 315.
— Less. Tr. Orn. p. 21. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 97. —
De^^. Mem.-Soc. Lille, 1831, p. 211; 1843, p. 175; Orn.
Eur. i. p. 6. — Riipp. Ann. So. Nat. ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii.
pt. 2. p. 202; Neue Wirbelth. p. AQ.— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. n. s. p. 502. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 205. —
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 1. ~ Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2.—
Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 21. — Eversm. Addend. Pall. Zoog.
Ross. As. iii. p. 5. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 3. pi. 5. — Naum.
Naturg.Vog.Deutschl. i. p. 162. pi. 2. — i?yeA»?,V6g. Deutschl.
p. 9. pi. 2. — Donnd. Orn. Beitr. i. p. 10. — Reichenb. Prakt.
Nat. Vog. p. 9. pi. 1 . f. 1 . — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 474. —
Kaup, Thierr. p. 231.

V. percnopterus, Daud., Borkh. Teutsche Orn. pi. 55.

V. castaneus, Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 12.

V. vulgaris, Vieill. ^o\xv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 251. — Degl.
Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1839, pp. 424, 461.

V. trencalos, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 491.

10 VULTURID^.

V. indicus, Temm. PI. Col. 26. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 70 ; Tr.
Om. p. 23. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 77 ;
Journ. As.Soc.Beng. iii.p.418. — jSwams-Classif. B. ii.p. 205.

V. chassefiente, Ri'qjp. Ann. Sc. Nat. ; Neue Wirbelth. pp. 43,
47 ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. pt. 1. p. 203.

Gyps vulgaris, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 71.

G. fulvus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 1 ; ed. 2. p. 1 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 4. f. 1 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 6 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 1.—
Bo?ia]). Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 17 ; Consp. Av. p. 10.

Percnoptere, Buf. PI. Enl. 426.—Kuhl, Norn. Syst. p. 8.

Griffon, Buf. Ois. i. pi. 5 (nee desc).

Vulture, Albin, B. iii. pi. 1.

Habitat. — S. of Europe. Alps, Pyrenees, Albania. Africa.
Egypt, Morocco, Cape of Good Hope. Asia. Himalaya.

\la. GYPS KOLBII, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit, (as G. fulvus).

Chassefiente, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 10.

Vultur kolbii, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii, p. 15. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 1 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 12 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 19. —
Cretzschm. (Riipp.) Atl. Reis. Nord. Af. pi. 32. — Rilpp.
Neue Wirbelth. p. 46 ; Ann. Sc. Nat. ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa,
xxii. pt. 2. p. 203. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Consp.
Av. p. 10. — Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 17.

V. percnopterus. Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 375.

V. fulvus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 645 (adult).

Gyps vulgaris, Savig. Ois. Egyp. p. 11. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 1 7.

Habitat. — S. Europe. Africa. Asia.

12. GYPS RUPPELLI, Bonaparte, 1850.— Mus.

Gyps Ruppelli, Bonap. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 477 ; 1855,
p. 75.

G. magnificus, Mull. Ois. Af. pi. 5.

G. vulgaris, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 10.

Habitat. — Africa. Egypt, Chartum, Sennaar (Muller).

13. GYPS INDICUS, (Scopoli) 1786.— Mus. Strickland, No. 4.

Brit, (as G. bengalensis).

Vultur indicus. Scop. Del. Faun. Ins. pt. 2. p. 85. — Lath, Iiid.

VULTURID^. 11

Orn. p. 7 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 6. sp. 22 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 26. —
Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 12. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 26. — Kerr,
Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 4/6.

V. kolbii ?, Blijth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 115.

V. tenuiceps, Hodgs. Cat. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81.

Gyps tenuirostris, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. (1844) p. 4, (1848)
p. 7 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. pi. 3.

G. indicus, Blyth, Joum. As. Sec. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 503 ; Cat.
Mus. E. I. C. i. ^.A.—Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 10.

Grand Vautour des Indes, Sonner. Voy. Ind. pi. 105.
Habitat. — S. Asia. India, Nepal.

14. GYPS BENGALENSIS, (GmeUn) 1789. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 5. Brit.

Vultur bengalensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 245. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 30.— Sfej)h. Zool. xiii. p. b.—Teimn. PI. Col. sub pi. 426. —
Gray, Ind. Zool. pi. 15. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc.pt. 1.
p. 78 ; Joum. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 418. — Hiitt. Joum. As.
Soc. Beng. vi. p. 112.

v. leucocephalus /8, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 3.

V. chaugoun, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 14.

V. leuconotus, Gray, Ind. Zool. i. pi. 14. — Blyth, Ann. Nat.
Hist. xii. p. 93. — Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 18.

V. Indus, Less. Belang. Voy. p. 211.

V. indicus, Rilpp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 47.

Gyps bengalensis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 3 ; 1848,
p. 6(syns. exc); Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. n. s. p. 504. — Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii.
p. 298. — Rupp. Syst. iibers. p. 1 ; Cat. Mus. E. I. C. i. p. 4.

Chaugoun, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 11.

Chaugoun Vulture, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 13 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 32.

Bengal Vulture, Lath. Syn. i. p. 19. pi. 1 ; Supp. i. p. 3 ; Gen,
Hist. i. p. 24. pi. 4.

Alpine Vulture, var.. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 18 (desc. ult.).
Habitat. — S.Asia. India, Candahar. Africa. SenTa&iir(Ruppell),

12 VULTURIDiE.

Genus NEOPHRON, Savigny. 1809.

15 NEOPHRON PERCNOPTERUS, (Linnseus) 1766.— Brit. Mus.,
E. Ind. Comp., Jard., A. Mathew, (Brit. spec).

Vultur segyptius, Briss. Orn. i. p. 457. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 249.

V. percnopterus segyptius /3, Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 475.

V. fuscus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 455. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 248. —
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 5 ; Syn. i. p. lo ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 22.—
Daiid. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 18.

V. leucocephalus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 466. — Gtnel. Syst. Nat.
p. 248. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 27. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 2 ;
Syn. i. p. 13 ; Supp. ii. p. 4 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 25. — Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 7.

V. percnopterus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 123. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 249. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 2; Syn. i. p. 12; Supp. i.
p. 3 ; Supp. ii. p. 4 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 16. — Daud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 13. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 33. — Donnd. Orn. Beytr. i.
p. 10. — Temm. Cat. Syst. Cab. p. 6. — Browne, Trav. Af.
(ed. 2) p. 301. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 474. — Kaiip,
Thierr. p. 229.

V. percnopterus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 2 ; Syn. i. p. 13 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 16 A.

V. fulvus, Bodd. Tab. PI. Eul.

V. ginginianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 7 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 7 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 27. pi. 5.—Datid. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 20.— Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 32.^ — Z^err, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 476.

V. albus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 21.

V. meleagris, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 377.

V. stercorarius, Lapeyr. Neue Schwed. Abhand.

Neophron percnopterus, Savig.J)esc. Egyp, pt. 1 . p. 76. — Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calcut. p. 33 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
xix. U.S. p. 504; Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 93. — Moquin-Tandon,
Mem. Ac. Toulouse, ser. 3. ii. p. 121 . — Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 2 ;
Faun. Fran^. p. 3. pi. 2. f. \, 2.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 72;
Tr. Orn. p. 29. pi. 6. f. \.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 317.—
Michah. Isis, 1830, p. Sm.— Fig. ^ Zool. Journ. ii. pp. 380,
■SM.—Jard. ^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 1. pi. ?,?,.— Degl. Mem.
Soc. So. Lille, 1839 ; Orn. Eur. i. pp. 14, 426 ; 1843, p. 176.
—Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 4. pi. 2>3.—Jenyns, Brit. Vert,
p. 79. — Eyt. Rare Brit. B. p. 1. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool.

VULTURIDiE. 13

Soc. pt. 2. p. 78 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beiig. iii. p. 4\8.— Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 3. — Bo/iap. B. Eur. & N. Am. p. 1 ; Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 17; C'onsp. Av. p. 11. — Swai/is. Classif. B. ii.
p. 206.—Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. \.—Gray, Gen. B. p. 1 ; etl. 2.
p. 1 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 1. f. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 7; Gen.
& Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 2. — Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 4, 5.
p. 7. — Miihle, Orn. Griech. p. 9. — Schemb. Cat. Orn. Malt,
p. 9. — Malh. Orn. Sicil. p. 20.— Keyserl. ^ Bias. Wirbelth.
Eur. J). \33. —Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 28. pi. 1. f. 4.
— Schemb. Quad. Geog. p. 1. — Rupp. Syst. iibers. p. 9.

Neophron? meleagrides, Jard. 8r Selby, 111. Orn. sub pi. 33.

N. aegypticus, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 16.

Cathartes percnopterus, Teimn. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 8; pt. 3.
p. 6 ; Tab. Meth. p. 1.^ — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 28. — Naum.
Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 170. pi. 3. — Brehm,Y6g. Deutscbl. p. 5.
— JVern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 3. — Meyer,
Zusjit. u. Bericht. Deutschl. Vog. p. 2. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
p. 63.

C. meleagrides, Temm. PI. Col. sub j)l. 133. — Less. Man. Orn.
i. p. 74. — Kuhl, Nom. Syst. p. 8.

Percnopterus aegyptiacus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 7-

P. veterum, V. d. Iloev. Handb. Dierk. ii. p. 816. — Gmel. Reise
Sib. iii. p. 364. pi. 37.

Ciirigourap, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 14.

Rachamah, Bruce, Trav. Abyss. App. p. 163. pi. 33.

Vautour de Malthe, Buf. Ois. i. p. 161 ; PI. Enl. 427 (juv.).

Vautour de NoiTege, Buf. Ois. i. p. 164; PL Enl. 429. —
Kuhl, Nom. Syst. p. 8.

Vautour de G-ingi, Sonner. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 184.

Vautour d'Egypte, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. ii. p. 131.

Sacre d'Egypte, Buf. Ois. i. p. 164.

Le petit Vautour, Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 10.

Caporaccajo, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 6.

Chocolate Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 29. desc. 1.

Armed Vulture, Shaw, vii. p. 44.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain (ace). Norway (ace), Switzerland,
Provence, Spain, Italy, Greece. Asia. Arabia, Persia, Tar-
tary, India, Afghanistan. Africa. Egypt, Barbary, Cape of
Good Hope, Morocco. Madeira.

14 VULTURIDiE.

16. NEOPHRON PILEATUS,(Burchell) 1822.— Mus. Brit., Paris,
Brussels, Leyden, E. Ind. Comp.

Vultur pileatus, Burch. Trav. Af. ii. p. 195.

Neophron monachus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 308 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 318. — Jard. ^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 1. sub pi. 33. — Less.
Man. Orn. i. p. 73.

N. carunculatus, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 17.

N. niger, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 29.

N. pileatus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 8; Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. —
Hard. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 14. — Riipp. Syst. iibers. p. 9.

Cathartes monachus, Temm. PI. Col. 222.

Percnopterus monachus, Steph. Zool. xiii. p. 7 (quot. PI. Col.
222).

Habitat. — Africa. Senegal, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Coast
Castle.

Genus GYPOHIERAX, Ruppell. 1 835 .

17. GYPOHIERAX ANGOLENSIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit.
Tyi)e from Congo Exp.

Falco angolensis, G^nel. Syst. Nat. p. 252.

Vultur angolensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 7 ; Syn. i. p. 18 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 21. — Shaw, Mus. Lev. p. 153. pi. SJ.—Tetnm.
Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 8. — Viff. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 376. — Gray,
Proc. Conim. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 67.

V. hypoleucus, Jard. ^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 2. pi. 13.

Gypaetus angolensis, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 27.

Polyborus hypoleucus, Bemi. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1.
pp. 13, 169 (juv.) ; Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 303.

Gypohierax angolensis, Biipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 45. — Gray,
Gen. B. App. p. 1 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 4. f. 4 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 8 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 2. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 12.— Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 14.— F. d. Hoev.
Handb. Dierk. ii. p. 815.

Racama angolensis, Gray, Gen. B. p. 1 ; ed. 2. p. 2.

Angola Vulture, Penn. Tour Wales, i. p. 307. pi. 16.

Habitat. — Africa. Congo, Fernando Po (Fraser).

VULTURID^. 15

Genus GYPAETUS, Storr. 1 784.

IS. GYPAETUS BARBATUS, (Linnaeus) 1766.— Mus. Brit., E.
Ind. Comp., Jard.

Falco magnus, Gmel. Voy. Sib. iii. pi. 38 ; Syst. Nat. p. 252 ;
in Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 36 C.

F. barbatus, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 252.

Vultur aureus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 458.

V. alpinus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 464.

V. barbatus, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 26. — Linn. Syst. Nat.
p. 123. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 3; Syn. Siipp. ii. p. 6 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 35. — Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 5, 6. — Bechst. Naturg.
Deutschl. ii. p. 199.

V. niger, Briss. Orn. i. p. 457- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 248
(juv.). — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 6 (juv.) ; Syu. i. p. 16 ; Gen
Hist. i. p. 37. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 17. — Shaw, Zool. vii
p. 31. — Stejih. Zool. xiii. p. 5.

V. barbarus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 250. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 3
Syn. i. p. 11. sp. 6 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 35 A. — Bound. Orn
Beytr. p. 15.

V. barbatus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 3 ; Syn. i. p. 18. sp. 13;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 36 B.

v. leucocephalus, Meyer, Tasch. deutscli. Vogelk. i. p. 9.
pi. 3.

Gypaetus grandis, Storr.

G. barbatus, Storr, Alpenreise, p. 69. — Barthel. Att. Scienz.
Ital. 1841, p. 327.—Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 11, pt. 3.
p. 7; PI. Col. 431.— J%. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 384.— Baud.
Tr. Orn. ii. pi. \0.—Bnich,lsis, 1831, p. 404.— ie**. Man.
Orn. i. p. 74. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 318. — Benn. Gard.
Zool. Soc. ii. p. 176. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 4. — Baldenst. in
Denkschr. Schweiz. Gesellsch. i. p. 86. — Bonap. List Eur. &
N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 18 ; Consp. Av. p. 1 1.—
Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 206. — Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 43.
—Gray, Gen. B. p. 1 ; ed. 2. p. 1 ; tbl. sp. 1. p. 1. pi. 1. f. 1 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 1 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 1.
—Gebler, Bull. So. Ac. Petersb. vi. pp. 293, 29r>. —Bailly,
Orn. Sav. p. 37. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 12. — Naum. Na-
turg. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 180. — Beyl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 17. —
Milhle, Orn. Griech. p. \2.—Malh. Orn. Sicil. p. 21.— Be-

16 VULTURIDyE.

7ioit, Orn. Sicil. p. 4. — Keyserl. ^- 5/a*. Wirbelth. Eur.
p. UA.—BIyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calcut. p. 33. —V. d.
Hoev. Hanclb. Dierk. ii. p. 815. — Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog.
p. 30. pi. 2. f. ] . — Schemh. Quad. Geog. p. 1. — Meyer, Zusat.
u. Bericht. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 4. — Meisn. Svst. Verz. Vog.
1).3.— ^orM. Teutsche Orn. pi. 110, 111.

G. aureus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 25.

Or. castaneus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 26.

G. alpinus, Temtn. Cat. Syst. Cab. p. 7. — Steph. Zool. xiii. p. 8.
—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 25. pi. 10.

G. melanocephalus, Afgyer, Tasch. deutsch.Vogelk.i.p. 10. pi. 1
(juv.); V6g.Deutschl.pt. 19(juv.). — Wolf,hMh\\A. merkw.
Gegenst. pi. 15.

Phene ossifraga, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 7'^- — Vieill. Gal.
Ois. pi. 8 ; Faun. Fran^. p. 5. pi. 3. f. 1, 2. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 30. pi. G. f. 2.— De^/. Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1839, p. 427;
1843, p. 176. — Roiu\ Orn. Prov. i.-p. 86. pi. 5 bis.

Gypaete des Alpes, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. ii. pi. 1 2. f. 2. — Gerard.
Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 12.

Avoltojo barbuto, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 9.

Nisser Werk, Brvce, Trav. vii. p 225. App. pi. 31.

Weisskopfige Geier-adler, Meyer,\o^. Deutschl. pt. 14.

Bartadler, Bechst. Naturg Deutschl.Vog. ii.p. 502. — Blumenb.
Abhand. Naturh. Gegenst. pi. 85.

Bearded Vulture, Edw. B. pi. 106.

Bearded Eagle, Salt, Trav. p. 46.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 50.

Habitat. — Alps S. of Europe. Pyrenees, Tyrol, Hungary.
Sardinia. Albania. Africa. Cape of Good Hope. Asia. Si-
beria, Mongolia, Caucasus, China.

18«. GYPAETUS HEMACHALANUS, Hutton, 1838.— Mus.

Gypaetus barbatus, Hutt. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 522. —
Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iv. p. 455. — Blyth, Journ. AlS.
Soc. Beng. xi. p. 465 ; Cat. E. I. C. Mus. i. p. 9.

G. hemachalanus, ^M##. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vii. p. 22; xvi,
p. 776 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 235. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. n. s. p. 505.

flabitat. — S. Asia. Himalaya. Afghanistan.

VULTURID^. 17

18i. GYPAETUS MERIDIONALIS, Bonap. 1842.— Mus.

Gypaetus meridionalis, lionaj). Cat. Ucc. Eur. {).18 ; Rev. Zool.
1H.50, p. 47S.—Ril2)p. Syst. iibers. p. 9. pi. 1.

G. nudipes, Brehm.

G. subalpinus, Brehtn.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

18

FALCONID^.

Genus POLYBORUS, Vieillot. 1816.

19. POLYBORUS THARUS, (Molini) 1782. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 6 a. 6 6. Brit., Munich.

Caracara, Marcgr. Hist. Bras. p. 21 1 . — Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 42.
no. 4,

C. vulgaris, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 34.

Accipiter circus brSsiliensis, Biiss. Orn. i. p. 405.

Falco tharus, Molin. St. Chil. pp. 264, M3.—Gmel. Syst, Nat.
p. 254. — Lath. \ndi. Orn. \\. 16 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 18; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 243. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 1/0. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 41.

F. cheriway, Jacq. Beytrag. p. 17. pi. 4. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 254.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 42.— Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 60.

F. plancus, Ginel. Sjst. Nat. p. 257. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.p. 42.
— Shaw, Cim. Phys. pi. 17.

F. brasiliensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 262. — Lath. Ind.Orn. p. 21 ;
Syn, i. p. 63 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 274. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 106.
—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 149.— Max. Beitr. iii. p. 190.

Vultur cheriway, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 8 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 5;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 33. — Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 43.

V. plancus. Lath. Ind. Orn, p. 8 ; Syn. i. p. 34 ; Supp. i. p. 4 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 34. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 41. — Forst. Descript.
An. p. 321 ; Icon. ined. 33.

Circaetus hrazUiensis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 328.

Polyhorus, Vieill. Anal. Orn. p. 22.

P. braziliensis, Viff. Zool. Journ. i. pp. 320, 336; iii. p. 434.
—Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2. i. p. 366 ; Zool. 111. ser. 2. pi. 2 ;
Classif. B. ii. p. 209.— Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 108 ;
List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Consp. Av. p. 13. — Barw. Journ,
Res. p. 64 ; Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 9. — Audub. Am. B. pi. 161.
— Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc pt. 11, p. 108; Ann, Nat. Hist,
xiii, p. 499. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3 ; fol. sp. 1.
pi. 5, f. 2; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 31 ; Gen, & Subgen. Brit.
Mus. p. 2.—Kaup, Ueb. Talk. Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 262.—

FALCONID^. 19

Be Kay, Zool. N. York, li. p. 'i.—Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp.
viii. p. (JO. —Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 58.

P. tharus, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. i. p. 113 ; Ac. Sc. PhUad.
1855, p. 284.

P. vulgaris, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 1 a. — Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 7.
— Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 296. — Kmg, Voy. Beag. i.
p. 5:^2.— Vieill. Gal. i. p. 23. pi. I.—Vig. Zool. Beech. Voy.
p. 15. pi. 7. — -Bo/ia/j. Consp. Av. p. 13. — Less. Tr.Oni. p. 34.
— ^w^^^</^■,Consp. Av. (Wiegm. Arch. 1844) p. "^.—UOrhig.
Syuop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838, p. 3; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois.
p" 55 ; (R. Sagra) Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. [). 9.

P. cheriway, Rich. Schomb. Vers. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 74 1 . —
Nitzsch, Pterylog. p. 89.

Aquila cheriway, Meyen, Nov. Act. Leop. Car. xvi. Supp. p. 66.
Pandion caracara, Griff. Cuv. vi. p. 235.

Habitat. — S. of N. America : Mexico (Swainson). S.America.
Brazil, Straits of Magellan, La Plata, Chili. W. Indies, Cuba
{Vigors), Aruba.

20. POLYBOEUS AMBUSTUS, (Gmehn) 1789.— Mus.
Falco ambustus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 252.

Vultur ambustus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 8 ; Syn. i. p. 19. sp. 15;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 27.

Gjrpaetus ambustus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 26.

Tawny Vulture, Brown, Zool. 111. pi. I. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 44.

Spizaetus ambustus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1254.

Habitat. — Falkland Isles {Brown).

Genus MILVAGO, Spix. 1824.

21. mLVAGO CHIMACHIMA, (Vieillot) 1816.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 7 a. 7 b. Zool. Soc, Brit., Munich.

Chimachima, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 50. no. 6.

Polyborus chimachima, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. v. p. 295.
—UOrbiy. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838, p. 3; Voy. Am.
Me'rid. Ois. p. 63.

c2

20 FALCONlDiE.

P. degener, Vly. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. \\.—Less. Man. Orii. i. p. 88.

P. ochroceplialus, Jard. 111. Orn. pi. 2. — Sioains. Classif. B. i.
p. 310.

Falco degener, Illig. jNIus. Berl. — Licht. Verz. p. 61 (quot.
Chimachima, Azar.). — Max. BeitrJig. (quot. Vieill.).

F. crotophagus, Max. Reis. i. p. 297 ; ii- p. 199 (quot.

Beitrag.).

Milvago ochrocephalus, Sjiix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 5. — King, Zool.
Jouru. iii. p. 424 ; Voy. Beag. i. p. 532. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 2.
—Peale, U. S. Explor. Exp. p. 61.

M. cliimachima, Gi-ay, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 2 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 5.
f. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 29 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 2. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 12. — Rich. Schomb. Vers. Faun.
Brit. Guian. p. 7^\.—Kavp, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845,
p. 2^2.— Hartl. Syst. Ind. Pax. Par. p. 1.

Gymnops strigilatus, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 10. pi. 4 (= juv.).

Haliaetus chimachima, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 43.

H. ochrocephala. Cm-. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 327.

White-necked Ea,gle A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 250.

Habitat. — Brazil. Buenos Ayres.

22. MILVAGO CHIMANGO, (Vieillot) 1816.— Mus. Brit., Paris.

ChimangO, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 47. no. 5.

Polyborus chimango, VieilJ. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. \. p. 260;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1182. — Tschudi, Consp. Av.Vv'iegm. Arch.

1844, p. 262 ; Faun. Per. pp. 16, 7^.—l)'0rhig. Synop. Av.
Mag. Zool. 1838, p. 3. — Darw. Journ. Res. p. 64.

Haliaetus chimango. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 43.

Caracara chimango, VOrhig. Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 60.

Milvago chimango, Barw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 14. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. pi. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 29.— Hartl.
Syst. Ind. Pax. Par. p. 1. — Kaiip, Ueber. Falk. Mus. Senck.

1845, p. 262. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 13. — Peale, U. S.
Explor. Exp. p. 61.

Habitat. — S. America. Paraguay, La Plata.

22 a. MILVAGO PEZOPORUS, (Meyen).— Mus.

Aquila pezopora, Meyen, Nov. Act. Leop. Car. xvi. Supp. ]). 62.
pi. 6. — Bonap. Consp. Av. sub Milvago.

FALCONID^. 21

Milvago pezoporus, Durw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 13. — RriJy.
Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 109; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii.
p. 499.

M. chimanga, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 29.
Habitat. — S. America. Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Chili.

23. MILVAGO AUSTRALIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit.

Falco australis, Gmel. Syst. Nat, p, 259. — Lath. Ind. Oni.
p. IG ; Syn. i. p. 40 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 241, — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p, n.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii, p. 56.—Jard. 111. Orn. n. s. pi. 24.

F. novae zealandiaj, Teimn. PI. Col. 192, 224. — Gam. Ann. Sc.
Nat. vii. ; Isis, 1832, p, 181.

F, leucurus, Forst. Icon. ined. 34.

Morphnus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 318.

Circaetus novae zealandiaB,CMw.Reg.An. ed. 1. i. p. 318 ; ed. 2.
i. p. 328.

C. antarcticus, Less. Tr, Orn. p. 49.

Polyborus novae zaelandiae, Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Less.
Man. Orn. i. p. 88. — Barw. Journ. Adv. & Beag. p. 66. —
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 13.

P. braziliensis, Kmg, Voy. Beag. i. p. .532.

Senex australis, Gray, Jard. 111. Orn. n. s. sub pi. 24.

Milvago leucurus, Da/2<7. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 15. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 3.

M. australis. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 30.

Vultur plancus 9> Forst. Descript. An. p. 321.

Aetotriorchis novae zeelandiae,A'«i</),Class.Saug. u.Vog.p. 124.

Habitat. — Falkland Islands. Island of Diego Ramirez. Magellaii
Straits {Forst ei-).

24. MILVAGO MEGALOPTERUS, (Meyen) 1834.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila megaloptera, Meyen, Nov. Act. Leop. Car. xvi. Supp.
p. 64. pi. 7.

Phalcobcenus montanus, VOrbig. Synoji. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838,
p. 2 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 51. pi. 2. f. 1,2. — Bridg. Proc.
• Zool. Soc. pt. 1 1. p. 108 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 499. — La-
fresn. Rev. Zool. 184,5, p. 91.

Ph. megaloptera, Bonap. Consp. Av, p. 13.

22 FALCONID^.

Milvago montanus, Dane. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 13. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 5.

M. megaloptera, Barw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. pp. 13, 21. — Gray,
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 30.

Polyboriis montanus, Barw. Journ. Adv. & Beag. p. 66. "
P. megalopterus, r*cA2<f/i,Consp. Av.Wiegm. Arch.l844,p.263;
Faun. Per. pp. 16, 7S.—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 99.

Habitat. — S. America. Chili.

2.5. MILVAGO ALBOGULARIS, (Gould) 1837.— Mus.

Polyborus albogularis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 9.

Milvago albogularis, Barw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 18. pi. 1. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.

Phalcobcenus megaloptera, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 13.

Habitat. — S. America. River Santa Cruz, 50° S. Patagonia
{Bar win).

Genus IBYCTER, Vieillot. 1816.

26. IBYCTER AMERICANUS, (Boddaert) 1783.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 8. Brit., Munich.

Falco aquilinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 280. — Temm. Tab. Meth.
p. 2.

F. formosus, Lath. lud. Orn. p. 38 ; Syn. i. p. 97 . sp. 82 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 2^0. — Shaw ^ Nodd. Nat. Misc. xii. pi. 485. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 159.

F. americanus, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl.

F. nudicollis. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. pp. 79, 177.

Ibycter, Vieill. Anal. Orn. j). 22.

I. leucogaster, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 6. — Swains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 209. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 33. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 12.

I. aquilinus, Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Stejjh. Zool. xiii.
])t. 2. p. 10.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 2, ed. 2. p. 2; fol. sp. 1.—
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 12. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck.
1845, p. 262. — Rich. Schomb.Yers. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 742.

I. americanus. Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 28 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 2.

FALCONIDiE. 23

Circaetus aquilinus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 317 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 329.

Gymnops aquilinus, 8/;u', Av. Biaz. i. p. 11.

Polyborus aquilinus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 88.

Aigle d'Amerique, BuJ^. PL Enl. 4 1 /.

Habitat. — Brazil.

27. IBYCTER FASCIATUS, (Spix) 1824.— Mas. Munich.

Gymnops fasciatus, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 10. pi. 4.

Polyborus fasciatus, GriJ^. Cuv. vi. p. 41.

P. strigUatus, GHJ"'. Cuv. vi. p. 42.

Circaetus fasciatus, Cuv. Rfeg. Au. ed. 2, i. p. 328.

Caracara fasciata. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 35.

Ibycter fasciatus, Gmi/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil. Jurua River.

28. IBYCTER ATER, (Vieillot) 1816.— Mus. Brit., Paris, Leyden,
Munich.

Daptrius ater, Fieifl. Anal. Orn. pp. 22, 68 ; Nouv, Diet. Hist.
Nat. xvi. p. 387 ; Gal. Ois. pi. 5. — Viff. Zool. Journ. i. pp.
319, 336.—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. pi. 32.— Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 32.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 2; ed. 2. p. 2; Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.
—Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 262.

D. aterrimus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 75.

D. striatus, Dumont, Diet. Scien. Art. Cara9ara. — Fieill. Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat. xvi. p. 387 (juv.).

Falco aterrimus, Temm. PI. Col. 37. 342.

Gymnops aterrimus, Sjiix, Av. Braz. i. p. 11.

Circaetus aterrimus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 328.

Ibycter ater. Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 308, ii. p. 209. — Gray,
Gen. B. sp. 2. pi. 5. f. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 29.— Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 12. — Rich. Schomb. Vers. Faun. Brit. Guian.
p. 742.

White-rumped Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 8.
Habitat. — Brazil. Guiana,

24 FALCONIDtE.

29. IBYCTER GYMNOCEPHALUS, D'Orbigny, 1837.— Mus.

Ibycter gymnocephalus, D'0?-&?V/.Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838,
p. 2 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 50. — Gray, Gen. B. App.
p.l.

Habitat. — Cochabamba, Bolivia {W Orbigny) .

Genus MORPHNUS, Cuvier. 1817.

30. MORPHNUS GUIANENSIS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Falco guianensis, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 78. — Lath. Ind. Oru.
Supp. p. 8 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 38 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 256.

F. soimiiii, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 67.

F. delicatus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 68.

Morphnus guianensis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 318; ed. 2.
i. p. 330. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 17. — Vig. Zool. Journ.
i. pp. 323, 337.— ie^s. Man. Orn. i. p. 90; Tr. Orn. p. 51.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3; List
B. Brit. Mus. p. 20.

M.? sonnini, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 18.

Spizaetus variegatus, Fieill. Enc. Me'th, iii. p. 1257.

Harpyia guianensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.

Thrasaetos ? guianensis. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 20.

Petit Aigle de la Guiane, Maud. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1257;
Orn. p. 47b.— Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. ii, p. 58.

Habitat. — Guiana.

31. MORPHNUS BRAZILIENSIS,(Brisson) 1760.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 9 «. 9 6. Jardine, Brit.

Aquila brazUiensis, Biiss. Orn. i. p. 445.

A. urubitittga, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 1 b.

A. picta, Spioc, Av. Braz. i. pi. 1 c (juv.).

Falco urubitinga, GineL Syst. Nat. p. 26b.— Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 22 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 236.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 57. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 63.— Temm. PI. Col. 55.

F. zonurus, Sha^v, Zool. vii. p. 62.

FALCON ID/E. 25

F. longipes, Illiy. Mus. Berol.

Pandion fulvus, Tleill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 103.

Morphnus urubitinga, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 330.— ^^^. Zool
Journ. i. pp. 323, 337. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 17. —
Less. Mau. Orn. i. p. 90 ; Tr. Orn. p. 5l.—Nifzsch, Ptery-
log. p. 87. — Grmj, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3; fol. sp. 1.
pi. 7. f. 6; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 2\.—B'0rbiq. Vov. Am
Merid. Ois. p. 84. ^ J •

Spizaetus niger, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 57.

S. ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 58.

Harpyia urubitinga, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.

Urubitinga, Marcgr. Hist. Bras. p. 2U.~Less. Rev. Zool
1839, p. 132.

U. brasUiensis, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.

Hypomorphnus urubitinga, Tschudi, Consp. Av.Wiegm. Arch.
1844, ]). 263; Faun. Per. pp. 16, M.—Lafresn. Rev. Zool.'
1849, p. 99.— Hick. Schomb.Yers. Faun. Brit.Guian. p. 740.

Del Chorreado, Ami: Pax. Par. i. p. 88. no. 17.

Del Pintado, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 92. no. 18.

Del Negro, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 96. no. 20.

Aigle noir Huppe d'Amerique, Bitf. Ois. ed. Sonn. ii. p. 29.
pi. 6.

Brasilian Eagle, Lath. Syn. i. p. 41. sp. 20.
Habitat. — Brazil. Guiana.

32. MORPHNUS ANTHRACINUS, (Lichtenstein) 1840.— Mus
Strickland, No. 10.

Falco &Mhxa.cmViS, Nitssch, (Licht.)Pterylog. p. S^.—Lafresn
Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 239.

Morphnus mexicanus, Dubus, Bull. Ac. ^vn^.—Lafresn Rev
Zool. 1848, p. 2^9.— Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1.

Falco anthracinus, Licht. (Lafresn.) Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 240.

Urubitinga mexicanus, 5ow«p. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488.

Habitat. — Central America. Guatemala. Tabasco.

26 FALCONID^.

Genus THRASAETUS, Gi-ay. 1837.

33. THRASAETUS HARPYIA, (Linnaeus) 1766. — Mus. Brit.,
Edinb., Paris, Ley den.

Vultur harpyia, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 121. — Lath. Syn. i. p. 6.

V. coronatus, Jacq. BeytrJig. p. 15. — Lath. Syn. Supp. i.p. 5.

Falco calquin, Molin. St. Chili, p. 235. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 55.

F. jacquini, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 251.

F. harpyia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 251. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 9 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 232. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 54.

F. cristatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 260. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 17 ;
Syn. i. p. 81 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 249. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 43.

F. harpyia /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 9 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 233.

F. destructor, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 60. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Suj)p.
p. 4 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 20; Gen. Hist. i. p. 235. — Temm.
PI. Col. 14.

F. imperialis, Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 15.

F. regalis, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 56. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 232.

F. caracca, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 64.
Gjrpaetus harpyia. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 27.

G. coronatus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 28.

Harpya, VieiU. Anal. Orn. p. 24.

Harpyia destructor, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 317; ed. 2. i.
p. 329. pi. 3. f. 2.—Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 25^.— Less.
Man. Orn. i. p. SS.— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.— D'Orbiff.
Voy. Am. Me'rid. Ois. p. 81.

H. coronata, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 237.

H. maxima, Fieill. Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 1249.

H. imperialis, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 17. — Fiff. Zool. Journ.
i. pp. 323, 337. — Swains. Phil. Mag. ser. 2. i. p. 366.

H. ferox, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 50.

Thrasaetos harpyia, Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 108;
Consp. Av. p. 29. — Grai/, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1 .
pi. 7. f. 3.

falconidtE. 27

Morphnus harpyia, Tsckudi, Consp. ky. Wiegm. Arch 1844
p. 2(5;-..

Ouira ouassou, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. ii. p. A7.—VieiU. Nouv
Diet. Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 236.

Crested Falcon, Dill. Trav. Spain, p. 80. pi. 3.

Grand Aigle de laGuiane, Maud. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1250; Oni.
pp. 474, 475.

Habitat. — Guiana. New Granada. Mexico.

Genus BUTEO, Cuvier. 1799.

34. BUTEO VULGARIS, (Bechstein) 1803. — Miis. Strickland,
Nos. 1 1 «. 116. Brit., Soc. Zool., Jard., &c.

Buteo, Jib. B. i. pi. l.—JFilloub. Orn. p. 70.—Cuv. Lec^. Anat.
Comp. i. Tab. Class. ; Reg. An. ed. 1 . i. p. 323 ; ed. 2 i
p. 336.

B. albus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 155.

B. vulgaris, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 46.— Selb. 111. Brit. Orn.
pt. 1. pp. 18, 31.— i^/e/«. Brit. An. p. 54.— Mont. Orn. Diet,
ed. Renn. p. 67. — Jenyns, Man. p. S7. — Jard. Brit. B. i.
p. 202.— Gould, Eur. B. pi. \4.—Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B.
p. 3 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. \9.— Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 316 ;
ii. p. 211.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 5.
t. 2. nif. ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 32 ; Gen. & Subgea. Brit.
Mus. p. 2.—KeijserL ^ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. 30, ^5.—
Schleg. Rev. Crit. pp. 19, 3\.—Muhle, Orn. Griech. p. 18.—
Rilljp. Syst. ubers. p. Id.—Degl. Orn. Eur. p. 53.— Be Kay,
Zool. N. York, ii. p. W. — T/iomps. B. Irel. i. p. 72.—
Watt. B. Irel. p. 16.— Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 185.—
Garner, Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 272. — Couch, Faun. Cornw.
p. U.—Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 15.— F. d. Iloev. Handb. Dierk.
p. 809— 7r«M;^,Ueb.Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 261 ; Mouog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 77.

B. fasciatus, Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 17. pi. 8. f. 1 ; Mem. Ac.
Roy. Turin, xxiii. p. 226. pi. 3. f. 8, 9.

B. mutans, Vieill. Faun. Fran?, p. 18. pi. 8. f, 2 ; Mem. Ac.
Roy. Turin, xxiii. p. 229. pi. 3. f. 10, 11.

B. pojana, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 29.— *S'. Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 54 (sub B. variegatus).

B. communis. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 7S.

28 FALCONIDJ7..

B. septentrionalis, Ih-ehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 42.

B. medius et murum, Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. j)p. 43,14 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 736.

B. fiiscus, MacyiU. Brit. B. iii. p. 183.

B. cinereus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 18.

B. (vulgaris) japonicus, Temm. Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 16. pi. 6, 6B.

B. varialjilis, BaiUy, Orn. Sav. i. p. 127.

Accipiter buteo, Briss. Orn. i. p. 406.

Falco buteo, Linn. Syst.p. 1 27. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 265. — Kerr,
Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 496. — Asso, Zool. Aragon, p. 68. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. i. p. 23 ; Syn. i. p. 48 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 79. — Baud.
Tr. Orn. ii. p. 154. — Shaw, Zool. vli. p. 109. — Leach, Syst.
Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 16. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogclk.
p. 34. — Berkenh. Synop. p. 11. — Lewin, Brit. B. i. p. 18.
pi. 6. — Sco2). Ann. Hist. Nat. p. 15. — Beiv. Brit. B. ed. 1.
p. 15 ; ed. p. 22. — 3Iont. Orn. Diet. i. Buz. — Selbi/, 111. Brit.
Orn. pt. 1. p. 18. pi. 6. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 238,
})1. 10. — Naum. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 346 ; ed. nov.
pi. 32, 33 ; Vog. Deutsch. f. 40, 41, 42, 43.—Kuhf, Beitrag.
Zool.pt. 1. p. 79 (aivAt.).— Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 9.—
Brutin. Orn. Bor. p. 5. — Beseke, Vog. Kurl. p. 13. — Temm.
Cat. Syst. Cab. Orn. p.ll ; Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 63 ; pt. 3.
p. 35 ; Tab. Me'th. p. ^.—Mud. Brit. B. i. p. \OA.—Macgill.
Rap. Brit. B. p. 130.— Fan-. Brit. B. i. p. 76.—Benoif, Orn.
Sicil. p. 8. — Malher. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 36. — Schulz. Faun.
March, p. 265. — Kaluz. Orn. Siles. p. 51. — Baik. t^- Hedd.
Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 29. — Wern. Alt. Ois. Eur.

F. glaucopis, Merr. Beitrag. xi. pi. 7. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 255.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 16 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 20 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. Q>7. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 59. — Shaw, Zool. xii. p. 102.

F. albidus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 267. — S. Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 55.

F. versicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 267- — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 105. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 33 ; Syn. i. p. 74 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 75.

F. communis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 270.

F. variegatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 267. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 24 ; Syn. i. p. 97. sp. 83 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 262. — Shaw,
Zool.vii. }). 112. — S. Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 54.

F. buteo A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 80.

F. cappone, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 29.

F. mutans, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii, pt. 2. p. 64.

FALCONID^. 29

F. fasciatus, Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 33. pis. 'JO, 21, 22. — Savi,
Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. j)t. 2. j). 66.

F. pojana, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxii. pt. 2. p. 68. — Borkh.
Deutsche Orn. pt.9. pi. 1. — /'meA.Vog. Deutschl. pi. 74, yd.
LaBuse, BufT. PI. Enl. 419.

Aigle de Gottingen, Buf. Ois. ed. Sonn. i. p. 377. — Bechst.
Tasch. Deutschl. i. p. 15. — Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 54.

Spotted Falcon, Penii. Brit. Zool. pi. 26.

Habitat. — Europe generally. Ionian Isles. Sicily (Benoit).
Asia. Smyrna, Trebizond. India (Blyth). Africa. N.-
Eastern {RUp^ieU). Madeira.

35. BUTEO BOREALIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strickland, Nos
12 a. 12 i. 12 e. Brit., Edinb., Jard.

Falco borealis, G/we/.Syst.Nat. p. 2QQ.—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 25;
Syn. i. p. 50 ; Supp. ii. p. 34 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 265. — Baud.
Tr. Orn. ii. p. 157. — Shaio, Zool.vii. p. 112. — Wils.Xm. Orn.
pi. 52. f. \.—Sab. Frankl. Exped. p. Gyo.—Waffl. Isis, 1831,
p. 517. — Bo7iaj). Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. pp. 32, 434 ; Isis,
1832, p. 1 138.— Audub. Am. B. pi. 51 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 265.

F. leverianus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 266.~Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 18;
Syn. Su!)j). i. p. 31 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 62 B.—Daud. Tr. Orn.'
ii. p. 126. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 151. — TFils. Am. Orn. pi. 52.
f. 2. — Audub. Orn. Biog. i. p. 2€5.

Accipiter mficaudus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 14 bis.

Buteo fulvus, Fiei/l. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 34 ; Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat. iv. p. 468 (quot. F.jamaicensis).

B. ferruginicaudus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 6. — Ctw. Reg
An. ed. 2. i. p. 337.

B. americanus, FieiN. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 477 (quot.
Ois. Am. Merid. pi. 6) ; Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 1224.

B. borealis, TmY/.Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 478; Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. 1222.— Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340 ; Zool. Beech. Voy.
p. 15. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 47. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 79.
— Richards. Faun.Bor.Am. ii. p. 50. — James.Wils. Am. Orn.
i. pp. 82, 84. — Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pp. 280, 282. —
Brew. Wils. Am. Orn. p. 450 ; Synop. p. 684. — Bonap. Eur.
& N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Consp. Av. p. \9.— Audub. Synop. p. 6.—
Gra7j, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 34. — Pucher.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 2\A.—Gosse, B. Jam. p. 11. pi. 2.— Cass.
B.Calif. & Tex. Syn. p. 97; Proc. Ac.Sc.Philad. 1855, p. 279.
— Gatnb. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. n. s. i. p. 26. — Nutt.

30 FALCON ID^.

Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 102.— De Kay, Zool. N. York,
ii. }). 9. pi. 8. f. 17 (juv.). — Feah. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii.
p. 80.— Tkomp. Hist.Vermt. App. p. 63.—Peale, U. S. Expl.
Exp. p. 62. — Towns. Sitg. Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 59. —
Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 261.

B. leverianus, Fiff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Stejjh. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 47.

Astur borealis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — Swains. Classif.
B. i. p. 316; ii. p. 215.

Pcecilopternis borealis, Kaup, Isis, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 7G.

Utzquauhtli, Hernandez.

Red-tailed Buzzard, Penn. Arct. Zool. p. 205. sp. 100, 101.

Leverian Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. sp. 101.

White-breasted Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 267.

Habitat. — America generally to lat. 55° N. (summer). United
States. California. Mexico (resid.). W. Indies, Island of Nevis
(Brit. Mus.). Jamaica (Gosse).

35 a. BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bonaparte, 1838.— Mus.

Falco buteo, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 207. sp. 103 ? juv. — Audub.
Am. B. pi. 372 ; Orn. Biog. iv. p. 508.

F, obsoletus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 268. — Ken; Trans. Gmel. ii.
p. 501. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 28. sp. 61 ; Synop. Supp. i. p. 30 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 254.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii, p. 104.— Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 152.

Buteo vulgaris, Richards. ^ Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. p. 5. —
Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 56, note. — Brew. Wils. p. 303 ;
Synop. p. 684.

B. swainsoni, Bonap. Eur.&N. Am. B. p. 3; Consp. Av. p. 19.
—Cass. Synop. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 98 ; Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad.
1855, p. 280. — Gamb. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. n. s. i.
p. 27.

B. montanus, Nutt. Man. Orn. U, S. & Canad. i. p. 112.

Habitat. — North America. Fur countries to lat. 58° (summer).
California (winter).

35 b. BUTEO HARLANI, (Audubon) 1830.— Mus. Brit.

Falco harlani, Audub. Am. B. pi. 36 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 441. —
Brew. Wils. N. Am. Orn. Synop. p. 684.

FALCONID^-. 31

Buteo harlani, Bonap. Eur. &, N. Am. B. p. 3. — Audub. Synop.
,,. {\_—armj, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 18 ; 1848, (sub B.
borealis,) p. 34. — Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 11.

Habitat. — N. America. Louisiana (^?<c?mZio«).

^i:^c. BUTEO VENTRALIS, Gould, 1837 {=B. borealis, juv.).—
Mus. Brit., Zool. Soc.

Buteo ventralis, Gould, Proc. Zool, Soc. pt. 5. p. 10. — Danvin,
Zool. Beag. ])t. 3. p. 27. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. (sub borealis,
sp. 6). — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.

Habitat. — S. America. S. Patagonia, Valparaiso, Santa Cruz
{Darwin, sp. Brit. Mus.).

3.5 d. BUTEO GALAPAGOENSIS, (Gould) 1837. — Mus. Brit.,

Zool. Soc.

Polyborus galapagoensis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 9.

Craxirex galapagoensis, Go?/7f/,(Darw.) Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 23.
pi. 2. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3 ; List Gen. & Sub-
gen. Brit. Mus. p. 2. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 34.

Buteo galapagoensis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 18 ; Gen. B.
fol. sp. 12.

Habitat. — Galapagos Islands.

3G. BUTEO ALBONOTATUS, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Buteo albonotatus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 1 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. 1844, p. 17; 1848, ]>. '3Q.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. 101 (sub B. harlani).

Habitat. — Mexico.

37. BUTEO LINEATUS, Gmelin, 1789.— Mus. Strickland, Nos.
13 «. 13 6. Brit., Jard.

Falco lineatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 268. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 27 ; Syn. i. p. 5G. sp. 36 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2(iS.— Baud. Tr.
Orn. ii. p. 1.58. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 1 13. — Wils. Am. Orn.
pi. 53. f. 3.— Audub. Orn. Biog. i. p. 296 ; Synop. B. N. Am.
p. 7.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

F. hyemalis, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 274. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 35;
Syn. i. p. 79. sp. 62 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 91. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 110. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 153. — Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 35.
f. \.-^ Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 33; Isis, 1832,
p. \US.— Audub. Am. B. pi. 56, 71 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 364.

32 FALCONID^..

F. hyemalis, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 8 ; Syn. Supp. ii.
J). 3'J.

Circus hyemalis, VielU. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 7. — James. Wih.
Am. Orn. i. pp. 85, 87.

Buteo fuscus, Fieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 5.

B. hyemalis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 81. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B.
p. 3.— Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 10. pi. 6. f. 13.

B. lineatus, Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 290. — Audub. Syno]).
■p. 7. — B7-ew. Wils. Am. Orn. Syn. p. 684. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 3b.— Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
Syn. p. 99. — Bonap. Consp. Av. j). 19. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk.
Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 261.

Astur fuscus, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 37.

A. hyemalis, Ja7d.\\i]s. Am. Orn. ii. p. 72. — Fieill. Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. 1273.

Nisus hyemalis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

Pcecilopternis lineatus, Kaup, Monog. F'alc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 76.

Red-shouldered Falcon, P^-mw. Arct. Zool. p. 206. sp. 102;
p. 209. sp. 107.

Habitat. — N. America generally. California. Oregon (Town-
send).

38. BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS, (Wilson) 1812.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 14 r/. ]4 b. Brit.

Falco pennsylvanicus, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 92. p]. 54. f. 1. —
Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 263. — Audub. Am. B. pi. 91 ; Orn.
Biog. i. p. 461. — Bonap. Ann. Lvc. N. York, ii. j)p. 29, 434 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 1137.

F. latissimus, Wils. Am. Orn. lasted, vi. p. 92. pi. 54. f. 1.

F. wilsoni, Bonap. Obs. Wils. Nom. Journ. Ac. Sc. N. York,
iii. p. 348.

Sparvius platypterus, VieiU. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1273 (quot.
Wils.pl. 54. f. 1).

Buteo pennsylvanicus, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 35 ; Eur.
N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Consp. Av. p. 19. — Audub. Synop. p. 7. —
Brew. Wils. Am. Orn. Syn. p. 684. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. \ii.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. Syn. p. 100.
-De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 11. pi. 5. f. 11.

Astur pennsylvanicus, Cuv. Reg, An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — James.
Wils. Am. Orn.i. p. 65.

FALCONID.E. 33

A.? latissimus, Jard. Wils. Ain. Oni. ii. p. 294.

Pcecilopternis wilsoni, Kauj), Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. T^.

Habitat. — N. America. East parts (Cassin).

.39. BUTEO TACHARDUS, (Daudln) 1800.— Mus.

Falco tachardus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 164. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. b ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 25 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 182. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 201.

Buteo tachardus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 479 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1224. — Ste^ih. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 46. — Fig. Zool.
Journ. i. p. 340. — Ciio. Keg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 336. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 18. — Grui/, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 32.

Le Tachard, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 19.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Lion River.

40. BUTEO DESERTORUM, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus.

Falco desertorum, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 162. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. ]). 11 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 50; Gen. Hist. i. |). 181. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 1 74. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. Griff. Av. i. p. 63.

Buteo desertorum, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. ]>. 478;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1223.

Le Rougri, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 1 7.
Habitat. — Cape of Good Hope (Levaillant) .

41. BUTEO JAKAL, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strickland, No. 15.

Brit., Jard.

Falco jakal. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 161. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp.
p. 11 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 49; Gen. Hist. i. p. 180. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 173. — Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 60.

Buteo jakal, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 46. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 336. — Fieill. Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 473 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. \222.Smith,
S. Af. Journ. i. p. 239. — Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 60. — Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 80. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 33. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19. — ^«m^. Class. Saug. u.
Vog. p. 123; Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 261 ; Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 76.

Le Rouuoir, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. pi. 16.
Habitat. — S. Africa.

34 FALCONID^.

42. BUTEO LACERNULATUS, (Temminck) 182-.— Mus. Brit.,

Paris.

Falco lacernulatus, Temm. PI. Col. 437.

Buteo lacernulatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Less. Tr.
Orn. \^. 82.— Grmj, Gen. B. fol. sp. IC ; List B. Brit. Mus.

1844, p. 17.

B. scotoptenis, Grmj, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 38.
Leucopteruis lacernulatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.
.L. scotopterus, Kaup, Monog.Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 69.
Habitat. — Brazil.

43. BUTEO AUGUR, Riippell, 1835.— Mus. Brit.

Buteo augur S ,Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 38. pi. 16 ; Syst. iibers.
p. 10. — Botiap. Consp. Av. p. 19. — Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus.
p. 33 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 4. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck.

1845, p. 261 ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 76.

B. hydrophilus ? , Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 39. pi. 17. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 19. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 1845,
p. 261.

Habitat. — N. Africa. Abyssinia.

44. BUTEO MELANOSTERNON, Gould, 1840.— Mus.

Buteo melanosternon, (7o«^c?, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 8. p. 162;
Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 68 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 20 ; Introd. p. 21 .
— Crey, Gen. B. fol. sp. 13.

Gypoictinia, Kaup, Isis. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.
Habitat. — Australia. New S.Wales. W.Australia.

45. BUTEO ERYTHRONOTUS, (King) 1827. —Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 16 ff. 16 i. 16 e. Brit., Soc. Zool., Jard.

Falco polysoma, Quoy ^ Gaim> Voy. Uran. Ois. p. 14.

Haliaetus erythronotus, King, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 424; Voy.
Beag. i. p. 532.

Buteo erythronotus, Gray, (Darw.) Zool. Beag. p. 26 ; Gen. B.
fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 35. — Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc.
pt. 11. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 499. — Jard. Ed. N.
Phil. Journ. n. s. ii. p. 1 1 7.

B. unicolor, D'0?-6?V7. Synop. Av. (Guer.) 1838, p. 7 ; Voy. Am.
Mcrid.p. 109.

FALCONID^.. 35

B. tricolor, WOrhig. Synop. Av. (Guer.) 1838, p. G ; Voy. Am.
Mcrid. p. 106.pl. 30 c? ?. — TschuJi, Av. Consp. Archiv
Niitiirg. 1844, p. 2(i4, sub B. pterocles ; Faun. Per. p. 90?

TachytriorcMs erythronotus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 17.

Habitat. — South America. Ecuador, Elevated Table Land of
Xn(\es{W. Jameson). Magellan Straits. Chiloe. Falkland
Islands. Bolivia. Chili. Brazil. Mexico

46. BUTEO ALBICAUDATUS, (Vieillot) 1816.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila coliblanca, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. G9. no. 10.

Buteo albicaudatus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 477 ;
Enc. Mcth. iii. p. 112^.— Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 87.

B. pterocles, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 103 ; Tr. Orn. p. 80. — Vig.

Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pi. 36. — C^lv.

Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 317.—

Richards. Faun.Bor. Am. ii. p.lO. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10;

List B. Brit. Mus. p. 36. — Rich. Schomb. Faun. Brit. Guian.

p. 739.
B. albicauda. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 81. pi. 1.5. f. I.—Pncher. Rev.

Zool. IS.'iO, p. 214.
B. leiicurus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 100.
Falco pterocles, Temm. PI. Col. 56. 139.
Spizaetus leucurns, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 59 ;

Enc. Mcth. iii. p. 1257.

Hypomorphnus leucurus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 100.

TachytriorcMs pterocles, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481 ;
Consp. Av. p. 17. — Kaup, Monog. Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850,p. 78.

Habitat. — Brazil {Temm.).

47. BUTEO PECTORALIS, Vieillot, 1816.— Mus. Brit.
Circus pectoralis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 477.
Buteo pectoralis, Vieill. Enc. M^th. iii. p. 1223.— Pucher. Rev.

Zool. 1850, p. 95.
B. canescens, Hodgs. Beng. Sport. Mag. 1836, p. 180. — Bli/th,

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 308 ; xv. p. 2.
B. longipes, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 75. — Gray, List B. Brit.

Mus. 1844, p. 18.
B. rufinus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. 1848,

p. 33. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 338. — Bonap.

Consp. Av. p. 18. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1 850, p. 7(i ;

Cat. Mus.E.LC.i. p. 61.

D 2

36 FALCONIDiE.

Falco rufinus, Cretzsch. Riipp. Atl. Reis. Nord. Af. pi. 27 ;
Syst. ubers. p. 10.

Nasal Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 169.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Nepal {Hodgson). Bengal. Africa.
Nubia, Sennaar, Abyssinia.

48. BUTEO PYGM^US, Blyth, 1845.— Mus.

Buteo pygmaeus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 177 ; xv.
p. 3 ; xix. p. 339.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Tenasserim.

49. BUTEO RUFIPENNIS, Strickland, 1850.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 17.

Buteo nifipennis, Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 214.
pi. 22.

Habitat. — Kordofan (Petherick) .

50. BUTEO MELANOPS, (Latham) 1790. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 18. Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Falco melanops, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 37 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 248.
— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 117. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 175. —
Temm. PI. Col. 105.

Daedalion melanops, Pig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 25.

Astur melanops, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 94. — Cm. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 333.

Buteo melanops, Gnij/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 14 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 37.

Leucopternis melanops, Kaup, Isis ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 68. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.

Streaked Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 34.
Habitat. — Guiana.

51. BUTEO GHIESBREGHTI, Dubus, 1843.— Mus. Brussels.

Buteo ghiesbreghti, Dubus, Esq. Orn. pi. 1. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 18.

Leucopternis gMesbreghti, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481 ;
Consp. Av. p. 19.

Habitat. — Mexico. Vera Cruz {Ghiesbreght) .

FALCONIDiE. 37

52. BUTEO (ALBICOLLIS), (Latham) 1/90. —Mus. Strickland,

No. 19. Brit., Paris, Jard.

Falco albicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 36 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 250.
—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 112.

F. picatus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 167.

F. pcEcilonotus, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 9.

Buteo melanotus, Vieill.1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 472 ;
Enc. Mcth. iii. p. \22\.—Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 84.

B. poecilonotiis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 440. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 47.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 104 ; Tr. Orn. p. 81.—
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 19.

B. albicollis, Graij, List B, Brit. Mus. p. 38 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 15.

Leucoptemis albicollis, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 78.

L. pcecilonotus, Botiap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481 ; Consp. Av.
p. 19.

White-necked Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 30. sp. 101.

Habitat. — S. America. Guiana. Cayenne {Latham and Vieilloi).
Trinidad (Mus. Jard.). French Guiana {Temminck) .

53. BUTEO POLIONOTUS, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Buteo polionotus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 17 ; 1848,
p. 38; Gen. B. fol. sp. \7.—Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 85
(sub B. melanotus).

Leucopternis polionotus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.
Habitat. — S. America.

54. BUTEO KAUPI, Bonaparte, 1850.— Mus. Brit.
Leucoptemis kaupi, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481.
L. kuhli, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.

Habitat. —

55. BUTEO BAIRDII, Hoy, 1853.— Mus. Acad. Philad.

Buteo Bairdii, Hoy, Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 451 ; 1855
p. 179.— Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 99.

Habitat. — N. America. Wisconsin, Utah. Rio Grande (Cassin)

38 FALCONIDyE.

56. BUTEO INSIGNATUS, Cassin, 1854. —Mus.N. H.S.Montreal.

Buteo insignatus, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 102.
Habitat. — N. America. Canada.

57. BUTEO CALURUS, Cassin, 1855.— Mus.

Buteo calurus, Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 281.
Habitat. — New Mexico.

58. BUTEO ELEGANS, Cassin, 1855.— Mus.

Buteo elegans, Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 281.
Habitat. — California. New Mexico.

59. BUTEO OXYPTERUS, Cassin, 1855.— Mus.

Buteo oxypterus, Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 282.
Habitat. — New Mexico*.

60. BUTEO PLUMIPES, Hodgson, 1845.— Mus. Brit.

Buteo plumipes, Hodgs. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 13. p. 37. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 5.

Circus plumipes, Hodgs. Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 2,

Archibuteo plumipes, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 338.

Habitat.— ^.Xsxsi. Nepal (iZ^oc?^*.). Tihei {Blyth).

Genus ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm. 1828.

61, ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS, (Briinnich) 1764. — Mus. Strick-
land, No. 20. Jard., Brit.

Accipiter falco leucocephalus, B7'iss. Orn. i. p. 325.

Falco lagopus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 4. sp. 15. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. App. pi. 1 . — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 260. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 19 ; Syn. i. p. 75. sp. 54 ; Supp. i. p. 18 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 67. — Siemss. Handb. p. 15. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 107. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 145. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov.
i. p. 359. pi. 26. f. 44. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk.

* The Nos. 56, 57, 58, 59 are species or presumed species obtaiaed during the
late American surveying expeditions, characterized and described by Mr. Cassin
at the commencement of the present year.

FALCONIDyE. 39

p 37 pi. 34. f. 1, 2. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 65 ; \)t. 3.

p" 37'_^e%, 111. Brit. Orn. ed.l. p. 20. pl.7.— 5^^f. Brit. B.

i p 20.— Fo.r, Syn. Newcast. Mus. p. 49.— Fa/r. Brit. B. i.

p. Sl.—Schuh, Faun. March, p. 267.—Kaluz. Orn. 8iles.

p 32.— Ranz. Elem. Zool. iii. p.l23.— Downc?. Orn. Beytrag.

p. 47.— Zewm, Brit. B. i. p. 34. pl.l4.— ^em. Ail. Ois. Eur.
F. communis <S , Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 270.— Lath. Ind. Orn.

p. 30 ; Syn. i. p. 66 C ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 114 C.
F. sclavonicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 26 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 24.—

Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 166. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 171.

F. plumipes, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 163.

F. peimatus, var., Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 24 ; Gen. Hist. i.

p. 70 A, p. SOB.
F. calzato, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 33.
Buteo peimatus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 156.
B. lagopus, Stejjh. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 47.— Leach, Syst. Cat. B.

Brit. Mus. p. 10.— Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 41. pi. 25.— Flem.

Brit. An. p. 54.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 336.—Sellji/, 111.

Brit. Orn. i. p. 58.— Jemjns, Man. p. 87.—Eijt. Cat. Brit. B.

p. A.—Macgill. Rapt. B. Gr. Brit. ; Brit. B. iii. p. 193.—

Gould, Eur. B. ^\.\5.— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 2\l.—Vieill.

Faun. Fran9. p. 21. pi. 9. f. 2 ; Mem. Ac. Turin, xxm. p. 232.

—Schley. Rev. Crit. p. 32.— Beyl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 55.— Jard.

Brit. B. N. Lib. i. p. 197. — Thomps. B. Irel. i. 7 Q.— Knox,

Orn.Ramb. p. 185.— -D/Ww. Faun. Swan, p.4.— J?owffjj.Consp.

Av. p. \7.— Watt. B. Irel. p. 16. — Kau2), Monog. Falc. Cont.

Orn. 1850, p. 75.—S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 54.— iwii.Faun.

Norf. p. 13. — Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 272. — Borkhaus.

Teutsche Orn. pi. 84 c? , 85 ? .
Archibuteo planiceps et alticeps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. pp.

40,41.

A. lagopus, Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 3 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 5. f. 1 inf. ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 38 ; Gen. & Subgeu. Brit. Mus. p. 3. —
Cass.B. Calif. &Tex. p. 104.

Butaetes buteo. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 83.

B. lagopus, Bonap.Y^m. & N. Am.B.p. 3 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19.
—Gray, Gen. B. p. 2.—Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 133.— Morr.
Brit. B. i. p. 52.— Relchenb. Prakt. Nat. Vdg. p. 148.

Vultur subbuteus, Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pi. 75.

La Buse gantee, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 18.

Habitat.—'^, and Central Europe. Cerigo. Africa. Auteniquoi
(Levaill.).

40 FALCONIDiE.

62. ARCHIBUTEO SANCTI JOHANNIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.

Strickland, No. 21. Brit., Jard., Peale.

Falco sancti-johannis, Penn. Arct. Zool. pi. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 273.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 34 ; Syn. i. p. 77. sp. 58 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 2/6. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 105. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 150. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. .32. — Audub. Orn.
Biog. ii. p. 381. — Giraud, B. Ijong Isl. p. 6. — Kerr, Trans.
Gmel. ii. p. 507.

F. spadiceus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 273. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 2/
(exc. syn.) ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 259. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 109.

F. lagopus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 33. f. 1. — Breioer, (Wils.) Syn.
p. 684. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 32; Isis, 1852,
p. \\3S.— Audub. Am. B. pi. 1 66, 422 ; Orn. Biog. ii. p. 377 ;
v.p. 217.

F. niger, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 53. f. 1, 2.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
pp.256, 257 A.

Buteo spadiceus, Fieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 34.

B. ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 482 ; Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. 1227.

B. niger, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 47. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 340. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. pp. 79, 80. — Cuv. Reg.
An. ed. 2. i. p. 336.

B. lagopus, Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. pi. 28. — Audub. Syn.
B. x\m. p. 8. — /ff?«e«. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 77. — Ja/-c?. (Wils.)
Am. Orn. ii. p. 54. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 97.—
Peab. B. Mass. p. 79.

B. sancti-joliannis, Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. pp. 287, 288. —
Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 7. pi. 2. f. 3.— Nutt. Man. Orn.
U. S. & Canad. p. 98.

Butaetes sanctijohannis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 323. — Bo-
nap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3.

ArcMbuteo sanctijohannis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 39.— Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. \Q3. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 18. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 75.

Placentia Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 7(^ ; Supp. p. 19.
Habitat. — N. America generally.

63. ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINEUS, (Lichtenstein) 1838.— Mus.

Brit., Philad. {Cassin).

Falco ferrugineus, Lichtenst. Berl. Trans. 1838, p. 429.

FALCONID.E. 41

Lagopus fernigineus, Frus. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1844, p, 37.

Archibuteo regalis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 39 ; Gen. B.
fol. pi. G.

A. ferrugineus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. — CJa*s. B.Calif. & Tex.
p. 10 L — 2?o«rt/>. Consj). Av. p. 18 (sub ^. sanctijohannis).

Habitat. — America. Mexico (Fraser). California, Sacramento
Valley (Cassin).

64. ARCHIBUTEO HEMIPTILOPUS, Blytli, 1846.— Mus.

Archibuteo hemiptilopus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv.
]). 1 ; xix. p. 338. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 18.

A. cr3rptogenys, Jlodys. Calc. Journ. N. Hist. viii. p. 89. pi. 5.
f. 1.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Darjeeling, Sikim, Tibet {Blyth).

65. ARCHIBUTEO AQUILINUS, Hodgson, 1845.— Mus.

Buteo aquilinus, Blyth (Hodgs.) Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv.
p. 176 ; XV. p. 2.

B. leucocephalus, Hodgs. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 13. p. 37.

ArcMbuteo strophiatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 18. — Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Oru. 1850, p. 75.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. Tibet.

Genus ASTURINA, Vieillot. 1816.

66. ASTURINA NITIDA, (Latham) 1790. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 22 a. 22 b. Brit., Paris, Leyden, Jard.

Falco nitidus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 41 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 246. —
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 122.— Tm?«. PI. Col. 87, 2M.—Spix,
Av. Braz. i. p. 19.

F. nitidus A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 247.

Asturina cinerea, ViciU. Anal. Orn. pp. 24, 68 ; Nouv. Diet.
Hist. Nat. iii. p. 41 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1260 ; Gal. Ois. pi. 20.
— Vig. Zool. Journ. i. pp. 324, 337. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 24.

42 FALCONID^.

A. nitida, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30. — Kaup, Class. Saug. u.Vog.
p. 120 ; Monog. Falc. Cout. Orn. 1850, p. 67.

Astur nitidus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 27. — Less. Mau. Orn. i. p. 93. — UOrbig. Synop.
Av. (Mag. Zool.) p. 5 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 95. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 8 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 66.

A. striolatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332.
Cymindis cinerea, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 91.
Daedalion nitidus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 65.
Azulejo, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 167. no. 37.
Plumbous Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 37.

Habitat. — Guiana. Brazil. Mexico.

Q7. ASTURINA BRACHYURUS, (Vieillot) 1816. — Mus. Brit.,
Paris.

Buteo brachynrus, Vielll. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. A77 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1223.— Gratj, Gen. B. fol. sp. 20.— Pucker.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 86.— Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481.

B. melanoleucus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 82 (syns. exc). — Pucker.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 214.

Asturina brachynra, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 489.

A. albifrons, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 31.

Astur albifrons, Kaup, Isis, 1847.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne.

Genus BUTEOGALLUS, Lesson. 1831.

68. BUTEOGALLUS EaUINOCTIALIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.
Brit.

Falco aequinoctialis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 265. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 22. sp. 25 ; Syn. i. p. 43. sp. 25 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 237.—
Skaw, Zool. vii. p. 97. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. ii. p. 494.

F. buzon, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. US.—Latk. Ind. Orn. Supj).
p. 6 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 31 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2S8.—Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 202.

Buteo buzon, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Stepk. Zool. xiii.
l)t. 2. p. 46.

FALCONIDyE. 48

Buteogallus cathartoides, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 83.

B. buson, Gr<nj, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3. — Bonajj. Syu. p. 17.

B. aequinoctialis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 37 ; Gen. &
Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 3.

Daptrius buson, Grai/, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 14.
Morphnus buson, Gray, Gen. B. fol. s}). 2.
M. aequinoctialis, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 .
Le Buson, Levuill. Ois. Af. pi. 21.
Roxo obscuro, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 80. no. 14.
Habitat. — S. America. Guiana. Cayenne.

69. BUTEOGALLUS NIGRICOLLIS, (Latham) 1/90. — Mus.
Strickland, No. 23. Brit., Munich.

Falco nigricollis. Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 35 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 252.
— i>«2«/. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 112.

F, busarellus. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 168. — Lath. Ind.Orn. Supp.
p. 6 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2QQ.—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 203.

F. melanobronchos, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 167.

F. leucocephalus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 465 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1216.

Buteo nigricollis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 473 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. \22\. —Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. So.— Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 13.

B. busarellus, Fiy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 46. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. m.—Gruy, Gen. B. fol. sp. 23.

Circus busarellus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1212 (quot. Levaill.
pi. 20).

Aquila milvoides, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 1 d. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 17 (sub B. buzarellus).

Morphnus milvoides, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 330.

M. nigricollis. Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1.

Haliaetus milvoides, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 12 ; Gen. B.
fol. sp. 7.

Buteo-gallus busarellus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 17.

IcMhyoborus nigricollis, Z^aw^, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
}). 76.

Le Buseray, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 20.

44 FALCONID^.

Busard roux de Cayenne, Maud. Enc. Me'th. p. 543.
Cabeza blanca, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 78. no. 13.
Black-necked Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 30. sp. 100.
Buzzaret, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 32.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne, Amazons, Brazil.

Genus SPILORIXTIS, Gray. 1840.

SPILORNIS BACHA, (Daudin) 1800. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 24 a. 24 b. 24 e. 24 d. Brit., Zool. See, E. Ind. Comp.

Falco cheela. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 14 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 33 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 145. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 44. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 69.

F. bacha, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 43. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sujjp.
p. 4 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 22 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 172. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 157. pi. 22.— Uaffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 278.

F. bido, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 137 ; Isis, 1825, p. 1054. —
Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 149.

F. albidus, Tetnm. PI. Col. 19.

Le Bacha, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. p. 69. pi. 15.

Buteo albidus, Cuv. Reg. An. i. ed. 2. p. 337. — Less. Man. Orn.
i. p. 104 ; Tr. Orn. p. 78.—Lofresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 390.

B. bacha, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 324 ; ed. 2. i. p. 337.— ^^>.
Raffl. Life, p. 650.—Less.Tr.Orn. ^.77.— Vieill. Nouv. Diet.
Hist. Nat. iv. p. 468 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1219,

Cymindis? bacha, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 324. — Smith, S. Af.
Journ. p. 118. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 24.

C? albidus, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 324. — Steph, Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 24.

Hsematornis bacha. Fig. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 170 ;
Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 49.

H. cheela. Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 50.

H. undulatus. Fig. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt.l. p.l70. — Gould,
B. Him. pi. 1. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 303.

H. cheela, Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p.l78 ; xix. p. 328.

Haliaetus bacha, Meyen, Nov. Act. Leop. Car. xvi. Supp, p. 68.

Circaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xviii. pt. 2. p. 1 7. pi. 2.

FALCONID^. 45

C. undulatus, Jcrd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 70. — Blyth, Ann. Nat.
Hist. xii. p. 91. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8.

C. bacha, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 18.

C. cheela, Gray, Gen. B. App. p. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 18. —
Kelaarf, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 17.

Spilomis undulata, Gray, List B.Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 10; Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 71.

S. bacha, Gray, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4. — Kaup, Class. Saug.
u. Vog. p. 122. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 16.

S. cheela, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 17.

Brown and. White Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 196.

Habitat. — S.Africa. Grand Namaquas ? (iet'ffzV/aw^). S.Asia.
India, Bengal, Nepal, China, Malasia. Java.

1. SPILORNIS HOLOSPILUS, (Vigors) 1851.— Mus. Brit., Zool.

See.

Buteo holospilus, Fig. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 96 ;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. p. 262.

Hsematomis holospilus, Vig. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1.
p. 1 70 ; Cat. Mus. E.LC. i. p. 50.

Spilornis holospilus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 19.^ — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 17.

Circaetus holospilus. Gray, Gen, B. fol. sp. 9. pi. 7.
Habitat. — Indian Archipelago, Luzon. E.Asia. China.

Genus CIRCAETUS, Vieillot. 1816.

72. CIRCAETUS GALLICUS, (Gmeliu) 1789.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 25. Brit.

Aquila pygargus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 443.

A. brachydactyla, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 21.
— Benick. Isis, 1824, p. 881. — Tyzenhauz. Rev. Zool. 1846,
p. 324.— Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 108.

A. leucamphoma, Borkhaus. Teutsche Orn. pt. 9.

A. gallica, S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 53.

Falco gallicus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 295. — Lath, Ind.Orn. p. 15;

46 FALCONID^.

Syn. i. p. 39. sp. \7 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 64. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.

p. 158. — Shaw, Zool. vi\. pi. 19.

F. longipes, Nils. Faun. Suec. (juv.)

F, brachydactylus, Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1 . p. 46 ; pt. 3. p. 24 ;
Tab. Meth. p. 3. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. i.
p. 236. pi. 15 ; Nachtr. p. 360. pi. 51. f. 97. — Wern. Atl.
Ois. Eur.

F. leucopsis, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. Vog. ii. p. 572.

Circaetus, Vieill. Anal. p. 23.

C. gallicus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p, 328, — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 47. — Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 137 ; Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. 1201 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 13. pi. 6. f. 2.— Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 13. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Consp. Av. p. 16. —
Schleg. Krit. ubers. p. 9. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ;
fol. sp. 1. pi. 7. f. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 17 ; Gen. & Sub-
gen. Brit. Mus. p. 4. — Hartl. Orn.W. Af. p. 14. — Roiix, Orn.
Prov. p. 22.pl. 12.

C. brachydactylus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i.p. 336. — Steph. Zoo\.\m.
pt. 2. p. 14. — Less. Man, Orn. i. p. 87. — Sykes, Proc. Comm.
Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 78 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 419. —
— Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 70.

C. leucopsis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 36.

C. anguium, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 37.

Buteo gallicus, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 27. — Michah. Isis, 1830,
p. 888. — Meyer, Ann. Wetter, i. p. 45.

Jean le blanc, Buf. PI. Enl. 413.— Buf. Ois. ed. Sonn. i. pi. 4.
f. 2. p. 507.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 27.

Habitat. — Central and S. Europe. S. Asia. Dukhun (Sykes).
Nepal.

73. CIRCAETUS FEROX, (Gmelin) 1787.— Mus.

Accipiter ferox, Gmel. Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 442. pi. 10.

A. hypoleucus, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. p. 354. — Schleg. Krit.
iibers. p. 33.

Falco ferox, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 260.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 13;
Syn. i. p. 33. sp. 7 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. \46.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 50.

F. astracanus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 85.

Circaetus hypoleucus, Keyserl. ^ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. 29,
137. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.

Habitat.— Southern Russia (Keyserling).

FALCONIDyE. 47

74. CIRCAETUS CINEREUS, Vieillot, 1825.— Mus. Paris.

Circaetus cinereus, Vieill. Gal.Ois.pl. 12. — Vig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. 33G. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 15. — Cuv. Reg. Au. ed.2.
i. p. 328. — Less. Tr. Oni. p. 48. — Sivains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 208. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4. App. p. 1. — Riipp. Syst.
iibers. p. 10. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. IG ; Rev. & Mag. Zool.
1854, p. 532.

C. funereus, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 35. pi. 14 ; Syst. iibers.
p. 10.

Falco circaetus, Temm. {Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 1.)
Habitat. — Africa. Senegal.

75. CIRCAETUS PECTORALIS, Smith, 1830. —Mus. Strickland,
No. 26. Jard., Brit.

Circaetus pectoralis, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 109;
Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 45.

C. thoracinus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 48. — Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 209.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

Falco thoracicus, (Cuvier MS.) Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 6.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 16.

AquUa undulata, Licht. Mus. Berol.
Habitat. — S. Africa.

7&. CIRCAETUS SOLITARIUS, Tschudi, 1844.— Mus.

Circaetus solitarius, Tsckudi, Faun. Per. pp. 17, 94. pi. 2;
Rev. Zool. 1849, p. \0\.—Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6.

Habitat. — Peru {Tsckudi).

n. CIRCAETUS CORONATUS, Vieillot, 1817. — Mus. Paris,
Ley den.

Harpyia coronata, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 237 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1252.— Ze**. Man. Orn. i. p. 89.

Cymindis coronatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2- p- 23.

Falco coronatus, Temm. PI. Col. 234.

Circaetus coronatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 328. — Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 48. — Lickt. Syst. Ind. Az. p. 1 . — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 19.

48 FALCONIDtE.

Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 173 ;
1849, p. dn.—Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488.

Aquila sellowii, Max.{Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 488.)

Thrassaetus coronatus, Bonwp. Consp. Av. p. 29.

Asturina azarae, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 68.

La Coronado, Azara, Pax. Par. i. p. 56. no. 7.

Habitat. — Brazil. Paraguay.

78. CIRCAETUS FASCIOLATUS, Gray, 1847.— Mus. Brit.
Circaetus fasciolatus, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 18.

Habitat. — Port Natal.

79. CIRCAETUS CINERASCENS, MuUer, 1851.

Circaetus cinerascens, A'^awm. Arch. 1851, p. 27. — Mull. Nouv.
Ois. Af. pi. 6.

Habitat.' — Central Africa (Muller).

Genus HALIAETUS, Saviyriy. 1809.

80. HALIAETUS ALBICILLA, (Linnaeus) 1766.— Mns. Strick-
land, No. 27. Brit., Zool. Soc.

Aquila fulva seu aurea, Albin, B. ii. pi. 1.

A. albicilla, Briss. Orn. i. p. 427. — Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i.
p. 3A^.—Benick. Isis, 1824,pp. 878,892.— iSwams.Classif.B.
ii. p. 207. — Kiihl, Beitrjig. Zool. pt. 1. p. 76 (anat.). — Tyzen-
hauz. Rev. Zool. 1848,p.325.— i?»^■%, Orn. Sav. i. p. 101.—
S.-Lonych. Faun. Belg. p. 53.

A. albicilla minor, Briss. Orn. i. p. 429.

A. ossifraga, Briss. Orn. i. p. 437 (juv.). — Kuhl, Beitriig. Zool.
pt. 1. p. 60. pi. 4. f. 1, 2, 3 ; pi. 5. f. 1 (anat.).

A. leucocephala, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 16.

Vultur albicilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 123.

Falco ossifragus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 124. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 255. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 12 ; Syn. i. p. 30 ; Supp. i. p. 9 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 48 (juv.). — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 64. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. pi. IS.—Raffl. Linn. Tr. xiii. p. 277 (var.).

FALCONID^. 49

F. albicilla, Fenn. Brit. Zool. p. (jl. pi. A ; ed. Hvo. 1812, i.
p. 20!). 1)1. IS.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 253. — Lath. Irnl. Orn.
i. p. 1) ; Syii. i. p. 33 ; Supp. i. p. 1 1 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 4G A. —
Odman?i, Nov. Act. Soc. Ups. iv. p. 225. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 79. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 49 ; pt. 3. p. 20; Tab.
Meth. p. 3.—KittL Kupf. Vog. pi. 2. f. 2.—Brunn. Orn. Bor.
p. 3. — Faber, Prod. Island. Orn. p. 1. — Naum. Nat. Vog.
Deutschl. ed. nov. i. p. 224. pi. 12, 13, 14 ; Nachtr. p. 330.
pi. 9. f. 17.—Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pi. 69, 70.

F. melanotus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 254.

F. albicaudus, Gmel. Syst, Nat. p. 258.

F. hinnularius, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 15 ; Syn. i. p. 39. sp, IC ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 47 B. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 80.

F. pygargus, Drmd. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 62.

F. albicilla borealis, Fafier, Isis, 1827, p. 56; Prod. Island.
Orn. p. 1.

Haliaetus nisus, Saviff. Descr. Egyp.pt. 1. p. 86. — Fieill. Faun.
Fran9. p. 10. pi. 5. f. 1, 2. —Degl. Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1831,
p. 213.— Less. Tr. Orn. p. 40. pi. 8. f. 2.—Roux, Orn. Prov.
i. p. I6.pl. 9, 10.

H. albicilla, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 315 ; ed. 2. i. p. 336. —
Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 33. — Wern. Ax\. Ois. Eur. —
Less. Man. Orn. i. p. S5.—Viff. Raffl. Life, p. 648. — Selby,
Brit. Orn. i. p. 18. pi. 3, 3*.— Gould, Eur. B. ^X.IQ.—Bonaji.
Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19 ; Consp. Av.
p. 15 ; Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 531 . — Cass. B. Calif. &
Tex. 1. p. 1 1 1 .—Gratj, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1 .
pi. 7. f. S.—Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 14. pi. 3. f. 1.

L'Orfraie, Gerard. Tab. Efem. Orn. i. p. 25.

Fisch Adler, Bechst. Tasch. Deutschl. i. p. 10.

Wittkoppige Arend, Sepjj, Nederl, Voy. v. p. 417.

Grand Aigle de mer, Bvjf. PI. Enl. 1 12, 415.

Aquila di mare, Savi, Orn. Tosc. p. 15.

Habitat. — Europe. Asia. Bochara, Albania. Indian Archi-
pelago. Sumatra. America. Greenland (Sabine).

HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, (Linnsens) 1766.-Mus.
Strickland, No. 28 (juv.). Jard., Peale, Brit., Edinb., Zool.
Soc.

Aquila leucocephala, Briss. Orn. i. p. 422. — Fieill. Ois. Am.

50 FALCONID.E.

Sept. pi. 3. — PalLZoog. Ross. As. i. p. 347. — Swains. Classif.
B. ii. p. 207 ; An. Mem. p. 160. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 53.

A. capite al'bo, Catesb. Carol, i. pi. 1.

Falco leucocephalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 124. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 255. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. U ; Syn. i. p. 29 ; Supp. p. 9;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 45. — Penw. Arct. Zool. pp. 194, 196. — JVils.
Am. Orn. pi. 36. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt.i. p. 52 ; pt. 3. p. 27 ;
Tab. Meth. p. 3. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 78. — Bonap. Ann. Lye.
N.*York, ii. p. 26. — Green, Sillim. Am. Journ. iv. p. 89 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 1136. —Aiidub. Orn. Biog. i. p. 160 ; B. Am.
pi. 31. — Brew. Wils. Am. Orn. Synop. p. 683.

F. candidus, Gmel. Syst. p. 258. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 14 ; Syn.
i. p. 36 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 240. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 51.—
rieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 30.

F. pygargus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 62.

F. ossifragus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 55. f. 2 (juv.).

F. leucogaster A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 242.

Vultur albicilla, Faber, Faun. Grrenl. p. 53.

Haliaetus leucocephalus, Savig. — Ct<i;.Reg. An. ed. 2.i. p. 326.
— Less.Hv. Orn. p. 40. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 13 (exc.
syn.). — James. Wils. Am. Orn. i. pp. 21, 33. — Jard. Wils.
Am. Orn. ii. pp. 89, 307. — Bichards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 15.
— Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 37. — Bonap. Eur.&N. Am. B.
p. 3 ; Cat. Ucc. Fjur. p. 19 ; Consp. Av. p. 15 ; Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1854, p. 53\.— Gould, Eur. B. pi. \\.—Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 3; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 11. — Audub. Synop. B.
Am. p. 10. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 72. — Peale,
U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 71. — Peab. B. Mass. p. 73. — Giraud, B.
Long Isld. p. 9. — Woodh. Sitg. Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 59.
—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. i. p. 1 U.—De Kay, Zool. N. York,
ii. p. 5. pi. 1. f. 1. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl. p. 1 7.

Weisskopfiger Adler, Meyer, Taschb. iii.

Aigle a tete blanche, Buf. PI. Enl. 411.

White Eagle, Dupr. Hist. Louis, ii. p. 75 (inacc).

White-breasted Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 241.

Habitat. — N. Europe (accidental). N. parts of N. America to
lat. 62° N. (summ.). U. S. (resid.)

FALCONID^. 51

82. HALIAETUS WASHINGTONI, Audubon, 1828.— Mus.

Falco washingtoni, Auduh. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. i. p. 115 ;
Orn. Biog. i. p. 58 ; Am. B. pi. 11. — Brew. Wils. Am. Orn.
p. GH3. — James. Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 261.

F. wasMngtonianus, Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. pi. (i7.

Haliaetus washingtoni, Jar^.Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 92. — Bonap.
Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4. — Auduh.
Synop. B. Am. p. \^.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 1 10.

H. lencocephalus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15. — Gray, List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 25.

Habitat. — N. parts of N. America.

83. HALIAETUS PELAGICUS, (Pallas) 1811. — Mus. Ley den,

Acad. Pliilad.

Falco pelagicus, Vail. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 343. pi. 9.

F. leucopterus, Temm. PI. Col. 489.

F. imperator, Kittl. Kupf. Vog. p. 3.

Aquila pelagica, Kittl. Kupf.Vog. pi. 2. f.l ; Isis,1832,p.l 102.
—Boie,lsh, 1833, p. 880.

Haliaetus pelagicus, <S'«>6. Temm. Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 11.
pi. 4. — Gray, Gen, B. fol. sp. 2. App. p. 1. — Cass. B. Calif.
&Tex.i. pp. 31, 110.pl. 6 9.

Tlialassoaetus pelagicus, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 261.
—Jard. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 51.

Habitat. — Japan (Siebold). Kamtschatka.

84. HALIAETUS VOCIFER, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Jard., Brit.
Vocifer, Levaill. Ois. Af. i, p. 17. pi. 4.

Falco vocifer. Baud. Tr.Orn. ii. p. 65. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp.
p. 6 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 33 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 158. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 94.

Haliaetus vocifer, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 316; ed. 2. i. p. 327-
— Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xx^dii. p. 227 ; Euc. Me'th.
iii, p. 1 194. — Viff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. \3.— Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 107.— ie**. Tr.
Orn. p. 41. — Riipp. Syst. iibers. p. 10. — Bes Murs, Icon. Orn.
pi. 8. — Bonaj}. Consp. Av. p. 15. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5.
— Schleg. Krit. iibers. pp. viii. 31.

K 2

52 FALCONID.^.

Cuncuma vocifer, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 25.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape Colony, Orange River. N.E. Africa.
Sennaar, x\byssinia {Riipp.). Cent. Africa (Leyland Mus.
Jard.). Greece (accidental) (Schlegel).

84«. HALIAETUS VOCIFEROIDES, Desmurs, 1845.— Mus.

Haliaetus vociferoides, Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 1 75 bis ;
Icon. Orn. pi. 7. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2.

Habitat. — Madagascar {Des Murs).

85. HALIAETUS MACEI, (Temminck) 1820.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 29. Brit., Ashmol., Paris.

Falco macei, Temm. PI. Col. 8. 223.

F. fulviventer, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 283 (juv.
teste Pucheran) ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1195. — Pucker. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 81.

Haliaetus macei, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 14. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 41. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 327.—M'ClelL Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 7. p. 153 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. vi. p. 372. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 109 ;
xix. n. s. p. 34 1 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 9 1 ; xiii. p. 114. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6. — Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii.
pt. 1. p. 298. — Hutt. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. pt. 2. p. 3.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15.

H.alMpes, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 228.

H. unicolor, Gray, lUust. Ind. Zool. pp. 18, 19.

H. lanceolatus, Hodgs. Gray, Misc. p. 81.

Aquila macei, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 84.

Cuncuma albipes, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 367.

C. macei, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 23.

Habitat. — India. Bengal, Assam, Nepal, Malasia. Java.

85a. HALIAETUS LEUCORYPHUS, (Pallas) 1771.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 30.

Aquila leucorypha, P«ZZ. Voy. ii. p. 454. sp. 5 ; Zoog. Ross. As.
i. p. 352.

Falco leucoryphos, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 259. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

FALCONID^. 53

p. 17 ; Syn. i. p. 42 ; Geu. Hist. i. p. 63. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 90.—jyaud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 71.

Haliaetus leucoryphus, Keyserl. ^ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 30.
uo. 31. — Schleg. Krit. iibers. pp. 8, 29. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 19. — Brandt, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 113.

Pontoaetus leucoryphus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. App. p. 2.
Habitat. — E. Europe. W. Asia. Caspian (Pallas).

86. HALIAETUS MAKITIMUS, (Wurmb) 1787-— Mus.

Falco maritimus, Wurmb ^ Licht. in Mag. fiir das Neueste,
iv. pp. 2, 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 260. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
}'. 20 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 23 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 146. — Shaw,
Zool. \\i. p. 1.57. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 60.

Haliaetus maritimus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8.
Habitat. — Java {Wurmb).

87. HALIAETUS SINENSIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.

Falco sinensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 264. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 13;
Syn. i. p. 35. pi. 3 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 154. pi. 8. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 88. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 51.

Aquila sinensis, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 16.

Haliaetus sinensis. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9.

Habitat. — India {Gmelin).

88. HALIAETUS LEUCOGASTER, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strick-

land, No. 31. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden, Vienna.

Falco leucogaster, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 257. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 13 ; Syn. i. p. .33* ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2A2.—Daud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 49.~Temm. PI. Col. 49.

F. aquUus, Lath. New S. Wales Dr. ii. no. 2.

F. blagrus, Dawrf. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 70. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp.
p. 7 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 34 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 159. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 96.

F. albicUla, var., Lath, Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 3 ; Syn. Supp. ii.
p. 18 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 47-

Haliaetus blagrus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 316; ed. 2. i.
p. 327. — Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Smith, S. Af. Journ. i.
p. \m.— Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. \?,.~Less. Tr. Orn. p. 40.
— Jerd, Madr. Journ. x. p. 65. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15.

54 FALCONIDiE.

H. leucogaster, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336, — Steph. Zool. xiii.

pt. 2. p. 13. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 85. — Gould, Syuop. B.

Aust. pt. 3. pi. 37. f. 1 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 56.
H. sphenums, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. pp. 97, 138; Synop.

B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 37. f. 2 (juv.).

Ichthyaetus leucogaster, Grmj, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 13.
—Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 3. Intr. p. 21.

I. cultrunguis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 1 10 (juv.) ;
Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. pp. 92, 230 ; xiii. p. 1 14.

Pontoaetus leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. — Kmip,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 74. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun.
Zeyl. p. 15.

P. blagrus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.

Blagrus leucogaster, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s.
p. 341.

Cuncuma leucogaster, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 24.

Blagre, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 5.

Kumpa-maur Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 151.

Port Jackson Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 220.

Habitat. — Friendly Islands. Celebes? (Lesson). Philippine
Isles. S. Australia. Van Diemen's Land. S. Africa (Levail-
lant. Dr. Smith).

88 «. HALIAETUS DIMIDIATUS, (Raffles) 1822. — Mus. Zool.
Soc.

Falco dimidiatus, Ra0. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 277.

Haliaetus dimidiatus. Fig. Raffl. Life, p. 648. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 10.

Habitat. — Indian Archipelago. Sumatra.

Genus GERANOAETUS, Kaup. 1844.

89. GERANOAETUS MELANOLEUCUS, (VieiUot) 1817.— Mus.
Strickland, No. 32. Brit., Paris, Leydeu.

Aquila obscura y blanca, Azar. Pax. Par. no. 8.

A. aguia. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 84.

Spizaetus melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii.
p. 57 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1256.

FALCONID.E. 55

S. fuscescens, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 55.

Haliaetus aguia, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 327. — Less. Tr, Orn.
p. 42. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 85. — Bridg. Proc. Zool.
Soc. pt. 11. p. 108; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 198. — Lafresn.
in Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 99.

H. melanoleucus, jyOrb'uj. Lafresn. Syn. Av. p. 3 ; Voy. Am.
Merid. Ois. p. 1^ Gray, List B. Brit. Mas. 1844, p. 12.

Falco aguia, Temm. PL Col. 302.

Geranoaetus aguja, ^«m^, Class. Saug. u. Vog. p. 122.

G. aguia, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15.

Pontoaetus melanoleucus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6. App. p. 2.

Heteroaetus aguia, Kaup, Monog. Falc.Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 74.

Buteo aguya, Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 264 ;
Faun. Per. p. 89.

Cuncuma melanoleucus, Gray, List B. Brit, Mus. 1848, p. 25.
Habitat. — Paraguay, Brazil, Patagonia, Chili.

Genus A QUI LA, Brisson. 1760.

90. AaUILA CHRYSAETUS, (Linnaeus) 1760. — Mus. Peale,
Edinb., Brit., Zool. Soc, Jard.

Aquila Valeria, Jlbin, B. ii. pi. 2.

A , Briss. Orn. i. p. 419.

A. alba, Briss. Orn. i. p. 424.

A. melanaetus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 434 (from Frisch, 69).

A. chrysaetos, Briss. Orn. i. p. 431, — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i,
p. 314 ; ed. 2. i. p. 324. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 15. —
Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 12. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc.
ii, pp, 145, 151. — Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 304. — Baillon,
Mem. Soc. Em. Abbeville, 1833, p. ^&.— Gould, B, Eur. pi. 6.
— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p, 207. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B.
p. 2. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 79; Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. iii. p. 419. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix.n.s.
p. 335.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 2; ed. 2. p. 3 ; fol. sp. 1 . pi. 7. f. 1 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 9 ; Geu. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 3.—
Selhy, Brit. B. i. p. 12. pis. 1, \*,2. — Milhle, Orn. Griechl.
p. 20. — Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 10. — Jard. Brit.B. i. p. 165.
pi. 12. — Thomps. B, Ireland, i. p. 1. — Bonap. Consp. Av.

56 FALCONID^.

p. \3.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 109 ; De Kay, Zool. N.York,
ii. p. 4. pi. 6. f. 14 (juv.). — Bonnat. Enc. Meth. p. 4. — S.-
Longch. Faun. Belg.p.52. — V.d.Hoev. Handb.Dierk.p.812.

A. regia, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 36. pi. 8. f. 1.

A. flllva, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 14. — Brehm,
Vog. Deutschl. pp. 19, 20, 21. — Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 12.—
Thonqis. B. Irel. p. 1. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 18. — Vieill.
Faun. Fran9. p. 7. pi. 4. f. 1. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 11.
pi. 6. — Knhl, I3eitrag. Zool. p. 78 (Aust.). — Tyzetihauz. Rev.
Zool. 1846, p. 323.—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 62.
— Peab. B. Mass. p. 71. — Asso, Zool. Arag. p. 'oj .

A. nobilis, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 338.

Falco canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. p. 88.

F. chrysaetos, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 125. — Gmel.Syst. Nat. p. 256.
— Lath. lud. Orn. p. 12 ; Syn. i. p. 31 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 55.
— Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 1 7. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 46. — Selby,
Mem. Warn. Soc. iv. p. 428 ; 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 4. — Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. l.—Lxibb. Faun. Norf. p. 13.

F. fulvus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 125.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 256.—
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 10 ; Syn. i. p. 32 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 53. —
Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 71. — TTils. Am. Orn. pi. 55. f. 1. — J. Wils.
Mem.Wern.Soc. ii. p. 570 ; iv. p. 434. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1.
i.p. 314 ; ed. 2. i. p. 324. — Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 82. —
Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 38, pt. 3. p. 19 ; Tab. Meth. p. 3.
—Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 25 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1136.
— Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 86.

F. fulvus /3, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 125. — G?weZ. Syst. Nat. p. 256. —
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 1 1 ; Syn. i. p. 32 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 54 A. —
James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 20. — Degl. Mem. Soc. So. Lille,
1831, p. 212.- Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. p. 208.
pi. 8, 9.—Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 28.

F. melanaetus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 124. — Gmel Syst. Nat.
p. 254.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 10 ; Syn. i. p. 28 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 5 4 B. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 74. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 49.

F. melanonotus, iaM. Ind. Orn. p. 16 ; Syn. i. p. 42 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 239.— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 86.

F. niger, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 359.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 59.

F. albus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 237 (albino var.).

F. cygneus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 14 ; Syn. i. p. 36 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 56 A. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 76 (albino var.).

F. aquila, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 47 ; B. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 48. —
Bechst. Taschenb. deutschl. vi. no. 2.

FALCONID^. 57

P. conciliator, Shmv, Zool. vii. p. 77- — Nilsson, Skand. Faun,
pi. 1, 16.

Aquila reale, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 20.

Aigle, Pen-avlf, Ouvr. adopt. Ac. Par. i. p. 290. pi. anat.

Aigle comnmn, Bujf. PI. Enl. 409. — Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn.
p. 20.

Grande Aigle, Buf. PI. Enl. i\0.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.

p. 17.
White-tailed Eagle, Edwards, B. pi. 1.
Black-backed Eagle, Brown, 111. Zool. pi. 2.
Black Eagle, Penn. Arct. Zool. p. 195.

Habitat. — Europe generally. Albania. Nepal. N. Africa. Mo-
rocco. N. parts of N. America. Rocky Mountains to lat. 66° N.

91. AaUILA MOGILNIK, (Gmelin) 1/76.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila mogilnik, Gmel. Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 445. pi. 1 16.
— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 5 ; xix. n. s. p. 336.
— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 10.

A. heliaca, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 82 ; pt. 4. p. 259. pi. 12.
— Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. Q.^Less. Tr. Orn. p. SG.—Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 15. — Fiff. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 337. — Gould, Eur.
B. pi. 5. — Bona}). List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 18 ; Consp. Av. p. 13. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.

A. imperialis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 325. — Savi, Orn. Tosc.
i. p. 1 7. — Michah. Isis, 1850, p. 887. — Sivains. Classif. B.
ii. p. 207. — Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 1 14. — Tyzenhauz.
Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 322.— Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 83.— F. d.
Hoev. Handb. Dierk. p. 812.

A. chrysaetos, imZ.Ann. derWetterau, ii. p.l 70. — Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. G^.

Falco mogilnik, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 259. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 17 ; Syn. i. p, 43. sp. 24 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 52.~ Baud. Tr.
Orn. ii. p. 56. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 87.

F. imperialis, Bechst. Taschenh. Deutschl.iii.p.553. — Temm.Fl.
Col. 151, 152 ; Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 36 ; pt. 3. p. IS.— Lath.
Gen. Hist. i. p. 51. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 109.
pi. 10. f. 18; ed. nov. p. 201. pi. 6, 7. --Meyer, Taschenb.
deutsch. iii. p. 5. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 22. — Werner,
Atl. Ois. Eur.

Gold Adler, Koch, Baier. Zool. p. HI.

58 FALCONID^.

Brown-backed Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 149.

Habitat. — S. of Europe. Germany, Tyrol, Russia. Hungary.
Dalmatia. Turkey. Cerigo. Africa, Egypt, Barbary. Asia.
India, Nepal.

91 a. AaUILA BIFASCIATA, Gray, 1832.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila bifasciata, Gray, Hardw. Ind. Zool. pi. 17 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 3. App. p. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Sykes, Proc.
Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 79 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii.
p. 419. — Hutton, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 775. — Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 5.

A. nipalensis, Pears. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 419. — Hodgs.
As. Res. xviii. pt. 2. p. 13. pi. 1.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Nepal. Arracan. Candahar.

92. AaUILA N.a:VIA, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila naevia, Briss. Orn. i. p. 425 (from Frisch, 71). — Buf.
Ois.ed.Sonn. i. p.250 (exc.fig.). — iifey^?',Taschenb. deutsch.
Vogelk. i. p. 19 ; Vog. Liv. und Estlil. p. 6. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 1. i. p. 314 ; ed. 2. i. p. 325.— Less. Hy. Orn. p. 37.— Vig.
Zool. Journ. i. p. 337. — ^S^epA. Zool.xiii.pt. 2. p. 15. — Audouin,
Desc. Egyp. pt. iv. p. 258. pl.l, 2. f.l.—Goidd, Eur. B. pi. 8.
— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 207. — Bonap. List Eur. & N. Am.
B. p. 2 ; Cat.Ucc. Eur. p.l8 ; Consp. Av. p. 14. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 10. — Tyzenhaiiz. Rev.
Zool. 1846, p. Z23.—Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 6.—
S.-Lonffch. Faun.Belg. p. 52. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 26.
—Morris, Brit. B. p. 28. pi. 5.

A. melanaetos, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 84. pi. 1, 2. f. 1.

A. clanga, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 351.

A. bifasciata, {Homsclmchl) B?'ehm,Y6g. Deutschl. p. 25 (juv.).

A. planga, Fieill. Euc. Me'th. iii. p. 1190; Faun. Fran9. p. 8.
pi. 4. f. 2. — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 96. — Roiix, Orn. Prov. i.
p. 14.pl. 7,8.

A. anatraja, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 22.

A. pomeriana, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 27.

Falco najvius, Ginel. Syst. Nat. p. 258. — Lath. Ind. Orn. i.
p. 14 ; Syn. i. p. 37 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 65. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 52. — Shaw, Zool.Aai. p. 84. — Tenmi. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 42;
pt. 3. p. 23. — Bruch, Isis, 1824, p. 577. —Wern. Atl. Ois.

FALCONID^. 59

Eur. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. i. p. 217. pi. 10,
1 1. f. 1, 2.—Nachtr. pt. /. p. 365. pi. 52. f. 98.

F. maculatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 258. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 15 ;
Syn. i. p. 37 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 66. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 52.
— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 70.

Schrey adler, i?ecA«#. Taschenb. i. p. 11. sp. 6. — Brehm, Yog.
Deutschl. p. 26.

Brown-backed Eagle A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 150.

Habitat. — E. Europe. Africa. Egypt, Congo, Barbary. Asia.
Arabia, Persia, Bengal, Himalaya, Central India.

92 «. AaUILA FUSCA, (Vieillot) 1819.— Mus.

Spizaetus fuscus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 60 ;
Enc. Me'th. p. 1258. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. App. p. 1. —
Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 95.

Habitat. — N. Europe. (Enc. Me'th.)

93. AaUILA N^VIOIDES, Cuvier, 1829.— Mus. Brit., Jard.

Aquila naBvioides, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 326. — Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 39.— Gr»y,Gen.B. fol. sp. 6; List B.Brit.Mus.p. 1 1.
— Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 5. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 14.

A. choka, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 114.

A. senegala, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 326. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 39. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8. — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
pp. 4, 208.

A. rapax, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 37.

A. vulturina, Benii. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 288 (nee Smith).

A. albicans, Rup2i- Neue Wirbelth. pp. 34, 44. pi. 13. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 7.

Falco rapax, Temm. PI. Col. 455. — Rupp. Syst. iibers. p. 10.

F. belisarius, Exp. Sc. Alger. Ois. pi. 2.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope. Abyssinia. Senegal.
Algeria.

93 a. AaUILA VINDHIANA, Franklin, 1830.— Mus. E. I. Comp.

Aquila vindhiana, Fi-ankl. Vxoc.Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 1 14;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. p. 261. — Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. id7.

A. fulvescens, (?ray,Ind. Zool. pi. 29 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 6 ;

60 FALCONID^.

Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. App. p. 1. — Blyth, Joura. As. Soc. Beng.
XV. pp. 6, 8.

A. nsevioides, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 1 1 .

A. naevia, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 114.

A. punctata, Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. p. 27.

A. fasca, Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. pp. 1, 16.

Cawnpoor Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 153.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. India, Central and South.

94. AaUILA MALAYENSIS, (Temminck) 1824. — Mus. Brit.,

Paris, Leyden, Zool. Soc, E. Ind. Comp. (Nepal).

Falco malayensis, Temm. PI. Col. 117; Fe'russ. Bull. Sc. Nat.
i. p. 179. — Begb. Journ. Mai. Penins. p. 512.

Aquila malayensis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 15. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 83. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 326. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 15 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 13.

A. malayana, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 3.

Morphnus hastatus, Less. Voy. Belang. p. 217.

Neopus pemiger, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81.

Habitat. — Malay Islands. Java. Sumatra.

95. AaUILA PENNATA, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit., Zool. Soc.

Falco pedibus pennatis, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 22. pi. 1.

F. pennatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 272. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 19 ;
Syn. i. p. 75. sp. 55 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 69. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 106. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 146. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1.
p. 44, pt. 3. p. 23 ; PI. Col. :i2,.--Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.

F. lagopus, var., Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 69, desc. ult.

Aquila pennata, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337. — Stejih. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 15. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 325. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 83 ; Tr. Orn. p. 37. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 207.
— Gray, Gen. B.fol.sp.ll ; ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 13. — Gould,
Eur. B. pi. 9.—Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 18 ; Consp. Av. p. 14. — Fieill. Faun. Fran^. p. 415.
pi. 166. f. 2.— Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. pp. 1 13, 177 ; Cat.
Mus. E.I.C. p. 43. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 28. — Meyer,
Zusatze Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 10.

A. minvita,, Brehtn, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 29. pi. 2. f. 2.

FALCONID^. 61

Spizaetus milvoides, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 75.

Butaetus pennatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 1 74.

Hieraetus pennatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 7 ; xvi.
p. 879 ; xix. n. s. p. 337. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cent. Orn.
1850, p. 69.

Butaquila strophiata, Hodys. Ca\c. Journ. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 96.

ArcMbuteo stropMatus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.

Habitat. — E. Europe. Asia. Trebizond, India. Africa, Egypt,
Cape of Good Hope.

!Hi. AaUILA FASCIATA, Vieillot, 1822.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila fasciata, Fieill. Soc. Linn. Par. (Memoires) p. 152;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1192 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 414. pi. 166. f. 1.—
Deffl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 28.

A. bonellii, Savi, Orn. Tosc. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 83 ; Tr.
Orn. p. 38. — Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 887. — Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 7. — Bonap. List Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 2 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 18 ; Consp. Av. p. 14. — Schl. Krit. iibers. pp. 7, 22. —
Susem. Vog. Eur. — Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 114. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 11.- Kelaart,
Prod. Faun. Zeyl. p. 1 1.

A. intermedia, Bonell. Mem. Ac. Turin.

Falco bonellii, Teinm. Man. Orn. pt. 3. p. 19 ; PI. Col. 288.—
Marmora, Mem. Ac. Roy. Turin, xxxvii. p. 110. pi. 1.

Nisaetns grandis, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 230. —
Jerd. 111. Lid. Orn.pl. 1.

N. niveus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. pp. 69, 234.

Spizaetus grandis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 301. —
Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 8.

Tolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 5.

Eutolmaetus bonellii, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s.
p. 335.

Genoese Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 53.

Habitat. — Sardinia. Egypt. Tripoli. Tunis. Asia. Cashmere
{Vigne), Nepal, India generally.

97. AQUILA BELLICOSA, Daudin, 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Falco bellicosus. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 38. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 2 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 16 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 142.

62 FALCONID^.

F. armiger, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 57.

Aquila armigera, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1 . i. p. 314 ; ed. 2. i. p. 326.
—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 38.

A. bellicosa, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 15. — Vig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. ?>2,1. — Grmj, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 5 ; Gen.B. fol. sp. 12.

Eutolmaetus bellicosus, J5/yM, Journ. As. Soc.Beng.xiv. p. 1/4.

Spizaetus bellicosus, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 28. — Gray, List
B. Brit. Mus. p. 14.

GriiFard, Levaill. Ois. M. pi. 1 .
Habitat. — S. Africa, Great Namaquas. W. Africa {A. Smith).

98. AaUILA AUDAX, (Latham) 1801.— Mus. Jard., Brit., Linn.
Sec, Paris, Leyden.

Vultur audax, Lath. New S. Wales Dr. i. no. 43 ; Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 2 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 33. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 45.

Aquila albirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. i. p. 229 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. \\^\.— Pitcher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 81.

A. fucosa, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337 ; Linn. Tr. xv. p. 188. —
Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. \Q>.—Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 84 ; Tr.
Orn. p. 39.— Cwr. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 326. pi. 3. i.\.—Bemi.
Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 29^.— Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 308.—
Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. ; B. Aust. i. pi. 1.

A. audax, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 189 ; Gen.B. fol.sp. 16;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 12. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 14.

A. cuneicaudata, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 356.

Falco fucosus, Temm. PI. Col. 32.

Uroaetus audax, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 70.

Bald Eagle, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 10.

Mountain Eagle, Collins, New S. Wales, 1802, ed. 1. ii. p. 288 ;
ed. 2. p. 526. pi. 31.— Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 215.

Habitat. — Australia. Port Jackson. Van Diemen's Land.

99. AaUILA MORPHNOIDES, Gould, 1840.— Mus. Eyton.

Aquila morphnoides, Gould,Vxoc. Zool. Soc. pt. 8. p. 161 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. viii. p. m ; B. Aust. i. pi. 2. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 10. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 14.

Butaetus morphnoides, i?/y<A, Journ. As.Soc.Beng.xiv.p. 546.

FALCONID^. 63

Hieraetus morphnoides, Kau2), Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 69.

Habitat. — S. Australia. Upper Hunter River. New S. Wales.

100. AQUILA VEREEAUXI, Lesson, 1830.— Mus. M. Audenet,

Brit.

Aquila verreauxi, Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 38 ; Tr. Orn. p. 64.5. —
Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 95.

A. vulturina, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Jouru. 1812; Proc. Zool. Soc.
pt. 1. 1833, p. 45.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape Colony (Smith). Algoa Bay.

101. AaUILA VULTURINUS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Falco vulturinus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 53. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 2; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 15; Gen. Hist. i. p. 141. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 58.

F. niger, James. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
Gypaetus, Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 11.

G. cafer, Ranz. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 45.

Haliaetus vulturinus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 336. — Ste^jh.Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. \^.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2, i. p. 327.— Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 42.

Aquila vulturina, Grarj, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 12 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 14. — Bonaj). Consp. Av. p. 14.

Pteroaetus vulturina, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 69.

Caffre, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. Q.—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 2 17.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Caffi-aria.

Genus PANDION, Savigny. 1809.

102. PANDION HALIAETUS, (Linnaeus) 1766.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 33. Jard., Edinb., Brit.

Aquila haliaetus, i??-m.Orn.i.p.440.pl.34. — itf ^?/e?-,Taschenb.
deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 23 ; Vog. Deutschl. ii. pt. 23. — -S.-
Longch.Y&via. Belg. p. 53.

Falco haliaetus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 129. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 2()Z.—I)aud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. ^1 .—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 17 ;

64 FALCONID^.

Syn. i. p. 45 ; Supp. i. p. 13 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. .58. — Penn.
Brit. Zool. pi. A. f. 1. — Shatv, Zool. vii. p. 82. — Temm.
Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 47 ; pt. 3. p. 25 ; Tab. Meth. p. 3.—
Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 26. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.
— iV^aMJw. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 113. pi. 11. f. 19; ed.
nov. i. p. 241. pi. 16.

F. amndinaceus, Gmel. It. Sib.; Syst. Nat. p. 263. — Daud.Tr.

Orn. ii. p. 69.
F. haliaetus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 18 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 60.

Pandion fluvialis, Savig. Descr. Egyp. pt. i. p. 96. — Less. Tr.
Orn.p.45.pl. 9. f. l.— FieiU. Faun. Fran9. p. 11. pi. 6. f. 1.
—Deffl. Mem. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1831, p. 2\A.—Baillij, Orn. Sav.
i. p. 104. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 19. pi. 11.

P. haliaetus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 86. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 327. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 12. — Gould, Eur. B. pi.
12. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 207. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am.
B. p. 3 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 19 ; Consp. Av. p. 16. — Grat/,
Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 7. f. 5 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 22. — Morris, Brit. B. p. 31. pi. 6. — Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 64.— Bli/th, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 92. — V. d.
Hoev. Handb. Dierk. p. 813.

P. alticeps et planiceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 33 ; Isis,
1832, p. 735.

P. indicus, Hodgs. Cat. Gray's Misc. p. 81.

Flusadler, Bechst. Taschenb. Deufschl. i. p. 12.

Falco pescatore, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 12.

Balbuzard, Buf. PI. Enl. 414.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.

p. 23.
Bengal Osprey, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 157.

Habitat. — Europe generally. Russia. Norway. Britain. Ger-
many. Switzerland. Holland. Ionian Isles. Cape of Good
Hope {Temm.). S. Asia. India generally {Jerdon, Blyth).
Nepal {Hodgson). Japan {Temm.).

102a. PANDION CAROLINENSIS, Gmelin, 1789. —Mus. Jard.,
Brit.

Accipiter piscatorius, Catesby, Carol, i. pi. 2.
A. falco piscator antillarum, Briss. Orn. i. p. 361 .
A. falco piscator carolinensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 362.
Falco carolinensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 263. — Datid. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 69.

FALCONID^. (55

F. cayanen8is,Cr'/rt^/.Syst. Nat. p. 203. — !)«?<(/. Tr.Oru. ii. p.(i<K

F. americanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 257. — Lath. Ind.Orn.p. 13;
Syn. i. p. 35 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 238.— !>«?<(/. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 50.
— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 88.

F. haliaetus, var. y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 18 ; Syn. i. p. 46 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 60 B. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 26 ; Isis,
1832, p. 1136.

F. haliaetus c?, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 18 ; Syn. i. p. 47; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 62 C.

F. haliaetus, Max. Trav. Braz.p. 334.— Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 37.
f. 1.

Aquila americana, Fie/ll. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 31 .

A. piscatrix, rieil/. Ois. Am. Sept. i. pi. 4.

Pandion carolinensis, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Consp.
Av. p. {{J.—Audiib. Am. B. pi. 81. — Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. \\2.—De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. pi. 6. p. 8. f. 18.

P. americanus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 11. — FUf. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 336. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 207-

P. fluvialis, var. 2, Less. Tr. (Jrn. p. 46.

P. haliaetus, Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 20. — /«/•</. (Wils.)
Am. Orn. ii. p. 103. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 38. —
Auduh. Orn. Biog. i. p. 415. — Gi-ay, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 22.

Black-cheeked Eagle, Perm. Arct. Zool. sp. 88.

Habitat. — America generally. E. of Rocky Mountains to lat. 50°
N. (summer). S. America. Brazil {Max.).

103. PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gould, 1832.— Mus. Jard.,
Brit.

Pandion fluvialis, var. 1, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 46. — Pucher. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 209.

P. leucocephalus, Gould, Synop. B. Aust. i. p. 22. pi. 6 ; B.
Aust. i. pi. 6 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 138. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 22.— Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 16.

P. Gouldi, Kaup, Isis, 1847; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 73.

Habitat. — Australia. Port Essington, Swan River, New South
Wales. Van Diemen's Land.

60 FALCONlDiE.

Genus ICHTHIYAETUS, Lafresnaye. 1839.

104. ICHTHYAETUS BICOLOR, (Gray) 1841.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 34. Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Falco ichthyaetus, Horsf. Liun. Trans, xiii. p. 136 ; Isis, 1824,
p. 353 ; 1825, p. 1053 ; Zool. Res. pi. 34.— Lath. Gen. Hist,
i. p. 160.— Mull. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Av. p. 44.

Pandion ichthyaetus, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. pp 321, 336. — Ra0.
Life, p. 648. — Sfeph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 12. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 86. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 16. — Blyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. p. 340.

Haliaetus ichthyaetus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 327. — Less.
Tr. Orn. p. 42. — Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 65.

H. plumbeus, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 367-

Ichthiyaetus, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 196.

Ichthyiaetus bicolor. Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 4.

I. hucarius, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 81.

I. horsfieldi, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 110; xii. p. 304 ;
Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 230.

Pontoaetus ichthyaetus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 7. f. 9.

Pandion ichthyaetus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 23.

Polioaetus ichthyaetus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 72.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. Bengal. Java. Borneo.

105. ICHTHYAETUS NANUS, (Blyth) 1842.— Mus. E. Lid. Comp.

Ichthyaetus nanus, Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 202; xii.
p. 304.

Falco (Pandion) humilis, Miill. Verz. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez.
Av. p. 48. pi. 6.

Pandion humUis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. App. p. 2 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 23. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 16. — Blyth, Consp.
Av. p. 25.

Polioaetus \iy\m\\v&, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 73.

Pontoaetus nanus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. App. p. 2.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Singapore. Malacca. Sumatra.

FALCONID^. 67

Genus SPIZAETUS, Vieillot. 1816.

106. SPIZAETUS ORNATUS, (Daudiu) 1800.— Mvis. Jard., Brit.,
Munich.

Aquila brasiliensis cristata, Briss. Orn. i. p. 446.

A. urutaurana, DumerU.

Falco maiiduyti, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 73. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 8 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 38 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 255. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 66.

F. ornatus, Ba^id. Tr. Orn. ii. j). 77- — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. i.
]). 7 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 3/. sp. 38 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 255.

F. superbus, Shav\ Zool. vii. p. 64.

Spizaetus, Vieill. Anal. Orn. p. 24.

S. ornatus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 60 ; Gal. Ois.
pi. 21.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3 ; fol. sp. 1 . pi. 7. f. 2 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 14 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 3.
— Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. i\a. — Jard. Ann. Nat.
Hist, xviii. p. 117. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 28. — Kaiip, Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 62. — Licht. Syst. Ind. Azar. Pax.
Par. p. 2.

Morphnus ornatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1, i. p. 319 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 330.— n>. Zool. Journ. i. p. 323. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. \7.—Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90 ; Tr. Orn. p. 52.

M.? mauduyti, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 18.

Plumipeda superba, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 234.

Harpyia omata, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 8. — Sioains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 208.

Autour huppe, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 26.

Grand Autour de la Cayenne, Maud. Enc. Meth. p. 500.

Aigle moyen de Guiane, Maud. Enc. Me'th. p. 475. — Buff. Ois.

ed. Sonn. ii. p. 53.

Calzado, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 107. no. 23.
Esparvero calzado, Azar. Voy. en Ame'r.
Urutaurana, Marcgrave, Hist. Braz. p. 203.

Habitat. — S. America. Paraguay, Amazons. W. Indies. To-
bago (Jard.).

r2

68 FALCONID^.

107. SPIZAETUS CORONATUS, (Linnaeus) 1766.— Mus. Brit.

Aquila africana cristata, Briss. Om. i. p. 448.

A. coronata, Smith, Zool. S. Afr. pis. 40, 41, — Gray, List B.
Brit. Mus. p. .5, 1844 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 13.

Falco coronatus, Linn. Syst. p. 124. — Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 253.
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 1 1 ; Syn. i. p. 27 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 138.—
baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 38. — Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 16.

Spizaetus coronatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 28. — Kaup, Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 62. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.

1848, p. 15.

Crowned Eagle, Edw. B. pi. 224.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape Colony (Smith). W. Africa. Guinea,
Acra (Edwards).

107 a. SPIZAETUS ALBESCENS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus.

Falco albescens, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 45. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Sup]), ii J). 4 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 21 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 143. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 93.

Morphnus albescens, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. — Fig. Zool.
Journ. i. pj). 323, 337. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 17.

Harpyia albescens. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.

Spizaetus albescens. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. App. p. 1.

S. coronatus, Bonap. Consj). Av. p. 28. — Gray, List B. Brit,

Mus. p. 15.

Le Blanchard, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 3.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Auteniquoi (Levaill.).

108. SPIZAETUS BRACCATUS, (Spix) 1824.— Mus,

Harpyia braccata, Spix, Av. Braz, i. pi. 3.

Spizaetus braccatus, Des Mm?-*, Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 323 ; 1848,
p. 35.—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1848, p, 134.

S. ornatus, Bonap. Consp, Av, p. 28, — Kaup, Monog, Falc,
Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 62.— Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 14.

Habitat. — Brazil. St. Paola (Spix).

FALCONID^. 69

109. SPIZAETUS TYRANNUS, (Maximilian) 1820.— Mus. Paris,

Ley den, Max.

Falco tyrannus, Max. Reis. Bras. i. p. 360 ; Trav. Braz. p. 317.
—Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 234.— Tewm. PI. Col. 73.

Morphnus ? tyrannus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 325. — Steph.
Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 20. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. —
Less. Tr. Orn. p. 53.

Aquila tyrannus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 84.

Astur tyrannus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 92.

Spizaetus, Holme, MS. Notes to Less. Man. Orn.

S. tyrannus, Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 35. — Lafresn. Rev.
Zool. 1848, p. 134.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 15. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.

Ptemura tyrannus, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 259 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 63.

Janeiro Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 239.
Habitat. — Brazil.

110. SPIZAETUS NIPALENSIS, (Hodgson) 1836.— Mus. Brit.

Nisaetus nipalensis, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 229.
pl. 7.

N. pulcher, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 361 ; xii. p. 305.
— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 175.

N. niveus, Je7-d. 111. Ind. Orn. sub pl. 1.

Spizaetus nipalensis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 1 1 79;
xix. p. 333.— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 8 ; Gen. B.
Ai^)p. fol. sp. 9.—Bo7iap. Consp. Av p. 29 ; Cat. Mus. E.LC.
App.p. 381. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 13.

S. cirrliatus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 16.

Linmaetus nipalensis, Knvp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 61.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. Himalaya. Bengal. Malacca.

HI. SPIZAETUS CIRRHATUS, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus. Liddell,
Jard., Paris.

Accipiter falco indicus cristatus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 360.

Falco cirrliatus, GmeL Syst. Nat. j). 274. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 36 ; Syn. i. p. 80 ; Supp. p. 20 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 166.—
Duud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 113. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 147.

70 FALCONID^.

F. ceylonensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 275.—Lath.lnd.Ovn. p. 36.
P. cristatellus, Temm. PL Col. 282.
Astur cristatellus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 94.
Morplmus cristatellus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. — Less.
Tr. Orn. p. 52.

Spizaetus cristatellus, Jard. <5r Selbi/, 111. Orn. pi. 66. — Swains.
Classif.B.ii. j). 211. — Bhjthjouvn. As.Soc. Beng. xii. p. 306.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9.

S. cirrhatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29. — Gray, List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 16. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 334. —
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.

S. limnaetus, var., Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 13.

S. orientalis, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap. pi. 3.

Nisaetus cristatellus, Elliot, Madr. Journ. x. p. 234. — Jerd.
111. Ind. Orn. sub pi. 1 .

N. pallidus, juv., Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 361.

N. cirratus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 174.

Limnaetus cirrhatus, Aa;/^j,Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850, p. 61.

Ceylonese crested Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 80.

Habitat. — India. Midnapore, Subhimalayan Hills, Eastern Ghats.
Ceylon.

111«. SPIZAETUS CALIGATUS, (Raffles) 1822. — Mus. Brit.,
Zool. Soc, Leyden.

Falco caligatus, Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 2/8.

P. niveus, Temm. PI. Col. 127.

Morphnus? niveus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 19. — Vig. Zool.
Journ. i. p. 325. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. — Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 53.

Astur niveus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 94.

Limnaetus caligatus, Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 649.

L. niveus, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 33.

Spizaetus niveus, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 91.

S. caligatus. Gray, List Brit. Mus. p. 8 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 8.

S. cirrhatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. p. 334.— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 16.

Jerwied Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 152.

FALCONID^. 71

Bauj Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 155.
Habitat. — Java. Sumatra. S. Asia. Nepal. Malacca.

1116. SPIZAETUS LIMNAETUS, (Horsfield) 1821.— Mus. Paris,
Leyden, E. Ind. Conip.

Falco limnaetus, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 138 ; Isis, 1825,
p. 1055 ; Zool. Res. pi. 36. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 164. —
Temm. PL Col. 134.

Morphnus? limnaetus, F«_{/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 325. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. \S.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 33\.—Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 53.

Astur limnaetus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 94.

Limnaetus horsfieldi, Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 649. — Gray, Gen. B.
p. 2 ; ed. 2. p. 3.

L. unicolor, Bhjth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 114.

L. cirratus, Kauj), Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 61. —
Gray, Gen. B. Ibl. App. p. 1.

Spizaetus limnaetus, Gray, Gen. B.fol.sp. 7; Cat. Mus. E.I.C.
p. 32. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 13.

S. cirrhatus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 16. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 29. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 334.

Habitat. — Java. S. Asia. Nepal {Blyth).

112. SPIZAETUS ALBONIGER, Blyth, 1845.— Mus.

Nisaetus alboniger, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 1 73 ;
XV. p. 3.

Spizaetus alboniger, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 335.

S. cirrhatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29. — Gray, List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 16.

Habitat. — Malayan Peninsula. Penang. Malacca {Blyth).

113. SPIZAETUS KIENERI, (Geoffroy) 1835.— Mus. E.I. Comp.

Astur kieneri, Geof. Mag. Zool. ser. 1. pi. 35.

Spizaetus alhogularis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 456.
— Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 456.

S. kieneri, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.
— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 335; Cat. Mus. E.I.C.
p. 34.

Nisaetus kieneri, J^'/r/. 111. Ind. Orn. sub pi. 1.

72 FALCONIDiE.

Limnaetus kieneri, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 33.
Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Darjeeling.

114. SPIZAETUS ISIDORI, (Des Murs) 1845.— Mus.

Falco isidorei, DesiliMj-s.Rev.Zool. 1845,pp.l76*,208; Iconog.

Orn. pi. \.—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 209.
Aquila isidori, Des Murs. Iconog. Orn. pi. 1 .
Circaetus isidori, Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. pp. 1, 30 a.
Spizaetus isidori, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.
Habitat. — S. America. Bogota {Des Murs).

115. SPIZAETUS HASTATUS, (Lesson) 1834.— Mus.

Morphnus hastatus, Less. Belang. Voy. p. 217.

Limnaetus unicolor, BIyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 128.

L. liastatus, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 114. — Kaup,Mo\\o^.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. fi2.

Spizaetus punctatus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. Sc. xiii. p. 164.

S. liastatus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 34.

S. cirrhatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 29.

AquUa hastata, BIyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 7 ; xix.

p. 337.
Cawnpore Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 153.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Nepal. Bengal.

116. SPIZAETUS OCCIPITALIS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Falco occipitalis, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 40. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

Supp. p. 3 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 17; Gen. Hist. i. p. 139. —

Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 59.
F. senegalensis, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 41.
Morphnus occipitalis, Fi^. Zool. Journ. i. pp. 323, 337. — Steph.

Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 17. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90; Tr. Orn.

p. 54. pi. 13. f. \.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 330.

Harpyia occipitalis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.

Spizaetus occipitalis. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 15 ; Gen. B.
fol. sp. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 28. — Rilpp. Syst. iibers.
p. 10 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 35.

Lophaetus occipitalis, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 62.

FALCONID^. 73

Nisser Tokoor, Bruce, Trav. Abyss, pi. 32.
Le Huppard, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 2.

Black Eagle, Bruce, Trav. App. ed. 8vo. 1804, vii. p. 258.
Habitat. — S. Africa. CafFraria.

117. SPIZAETUS MELANOLEUCUS, (VieiUot) 1816.— Mus.

Buteo melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 482 ;
Gal. Ois. pi. \A.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 336.

Falco atricapillus, Tenm. PI. Col. 79.

Morphnus? atricapillus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 325. — Steph.
Zool. xiii. ])t. 2. p. 20.

Astur atricapillus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 93.

Spizastur atricapillus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 82. — Gray, Gen. B.
ed. 2. ]). 3.

S. melanoleucus, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 488.

S. atriceps, Kaup, Ueb.Falk. Mus.Senck. p. 259 ; Monog.Falc.
Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 62.

Spizaetus, Holme, MS. Notes.

S. atricapillus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 15. — Bonap. Consp, Av. p. 28.

Habitat. — S. America. Guiana, Cayenne.

118. SPIZAETUS SPILOGASTER, Dubus, 1850.— Mus. Leyden,

Brussels.

Spizaetus spilogaster, Dubus, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 487.
Habitat. — Africa. Abyssinia.

Genus HALIASTUR, Selby. 1840.

119. HALIASTUR INDUS, (Boddaert) 1783. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 35 a. 35 b. 35 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc, E. Ind. Comp.

Aquila pondiceriana, Briss. Orn. i. p. 450. pi. 35.

Falco indus, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl. no. 416.

F. ponticerianus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 265. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 23 ; Syn. i. p. 41 ; Supp. ii. p. 32 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 147. —
Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 55. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 91. — Horsf.

74 FALCONID^.

Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 136. — Ra^. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 278. —
Temm. Tab. Meth. p. 3.

Haliaetus pondicerianus, Cue. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 316 ; ed. 2.
i. p. 327. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 85. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 336 ; Raffl. Life, p. 648.— <S^epA. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 13.—
Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 78 ; Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. iii. p. 418. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 216. — Pears.
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 628. — Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii.
p. 91; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 307. — Mei/en, Nov. Act.
Leop. Car. xvi. Supp. p. 69.

H. girrenera, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 10.

H. garuda, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 44.

Milvus pondicerianus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 72.

M. rotundicauda, Hodgs. Cat. Gray, Misc. p. 81.

Haliastur pondecerianus, Selby, Cat. Gen. Typ. p. 3. — Gray,
List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 13. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15.

H. indus, Grwy, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. 1848, p. 27 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. A.— Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 342 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 57.—
Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 18.

Ictinoaetus ponticerianus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 73.

Aigle des grandes Indes, Buff. PI. Enl. 416.

Brahminy Kite, Anglo-Indians.

Habitat. — Indian Archipelago. Java, Sumatra, Philippine Isles,
Ceylon. Asia (South). India, Assam. New Guinea (ie«*ow).

120. HALIASTUR SPHENURUS, (VieiUot) 1818. — Mus., Jard.,
Brit., Linn. Soc.

Falco albicilla, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 3 ; Syn. Supp.
ii. p. 18. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 80.

Milvus sphennrus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 564 ;
Euc. Meth. iii. p. 1204 ; Gal. Ois. pi. 15. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 71.

Haliaetus canorus, Vig. Horsf. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 187. — Gray,
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 12. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 86. — Gould,
Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 37- f. 2. — Selby, Cat. Gen. Typ.
p. 3.

Haliastur sphenurus, Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 5 ; Intr. B. Aust.
p. \^.—Gi'uy, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 27.—
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15. — Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 13.

FALCONID^. 75

Ictinoaetus canorus, A'«!«/j, Monog. Falc.Cont.Ora. 1850, p. 73.
Habitat. — xlustralia.

121. HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, Gould, 1837.— Mus. Brit.

Falco pondicerianus, var., Lath. New S. Wales Dr. i. nos. 41,
42 ; Syii. Supi). ii. pp. 32, S'S.—Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 389.

Haliaetus leucostemus, Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 38.
f. 1 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 138 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 18.

Haliastur leucostemus, Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 4. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 2. pi. 7. f. 10 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 27.

H. ponticerianus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 15.

Ictinoaetus leucostemus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cent. Orn. 1850,
p. 73.

White-headed rufous Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 218.
Habitat. — Australia.

Genus HERPETOTHERES, Vieillot. 1818.

122. HERPETOTHERES CACHINNANS, (Linnfeus) 1766.— Mus.
Strickland, No. 36. Jard., Brit., Munich.

Falco cachinnans, Litin. Syst. Nat. p. 128. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 276. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 37 ; Syn. i. p. 85 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 286. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 115. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 156.
— Nitzsch, Pterylog. p. 81.

Astur cachinnans, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 320; ed. 2. i.
p. 333.— *S>w', Av. Braz. i. pi. 3 a.

Herpetotheres cachinnans, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xviii.
p. 317; Gal. Ois.pl. 19. — Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5.
p. 1 14 ; Consp. Av. p. 30.— Gmy, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ;
fol. App. p. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 16 ; Gen. & Subgen.
Brit. Mus. p. 7. — //«r^/. Syst.Ind. Azar.p. 2. — Kaup, Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 71.

Cachinna cachinnans, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 236.

C. herpetotheres, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 7. f. 4.

Dsedalion cachinnans, Fiff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 328. — Stejjh. Zool.
xiii. ])t. 2. J). 25.

Macagua cachinnans, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 68.

76 FALCONID^.

Macagua, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 81. uo. 15.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne, Paraguay, Brazil, Guatemala,
Mexico.

123. HERPETOTHERES SUFFLATOR, (Limifeus) 1766.— Mus.

Falco sufflator, Linn. Syst, Nat. p. 127. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 275. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 37 ; Syn. i. p. 84 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 285. — Daud. Tr.Orn. ii. p. 1 14. — Shaw, Zool.vii. p. 155.

Physeta, Fieill. Anal. Orn. p. 24.

P. sufflator, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 21. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 80.

Surinam Falcon, Bancroft, Hist. Guian. p. 153. — Stedman,
Surinam, ii. p. 84.

Habitat. — Surinam.

Genus HELOTARSUS, Smith. 1830.

124. HELOTARSUS ECAUDATUS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 37- Jard., Brit.

Falco ecaudatus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 54. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 4 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 21 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 171. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 98.

Helotarsus typus, Smith, S. Af. Journ. i. p. 1 10.

H. ecaudatus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 7.
f. 1 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 26 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 5. — Rilpp. Syst. iibers. p. 10. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 16. —
Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 70.

Circaetus ecaudatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 328.

Terathopius ecaudatus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 47. — Riipp. Neue
Wirbelth. i. p. 44.

Le Bateleur, Levaill. Ois. Am. pis. 7, 8.

Habitat. — Africa. (Autiniqua, Lattakoo, Smith.) Abyssinia
(Buppell).

FALCONIDiE. 77

Genus FALCO, Linnems. 1735.

12;'). FALCO ISLANDICUS, Sabine, 1818.— Mus.
Accipiter falco islandicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 336.
Falco islandicus, Sab. Linn. Trans, xii. p. 528.— Temm. Man.

Orn. ])t. 1. p. 17; pt. 3. p. 9 ; Tab. Mcth. p. 2. — Faber,

Prod. Island. Orn. 1822, p. 2 ; Isis, 1827, p. 62.— Richards.

Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 27-— Hoy. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. vi.

p. 107 .—Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 247 ; Rev. Zool.

1839, p. \2'i.—Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 24.

F. lanarius, Faber, Isis, 1827, p. 68.
F. gyrfalco, Keyserl. u. Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 13o.
F. candicans islandicus, Hchleg. Krit. iibers. jj. 1 .
Hierofalco islandicus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 4.
Gerfault d'Islande, Buff. PI. Enl. 210.
Arctic Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 70 L.
White Jerfalcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 83.
Habitat. — Iceland.

126. FALCO CANDICANS, Gmelin, 1789.— Mus.

Accipiter falco freti hudsonis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 356.

A. gyrfalco, Briss. Orn. i. p. 370. pi. 30. f. 2.

Falco rusticolus, Faber, Faun. Groenl. p. 55. — Lath. Syn. Supp.

i. p. 15.
F. fuscus, Faber, Faun. Grcenl. p. 56.
F. cinerens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 267-

F. candicans, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 275. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. \0\.—Benick. Isis, 1824, p. 882.— -ScA^. Krit. iibers. p. 1.
— Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 484 ; Consp. Av. p. 33. — Cass.
Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 278.

F. islandicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 32 ; Syn. i. p. 71 A, B ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 72 A. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39. — Gould, B.
Eur. pi. \9.—Audub. Am. B. pi. 366.

F. buteo Ii, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 24 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 80 A.
F. lagopus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 19 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 36 ; Gen.
Hist. i. J). 68 A.

78 FALCONID^..

P. grcenlandicus, Daud. Tr. Oni. ii. p. 107- — Hancock, Ann.
Nat. Hist. ii. p. 249 ; Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 124.

F. sacer, Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii. pp. 383, 423. — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 117 A.

F. lal)radora, Axiduh. B. Am. pi. 196.

F. gyrfalco, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 20.

Buteo cinereus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 156. — Vieill. Ois. Am.
Sept. i. p. 33.

Hierofalco candicans, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 312 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 323.— ies«. Man. Orn. i. p. 80 ; Tr. Orn. p. 97. pi. 16. f. 2.

H. grcenlandicus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 16. .

Gerfault blanc des pays du Nord, Bnff. PI. Enl. p. 446.

Ash-coloured Buzzard, Edw. B. pis. 3, 5.

Greenland Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 220, and note to
Index.

Ash-coloured Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 55. sp. 35.
Habitat. — N. America. Greenland.

127. FALCO GYRFALCO, Linnseus, 1766. —Mus. Strickland,

No. 38.

Falco lanarius, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 20 ; Syst. Nat. p. 129. —
Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 21^.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 2>%.—J)aud. Tr.
Orn. ii. p. 101.

F. rusticolus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 56 ; ed. Retz. p. 64 ; Syst.
Nat. p. 125. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 268. —Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 28 ; Syn. i. p. 56 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 7^. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 103.

F. gyrfalco, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 130. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 275.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 32 ; Syn. i. p. 82 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 71.
—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 99.— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. \20.—Schleg.
Krit. libers, p. 2. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 (App. p. 2). —
Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 484 ; Consp. Av. p. 24. — Be Kay,
Zool. N. York, ii. p. 16.

Accipiter gyrfalco islandicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 373. pi. 31.

Gerfault de Norvege, Buff. PI. Enl. 462.

Habitat. — N. Europe. Norway. Sweden. N. Germany. Hol-
land.

FALCONID^.. 79

128. FALCO SACER, Giiielin, 1/89.— Mas. Brit.

Accipiter falco sacer, Briss. Orn. i. p. 337.

A. falco stellaris, Briss. Orn. i. p. 359.

Falco sacer, Gjuel. Syst. Nat. p. 273. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 34 ;
Syu. i. p. 77 ; Supp. i. p. 20 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 117. — Schleg.
Krit. libers, pp. 2, 9.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2. — Bonap.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 485 ; Consp. Av. p. 24-.

F. stellaris, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 27 A.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 35 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. m.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. \Q9.—Shaiv, Zool.
vii. p. 154.

F. lanarius, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 330 (svn. exc). —
Ternm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 20; pt. 3. p. \Q.— VieiIL Faun.
Fran9. p. 415. pi. 167. f. I.— Gould, B. Eur. pi. 20.— Bo)iap.
Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat.Ucc. Eur. i). 20.— Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 2.

F. cyanopus, Thienemann.

F. cherrug. Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 25 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

Hierofalco lanarius, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 97.

Le Sacre, Buf. Ois. ed. Sonn. iii. p. 92.

Starry Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 79.

Habitat. — E. Europe. Asia. Tartary. Nepal.

129. FALCO JUGGER, Gray, 1832.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 39 ^^

39 b. Brit.

Falco jugger, Gray, Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 26 ; Gen. B.
fol. s}). 8. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p, 24. — Gould, B. Asia, pt. 1 ;
Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 20.

F. luggur, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 80 ; 111. Ind. Orn. pi. 44.—
Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 104.

F. thermopMlus, Hodys. (Gray) Zool. Misc. p. 81.

F. lanarius ?, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. }). 318.

Jugger Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 192.

Justin Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 195.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Bengal. Nepal.

130. FALCO BIARMICUS, Temminck, 1828. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 40 a. 40 b. Jard., Brit., Liverpool, Leyden.

Accipiter lanarius, Briss. Orn. i. p. 363.

80 FALCONID^.

Falco peregrinus, var., Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 131.

F. biarmicus, Temm. PI. Col. 324. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 322. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 78 ; Tr. Orn. p. 89. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 10. — Smith, S. Af. Zool. ii. (sub F. semitor-
quatus). — Strick. Proc.'Zool.Soc. 1850, p. 215. — Kaup, Ueb.
Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 257.

F. peregrinoides, Temm. PI. Col. 479 (mas). — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. d.—Bo7iap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 483.

F. chiqueroides, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 233 ; Proc. Zool.
Soc. pt. 1. p. 45.

F. tanypterus, Licht. Abhand. — jBo«a/>.Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 485.

F. cervicalis, Licht. Abhand. — Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 485.
—Kaiqi, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 257 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C.
p. 22.

F. lanarius, Schleg. Krit. iibers. pp. 2, 1 1. — Bonap. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 485.

F. feldeggi, Schleg. Krit. iibers. p. 12. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. p. 513.

F. rubens, Thienemann.

Le Lanier, Belon.

Le vrai Lanier, Buff. Ois. i. p. 243.

Brown Lanner, Lath. Syn. i. p. 86 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 84.

Habitat. — Africa. Egypt, Cape of Good Hope, Algoa Bay, Nubia.
S. Europe. Dalmatia, Greece.

131. FALCO HYPOLEUCUS, Gould, 1840.— Mus. Wilson, Philad.,

Derby.

Falco hypoleucus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 8. p. 162 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. viii. p. 69 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 7 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 19.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 24. —
Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 13.

Gennaia hypoleucus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 55.

Habitat. — Australia. W. Coast. S. Australia.

132. FALCO SUBNIGER, Gray, 1843.— Mus. Brit.

Falco subniger, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p.371 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 50 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 11. pi. 8. — Sturt, Exp. Aust.
App. p. 14. — Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 9 ; Synop. B. Aust. p. 19.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 24.

FALCONID^. 81

Hierofalco subniger, ^aM/),Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850, p. 56.
Habitat. — S. Australia.

133. FALCO PEREGRINUS, Gmelin, 1/89. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 41. Jard., Brit., E. lud. Comp., Bengal.

Accipiter falco, Briss. Orn. i. p. 321.

A. falco peregrinus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 341.

A. falco tunetanus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 343.

A. falco tartaricus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 345, B.

Falco homotinus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 324, A.

F. barbarus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 125. — Gmel. Svst, Nat. p. 272.
—Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 33 ; Syn. i. p. 72 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 82 B.

F. communis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 270. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 30 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. Wd'.—Baiul. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 92. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 124. — Savig. Desc. Egy|i. pt. 1. p. 101. — Wils. Mem.
Wern. See. ii. p. 595. — Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 278. — Cuv.
Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 320. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 88. pi. 16. f. 1.
— ScMeg. Krit. iibers. p. 14 ; Faun. Jap. Av. p. 1.

F. peregrinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 272. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 33 ;
Syn. i. p. 73 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 81. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 97-
—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 128. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 22,
pt. 3. p. 1 1 ; Tab. Me'th. p. 2.—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39.
—Viff. Raffl. Life, p. 649.—Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 112.

— Swai7is. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 21. —

— Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur, p. 20 ;
Consp. Av. p. 23. — K^ihl, Beitrag. Zool. pt. 1. p. 78 (anat.).
—Gray, Gen. B. p. 3; ed. 2. p. 4 ; fol. sp. 4. pi. 8. f. 1 ; List
B. Brit. Mus. p. 50. — Riqip. Neue Wirbelth. p. 44 ; Syst.
fibers, p. U.— Hardy, Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 2m.—Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 79.—Fieill. Faun. Fran?, p. 29. pi. 13. f. 1, 2. —
Blyfh, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 319. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk.
Mus. Senck. p. 257. — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 45. — S.-Longch.
Faun. Belg. p. 50. — Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 17. — Roux, Om.
Prov. i. p. 49. pis. 29, 'iO.—Bechst.T&schenh. Deutschl. p. 33.
— Meyer, Taschenb. deutscb. Vogelk. i. p. 55. — Frisch, Vdg.
Deutschl.pl. 83. — A^gmot. Nat. Vbg. Deutschl. iv. p. 119.pl. 12.
f. 20 ; p. 125. pi. 13. f. 21, pi. 14. f. 22 ; ed. nov. i. p. 285.
pis. 24, 25. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 63. — JFern. Atl. Ois.
Eur.— ^e%. 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 39. pis. \5,\5*.—Bew. Brit.
B. ed. 2. i. p. l7.—¥arr. Brit. B. i. p. 32.— Penn. Brit. Zool.
1812, i. p. 218. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 49. — Jenyns, Brit. Man,
p. 82.— Mont. Orn. Diet. i. & Supp. Fal. ; ed. Renn. p. 358.
—Macgill. Rapt. B. Brit. p. 159 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 29A.—Jard.
Brit. B. i. p. 115.pl. A.—Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 33.— Watt.

G

82 FALCONID^.

B. Irel. p. 4. — Dillw. Faun. Swans, p. 3. — Knox, Orn. Suss.
(Ramb.) p. 183. — Dunn, Ork. & Shet. p. 73. — Baik.^ Hedd.
Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 27.—Morr. Brit. B. p. 88. pi. 13.

F. tartaricus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 272.

F. peregrinus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 33 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 82 A.

F. commimis ft, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 30 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 113 A.
— Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 57.

F. calidus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 41 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 175. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 176.

F. lunulatus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 122.

F. subbuteo major, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 30 ; Syn. Supp. ii.
p. 47 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 121 . — Bechst. Naturg. Deutscbl. ii.
p. 31 5.

F. pinetarius, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 195.

F. gentilis, Wils. Mem. Wern. Soc. ii. p. 587.

F. gfriseiventris, Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 778.

F, cornicuin, Brehm, Vog. Deutscbl. i, p. 62.

F. abietinus, Bechst. Naturg. Deutscbl. ii. p. 759.

Faucon, Buf. PL Enl. 421.

Y.sors, Buf. PI. Enl. 470.

F. noir et passager, Buf. PI. Enl. 469.

F. commun, Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 50.

Lanier, Buff. PI. Enl. AZO.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 52.

Wanderfalke, Bechst. Naturg. Deutscbl. ii. p. 744.

Falcone, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 40. — Nilsson, Skand. Faun. pi. 62
(juv.).

Falcon gentle, Albin, B. ii. pi. 6.

Barbary Falcon, Albin, B. iii. pi. 2.

Blue-black Falcon, Pe«??. Brit. Zool. pi. 1. f. 5.

Common Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 65.

Yearling Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 65. sp. 49, var. A.

Tartarian Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 7Z. sp. 52, var. A.

Behree Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 35. sp. 1 12.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain, Central Europe. Ionian Isles.
Africa. Cape of Good Hope, Conducia Bay. Mozambique
{W. Jard.). S.Asia. India, Candabar. Japan ((ScA/e^e/).

FALCONID^. 83

133^/. FALCO ORIENTALIS, Gmelin, 1789.— Mus.

Falco orientalis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 264. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 22 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. \62.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 76.

Oriental Hawk, Lafh. Syn. i. p. 34*.

Habitat. — Japan.

133 6. FALCO ANATUM, Bonaparte, 1838. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 42. Jard., Brit., Edinb.

Accipiter falco niger, Briss. Orn. i. p. 327.
A. falco maculatus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 329.
Falco niger, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 270.
F. nsevius, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 271.
F. communis C. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 31 .
F. communis ?;, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 31.

F. peregrinus, Ord. Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 76. — Sab. Linn. Trans,
xii. p. .'i29. — Richards. Parry's 2nd Voy. App. p. 342 ; Faun.
Bor. Am. ii. p. 23. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N.York, ii. p. 27; Isis,
1832, p. 1136 ; Consp. Av. p. 23. no. 4.— King, Voy. Beag.
i. p. 532. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 51. — Jai^d. (Wils.)
Am.Orn.iii. p. 251. — J5reM?. (Wils.) Am. Orn. p. 677; Synop.
683.— ?re(/rfe?-6. Jard. Cont.Orn. 1849,p. 81 .— 7^ oof/A. (Sitg.)
Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 60. — Giraud, B. Long Isld. p. 14. —
Peale, IT. S. Expl. Exp. p. 66. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 51.

F. anatum, BonajJ. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 484. —Bridff. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 109; Ann. Nat.
Hist. xiii. p. 499. — Gosse, B. Jam. p. 16. — Cass. B. Calif. &
Tex. p. 86.— De Kaij, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 13. pi. 3. f. 8.—
Nutt. Man. Orn. U.S. & Canad. p. 53.— Pec5. B, Mass. p. 83.

Spotted Hawk, Edw. B. pi. 3.

Black Hawk, Edw. B. pi. 4.

Common Falcon, var. E. Black Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 67.

Common Falcon, var. F. Spotted winged Falcon, Lath. Syn. i.

p. 68.

Habitat. — N. parts of N. America to lat. 74° N. (summ.).
United States (wint.). Greenland (Sabine). W. Indies. S.
America. Chili. Straits of Magellan ?

133 c. FALCO MINOR, Bonaparte, 1850.— Mus. Jard.

Falco peregrinoides, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 235.

F. peregrinus, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 236 (sub peregri-

G 2

84 FALCONID^.

noides) ; S. Af. Zool. (sub semitorquatus) . — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 23.

F. commimis minor, Schleg. Fau9onerie.

F. minor, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 484.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

134. FALCO MELANOGENYS, Gould, 1837. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 43. Brit.

Falco communis, Lath. New S.Wales Dr. ii. no. 4.

F. peregrinus. Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 183 ; Isis, 1830, p. 260.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 23. no. 2.

F. melanogenys, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 139 ; Synop.
B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 40. f. 2 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 8 ; Intr. B. Aust.
p. 19.— Gratj, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 51.—
Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 484. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont.
Orn. 1850, p. 56.—Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 14.

F. macropus, Swains. An. Meuag. p. 341.

Bird Hawk, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 228.

Habitat. — Australia. Van Diemen's Land.

135. FALCO FRONTALIS, Daudin, 1800.— Mus.

Falco frontalis, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 118. — Fig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. 339. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 322. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 13. App. p. 2.

F. cirratus A, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 25 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 167.

F. galericulatus, Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 21.

F. peregrinoides, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 55.

Faucon huppe, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 28.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

136. FALCO PEREGRINATOR,Sundeval, 1837.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 44. Jard., Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Accipiter falco ruber indicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 333.

Falco communis ^i Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 31 ; Gen. Hist. var. F.
i. p. 116.

F. sultaneus, /Zoc?^*. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81. no. 681. — Gray,
ListB.Brit. Mus. p. 24.

FALCONID^. 85

P. peregrinator, Sundev. Physiog. Tidskr. 1837, p. 177. pi. 4 ;

Anil. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 454. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; List

B. Brit. Mus. p. 50. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 32 1 .

—Bonaj). Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 484; Consp. Av. p. 23 ; Cat.

Mus.E.I.C. i. p. 18.
F. shaheen, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 81 ; 111. Ind. Orn. pi. 12.
Red Indian Falcon, var. I, Lath. Syn. i. p. 69. sp. 49.
Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. India.

137. FALCO NIGRICEPS, Cassin, 1853. — Mus. Philad., Wash-

ington.

Falco nigriceps, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 87 ; Proc. Ac. Sc.
Philad. 1855, p. 277.

Habitat. — California. Chili (Cassin).

138. FALCO POLYAGRUS, Cassin, 1853. —Mus. Philad., Wash-

ington.

Falco polyagrus, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 88 ; Proc. Ac. Sc.
Philad. 1855, p. 277.

Habitat. — Sources of the Platte, California (Cassin).

139. FALCO SUBBUTEO, Linnaeus, 1766.— Mus. Jard., Brit.
Suhbuteo, Albin, B. i. pi. 6.

Accipiter dendrofalco, Briss. Orn. i. p. 375.

Falco subhuteo, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 127. — Chnel. Syst. Nat.
p. 283. — Lath. lud. Orn. p. 47 ; Syn. i. p. 103 ; Supp. i.
p. 28 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 119.— Dattd. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 171.—
Shaio, Zool. vii. pi. 25.—Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 25 ; pt. 3.
p. 12 ; Tab. Meth. p. 2. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 311 ;
ed. 2. i. p. 321. — Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat, xi. p. 96 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1231 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 31. pi. 14. f. 10.—
Less. Tr. Orn. p. 92. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39. — Swains.
Classif. B. ii. p. 2\2.—Gotdd, Eur. B. pi. 22.— Bonaj). Eur.
& N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21 ; Consp. Av. p. 25.
— Blyth, Journ. x-Vs. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 881. — Bailhj, Orn. Sav.
i. p. 50. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 51. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i.
p. 51. pi. 33. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 59. —
Borkh. Teutsche Orn. pt. 15. — Naimi. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv.
p. 133. pi. 15. f. 23 ; ed. nov. i. p. 296. pi. 26.—Frisch, Vog.
Deutschl. pi. 86. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 64. — JFern.
Atl. Ois. Em.—Se/by, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 43. pi. \G.—Bew.
Brit. B. ed. 1. i. ]>. 39.— Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 41.— Penn. Brit.

86 FALCONIDtE.

B. 1812, i. p. 247. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 49. — Jemjns, Brit.
Man. p. 82. — Mont. Orn. Diet. i. & Supp. Hob. ; ed. Renu.
p. 255.— Macffill. Rapt. B. Brit. p. 182 ; Brit, B. iii. p. 309.
— Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 127. pi. 5. — Tliomps. B. Irel. i. p. 49. —
Watt. B. Irel. p. 5. — Dillw. Faun. Swans, p. 4. — Knox, Orn.
Suss. (Ramb.) p. 183. — Baik. ^ Redd. Hist. Nat. Oread,
p. 21.—Morr. Brit. B. p. 100. pi. 14.

P. barletta, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 129.

F. hirundinum, Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 740 ; Isis, 1833, p. 781 ;
Vog, Deutsehl. i. p. 65.

HypotriorcMs subbuteo, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 976. — Gray, Gen.
B. ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 8. f. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 53 ;
Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 5. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus.
Senek. p. 257.

Dendrofalco subbuteo, Gi-ay, Gen. B. p. 3.

Hobreau, Buf. PI. Enl. A32.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. i. p. 54.

Baumfalke, Bechst. Taschenb. Deutsehl. i. p. 36.

Lodolajo, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 42.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain. Ionian Isles. Asia. Erzeroom.
Bengal (wint.). Candahar. Afriea. Moroceo.

140. FALCO ELEONORJE, Gene, 1839.— Mus.

Falco eleonorse, Gene, Mem. Ac. Roy. Sc.Turin, ii. p.41. pl.1,2;
Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105 ; Instit. vii. p. 396. ~ Bo7tap. Faun.
Ital. i. Ucc. pi. 1 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. iv.
p. 358 ; Consp. Av. p. 25. — Tetmn. Man. Orn. iv. p. 593. —
Deffl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 108.— Jaub. Mot sur I'Orn. Eur. p. 30.
— Brehm, Naumann. 1850, pp. 31, 33.

F. subbuteo, Drumm. Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 423. — Schleg.
Krit. iibers. p. 15.

HypotriorcMs eleonorse. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. — Bonap.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 486.

Habitat. — S. Europe. Ionian Isles. Crete.

140 a. FALCO ARCADICUS, Lindermayer, 1843.— Mus.

Falco arcadicus, Linderm. Isis, 1843 ; Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 21 1.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25 (sub F. eleonorse). — Brehm, Nau-
mann. pp. 31, 33.

HypotriorcMs arcadicus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8.
Habitat. — S. Europe. Greece.

FALCONID^. 87

141. FALCO CHiaUERA, Daudin, 1800.— Mus. Strickland, Nos.

45 a. 45 b. 45 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Falco chiquera, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 121. — Lath. Ind. Orii.
Su])p. p. 5. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 176. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i.
p. 312 ; ed. 2. i. p. 322. — Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi.
p. 90 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1233.— Fiff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339.
—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38.— Gould, B. Him. pi. 2.—
Si/kes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 80 ; Journ. As. Soc.
Bang. iii. p. 420. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 90. — Jerd. Madr. Journ.
X. p. 82. — Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 91 ; Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. xLx. p. 322 (syn. exc.).— Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. (sub F.
semitorquatus). — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25 (syn. exc.) ; Cat.
Mus. E.I.C. p. 23.— Hartl. Journ. Orn. Caban. 1853, p. 39.
— Vierth. Naumann. ii. p. 48.

F. macrodactylus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212.

F. fasciatus, Traill, Cat. Liverp. Mus.

Hypotriorchis chiquera, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 56. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 22.

Aesalon chiquera, Kaup, Class. Saug. u. Vdg. p. 111.

Chicquera, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 30.

Chicquera Falcon, ia^A.Syn.Supp. ii.p.27; Gen. Hist. i. }». 168.

Fasciated Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 189.

Habitat. — Asia. S. Himalaya, Bengal, Dukhun, Nepal. Africa
{Smith).

141 a. FALCO RUFICOLLIS, Swainson, 183/.— Mus.

Falco ruficollis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212; B.W. Af. i. pi. 2.
—Hartl. Journ. Orn. Caban. 1853, p. 38.

F. chicquera, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25.

Tawny-headed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 200.

Habitat. — Senegal. Sennaar. Abyssinia (Hartlaub).

142. FALCO SEVERUS, Horsfield, 1821.— Mus. Brit.,E.Ind.Comp.,

Brit.

Falco severus, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 135 ; Isis, 1825,
p. 1053. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 130. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 39.— Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339 ; Raffl. Life, App. p. 650.
— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 79 ; Tr. Orn. p. 9U — Cuv, Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 322.— Begbie, Journ. Mai. Penins. \). b\2.— Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 322. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25.
— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 53.

88 FALCONlDi*;.

F. aldrovandi, Teirm. PI. Col. 128. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xi. p. 160.

P. subbuteo, Frank!. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 1 14.

F. rufipedoides, Hodys. Calcut. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 283.

F. guttata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 26 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. xi. p. 371.

HypotriorcMs severus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. 1848, p. 5'6.—Eaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 257.

Habitat. — Asia. Bengal, Nepal, Darjeeling, Almorah. Java.
Philippine Isles.

143. FALCO FEMORALIS, Temminck, 1824. —Mus. Strickland,

No. 46 a. 46 b, Jard., Brit., Paris, Munich, Leyden, Berlin,
Vienna.

Falco femoralis, Temm. PI. Col. 121, 343. — Spix, A v. Braz. i.
p. 18 (quot. PI. Col. 121). —Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339.—
Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 79 ; Tr.
Orn. p. 89. — Ciiv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 322. — Swains. Classif.
B. ii. p. 212. — Nordm. Erm. Reis. um. Erde, Atl. p. 16. —
Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii.
p. 499.— D'Orbig. Voy. Am. Merid. Av. p. 116. — Tschudi,
Consp. Av. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 266 ; Faun. Per. p. 108.
—Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 178.

F. fusco-cserulescens, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 90.

F. cyanescens, Fieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1234 (quot. No. 40,
Azara, juv. teste Hartlaub).

F. thoracicus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 62.

HypotriorcMs femoralis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 13 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 56. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 3.

Aplomado, Azar, Pax. Par. i. p. 175. nos. 30, 40.
Habitat. — United States (accident.). Mexico (Cassin).

144. FALCO RUFIGULARIS, Daudin, 1800. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 47 a. 47 b. Brit., Swains.

Falco aurantius (3, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 48.

F. aurantius y, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 48.

F. rufigularis. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 131.

F. albigularis, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 131.

F. aurantius, Temm. PI. Col. sub pi. 348. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
]). 61.

F. haBmorrhoidalis, Hahn, Vog. xv. hef. pi. 1 .

FALCONID^. 89

P. cucullatus, Sivains. An. Menag. p. 340.

F. thoracicus, Donovan, Nat. Rep. pi. 45.

Hypotriorchis mfigularis, Gr(N/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; List B.
Brit. Mas. p. 54. — Bonap. Consp. Av. (sub F. aurantius).

Orange-breasted Hobby, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. pp. 28, 29. Desc. 1 , 2,
no. 91.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil, Trinidad, Guiana.

145. FALCO AURANTIUS, Gmelin, 1789. — Mus. Jard., Brit.,

Paris, Munich.

Falco aurantius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 283. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 48 (exc. var. /3, y) ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 289.— Daud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 130. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 194. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. AO.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. ^22.— Less. Tr. Orn. p. 91.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25 (syn. exc).

F. deiroleucus, Temm. PI. Col. 348. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p, 79-
—Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 25 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.
—Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 486.

F. rufigularis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 54.

Hypotriorchis aurantius, Z^awj), Ueb. Falk.Mus. Senck. p. 257.

Bidens aurantius, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 1 7.

Orange-breasted Hobby, Lath. Syn. i. p. 105.

Habitat. — S. America. Rio Negro.

146. FALCO LUNULATUS, Latham, 1801.— Mus. Jard., Brit., Sw.

Falco lunatus. Lath. New S. Wales Dr. ii. no. 3.

F. lunulatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 13 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 227.
— Shato, Zool. vii. p. 184. — Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 189.

F. frontatus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 139 ; Synop. B.
Aust. pt. 3. pi. 40. f. 1 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 19 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 10.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 25. — Kaiip, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 55.

F. longipennis, Swains. An. Menag. p. 341 .

F. subbuteoides, Jameson.

F. subbuteo, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 347.

Sparvius lunulatus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 324 ;
Enc. Meth.iii. p. 1264.

Hypotriorchis frontatus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 54.

90 FALCONIDyE.

Lunated Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 54. sp. 65.
Paramatta Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 225.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales, S. Australia. Van Diemen's
Land.

147. FALCO AEDOSIACEUS, Vieillot, 1823. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 48. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden, Berlin, E. lud. Comp.
(From Abyssinia, Harris.)

Falco ardosiaceus, Fieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1238. — Pucher.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 90.

F. concolor, Temm. PI. Col. 330.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 78 ; Tr.
Orn. p. 90. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 25. — Swains. B. W. Af. i.
pi. 3. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21.
— Brehm, Naumann. 1850, pp. 31, 33.

F. unicolor, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212.

Tinnunculus concolor, Riipp. Syst. libers. p. 11.

Hypotriorchis concolor, Gra^/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 54. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 55. —
Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 15.

.ffisalon ardosiaceus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 26.
Habitat. — Egypt. Arabia (Lesson). W. Africa (Swains.).

147 a. FALCO TIBIALIS, Daudin, 1800.— Mus.

Falco tibialis, Daud. Tr.Orn. ii. p. 120. — Lath. Ind.Orn. Supp.
p. 10 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 174. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 175. — Fieill.
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 93. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339.
— Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 322. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Bonap. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 483.

Hypotriorchis tibialis, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7.

Faucon a culotte noir, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 29.

Black-thighed Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 49.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Great Namaquas.

148. FALCO .ffiSALON, Gmelin, 1789.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 49a.
49 b. 49 e. Jard., Brit.

Accipiter lithofalco, Briss. Orn. i. p. 349.

A. aesalon, Briss. Orn. i. p. 382.

FALCONID.E. 91

Palco lithofalco, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 2/8. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

p. 47 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 136. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 127. —

Shaiv, Zool. vii. pi. 24. — Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 33. pi. 15,

f. 1, 2; Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 94 ; Enc. Meth. iii.

p. 1230. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 94. — Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 108. —

— Schembri, Orn. Malt. p. 13. — Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 11. —

Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 53. pis. 31, 32.
F, aesalon, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 284. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 49 ;

Gen. Hist. i. p. 133. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 137. — Shaw,

Zool. vii. p. 196. — Cmv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 311 ; ed. 2. i.

p. 7^21.— Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 27 ; pt. 3. p. 13 ; Tab.

Me'th. p. 2. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39. — Brehm, Isis,

1832, p. 742 ; Vog. Deutschl. pp. 67, 68. — Swains. Classif.

B. ii. p. 212.— Gould, Eur. B. pi. 2A.—Bo7mp. Eur. & N. Am.

B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21.— Malh. Orn. Sicil. p. 25.—

Schulz, Faun. March, p. 280.—Muhle, Orn. Griechl. p. 14.—

Kaluza, Orn. Siles. p. 40. — BaUlij, Orn. Sav. i. p. 54. —

S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 51. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. —

Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pi. 87. — Nautn. Nat. Vog. Deutschl.

ed. nov. i. p. 303. pi. 27. f. 1, 2, S.—Selbtj, 111. Brit. Orn. i.

p. 51. pis. 18, 18*.— Beta. Brit. B. ed. 1. i. p. 41.— Varr. Brit.

B. i. p. 48.— Penn. Brit. Zool. 1812, i. p. 2b\.—Flem. Brit.

An. p. 50. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 83. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ii.

Mer. ; ed. Renn. p. :i\9. — Macgill. Rapt. B. Brit. p. 210;

Brit. B. iii. p. 3l7.—Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 129. pi. Q.—Thomps.

B. Irel. i. p. 51. — Watt. B. Irel. p. 6. — Dillw. Faun. Swans.

p. 4. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.)p.l84. — Dunn, Ork. & Shet.

p. 74.—Baik. 8f Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 28.— Morr. Brit.

B. p. 112.pl. 16.
F. regulus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 285. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 50 ;

Syn. i. p. 113 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 138. -Daw^/. Tr. Orn. ii.

p. 146.— PffW. Trav. ii. p. 707.

F. aesalon y. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 49 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 135 B.

F. tinnuncnlus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 42 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 126B.

F. intermixtus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 141 .

F. xmirillus, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 100.

F. sibiricus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 207-

F. caesius, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 60. — Faber,
Prod. Isl. Orn. j). 3 ; Isis, 1827, p. 70. — Naum. Nat. Vog.
Deutschl. Alte Ausg. iv. p. 139. pi. 15. f. 24 ; Nachtr. iii.
p. 112. pi. 17. f. 32.

F. subaesalon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. &7.

.ffisalon lithofalco, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258.

Tinnuncnlus pennis griseis, Gmel. Reis. Sib. i. p. 49. pi. 10.

92 FALCONID^.

HypotriorcMs aesalon, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10 ; ListB. Brit.
Mus. p. 55.

Le EocMer, Buff. PI. Enl. 447. — GSrard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.
p. 58.

L'Emerillon, Buff. PI. Enl. 468. — GSrard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.
p. 60.

Stenfalken, Nilsson, Skand. Faun. pi. 4 1 .

Seneviglio, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 43.

Stone Falcon, ia^^. Syn. i. p. 93. sp. 77.

Merlin, Lath. Syn. i. p. 106. sp. 93 ; Supp. i. p. 29.

Kestril, var. B, Grey Kestril, Lath. Syn. i. p. 95. sp. 79 B.

Merlin, var. C. Falconer's Merlin, Lath. Syn. i. p. 109. sp. 93.

Habitat. — Europe. Iceland. W. Asia, Anatolia {Strickland).
Candahar (Hut ton).

149. FALCO COLUMBARIUS, Linnaeus, 1766.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 50 a. 50 b. Jard., Brit., Peale, Edinb.

Falco accipiter carolinensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 378.

F. columbarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 128. — Gmel. Syst. Nat
p. 281. — Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 44 ; Syn. i. p. 101. sp. 86
Supp. i. p. 27 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 278.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 83
— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 188. —Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 15. f. 3. —
Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 254. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn
i. p. 61. — Brew. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 683. — Richards
Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 35. — Audub. Synop. B. Am. p. 16. —
Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 28; Isis, 1832, p. 1136
Eur. & N.Am. B.p. A.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. \^.322.— Less
Tr. Orn. p. 92. — Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 382. — Sivains
Classif. B. ii. p. 212.— Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 118.—
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 1 7- — B- Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba,Ois. p. 23. —
Wedderb. Jard. Cont. Orn. 1849, p. 81. — Hurdis, Jard. Cont
Orn. 1850, p. 6.— Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 15. pi. 4. f. 9
— Giraud, B. Long Isld. p. 17-

F. obscurns, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 281. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 44
Syn. Supp. i. p. 38 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 272. — Baud. Tr. Orn
ii. p. 123.

F. intermixtus. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 141. — Lath. Gen. Hist, i
p. 136.

F. temerarius, Audub. Am. B. pis. 75, 92 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 380

F. auduboni, Blaekwall, Res. Zool.

F. aesalon, Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. pi. 25 (fern.).

FALCONlDiE. 93

Accipiter palumbarius, Catesb. Carol, i. pi. 3.

Tinnimculus coluinbarius, VieUl.O'is. Am. Sept. i. pi. 1 1 ; Nouv.
Diet. Hist. Nat. xii. p. 104 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1236.

HypotriorcMs columbarius, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 55 ;
Gen. B. fol. sp. \\.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 90.— Woodh.
(Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 60.

Lithofalco columbarius, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 26.

^salon columbarius, A7/?<^;,Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850, p. 54.

Pigeon Hawk, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 212.

Dusky Falcon, P^H/i. Arct. Zool. sp. 113 (fem. juv.).

Abbotian Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 292.

Habitat. — N. part of N. America to lat. 66° N. (summ.). United
St&tes (3Iiff.). Mexico (wint.). W. Indian Islands.

150. FALCO SEMITORaUATUS, Smith, 1830. — Mus. E. Ind.

Comp., from Abyssinia {Harris).

Falco semitorquatus. Smith, Kept. Exp. Af. p. 44 ; 111. S. Af.
Zool. Av. pi. 1 .

HypotriorcMs semitorquatus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 14 ; App.
p. 2.

Polihierax semitorquatus, ^«m^, Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850,
p. 52.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Latakoo.

151. FALCO VESPERTINUS, Linnaeus, 1766. —Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 51a. 5\ b. Jard., Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Falco vespertinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 129. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 2m.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 46 ; Syn. i. p. 102. sp. 88 ; Supp.
i. p. 27 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. \22.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 124.—
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 190. — Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 32. pi. 14.
f. 2, 3 ; Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 97 ; Enc. Me'th. iii.
p. 1232. —Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 50. — Michah. Isis, 1830,
p. S9Q.— Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 2 1 .
— Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 113. — Roiix, Orn. Prov. i.
p. 56. pis. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38.— Macyill. Rapt. B. Brit. p. 187 ;
Brit. B. iii. p. 313.

F. rufipes, Beseke,Y6g. Kurl. p. 13. pis. 3, 4. — Lath. Gen. Hist,
i. p. 124.— Terrnn. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 33, pt. 3. p. 17 ; Tab.
Meth. p. 3. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 39. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 322. — Kittl. Kupf. V6g. p. 4. pi. 3. f. l.-Farr.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. iv. p. 116; Brit. B. i. p. 44. —

94 FALC0NIDJ5.

Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 23. — Rupp.
Syst. iibers. p. 11. — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 57. — Lubb. Faun.
Norf. p. 19. — Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. i. p. 39. — Meyei',
Taschenb. deutsch.Vogelk. i. p. 64 ; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 23.
— Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. Nachtr. iii. p. 114.pl. 17.
f. 33 ; pi. 18. f. 34, 35 ; ed. nov. i. p. 311. pi. 2S.—Wern.
Atl. Ois. Eur. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 83. — Eyton, Rare Brit.
B. p. 5; Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 345. — Jard. Brit. B. i.
p. 136. pi. 7.—Thomps.'R. Irel. i. p. bO.— Watt. B. Irel.p. 6.
—Morr. Brit. B. p. 107. pi. 15.

F. subbuteo, var., Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 46 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 120 A.

F. tinnunculus, var. 1, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 181.

F. rubripes, Less. Man. i. p. 77 ; Tr. Orn. p. 93.

Erythropus vespertinus, Fetheny, Isis, 1830, p. 796. — Brehm,
Vog. Deutschl. p. 76. pi. 5. f. 4. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 3, ed. 2.
p. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 26 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 16.

Tinnunculus vespertinus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 60 ; Gen.
B. fol. sp. 13.

Der Kopez, Gmel. Reis. Sib. i. p. 67. pi. 13.

Variete du Hobreau, Bnf. PI. Enl. 431.

Le Kober, Bvff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iii. p. 201.

Rothfussiger Falk, Wolfu. Meyer, Viig. Deutschl. Ht. 18.

Ingrian Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 102. sp. 88.

Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles. W. Asia. Trebizond. S. Asia.
Bengal. Nepal. Neelgherries. N. Africa. Egypt.

152. FALCO NOV^ SEELANDI-ffi, Gmelin, 1789.— Mus. Jard.,
Brit., Zool. Soc.

Falco harpe, Forst. Ic. ined. 36, 37, 38.

F. novae seelandige, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 268. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 28 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 160 (nee pi.). — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 104. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 159. — Gray, Zool. Ereb. p. 1.

F. brunnea, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 139 ; Synop. B.
Aust. pt. 3. pi. 40. f. Z.—Gray, Dieff. New Zeal. ii. p. 186.

F. austraHs, Hombron, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. xvi. p. 312 ; Voy.
PoleSud, pi. l.f. 1.

Hypotriorchis novae zealandiae. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12 ; List
B. Brit. Mus. p. 56.

FALCONID^. 95

leracidea novse-seelandiae, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 22. — Kauj),
Monog. Falc. Cont. Oni. 1850, p. 56.

New Zealand Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 57 (nee pi.).
Habitat. — New Zealand. Auckland Islands.

Genus TINNUNCULUS, Vieillot. 1807.

153. TINNUNCULUS ALAUDARIUS, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus.
Strickland, Nos. 52 «. 52 b. 52 e. 52 d. 52 e. 52/. Jard.,
Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Tinnunculus, Albin, B. i. pi. 7 ; iii. pi. 5.

T. alaudarius, Grai/, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 8.
f. 3 ; ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 58.— Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21 ;
Consp. Av. p. 27. — Eiijip. Syst. iibers. p. 11. — Biyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 323. — Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog.
p. \5.—Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53.— Strickl.
^ Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 2\5. —Kelaart, Prod. Faun.
Zeyl.ii. p. 21.

T. interstinctus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

Accipiter alaudarius, Briss. Orn. i. p. 379.

A. tinnunculus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 393.

Falco tinnunculus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 127. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 278. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 41 ; Syn. i. p. 94 ; Supp. i. p. 25 ;
Supp. ii. p. 43 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 125. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 132. — Shaio, Zool. vii. p. 179. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. SS.—Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 91 ; Ene. Me'th.
iii. p. 1229 ; Faun. Fran?, p. 34. pi. 16. f. I, 2.—Temm. Man.
Orn. pt. 1. p. 29, pt. 3. p. 14 ; Tab. Meth. p. 2.—Boie, Isis,
1822, p. yyO.—Cuv.Uhg.An. ed. 2. i. p. 322.— Less. Tr.Orn.
p. 93. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 80 ; Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 419. — Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 744 ; Vog.
Deutschl. p. 73. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Savig. Desc.
Egyp. pt. I. p. 99. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 26. — Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 82. — Austin, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 93. — Wern.
Atl. Ois. Eur. — BaiUy, Orn. Sav. i. p. 60. — S.-Longch. Faun.
Belg. p. 5\.—Ro7ix, Orn. Prov. i. p. 58. pi. 39, AQ.— Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 62 ; Vog. Deutschl. pt. 2. —
Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. i. p. 323. pi. 30. f. 1, 2. —
Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pis. 84, 85, 88. — Leach, Syst. Cat.
Brit. Mus. p. 10. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11. — Asso, Zool.
Arag. p. f)8.—Borkh. Teutsche Orn. pis. 19 <?, 20 ? .—Bonn.
Enc. Meth. p. 5. — ^ew. Brit. B. ed. 1. i. pp. 36 c?, 37?.—

96 FALCONID^.

Mont. Orn, Diet. i. & Supp. Kes. ; ed. Renn. p. 275. — Penn.
Brit. Zool. ed. 8vo. 1812, i. p. 244. — Selbtj, 111. Brit. Oru.
i. p. 47. pis. 17, 17*. — Farr. Brit. B. i. p. 52. — Flem.
Brit. An. p. 50. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 84. — Macgill. Rapt.
B. Brit. pp. 40, 193, 468 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 325. — Jard. Brit.
B. i. p. 139. pi. S.—Thomps. B. Irel. p. bo.— Watt. B. Irel.
p. I.—Luhh. Faun. Norf. p. 19. —Morr. Brit. B. p. 121.
pi. 17. — Baik. ^ Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 28. — Knox, Orn.
Suss. (Ramb.) p. 184. — Fox, Synop. Newcast. Mus. p. 53.

F. alaudarius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 279.

F. tinnimculus y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 42; Syn. i. p. 95. sp. 79 A ;
Supp. ii. p. 44 ; Gen. Hist.i. p. 126 A.

F. fasciatus, jKe^^'. Faun. Suec. p. 70. sp. 17.

F. tirmunciQus D, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 44 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 127 C.

F. brunneus, Bechst. Taschenb. Deutsclil. i. p. 38.

F. tinnimculus japonicus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 3,
pis. 1 & 1 B.

F. rufescens, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 ; B. W. Af. i. p. 109.

F. interstinctus, M'C/eW. Proe. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 154 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. vi. p. 373.

Cerchneis tiununculus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5. — Boie.

C. murum, Brehm, Vog. Deutsebl. i. p. 70.

C. media, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 72.

Cresserelle, Buff. PI. Enl. 401, 471.

Thurmfalke, Bechst. Taschenb. DeutschK i. p. 37.

Gheppio, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 45.

Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles. Asia. Bengal {Franklin),
Dukhun {Sykes), Anatolia, Trebizond, Nepal, Boehara, Canda-
har, Japan, Assam, as T. interstinctus, M'Clel. Africa. Cape
of Good Hope (Sykes), Morocco, Senegal, as T. rufescens.
Swains. America. Greenland (iS'«62?«e) .

153 ff. TINNUNCULUS MOLUCCENSIS, Schlegel, 18— . — Mus.
E. Ind. Comp.

Falco tinnunculus, Horsf. Linn.Trans. xiii. p. 135. — Vig. Raffl.
Life, p. 650. — M«/Z. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Landk.
p. 209; Cat. Mus. E. I.e. p. 13.

F. cenchris, Temm. MS.

falconidtE. 97

Tinnunculus moluccensis, Hombr. ^' Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Ois.
J). 112 (teste Bonap.).

Java Kestrel, Swains. B. W. Af. i. p. 109.
Habitat. — Malasia. Java. Timor.

154. TINNUNCULUS CENCHRIS, Frisch, 1739. — Mus. Strick-

land, No. 53. Jard., Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Falco cenchris, Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. pi. 89. — Cuv. Reg. An.
cd. 2. i. p. 322. — Eversm. Addend. Pall. Zoog. Ross. As.
fasc. iii. p. 6. — Nauin. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. i. p. 318.
pi. 29. f. 1, 2.

F. naumaniii, Fleischer in Fischer, Jahrgang, 1818.

F. tinminculoides, Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 31 ; pt. 3. p. 15.
- — Vig.TiOoX. Journ. i. p. 339. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 40.
—Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. \29.—Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 889.—
Less. Tr. Orn. p. 94. — Gould, B. Eur. pi. 27. — Swai?is.
Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Bailhj, Orn. Sav. i. p. 66.—n^er?i.
Atl. Ois. Eur. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. iii. p. 17 ;
Zusatze, p. 18. — Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. GO.

F. tinnunciilarms, Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 36. pi. 16. f. 3 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1230. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 60. pi. 41.

F. grillajo, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 47.

F. xanthonyx, Natterer, {Naum. Anmerk. Nat. Vog. Deutschl.
ed. nov. p. 323).

Cerchneis cenchris, jBreAm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 74. — Bonap. Eur.
&N. Am.B. p. 5.

Tinnunculus cenchris, Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21 ; Consp.
Av. p. 27. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 60.
— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n, s. p. 323. — Rilpp.
Syst. iibers. p. 11.

PcBcilornis cenchi-is, Kaup, Monog. Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850,p. 53.

Falco di torre diverse, Storiadegl. Uccel. i. pi. 25.

Faucon cresserellette, B. St. Vine. Exped. Sc. Morea, pis. 2, 3.

Grey-winged Kestril, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 202.

Habitat. — S. Europe. Ionian Isles. "W. Asia. Anatolia (Strick-
land). Bengal (Blyth).

155. TINNUNCULUS EUPICOLUS,(Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strick-

land, Nos. 54 a. 54 b. Jard., Brit.

Falco rupicolus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 135. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p 9 ; Syn. Supp. p. 45 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 203. — Fieill.

H

98 FALCONIDiE.

Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 103 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1236.—
Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 237 ; 111. S. M. Zool. (sub F.
semitorquatus and rupicoloides). — Fz<7. Zool. Journ. i. pp. 329,
339. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
p. Q2.—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 9\.—Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212.

F. capensis, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. li^2. — Cuv. Rfeg. An. ed. 2. i
p. 322.

Cerchneis rupicola, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 976.

Tinnunculus rupicolus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 59. — Bonap. Cousp. Av. p. 27. — Rilpp. Syst. iibers.
p. 11. — Kavp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53.

Le Montagnard, LevaiU. Ois. Af. pi. 35.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope.

156. TINNUNCULUS RUPICOLOIDES, (Smith) 1830. — Mus.

Strickland, No. 55. Jard., Brit.

Falco rupicoloides, Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. pi. 92 ; S. Af. Quart.
Journ. J). 238.— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 29.

Tinnunculus rupicoloides, G/-«y, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; ListB. Brit.
Mus. p. !S9.—Kavp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

157. TINNUNCULUS PUNCTATUS, (Temminck) 1823. — Mus.

Strickland, No 56. Brit., Paris.

Falco punctatus, Temm. PI. Col. 45. — Fig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 339.—Steiih. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38.— Cmw. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 322. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 78 ; Tr. Orn. p. 90.

Tinnunculus punctatus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 60. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 27. — Hartl. Verz. W. Af.
Vog. 1848 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. ii. 2nd ser. p. 383.

Habitat.— l^e of France. Madagascar.

158. TINNUNCULUS CENCHROIDES, (Vigors) 1826. —Mus.

Strickland, Nos. 57 a. 57 b. Brit., Linn. Soc.

Falco, Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. iii. no. 24.

F. cenchroides, Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 183 ; Isis, 1830, p. 260.
— Stnrt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 14.

Cerclineis immaculatus, Brehm, Isis.

Tinnunculus cenchroides, Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 13 ; Intr. p. 23.

FALCONID/E. 99

— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 60. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 27.'-Kauji, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53.

ZTaiiYa^.— Australia. New S.Wales, S. Australia, Port Essington.

159. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS, (Linngeus) 1766.— Mus.
Strickland, Nos. 5cS a. 58 b. 58 c. 58 d. 58 e. Jard., Peale,
Brit., Ediiib.

Accipiter aesalon antillarum, Briss. Orn. i. p. 385.

A. aesalon carolinensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 386. pi. 32. f. 1.

A. minor, Cateslnj, Carol, i. pi. 5.

Falco sparverius, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 128.— P^mw. Arct. Zool.
pp. 211,212. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 284. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 42 ; Syn. i. p. 1 10. sp. 94 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 290.— Baud.
Tr. Orn. ii. p. 142. pi. 12.— Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 2&.— Wils.
Am. Orn. pi. 16. f. 1, pi. 32. f. 2.— James. (Wils.) Am. Orn.
i. pp. 56, 60. —ie**. Tr. Orn. p. 95. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 339 ; iii. p. 435. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 121. —
Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 38.— Cm«'. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 322.
—Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 262 ; ii. p. 51. — Richards.
Faun. Bor. Am. pi. 24. —Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 517. — Bonap.
Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 27 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1136. —King,
Zool. Journ. iii. p. 425 ? ; Voy.Beag.i.p.532.— M«:r.Beitrag.
iii. p. 116. — Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1234. -- Audub. Am.
B. pi. 142; Orn. Biog. ii. p. 246 (pi. 142).— Brew. (Wils.)
Am. Orn. Synop. p. 684. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. —
irOrbig. R. Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 25 ; Voy. Am. Mcrid.
Ois. p. 114. — Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. i. 1844,
p. 266 ; Faun. Per. Av. p. 1 10.— De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii.
p. 16. pi. 7. f. \&.— Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. Q7.—Peab. B.
Mass. iii. p. m.—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. i. p. 58.—
Beech. Voy. p. 15.

F. antillarum, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 284.

P. aesalon /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 49 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 135 A.

F. temerarius, Audub. Am. B. pi. 85 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 381.

Tinnunculus sparverius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pis. 12, 13. —

Darwin, Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 29. — Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc.

pt. 11. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 499.— Gray, Gen. B.

fol. sp. 10; List B. Brii. Mus. p. 60. — Woodh. Sitz. Exp.

Zuni & Colorad. p. 60. — Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855

p. 278; B. Calif. & Tex. p. 92.

Bidens sparverius, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 16 (quot. PI. Enl. 465).

B. dominicensis, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 16 (quot. PI. Enl. 444).
Cerchneis sparverius, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5.

H 2

100 FALCONID^.

Pcecilomis sparverius, ^««<^,Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn.l850,p.53.

Emerillon de Cayenne, Bvff. PI. Enl. 444.

Cenotzqui, Hernandez (teste Wayler).

Caribbee Merlin, Lath. Syn. i. p. 108.

New York Merlin, i«^A. Syn. i. p. 107 (fem.).

Little Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 110. sp. 94.

Habitat. — N. America generally to lat. 56° N. (summ.). United
States (resid.). Mexico, Monterey. S. America, Straits of
Magellan {King), Patagonia, Peru (Darwin), Chili. Cuba.

159 «. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIOIDES, (Vigors) 1828.— Mus.

Falco sparverioides, Fig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 436 ; Isis, 1830,
p. 1166.

Tinnunculus sparverioides, Gmy, Gen. B.fol. sp. 12. — UOrbig.
R. Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 30. pi. 1. — Fraser, Zool. Typ.
pi. 30. — Botiaj). Cousp. Av. p. 27.

Pcecilomis sparveroides, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 53.

Habitat. — W. Indies. Cuba.

\59b. TINNUNCULUS DOMINICENSIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.
Strickland, Nos. 59 a. 59 b.

Accipiter aesalon dominicensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 389.pl. 32. f. 2.

Falco dominicensis, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 285. — Daud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 143.

F. gracilis. Swains. An. Menag. p. 281.

Cerchneis isabellinus, Swains. An. Menag. p. 281.

Emerillon de St. Domingue, Buf. PI. Enl. 465.

St, Domingo Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 111.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil, Bahia. W. Indies. St. Domingo,
Trinidad, Demerara.

160. TINNUNCULUS CINNAMOMINUS, (Swainson) 1838. —
Mus. Strickland, No. 60. Brit.

Falco cinnamominus, Stvains. An. Menag. p. 281.

Tinnunculus cinnamomeus, Grar/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 1 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 62. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 27.

FALCONID^. 101

Pcecilomis cinnamominus, Kaup, Monog. Falc.Cont.Orn.1850,
p. 53 (sub. P. sparverius).

Habitat. — S. America. Chili.

161. TINNUNCULUS GRACILIS, (Lesson) 1831.— Mus. Paris.

Falco gracilis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 93. — Des Murs, Iconog. Oru.
pi. 25.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 214.

Tinnunculus gracilis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; App. p. 2.

Pcecilomis gracilis, A'a«<j:>, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53
(sub P. sparverius).

Habitat. — Sechelles Islands.

Genus HIERACIDEA, Gould. 1837.

162. HIERACIDEA BERIGORA, (Vigors) 1826.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 61 ff. 61 b. Jard., Brit., Linn. Soc.

Falco berigora, Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 184; Isis, 1830, p. 260.
—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 98.

leracidea berigora, GouldyVroc.ZooX. Soc. 1837, p. 140; Synop.
B. Aust. pt. 1. pi. 41 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 1 1 ; Intr. p. 23. — Gray,
Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1 . pi. 8. f. 4 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 57. — Bonaj). Consp. Av. p. 22. — Kaup, Moaog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 56.

Cream-beUied. Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 230.
Habitat. — ^Australia. New S. Wales. Van Diemen's Land.

162«. HIERACIDEA OCCIDENTALIS, Gould, 1844.— Mus.

leracidea occidentalis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 12. p. 105 ;
B. Aust. i. pi. 12.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2; ListB. Brit. Mus.
sub H. berigora. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 22.

Habitat. — W. Australia.

Genus HARPAGUS, Vigors. 1825.

163. HARPAGUS BIDENTATUS, (Latham) 1790.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 62 a. 62 b. Jard., Brit., Munich.

Falco bidentatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. j). 38 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 252.

102 FALCONID^.

— Baud. Tr.Orii. ii. p.l IS.—Shaw, Zool.vii. p. 175. — Temm.
PI. Col. 38, 22S.—Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 78.— Cmw. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 322.

Harpagus bidentatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 3.5. — Grai/, Gen. B. p. 3 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1.
pi. 8. f. 5; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 62. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 28. — Tschudi, Fann. Per. pp. 18, 107. — Kaup, Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 54.

H. rufipes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 213.

Diodon braziliensis, fern., Less. Tr. Orn. p. 96.

D. bidentatus, i>'0;'%. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838, p. 9;
Voy. Am. Merid. Av. p. 122.

Bidens rufiventer, Sjnx, Av. Braz. i. pi. 6.

B. albiventer, Sj)ix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 7 (juv.).

Notched Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 34. sp. 110; Supp. ii. p. 28.

Habitat.- -^v&vl\. Guiana.

164. HARPAGUS DIODON, (Temminck) 1824.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 63. Max., Paris, Leyden, Vienna.

Falco diodon, Temm. PI. Col. 198. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 78.—
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 322.

Harpagus diodon, Fz^. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. pi. M.—Simnns. Classif. B. ii. p. 2\2>.—Graij, Gen. B.
fol. App. p. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 62. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 2S.—Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 53.

Diodon braziliensis. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 95.

Bidens femoralis, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 8.

Habitat. — Brazil.

Genus HIE RAX, Vigors. 1824.

165. HIERAX C^RULESCENS, (Linnjeus) 1766.— Mus. E. Ind.
Comp.

Falco bengalensis, Briss. Orn. Supp. vi. p. 20. sp. 38.

F. cserulescens, Linyi. Syst. Nat. p. 125. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 285. —Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 50 ; Syn. i. p. 1 12. sp. 97 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 208.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. l45.~Shaw, Zool.vii.
pi. 27. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 79 ? ; Tr. Orn. p. 92. — Cuv.
Reg. An, ed. 2. i. p. 322.

FALCONIDtE. 103

F. fringillarius, Drupiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat,

Hierax caerulescens, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt, 2. p. 37. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 25.

lerax cserulescens, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 8. f. 6 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 62.

Harpagus caenilescens, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 213.

Little Black and Orange Hawk, Edv). B. pi. 108.

Bengal Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 112. sp. 97-

Habit a t . — Bengal .

166. HIERAX MALAYENSIS, Strickland, 1844. — Mus. Strick-

land, Nos. 64 a. 64 b. Jard., Brit., E.I. Comp.

Falco caerulescens, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 135 ; Zool. Res.
pi. 35 ; Isis, 1824, p. 353; 1825, p. WbZ.—Teimn. PI. Col.
97.- Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. IS.— Kittlitz, Kupf. Vog. pi. 3. f. 2.

F. caerulescens, var.. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 209, desc. ult.

Hierax caenilescens, Fig. Raffl. Life, p. 649. — Blyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 180*.

H. malayensis, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 33. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 2.

Pygmy Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 296.
Habitat. — Malasia. Malacca. Java.

167. HIERAX EUTOLMUS, Hodgson, 1844. — Mus. Brit., E.I.

Comp.

Falco caerulescens A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 208.

Hierax bengalensis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 789 ;
xii. p. 180* ; xix. p. 324.

H. eutolmus v. bengalensis, Hodys. Cat. Nep. B. nos. 51, 52. —
Gray, Misc. p. 81 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 63; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 5.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal, Arracan.

168. HIERAX ERYTHROGENYS, Vigors, 1830.— Mus. Zool. Soc.

Hierax erythrogenys, Viy. Proc. Com
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. ji. 261. — G

Habitat. — Indian Archipelago. Luzon.

Hierax erythrogenys, Viy. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 96;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. ji. 261. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

104 FALCONID.'E.

169. HIERAX SERICEUS, (Kittlitz) 1809.— Mus. Brit.

Falco sericeus, Kittlitz, Mem. Ac. Petersb. ii. p. 1. pi. 1 ; Kupf.
Vog. p. 4. pi. 3. f. 3.

F. girronieri, Eydoux, Voy. Bon. Ois. pi. 1.

Hierax sericeus. Gray, Geu. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus.

p. 63.

H. melanoleucus, Blyth, Journ. As, Soc. Beiig. xii. p. 1 79'^ ;
n. s. xix. p. 324. — G?Y/y, Gen.B. fol. sp. 4.

Habitat. — Malasia. Philippine Isles.

Genus ACCIPITER, Brissun. 1760.

170. ACCIPITER NISUS, Limueus, 17C6. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. G.5 a. 65 b. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Accipiter fringillarius, Ray, Synop. p. 18. — Albin, B. i. pi. 5 ;
iii. pi. 4. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 30. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 18. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215.
— G?-ay, Gen. B. p. 5. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11. — Selby,
111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 32. pi. 13, 13*. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ed.
Renn. p. 486. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 85. — Paget, Nat. Hist.
Yarm. p. 3.

Accipiter, i?m5. Orn. i. p. 310.

A. maculatus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 314 A.

A. minor, Briss. Orn. i. p. 315. pi. 30. f. 1.

A. nisus, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 370. — Bonap. Eur. & N.
Am. B. p. 5 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21. — Gi'ay, Gen. B. ed. 2.
p. 6 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 10. f. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32. —
Macgill. Rap. Brit. B. p. 240.— Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 63.—
JVatt. B. Irel. p. 8. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 64.

Falco nisus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 130. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 280.
— i«M.Ind. Orn.'p.44 ; Syn.i.p. 99; Sapp. i. p. 26 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 131. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 79. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 187. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 56, pt. 3. p. 28 ; Tab.
Meth. p. 5.—Cuv. Reg.An.ed. 1. i. p.321 ; ed. 2. i. p. 333.—
Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 96. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutscb. A^ogelk.
i. p. 25 ; Vog. Deutschl. pt. 1 1 ; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 18. —
Namn. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 161. pi. 18. f. 27, 28; pi. 19.
f. 29, 30 ; ed. nov. i. p. 258. pis. 19, 20.— Bechst. Taschenb.
i. p. 29 ; Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 320. — Borkh. Teutsche
Orn. (major) pis. 116,117?; (minor) pis. 1 1 8 c? , 1 1 8 ? ; (juv.)

FALCONID^. 105

pi. 120.— Frisch, Vog. Deiitschl. pis. 90, 91, 92.— TfWn. Atl.
Ois. Eur.— ^ew. Brit. B. ed. 1. i. p. If) ; ed. 2. i. p. 44. —
Far?: Brit. B. p. 62. — Penfi. Brit. Zool. i. p. 249. — Mud.
Brit. B. i. p. 97.— Mont. Orn. Diet. & Supp. W&yv.—Baik. ^'
Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 29. — Asso, Faun. Arag. p. 69. —
Lubh. Faun. Norf. p. 19.

F. minutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 131. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 50.

F. lacteus y, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 281 .

F. nisus ft, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 4.5 ; Syn. i. p. 100 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 132 x\.

F. nisTis y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 45 ; Syn. i, p. 100 ; Gen. Hist,
i.p. 133 B.

Dasdalioii fringillarius, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 94.

Sparvius nisus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 319 ; Faun.
Fran9. p. 37. pi. 1 7. f. 1, 2. — Roux, Ovn. Prov. i. p. 03. pis. 42,
43, 44.'

Nisus communis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 58.

N. elegans, Brehm, Vog. Deutsclil. p. 86. no. 1.

N. fringillarum, Brehm, Isis, 1832, p. 747 ; 1833, p. 784 ; Vog.
Heutsehl. p. 87. no. 2.

N. peregrinus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 88. no. 3.

N. fringillarius, A'ftirp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 64.

N. major, Jaub. Mot. Orn. Eur. p. 29.

Astur nisus, Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 75. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 51.

Buteo nisus, Flem. Brit. An. i, p. 55. — Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff.

p. 272.

lerax fringillarius. Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 10.

Sparviere, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 57.

L'Epervier, Bvf. PI. Enl. 412, A67.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn.
i. p. 32.

Sparviere di Fringuelli, Sepp. Nederl. Vog. iii. p. 227.

Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles. W. Asia. Anatolia Straits.
Erzeroom. Candahar. Madeira.

1 70 a. ACCIPITER NISOSIMILIS, Tickell, 1833. — Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 60 a. 06 b. Jard., Brit.

Falco nisus, Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 278.

F. niso-similis, Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 571.

106 FALCONIDiE.

Accipiter fringillarius, var., Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 649. — Jerd.
Madr. Journ. x. p. 84.

A. dussumieri, Jerd. Madr. Jourii. x. p. 84 (nee Temm.).

A. nisosimilis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 311 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. xii. p. 91.

A. nisus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 330.

Bassura Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 207.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Malasia. Sumatra.

171. ACCIPITER VIRGATUS, (Temminck) 1824.— Mus. Strick-

land, No. 07. Brit., Leyden.

Falco virgatus, Reinwardt, MS. — Temm. PI. Col. 109.

Accipiter virgatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 32. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10. — Blyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 331 . — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32.

A. dussumieri, Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 79 ;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 308.

A. besra, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 84 ; 111. Ind. Orn. pi. 4.

A. minutus?, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 882.

Nisus virgatus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 97. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 334.

Hieraspizia virgatus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 63.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. India. Ceylon. Java. Sumatra.

171 a. ACCIPITER NISOIDES, Blyth, 1847.— Mus.

Accipiter nisoides, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 727 ;
xix. p. 331.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Malacca.

172. ACCIPITER BADIUS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 68 a. 68 b. 68 c. Jard., Brit., Paris.

Falco badius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 280. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 43 ;
Syn. i. p. 96 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 210.— Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 86.

F. brownii, Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 161.

F. dussumieri, Temm. PI. Col. 308, 336. — Cur. Reg. An. ed.
Griff. Av. i. p. 5.5.

FALCONID^. 107

Nisus dussumieri, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 99 ; Tr. Orn. p. 59.

Astur dussumieri, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — Blyth, Ann.
Nat. Hist. xii. p. 91 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 308.

Accipiter dukhunensis, Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2.
p. 79 (juv.) ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 419. — Je7-d. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 83.

A. scutarius, Hotlgs. Cat. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81 (juv.).

A. affinis, Hodgs. Cat. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81 .

A. badius, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 33. — Gray, Gen, B.
fol. sp. 14. — Bonap. Consp.Av. p. 33. — AWf/«;y, Prod. Faun.
Zeyl. ii. p. 24.

Micronisus badius, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix.
p. 332. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 75. — Kaup, Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 66.

Brown Hawk, Brown, 111. Zool. pi. 3.

Calcutta Sparrow Hawk, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 205.

CMpuck Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 210.

Habitat. — India. Candahar, Nepal (Brit. Mus.).

173. ACCIPITER SOLOENSIS, (Horsfield) 1821. — Mus. Strick-
land, No. 69. Brit., Leyden, East Ind. Comp.

Falco soloensis, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 137. — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 209 ; Isis, 1825, p. 1054.

F. nisus, small var., Raffl, Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 278.

F. cuculoides, Temm. PI. Col. 110, 129.

Accipiter soloensis, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 ; Raffl. Life,
p. GA9.—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 34.— Gray, Gen. B. fol.

sp. 18.

Astur soloensis, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 94.

Nisus cuculoides. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 97; Tr. Orn. j). 61. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334. — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 211.

N. minutus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 60. — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 210.

Tachyspizia soloensis, jBTcm;), Class. Saug.u.Vdg. p. 11 7; Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 63.— Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 38.

Micronisus soloensis, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 33. — Gray, List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 75.

Habitat.— ^a.\»..

108 FALCONID.E.

174. ACCIPITER FUSCUS, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 70 a. 70 h. Jard., J. Taylor, Brit., Zool. Soc, Acad.
Philad.

Falco fuscus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 280. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 43 ;
Syn. i. p. 98 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2S2,.—Min. Cim. Phys. pi. 18.
— Baud. Tr.Orn. ii. p. 86. — Shaw,Zoo\.\\\. p. 161. — Auduh.
Am. B. pi. 374 ; Orn. Biog. iv. p. 522. — Breio. (Wils.) Am.
Orn.Synop. p. 685. — Peab. B.Mass. iii. p. 78. — Thntnps.^at.
Hist. Verm. p. 6l.—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 87.

F. dubius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 281. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 44 ;
Syn. Supp. i. p. 37 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 279. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 122.

F. velox, TFils. Am. Orn. pi. 45. f. 1. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N.
York, ii. pp. 29, 433 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 137.

F. pennsylvanicus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 46. f. 1. — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 2S0.—Temm. PI. Col. 67 (fem. ?).

F. columbarius, var., Shaio, Zool. vii. p. 189.

Accipiter velox, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 279. — Vig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. d2,S.—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 31.

A. ardosiaceus, Vieill. Enc. Metli. iii. p. 1274.

A. pennsylvanicus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 32. — Bichards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 44. — Jai-d.
Wils. Am. Orn. ii. pp. 210, 215. — Swains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 215.

A. fringilloides ?, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 434?; Isis, 1830,
p. 1165. — Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 215.

A. fuscus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5 ; Consp. Av. p. 32. —
Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 38 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. A.— Cass. B.
Calif. & Tex. p. 95 ; Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1855, p. 279.—
Woodh. Sitz. Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 61.

A. velox, Beech. Voy. Zool. p. 15.

Astur pennsylvanicus, ie««.Man.Orn. i. p. 92. — James.(yi\\s.)
Am. Orn. i. p. 70.

A. velox, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 68.

A. fuscus, De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 1 7. pi. 2. f. 2 (juv. m.).
— Giraud, B. Long Isld. p. 19.

Nisus pennsylvanicus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334. — Less.
Tr. Orn. p. 59.

N. fuscus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 64.

N. fringilloides, B'Orhig. (R. Sagra) Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 18.

FALCONID^. 109

Dubious Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. sp. 112.
Blue-backed Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 282.

Habitat. — America generally to lat. 49° N. (summ.). United
States. California (resid.). Mexico. W. Indies. Cuba.

1 74 a. ACCIPITEH STRIATUS, Vieillot, 1807.— Mus. Paris.

Accipiter striatus, Fieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 14.

Falco viellotinus, Shaw, ZooL vii. pt. 1. p. 204.

Sparvius tricolor, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 328; Enc.
Meth. ill. p. \2Q7 .—Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. <)4.

Nisus striatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

N. malfini, juv., Less.Tr.Om. p. .38. — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 209.

Le petit Malfini, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iii. p. 67.
Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne. W. Indies. St. Domingo.

174 ^.. ACCIPITER MEXIC ANUS, Swainson, 1831. — Mus. J.
Taylor.

Accipiter mexicanus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 45. — Jard.
Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 215. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32 (sub
A. fuscus). — Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 96 ; Proc. Ac. So.
Philad. 1855, p. 279.

Habitat. — Mexico (Swainson).

175. ACCIPITER FERRUGINEUS, (Nordmann) 1835. — Mus.

Strickland, No. 71. Berlin.

Falco fermgineus, Nordm. Erm. Reis. Erde, Atl. p. 16.
Habitat. — S. America. Brazil.

176. ACCIPITER PILEATUS, (Maximilian) 1820.— Mus. Strick-

land, No. 72. Max., Paris, Ley den, Vienna.

Falco pileatus, Max. Reis. Bras. ; Beitnig. iii. p. 107. — Temm.
PL Col. 205.

F. cooperi, Bonap. Am. Orn. pi. 10. f. 1 ; Ann. Lye. N. York,
ii. p. 433 ; Isis, 1832, p. \\?,1 .—James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. iv.
p. 3. — Peab. B. Mass. iii. p. 78.

F. Stanley!, Audub. Am. B. pis. 36, 141, adult; Orn. Biog. i.
p. 186.

110 FALCONID.^.

Accipiter pileatus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii, pt. 2. p. ^'6.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 32.

A. sexfasciatus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215; An. Menag.
p. 282. — Caban. Rich. Schomb. Vers. Faun. u. Fl. Brit.
Guian. p. 736.

A. cooperi, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 38 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 6. —
Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 96.

Astur cooperi, Jarf/. Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 363. — Bonap. Eur.
& N. Am. B. p. 5 ; Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 489 ; Consp. Av.
p. 31.— De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 18. pi. 4. f. 5.

Nisus pileatus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 98 ; Tr. Orn. p. 57. — Cuv.
Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.— Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 100.
— Kai/p, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 64 (exc. syns.).

Habitat. — N. America. Canada, United States. S. America.
Cayenne, Brazil, Guiana {Schomburgk, teste Swains.). Chili.
Patagonia.

177. ACCIPITER GUTTATUS, (Vieillot) 1817.— Mus. Pucheron,

Paris.

Sparvius guttatus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 327 ;
Enc. Mcth. iii. p. 1266.— PwcAer. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 13.

Accipiter guttatus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32 ? (sub A. pileatus).

Pardo y goteado, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 113. no. 24.

Habitat. — Paraguay (Azara).

178. ACCIPITER BICOLOR, (Vieillot) 1817.— Mus. Paris.

Sparvius bicolor, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 325; Enc.
Me'th. iii. p. 1265.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 92.

Nisus variatus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 61 . — Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1 850,
pp. 6,210.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne.

179. ACCIPITER EXILIS, (Temminck) 182 .—Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 73 a. 73 b. Jard., Brit.

Falco exilis, Temm. PI. Col. 496.

Accipiter rufiventris, Smitk, S. Af, Journ. i. p. 231 (syns. exc).
— Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 35 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 32.

FALCONID^. Ill

Astur perspicillaris, RUpp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 41. pi. 18. f. 2.
Habitat. — S. Africa. CaflFraria.

180. ACCIPITER APPROXIMANS, (Vigors) 1826.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 74 a. 74 h. 74 c. Linn. Soc.

Falco camus, Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. ii. no. 7.

F. nisiis S , Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 1 1 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 51 •
Gen. Hist. i. p. 223.

F. radiatus, Temm. PI. Col. 123 (juv.).

Sparvius cirrocephalus, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 328 ;
Enc. Mcth.iii. p. 1268.

Astur approximans, Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 181. — Gould,
Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 42. f. 1 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 17; Litr.
p. 21. — Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 15.

A. fasciatus, Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 181.

A. radiatus, Fiff. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 181 ; Isis, 1830, p. 259.

A. cruentus, Gould, Free. Zool. Soc. pt. 10. p. 113 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. xi. p. 528 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 18.

Nisus radiatus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 97.

Accipiter approximans, Sfrickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 335.

Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 13. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 33.

A. cruentus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.

Dark Sparrow Hawk, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 223.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales, W. Australia, Port Essino--
ton. Van Diemen's Land.

181. ACCIPITER MELANOPS,(Latham)1801.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 75 a. 75 b. Jard., Brit., Linn. Soc, Paris, Leyden.

Falco striatus. Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. ii. no. 1 .

F. melanops. Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 12 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 52.
sp. 60 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 217.

F. torquatus, Temm. PI. Col. 43, 93.

Accipiter torquatus. Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338 ; Linn. Trans.
XV. p. 182; Isis, 1828, p. 259.— Steph. Zool. xiii. pi. 33.—
Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 43. f. 2 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 19 ;
Intr. p. 21. — Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 338. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 33.

A. cirrocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11.

112 FALCONID^.

Nisus torquatus, Lath. Man. Orn. i. p. 97.
N. australis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. Gl.

Habitat. — Timor. Australia. New S. Wales. Van Diemen's
Land.

182. ACCIPITEE HIOGASTER, (Miiller) 1839.— Mus.

Falco hiogaster, MllU. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Landk.
p. 1 lO.—Buruq}. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 490.

Accipiter hiogaster, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 33.

Epervier oceanien, Hombr. ^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. p. 48.
pi. 2.f. 1.

Habitat. — Malasia. Moluccas.

183. ACCIPITER GABAR, Daudin, 1800. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 7(J a. 76 b. Jard.

Falco gabar, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 87. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp.
p. 10 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 47 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 212. — Temm.
PI. Col. 122, 140. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 202. — Licht. Verz.
Doubl. p. 61.

Sparvius gahar, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 323 ; Enc.
Me'th. iii. p. 1264.

S. leucorhous, VieiU. Enc. Metli. iii. p. 1269.

Nisus gabar, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 321 ; ed. 2. i. p. 333. —
Less. jNlau. Orn. i. p. 97 ; Tr. Orn. p. 60.

Accipiter gabar, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 34. — Smith, S. Af. Journ. p. 225 ; S. Af. Zool.
(sub A. polyzonoides). — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 16 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 38.— Strickl. ^' Sclat. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 142.

A. erytbrorhynchus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 ; B. W. Af.
i. p. 121.

A. spbenurus, juv., Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 215.

Micronisiis gabar, Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 6. — Kaup,
Class. Saiig. u. Vog. p. 119 ; Monog.Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 66. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 33.

Melierax gabar, Hartl. Abh. Geb. Naturwiss. 1852, p. 15,

Le Gabar, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 33. — Rislach, in Thunb. Diss.
Ac. iii. p. 272.

Habitat. — S. Africa {Levaill. ). W. Africa (Swains.). Malta.
Kordofan (Petherick).

FALCONIDiE. 113

183 «. ACCIPITER NiaER, (Vieillot) 1823. — Mus. Strickland,
No. "Jl . Jiiid., Brit.

Sparvius niger, r«e?7/.Enc.Mcth.pt.3.p. 1269 ; Gal.Ois.pl. 22.

Nisiis niger, Cuv. Rug. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334. — Less. Tr. Orn.
)). i.!). —Mull. Syst.Verz.V6g. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 394.

N. banksii, Mus. Paris.

Accipiter niger, Gould, Svnop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 43. f. 1. —
—Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 37.

A. gabar, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 16 ; B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 76.

Falco carbonarius, Licht. Verz. Samml. Saiig. u. Vog. Kaffernl.
p. W.—Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 215.— 6V</v/, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 20.

Micronisns niger, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 33.

Sooty Falcon, Lath. Gen. Ilist. i. p. 258.

Habitat. — Africa. Senegal ( Fm7/o^) ? Kordofan {Petherick).
Central Africa {Leyland).

184. ACCIPITER MINULLUS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 7S. Brit.

Palco minuUus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 88. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 10; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 48; Gen. Hist. i. p. 213. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 205.

Nisus minulliis, C^iv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 321 ; ed. 2. i. p. 333.
— Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 393.

Sparvius minullus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 326 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1266.

Accipiter minullus, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. j)t. 2. p. 34. — Smith, S. Af. Journ. p. 226. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 73. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 32.

Hieraspizia minulla, Kanp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 63.

Minulle, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 34.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope.

185. ACCIPITER SPHENURUS, (Riippell) 1835.— Mus. Brit.

Nisus sphenurus, Riipp. Nene Wirbelth. p. 42 ; Syst. iibers.
pp. 6, 1 1. pi. 2.— Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn.
ii. p. 394.

J 14 FALCONID.E.

Accipiter polyzonoides, Smith, S. Af. Zool. pi. 11 ? .

A. sphenurus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 15 (syn. exc). — Bonaj).
Consp. Av. p. 32 (syn. exc).

Micronisus riippelli, Kavp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 18.50,
p. 65. '

Habitat. — S. Africa. Abyssinia.

185 «. ACCIPITER BRACHYDACTYLUS, Swainson, 183/.— Mns.
Brit.

Accipiter brachydactylus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 ; B. W.
Af. i. p. 118.

Melierax splienurus, Hartl. Abh. Geb. Naturwiss. 1852, p. 15.
Habitat.— W. Africa.

186. ACCIPITER TACHIRO, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 79 a. 79 b. Jard., Brit.

Falco tacMro, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 9^.—Temm. PI. Col. 377,
420. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 1 1 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 51 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 2\\.—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 201 .

Buteo tacMro, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. AQ.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337.

Nisus tacMro, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 98. — Cnv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. ^M.—Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 64.

N. polyzonus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 58. — Pncher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 209.

Astur uuduliventris, Riiiip. Neue Wirbeltb. p. 40. pi. 18. f. 1 ;
Svst. libers, p. 12.

Accipiter polyzonus, Smith, S. Af. Zool. (sub A. polyzonoides).
— Des Murs, Iconog. Orn. pi. 61. — Graij, List B. Brit. Mus.
1844, p. 37.

A. tachiro. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 36 ; 1848, p. 71 ;
Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32.

Tachiro, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 24.
Habitat. — Cape of Good Hope. Abyssinia.

187. ACCIPITER MADAGASCARIENSIS, Smith, Verreaux, 1830.

—Mus. Brit.

Accipiter madagascariensis. Smith, Verreaux, S. Af. Journ.
p. m.—Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 72 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 7.—

FALCONIDvE. 115

Bon(q). Consj). Av. j). 32. — Hartl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. ii.

Habitat. — Madaga.sc.ar.

188. ACCIPITER FRANCESI, Smith, 18— .— Mus. Brit.

Accipiter francesi, Smith, MS. S. Af. Mus. — Hartl. Ann. Nat.
Hist. 2nd ser. ii. j). 386.

Nisus francesi, Isis, 1847, p. 173. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 7o ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 19.

Micronisus francesi, Bonap. Consp. Av. j). 33.

Tachyspizia francessi, A'a^^j^, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. IS.'iO,
p. 63.

Habitat. — Madagascar.

189. ACCIPITER SUPERCILIOSUS, (Linnseus) 1766. — Mus.

Brit., Jard.

Falco superciliosus, Linn. Svst. Nat. p. 128. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 282.— Lafh. Ind. Orn. 'i. p. 4.^ ; Syn. i. p. 102 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 294.

F. tinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. .50 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 39 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 295. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 146. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 209.

Sparvius subniger, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 319 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. \2Q3.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 92.

S. minutus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 328 ; Enc.Me'th.
iii. p. \2&7.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 93.

Nisns malfini (adult), ie^s.Tr. Orn. p. 58. — P?<cAer. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 209.

Accipiter tinus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 72 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 8. pi. 10. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 32.

Hieraspizia tinus, Kaxip, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 63.
Habitat. — S. America. Cayeime.

190. ACCIPITER TRINOTATUS, Bonaparte, 1 850.— Mus. Leyden.

Accipiter trinotatus, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 490 ; Consp.
Av. p. 33.

Astur trinotatus, Temm. Mus. Leyden.

Habitat. — Celebes.

i2

116 FALCONIDyE.

191. ACCIPITER ERYTHRONEMIUS, Gray, 1847.— Mu9. Brit.

Accipiter erythronemia, Gray, List B. Brit, Mus. \>. 7i). —
Bonaj). Consp. Av. j). 32.

Nisus erythronemius, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 64.

Habitat. — S. America. Chili, Brazil (B.M.).

192. ACCIPITER SUPERCILIARIS, (Vieillot) 1817.— Mus.

Sparvius superciliaris, VieiU. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. ]>. 329 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. ]268.—HartL Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 2.

Pardo ceja blanca, Jsar. Pax. Par. i. p. 116. no. 25.
Habitat. — Paraguay {Azard).

193. ACCIPITER TOUSSENELII, (J. & E. Verreaux) 1855. —

Mus. Verreaux.

Nisus toussenelii, J. Sf E. Verr. Ois. Nouv. Gab. Cab. Joura.
Orn. iii. p. 101.

Habitat. — W. Africa. Gaboon.

Genus A.STVRy LacqiMe. 1801.

194. ASTUR PALUMBARIUS, (Linnaeus) 1766. —Mus. Strick-
land, No. 80. Jard., Brit.

Accipiter palumbarius, ^ZS.B.ii.pl.8. — Macgill.'R,^)i. B.Brit.
p. 233. — Watt. B. Irel. p. 8. — Jemjns, Brit. Man. p. 85.

A. astur, Briss. Orn. i. p. 317. — Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 367.

A. falco gentilis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 339.

A. circus major, Briss. Orn. i. p. 398.

A. circus varius, Briss. Orn. i. p. 400.

A. stellarius, Frisch, V6g. Deutschl. pi. 73.

Falco gentUis, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 126. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 29;
Syn. i. p. 64 ; Supp. p. 17 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 1 U.—Daud. Tr.
Orn. ii. p. 102. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 122. — Bew. Brit. B.
ed. 2. i. p. 31.

F. palumbarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 130. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 269. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 29 ; Syn. i. p. 58 ; Supp. i. p. 16 ;
Supp. ii. p. 37 ; Gen. Hist. i. p.' 106. — Baud. Tr. Orn. i.

FALCONIDJi. 117

\>. [)0. pis. 1, 2 (auat.) ; ii. p. 71. — S/iuw, Zool. vii. pi. 20. —
J. Wils. Mem.Wern. Soc. ii. p. ;'){)!. ~7V«//«. Man. Orn. pt. 1.
p. 55, pt. 3. p. 27 ; Tab. Mutli. p. 1. — Mei/rv, Taschenb.
dcMitsch. Vogelk. i. p. 49 ; \o^. Liv. u. KstJil. p. IG ; Vog.
Deutschl. pt. 3.— Fox, Synop.Ncvvcastle Mus. p.51. — BorkJi.
Tcutschc Orn. pis. 32 <S y'S^"^ . — Sad, Cat. Ucc. p. 11. no. y.
— NuuDi. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 143. pis. 20, 27 ; ed. nov.
i. p. 241). pis. 17, 18.— Bec/isL Taschenb. Deutschl. i. p. 28 ;
Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 2G8. —JFern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Bew.
Brit. B. ed.l. i. p. 23; ed. 2. i. p. 28.—Yan'.Bnt. B. i. p. 57.
— Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 225. — Mont, Orn. Diet. & Supp.
Haw. — Mud. Brit. B. i. p. 95. — Bai/c ^ Jledd. Hist. Nat.
Oread, p. 28. — JJillw. Faun. Swans, p. 4. — Lubb. Fauu. Norf.
p. 19.

F. albescens, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl.

F. gallhiarius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 266. — Borkh. Teutsche Orn.
juv.

F. naevius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 266.

F. buteo y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 24 ; Syn. i. p. 49. sp. 29 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. HI.

F. buteo S , Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 24 ; Syn. i. p. 49 A.

Milviis sive Astur, Fi-isch, Vdg. Deutschl. pis. 72, 81, 82.

Daedalion palumbarius, Suvig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 93. — Less.
Tr. Orn. p. (J5. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 6. — Riipp.
Syst. iibers. p. 1 1.

Sparvius, Vieill. Anal. Orn. p. 24.

S. palumbarius, Vieill. Nouv, Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 331 ; Faun.
Frau9. p. 38. pi. 18. f. 1, 2. — Boux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 65. pi. 15.

Astur palumbarius. Cm. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 320 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 332.—Sfej}h. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 25.— (?omW, Eur. B. pi. 17.
— Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 21. —
Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 10.
f. 3. — Biiilhf, Orn. Sav. i. p. 09. — S.-Lougch. Faun. Belg.
]). Cy2.—Sellij, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 29. i)ls. 12, 12*.— 3fow#.
Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 221. — Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 62. —
Paget, Nat. Hist. Yarm. ]). 3. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
n. s. xix. }). 333 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 41. — Kaup, Monog.
Falc. Coat. Orn. 1850, p. GO.

A. galliaarum et palumbarius, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. pp. 83,
84; Isis, 1832, p. 746.

Buteo palumbarius, Flem. Brit. An. i. p. 54.

L'Autour ordinaire, Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 30.

L'Autour, Buf. PI. Enl. 418, 461.

118 FALCONTD^.

Astore, :Sam, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 55.
Lanneret, Jib. B. ii. pi. 7.
Busard, Buf. PI. Eul. 423.
Habitat. — Europe. Asia. India, Nepal.

195. ASTUR ATRICAPILLUS, (Wilson) 1808.— Mus.Peale,Jarcl.,

Edinb.

Falco atricapillus, TFHs. Am. Orn. pi. 52. f. 3. — Bonap. Nuov.
Giorn. Pisa, xxv. pt. 2. p. 55. — Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 517. —
Thomps. Nat. Hist. Verm. p. G2.

F. regalis, Temm. PI. Col. 495.

F. palumbarius, Sabine, Frankl. Exp. p. 670. — Bonap. Ann.
Lye. N. York, ii. p. 28 ; Isis, 1832, p. \\37.—Audub. Edinb.
Jom-n. Nat. Geogr. So. iii. p. 145 ; Am. B. pi. 141 ; Orn.
Biog. ii. p. 241. — Giraud, B. Long Isld. p. 18. — Peab. B.
Mass. iii. p. 77.

Astur atricapillus, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 33 ; Eur. &
N. Am. B. p. 5 ; Consp. Av. p. 31. — Jard. 111. Orn. ser. 1.
p. Vn.—Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 2SA.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. 93 ; Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. p. 279. — Kaup, Monog. Falc.
Cont. Orn. 1850, p. QQ.—Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 19.
pi. 2. f. 4 (adult), f. 5 (young m?i\G).—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S.
& Canad. p. 85.

A. palumbarius, Richards. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. pi. 26. — James.
Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 63. — Audnb. Synop. B. Am. p. 18. —
Brew. Wils. p. 685.— Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 63.

Hierofalco atricapillus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 323.

Dsedalion pictum, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 67. — Pucker. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 211.

Gentil Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. j). 203.
Habitat. — N. parts of N. America to lat. 68° (res.).

196. ASTUR NOV^HOLLANDI^,(Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strick-

land, Nos. 81 «. 81 i. Jard., Brit.. Linn. Soc.

Falco novaehollandise, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 264. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. p. 16 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 2\7.~-Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 56.

F. albus, JFhite, Voy. New S.Wales, pi. 35.— Lath. Gen. Hist.
i. p. 97 B. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 92.

F. clarus, Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. ii. no. 5 ; Ind. Orn. Sup]),
p. 13 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 54. sp. 66. desc. 1 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 226. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 184.

FALCONIDyE. 119

F. clarus, var., Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. iii. no. 3 ; Syn. 8up]).
ii. p. 54. sp. 66. desc. 2.

F. leucaetus, Forster, Desc. An. p. 70 (fig. pict. G.) ; Ic. ined. 35.

Sparvius niveus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 338 ; Enc.
Mcth. iii. p. 1270.

S. cinereus, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. j). 338.

Astur novaehollandise, Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338; Linn. Trans.
XV. p. 179 ; Isis, 1830, p. 258. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 95. —
Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 26. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332.
—Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 42. f. 2, 3 ; B. Aust. i.
pis. 14, 15 ; Intr. p. 24. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 65 ;
Gen. B. fol. sp. 6. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 31.

A. rayi, Viy. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 180 ; (var.) Isis, 1830, p. 259.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 31.

A. albus, Jard. 111. Orn. ser. 1. pi. 1. — Swains. Classif. B. ii.
p. 215.

Dsedalion candidum, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 66. pi. 12. f. I.

Leucospizia novaehoUandise, Kaup, Class. Saug. u. V6g. p. 119;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 67.

L. rail (a), Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 67.

New Holland White Eagle, Lath. Syn. i. p. 40 ; Supp. i. p. 12.

Lacteous Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 216.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales (both white and grey). Van
Diemen's Land (all white).

197. ASTUR RADIATUS, (Latham) 1801. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 82.

Falco radiatus. Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. i. no. 38 ; Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 12; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 53. pi. 121 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 222. pi. U.—Shaic, Zool. vii. p. 177.

Sparvius radiatus, T'ietll. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 340 ;
Euc. M('th. iii. p. 1272.

Haliaetus caleyi, Viy. Linn. Trans, xv. ji. 186; Isis, 1830,
p. 261.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 86 ; Tr. Orn. p. 44.

Astur radiatus, Grut/, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 189 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 4. — Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 16; Intr. it. 2] .—Bonap. Cousp.
Av. p.3I.

A. testaceus, Kaiqi, Isis, 184 7, p. 367; Monog. Falc. Cont.
Orn. 1850, p. 66.

Accipiter radiatus, Goufth Aim. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 335.
TIahilat. — Australia. New S. Wales.

120 FALCONID^.

198. ASTUR MAGNIROSTRIS, (Latham) 1 790.— Mus-Stricklaud,

Nos. 83 a. 83 h. 83 c. Jard., Brit., Munich.

Falco magnirostris, Lath. lud. Orn. p, 46; Gen. Hist. i. p. 282.
Ginel. Syst. Nat. p. 282. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 84. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 190. — Temm. PI. Col. 86 ; Tab. Meth. p. 5. —
Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 18. — Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 102.

F. insectivorus, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 8 a.

Astur inagnirostris, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Sfeph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 29. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11. — UOrbiy.
Synop, Av. Mag. Zool. 1838 ; Voy. Am. M(5rid. Ois. p. 91.

Nisus inagnirostris, Less. Man. Orn.i. p. 96 ; Tr. Orn. p. 57. —
Cvv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 333. — Tsckudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm.
Arch. p. 265 ; Faun. Per. p. 104.

Eperviere gros bee de Cayenne, Bnff. PI. Enl. 464.

Great-billed Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 103. sp. 89 ; Supp. i. p. 27.

Habitat. — Guiana. Brazil. Mexico (^^a^?er).

199. ASTUR LEUCORRHOUS, (Qiioy) 1824.— Mus.
Falco leucorrhous, Quoy, Voy. Uran. p. 91. pi. 13.

Astur leucorrhous, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 271. — Ouv. Reg.

An. ed. 2. i. ]). 332.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10 ; List B. Brit.

Mus. p. C)&.

Dsedalion leucorrhous. Less. Tr. Orn. p. GQ.

Nisus leucorrhous, IfOrhig. Consp. Av. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 265.

Asturina leucorrhous, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.

A. leucorrhoa, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 67.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil.

200. ASTUR LONGICAUDUS, (Garnot) 1826.— Mus.

Falco longicaudus, Garnot, Voy. Coq. i. p. 588. pi. 10 ; Isis,

1833, p. 71.
Dsedalion longicaudus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 67.
Astur longicaudus. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.

Habitat. — Malasia. New Guinea.

201. ASTUR MELANOLEUCUS, (Smith) 1830.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 84. Brit.

Accipiter melanoleucus. Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. p. 229.

FALCONIDiE. 121

Astur melanoleucus, Smit/i, 111. S. Af. ZodI. pi. 18. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List 13 Brit. Mus. p. 64. — Bonap. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 481).

A. smithi, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 196 ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Oni.
18r>0, p. GO.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

202. ASTUR M0NACHUS,(Vieinot)1817.— Mus.Leyden {VieilL).

Sparvius monachus, JHeill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 34 1 ;
Euc. Me'th. iii. p. 12/2.

Habitat. — Brazil {Vieilloi).

203. ASTUR POLIOGASTER, (Temminek) 1824.— Mus. Vienna.

Falco poliogaster, {Natterer) Temm. PI. Col. 2G4, 29;!.

Astur poliogaster, Fi(/. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. i)t. 2. p. 29. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 93. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 332.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9.

Nisus poliogaster, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 62.

Asturiua poliogaster, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.

Habitat. — Brazil.

204. ASTUR MONOGRAMMICUS, (Temminek) 1825. — Mus.
Strickland, No. 85. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Falco monogramriiicus, Tem?n. PI. Col. 314.

Astur monogrammicus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 93. — Quo. Reg.
An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 215 ; B.W. Af.
i. pi. 4. — Cuv. Meg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332.

Nisus monogrammicus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 57.

Accipiter monogrammicus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 17 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 76.

Melierax monogrammicus, Hart/. \'erz. W. Af. Vog. p. 15.

Micronisus monogrammicus, Bonap. C6nsp. Av. p. 34. — Jutup,
Mouog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 65.

Red-nosed. Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 201.
Habitat. — W. Africa. Senegal.

122 FALCONID.E

Genus MICRASTUR, Graij. ] 841 .

205. MICRASTUR SEMITORaUATUS, (Vieillot) 1817. — Mus.
Strickland, No. 86. Brit., Vienna, Munich.

Sparvius semitorquatus, VieUl. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 322;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1263.

Falco brachypterus, Tetnm. PI. Col. 116, 141.

F. leucomelas, Illiy. MS. Mus. Berol. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
p. 62.

Astur brachypterus, SpLr, Av. Braz. i. p. 9. — Fig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. 33S.—Stej)h. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 28.

Nisus brachypterus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 98 ; Tr. Orn. p. 62.
— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

Brachypterus, Less. Compl. Buff. vii. p. 113.

Carnifex uaso, Less. L'Echo du Monde savant, annee 9. p. 1081 ;
Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 379.

Accipiter brachypterus, Graj/, List Brit. Mus. p. 69.

Micrastur brachypterus, Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 6 ; fol. sp. 1 .
pi. 10. f. 1.

Herpetotheres brachypterus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cent. Orn.
1850, p. 71.

Negriblanco, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 124. no. 28.

Faxado, Jzar. Pax. Par. i. p. 126. no. 29.

Pied Sparrow Hawk, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 294.

Habitat. — S. America. Realejo, Baliia, Brazil, Guiana, Paraguay,
Mexico.

206. MICRASTUR RUFICOLLIS, (Vieillot) 181/.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 87. Paris, Brit., Munich, Leyden, Vienna, Berlin.

Sparvius ruiicollis, riei/l. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 322 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. ] 263. —Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 91.

Falco xanthothorax, Sj}ix,Ay. Braz. i. p. 19. — 2'em?«.Pl.Col. 92.

Astur xanthothorax, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Stej)7i. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 27.

Nisus xanthothorax, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 96 ; Tr. Orn. p. 58.
—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

FALCONID^. 123

Accipiter xanthothorax, Gray, List B.Brit. Mus. p. (i9. — Cass.
Proc. Ac. Philad. 1848, p. 88.

Micrastur xanthothorax, Grmj, Gen. B. tbl. sp. 2. — Bonuj).
Consp. Av. p. 30.

Herpetotheres xanthothorax, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. ()rn.
1850, p. 71.

Habitat. — S. America. Rio Janeiro (rulicollis). Brazil. Guiana
(xanthothorax).

2()(i«. MICRASTUR LEUCAUCHEN, (Temminck) 1823.— Mus.
Strickland, No. 88. Brit., Liverpool, Paris, Leyden, Vienna.

Falco lencauchen, Temm. PI. Col. 36. — Pucker. Rev. Zool.1852,
p. 91.

Astur leucauchen, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 92 ; Tr. Orn. p. 60. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332.

Nisus leucauchen. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 60.

Accipiter leucauchen, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 69. — Cuss.
Proc. Ac. Philad. p. 88.

Micrastur leucauchen, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.
Habitat. — Brazil.

207. MICRASTUR CONCENTRICUS,(Illiger) 18— .—Mus. Strick-
land, No. 89. Paris.

Falco concentricus, Illiger, MS. Mus. Berol.

Sparvius gilvicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 323 ;
Enc. Mc'th. iii. p. V2GA.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 91.

Nisus concentricus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 60.

Micrastur concentricus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit.

Mus. p. 69. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.
Herpetotheres concentricus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.

1850, p. 71.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne.

208. MICRASTUR GUERILLA, (Cassin) 1848.— Mus.

Micrastur guerilla, Cas
Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.— ii

Habitat. — Jalapa, Mexico

Micrastur guerilla, Cass. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1848, p. H7.—Grny,
Gen. B. fol. sji. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.

124 FALCON ID^.

Genus ISCHNOSCELSS, Strickland. 1844.

20!^ ISCHNOSCELES GRACILIS, (Temminck) 1823. — Mas.
Strickland, No. 90. Brit.

Falco gracilis, Temm. PI. Col. 91.

Astur gracilis, Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Sfeph. Zool. xiii.
l)t. 2. p. 'IG.—Grmj, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 33.— ia-
fres7i. Rev. Zool. 1848, \).2A2.—Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Seuk.
p. 249.

Nisus gracilis. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90 ; Tr. Orn. p. 63.

Isciinosceles gracilis, Strkkl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 409.

Geranospiza gracilis. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. 1848, p. d'S.—Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30.

Geranopus gracilis, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 65.

Habitat. — Brazil.

209 «. ISCHNOSCELES C^RULESCENS, (VieiUot) 1817.— Mus.
Brit., Paris {Maximilian) .

Accipiter americanus totus cinereus, etc.. Rosier, Intr. Obs.
Phys. ii. p. 146. pi. 3.

Sparvius cserulescens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 318 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. \2C^2.— Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 90.

Falco hemidactylus, Temm.V\.Co\. 3. — Ma.r. Beitrag. iii. p. 97.
F, wiedi brazilieusis. Gray, Griff. Cuv. p. 238 ?

Astur hemidactylus. Fig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 2Q.—Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senk. p. 249.

Nisus hemidactylus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 96 ; Tr. Orn. p. 63.
— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 'SS'S.—D'Orbiff. Voy. Am. Merid.
p. 86.

Ischnosceles hemidactylus, Gray, Gen. B, fol. pi. 10. f. 6. —
llartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 2.

Geranospiza hemidactylus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 30 (sub I.
gracilis).

Applomado, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 101. no. 22.

Columbine Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist, i. p. 24/..

Habitat. — S. America (r?>?7/o/). Brazil. I. of Puna.

FALCONID^.. 125

209 h. ISCHNOSCELES NIGER, (Dulxis) 1 HJ8. —Mus.

Ischnosceles niger, Dirfjus, YtnW. Ac. Roy. Brux. ; Esq. Orn.
].l. \t].—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 241.

Geranospiza nigra, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 30.

Habitat. — S. America. Guatemala. Mexico.

Genus POLIO RNIS, ifrm;?. 1844.

210. POLIORNIS TEESA, (Franklin) 1830. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 91. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Circus teesa, Fravkl. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 11.5 ;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. p. 202.

Astur hyder, Srjkes, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 79 ; Journ. As.

Soc. Beng. iii. p. 419.
Buteo teesa, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 7Q. — Gray, Hardw. 111.

Ind. Zool. pi. 30.

Butastur teesa, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 311.

Poliornis teesa, Kaup, Class. Saug. u.Vog.p. 122. — Grffy,Gen.
B. sj). 1. pi. 10. f. 2; List B. Brit. Mus. p. iJ9.—Blyth, Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 339 ; Cat. Mus. E.l.C. i. p. 40.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 18.

Zuggun Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 190.
Habitat. — Asia. S. Bengal. Nepal.

211. POLIORNIS INDICUS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Brit., Paris,

Ley den.

Falco indicus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 264.
F. poliogenys, Temm. PI. Col. 325.

Buteo poliogenys. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 103 ; Tr. Orn. p. 78. —
Cut. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 33?.— Schlcff. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 20.

Astur poliogenys, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 34.

Poliornis poliogenys. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. — Katip, Class.
Saug. u. Vog. p. 122. — Bonaj). Consp. Av. p. 18.

P. indicus, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 68.
Habitat. — Island of Luzon. Japan {Schleyel).

126 FALCONID^.

212. POLIORNIS LIVENTER, (Temminck) 1826. — Mns. Brit.,

Paris, IjCyden.

Falco liventer, Temm. Pi. Col. 438.

Biiteo pallidus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 82.

B. liventer, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Av. p. 21.

Astur liventer, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 34.

Poliornis liventer, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 07- — Kaup, Class. Saug. u. Vog. p. 122. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 18.

Habitat. — India. Java. Sumatra.

213. POLIORNIS PYRRHOGENYS, (Temminck) 1842. — Mus.

Ley den.

Buteo pyrrhogenys, Temm. Schleg. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 21.pl. 7 B.

Poliornis pyrrhogenys, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; ListB. Brit.
Mus. p. 08. — lilyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 339
(sub Buteo pygmeus).

Astur barbatus, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 227.
Habitat. — Japan.

Genus BAZA, Hodgson. 1836.

214. BAZA LOPHOTES, (Temminck) 1822.— Mus. Brit., E. Ind.
(Jom]t.

Falco lophotes, Temm. PI. Col. 10. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 77^
—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 322.

F. hubsecola, Spry, Brit. Lidia, i. p. 62.

F. lathami. Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 569.

Buteo cristatus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii.p.l221 (nee Noiiv. Diet.).
—Fucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, ]). 84.

Lepidogenys lathami, Gray, GriflF. Cuv. i. p. 30.

Lophotes indicus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 90. — GeoJ^. Nouv. Ann.
Mus. Hist. Nat. i. p. 387 .—Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 125.
—Swai7is. Classif. B. i. p. 299; ii. p. 213.

Hyptiopus lophotes. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 81. — Blyth, Ann.
Nat. Hist. xii. p, 92 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 312.

FALCON TD.E. 127

Hyptiopus, lloth/s. Jouni. As. Sor. Beiig. x. p. '17 .

Baza syama, Hodys. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. /78.

B. lophotes, Schleg. »^-3/M//.Verhand. Nat. Gesch.Ned. Bez. Av.
p. '6b.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 9. f. C;
List B. Brit." Mus. p. 40 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. G.
— Bhjth, Consp. Av. ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 325 ;
Cat. Mus. E.LC, i.p.G2. — Kelaart, Prod.Faun. Zeyl.ii.p.23.

lerax, Pears. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. G30.

Avicida lophotes, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 20.

Pernis lophotes, Kanp, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 77.

Cohy Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 165. pi. 10.

Habitat. — India generally (iJ/yM). Bengal. Nepal. Malacca.
Ceylon {Kelaart).

215. BAZA SUBCRISTATA, (Gould) 1837. —Mus. Strickland,

No. 92. Brit.

Lepidogenys subcristatus, Go%dd, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt.5.p. 140;
Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 44 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 25.

Buteo cristatus, VieU.l. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 481. —
Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 84.

Avicida subcristata, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 12/. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 20.

Baza subcristata, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 41 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 2.— Gould. Intr. B. Aust. p. 23.

Pernis subcristatus, Kaup, Isis,1847 ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 77.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales.

216. BAZA MAGNIROSTRIS, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Baza magnirostris, Gray, List B.Brit. Mus. 1844, p. ] 9 ; 1848,
p. 41. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 20.

Pernis crassirostris, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 77.
Habitat. — Philippine Isles.

217. BAZA REINWARDTI, (Miiller) 1839.— Mus.

Lophotes reinwardti, Miill. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Av.
p. 35. pi. 5.

Lophastur jerdoni, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. j). 464 ; xv.
p. 4.

128 FALCONID/E.

Avicida reinwardti, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 12P.

A. sumatrensis, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 210.
Pernis jerdoni, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

Baza reinwardti, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3.

B. jerdoni, Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2.

B. sumatrensis. Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2.

Habitat. — Malasia, Celebes, Borneo (reinvi'ardti). India? (jer-
doni). Malasia, Sumatra (sumatrensis).

Genus AVICIDA, Swainson. 1837.

218. AVICIDA CUCULOIDES, Swainson, 1837.— Mus.

Avicida cuculoides, Swains. Classif. B. ii. ]). 214 ; W. Af. B. i.
pi. 1. — Gi-ay, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 40 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6.

A. verreauxi, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1846, }>. 130. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. ])1. 9. f. 2."

A. huteoiA.es, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 132.

Pernis cuculoides, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 18.00, p. 77.

Habitat. — Africa. West Africa. Port Natal.

Genus dTMIMTDIS, Cuvier. 1817.

219. CYMINDIS CAYENNENSIS, (Gmelin) 1/89.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 93. Brit., Munich.

Falco cayennensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 264. — Lafh. Ind. Orn.
J). 28 ; Syn. i. p. .09 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 269. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 74. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 161. — Temin. PI. Col. 270 ;
Tab. Mcth. p. 4.

P. palliatus, Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 148. — Temm. PI. Col. 204.

Cymindis cayennensis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 319 ; ed. 2. i.
p. 331. — Viy. Zool. Journ. i. pp. 323, 337. — Stejih. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 23. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 91 ; Tr. Orn. p. 55. pi. 13.
f. 2. —Lafresn. Mag. Zool. ser. 1. pi. 22. — Gray, Gen. B.
p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 6 ; fol. sp. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 47 ; Gen.
& Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 20. —

FALCONIDiE. 129

F. d. Hoev. Haiidb. Dierk. }>. 809. — Kaup, Class. Saug. u.
Vog, p. 123.

C. buteonides, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 55.

Asturina cyanopus, Fieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1261.

Astur cayennensis, Spix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 8 c.

Buteo palliatus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 103.

B. cayennensis, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 103.

Le petit Autour de Cayenne, Biif. PI. Enl. 473.

Odontriorchis cayennensis, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.

1850, p. 78.

Habitat. — Cayenne. Bahia. Brazil. Guiana.

220. CYMINDIS WILSONI, Cassin, 1847.— Mus. Philadelphia.

Cymindis wilsoni, Cass. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. n. ser. i.
p. 21, pi. 7. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 21.

Habitat. — Island of Cuba.

Genus PERN IS, Ciwier. 1817.

221. PEENIS APIVORUS, (LinuEeus) 1766.— Mus. Jard., Brit,

Accipiter buteo apivorus, Bm*. Orn. i. p. 410.

A. lacertarius. Pall. Zoog. Ross. As, i. p, 359.

Falco, No. QQ, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 22.

P. apivorus, Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 5. — Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 130 ;
Faun. Suec. ed. Retz. p. 62. — Milll. Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 10. —
Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 267. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 25 ; Syn. i.
p. 52 ; Supp. i. p. 14 ; Supp. ii. p. 35 ; Gen. Hist, i, p. 76, —
Bew. Brit. B. p. 17. — Baud. Tr, Orn. ii. p. 159. — Borkh.
Teutsche Orn. pis. c? 80, ? 81, juv. 82, m.—Mont. Orn. Diet,
i. Supp. Hon. ; ed. Renn. p. 256. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 114. —
J. Wils. Mem. Wern. Soc. ii. p. 575. — Meyer, Taschenb.
deutsch.Vogelk. i. p. 39 ; Vog. Liv. und Esthl. p. 12. — Penn.
Brit. Zool. i. p. 234. — Namn. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 228.
pi. 27, f. 45, 46 ; ed. nov. i. p. 367. pis. 35, 36.— Tewm.Man,
Orn. pt. 1. p, 67, pt. 3. p. 38 ; Tab. Meth. p, S.—Selby, 111.
Brit. Orn. i. p, 22. pi. 8. — Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 85. — Lidd.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb. i. p. 3. — Fox, Trans. Nat.

K

130 FALCONID^.

Hist. Soc. Northumb. ii. pp. 182, 273. — JVern. Atl. Ois. Eur.
— Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 8. — Schemb. Cat. Orn. Malt. p. 11. —
Kaluz. Orn. Siles. p. 32. — Brandenb. Faun. March, p. 268.

F. dubius, Sparrm. Mus. Carls. ])1. 26.

F. incertus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 32. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 103.

F. gyrfalco A, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 27.

F. apivorus A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 77.

F. poliorhyncos, Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. i. p. 19.

Buteo apivorus, n^7/fA<^.0rn.]). 72. pi. 3. — ^fly,Synop. Av. p. 16.

— Jlliite, Hist. Selb. ed. 4to. p. 109 ; ed. Const, p. 133 ; ed.
18.53, p. 8G. — Billw. Faun. Swans, p. A.~VieiU. Enc. Meth.
iii. p. 1224 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 20. pi. 9. f. 1. — Roux, Orn.
Prov. i. p. 39. pls.23,24.— 5«i)/,Oru.Tosc. i. p. 3\.—Michah.
Isis, 1830, p. 889. — Jetiijns, Brit. Man. p. 88. — Bailli/, Orn.
Sav. i. p. 137. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 55.

Pemis apivorus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1 . i. p. 322 ; ed. 2. i. p. 335,

— Stejih. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 44.— Flem. Brit. An. p. 52. —
Selbij, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 62.— Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 208. pi. 19.
—Macyill. Rap. B. Brit. pp. 42, 255 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 252.—
Goidd, Eur. B. pi. \Q.—Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 3 ; Cat.

Ucc. Eur. p. 20 ; Consp. Av. p. 20.— Blt/th, Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 2. i. p. 536. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 211. — Jard. 111.
Orn. ser. 2. pi. 1. — Keyserl. ^- Blas.V^'ivhelih. Eur. p. 137. —
Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 37. — Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap.
Av. p. 24. — lUq)2i. Syst. iibers. p. 10. — Hartl. Verz. W. Af.
Vog. p. 15. — Kaup, Class. Saug. u. Vog. p. 123 ; Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 78. — De</l. Orn. Eur. i. p. 58.—
Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 271. — Paffet, Nat. Hist. Yarm.
p. 3. — Thonqjs. B. Irel. ii. p. 77. — Grai/, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2.
p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 9. f. 3 ; App. p. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 44 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6.— Watt. B. Irel. p. 1 7.
—V. d. Hoev. Handb. Dierk. p. 808.

P. communis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 75.

P. vesparum et apium, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 46 ; in Isis,
1832, p. 738.

Bondree, Buff. PI. Eid. 420.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 42.

Honey Buzzard, Alb. B. i. pi. 2. — Bellam. Nat. Hist. S. Devon,
p. 30.

Habitat. — Europe. N. Africa. Tangiers, Cerigo, Asia. Arabia.
Siberia. Japan.

FALCONID^. 131

222. PERNIS CRISTATA, Cuvier, 1817. —Mus. Strickland,
No. 94. Jaid., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Pemis cristata, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 323. pi. 3. f. 4 ; ed. 2.
i. p. 335. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 76. pi. 15. f. 1. — Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 73. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 881 ; xii.
p. 307 ; XV. p. 4; n. s. xix. p. 325. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ;
ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 43 ; Cat. Mus. E.T.C. p. 63. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 20. — Kaupy Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 78.

P. ptilorhynchus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. pi. 35. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. \02.—MilU. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Av. p. 49.
pi. 7.

P. torquata, Less. Tr. Orn. p, 7&. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4. —
Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 212. — Bes Murs,\cono^. Orn.
pi. 13.

P. ruficollis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 77. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. —
Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 212. — Bes Murs, Iconog. Orn.
pi. 14.

P. albigularis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 77. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6.
—Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 212.

P. maculosa, Less. Belang. Voy. p. 223.

P. ellioti, James. Trans. Wern. Soc. vii. p. 493. — Elliot, Madr.
Journ. x. p. 74.

P. bharatensis, v. apivoms?, Hodgs. 723, 727; Zool. Misc.
p. 81.

Falco ptilorhynchus, Temm. PI. Col. 44.

Buteo cristatus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1225. — Pucker. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 88.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India. Nepal. Java. Sumatra.

Genus MILVUS, Cuvier. 1799.

223. MILVUS REGALIS, (Brisson) 1760. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 95. Brit.

Milvus Cauda forcipata, Willug. Orn. p. 74.

Milvus, Alb. B. i. pi. 4. — Cuv. Le?. Anat. Comp. i. Tab. Ois. ;
Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 335. — Siemss. Handb. Land u.Wasservog.
p. 16. — Ray, Svnop. Av. p. 17.

K 2

132 FALCONTD^.

M. russicus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 148.

M. castaneus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 148.

M. ictinus, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 88. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. pi. 38. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Jemjns, Brit.
Man. p. 86. — 3Iont. Orn. Diet. ed. Reun. p. 282. — Billw.
Faun. Swans, p. 4. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 12.

M. regalis, Roux, Orn. Prov. i. pis. 26, 27. p. 44. — Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl. p. 49. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 70. — Bonap. Eur. & N.
Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur, p. 20 ; Consp. Av. p. 21 ; Rev.
Grit. Orn. Eur. p. 128. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 211. —
Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 14. pi. 7. f. 1 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1202.
— Macgill. Rap. B. Brit. p. 272 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 265. — Jard.
Brit. B. i. p. 218. — T/iomps. B. Irel. i. p. 70. — Kaup, Class.
Saug. u. Vog. p. 114 ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 61.

— Miihle, Orn. Griechl. p. 21. — Begl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 62. —
Keyserl. ^ JSZ««.Wirbelth. Eur. p. 140. — V. d. Hoev. Handb.
Dierk. p. 807.— Grwy, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1.
pi. 9. f. 8 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 42 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit.
Mus. p. 6. — Bailbj, Orn. Sav. i. p. 115. — S.-Longch. Faun.
Belg. p. 56. — Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 14.

M. vulgaris, Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. ed. 2. i. p. 74. pi. 5. — Flem.
Brit. \\\. p. 51. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Rambl.) i. p. 184, —
Gould, Eur. B. pi. 28. — Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 271. —
Paget, Nat. Hist. Yarm. p. 3.

Accipiter milvus regalis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 414. pi. 33 ; Svnop.
Meth. 8vo. i. p. 118.

A. korschim, Gmel. Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 444. pi. 1 1 a,

Falco milvus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 19 ; ed. Retz. p. &Q ; Syst.
Nat. p. 126. — Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 1. — Mull. Prod. Zool. Dan.
p. 9.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 261.— iaif/i. Ind. Orn. p. 20 ; Syn.
i. p. 61 ; Supp. p. 17 ; Supp. ii. p. 30 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 99. —
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 147. — • Borhh. Teutsche Orn. pt. 5.
pis. 26 (? , 27 ? .—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 103.— Meger, Taschenb.
deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 25 ; Vog. Deutschl. ii. pt. 20. — Cuv.
Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 322 ; ed. 2. i. p. 335. — Milss. Skand.
Faun. pi. 40. — Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 559. —
Penu. Brit. Zool. ed. 8vo. 1812, i. p. 229. — Bew. Brit. B.
ed. 1, p. 21. — Selbg, 111. Brit. Orn. ed. 1. pt. 1. p. 15. pi. 5.

— Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 66. — Mont. Orn. Diet. i. Supp. Kit.
—Mud. Brit. B. i. p. \Q7.—Baik.^Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread,
p. 29. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 59, pt. 3. p. 30 ; Tab.
M^th. p. 4. — Namn. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 200. pi. 23.
f. 18 ; ed. nov. i. p. 333. pi. 31. f. 1. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.
—Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 9. — Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 34. —
Schemb. Cat. Orn. Malt. p. 11. — Brandenh. Faun. March.

FALCONID^. 133

p. 'J/. — Beseke, Vciy. Kurl. p. 9. — Kaluz. Orn. Siles. p. 50.
— Bechst. Tascheub. Deutschl. i. p. 13. — Savi, Cat. Ucc. Pis.
p. 1 2. no. 1 1 .

P. milvus /5, Gmel. It. i. j). 147.

F. milvus y, Lath. Ii-.d. Orn. p. 20 ; S^-n. i. p. 63. sp. 46 ; Gen.
Hist.i. p. 101 B.

P. milvus A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 101.

MHan Royal, Buff. PI. Enl. A22.— Gerard. Tab. Elein. Orn. i.
]). 4.3.

Nibbio reale, Suvi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 35.
Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles.

224. MILVUS MIGRANS, (Boddaert) 1783. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. P6 a. 96 b. Jard., Brit.

Accipiter milvus niger, Briss. Orn. i. p. 413; Synop. Meth.
8vo. i. p. 117.

A. milvus, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 356.

Falco migrans, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl. pi. 472.

P. ater, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 2^2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 21 ; Syn.
i. p. 62. sp. 44 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 102. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 105.
—Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 60 ; pt. 3. p. ^Q.—Naum. Nat.
Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 202. pi. 24. f. 39 ; Nachtr. p. 399 ; ed.
nov. i. p. 340. pi. 31. f. 2. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Benoit,
Orn. Sicil. p. 10. — Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 35. — MUhle,
Orn. Griechl. p. 21. — Brandenb. Faun. March, p. 271. —
Schemb. Cat. Orn. Pvlalt. p. 12. — Kram. Elench. Vog. et An.
Aust. p. 326. — Donnd. Orn. Beitriig. i. p. 53.

P. austriacus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 262. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 21 ;
Syn. i. p. 62; Gen. Hist. i. p. 103 A. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 106. — Kram,. Elench. Vog. et An. Aust. p. 327. — Donnd.
Orn. Beitrag. i. p. 53.

P. fiisco-ater, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 27 ; viii.
p. 11 ; Vog. Deutschl. ii. pt. 20.

P. ater et fuscus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 53.

Milvus austriacus. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 149.

M. ater, Band. Tr.Orn. ii. p. 149. — Audouin, Desc. Egyp. pt. 4.
p. 261. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 50. — Viy. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 340. — Cvv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. ]>. 335. — Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 29. — Tem)n. Tab. Me'th. p. 4. — Dicks. Proc. Zool. Soc.
pt. 7. p. 119. — Stric/d. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 204.— Huft.

134 FALCONIDiE.

Jouru. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 775. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 56.~Bam. Orn. Sav. i. p. 121.

M. ater et fuscus, Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. i. p. 27.

M. aetolius, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 89. pi. 3. f. 1. — Less.
Tr. Orn. p. 70.—Vieill. Eno. Me'th. iii. p. 1203 ; Faun. Fran9.
p. 1.5. pi. 7. f. 2. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 47. pi. 28. — Swains.
Classif. B. ii. p. 211.

M. govinda, Si//ces, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 81 ; Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 420. — M'Clell. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 7.
p. 155 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 373. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. n. s. xix. p. 342.

M. affiniSy Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 45. f . 1 ; B. Aust.
i. pi. 21 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. lAO.—Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 4. — Sturt, Exp. Aust. i. p. 269 ; Aj)p. p. 15.

M. niger, Bonap. Eur. & N, Am. B. p, 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 20 ;
Consp. Av. p. 21. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 52, note. — Keyserl. ^
Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 31 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. j). 30.— Degl.
Orn. Eur. p. 64.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 43,

M. cheele, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 71. — Blyth, Ann. Nat.
Ilist. xii. ]). 92; xiii. p. 114; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 31 1.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; App. j). 2.

M. melanotis, Tefnm. Faun. Jap. p. 14. pis. 5 & 5 B. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; App. p. 2.

Haliaetus lineatus, Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. pi. 18.

Le Milan noir, Buf. PI. Enl. 472 ; Ois. ed. Sonn. ii. p. 238.—
Gn-ard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i, p. 48.

Nibbio nero, Savi,Orn.Tosc. i. p. 37- — Leisl. Nachtr.zu Bechst.
Naturg. Deutsch. pt. 1. p. 90.

Black-eyed Kite, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 18(i.

Cheel Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 187.

Black-shouldered Kite, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 230.

Habitat. — Europe. Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Italy,
Greece. Asia. Armenia, India, Assam, Nepal, Candahar.
(Japan, Temm.) Australia, N. & S.

225. MILVUS FORSKAHLI, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 97. Jard.

Falco, Forsk. Faun. Arab. p. 1.

F. segyptius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 261 . — Daud. Tr.Ovw. ii. p. 150,

FALCONIDiE. 135

F. forskahli, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 2^3.— Lath. Ind. Oni. p. 20 ;
Syn. Supp. i. p. 34. sp. 108 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 105. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 178.

F. parasitus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 150.

F. parasiticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 5 ; Syn. Supp. ii.
p. 30; Gen. Hist. i. p. 104.

Milvus parasiticus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 71. pi. 14. f. 1. — Swains.
Classif. 13. ii. p. 21 1 . — Kawp, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 60. — Bonap. Consp. Av,
J). 21. — Strickl. ^' Sclat. List B. Damar. Jard. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 142.

M. aegyptius, Graij, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. A\.—Hartl. Verz. W. Af. V6g. p. 14.

Parasite, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. p. 88. pi. 22.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Damara {Strickland ^ Sclater). W. Africa.
Old Calabar {Jardine).

226. MILVUS PACIFICUS, (Latham) 1801. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 98.

Falco pacificus. Lath. New S. Wales, Dr. ii. no. 6 ; Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 13 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 54. sp. 64 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 227.
— iS'Z/^w, Zool. vii. p. 186. — Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 338.

Milvus isurus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 140 ; Intr. B.
Aust. p. 22 ; Synop. B. Aust. pi. 45. f . 2 ; B. Aust. i. jd. 22.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. — Bonap, Consp. Av. p. 21.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. "Wales, W. Australia.

Genus MACHEIRHAMPHUS, ^chlegel. 18—.

227. MACHEIRHAMPHUS ALCINUS, Schlegel, 18— .—Mus.

Macheirhainplius alciuus, Schley. — Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 482 ; Tab. Ois. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. ^)M.~Graij, List Gen.
& Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6.

Habitat. — Malasia. Malacca,

136 FALCONIDiE.

Genus ROSTRHAMUS, Lesson. 1831.

228. ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS, (Vieillot) 1818.— Mus. Brit.,
Leyden, Berlin, Munich.

Herpetotheres sociabilis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, Hist. Nat. xviii.
p. 318; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1248.

Falco rostrhamus, Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 182.

F. hamatus, Temm. PL Col. 61, 231.— Illiff. Mus. Berol.

Buteo hamatus, FieilL Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1223.

Cymindis leucopygus, SpLc, Av. Braz. i. p. 7. pi. 2.

C. hamatus, Fiff. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337.—Stej)h. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 22. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 91. — Lafresn. Mag. Zool. ser. 1. pi. 20.

Rostrhamus niger, Less. Tr. Om. p. 56.

R. sociabilis, B'Orbiy. Voy. Am. Merid. ii. p. 73 ; Synop. Av.
Mag. Zool. 18.50 ; R. Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Av. p. 15. —
Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 47 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 6. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 78.

R. hamatus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 6. fol. sp. 1. pi. 9.
f. 10. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 2. — Bonaj). Consp. Av.
]). 2 1 . — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 262. — Eich. Schomb.
Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 736.

De Sociable, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 84. no. 14.
Habitat. — S. America. Brazil, Amazons {Spix).

229. ROSTRHAMUS UNCINATUS, (Temminck) 182 . — Mus.
Strickland, No. 99. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Falco uncinatus, Temm. PI. Col. 103, 104, 115.-1%. Mus.
Berl.

F. vitticaudus, Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 178.

Cymindis unciaatus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 91 ; Tr. Orn. p. 55.
— Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 337. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 22.
— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 331. — Lafresn. Mag. Zool. ser. I.
p. 2\.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. pi. 9. f. 7; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 48. — V.d.Hoev. Handb.I)ierk.p.809. — A'«?<p, Class. Saug.
u. Vog. p. 124. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 21 .

C. Cliculoides, Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 311 ; ii. j). 209.

FALCONID^. 137

Regerhinus uncinatus, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 262 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 77. — Rich. Schomb. Reis.
Brit. Guiau. p. 736.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil, Guiana.

Geuus GAMPSONYX, Vigors. 1825.

230. GAMPSONYX SWAINSONII, Vigors, 1825.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. lOOr/. 100 6. Jard., Brit.

Gampsonyx swainsonii, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 69 ; Isis, 1850,
p. 840. — Sieph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 36. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 81. — Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 301 ; ii. p. 210. — Gray, Gen.
B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 9. f. 4; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 46 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 21. — Rich. Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 735.

Falco rufifrons, Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 123.

Elanus torquatlis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 72. — Pucher. Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 14.

E. swainsonii, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 59.
Habitat. — America. Guiana {Rich. Schomb.), Brazil. Trinidad.

Genus ELANUS, Savigmj. 1809.

231. ELANUS C^RULEUS, (Desfontaines) 1787. — Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 101 a. 101 b. Jard., Brit., Linn. Soc, Zool. Soc,
E. Ind. Comp.

Falco cseruleus, Desfont. Me'm. Ac. Sc. 1787, p. 503. pi. 15.

F. vociferus. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 46 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 187. —
Z^awrf.Tr, Orn.ii. p. 160.

P. melanopterus, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 152. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Snpp. p. 6 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 28 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 188 A. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 177. — Horsf. Linn^ Trans, xiii. p. 137;
Isis, 1825, p. 1054. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 435 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 1138. — Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 78. — Temm.
Man. Orn. pt. 3. p. dZ.—Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 34.

F. sonninensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 12; Gen. Hist. i. p. 185.
— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 185.

F. clamosus, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 200.

138 FALCONID^.

Elanus csesius, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 98 ; pt, 4. p. 262.
pi. 2. f. 2.—Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. viii. p. 2A0.—Less.
Tr. Orn. p. 72.

E. melanopterus, Leach, Zool. Misc. pi. 122. — Vig. Zool. Journ.
i. p. 340 ; Raffl. Life, p. ^oO.—Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. pi. 37.
— i??-c/iH?,V6g.Deutsclil.p.78. — Ci<i?.Reg.An.ed. 2. i. p. 334.
— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 100. — Gould, Eur.B. pi. 31. — Swains.
Classif. B. ii. p. 210. — Hodgs. Madi'. Journ. vi. p. 75. —
Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 20 ; Consp.
Av. p. 22. — Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 71. — Gray, Gen. B.
p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 45 ; Gen.
& Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Rupp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 45 ;
Syst. libers, p. 11. — MUhle, Orn. Griechl. p. 16. — A'awja, Ueb.
Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258 ; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 59. — >S'cAe?H6.Vocab.Synon.Class.p.l39. — ^/yM, Journ. As.
Soc.Beng. xix. n. s. p. 326. — De^Z.Orn.Eur. i. p. 68. — Hartl.
Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 15. — Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 62 ; Cat.
Mus. E.LC. i. p. 28.— F. d. Hoev. Handb. Dierk. p. 808.—
S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 56. — Verr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p.l 74.
— Cranch, (Tuckey) Exp. Congo, App. p. 407.

E. minor, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 22.

Elanoides csesius, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1206.

La petite Buze criarde, Sonner. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 184.

Blac, Levaill. Ois. Af. pis. 36, 37.

Criard Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 38.

Black-winged Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 28.

Sonnini's Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 52.

Cotta Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 185.

Habitat. — Europe (accidental). Africa. Tripoli, Egypt, Congo,
Cape of Good Hope. x\sia. Syria, Bengal, India, Java.
Timor {Temm.).

232. ELANUS LEUCURUS, (Vieillot) 1818. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 102. Brit., Paris.

Milvus leucurus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xx. p. 556; Enc.
INIeth. iii. p. 1^05.

M. dispar, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 99.

Falco melanopterus, Bonap. Journ. Ac. Philad. v. \^. 28 ; Ann.
Lye. N. York, ii. p. 31 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 137-

F. dispar, Bonap. Am. Orn. pi. 1 1. f. 1 ; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii.
p. A-ib.—Judub. Am. B. pis. 351, 352 ; Orn. Biog. iv. ]). 367.

FALCONID^. 189

— Temm. PI. Col. 319 (juv.). — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn iv
p. 13.

Elanoides leucurus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1205.

Elanus dispar, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 72. — Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. iii. p. 3/8. — Bridxj. Proc.
Zool. Soc. pt. 1 1. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 500.— ^m-
dnh. Synop. B. Am. p. 13. — Brew. (Wils.) Synop. p. 685. —
Nutt. Man. Orn. U.S. & Canad. p. 93.

E. leucurus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Consp. Av. p. 22.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit. Mas. p. 46. — Rich.
Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 735. — Cass. B. Calif. & Te.x.
p. 106. — Kauji, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 60.

Faucon blanc, Azar. ed. Sonn. iii. p. 96. sp. 36.

Blanco, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 165.

Azara's Eagle, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 251.

Habitat. — S. parts of N. America. S. America. Paraguay, Bra-
zil, Chili.

233. ELANUS AXILLARIS, (Latham) 1801.— Mus. Strickland
No. 103. Jard., Brit.

Falco axillaris, iaM. New S.Wales, Draw. i. no. 39 ; Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 9 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 42 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 224. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 1 73.

Circus axillaris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 453 • Enc
Meth. iii. p. 1212.

Elanus melanopterus, Fiff. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 185 ; Isis, 1828
p. 261.

E. notatus, Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 23 ; Synop. B. Aust. pt. 4 ;

Proc. Zool. Soc. ])t. 5. p. 141 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 22.
E. axillaris. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 189 ; Gen. B.fol. sp. 2.

pi. 9. f. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 45.— Kaup, Monog. Falc.

Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 60.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales.

234. ELANUS SCRIPTUS, Gould, 1842.— Mus. Brit.

Elanus scriptus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 10. p. 80 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. xi. p. 401 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 24 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 22.
—Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. A(i.—Sturt,
Exp. Aust. App. p. 15. —Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 22. — Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 60.

Habitat.— S. Australia.

140 FALCONIDiE.

Genus I C TIN I A, Vieillot. 1816.

235. ICTINIA PLUMBEA, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 104. Jard., Peale, Brit., Munich.

Falco plumbeus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 283. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 49 ; Syn. i. p. lOG. sp. 92 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 287. pi. 12.—
Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 131. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 196. — Spix,
Av. Braz. i. pi. 8 6. — Te7nm. PI. Col. 180. — Licht. Verz.
Doubl. p. 61. — Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 126 ; Reis. Braz. i.
pp. 104, 170.

Milvus cenchris, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 10 bis.

Ictinia plumbea, r/e27Z.Anal.Orn.p. 24; Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.
xvi. p. 7^ ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1208. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 41. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 339. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 100 ; Tr. Orn. p. 74. — Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 304 ; ii.
p. 214. — Rich. Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 735. — IfOrbig.
Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1850; Voy. Am. Merid. p. 101.—
Tschud. Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 265 ; Faun. Per.
pp. 19, 112. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 22. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ;
ed. 2. p. 6 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 9. f. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 49 ;
Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cent.
Orn. 1850, p. 57.

Nertus plumbeus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 314.
Buteo cenchris, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337.
Pcecilopteryx plnmbea, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258.
Aztllezo, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 167-
Spotted-tailed Hobby, Lath. Syn. i. p. 106. sp. 92.
Habitat. — S. America. Brazil, Rio Janeiro.

236. ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS, (Wilson) 1808.— Mus.

Falco mississippiensis, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 25. f. 1 . — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 275. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 72. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.

F. opMophagus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. p. 103 (fern.).
F. plumbeus, Audub. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 108. pi. 1 17 ; v. p. 374.

Ictinia ophiophaga, FiW//. Gal.Ois. p. 44. pi. 17; Enc.M^th.iii.
p. 1207.— X?«*. Tr. Orn. p. 74.— ^wo2»«. Classif. B. ii.p. 214.

FALCONID^. 141

I. plmnbea, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 4 ; Ann. Lvc. N.York,
ii. p. 30 ; Isis, 1832, {). 1 137.— /«?'</. (Wils.) i. p. 368. pi. 25.
f. 1, — Brew. (Wils.) Synop. p. 685. — Audub. Synop. B.
Am. p. 14. — Tf'oodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zmii & Colorad. p. 61, syn.
e\c.—Nutf. Man. Orn.U. S. & Canad. p. 92.

I. mississippiensis, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2; List B, Brit. Mus.
p. 48 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Cass.B. Calif. &
Tex. p. \06,—Knu2h Ueb. Falk. Mus.Senck. p. 258 ; Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn 1850, p. 57.

Nertus mississippiensis, Bote, Isis, 1828, p. 314.

Milviis mississippiensis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 335.

Habitat. — S. j)arts of N. America. United States, Mexico.

Genus EUANOIDES, Vieillot. 1818.

237. ELANOi'DES FURCATUS, (Linnaeus) 1766. — Mus. Peale,
Eflinb., Brit.

Accipiter cauda furcata, Catesb. Carol, i. pi. 4.

A. milvus caroliniensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 418.

Falco furcatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 129. — Penn. Arct. Zool.
p. 210. no. 108. ]y].lO. —Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 262.— ia^^.Ind.
Orn. p. 22 ; Syn. i. p. 60 ; Supp. ii. p. 28 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 273. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 152. — Shaio, Nat. Misc.
pi. 204 ; Zool. vii. p. 107. — Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 51. f. 3. —
Audub. Am. B.i± 72; Orn. Biog. i. p. 368; v. p. 371. —
Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 31 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 138.

Milvus furcatus, Pleill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 10.

Elanoides, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 101.

E. yetapa, Fieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1205.

E. furcatus, 0?y/?/, ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 44.

Nauclerus furcatus, Vi(/. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 387 ; Isis, 1830,
p. 1043. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 101 ; Tr. Orn. p. 73. —
Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 312 ; ii. p. 210. — Bonap. Eur. & N,
Am. B. p. 4 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 20 ; Consp. Av. p. 21. —
Gould, Eur. B. pi. 30. — Audub. Synop. Am. B. p. 14. — Rich.
Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 735. — L>e Kay, Zool. N. York,
ii. p. 12. pi. 7. f. 15.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 4 ; ed. 2. p. 5 ; fol.
sp. 1. pi. 9. f. 9 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 6. — Brew.
(Wils.) Synop. p. 685. — Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad.
p. 60. — Knup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 57.

142 FALCONIDvE.

Elanus furcatus, Viy. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 49. — Ciw. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334. — James. (WWs.)
Am. Orn. i. p. 7o. — Jm'd. (Wils.) Am. Orn. il. p. 2/5. —
Jaub. Orn. Eur. p. 29. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad.
p. 94.

Cola-tixera, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 1G9. no. 38.

Habitat. — Europe (accidental). S. parts of N. America. S. Ame-
rica. Brazil.

238. ELANOIDES RIOCOURI, Vieillot, 1823. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 105. Brit., Paris.

Elanoides riocouri, Fieill. Euc. Mt'th. iii. p. 1206 ; Gal. Ois.
pi. 16. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 44. — Hartl. Verz. W.
Af. Vog. p. 14.

Falco riocouri, Temm. PI. Col. 85.

Elanus riocouri, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii.
pt. 2. p. 49. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

Nauclerus riocouri, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 386; Isis, 1830,
p. 1043.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 101 ; Tr. Orn. p. 72,.— Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. — Botiap. Consp. Av. p. 22.

N. africanus. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 210.

Chelidopteryx riocourii, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 57.

Habitat. — Senegal. Senegambia.

Genus MELIERAX, Gray. 1840.

239. MELIERAX MUSICUS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 106. Jard., Brit.

Falco musicus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 116. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 9 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 178. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 143.

F. canorus, Rislach, Thunb. Diss. Ac. iii. p. 264.

Nisus musicus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 321 ; ed. 2. i. p. 333.
— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 96.

N. canorus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 62.

Sparvius musicus, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x. p. 339 ;
Enc. Mt'th. iii. p. 1271.

FALCONID^.. 143

lerax musicus, Craach, (Tuckey) Exp. Congo, App. p. -107.

Accipiter musicus, Vig. Zool. Journ. i. p. 338. — Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. '2. p. 34. — Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 119.

Astur musicus, Tig. Denh. Trav. Af. App. p. 195 ; Isis, 1829,
p. 1263. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 21.5.

Melierax musicus, Gray, Gen. B. p. .5 ; ed. 2. p. 6 ; fol. sp. 1 .
pi. lU. f. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 77 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit.
Mus. }). 7. — Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 2.59 ; iMonog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. (iQ. — Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog.
p. 14. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 34.

Paucon chanteur, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 27.

Chanting Falcon, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 40.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope, CafFraria. W. Africa.
Congo, Gambia.

240. MELIERAX POL YZONUS, Riippell, 1835.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 107. Jard., Brit.

Nisus polyzonus, RUpp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 36. pi. 15.

Astur polyzonus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 31 .

Melierax polyzonus, Biq^i. Syst. ubers. p. 12. —Strickl. Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 215.

M. musicus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 77.
Habitat. — N.Africa. Abyssinia, Nubia, Sennaar (Rilpp).

Genus POLYBOROIDES, Smith. 1830.

241. POLYBOROIDES RADIATUS, (Scopoli) 1786.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 108. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Vultur radiatus. Scop. Del. Faun. Ins. pt. 2. p. 85.

Falco madagascariensis, ])aud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 75. — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 161. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 169-

F. gymnogenys, Temm. PI. Col. 307.

Sparvius madagascariensis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. x.
p. 339 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1271.

Polyboroides typicus. Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 107;
111. S. Af. Zool. pp. 81, S2.—Bupp. Syst. iibers. p. 12.

P. capensis, Smith, S. Af. .Journ.

144 FALCONID^.

P. radiatus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. G ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 11.
f. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 78 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 8. — Haiti. Burmeist. Zeit. f. Zool. &c. 1848 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. 2 ser. ii. p. 383 ; Verz. W. M. Vog. p. 14. — Bonap.
Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 4/9 ; Consp. Av. p. 12.— StricM. Proc.
Zool. Soc. 18.50, p. 216.

Msus gymnogenys, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 334.

Gymnogenys madagascariensis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 64.

G. radiatus, Kauj), Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 260 ; Monog.
Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 71.

L'Autour a ventre raye de Madag., So/i/^e?-. Voy. Ind. pi. 103.

Morphne a joues nues, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90.

Madagascar Falcon, LMth. Syn. Supp. i. p. 32.

Habitat. — Madagascar. Cape of Good Hope. Kordofan. Gold
Coast (Smith).

Genus SAGITTARIUS, Vosmaer. 1767.

242. SAGITTARIUS SECRETARIUS, (Scopoli) 1786. — Mus.
Jard., Brit.

Sagittarius, Fosin. Monog. &c.

Otis secretarius. Scop. Del. Faun. Ins. pt. 2. p. 93.

Falco serpentarius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 250.

Vultur serpentarius. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 8 ; Syn. i. p. 20. ])1. 2 ;
Supp. i. p. 4 ; Supp. ii. p. 9 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 38. pi. 7-

V. secretarius, Shaw, Cim. Phys. pi. 28.

Secretarius reptilivorus, Dat(d. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 80. pi. 1 1 .

Serpentarius, Cnv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 338.

S. africanus, Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 14.

S. cristatus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 16. pi. 3. i. 2.

S. reptilivorus, Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 6; fol. sp. 1.
pi. 11. f. S.—Riipp. Syst. iibers. p. 1 2.

S. secretarius. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 77 ; Gen. & Subgen.
Brit. Mus. p. 8.

Ophiotheres, Vieill. Anal. Orn. p. 59.

0. cristatus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 260 ; Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 1187.

FALCONID.E. 145

Gypogeranus serpentarius, Illig. Prod. Mam. et Av. p. 234. —
Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208. — Temm. Tab. Meth. p. 2. —
Riipp. NeueWirbelth. p. 43. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 12. —
HartL Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 15.

G. reptilivorus, i2«w^. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 50.

G. africanus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 4.

G. capensis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 104.

G. pMlippensis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 105.

G. gambiensis, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 105.

Messager du Cap de B. E., Buf. PI. Enl. 721.

Mangeur de Serpens, Levaill. Ois. Af, pi. 25.

Le Secretaire, Sonner. Voy. Nouv.Guin. pi. 50 (inacc).

Bird from the East Indies, Edw. Phil. Trans. Ixi. p. 55. pi. 2.

Habitat. — Africa. Gambia, Cape of Good Hope, Abyssinia.

Genus CIRCUS, Lacepede. 1800.

243. CIRCUS ^RUGINOSUS, (Linnseus) 1766.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 109 rt. 109 ^'. Jard., Brit.

Milvus aeruginosus, Albin, B. i. pi. 3.

M. ictinus. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 9.

Accipiter circus palustris, Briss. Orn. i. p. 401.

A. circus rufus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 404.

Falco milvus aeruginosus, Klein, Prod. Av. p. 5.

F. aeruginosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 130. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 2^1.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 25 ; Syn. i. p. 53 ; Supp. p. 15 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 87. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 165. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. pp. 113, 150. — Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. p. 24. sp. 19.
— Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. p. 43. — Frisch, Vog.
Deutschl. pi. 77- — Meisn. Syst. Verz. Vog. i. p. 6. — Sepp,
Nederl. Vog. i. p. 15.— Lewin, Brit. B. i. p. 22. pi. 8.—Baik.
^' JLedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 29.— Nitssch, Pterolog. p. 94.
— Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 5. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. p. 498. — Miill.
Prod. Faun. Dan. p. 10. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl., alte
Ausg. iv. p. 190. pi. 22. f. 35, 36, 37.

F. rufus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 266.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 25 ; Syn.

146 FALCONIDiE.

i. p. 51 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 89. — Lnm. Faun. Suec. ed. Retz.
p. &b.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. Idd.—Shaw, Zool. vii. pp. 113,
150. — Frisch, Vbg. Dentschl. pi. 78. — Meyer, Taschenb.
deutsch. Vogelk. iii. p. 11. — Penn. Brit. Zool. ed. 1812, i.
p. 237. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1 . i. p. 325 ; ed. 2. i. p. 338. —
Mvdie, Brit. B. p. 103.— Jan-. Brit. B. i. p. 90.— Selhij, 111.
Brit. Orn. i. p. 24. — Kmip, Thierr. p. 253. — Malh. Faun.
Sicil. p. 40. — Schetnfj. Orn. Malt. p. 16. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel.
p. 497. — Navm. Nat. Vog. Dentschl. ed. nov. i. p. 378.
pis. 37, 38.— Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 69, pt. 3. p. 39 ; Tab.
Meth. p. 6. — Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 15. — Schuh, Faun. March,
p. 263.

F. arundinaceus, Beehst. Naturg. Dentschl. i. p. 681. sp. 19.

F. krameri, Kram. Blench, p. 328. no. 7.

F. aeruginosus, var.. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 89 B.

Circus seruginosus, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1 . p. 90.— Steph. Zool.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 41. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B, p. 5 ; Cat. Ucc
Eur. p. 21 ; Consp. Av. p. 34. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. SG.—Vieill
Faun. Fran9. p. 24. pi. 10. f. 1 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1209. —
Mo7it. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 326.—31ac(fin. Brit. B. p. 382
Rap. B. Brit. p. 289. — Thotnps. B. Irel. i. p. 78. —W^att. B
Irel. p. 19. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. \86.—I{aup, Ueb
Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258; Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850
p. 59. — MUhle, Orn. Grieehl. p. 23. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 5
ed. 2. p. 6 ; fol. sp. 13 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 82.— Keyserl
^ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 141. — Paget, Nat. Hist. Yarm
p. 3.

C. rufus, Suvig. Desc. Egyp. i. p. 91. — Roux, Orn. Prov. p. 26.
pis. 13, 14, 15. — Brehm,Y6g. Deutschl. p. 91. — Fieill. Faun.
Fran9. p. 25. pi. 10. f. 2 ; Enc. Meth, iii. p. 1209.— Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 86.—Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 79. — Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 32.— Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 1 13. — Bicks. Proc.
Zool. Soc. pt. 12. p. 64.—Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 66. pi. 9.
—Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 238. pi. 24.— Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 14.
— Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 141. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 57.
— Reichenb. Prakt. Nat. Vog. p. 136. — Begl. Orn. Eur. i.
p.71.

C. arundinaceus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 91; Isis, 1832,
p. 750.

C. variegatus, %^e5, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 81 ; Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. iii. p. 420.

C. sykesi, Less. Comp. Buff.

C. rufus et aquations, Brehm, in Isis, 1832, p. 836.

FALCONID^. 147

Buteo seruginosus, Fletn. Brit. An. p. 55. — Jenyns, Brit. Man.
j). yy. — Diliw. P'aun. Swans, p. 4.

B. nifus, Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11.

Busard de marais, Buf. PI. Enl. A2A.—Gh-ard. Tab. Elem.Om.
i. p. 39.

Harpaye, L'«//'. PI. Enl. AQO.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 4 1 .

Wasser-weilie, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. i. p. 683.

Sumpf-weihe, Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vcigelk. i. p. 43.

Falco di palude, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 60.

Rufous-eared Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 179.

Konta Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 193. sp. 11?.

Muskooroo Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 193. sp. 118 ?

Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles. Africa. Egypt, Tripoli,
Morocco. Asia. Smyrna {Strickl.). Bengal, Trebizond,
Erzeroom, China, Bochara, Candahar.

244. CIRCUS CYANEUS, (Linn^us) 1766. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 110 a. UQb. UOc. Jard., Brit.

Pygargus, Albin, B. i. pi. 5 ; iii. pi. 3.

Accipiter falco torquatus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 345.

A. falco montanus cinereus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 355.

A. lanarius cinereus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 365.

A. lanarius albicans, Briss. Orn. i. p. 367-

A. macrourus, Gmel. in Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 439. pis. 8, 9 ;
It. Sib. i. p. 48.

A. variabilis, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 364.

Falco montanus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 352. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 278. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 48 ; Syn. i. p. 93. sp. 78 ; Gen,
Hist. i. p. 118. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 128. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 183.

F. cyaneus, Linn. Syst. p. 126 ; Faun. Suec. ed. Retz. p. 64. —
Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 276. — Kerr, Trans. Gmel. p. 513. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. p. 39 ; Syn. i. p. 88 ; Supp. i. p. 22 ; Gen. Hist, i .
p. 94. — Baud. Tr. Oni. ii. p. 174. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 163.
— Geoff, in Bull. Soc. Philom. pt. 4. p. 101. pi. 12. f. 1. —
Wiedm. Arch. Zool. iv. pt. 2. p. \S^.—Bew. Brit. B. ed. 1. i.
}). 33.— P^-zjH. Brit. Zool. p. 68. pi. A 6 ; ed. 1812, i. p. 239.

L 2

148 FALCONID^.

pi. 29 s . — ikfow^.Orn.Dict. i. & Supp. ; Lin n. Trans, ix. p. 182.
— Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 25. pi. 10. — Lewin, Brit. B. i.
p. 42. pi. 18. — Mudie, Brit. B. i. p. 100. — Baih. ^ Hedd.
Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 30. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 72 ;
pt. 3. p. 41 ; Tab. Meth. p. 6, — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch.
Vogelk. i. p. 45. — Malh. Faun. Sicil. p. 38. — Beseke, Vog.
Kurl. p. 9. — Bechst. Taschenb. Deutschl. p. 25. sp. 20. —
Frisch, Vog. Deutscbl. pis. 79, 80. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.

F. pygargus, Lhm. Syst. Nat. p. 126; Faun. Suec. ed. Retz.
]). 65. — GmeJ. Syst. Nat. p. 277. — Kei-r, Trans. Gmel. p. 513.
— Lath. Syn. i. p. 82. sp. 67 ; Supp. p. 22. — Cuv, Ann. Mus.
Hist: Nat. xiv. p. 301 . — Bew. Brit. B. ed. 1 . p. 35. — Penn.
Brit. Zool. ed. 1812, i. p. 24Q.—Selhy, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 25.
pi. 10. — Namn. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. p. 391. pis. 38,
39. — Nitzsch, Pterolog. p. 94. — Kmip, Thievr.]). 254. — Scop.
Ann. 1st, p. 14. — Berkh. Synop. i. p. 1 1. — Beseke, Vog. Kurl.
p. 9. — Lewin, Brit. B. i. p. 44. pi. 18*.— Mudie, Brit. B. i.
p. \00. —Baik. ^ Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 30.

F. macrourus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 269. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 29;
Syn. i. p. 59. sp. 41 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 77. — Baud. Tr, Orn. ii.
p. 90. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 160.

F. communis E, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 270.

F. griseus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 275. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 37 ;
Syn. i. p. 82. sp. 67 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 90. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 114.

F. albicans, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 276. —Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 39 ;
Syn. i. p. 87.

F. montanus /3, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 278. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 48; Syn. i. p. 94 A; Gen. Hist. i. p. 118 A.

F. bohemicus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 279. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 43 ;
Syn. Supp. ii. p. 43 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. l^Q.—Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 136.

F. rubiginosus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 27 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 36 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 88 A. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 167. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 170.

F. cyaneus, fern.. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 39.

F. montanus cinereus, Ba^td. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 128.

F. ranivorus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. ii. p. 7.

F. strigiceps, Nilsson, Orn. Suec. i. p. 21.

F. plumbeus cauda tessellata, Klein, Av. Prod. p. 52.

FALCONID^. 149

Circus gallinarius, Savig. Desc. Egyp. i. p. 91. — Less. Tr. Orn.
J). 84. — Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 4.59; Faun. Fran9.
p. 26. pi. 1 1. f. 1, 2.—B0UX, Orn. Prov. i. p. 28. pis. 16, 17.

C. variegatus, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 466 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1216.

C. cyaneus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 105. — Bote, in Isis, 1828,
p. 306. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 33. — Brekm, Vog. Deutschl.
pp. 93, 94 ; Isis, 1832, p. 839.—Bonap. Cat. Uce. Eur. p. 22.

— Graij, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 11. f. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 78. — Bailhj, Orn. Sav. i. p. 145. — Beichenb. Prakt, Nat.
Vog. p. 135. pi. 10. — Deffl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 74. — Schemb. Orn.
Malt. p. 16. — Miihle, Orn. Griechl. p. 2.2.—Benoit, Orn.
Sicil. p. 16. — Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 14. — KeyserJ. ^ Bias.
Wirbelth. Eur.p. 1 40. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 57. — Paget,
Nat. Hist. Yarm. p. 3.

C. pygargus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 41. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212. — Schulz,
Faun. Mareh. p. 264.— 3/«7/. Prod. Faun. Dan. p. 10.

C. cyaneus et pygargus, Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. 1833, i. p. 68.
pi. 10. — Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 94. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 53. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 247. — Macgill. Brit, B. iii.
p. 366 ; Rap. B. Brit. p. 298.— Jarrf. Brit. B. i. p. 227. pi. 22.

— Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. S\.— Watt. B. Irel. p. \9.—Knox,
Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 186.

C. cinereus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 94 ; Isis, 1832, p. 843.

C. agithus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. pp. 9, 10.

Buteo cyaneus, Jenyns, Man. Brit. p. 89. — Dillw. Faun. Swans,
p. 4. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11.

Strigiceps pygargus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5. — Gray,
Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 7.

S. cyaneus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 35. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 78 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 7. — Kaup, Monog. Falc.
Cent. Orn. 1850, p. 58.

Soubuse, Biif. PI. Enl. 443, Am.—Geranl. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.
p. 37.

Oiseau St. Martin, Buf. PI. Enl. 459. — Gerard. Tab. Elem.
Orn. i. J). 43.

De Swemmer, Sepip, Nederl. Vog. iv. p. 391.

Albanella reale, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 63.

Blue Hawk, Edw. B. pi. 225.

Grey Falcon, Peun. Brit. Zool. sp. 49.

150 FALCONID.E.

Hen Harrier, Mont. Orn. Diet. i. & Supp. (sub F. cyaneus et
pygargus).

Habitat. — Europe. Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Holland.
Morea. Ionian Isles. Asia. Smyrna {Strickland). Trebi-
zond, Candahar. Africa (Levaillant) .

244 a. CIRCUS HUDSONIUS, (Linnaeus) 1766.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 1 1 1 a. 1116. Jard., Peale, Brit., Zool. Soc, Edinb.

Accipiter freti hudsonis, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 18. sp. 47.

Falco hudsonius, X?j«?«. Syst. Nat. p. 128. — Gtnel. Syst. Nat.
p. 277, juv. — Lath. Syn. i. p. 91. sp. 76 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 97.
sp. C. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 173. — Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 165.

F. spadiceus, Ginel. Syst. Nat. p. 273. — Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii.
p. 383.

F. bufibnii, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 277 (fem. & juv.). — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 98 B.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 172.

F. uliginosus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 278. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 40;
Syn. i. p. 90 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 271 . — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 1 73.
— Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 51. f. 2. — Sab. App. Fraukl. Exp,
p. 671.

F, cyaneus y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 40 ; Syn. i. p. 91. sp. 76 A. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 166.

F. cya,nevis, Audub. Am. B. pi. 356. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn.
iv. p. 21. — Bonap. Am. Orn. pi. 12 ; Ami. Lye. N. York, ii.
p. 33 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1038.— Pe«i. B. Mass. p. 82.

F. cyaneus ft, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 40.

F. europogistus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 110.

F. hyemalis, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 8 ; Syn. Supp. ii.
p. 39.

F. seruginosus, var., Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 117.

F. picatus, Shav.1, Zool. vii. p. 167.

Circus europogistus, VieilL Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 8.

C. hudsonius, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 9. — Cass. B. Calif. &
Tex. p. 108.

C. variegatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 37.

C. uliginosus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 37. — Be Kay, Zool.
N. York, ii. p. 20. pi. 3. f. 6, 7. —James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i.
p. 88.

C. cyaneus, Bunap. Ann. Lye. N. York, p. 33. — Jard. (Wils.)

FALCONIDtE. 151

Am. Orn. ii. p. 272 ; iii. p. 391. — Richards. ^Swains. Faun.
Bor. Am. pi. 2'J.—JHdMb. Synop. p. 19.— Brew. (Wils.) N.
Am. Orn. Synop. p. G8.5. — Peale, U.S. Explor. Exp. p. C3. —
Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zvmi & Colorad. p. 61. — Nutt. Man.
Orn. U.S. & Canad. p. \Qd.—Giraud, B. Long Isld. p. 21.—
Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 78.

Strigiceps uliginosus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5. — Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 58.

S. hudsonius, iJoHop. Consp. Av. p. 35.

Ring-tailed Hawk, Edw. B. pi. 107.

Marsh Hawk, Edw. B. pi. 291. f. dext.

Chocolate Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. sp. 94. pi. 9. f. 2.

Bay Falcon, Lath. Syn. i. p. 54. sp. 34. var. A, B.

Habitat. — America generally to lat. 68° N. (summ.) S. United
States (wint.). Guatemala (S. Constancia).

245. CIRCUS RANIVORUS, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Jard., Brit.

Falco ranivorus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 170. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 7 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 35 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 181. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 1/1.

F. pygargus, Kaup, Thierr. p. 254.

Circus ranivorus, Jard. ^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 1. sub pi. 51. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 358.— ie^s.Tr. Orn. p. 86.—FieiU.
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 456 ; Enc. Me'tli. iii. p. 1214. —
Kawp, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. j). 258 ; Monog. Falc. Cont.
Orn. 1850, p. 59. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 84.

Grenouillard, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 23. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 105.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

246. CIRCUS SWAINSONI, Smith, 1830. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 112 a. 112 6. 112e. Zool. Soc.

Falco cyaneus A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 96.

F. herbsecola, Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 570.

Circus swainsoni, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 384 ; S. Af
Zool. pis. 43, 44. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 22 ; Consp. Av.
p. 3b.— 'Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 81.—
Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 329. — Kelaart,

152 FALCONIDiE.

Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 25.— Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck.
p. 258.

C. cyaneus, Frankl. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 115.

C. albescens, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 85.

C. pallidus, Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 80 ; Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 420. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 34. — Jerd.
Madr. Journ. x. p. 78.

C. dalmatinus, Ulipji. Mus. Senck. pi. 1 1 ; Neue Wirbelth. p. 45.

C. aequipar, Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 14.

Strigiceps pallidus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5.

Glaucopterjrx pallidus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,

p. 58.

Habitat. — S. Europe. Asia. Dukhun, Bengal, Erzeroom. Africa.
Senegal, Cape of Good Hope.

247. CIRCUS CINERARIUS, (Montague) 1791.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 113. Jard., Brit.

Falco cinerarius, Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. p. 188 ; Orn. Diet. —
Aikin, Zool. Journ. v. p. 323. — Nitzsch, Pterolog. p. 94. —
Selbij, 111. Brit. Orn. 1825, i. p. 28. pis. 1 1, 1 1 a.—Bew. Brit.
B. ed. 2. p. 37.—Mudie, Brit. B. p. 102.

F. cineraceus, Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 76 ; pt. 3. p. 42. —
Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. iii. p. 13. — Wern. Atl.
Ois. Eur. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. p. 402. pi. 40.
f. 1, 2, ?>.—Kaup, Thierr. p. 2b2>.—Malh. Faun. Sicil. p. 39.
— Schemh. Orn. Malt. p. 17. — Miihle, Orn. Griechl. p. 22.

F. cinerascens, Barbier, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 121.

F. hyemalis, Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 100. — Penn. Brit. Zool. ed.
1812, i. p. 243.

Circus montagui, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 411 ;
Euc. Meth. iii. p. 121 1 ; Faun. Fran?, p. 27. pi. 12. f. 1, 2 ;
Gal. Ois. pi. 13. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 84. — Sivains. Classif. B.
ii. p. 212.— Boux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 30. pis. 18, 19.— Deyl. in
Me'm. Soc. Sc. Lille, 1831, p. 216.— Lafresn. M6m. Soc. Ac.
Falaise, i. p. 77 ; Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 139. — Knox, Orn. Suss.
(Ramb.)p. 186.

C. cinerascens, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 41. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. Sl.—Reichenb. Prakt. Nat.
Vog. p. 135. pi. 10. — Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 16. — Schulz, Faun.
March, p. 264. — Keyserl. ^- Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 141. —

FALCONID^. 153

Bli/fh, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 330. — Kelaart, Prod.
Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 26.

C. cineraceus, Cu«. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 338. — Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 35. — Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 7S.—Bonap. Cat.Ucc. Eur.
p. 22.— Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 7Q.—Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. 1833,
i. p. 70. pi. 11. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 7. — Macgill.
Brit. B. p. 378 ; Rap. B. Brit. p. 316. — Jard. Brit. B. i.
J). 234. pi. 23. — Thomps. B. Irel. p. m (sub C. cyaneus). —
IFatt. B. Irel. p. 20. — S.-Longch. Faun.Belg. p. 57. — Eversm.
Add. Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. fasc. iii. p. 7. — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i.
p. US.—Lubh. Baun. Norf. p. 14.

C. pratorum et cineraceus, Brehm, V6g. Deutschl. pp. 95, 96 ;

Isis, 1832, ])p. 846,849.

C. cinereus, Kaup, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258.

C. cinerarius, Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 9.

Buteo cineraceus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 55. — Jenyns, Man. Brit.
p. 9. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11.

Strigiceps cineraceus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 5 ; Consp.
Av. p. 35.

Glaucopteryx cinerascens, Kaup, Monog.Falc.Cont.Orn. 1850,

J). 58.

Mausehabicht, Meyer, in xAbh. Privatges. Bohm. vi. p. 313.

Falco albaneUa rossica, Storia degl. Ucc. pi. 36/ male.

Albanella piccola, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 65.

Ash-coloured Falcon, Beio. Brit. B. i. p. ?,! .—Lath. Gen. Hist
i. p. 'd2.—Mont. Orn. Diet. & Supp.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary,
Poland, Austria, Dalmatia. Asia. Trebizond. India.

2A1a. CIRCUS ATER, Vieillot, 1816.— Mus. Paris.

C. ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 459 ; Ene. Meth.
iii. p. 1215. — Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 82. — Bonap. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 492.

Habitat. — France. Chartres {M. Marchand).

248. CIRCUS MAURUS, (Temminck) 1827. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 114. Brit., Leyden.

Falco maurus, Temm. PI. Col. 461.

Circus lalandi, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. i. p. 383.

154 FALCONIDiE.

C. maurus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 87. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.
1844, p. 41 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. S.—RUpp. Syst. iibers. p. 12.—
Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. pi. 58. — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 82.

C. ater, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 80. — Bonap. Cousp.
Av. p. 35.

Strigiceps maurus, Kaup, Ueb. Falc. Mus. Senck. p. 258 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 58.

Habitat. — Cape of Good Hope.

249. CIRCUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 115 a. 115 b. Jard., Brit.

Falco melanoleucus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 274. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 36 ; Syn. i. p. 81 ; Supp. i. p. 20 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 183.—
Penn. Ind. Zool. p. 33. pi. 2. — Forsf. Faunul, Ind. p. 5. —
Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 85, — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 154.

F. melanoleucus, var., Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 40 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 184 A.

Circus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 105.

C. melanoleucus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, Hist. Nat. iv. p. 465 ; Enc.
Mcth. iii. p. 1215. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 42.— Cmw. Reg,
An. ed. 2. i. p. 338.— ie^s.Tr.Orn, p. S7.—Vig. Zool, Journ.
i. p. 340. — Jerd. Madr. Journ, x, p, 79. — M'ClelL Proc,
Zool, Soc. pt. 7, p. 154 ; Ann. Nat, Hist, vi, p. 373. — B/yth,
Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 91 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n, s. xix,
p, 330.— Gmy, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B, Brit. Mus. p. 80;
Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 26.—Keluart, Prod. Faun, Zeyl. ii. p. 26.

Strigiceps melanoleucus, i?o?«ff/j. Consp. Av. p. 35. — Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 58.

Faucon a collier des Indes, Somier. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 182.

Tchoug, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 32. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 105.

Habitat. — India. Nepal.

250. CIRCUS JARDINII,Gould,1837.— Mus. Strickland, No. 11 6.
Jard., Brit.

Circus jardinii, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 141 ; Synop.
B. Aust. p. 3 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 27 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 23. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 82. — Sturt,
Exp. Aust. App. p. IQ.—Miilf. Verb. Nat. Gescb. Ned. Bez.
Landk. p. 87-

FALCONIDiE. 155

Spilocircus jardinii, ;r«?<;j, Isis, 1847, p. 102; Monog. Falc
Cont. (Jrii. 1850, p. 58.

Long-shanked Falcon, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 270.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales. Malasia. Macassar
{MUller).

251. CIRCUS ASSIMILIS, Jardine & Selby, 1826.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 117 «. 117 6.

Circus assimilis, Jard.^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. 1. pi. 51.— Gould,
B. Aust. i. pi. 6 ; lutr. B. Aust. p. 23. — Gmi/, Zool. Ereb.
p. 2 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 12 ; List B. Brit.Mus. p. 83. — Kaup,
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 59.

C. gouldi, Bonap. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 491.

C. jardinii, Bonap. Cousp. Av. p. 34.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales. S. Australia. Van Die-
men's Land. New Zealand {Gray).

252. CIRCUS MACULOSA, (VieiUot) 1807. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 1 18. Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Aquila maculosa, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 3 h\%.—Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 246.

Circus macropterus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 458 ;
Enc.Mctli. iii. p. 1215. — D'Orbig. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool!
1837 ; Voy. Am. Me'ricl. p. 112. —Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 82. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 34.

C. leucoplirys, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 464 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1215, — Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 82.

C. palustris, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 105. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 340. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt, 2. p. 42. — Guv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 338.

C. superciliosus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. S7 . pi. 3. f. I.— Pucher. Rev.
Zool. 1850, p. 214.

Falco palustris, ZaM. Gen. Hist. i. p. 27 G.— Max. Trav. Braz.
p. 93 ; Reis. Bras. i. p. 1 10.— Tetnm. PI. Col. 22.

Morphnus maculosus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 319 ; ed. 2.
p. 330. — Steph. Zool. xiii, pt. 2. p. 18. — Viy. Zool. Journ. i.
pp. 323, im.'Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90.

Harpyia maculosa, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 208.

156 FALCONID^.

Spiziacircus macropterus, Kaup,\Jeh. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 258 ;
Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 59.

Alikargo, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 136. no. 31.
Habitat. — S. America. Brazil.

253. CIRCUS MEGASPILUS, Gould, 1837.— Mus.

Circus megaspilus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 10. — Darw.
Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 29. — Gra^j, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10. pi. 11.
— Bonap Consp. Av. p. 34 (sub C. macropterus).

Habitat. — S. America. La Plata.

254. CIRCUS CINEREUS, VieiUot, 1816. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 119 a. 119 ^z. Brit.

Circus cinereus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 454 ; Enc.
Mt'tli. iii. p. 1213.— Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 30.— D'0r6?>.
Sjnop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1837 ; Voy. Am. Me'rid. Ois. p. 110.
— Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist,
xiii. p. .500. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; App. p. 2 ; List B.
Brit. Mus. p. 80.

C. campestris, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1213.

C. histrionicus, Quoy, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 271. — King, Zool.
Journ. iii. p. 425 ; Isis, 1830, p. 1 182 ; Voy. Beag. i. p. 532.
— Less. Tr. Orn. p. 85. — Jard. ^ Selby, 111. Orn. ser. i. sub
pi. 51.

C. frenatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 62 ?

Falco histrionicus, Quoy, Voy. Uran. p. 93. pi. 15, 16.

Strigiceps histrionicus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 35.

Spiziacircus histrionicus, iTaw^, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 59.

Ceniciento, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 145. no. 32.

Habitat. — S. America. Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan,
Chili.

254 «. CIRCUS ACOLI, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Acoli, Lecaill. Ois. Af. pi. 31. — Rislach,i\\'Y\i\inh. Diss. Ac. iii.
p. 271.

Falco acoli, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 176. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp.
p. 9 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 42 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 173. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. pi. 23.

FALCONIDiE. 157

Circus acoli, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 453 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1212. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 105. — Vig. Zool.
Journ. i. p. 339. — Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. A2.—Cuv. Reg.
An. ed. 2. i. p. 338.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. m. — Boncqj. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 492 ; Consp. Av
p. 35.

Strigiceps acoli, Eaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 58.
Habitat.—^. Africa. W. Africa, Congo.

255. CIRCUS SPILONOTUS, Kaup, 1850.— Mus. Zool. See.

Circus spilonotus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850, p. 59.
Habitat. — Asia.

158

STRIGID^.

Genus GL AU C ID lU M, ^oie. 1826.

250. GLAUCIDIUM PASSERINUM, (Linnfeus) 1766. — Mus.
Strickland, Nos. 120 «. 120 b. Jard., Brit.

Strix passerina, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 133 ; Faun. Suec. p. 26.
sp. 79. — Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 86. sp. 36. — Tenym. Wetterau.
Handl. 1793, p. 294. — NiJss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 69. pi. 3. —
Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1285. — Gould, B. Eur. pi. 50. —
Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. \36.—Miill. Prod. Zool. Dan. p. 11.

S. tengmalmi, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 16 ; Syn. Supp.

ii. p. 66. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 267.
S. pusilla, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 205. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 368.

sp. 74.

S. pygmsea, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 978. — Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 83 ; Vog. Deutschl. pt. 20 ;
Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 38. — Gravenhorst, in Isis, 1832,
p. 1292.

S. acadica, Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 96 ; pt. 3. p. 50. — Naum.
Nat. Vog. Deutschl. Nachtr. p. 182. pi. 25 ; ed. nov. i. p. 434.
pi. 43. f. 1, 2.— Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.

S. bohemica, Schmidt.

Glaucidium nanum, Boie, in Isis, 1826, p. 976.

G. passeriniun, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 22 ; Consp. Av. p. 36. — Gi-ay, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 8.
— Brehm,\6g. Deutschl. p. 108.

Noctua pygmsea, Steph. Zool. vii. pt. 2. p. 63.

N. acadica, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 345.

Surnia passerina, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 51 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1050.— A^awp, Mouog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 107.

Athene passerina, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 93 ; Gen. B. fol.

sp. 10.
A. africana, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 36 (sub Glaucidium passeri-

num) .

La Cheveche, Buf. PI. Enl. 439.

STRIGID^. 159

Chevechette, Levuill. Ois. Af. pi. 46. — Bu^'. Ois. ed. Souii. iv.

p. 187.

Habitat. — N.E.Europe. N.Asia. Africa. Sennaar (/^wp^^e//) .

Genus ATHENE, Boie. 1823.

2.'-)7. ATHENE NOCTU A, (Retzius) 1800. —Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 121 «. 121 b. Jard., Brit.

Noctua, Alb. B. ii. pi. 12.

N. glaux, Saviff. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 105.

N. minima, Frisch, Vog. Deutschl. ii. pi. 10.

N. passerina, Stej)h. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 63. — Ctw. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p.345.— ,Se%, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 107. pi. 26.— r«n-.
Brit. B. i. p. U2.—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 103.

Strix noctua minor, Briss. Orn. i. p. 514.

S. passerina, Gmel. S^^st. Nat. p. 296. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 65 ;
Syn. i. p. 150 ; Supp. i. p. 48 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 369 — Asso,
Faun. Arag. p. 71. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 203. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 264. — Meyer,Taschenb. deutsch.Vogelk. i. p. 80; Vog.
LiA^ u. Esthl. p. 36. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 367. —
Meisnei; Vog. Schweitz, p. 36 ; Syst. Verz. p. 9. — Savi, Orn.
Tosc. i. p. 76 ; Cat. Ucc. Pisa, p. 12. no. 17. — Michah. Isis,
1830, p. 893. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 92, pt. 3. p. 49 ;
Tab. Mcth. p. 7.— Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.— ^^>^7^. Faun. Fran?,
p. 47. pi. 22. f. 2.—R0UX, Orn. Prov. i. p. 78. pi. 53.

S. noctua, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 85. — Lichf. Cat. Berl. sp. 618.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 39. — BaiUy, Orn. Sav. i. p. 194. —
Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 271. pi. 32. f. 53 ; ed. nov.
i. p. 493. pi. 48.f. 1.

S. persica, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 26 ; Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. Vim.—Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 18.

S. psilodactyla, Nilss. Skand. Faun.

S. nudipes, Nihs. Orn. Suec. i. pi. 2. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 48.

Athene passerina, Boie, in Isis, 1822, p. 549. — Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl. p. 110.

A. noctua, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 22.
— Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 7 ; fol. sp. 1.

A. bactriana, Hutt. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. ]). 77^.

160 STRIGID^.

Surnia noctua, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. Au. p. 48 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1049 ; Nuov. Giorn. Pisa, xxv. pt. 2. p. 58.

Nyctipetes, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 218.

Scotophilus nudipes, Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 274.

Syrnia psilodactyla, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 417.

Cephaloptjmx noctua, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 105.

La Cheveche, Buf. PI. Enl. 439. — Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i.
p. 78.

Strige Civetta, Ram. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 161.

La Civetta, OUna, Uccell. p. 56. — Cetti, Sard. p. 66.

Little Owl, Edw. B. pi. 228.

Habitat. — Europe. Asia. Anatolia {Strickland), Persia (=per-
sica, Vieill.). Candahar. Ionian Isles. Africa. Egypt.

257 «. ATHENE MERIDIONALIS, (Risso) 1826.— Mas.

Noctua meridionalis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Nice, i. p. 32. — Less.
Man. Orn. i. p. 110.

Athene meridionalis. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp.44. — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 105.

Habitat. — Vicinity of Nice.

258. ATHENE CUNICULARIA, (Molini) 1782. — Mus. Strick-
land, No. 122. J. Taylor, Brit., Munich, Leyden, Vienna.

Strix noctua coquimbana, Briss. Orn. i. p. 525.

S. cunicularia, Mol. St. Chil. p. 343.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 292.
sp. 28. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 63 ; Svn. i. p. 145. sp. 33 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 365. — Daud. Tr. Orn. 'ii. p. 201 . — Meyen, Nov.
Act. Leop. Carol, xvi. Supp. p. 70. — Licht. Verz. Doubl.
p. 59. — Audub. Am. B. pi. 432 ; Orn. Biog. v. p. 264 ; Synop.
p. 22.— Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 1 18. — Bonap.
Am. Orn. p. 68. pi. 7. f. 2 ; Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. pp. 36,
435; Isis, 1832, p. 1 \39.— James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. iv. p. 30.
— Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 48. — Mux. Beitriig. iii. p. 248 ;
Reis. Bras. ii. pp. 191, 344 ; Zusatze, p. 128. — Say, (Long.)
Exp. ii. pp. 36, 200.

S. grallaria, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 2\.—Te7nm. PI. Col. 146.

Ulula cunicularia, FeuilUe, Journ. Obs. Phys. p. 562. — Jard.
(Wils.) Am. Orn. iii. p. 325.

STRIGlDiE. 161

Noctua grallaria, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 6". — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. Ill ; Tr. Orn. p. 102. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 346.

N. cunicularia, Darw. Journ. Res. p. 145. — VOrhig. Synop.
Av. Mag. Zool. 1838 ; Voy. Am. Mcrid. p. 128.

N. urucurea, ie^^.Tr.Orn. p. 103. — r*eAi<c?i,Av.Consp.Wiegm.
Arch. 1844, p. 267 ; Faun. Per. pp. 19, 116.

Otus cunicularia, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 341.

Surnia cunicularia, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 50 ; Isis,
1833, p. 10.50.— De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 23.

Nyctipetes cunicularia, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 218.

Athene cunicularia, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6 ; Consp.

Av. p. 38. — Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 31. — Rich. Schomb.

Verz. Faun. Brit. Guian. ii. p. 731. — Bridg. Proc. Zool. Soc.

pt. 1 1. p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 500.— Gmy, Gen. B.

fol. sp. 19 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 92. — Peale, U. S. Expl.

Exp. p. 77. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 4.
A. hypogsea, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 39 (sub A. cunicularia. Say).
A. hypugaea, Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 62. —

Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 78.
A. socialis, Gamb. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iii. p. 47.
Pholeoptjrnx cunicularia, Kaiip, Monog. Strig.Cont.Orn. 1852,

p. 106.
Urucurea, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 214. sp. 47.

Habitat. — N.W. parts of N. America. Missouri Plains. Mexico.
S. America. Brazil, Minas Geraes, Para, Chili, La Plata. W.
Indies. St. Nevis, St. Domingo.

259. ATHENE DOMINICENSIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.

Strix domiuicensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 296. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

p. 64 ; Syn. i. p. 146 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 348. — Shaw, Zool. vii.

p. 261. — Donnd. Orn. Beitriig. i. p. 176.
S. suinda, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 341 ; Enc. Me'th.

iii. p. 1293.

Noctua dominicensis, Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 267; Faun. Per. p. 115.

Athene dominicensis. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 26. — Hartl. Syst.
Ind. Azar. p. 3. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 38.

Suinda, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 205. no. 45.

La Chouette de St. Domiugue, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 145.

Habitat. — St. Domingo.

162 STRIGID.E.

260. ATHENE FERRUGINEA, (Maximilian) 1820.— Mus. Strick-
land, Nos. 123 a. 123 b. Jaid., Brit., Leyden.

Strix ferruginea, Max. Reis. Bras. i. p. 105 ; Trav. Braz. p. 88 ;
Beitrag. iii. p. 2M.—Temm. PI. Col. 199.— ia^. Gen. Hist.
i. p. 373.

Noctua ferruginea, Stejjh. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 69. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. Ill ; Tr. Om. p. 104. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 346. — Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 267 ;
Faun. Per. pp. 19, 117.

Sumia ferruginea, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 56 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1053.

Athene ferruginea. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 17; List B, Brit.
Mus. p. 92. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 38.

Glaucidium ferrugineum, Kaup, Monog.Strig.Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 104.

Sparrow Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 373. pi. 17.
Habitat. — Brazil.

260 ff. ATHENE LATHAMI, (Bonaparte) 1830.— Mus.

Surnial lathami, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 56.
Rufous Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 375.
Ciccaha lathami, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

Habitat. ?

261. ATHENE FEROX, (Vieillot) 1817. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 124. Brit.

Strix ferox, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 22; Enc. Meth.
iii. p. 1289.

S. minutissima. Max. Reis. Bras. ; Beitrag. iii. p. 242.

S. pumila, Tetnm. PI. Col. 39.— Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 60.

Noctua pumila, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 68. — Less. Man. Orn.
i. p. 112 ; Tr. Orn. p. 104.— Cm??. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 346.

N. ferox, D'Orbig. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838.

Sumia? minutissima, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. R^g. An. p. 57; Isis,
1833, p. 1053.

Athene pumila, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 14 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 92. — Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 4.

STRIGID^. 163

A. ferox, Bridy. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 1 1 . p. 109 ; Ann. Nat. Hist.
xiii. p. 500.

A. minutissima, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 38.

Strix pumila, Illig. Mus. Berl. 11

Glaucidium pumilum, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 103, sub G. pumilum.

Le Cabure, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 225. no. 49.
Habitat. — Paraguay. Brazil. Chili.

262. ATHENE INFUSCATA, (Temminck) 1821. — Mus. Paris,
Ley den (Max.).

Strix infuscata, Temm. Ind. General ; Man. Orn. i. p. 97 (sub
acadica) .

S. passerinoides, Temm. PI. Col. 344. — Auduh. Orn. Biog. v.
p. 2/1. — Rich. Schomb. Verz. Faun. Brit. Guian. ii. p. 731.

Noctua passerinoides, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 112 ; Tr. Orn.
p. 104.

Sumia passerinoides, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. i. p. 57 ; Isis,
1833, p. 1053.

Glaucidium gnoma, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 275. — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 103 (sub G. iufuscatum).

G. infuscatum, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 103.
—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 189.

Athene passerinoides, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 18 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 92.

A. gnoma, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 35.

A. infuscata, Bonap. Consp. A v. p. 37-

Habitat. — America. Mexico. Oregon. California (Cassin).
Brazil.

263. ATHENE PERLATA, (Vieillot) 1817. — Mus. Brit., Paris,

Leyden.

Strix perlata, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 26 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1290.

S. occipitalis, Temm. PI. Col. 34.

Noctua occipitalis, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 63. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 1 \\.—Cuv. Rfeg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 346.

M 2

164 STRIGID^.

Surnia? perlata, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 58 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1054.

Scotophilus perlatus, Swains. B. W. Af. i. p. 130.

Nyctipetes perlatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 218.

Athene perlata, Gray, Gen. B.fol. sp. 12; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 91.— Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. \6.—Miill. Syst. Verz.
Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 396.

Glaucidimn perlatum, Katip, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 104. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 37.

Chevechette perl6e, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 284.

Pearl Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 366. sp. 72.

Habitat. — Africa. Sennaar, Senegal, Senegambia, Gambia.

264. ATHENE LICUA, (Lichtenstein) 1842. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 125. Jard., Leyden.

Strix licua, Licht. Verz. Saug. u. Vog. KafFernl. p. 12.

Glaucidium licua, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 104.

Athene licua, Strickl. ^ Sclat. B. Damar. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 142. — Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii.
p. 396.

Habitat. — S.W. Africa. Damara.

265. ATHENE CONNIVENS, (Latham) 1801.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 126 a. 126 6.

Falco glaucopis. Lath. N. S. Wales, Dr. ii. no. 95.

F. connivens, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 12 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 53;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 221. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 186.

Buteo connivens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 481 ; Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1226.

Noctua frontata. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 106. — Pueher. Rev. Zool.
1849, p. 21.

Athene? fortis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 141 ; Synop.
B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 47. f. 1.

A. connivens. Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 189 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 31 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 90.— Gould, B. Aust. i. pi. 34 ;
Intr. B. Aust. p. 24. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

A. frontata. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 34.

STRIGID.E. 165

leraglaux connivens, Kaup, Monog, Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 109.

Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales. S. Australia. W, Australia.

266. ATHENE BOOBOOK, (Latham) 1801. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 127. Jard., Brit., Linn. Soc.

Strix novae hoUandiae, Lath. N. S.Wales, Dr. ii. no. 8.

S. boobook, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 15 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 64 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 362.— .SAaw, Zool. vii. p. 262.

Noctua boobook, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 113. — Fig. Linn. Trans.
XV. p. 188; Isis, 1828, p. 262.

Athene boobook, Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 48. f . 2 ; B.
Aust. i. pi. 32 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 23. — Grey, Journ. Aust. i.
p. 244. — Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 1 7. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 30 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 9Q.—Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 42.

leraglaux bubuk, (Strickl.) Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 108.

New Holland Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 334.

Habitat. — New S. Wales. S. Australia. W. Australia. Port
Essington.

267. ATHENE STRENUA, Gould, 1837.— Mus. Brit.

Athene strenua, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 142 ; Synop.
B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 47. f. 2 ; B. Aust. i. pi. 35 ; Intr. B. Aust.
p. 24.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 32 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 91.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

leraglaux strenua, Z^a?/^, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 109.
Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales.

267 «. ATHENE RUFA, Gould, 1846.— Mus. Wilson, Philad.

Athene rufa, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 14. p. 18 ; B. Aust. i.
pi. 36 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 24. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

leraglaux nifus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 109.

A. strenua, juv., H. E. S. MS. ?

Habitat. — Australia. Port Essington.

166 STRIGIDtE.

268. ATHENE MACULATA, (Vigors and Horsfield) 1826.— Mus.

Brit., Linn. Soc.

Noctua maculata, Vig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 189; Isis, 1830,
p. 2^2.— Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 13.

Athene maculata, Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 48. f. 1 ; B.
Aust. i. pi. 33 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 24. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 29 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 89. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 42.

leraglaux maculatus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108.

Habitat. — New S. Wales. Van Diemen's Land.

268 a. ATHENE MARMORATA, Gould, 184G.— Mus.

Athene marmorata, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 14. p. 18 ; Tntr.
B. Aust. p. 24. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 42.

leraglaux marmoratus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108.

Habitat. — S. Australia.

269. ATHENE NOV^ SEELANDI^, (Gmelin) 1789. — Mus.

Jard., Brit.

Strix fulva, Forst. Icon. Ined. 39. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 65 ;
Syn. Supp. i. p. 48 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 365. — Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 202. — Shaw, ZooL vii. p. 266. — Licht. Forst. Desc. Av.
p. 71.

S. Mva (j. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 65 ; Syn. i. p. 149 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 366 A.

S. novae seelandiae, Gmel. Sj'st. Nat. p. 296. — Donnd. Orn.
Beitrag. i. p. 175.

Noctua zealandica, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. pi. 2. f. 2.

Athene novae seelandise, Gray, in Dieff. N. Zeal. ii. p. 186 ;
Zool. Ereb. p. 2 ; Gen. B. fol. sp.28 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 89.
— Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 42.

leraglaux novae seelandiae, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 108.

Habitat. — New^ Zealand.

270. ATHENE BRAMA, (Temminck) 1822. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 128. Jard., Brit., Paris.

Strix brama, Temm. PI. Col. 68.

STRIGID^. 167

Noctua brama, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 65. — ie«*.Man. Orn.
i. p. 1 12 ; Tr. Orn. p. \0^.—Cuv. R^g. An. ed. 2. i. p. 346.

N. indica, Frankl. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 1 15 ; Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. i. p. 262. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc.
pt. 2. p. 82 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 421. — Bicks. Proc.
Zool. Soc.pt. 7. p. 119.

N. tarayensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 175.

Surnia? brama, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 58 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1054.

Athene brama, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. pp. 93, 231 ; Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 51 1 ; Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calc. p. 39.
—Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2. pi. 12. f. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 87. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 39. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 105 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 65.

Spotted Indian Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 352.

Habitat. — India. Bengal. Dukhun. Carnatic. Erzeroom
(Dickson) . Africa ?

271. ATHENE CUCULOIDES, (Gould) 1832.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 129 «. 129^. 129 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Noctua cucnloides, Gould, B. Himal. pi. 4. — Fiy. Proc. Comm.
Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 8; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i. p. 262. —
Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 369.

N. auribarbis, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 369.

Athene cuculoides, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; ListB. Brit. Mus.
p. 87 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 66. —Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 40.
— Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. p. 510 ; Cat. B. Mus. As.
Soc. Calc. p. 38. — Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 67-

A. auribarbis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. App. p. 3.

Tsenioglaux cuculoides, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 106.

Habitat. — Asia. Himalaya, Malabar, Assam, Tenasserim, Sylhet,
Arracan, Nepal, Chusan.

272. ATHENE RADIATA, (Tickell) 1833. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 130 a. 130 b. 130 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Strix radiata, Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 572.

S. undulata, Buchanan.

Athene erythroptera, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 136. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 88.

168 STRIGIDiE.

A. undulata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soft. Beng. xi. p. 457.

A. radiata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 281; xix. n. s.
p. 510; Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calc. p. 39 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C.
i. p. G/. — Boaap. Consp. Av. p. 40.

Noctua perlineata, Hodys. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82. no. 707.

N. cuculoides, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 91.

Tsenioglaux erythroptera, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn . i 85 2,
p. 106.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Himalaya. Upper and Central India.

273. ATHENE CASTANOPTERA, (Horsfield) 1821.— Mus. Brit.,

Paris, Leyden, E. I. Comp.

Strix castanoptera, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 140; Isis, 1825,
p. 1055. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 354. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
pp. 109, \U.—Viy. Raffl. Life, p. GbX.—Temm. PI. Col. 98.

S. spadicea, Reinw. MS.

Noctua castanoptera, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 69. — Cmw. Reg.
An. ed. 2. i. p. 346.— Ze**. Tr. Orn. p. 105.

Athene castanoptera, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 280.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 88. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 40 ; Cat. Mus. E.LC. i. p. 67.

A. castanotus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Calc. p. 38. — Ke-
laart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 27.

Taenioglaux castaneoptera, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 106.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Indian Archipelago. Java. Banda. Suma-
tra. Ceylon {Blyth, Kelaart).

274. ATHENE MALABARICA, Blyth, 1845.— Mus.

Athene castanoptera, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiv. p. 120. — Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 184. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 40
(sub castanoptera). — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (sub cas-
tanoptera) .

A. malabarica, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng, xv. p. 280 ; n. s.
xix. p. 500.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Malabar. Travancore.

275. ATHENE SUPERCILIARIS, (Vieillot) 1817— Mus. Paris.

Strix superciliaris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 33 ;
Eiic.Meth.iii. p. 1293.

STRIGIDJE. 169

S. sonnerati, Temm. PI. Col. 21 .

Noctua sonnerati, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 64. — Less. Man.
Oru. i. p. 1 11 ; Tr. Orn. p. 102.— Cmw. Reg. An. i. p. 346.

Surnia ? sonnerati, Bonajj. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 58 ; Isis,
1833, p. 10.'")4.

Athene sonnerati, lilyth, Journ. As. Sec. Beng. xiv. p. 185. —
Grau, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7.

A. superciliaris, Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 19. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. App. p. 30 «. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 39.

Scops superciliaris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix.
p. 509.

leraglaux superciliaris, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 107.

Habitat. — Malay Peninsula, and Archipelago (Blyth).

276. ATHENE BRODIEI, (Burton) 1835. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 131. Brit., Chatham.

Noctua brodiei, Burt. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 3. p. 152.

N. tubiger, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 175. — Gray, Zool. Misc.
p. 82 ; Cat. Hodgs. Coll. p. 50.

Athene brodiei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 163 ; xix.
n. s. p. 511. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 40. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 88. — Hutt. Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xvii. pt. 2; p. 5 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 66.

A. badia, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82. — Gray, List B. Brit.
Mus. 1844, p. 51.

Glaucidium brodiei, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 104.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Himalaya. Nepal.

277. ATHENE CAPENSIS, Smith, 1834.— Mus. Brit.

Athene capensis, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. ser. 2 ; 111. S. Af.
Zool. pi. 33.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 91. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 37. — Miill. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 396.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape Colony (Smith),

170 strigidtE.

278. ATHENE NANA, (King) 1828.— Mus. Jard., Brit.

Strix nana, King, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 427 ; Isis, 1830, p. 1 182 ;
Voy. Beag. i. p. 533.

A. leucolaima, Hombr.^Jacq.Yoj. 'Pole Sud, Atl. pi. 4. figs. 2,3.
— Bonap. Consp, Av. p. 40.

A. nana, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 15 & 41. pi. 12 ; List B. Brit,
Mus. p. 91. — jBowa^'- Consp. Av. p. 37- — Hombr. ^Jacq.Yoy.
Pole Sud, iii. p. 54.

Glaucidium nanum, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont.Orn. 1852,p. 103.
Habitat. — S. America. Straits of Magellan.

279. ATHENE WOODFORDI, Smith, 1834. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 132. Jard., Brit.

Noctua woodfordi, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. 1834.

Athene woodfordi. Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. pi. 71. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 13; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 9\.—Hartl. Verz. W. Af.
Vog. p. 15. — Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii.
p. 396.

Syrnium woodfordi, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 52. — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Cape of Good Hope. W. Africa. Gambia.

280. ATHENE FUSCA, (Vieillot) 1817.— Mus. Paris.

Strix fusca, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 22; Enc. Me'th.
iii. p. 1288.

S. mangel, Temm. PI. Col. 46.

Noctua mangel, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 67. — Less. Man. Orn.
i. p. 112; Tr. Orn. p. 106.— Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 346.

Athene mangel. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 20.

A. fusca, Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 20. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
App. p. 30 a. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 38.

SpHoglaux fuscns, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108.

Habitat. — W. Indies. Porto Rico, St. Domingo.

281. ATHENE SCUTULATA, (Raffles) 1822. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 133 a. 133 b. 133 c. Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Strix passerlna, desc. 2, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 370.

STRIGIDiE. 171

S. scutulata, Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 2m.— Via. Raffl. Life
p. 651. '

S. hirsuta, Temm. PI. Col. 289.

S. lugul)ris, Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 572 — Jerd
Madr. Journ. x. p. 87.

S. hirsuta japoiiica, Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 29. pi. 9 B.

Noctua hirsuta, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. (^^.—Cuv. R^g. An
ed. 2. 1. p. 34(3.— ie*5. Tr. Orn. p. 106.

Sumia hirsuta, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 10.

Ninox lugubris, BhjtTi, Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. pp. 93, 231 —
Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 40.

N. nipalensis, Hodys. Madr. Journ. v. pi. 14 ; Journ. As. Soc
Beng. VI. p. 364.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 7.

N. jeridius, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82.

N. scutulata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 511.

Athene malaccensis, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 228.

A. scutulata, StricM. Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 14. p 99 — Gray
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 89 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 8 ; Cat. Mus. E I c'
1. p. 68.

A. hirsuta, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 41. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun
Zeyl. p. 28.

Ctenoglaux scutellatus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn 1852
p. 109. '

Ominous Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 363. pi. 16.

Hahitat.—\wS:x^. Nepal. Malasia. Sumatra. Malacca. Bor-
neo. Ceylon. Japan {Schlegel).

282. ATHENE ALBIFACIES, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.
Athene albifacies. Gray, Zool. Ereb. p. 2. pi. 1 ; Gen. B fol

sp. 33 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. dO.—Bo^iap. Consp. Av. p. 42.'

Sceloglaux albifacies, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn 1852
p. 109. ' '

Habitat. — New Zealand. South Island.

283. ATHENE LEUCOPSIS, Hartlaub, 1849.-Mus. Hamburg.
Athene leucopsis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 496; Verz. W.

^/" T^§' P" l^' ~ ^^'^"P- Consp. Av. p. 43 (sub c'iccaba). —
Midi. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 396.

172 STRIGIDJE.

Scops leucopsis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Om. 1852, p. 111.
Habitat. — St. Thomas's Island, W. Africa {Hartlaub).

284. ATHENE GUTERUHI, Miiller, 1840.— Mus.

Athene gutemhi, Mull. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Landk.
p. 279. — Bo7iap. Consp. Av. p. 41.

Habitat. — Malasia. Timor.

285. ATHENE TORQUATA, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Strix torquata, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 193.

S. perspicillata A, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 64. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
pi. 32, var.

S. pulsatrix, Max. Reis. Bras. i. p. ZQQ ; Trav. Braz. i. p. 321 ;

Isis, 1822, pt. 2. p. 392.— Xaa. Gen. Hist. i. p. 37 A.— Less.
Voy. Coq. i. p. 239.

Symium pulsatrix, Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 268.

Noctua torquata, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 67. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 105. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 346. — B'Orbig. Synop.
Av. Mag. Zool. 1837 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. 126.

Athene torquata, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 24 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 93. — Rich. Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. p. 732.

Ciccaba torquata, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

Chouette a collier, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 42.

Spectacle Owl A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 341 .

Downy Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 342.

Habitat. — S. America. Surinam, Brazil, Cayenne.

285 «. ATHENE MELANOTA, Pucheran, 1849.— Mus. Paris.

Strix hylophila, Temm. PI. Col. 373=juv.

Noctua melanonota, Tschud. Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 267 ; Faun. Per. p. 114. pi. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

Athene melanota, Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 28. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. App. p. 30 a.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil.

286. ATHENE RUFIPES, King, 1828.— Mus.

Strix rufipes, King, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 426 ; Isis, 1830, p. 1 182;
Voy. Beag. i. p. 533.

STRIGIDiE. 173

Ulula nifipes, Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 34.
Athene nifipes, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 16.
Habitat. — S. America. Straits of Magellan.

287. ATHENE VARIEGATA, (Quoy & Gaimard) 1833.— Mus.

Noctua variegata, Quot/, Voy. Astrol. i. p. 166. pi. 1. f. 2.

Athene variegata, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 37. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 41.

leraglaux variegatus, Kaiqj, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108.

Habitat. — Polynesia. New Ireland.

288. ATHENE PUNCTULATA, (Quoy & Gaimard) 1833.— Mus.

Leyden.

Noctua punctulata, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. i. p. 165. pi. 1. f, 1.

Athene punctulata. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 37. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 41.

Cephaloptynx punctulata, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 105.

Habitat. — Malasia. Celebes.

289. ATHENE NUDIPES, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus. Paris.

Strix nudipes. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 199. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 16 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 65 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 372. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 269.— FieilL Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 16.

Noctua nudipes, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 70. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 346.— Less. Tr. Orn. p. 104.

Sumia? nudipes, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 59 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1054.

Athene nudipes, Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; fol. sp. 42.

Symium nudipes, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne. W. Indies. Porto Rico, St.
Domingo (Kaup).

290. ATHENE T^ffiNIATA, Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853. — Mus.

Paris.

Athene taeniata, Hombr. ^ Jocq. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 50. pi. 3.
f. 1.

174 STRIGID^.

A. , Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 38.

A. jacquinoti, Bonaj). Consp. Av. p. 42.

leraglaux jacquinoti, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108.

Habitat. — San- Jorge, Solomon Island.

291. ATHENE OCELLATA, Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853.— Mus.

Athene ocellata, Hombr. ^ Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 51. Atl.
pi. 3. f. 2. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 42.

A. , Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 39.

Spiloglaux ocellata, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 108 (subl. bubuk).

Habitat. — Chili. Talcahuano.

292. ATHENE HUMERALIS, Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853.—

Mus.

Athene humeralis, Hombr. ^ Jacy.Voy.Pole Sud, iii. p. 53. Atl.
pi. 4. f. 1 . — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 40.

A. , Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 40.

leraglaux humeralis, Z«Mj), Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 109.

Habitat. — Oceania. New Guinea.

Genus CI C CAB A, Wagler. 1831.

293. CICCABA HUHULA, (Daudin) 1800. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 134.

Strix huhula, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 190. — Lath. Ind.Orn. Supp.
p. 15 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 62. sp. 11 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 336. —
Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 20 ; Enc. Meth. iii.
p. 1284.

S. lineata, Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 36.

S. albomarginata, Spix, Av. Braz. pi. 10 a.

Noctua lineata, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 67. — Ctiv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 346.

Noctua, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 111.

STRIGIDyE. 175

Sumia lineata, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 101.

Ciccaba huhula, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1222.— Gray, Gen. & Sub-
gen. Brit. Mus. p. 9 ; Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 7.

C. lineata, Gray, Gen. B. p. 5.

Athene lineata, Gi-ay, Gen. B. fol. sp. 23.

A. huhnla, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 93.

Symium huhulu, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

Le Huhul, LevailJ. Ois. Af. pi. 41.

Habitat. — S. America, Cayenne.

Genus NYC TALE, Brehm. 1828.

294. NYCTALE TENGMALMI, (Graelin) 1789.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 135. Jard., Brit.

Strix noctua, Tengm. Act. Stockh. Ann. 1783, i. ; Woet. p. 289.

S. tengmalmi, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 291. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 64;
Syn. Supp. ii. p. 66 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 367. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. Supp. p. QQ.—Daud, Tr. Orn. ii. p. 205. sp. 29 var. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 267. — Ranz. Elem. Zool. iii. pi. 24. f. 4. —
Te^nm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 94, pt. 3. p. A9.— Wern. Atl. Ois.
Eur. — Nauin. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. ed. nov. i. p. 500. pi. 48.
f. 2, 3.—R0UX, Orn. Prov. i. p. 80. pi. 53 bis. — VieiU. Gal.
Ois. i. pi. 23 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 48. pi. 23. f. I.— Gould, Eur.
B. pi. 49.— Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 134.— 3io;r. Brit. B. p. 221.
pi. 31.

S. das3rpus, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 972. — Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 82. sp. 9 ; Naturg. Vog.
Deutschl. pt. 6. pi. 2 ; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 37. — Naum.
Nat. Vog. Deutschl., alte Ausg. iv. p. 275. pi. 23 ; Nachtr.
p. 341.

S. passerina A, Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. p. 333. — Pall. Zoog. Ross.
As. i. p. 323.

Athene tengmalmi, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 771.

Noctua tengmalmi, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 345. — Less.Tv.
Orn. p. 102. — Selby, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northurab. i.
p. 248 ; Brit. Orn. ed. 2. i. p. 105. pi. 26. — Yarr. Brit. B.
i. p. 146. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 94. — Jard. Brit. B. i.
p. 270.

Ulula tengmalmi, Bonap. Oss.Cuv. Reg. An. p. 53; Isis, 1833,
p. 1052. — Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 445 (syn. exc).

1 76 STRIGIDvE.

Nyctale planiceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 113. no. 3 ; Isis,
1832, p. 851.

N. pinetorum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 1 12. no. 1.

N. abietum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 1 13. no. 2.

N. fimerea, Bonap. Cat. TJcc. Eur. p. 24 ; Consp. Av. p. .54. —
Grat/, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 94. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont.
Orn. 1852, p. 104.

N. tengmalmi, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7. — Grai/, Gen. B.
ed. 2. p. 8 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 14. f. 1 ; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus.
p. 10.

N. dasypus, Grmj, Gen. B. p. 6.

Scotophilus tengmalmi, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

Civetta capogrosso, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 79.

Chevette d'Uplande, B?/jf. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 183.

The Little Owl, Penn. Brit. B. i. p. 21 1. pi. B. f. 5.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany,
Switzerland, Italy. Asia, Siberia. Africa, Egypt.

294 a. NYCTALE RICHARDSONI, Bonaparte, 1838.— Mus. Zool.
Soc, Edinb., Acad. Philad. Washingt. (Cassin.)

Strix tengmalmi, Richards. ^ Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 94.
pi. 32.— Audub. Am. B. pi. 380; Orn. Biog. iv. p. 599.—
Pea6. B. Mass. p. 91.

Nyctale richardsoni, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7 ; Consp.
Av. p. 54.—Graij,Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.— Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. 185. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 105 (sub
tengmalmi).

Habitat. — N. America. East of Rocky Mountains to lat. C0° N.
Canada (resid.).

295. NYCTALE ACADICA, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.

Strix passerina, Peww. Arct. Zool. p. 236. sp. 126. — Forst.
Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 385.— ^%. Am. Orn. pi. 34. f. 1.

S. acadica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 296.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 206.
— Fieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 49. — Audub. Am. B. pi. 199 ;
Orn. Biog. V. p. 397. — Richards. ^Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii.
p. 97. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. pp. 38, 436 ; Isis,
1832, p. 1140. — /a?Y/. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 6G.—Naum.

STRIGID^. 177

Nat. Vog. Deutschl. cd. nov. i. p. 434. pi. 43. f. 1, 2.— Peab.
B. Mass. p. d\).—Nutt. Man. Om. U. S. & Canad. p. 137.

S. acadiensis, Lath. Ind. Om. p. 65. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 2C6.

S. albifrons, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 1/1 ; Zool. vii. p. 238.—
Lath. Ind. Orii, Supp. p. 11.

S. phalsenoides, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 206. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 16 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. diS ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 372. —
Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 15. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 268.

S. frontalis, Lichf. Abh. Ak. Berl. 1838, p. 430.

Bubo albifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 54.

Scops albifrons, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 51.

Nyctale acadica, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7 ; Consp. Av.
p. 44. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 3. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 104.

N. albifrons, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 187. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 54 (subN. acadica).

N. kirtlandi, Hoy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 210.

Athene wUsoni, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 315.

A. phalsenoides, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 43.

Ulula acadica, Bonap. Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 52 ; Isis, 1833,
p. 1051.— I>e Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 30. pi. 12. f. 23.

U. passerina, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 109.

Scotophilus acadicus. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

Acadian Owl, Lath. Syn. i. p. 149. pi. 5. f. 2; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 368. pi. 14. f. 2. '

White-fronted Owl, Jjath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 58 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 326.

Booted Owl, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 66.

Habitat. — N. and Central parts of N. America. New Caledonia,
lat. 50° N. (resid.) N. States (wint. ace).

296. NYCTALE SIJU, (D'Orbigny) 1840.— Mus.

Noctua siju, IfOrbig. (R. Sagra) Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 33.
pi. 3.

Athene siju. Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 25.
Habitat. — Cuba.

178 STRIGIDiE.

297. NYCTALE HARRISI, Cassin, 1849.— Mus.

Nyctale harrisi, Cass. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 1.57 ;
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 53. pi. 5. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. App. p. 30 a.

Habifat.—S. America ? (J. G. Bell, N. York.)

Genus STRIX, Limmus. 1735.

298. STRIX FLAMMEA, Linnseus, 1766. —Mus. Strickland,
No. 136. Jard., Brit.

Aluco minor, Alb. B. ii. pi. 11.

A. flammeus, Flem. Brit. Au. p. 157. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ed.
Renn. p. 22. — Bi-iinn. Orn. Bor. p. 6.

Strix aluco, Briss. Orn. i. p. 503.

S. flammea, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. \3^.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 293.

— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 60 ; Syn. i. p. 138 ; Supp. i. p. 46 ;
Supp. ii. p. 60 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 355. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 197. — Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 33. — Savig. Desc. Egyp- i- p- 1 13.
— Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 61. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl.
ii. p. 947. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 79. —
Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 265. pi. 31. f. 52 ; ed. nov. i,
p. 483. pi. 47. f. 2.—Vieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 46. pi. 22. f. 1.—
iJowa?, Orn. Prov. i. p. 81. pis. 54, 55.— -B?'eA?>«, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 106. — Savi, Cat. Ucc. Pisa, p. 12. no. 16. — Breschet,
Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. v. pi. 1. f. 5, 7 ; pi. 2 (anat.). — Less.
Man. Orn. i. p. 114 ; Tr. Orn. p. Wl.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 342. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 24. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 36. — Benn. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii.
p. 254. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 216. — Tetmn. Man. Orn.
pt. 1. p. 91, pt. 3. p. 48 ; Tab. Meth. p. 7.—Wer7i. Atl. Ois.
Eur. — Riipji. Neue Wirbelth. p. 45. — Gray,Ge\\. B. p. 6 ;
ed. 2. p. 8 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 15. f. 2.—Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 188.

— Smith, 111. S. Af. Zool. (sub S. capensis, pi. 9). —Webb ^
Berth. Hist. Nat. Canar. Orn. p. 8. — Miill. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 398. — Bolle, Bemerk. Vog. Canar.
Ins. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 447. — Degl. Orn. Eur. i. p. 137.
— Kahiz. Orn. Siles. p. 48. — Siemss. Handb. p. 32. — Malh.
Faun. Sicil. p. 42. — Miihle, Orn. Griechl. p. 24. — Be/wit,
Orn. Sicil. p. 21. — Schuh, Faun. March, p. 255. — Keyserl.
^ Bias. Wirbehh. Eur. p. 3\.—Mont. Orn. Diet. ii. & Supp.
Owl, yV.—Perm. Brit. Zool. ed. 8vo. 1812, i. p. 263.— Bew.
Brit. B. ed. 1. i. p. b\.—Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 99. pi. 24.

— Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 127- — Jenyns, Man. Brit. p. 92. —

STRIGID^. 179

MacgiU. Rap. B. Brit. p. 343 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 473. — Jard.
Brit. B. i. p. 253. pi. 27.—Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 92.— Watt.
B. Irel. p. 21. — Baik. ^' Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 31. —
Knox, Oru. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 187. — Harv. Faun. & Fl. Cork,
p. 5. — Fox, Syuop. Newcast. Mus. p. 54. — Morr. Brit. B.
p. 205.pl. 29. — Savi, Cat. Ucc. Pisa, p. 12. no. 16. — Couch,
Faun. Cornw. p. 11. — Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 11. —
Borkh. Teutsche Orn. pis. 125, 126, \27.—Lubh. Faun. Norf.
p. 31. — Schinz, Faun. Helvet. p. 57. — Donnd. Orn. Beitrag.
i. p. 164. — Ranz. Elem. Zool. iii. p. 158.

S. alba, Sco]}. Ann. 1st, p. 21. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 293. —
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 61 ; Syn. i. p. 136. sp. 22; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 346.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 200.— Sepji, Nederl. Vog.
iv. p. 375. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 247-

S. guttata, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 106.

Stridula flammea, S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 60.

L'Effraye, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. p. 164.

L'Effraye ou la Fresaye, Buf. PI. Enl. 440. — Gerard. Tab.
Elem. Orn. i. p. 74.

De Kerkuil, Sepp, Nederl. Vog. iii. p. 299. — Frisch, Vog.
Deutschl. pi. 97.

Barbagianni, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 82.

Habitat. — Europe. Ionian Isles. Madeira. Africa. Cape of
Good Hope, Senegal.

298 a. STRIX PRATINCOLA, Bonaparte, 1838.— Mus. Brit, (sub
))erlata.)

Strix flammea, Max. Reis. Bras. ii. p. 265. — Wils. Am. Orn.
pi. 50. f. 2. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 111. — Audub.
Am. B. pi. 171 ; Orn. Biog. ii. p. 403. — Spix, Av. Braz. i.
p. 21. — Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 438 ; Zool. Beech. Voy. p.,16.
—Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 38 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 140 ;
Consp. Av. p. 55. — Gratj, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 54. —
Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 139.

S. pratincola, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 2. — Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 1 '7C^. — Be Kay, Zool.
N.York,ii. p. 3i.pl. 13. f. 28.

S. perlata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 109.

S. americana, Brew. (Wils.) Am. Orn. p. (>^7 . — Audub. Svnop.
B.Am. p. 24.

Ulula flammea, Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 264.

Habitat. — North parts of N. America.

n2

180 STRIGID^.

299. STRIX PERLATA, Lichtenstein, 1823.— Mus. Jard.,Leyden.

Strix perlata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 59. — VOrbig. Synop.
Av. Mag. Zool. 1838 ; Voy. Am. Merid. Ois. p. ]35.—HartL
Syst. Ind. x\zar. p. 3. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 5.5. — Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 2G7. — Max. Beitrag. iii. p. 263 (syn. exc). — Bridg. Proc.
Zool. See. pt. 11. p. 110; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 500. —
Kaiqh Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 119.

S. furcata, Temm. PI. Col. 432.— D' Or Oig. (R.Sagra) Hist. Nat.
Cuba, Ois. p. 34.

S. flammea, jDarw;. Zool. Beng. p 34. — Rob. Schomb. Hist.
Barbad. p. 681. — Rich. Schomb. Verz. Faun. Brit. Guian.
p. 732. — Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 21.

Lechuza, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 210. no. 46.

Tuidara, Marcyrave.

Habitat. — S. America. Mexico, Brazil. Chili. W. Indies, Cuba,
Jamaica, Trinidad {Jardine).

300. STRIX JAVANICA, Gmelin, 1789. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 137^/. 137^". Jard., Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Strix javanica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 295. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 64 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 357. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 202. —
Wurmb, Licht. Mag. x. p. 2. sp.lO. — Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii.
p. 139 ; Isis, 1825, p. 1055. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc.
pt. 2. p. 81 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 420. — Vig. Raffl.
Life, p. 651. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 109. — Jerd. Madr. Journ.
X. p. 85. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 55. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 5. pi. 15 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 109.

S. flammea A, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 6 1 .

S. flammea, Pears. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 630. — Blyth,
Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 93 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 186.

Phodilus javanica, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix.
p. 513.

Habitat. — Java {Horsfield). Samoan Isles {Strickland). S.Asia,
Dukhun (Sykes).

300 «. STRIX DELICATULA, Gould, 1836. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 138 a. 138 ^>. Jard., Brit.

Strix flammea ?, Fig. Linn. Trans, xv. p. 190 (syn. exc). —
Less. Ann. Sc. Nat. vi. ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 12. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 55.

STRIGID^. 181

S. delicatula, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 4. p. 140 ; Synop. B.
Aust. pt. 3. pi. 50. f. 1 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 23 ; B. Aust. i.
j)l. 31. — Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. p. 346. — Gray,
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 109. — Sturt, Exp. Aust. App. p. 1/. —
Kaup, Monog. Strig. Coat. Orn. 1852, p. 119.

Habitat. — New S. "Wales, S.E. Australia. Navigators' Islands.

301. STRIX CANDIDA, Tickell, 1833.— Mus. Strickland, No. 139.

Strix javanica, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 357. Desc. 2. — Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 186.

S. candidus, Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 5/2. — Jerd. 111.
Ind. Orn. pi. 30. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 110. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 55. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 119.

S. longimembris, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 86. — Tick. Journ,
As. Soc. Beng. xvii. p. 298. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.

Glaux Candida, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 513.
Habitat. — S. Asia, Borablium.

302. STRIX CASTANOPS, Gould, 1836.— Mus. Brit.

Strix castanops, Goidd, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 4. p. 140; Synop.
B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 49. f. 2 ; B. xAust. i. pi. 28 ; Intr. B. Aust.
p. 23. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8 '; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 1 10. —
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 54.

Dactylostrix castanops, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 119.

Habitat. — Australia. Van Diemen's Land.

303. STRIX NOVJE HOLLANDI^, Stephen, 1825.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 140. Jard., Gould, Brit.

Strix novsB hoUandiae, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 61.

S. personata, Viy. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 1. p. 50. — Gould,
Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3. pi. 49. f. 1 ; Intr. B. Aust. p. 23 ; B.
Aust. i. pi. 29. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. — Sturt, Exp. Aust.
App. p. 16. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 54.

S. Cyclops, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 4. p. 140 ; Synop. B
Aust. pt. 3. pi. 50. f. 2.— Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9.

Dactylostrix personata, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852
p. 119.

182 STRIGID^.

White-faced Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. ;^34.
Mouse Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 358.
Habitat. — Australia. New S. Wales.

304. STRIX CAPENSIS, Smith, 1812.— Mus. Jard., Brit.

Strix capensis, Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. ; Zool. S. Af. pi. 9.
— (??v/y, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 110. —
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 55. — Miill. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab.
Journ. Orn. ii. p. 398.

Habitat. — S. Africa. Madeira (Mus. Jardine).

304 a. STRIX POENSIS, Fraser, 1842.— Mus.

Strix poensis, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 10. p. 189 ; Ann.
Nat. Hist. xii. p. 366. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. (quid) sub S. capensis, p. 55. — Milll. Syst. Verz.
Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 398.

Habitat. — Fernando Po {Fraser).

305. STRIX PUNCTATISSIMA, Gray, 1838. —Mus. Strickland,
No. 141. Brit.

Strix punctatissima, (?/•«?/, Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 34.
pi. 4; Gen. B. fol. sp". 10; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 110.—
Bonap. Consp. A v. p. 55.

Habitat. — Para. Galapagos, James Island.

306. STRIX TENEBRICOSA, Gould, 1845.— Mus.

Strix tenebricosus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 13. p. 80; B.
Aust. i. pi. 30; Intr. B. Aust. p. 23. — Bo7iap. Consp. Av.
p. 54.

Megastrix tenebricosa, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 120.

Habitat. — Australia, E. coast.

307. STRIX LEUCOMANNA, Eversmann, 1839.— Mus.

Strix leucomanna, Eversm. Isis, 1839, p. 70. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. sp. 11.

Habitat. ?

STR1GID.E. 183

308. STRIX CAYENNENSIS, Gmelin, 1/89.— Mus.

Strtx cayennensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 29G. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 64 ; Syn. i. p. 146. sp. 35 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 3.57. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 261. pi. 34. — Temm,. Tab. Me'th. p. 7- — Donnd.
Orn. Beitrag. i. p. 1/6.

Noctua cayanensis, Sfeph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. dj. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 1 11 ; Tr. Orn. p. 105. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 346.

Athene cayennensis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 21 ; App. p. 3.

Syrnium cayennense, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 52.

S. cayanense, ^aw^, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

Chathuant de Cayenne, Buf. PL Enl. 442.

Habitat. — Cayenne.

Genus PHODILUS, Geoffroy. 1830.

309. PHODILUS BADIUS, (Horsfield) 1821.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 142. Brit., Zool. Soc, E. Ind. Comp., Paris.

Strix badia, Hoi-sf. Zool. Res. pi. 3/ ; Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 139 ;
Isis, 1825, pp. 698, lOob.^Temm. PI. Col. 318.— Zes*. Man.
Orn. i. p. 114 ; Tr. Orn. p. 112. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i.
p. 342. — Viy. Raffl. Life, p. 651. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 353.
— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 216.

Athene hadia, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82.

Phodilus badius, J. Geof. Ann. So. Nat. xxi. p. 201. — Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 513. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ;
ed. 2. p. 8 ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 15. f. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 110; Gen. & Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 10. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 55. — Hodgs. Cat. Nep. B. p. 53. — Billw. Nat. Hist.
Lab. p. 8. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 18.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal, Ramree, Malacca, Java, Sumatra,
Labuan, Singapore.

Genus S URN I A, Dumeril. 1806.

310. SURNIA FUNEREA, (Linnaeus) 1761.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 143 a. 143 b. 143 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc, Edinb.

Strix canadensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 518. pi. 37. f. 2. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 273.

184 STRIGID^.

S. freti hudsonis, Briss. Oru. i. p. 520.

S. ulula, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 133. — Dowwc?. Orn.Beitriig.i. p. 169.
— Nihs. Skand. Faun. i. p. 64.

S. funerea, Linn. Faun. Suec (1 761 ) p- 25. no. 75. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 294. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 62 ; Syn. i. p. 142 ; Supp.
i. p. 47 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 349. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 183 ;
Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. ii. p. 248. — Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii.
p. 385. — Richards. ^' Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 92. —
Audub. Am. B. pi. 378 ; Orn. Biog. iv. p. 550. — Temm. Man.
Orn. pt. 1. p. 86, pt. 3. p. 47 ; Tab. Meth. p. 6.— Wern. Atl.
Ois. Eur. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 35 ; Isis, 1832,
p. 1 139. — Brew. (Wils.) Am. Orn. p. 686. — Doiind. Orn.
Beitrjig. i. p. 172. — S.-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 58. — Thomps.
Hist. Verm. p. &4.—Peab. B. Mass. iii. p. S3.—Nilss. Skand.
Faun. 1835, p. m.-Morr. Brit. B. i. p. 224. pi. 32. — Sab.
Frankl. Narr. App. p. 671.

S. hudsonia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 295. — Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 50.
f. 6. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 274. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 50.
— Donnd. Orn. Beitrag. i. p. 173.

S. doliata, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 316. pi. 1.

S. Hilda fl, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 60. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 272.

S. funerea />, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 63 ; Syn. i. p. 143 ; Supp. i.
p. 4 7 , Gen. Hist. i. p. 350 A.

S. Siccipitrmsif Bechst. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 372. pi. 12.

S. nisoria, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 984. — Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch.Vogelk. i. p. 84 ; Vog. Liv. u.Esthl. p. 31.
sp. 3. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. Nachtr. p. 248. pi. 34.
f. 67 ; ed. nov. i. p. 427. pi. 42. f. 2.

S. uralensis, Shmo, Zool. vii. p. 277. pi. 35.

Sumia funerea, Bum. Zool. Anal, p. 34. — Bonap. Eur. & N.
Am. B. p. 6. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 45. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 110. — Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 218. — Brehm, Vog.
Deutschl. p. \Q\.—Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 270 ; Brit.
B. i.p. 314.— Gmy,Gen.B.p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 7.— Be Kay, Zool.
N.York, ii. p. 21. pi. 9. f. l^.—Audxib. Svnop. B. Am. p. 21.
—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Cauad. p. 1 14.

S. canadensis, Steph. Zool. xiii, pt. 2. p. 62.

S. borealis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 100.

S. ulula, Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 22 ; Consp. Av. p. 36. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 12. f. \.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. 191.— Aaw^, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 107.

S. hudsonia, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn, i. p. 90.

STRIGID^. 185

Symia fimerea, Macyill. Brit. B. iii. p. 404.

Noctna nisoria, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 344.

N. fimerea, Vin-r. B. Brit. i. p. 139. — Couch, Fauii. Cornw.
p. 12.

Chouette a longue queue de Siberie, Buf. PI. Enl. 463 ; Ois.
ed. Sonn. iv. pi. 30. f. 1.

Chouette eperviere, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 128.

Sperbereule, Meijer, Ann. Wetterau. i. p. 268.

Little Hawk Owl, EcIlo. B. pi. 62.

Hawk Owl, Perm. Arct. Zool. p. 234. sp. 123.

Habitat. — N.Europe. N. parts of N. America. Siberia. N.
America to lat. 68° N. (resid.) United States (wint. ace).

311. SURNIA CHOUCOU, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus.

Strix choucou. Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 186. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 14 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 61 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 333. —
Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 26 ; Enc. Me'th. iii.
p. 1290. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 36 (quid).

S. africana, Shaio, Zool. vii. p. 278. — Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 396.

Sumia africana, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 62.
Surnia, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 110.

S. choucou, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 100. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.
Noctua, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 345.
Le Choucou, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 38.
Habitat. — S. Africa, Auteniquoi.

312. SURNIA NISUELLA, (Daudin) 1800.— Mus.

Strix nisuella, Baud. Tr. Orn, ii. p. 187. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Supp. p. 14 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 62 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 335. —
Shav^, Zool. vii. p. 279. — Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii.
p. 20 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1284. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 36
(quid).

Surnia nisuella, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 62. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. 101. — Graij, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3. — Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 396.

Choucouhou, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 39.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Great Namaquas. Orange River.

186 STRIGID^.

Genus SYRNIUM, Savigny, ]809.

313. SYRNIUM ALUCO, (Limigeus) 1766. — Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 144 a. 144 6. Brit.

Strix, Albin, B. i. pi. 9. — Briss. Orn. i. p. 500.

S. ulula, Briss. Orn. i. p. 507.

S. aluco, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 132.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 292.—
Tengm. Svensk. Ak. Nya Handl. ; Schw. Ak. Neue Abhandl.
iii. p. 131. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 59 ; Syn. i. p. 134 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 344 A. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 255, — Temm. Man. Orn.
pt. 1. p. 89, pt. 3. p. 48 ; Tab. Meth. p. 6. — Vieill. Faun.
Fran^. p. 45. pi. 21. f. 2. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutsclil. ii.
p. d\Q.—Borkh. Teutsclie Orn. pt. 7. pls.37,38,39.— i^W*eA,
Vog. Deutsclil. pis. 94, 95, 96. — Meyer, Tascheiib. deutsch.
Vogelk. i. p. To ; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 35. — Naum. Nat.Vog.
Deutschl. iv. p. 260. pis. 30, 31. f. 50, 51 ; ed. nov. i. p. 473.
pis. 46, 47- f. 1. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i.
p. 7Q. pis. 50, 51, 52. — Brehm,Y6g. Deutschl. p. 116. —
Bailli/, Orn. Sav. i. p. 182.— mdf. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad.
p. 135. — Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 12. — Penn. Brit. Zool. 8vo.
1812, i. p. 268. pi. 33.— Fox, Synop. Newcast. Mus. p. 54.
— Mon^.Orn. Diet. ed.Renn. p. 505. — Schinz, Farm. Helvet.
p. 56.

S. stridula, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 133.— -Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 133.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 58 ; Syn. i. p. 139 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 343.
— Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 237 .—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 194. —
Bechst. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 356. — Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat. vii. p. 23 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 44. pi. 21. f. 1. — Breschet,
Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. v. pi. 1. f. 10, 13 (anat.). — Yarr. Brit.
B. i. p. \3\.—Flem. Brit. An. p. 57.—Bew. Brit. B. 1826, i.
p. 63.— Baik. ^^ Hedd.mst. Nat. Oread, p. 32.— Mont. Orn.
Diet. ii. & Supp. Owl. — Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 1 1. —
Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 31. — Gam. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 72.—
Scop. Ann. 1st. p. 21.

S. soloniensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 292. sp. 33. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 262.

S. sylvestris, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 292. sp. 29.— Baud. Tr. Orn.
ii. p. 199. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 61 ; Syn. i. p. 136 ; Gen. Hist,
i. p. 345.

S. noctua, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 293. sp. 31. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 61 ; Syn. i. p. 136. sp. 23 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 346. — Baud.
Tr. Orn. ii. p. 2Q0.—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 252.

S. rufa, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 293. sp. 32.— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 62;

STRIGID^. 187

Syn. i. p. 137. sp. 24 ; Gen. Hist, i, p. 34(5. — Daud. Tr. Orii.
ii. p. 200.— Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 252.

S. sologniensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. ()2 ; Syn. i. p. 137. sp. 25 ;
Gea. Hist. i. p. 347-

S. austriaca, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 247.

S. sylvatica, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 253.

Symium ululans, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 112.

S. stridiilum, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. ]). 62. — Brehm, Vog.
Deutsclil. p. 117.

S. aluco, Boi6.—Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 14 ; Tr. Orn. p. 1 1 3. pi. 1 7.
f. I.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. ZA'S.—Bonap. Eur. & N. Am.
B. p. 6 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 23 ; Consp. Av. p. 51. — Gray,
Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 8 ; fol. sp. l.pl. 14. f. 2; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 102. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. 47. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont.Orn.1852, p. 121. — /e?iyn*,Man. Brit. p. 93. — Thomps.
B. Irel. i. p. 94. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 186. —S.-
Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 59.

S. macrocephalum et aluco, Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 853.

Ulula aluco, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 338.

U. stridula, Selhy, 111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 102. pi. 25.—Jard. Brit.
B. i. p. 263.— Jfom Brit. B. i. p. 200. pi. 28.

Aluco stridulus, Macgill. Rap. B. Brit. p. 367.

Gufo Salvatico, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 80.

La Chathuant, Buff. PI. Enl. 437. — GSrard. Tab. Elem. Orn.
p. 73.

La Hulote, Buf. PI. Enl. AA\.— Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. p. 70.

La Chouette de Sologne, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 111.

Black Owl, Albin, B. iii. pi. 8.

Habitat. — Europe.

313 a. SYRNIUM NIVICOLUM, Hodgson, 1831.— Mus. Brit.

Mesoinorpha nivicola, Hodgs. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82.

Urrua nivicola, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 185. —
Graij, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 102.

Syrnium nivicolum, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. pp. 185,
550 ; XV. p. 9 ; xvi. p. A&\. — Hodgs. Cat. Nep. B. p. 52.—
Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 3. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 51. —
Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 121 ; Cat. Mus.
E.I.C. i. p. 84.

188 STRIGID^.

S. aluco? Himal. var., Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beug. n. s. xix.
p. 514.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal, Simla, Darjeeling.

314. SYRNIUM LAPPONICUM, (Retzius) 1800.— Mus. Strick-
land, No. 145. Brit., Zool. Soc, Edinb.

Strix lapponica, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 79. sp. 30. — Sparm. Mus,
Carls, pt. 5 (quot. from Retz. F. S.). — Nilss. Orn. Suec. i.
p. 58. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. iii. p. 20 ; Zu-
satze, p. 20. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 81 ; pt. 3. p. 44. —
Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Tyzenhauz. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 5/6.

S. fuliginosa, 8haw, Zool.vii. p. 244; Mus. Lev. ii. p. 23. pi. G6.

S. barbata, Fall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 318. pi. 2.

S. microphthalma, Tyzenhauz. Orn. Powszech.

Lapponica uggla, Nilss. Skand. Faun. pi. 71.

XJlula lapponica, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 13 ; Tr. Orn. p. 108. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 342. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 6.

U. cinerea, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 53 (syns. exc).

Symium cinereum, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6 ; Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 23 ; Oss. Cuv. Reg. An. p. 43. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 2 ; ListB. Brit. Mus. p. 103 (syns. exc). — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 121 (syns. exc).

S. microphtlialmum, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10.

Snrnia lapponica, Gould, Eur. B. pi. 42.

Habitat. — N. Europe, Lapland.

315. SYRNIUM CINEREUM, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus.

Strix cinerea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 291. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 58 ;
Syn. i. p. 134 ; Supp. i. p. 45 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 337. — Vieill.
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 23; Enc Meth. iii. p. 1289 ;
Ois. Am. Sept. i. p. 48. — Richards. ^' Sivains. Faun. Bor.
Am. ii. pi. 31. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 436 ; Isis,
1832, p. 1140. — Audub. Am. B. pi. 351 ; Orn. Biog. iv.
p. 364. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. \2S.— Tyzen-
hauz. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 571.

S. acclamator, Bartram, Trav. p. 285.

Symium cm&t&xxm, Audub. Synop. B. N. Am. p. 26. — Cass. B.
Calif. & Tex. p. 184 (syns. exc). — Breic. (Wils.) Am. Orn.
p. 687.— De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 26. pi. 13. f. 29.

STRIGIDJE. 189

Scotiaptex cinerea, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.
Sooty Owl, Fenn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 232.
Habitat. — N. America, Canada, United States. Greenland.

316. SYRmUM NEBUL0SUM,(Forster)1772.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 146 «. 146 6. Jard.

Strix nebulosa, Forst. Phil. Trans, xxii. i)p. 386, 424. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. p. 291. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 58 ; Syn. i. p. 133 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p.338.— £>«?«/. Tr. Orn. ii. \^.\n.—Shaw,Zoo\.
vii. p. 245 ; Nat. Misc. pi. 25. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 1 7 ;
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 32 ; Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1292. —
Audub. Am. B. pi. 46 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 242. — Temm. Man.
Orn. pt. 1. p. 88; pt. 3. p. 47. — Wern. A.t\. Ois. Eur. —
Meyer, Taschenb. deutscli. Vogelk. iii. p. 21 ; Zusatze, p. 21.

— Wih. Am. Orn. pi. 33. f. 2. — Richards. \^ Swains. Faun.
Bor. Am. ii. p. 81. — Boriaj). Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 38 ;
Isis, 1832, p. l\40.— Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 57.

Ulula nebulosa, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 60. — Ciw. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 342. — James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 107 ; iv.
p. 280.— Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p.7 ; Cat.Ucc.Eur. p. 24.
— Gould, Eur. B. pi. 46. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 13 ; Tr.Orn.
p. 108.— Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. S.—DeKay, Zool. N. York,
ii. p. 29.pl. 10. f. 21.

U. nebulosa, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 53.

Symium nebulosum, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 104. — Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 184. — Giraud, B.
Long Isld.p. 24. — ?rooJA.(Sitg.)Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 63.

— Brew. (Wils.) Am. Orn. p. 687. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 121.

Chouette nebuleuse, Bujf. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 202.

Barred Owl, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 234. pi. 1 1.

Habitat. — N. Europe. N. part of North America. United
States (resid.).

317. SYRNIUM URALENSE, (Pallas) 1771.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 147. Brit., Leyden, Vienna.

Strix uralensis, Pall. Itin. i. p. 455 ; V6g. App. p. 29. no. 25.
—Lepechin, Itin. ii. p. 187. pi. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 295
(exc. Buff, syn.).— DoMc?. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 184 ; Ann.Wetterau.
i. p. 330.— rm»?.Pl.Col. 27 ; Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 84 ; pt. 3.
p. 46. — Nilss. Orn.Suec. i.p.59. — JSaum. Nat.Vog.Deutschl.

Nachtr. p. 245. pi. 34. f. 66;,ed. nov. i. p. 422. pi. 42. f. 1.

Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.

190 STRIGID^.

S. liturata, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 79 (syns. exc). — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 332. — Nihs. Orn. Suec. i. p. 59.

S. funerea y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 63 ; Syn. i. p. 148 ; Gen. Hist.
i.p. 350 B.

S. macroura, Natter, in Meyer & Wolf. Taschenb. — Meyer,
Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 84 ; Zusatze, p. 19; Vog.
Liv. u. Esthl. p. 29.

S. macrocepliala, Meisner, Vog. der Scbweitz ; Mus. Naturg.
Helvet. pt. 8.

Syrnium uralense, Bole. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6. —
Brehm, Vog. Deutscbl. p. 1 15. no. 1. — Less. Man. Orn. i,
p. Ub.—Graij, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 104.
— Bo7iap. Consp. Av. p. 53. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.Cont.Orn.
1852, p. 121.

S. macrocephalon, Brehm, Vog. Deutscbl. p. 115. no. 2.

Surnia uralensis, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. pi. 40. — Less. Tr. Orn.
p. \()0.— Gould, Eur. B. pi. 44.

Ulula liturata, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 60.

Noctua uralensis, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 344.

Scotiaptex uralensis. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

Ptynx uralensis. Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 8. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc.
Eur. p. 23.

La Chouette de Monts Urals, Buf. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 132
(exc. fig.).

Die Ural Habichtseule, Bechst. Naturg. Deutscbl. ii. p. 988.
var. 2.

Habitat. — N.E. Europe.

318. SYRNIUM FUSCESCENS, Temminck & Schlegel, 1850.—

Mus.

Syrnium fuscescens, Temm. Faun. Jap. p. 30. pi. 10. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 4. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 53.

Habitat. — E. Asia. Japan.

319. SYRNIUM SINENSE, (Latham) 1801. — Mus. Strickland,

No. 148. Jard.

Strix sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 16; Syn. Supp. ii.
p. 368 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 359.— Gray, Ind. Zool. i. pi. 21.-
Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 38 ; Enc. Metb. iii.
p. 1283.

STRIGID^. 191

S. orientalis, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 257.

Syrnimn ocellatum, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 289. — Gran
Gen. B. fol. sp. 5. •^'

S. sinense, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. \^. 162; n. s. xix
p. .5 1 2.— G'/Y/y, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 105 ';
Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 82. — Bonaji. Consp. Av. p. 52.

Bulaca sinensis, Gray, ListB. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. A3.—Kaup,
Monog. Strig. Gout. Orn. 1852, p. 122.

Habitat.—^. Asia. Bengal. S. India. China {Latham).

320. SYRNIUM PHILIPPENSE, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Scops philippensis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 45.

Syrnium philippense, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 105.—
Bonaj). Consp. Av. p. 52.

Bubo philippensis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852
p. 117.

Habitat. — Philippine Isles.

321. SYRNIUM SELO-PUTO, (Horsfield) 1821.— Mus. Jard., E.

Ind. Com})., Paris, Leyden.

Strix selo-puto, //o;-«/. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 140; Isis, 1825,
p. 1055 ; Zool. Res. Jav. Cat. Intr. — Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 651 !
Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 354. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 109.

S. pagodarum, Temm. PI. Col. 230.

Noctua pagodarum, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 65.

Ulula ? pagodarum. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 113; Tr. Orn. p. 108.

Syrnium pagodarum, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 343.

S. seloputo, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8. — Bbjth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. n. s. xix. p. 512 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 84.

Bulaca sinensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 88.
B. seloputo, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 122.
Ciccaba pagodarum, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 44.
Habitat. — Java. Malabar.

322. SYRNIUM INDRANEE, (Sykes) 1851.— Mus. Brit.

Strix indranee, Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 82 •
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 421.

192 STRIGTD^.

Bulaca newarensis, i/of/ys. As. Res. xix. p. 168; Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. vi. p. 372. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi.
p. 463.— Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 8.

B. monticola, Jerd. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. p. 197 ;
xiii. p. 119.

B. indranee, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 121.

Mesidus, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 28.

Syrnium newarense, Gray, Gen. B. fol.sp. 6. pi. 14.

S. indranee, Gray, Hodgs. Cat. B. Nep. p. 52 ; List B, Brit.
Mus. p. 104. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 51. — Blyth, Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. n. s. xix. p. 512 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 83.— /iTe-
laart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. p. 30.

Habitat. — S. Asia. India, Nepal, Malacca.

323. SYRNIUM HYLOPHILUS, (Temminck) 1826.— Mus. Brit.,
Paris, Leyden, Vienna.

Strix hylopMla, Temm. PI. Col. 373.

Noctua, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 112.

N. melanota, Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, p. 267 ;
Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 101.

Ulula? hylopMla, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 47.

Athene melanonotus, Tschudi, Faun. Per. p.l 14. pi. 4. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 27.

Syrnium hylophilum, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. 1848, p. 103. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 52. — Kaup,
Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 120.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil. Peru.

323 a. SYRNIUM FASCIATUM, Des Murs, 1847.— Mus.

Syrnium fasciatum, Des Murs, Iconog. Orn. xxxvii. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. App. p. 30 a.

Habitat. — Chili.

324. SYRNIUM ALBOGULARE, Cassin, 1849.— Mus.

Syrnium albogulare, Cass. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 157;
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 52. pi. 4. — Gray, Gen. B.
fol. App. p. 30 a.

STRIGID^. 193

S. albipunctatum, Kaup, Monog. Strig.Cont. Oru. lftr)2, p. 120.
Habitat. — S. America {Cassia).

32r). SYRNIUM VIRGATUM, Cassin, 1848.— Mus.

Sjrrnium virgatum, Cass. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 124 ;
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 51. pi. 3. — Graij, Gen. B.
fol. App. p. 30 «.

Habitat. — S.America. Mexico. Trinidad (Cassm).

326. SYRNIUM PERSPICILLATUM, (Latham) 1787.— Mus.

Strix perspicillata, Lath. Syn. Supp. i. p. 50. pi. 107; Ind.Orn.
p. 58 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 340. pi. 15.— Z>aM^. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 192.
—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 248 (Desc. 1).

S. personata, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 192. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 249.

S. perspicillata B, Lath. Syn. Supj). ii. p. 65 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 342.

S. larvata, Shaw ^ Nodd. Nat. Misc. xis. pi. 801.

Sjmiiuni personatum, Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 3.

Athene torquata, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 43.

Pulsatrix torqnatum, A'rtMp, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 122.

Chouette a Masque noir, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 44.
Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne.

327. SYRNIUM LEPTOGRAMMICUM, (Temminck) 18—. —

Mus. Ley den.

Strix leptogrammica, Temm. PI. Col. 525. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 44.

Syrnium leptogrammiciun, Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 3.

Bulaca leptogrammica, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 122.

Habitat. — Malasia. Borne-o.

327 a. SYRNIUM MYRTHA, (Bonaparte) 1852.— Mus. Leyden.
Ciccaba myrtha, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 44.
Habitat. — Sumatra.

194 STRIGID^.

Genus NYC TEA, Stejihen. 1825.

328. NYCTEA NIVEA, (Daudin) 1800. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 149. Brit.

Strix alba freti liudsonis, Briss. Oni. i. p. 522.

S. nyctea, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 132. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 291. —
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 57 ; Syn. i. p. 132 ; Supp. i. p. 45 ; Supp.
ii. p. 59 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 329.— Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 188.—
i?ec^5#.Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 925; Vog.Deutschl. ii. p. 350.
— Blumenb. Abhand. naturb. Gegens. pi. 75. — Meyer, Ta-
scbenb. deutscb. Vogelk. i. p. 75 ; Vog. Liv. u. Estbl. p. 27.
—Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 18 ; Faun. Fran9. p. 48. pi. 23.
f. 2. — Faber, Prod. Island. Orn. p. 4 ; Isis, 1827, p. 72. —
Sevast. Nov. Act. Petrop. xv.p. 334. — Shmo,Zoo\. vii. p. 240.
— Bullock, Linn. Trans, xi. p. 175. — Sabine, {V&xxj)\si Voy.
Supp. p. 193. — Richards. (Parry) 2nd Voy. App. p. 342;
Faun. I5or. Am. ii. p. 88. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii.
p. 36 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1139.— -For*^. Pbil. Trans. Ixii. p. 385.
—mis. Am. Orn. pi. 32. f. l.—Audub. Am. B. pi. 121 ; Orn.
Biog. ii. p. 135. — Te7mn. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 82, pt. 3. p. 45 ;
Tab. Metb. p. 6. — TFern. Atl, Ois. Eur. — Naum. Nat. Vog.
Deutscbl., Nacbtr. p. 241. pi. 33. f. 66 (juv.) ; ed. nov. i.
p. 417. pb 41. — Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 134.—Flein. Brit. An.
p. 58. — Bew. Brit. B. Supp. p. 7. — Scop. Ann. 1st, p. 20. —
Schins, Faun. Helvet. p. 5G. — Baik. ^ Hedd. Hist. Nat.
Oread, p. 32. — Fox, Synop. Newcast. Mus. p. 53. — Mont. Orn.
Diet. ed. Renn. p. 471. — Thomps. Hist. Verm. p. 64. — Peab.
B. Mass. in. p. M.—Morr. Brit. B. i. p. 194. pi. 27.

S. wapacuthu, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 291. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 58;

Syn. Supp. i. p. 49 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 331. — Daud. Tr. Orn.

ii. p. 189. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 243. — Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept.

p. 47.

S. arctica, Bart. Trav. p. 285.

S. nivea, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 190.

S. Candida, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 14 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 60.
sp. 7 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 332.

S. erminea, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 251.

Surnia nyctea, Edmondst. Mem.Wern. Soc. iv. p. 157. — James.
(Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 92. —Gould, Eur. B. pi. AS. — Selby,
111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 95. pi. 23. — Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 303. —
Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 95. — Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad.
p. 116.

STRIGID^.. 195

Noctua nyctea, Bnie, Isis, 1822, p. 77'J. — Less. Man. Orn. i.
p. 1 10 ; Tr. Orn. p. 101. — Benu. Gard. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 250.
— Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 103. — Cuv. Reg. An. e<l. 2. i.
p. 3-15. — Jemjas, Brit. Man. p. 93.

N. nivea, Brehm, Isis, 1834 ; Instit. iii. p. 108.

Nyctea erminea, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 63.

N. ? wapacuthu, Steph. Zool. xiii, pt. 2. p. 63.

N. Candida, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 21/. — Bonup. Eur. & N.
Am. B. p. 6 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur, p. 22 ; Consj). Av. p. 36. —
Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 7. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cent.
Orn. 1852, p. 107.

N. nivea, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1. pi. 12. f. 2 ; List B. Brit.
Mus. p. 86; Gen. & Subgen. Brit, Mus. p. 8. — Cass. B.
Calif. &Tex. p. 100.

Syrnia nyctea, Thomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. p. 241 ; iii. p. 107.
— Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 46. — Mucyill. Rap. B. Brit,
p. 348 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 4i)7. — JVatt. B. Irel. p. 27.

Harfang, Buf\ PI. Enl. 458.

La Chouette Blanche, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 45. — Biif. Ois. ed.
Sonn. iv. p. 173.

Sneuwnil, Sepp, Nederl. Vog. iv. p. 393.

Great White Owl, Edw. B. pi. 61.

Wapacuthu Owl, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 231. sp. 1 19.

Snowy Owl, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 233. sp. 121.

Habitat. — N. Europe, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland. North Ger-
many. North America, lat. 55° N. to Q7° N. (resid.) New-
foundland. Canada. Greenland. United States (wint. ace).
Melville Island (summ.).

Genus KETUPA, Lesson. 1831.

329. KETUPA J AVANENSIS, (Lesson) 1831.— Mus. Strickland,
No. 150. Jard., Brit., E. Ind. Comp.

Strix ketupa, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 323. — Horsf. Linn. Trans,
xiii.]). 141 ; Isis, 1825, p. 1056.

S. ceylonensis, Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 650. — Temm. PI. Col. 74.

Scops ceylonensis, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 118.

S. ketupa, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 347.

196 STRIGID^.

Ketupa javanensis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 114. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 2 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 101. — Bhjth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. n. s. p. .510 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 76. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 45.

Bubo ketupa, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 17.
Habitat. — Malasia. Java.

330. KETUPA CEYLONENSIS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 151. Brit., Zool. Soc.

Strix ceylonensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 287. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 52 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 309. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 21 1. —
Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 218.

S. leschenaulti, Temm. PI. Col. 20.

S. hardwickii, G)-oy, Ind. Zool. pi. 31 (inacc).

S. dumeticola, Tick. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ii. p. 571.

Scops ? leschenaulti, Steph. in Shaw, Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 53.

S.? ceylonensis, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 54.

S. leschenaulti, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 118.

Ketupa leschenaulti, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 114. — Sykes, Proc.
Comm. Zool. Soc. pt. 2. p. 82; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii.
p. 421.

K. ceylonensis, Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 7; fol. sp. 1. pi, 13.
f. 1 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 101. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xix. n. s. p. 509. — Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 30 ;
Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 76. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 44.

Cultrunguis nigripes, Hodys. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 364.

C. leschenaulti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 90.

Buho ceylonensis, Kaiip, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn, 1852, p. 11 6.

Great Ceylonese Eared Owl, Broivn, 111. Zool. pi. 4.

Ceylonese Eared Owl, Lath, Syn. i. p. 120 ; Supp, i. p. 41.

Hutum Eared Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 307. pi. 13.

Habitat. — Ceylon. India. Nepal. Madras. Bengal.

331. KETUPA FLAVIPES, (Hodgson) 1836,— Mus. Brit.

Cultrunguis flavipes, Hodys. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 364,
pi. 26.

Ketupa flavipes, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp, 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus,
p. 101 ; Cat. Mus. E.I.C. i. p. 7G. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 45.

STRTGID.^. 197

Bubo flavipes, Kaup, 'Sloiiog. Strig. Cont. Oin. 18.02, p. 117.
Indian Owl A, Lath. Geu. Hist. i. p. 352 i

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal.

Genus SCOTOPELIA, Bonaparte. 1850.

:V,V2. SCOTOPELIA PELI, (Tcnuuiiuck) 1850.— Mus. Leyden.

Strix peli, Temm. Mus. Leyil. — MiUl. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab.
Jouni. Orn. ii. p. 398.

Scotopelia peli, Bonap. Consj). Av. p. 44.

Bubo peli, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cout. Orn. 1852, p. 1 17.

Habitat. — West Africa. Ashantee.

Genus SGOPS, Savi(jmj. 1809.

333. SCOPS ZORCA, (Gmeliii) 1/89.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 152a.
152 b. 152 c. Jard., Brit.

Asio scops, Briss. Orn. i. p. 495. pi. 37. f. 1.

Strix scops, Lhm. Syst. Nat. p. 132. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 290.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 56 ; Syn. i. p. 129 ; Supp. i. p. 43 ; Gen.
Hist. p. ?,2A.—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 2\'B. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 233. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p.912 ; Vog. Deutschl.
ii. p. 346. — Meyer, Taschenb. deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 74. —
Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 47 ; Faun. Frau9. p. 42.
\A. 20. f. I, 2.— Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 103, pt. 3. p. 54 ;
Tab. Me'th. p. 7. — Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Nanm. Nat. Vog.
Deutschl., Nachtr. p. 177. pi. 25. f. 49; ed. nov. i. p. 466.
pi. 43. f, 3. — Rqux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 73.pl. 48. — Savi, Orn.
Tosc. i. p. 73 ; Cat. Ucc. Pisa, p. 12. no. 20. — Michah. Isis,
1830, p. 891. — BaUly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 171. — Bew. Brit. B.
ed. 2. i. p. %7. — Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 113. — Fox, Synop.
Newcast. Mus. p. 55.

S. capite aurito, etc., Lepech. Nov. Com. Petro}). xv. j). 490.
pi. 26. f. 1.

S. zorca, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 289. sp. 21. — Laih. Ind. Orn.
p. 56 ; Syn. i. p. 127. sp. Wi.—Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 218.—
Cetti, Ucc. Sardegn. p. 60.

198 STRIGID^.

S. carniolica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 290. sp. 22. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 231.

S. pulchella, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 290. sp. 24. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 57 ; Syn.i. pi. 5. f. 1 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 327- pi. 14. f. 1.—
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 220. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 239. — Pall.
Itin. i. App. p. 456.

S. gui, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 50 ; Syn. i. p. 127 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 325. — Scop. Ann. 1st, p. 19.

Scops, -Ray, Synop. Av. p. 25. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 118. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 340.

S. ephialtes, Savig. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 107. — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 110.

S. asio, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 51 . '

S. aldrovandi, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6. — Gould, Eur. B.
pi. 41. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 7. — Selby, 111. Brit.
Orn. i. p. 92. pi. 22. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 57. — Mont. Orn.
Diet. ed. Renn. p. 304. — Macyill. Rap. B. Brit. p. 444 ; Brit.
B. iii. p. A22.—Jard. Brit. B. i. p. 299. pi. 33.— Thomps. B.
Irel. i. p. 85. — Watt. B. Irel. p. 26. — Knox, Orn. Suss.
(Ramb.) p. \87.—Morr. Brit. B. p. 190. pi. 26.—Des Murs,
^c. (Lefebv. & Dill.) Voy. Abyssin. vi. p. 76.

S. carnioliaca, Brehm, V6g. Deutschl. p. 126.

S. europaeus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 106.

S. zorca, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217. — Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 22. — Strickl. Ann. Nat, Hist. viii. p. 370.

S. pennata, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 369. — Blyth,
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 183. — Ka%ip, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 110.

S. sunia, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 175. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xiv. pp. 182,550; xvii. p. 345. — Gr«y,Gen.B. fol.sp.2.

Bubo scops, Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 91.

Ephialtes scops, Keyserl. ^ Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. 33, 45. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 1 ; List B, Brit. Mus. p. 95 ; Gen. &
Subgen. Brit. Mus. p. 9. — Hutt. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii.
pt. 2. p. 4. — Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii.
p. 397.

E. spilocephalus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv. p. 8.

Otus scops japonicus, Temm. ^' Schleg. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 27.
pi. 9.

Petit Due, Buf. PI. Enl. 436.

Le Zorca, Biiff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 80.

STRIGID^. 199

Due Zorca, Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. (SB.
Assiolo, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 73.

Habitat. — Europe. Asia. China, India, Nepal, Darjeeling,
Bochara. Japan. Ionian Isles.

333 a. SCOPS SENEGALENSIS, Swainson, 1838. — Mus. Strick-
land, No. 153. Jard.

Scops senegalensis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 21 7 ; B. W. Af. i.
p. \27.—Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 16. — Strickl. Sr Sclat.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 142. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 110.

Strix capensis, Smith, Cat. S. Af. Mus. p. 26.

Le Scops, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. p. 162.

Habitat. — Africa. Cape of Good Hope. Senegal. Gambia.
Damara.

333 b. SCOPS HENDERSONII, (Cassin) 1852.— Mus. Philad.

Ephialtes hendersonii, Cass. Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1852, p. 186.

Athene hendersonii. Mull. Syst. Verz. Vog. Af. Cab. Journ.
Orn. ii. p. 297-

Habitat. — Angola.

334. SCOPS ASIO, (LinuEeus) 1766.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 154 a.
154 i. 154 c. Brit.

Asio scops carolinensis, i?;-z«s. Orn. i. p. 497.

A. naevia, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 117.

Strix asio, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 132. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 287.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 54; Syn. i. p. 123; Supp. i. p. 42;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 314. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 216. — Shaw,
Zool. vii. p. 229. — Temm. PI. Col. 80. — Wils. Am. Orn.
pi. 42. f. I.— Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 307 ; ii. p. 179.—
Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 36 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1 139.—
Audub. Am. B. pi. 97 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 4H6.—Brew. (Wils.)
Am. Orn. p. 687. — Hobson, Natural. 1855, p. 169.

S. naevia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 289. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 55 ; Syn.
i. p. 126 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 32\.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 217.—
Shaiv, Zool. vii. p. 230.— Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 19. f. 1.

Noctua aurita minor, Catesby, Carol, i. p. 7. pi. 7.

Bubo asio, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 53. pi. 21. — Giraud, B.
Long Isld. p. 28.

200 STRIGID^.

B. striatus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. p. 54. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 359.

,^ Otns asio, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 57.

0. nffivius, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 34 1 .

Suriiia iisevia, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. pp. 96, 99.

Scops asio, Bonnp. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6. — Less. Tr. Orn.
}). \07.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. \79.—Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 112.

EpMaltes asio, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. m.—Woodh. (Sitg.) Exp. Zuni & Colorad. p. 62.

Red Owl, Penn. Arct. Zool. p. 231. sp. 117.

Mottled Owl, Penn. Arct. Zool. p. 231. sp. 118.

Habitat.—^. America generally. Greenland {Sabine). British
(ace).

335. SCOPS M'CALLII, Cassin, 1850. — Mus. Ac. Sc. Philad.,

Washingt.

Scops M'CaUii, Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 180.
Habitat. — Texas, Northern Mexico.

336. SCOPS LEMPIJI, (Horsfield) 1821. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 155 a. 155 6. 155 c. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc, Leydeu,
E. Ind. Comp.

Strix lempiji, Horsf. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 140; Isis, 1825,
p 1055 ; Zool. Res. Java, Gen. Cat. — Raffl. Linn. Trans,
xiii. p. 280. — Vig. Raffl. Life, p. 651 . — Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p.323.— ie««. Man. Orn. i. p. 109.

S. noctula, Reinwardt. — Temm. PI. Col. 99.

Scops noctula, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 52. — Less. Man. Orn.
i. p. Wd.—Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 347.

S. javanicus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 107- — Jerd. Madr. Journ. x.
p. ^d.—Pucher. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 26.

S. griseus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 119.

S. malabaricus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 119.

S. lettia, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 176. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xiv. p. 181 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 312.

S. lempiji, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 182; xix. n. s.
p. tAY^.—Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 112.

S. lettioides, Jerd. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 182

STRIGID^. 201

Ephialtes lempiji, Bli/lh, Jouru. As. Soc. Beug. xv. p. 281. —
Gray, Gen. B. tbl. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 9(5. — Kelaart,
Prod. Faun. Zeyl. ii. p. 28.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Assam, Madras, Malabar. Coromandel.
Ceylon. Java. Sumatra. Banda.

336 a. SCOPS MANTIS, Temminck & Sclilegel, 1850. — Mus.
Ley den.

Otns mantis, Temm. ^- Schley. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 25.

Ephialtes mantis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 ; List B. Brit. Mus.

p. 96 (sub E. lempiji).

Habitat. — Borneo {Temm. ^Schley.).

337. SCOPS RUFESCENS, (Horsfield) 1821. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 156. E. Lid. Comp.

Strtx rofescens, JYor*/. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 140; Isis, 1825,
p. 1 055 ; Zool. Res. Java, Gen. Cat. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 354.

Scops rufescens, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217. — Blyth, Journ.

As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 181.

Ephialtes rufescens, Cat. Mus. E.I.C. p. 71 ; Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sc. Philad. iv. p. 121.

E. sagittata, Cass. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 96. pi. 12.
— Gray, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 30 a.

Habitat. — Malacca. Java. Ceylon {Blyth).

■337 a. SCOPS BAKKAM.a:NA, (Pennant) 1769.— Mus.

Otns bakkamaena, Penn. Ind. Zool. pi. 3.

Strix indica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 289.

S. bakkamuna, Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 56 ; Syn. i. p. 127 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 322. — Band. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 218. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 337. — Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (sub Ephialtes lem-
piji). — Bonap. Consp. Av. (sub E. sagittatus).

Indian Eared Owl, Lath. Syn. i. p. 127.
Habitat. — Ceylon.

338. SCOPS TRICHOPSIS, Wagler, 1832.— Mus. Wurceburg.

Scops trichopsis, Wayl. Isis, 1832, p. 276.

Ephialtes trichopsis. Gray, Gen. B.fol. sp. 1 5. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 46.

202 STRIGID^.

Megascops trichopsis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 111.

Habitat. — America. Mexico.

339. SCOPS ATRICAPILLA, (Natterer) 18 .— Mus. Brit., Mu-

nich, Vienna.

Strix atricapilla, Natterer. — Temm. PI. Col. 145.

Scops atricapilla, Stejjh. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. pi. 39. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 119. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 347. — Ka^ip,
Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 12.

EpMaltes atricapilla, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11. pi. 13. f. 2;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 96. — Bonap. Consp. A v. p. 46.

Habitat. — Brazil. Amazon River.

340. SCOPS MANADENSIS, Quoy & Gaimard, 1833.— Mus.

Scops manadensis, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. i. p. 170. pi. 2. f. 2. —
Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 112.

EpMaltes minadensis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7. — Bonap. Q>on^i.

Av. p. 47.
Otus manadensis, Temm. ^- Schley. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 26,

Habitat. — Malasia. Celebes.

340 «. SCOPS NOV^-ZELANDI.ffi, (Bonaparte) 1850. — Mus.
Leyden.

EpMaltes novae-zelandiae, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 47.
Habitat. — New Zealand.

341. SCOPS MEGALOTIS, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Scops megalotis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 45.

EpMaltes? megalotis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 98. —
Bona}). Consp. Av. p. 45.

Habitat. — Philippine Isles.

342. SCOPS LEUCOTIS, (Temminck) 1823. — Mus. Strickland,

Nos. 157 «. 157 6. Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Strix leucotis, Temm. PI. Col. 1 6.

Otus leucotis, Sfeph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 57. — Cnv. Reg. An.

STRIGID^. 203

ed. 2. i. p. .'Ml. — Less. Tr. Oni. p. HI. — Rdj)p. Syst. iibers.
p. 12.

Asio leucotis, Less. Man. Oru. i. p. 116.

Scops leucotis, tS'wai/t*. Classif. B. ii. p. 217; W. M. B. ii.
p. \2A.—Stnckl. ^- Sdat. B. Damar. Coat. Orn.1852, p. 142.
—Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 16.

Ephialtes leucotis, Grmj, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 97. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 45. — Mdll. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Af. Cab. Journ. Orn. ii. p. 397.

Ptilopsis leucotis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 1 1 .

Powdered eared Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. .328.

Streaked Owl, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 371.

Habitat. — Senegal. Kordofan. Abyssinia {Riippell). Central
Africa {Leyland).

343. SCOPS NUDIPES, (Vieillot) 1807.— Mus.

Bubo nudipes, Vieill. 01s. Am. Sept. pi. 22.

Strix psilopoda, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 46 ; Enc.
Me'th. iii. p. 1282.

Scops nudipes. Guv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 347.

Ephialtes? nudipes, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 16. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. (quid) p. 46.

Habitat. — W. Indies. Porto Rico. St. Domingo {Vieillot).

344. SCOPS GYMNOPODUS, Gray, 1844.— Mus. Brit.

Scops gymnopodus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 44. —
Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 508.

Ephialtes gymnopodus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 96.
Habitat. — S. Asia. Lidia.

345. SCOPS MAGICA, (Miiller) 1844.— Mus.

Strix magica, MnU. Verb. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Bez. Landk. p.l 10.
Otus magicus, Temm. ^ Schley. Faun. Jap. Av. p. 25.
Scops magicus, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 46.
Ephialtes magicus, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5.

Habitat. — Malasia. Moluccas. Amboina. Celebes.

204 STRIGIDiE.

346. SCOPS LOPHOTES, Lesson, 1831. —Mus. Philad.

Scops lophotes, Less. Tr. Oiii. p. 107. — Pucker. Rev. Zool.
1849, p. 22.

Ephialtes watsoni, Cass. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 123 ;
Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. ii. p. 95. — Grmj, Gen. B. fol.
App. p. 30 a. — Boaap. Consp. Av. p. 46.

E. lophotes, Graij, Gen. B. fol. sp. 14.
Habitat. — S. America. Cayenne. Oronoco.

347. SCOPS EUTILUS, Pucherau, 1849.— Mus.

Scops rutilus, Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 29.

Ephialtes rutilus, Graj/, Gen. B. fol. App. p. 30 a.

Megascops rutilus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cent. Oni. 1852,
p. HI.

Habitat. — Madagascar.

348. SCOPS CIIOLIBA,(Vieillot) 1817.— Mus. Brit., Munich, Paris.

Strix clioliba, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 39 ; Enc.
Mc'th. iii. p. 1279.

S. decussata, Lickt. Verz. Doubl. p. 59.

S. crucigera, Spix, Av. Braz. i. p. 22. pi. 9.

S. undulata, Sirix, Av. Braz. i. pi. 10.

Scops portoricensis, iess.Tr.Orn. p. 107- — Pucker. Rev, Zool.
1849, p. 26.

S. choliha, D'Orbig. Synop. Av. Mag. Zool. 1838 ; Voy. Am.
Merid. Ois. p. 132. — Tsckudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 267 ; Faun. Per. pp. 18, 1 19. — Rick. Sckomb. Reis. Brit.
Guian. p. 733.

S. braziliensis, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 46. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Ora. 1852, p. 112.

Athene? undulata, Grai/, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 51 ; 1848,
p. 97 (sub E. choUba) ; Gen. B. fol. sp. 22. App. p. 3.

Ephialtes choliba, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10 ; List B. Brit. Mus.

p. 97.
E, braziliensis, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.

E. ? portoricensis, Grai/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 13. — Des Murs, Icon.
Orn. pi. 26.

Otus braziliensis, Temm. ^- Sckhr/ Faun. Jaj), A v. p. 25.

STRIGIDiE. 205

Choliba, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 218. no. 48.
Habitat. — S. America. Bahia. Minas Geraes. Portorico.

349. SCOPS GRAMMICUS, (Gosse) 1847.— Mus. Jard., Brit.

EpMaltes grammicus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 19 ; 111. B. Jam. pi. 4.
— Oraij, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 97. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 46.

Pseiidoscops grammicus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 113.

Habitat. — Jamaica (Gosse).

3.50. SCOPS CRISTATA,(Dauclin) 1800.— Mus. Strickland, No. 158.
Brit.

Strix cristata, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 207. — Lath. Iiid. Orn.
Supp. p. 15 ; Syn. Supp. ii. p. 63 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 336.

S. superciliosa, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 250 (exc. syn.).

Bubo griseatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 344.

Syrnium griseatum, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 113.

Lophostrix griseata, Less. Comp. BufF. Ois. vii. p. 261. — Gray,
Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 7.

L. cristata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 47. — Bo7iap.
Consp. Av. p. 45. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 115.

EpMaltes cristatus. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1848, p. 98 ; Gen.
B. fol. sp. 1 7.

Scops cristata, var., Strickl. Cont. Orn. 1848, p. 60. pi. 10.

Supercilious Owl, Lath. Syn. Supp. ii. p. 63.

Chouette a aigrette blanche, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 43.

Habitat. — S. America. Guiana.

Genus ASIO, Brisson. 1760.

351. ASIO OTUS, (Linnceus) 1766.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 159 «.
159 b. Jard., Brit.

Otus sive Asio, Albin, B. ii. pi. 10.

0. albicollis, Dmid. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 213. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 313 B.

206 STRIGIDtE.

0. italicus, Daud.Tr. Orn. ii. p. 213.

0. vulgaris, Flem. Brit. An. p. 56. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B.
p. 7 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 23. — Gould, Eur. B. pi. -69.— Gray,
Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 8 ; fol. sp. 1. pi. 14. f. 3.— Selby, 111.
Brit. Orn. i. p. 85. pi. 20. — Jenyns, Brit. Man. p. 91. — Jard.
Brit. B. i. p. 280.pl. ^\.—Tho7nps. B. Irel. i. p. 86.-^^0^^.
B. Irel. p. 23. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 187. — Couch,
Faun. Cornw. p. 1 1 . — Gard. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 272. — Paget,
Nat. Hist. Yarm. p. 3. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 113.

0. europaeus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt, 2. p. 57- — Swains. Classif. B.
ii. p. 217.

Otus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 341 .

0. communis, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 110.

0. aurita, Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 262.

0. asio. Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 11.

0. sylvestris, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 121 ; Isis, 1832, \). 856;
1833, p. 789.

0. arI)oreus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 122.

0. gracilis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 123.

Asio, Briss. Orn. i. p. 486. — Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 371.
— Schemb. Syn. Av. p. 52.

A. italicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 491.

A. otus. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 16. — Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 453.

Strix otus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 132.— G/we/. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288.
— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 53; Syn. i. p. 121 ; Supp. i. p. 42;
Supp. ii. p. 56 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 311. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 212. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 221. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1.
p. 102, pt. 3. p. 54 ; Tab. Meth. p. 7.— Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur.
— Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 896. — Meyer, Taschenb.
deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 73; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 33. — Frisch,
Vog. Deutschl. pi. 99. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv.
p. 252. pi. 29. f. 48 ; ed. nov. i. p. 451. pi. 45. f. 1. — FieilL
Faun. Fran9. p. 42. pi. 19. f. 2. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 71.
pi. 47.— Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 167. —Bew. Brit. B. ed. 2. i.
p. 56. — Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. \\7. ~ Penn.Brit. Zool. 181 2, i.
p. 258. pi. 31. — 3Iont. Orn. Diet. Owl. — Fox, Synop. New-
cast. Mus. p. 54. — Baik. ^ Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 31. —
Dillwyn, Faun. Swans, p. 4. — Asso, Faun. Arag. p. 70. — S.-
Longch. Faun. Belg. p. .59. — Luhb. Faun.Norf. p. 32. — Morr.
Brit. B. p. 178. pi. 24.

S. otus /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 54 ; Syn. i. p. 122 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 312.

STRIGIDiE. 207

Bubo otus, Savi(/. Desc. Egyp. pt. 1. p. 109.

Illiila otus, Macgill. Rap. B. Brit. p. 403.

Le Moyen Due, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. p. 1G2.

Moyen Due, ou Hibou, Buf. PI. Enl. 2^.— Gerard. Tab. Elem.
Orn. i. p. G6.

Hoorn-uil, Sepp, Nederl. Vog. i. p. 303.

Allocco, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. j). 70.

Habitat. — Europe. Asia, Trebizond. India, Candabar. S.
Africa (Levaill.).

3;) la. ASIO PEREGEINATOR, (Bartram) 1792. — Mus. Jard.,
Edinb.

Strix peregrinator, Burt. Trav. p. 2Q5.—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex.
p. 196.

S. otus, Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 51. f. 1. — Richards. ^' Swains. Faun.
Bor. Am. ii. p. 72. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii. p. 37 ;
Isis, 1832, p. 1 UO.—Audub. Am. B. pi. 383 ; Orn. Biog. iv.
p. 572.—Peab. B. Mass. p. 88.

Otus amerieanus, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7 ; Consp. Av.
p. 50. — IVedderb. i^' Trist. Cont. Om. 1849, p. 81. — Kaiip,
Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 113.

Otus, Cuv. Reg. An, i. p. 341.

0. wilsonianus, Ze«*. Tr. Orn. p. 110. — Graij, Gen.B. fol. sp. 2;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 105 (sub O. vulgaris).— Ca*«. B. Calif.
&Tex. p. 81.

0. vulgaris, Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 278. — Audub. Synop.
B. Am. p. 28.— Giraud, B. Long. Isld. p. 25.

Ulula otus, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 104. — Brew. (Wils.)
Synop. p. 687.—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 130.

Bubo asio, Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 25. pi. 12. f. 25 (26
juv.).

Habitat. — America generally to lat. 6° N. (resid.) Bermuda
(Wedderburn).

352. ASIO STYGIUS, (Wagler) 1832.— Mus. Paris, Eichstadt.

Nyctalops stygius, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1221. — Gray, Gen. B.
p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 8. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 50 (quid).

Otus communis, var.. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 110.

208 STRTGID^.

0. stygius, Pucher. Rev. Zool. 18 19, p. 29.— Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 12. — Kanji, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 13.

Habitat. — S. America. Brazil. St. Paul, Cuba {Kaup).

353. ASIO MEXICANUS, Gmelin, 1789. — Mus. Strickland,

No. IGO. Jard., Brit., Munich.

Asio americanus, Bi-lss. Orn. i. p. 498.

A. mexicaims, Briss. Orn. i. p. 499.

Bubo ocro-cinereiis, Feui/l. Obs. Phys. p. 59.

B. clamator, rieiU. Ois. Am. Sept. pl. 20.

Strix mexicana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p . 288. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 54 ;
Syn. i. p. 123 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 314 A. — Davd. Tr. Oru. ii.
p. 214. — Shaio, Zool, vii. ]). 228. — Auduh. Am. B. pl. 412 ;
Orn. Biog. iv. p. 5/4.

S. americana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 288. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 54 ;
Syn. i. p. 122 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 313. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 228.

S. longirostris, Spix, Av. Braz. pl. 9 a.

S. clamata, Vieill. Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 1279.

S. maculata, Max. BeitrJig. iii. p. 281.

Otus mexicanus, Stejjh. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 57 (sub O. ameri-
canus). — Bona]). Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7 ; Oss. Cuv. Reg.
An. i. p. 341. — Less. Tr. Orn. p. 1 10. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 341. — Grat/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10; List B. Brit. Mus,
1848, p. 106.— Cas*. B. Calif. & Tex. p. \9b.—Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 14.

0. americanus, Jard. B. Tobago, Ann. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 118.
-De Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 27. pl. 11. f. 24.

Scops clamator, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 45.

Tecolotl, Fern. Hist. Nov. Hisp. p. 35.

Habitat. — S. parts of N. America. S. America, Bahia.

354. ASIO CRASSIEOSTRIS, (Vieillot) 1817.— Mus. Brit., Paris,

Ley den.

Strix crassirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 44 ;
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1280.

S. macrorhjmcha, Temm. Pl. Col. 62.

Otus ? macrorhyncha, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 59.

0. macrorhyncha, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 341. — Less. Tr.
Orn. p. 109.

STRIGID^. 209

0. crassirostris, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. G ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. lOG.

Asio macrorhyncha, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 1 17.

Bubo crassirostris, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 48. — Kaup, Monog.
Strig. Coiit. Oni. 1852, p. 1 IG (sub B. virgiiiianns) .

Habitat. — N. America (Lesson). S. America, Chili.

355. ASIO SEMITORaUES, (Temminck & Schlegel) 1842.— Mus.

Scops semitorques, Tetmn. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap. Av, p. 25. pi. 8.
— Bonap. Consp. Av, p. 46. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont.Oni,
1852, p. 112.

Ephialtes semitorques, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 4.
Habitat. — Japan.

35G. ASIO BRACHYOTUS, (Gmelin) 1/89.— Mus. Strickland,
No. IGl. Jard., Edinb.

Strix noctua major, Briss. Orn. i. p. 51 1.

S. stridula, Nov. Act. Reg. Ac. Suec. 1783, p. 47.

S. arctica, Sparrtn. Mus. Carls, pi. 51. — Daud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 197.

S. brachyotus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 289. — Lath. Ind.Orn. p. 55 ;
Syn. i. p. 124 ; Supp. i. p. 43 ; Supp. ii. p. 56 ; Gen. Hist. i.
p. 315.— Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. Y>-2l6.—Forst. Phil. Trans. Ixii.
p. 384. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 909. — Shaw, Zool.
vii, p. 223. —Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 33. f. 3. — Audub. Am. B.
pl. 432 ; Orn. Biog. v. p. 273. — Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1.
p. 99, pt. 3. p. 51 ; Tab. Me'th. p. 7. — Meyer, Taschenb.
deutsch. Vogelk. i. p. 73 ; Vog. Liv. u. Esthl. p. 34. — Frisch,
Vog. Deutschl. pl. 98. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. iv. p. 356.
pi. 29. f. 49, Nachtr. p. 340 ; ed. nov. i. p. 459. pl. 45. f. 1.
— Wern. Atl. Ois. Eur. — Fieill. Faun. Fran9. p. 43. pl. 20.
f. 3. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i, p. 75, pl.49. — Richards. ^Swains.
Faun. Bor. Am. ii, p. 75. — Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. York, ii.
p. 37 ; Isis, 1832, p. 1160. — Bailly, Orn. Sav. i. p. 177- —
Bew. Brit. B. ed. 2. i. pp. 58 <?, 60 ? . — Yarr. Brit. B. i.
p. 121. —Penn. Brit. Zool. 1812, i. p. 260. pl. 32.— Mont.
Orn. Diet. & Supp. Owl. — Fox, Synop. Newcast. Mus. p. 54.
— Baih.^Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, p. 31. — S.-Longch. Faun.
Belg. p. 59. ■ — Thomps. Nat. Hist, Verm. p. G6. — Peab. B.
Mass. p. 89. — Lubb. Faun. Norf. p. 32. — Morr. Brit. B.
p, 173, pl. 23.

p

210 STRIGID^.

S. accipitrina, Pall. Itin. i. p. 455. — Gmel. Reise Sib. ii. p. 163;
Syst. Nat. p. 295. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 185. — Lath. Gen.
Hist. i. p. 318.

S. palustris, Bechst. Vog. Deutsclil.ii. p. 344. — Siemss. Handb.
Land- u. Wasservog. p. 35. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 13 ;
Syn. Supp. ii. p. 58 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 319. — Shaw, Zool. vii.
p. 227.— Meyer, Zool. Ann. i. p. 332.

S. ulula, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 294 (nee Linn.). — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 60 ; Syn. i. p. 140 ; Supp. i. p. 47- — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 196. — Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 270.

S. passeiina /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 66 ; Syn. i. p. 151 ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 371 A.

S. ulula y, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 60 ; Syn. i. p. 147.

S. tripennis, Schrank, Faun. Boica, p. 112. no. 64.

S. brachyura, Nilss. Faun. Suec. i. p. 62.

S. caspia, Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 272.

S. aegolius, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. i. p. 309.

Noctua minor, Gmel. Nov. Com. Petrop. xv. p. 447. pi. 12.

Otus brachyotus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 57. — Jerd. Madr.
Journ. X. p. 86. — Viff. Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 16. — Gnti/, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 3. — Rilpp. Syst. iibers. p. 12. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2.
i. p. 341.— Less. Tr.Orn. p. 1 II.— Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii.
p. 63 ; Brit. B. i. p. 285.— Portl. Instit. vi. p. 359.— Swains.
Classif. B. ii. p. 2l7.—Bonap. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 23.— Selby,
111. Brit. Orn. i. p. 88. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 56. — Jenyns,
Man. Brit. p. 92. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 241. —
Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 88.^Watt. B. Irel. p. 24.— Knox, Orn.
Suss.(Ramb.)p. 187. — Peak, U. S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 75. —
Couch, Faun. Cornw. p. 11. — Gard. Nat. Hist. Staff, p. 272.
— Paget, Nat, Hist. Yarm. p. 4. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont.
Orn. 1852, p. 114.— Ca**. Cat. Strig. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1849,
p. 11.

0. palustris, Darw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 33. — Bridxj. Proc. Zool.
Soc. pt. 11. p. 1 10 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 500. — Brehm,
Vog. Deutschl. p. 124. — Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 28.
pi. 12.f. 27.

0. agrarius, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 124.

0. microcephalus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 11.

Asio ulula, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 116.

A. brachyotus, Mucgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 461.

Brachyotus palustris, Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 7. — Gould,
Eur. B. pi. 40.

STRIGID.E. 211

Ulula brachyotos, James. (Wils.) Am.Orn. i. [>. 106. — MacyilL
Kaj). B. Brit. p. 412. — Nutf. Man. Oni. U. S. & Canad.
p. 132.

Chouette, LevaiU. Ois. Af. i. p. 163.— 5(#. PI. Eal. 438.

Le Due a courtes Oreilles, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 77. — Ge-
rard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 78.

Chouette caspienne, Buff. Ois. ed. Sonn. iv. p. 169.

Allocco di Padule, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 72.

Short-eared Owl, Perm. Arct. Zool. p. 229. sp. 116.

Large Brown Owl, Alb. B. iii. pi. 7.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain. Holland. S, Africa {LevaiU.).
Ionian Islands. Asia. Siberia. Bochara. China (Jard.).
Anatolia {Strickl.). India {Jerdon). Nepal, Candahar. N.
parts of N. America to lat. (i7° N. (summ.), United States and
California (wint.). S. America. La Plata. Patagonia. Falk-
land Isles {Darwin). Polynesia. Sandwich Isles. Marianne
Isles {UOrbig.).

356 «. ASIO GALAPAGOENSIS, (Gould) 1837.— Mus. Brit.

Brachyotus galapagoensis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. pt. 5. p. 10.

Otus galapagoensis, Barw. Zool. Beag. pt. 3. p. 32. pi. 3. —
Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 3 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. \QS.—Bonap.
Consp. Av. p. 51.

0. brachyotus, Kauj), Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 114.

Habitat. — Galapagos Islands. James Islands (Da>'M^m). Falkland
Islands (Antarctic exp.).

357. ASIO CAPENSIS, (Smith) 1835.— Mus. Strickland, Nos. 162a.

162 6. Brit.

Otus capensis. Smith, S. Af. Quart. Journ. ser. 2. p. 306 ; Zool.
S. Af. pi. 67.—Graij, Gen. B. fol. sp. 7.

Phasmoptynx capensis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852,
p. 114.

Habitat. — S. Africa.

358. ASIO ABYSSINICUS, (Guerin) 1843.— Mus.

Otus abyssinicus, Guer. Rev. Zool, 1843, p. 321. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 8 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 108 (sub O. capensis).

Habitat. — E. Africa. Abyssinia.

212 STRIGIDyE.

359. ASIO SIGNAPA, D'Orbigny, 1840.— Mus.

Otus signapa, B'Orbig. (R. Sagra) Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 31.
pi. 2. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 50.

Habitat. — Island of Cuba.

360. ASIO MADAGASCARIENSIS, (Smith) 18— .—Mus. Brit.

Otus madagascariensis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 106. —
Bonap. Consp, Av. p. 50. — Cass. Cat. Strig. Ac. Sc. Philad.
1849, p. 11.

Rhinoptynx madagascariensis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont.Orn.
1852, p. 114.

Habitat. — Madagascar.

Genus BUBO, Dumeril, 1806.

361. BUBO MAXIMUS, Sibbald, 1684.— Mus. Strickland, No. 163.
Brit.

Bubo maximus, Sibb. Prod. Nat. Hist. Scot. ii. p. 15. — Bonap.
Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6 ; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 2^.—Benn. Gard.
Zool. Soc. ii. p. 153. — Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2. p. 7 ; fol.
sp. 1. pi. 13. f. 3.— Gould, Eur. B. pi. 37.—Jard. Brit. B. i.
p. 293. pi. 32. — Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 85. — Watt. B. Irel.
p. 25. — Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. Renn. p. 159. — Macgill. Rap.
B. Brit. p. 426 ; Brit. B. iii. p. 248.— Selby, 111. Brit. Orn. i.
p. 82. pi. 19. — Flem. Brit. An. p. 57. — Jenyns, Man. Brit,
p. 90. — Bailhj, Orn. Sav. i. p. 161. — Kaup, Monog. Strig.
Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 116. — Knox, Orn. Suss. (Ramb.) p. 186.

Bubo, Alb. B. ii. pi. 9. — Bum. Zool. Anal. p. 34. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 117. — Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 1. i. p. 343.

B. albus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 210.

B. microcephalus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 55.

B. europaeus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 115.pl. 17. f. 1.

B. germanicus, Brehm, V6g. Deutschl. p. 119.

B. septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 120.

Asio bubo, Briss. Orn. i. ip.477. — Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

A. bubo italicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 482.

A. bubo lapponicus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 486.

Strix bubo, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 131. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 286.
Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 51 ; Syn. i. p. 1 16; Supp. i. p. 40; Supp. ii.

STRIGID^. 213

p. 55 ; Gen. Hist. i. j). 300. — Shmo, Mus. Lev. p. 119.
pi. 29 ; Zool. vii. pis. 28, 29. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 208.—
Temm. Man. Orn. pt. 1. p. 100, pt. 3. p. 53 ; Tab. Metli. p. 7.

— TFern. Atl.Ois.Eur. — Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 882.
— Meyer, Taschenb. tleutsch.Vogelk. i. p. 70; Vog. Deutschl.
pt. 1 ; Vog. Liv. u. Estill, p. 33. sp. 4. — Nanm. Nat. Vog.
DeutscLl. iv. p. 244. pi. 28; ed. nov. i. p. 440. \)\AA.—rieill.
Faun. Fran9. p. 40. pi. 19. f. 1. — Drumm. Ann. Nat. Hist,
xii. p. 413. — Roux, Orn. Prov. i. p. 69. pi. 46. — Home, Phil.
Trans. Ixxxvi. pi. 1. f. 2 (anat.). — Bew. Brit. B. ed. 2. i.
p. 52.— r«rr. Brit. B. i. p. 107.—Penn. Brit. Zool. 1812, i.
p. 254. pi. 30. — Neil, Ork. & Shet. p. 195. — Fox, Synop.
Newcast. Mus. p. 53. — Baik. ^ Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread,
p. 30. — Billwyn, Faun. Swans, p. 4. — S.-Lonych. Faun. Belg.
p. 59. — Asso, Faun. Arag. p. 70. — Morr. Brit. B. p. 183.
pi. 25.

S. scandiaca, Lmn. Syst. Nat. p. 132. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 287.

— Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 53; Syn. i. p. 120; Gen. Hist. i.
p. SOA.—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 214.

S. bubo /3, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 286. — Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 51 ;
Syn. i. p. 1 18 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 302 A. — Baud. Tr. Orn. ii.
p. 209.

Le Grand Due, Levaill. Ois. Af. i. pi. 40.— Buf. PI. Enl. 435.—
Gerard. Tab. Elem. Orn. i. p. 64.

Berg Ufven, Nilss. Skand, Faun. pi. 21.

Gufo Reale, 8avi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 68.

Black- winged Horned Owl, Alh. B. iii. pi. 6.

Great Homed Owl from Athens, Edw. B. pi. 227.

Great Eared Owl, Mont. Orn. Diet. & Supp. Owl.

Habitat. — Europe. Britain. France, Hungary. Russia.
Switzerland. Ionian Isles. Asia, Anatolia (•S'^ncl/a^it/) . Africa,
Cape of Good Hope {Levaillant) .

361 a. BUBO SIBIRICUS, Eversmann, 1841.— Mus. Brit.

Bubo sibiricus, Eversm. Addend. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 2.
pi. 13 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 99. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49.

Habitat. — Siberia.

362. BUBO VIRGINIANUS, (Gmelin) 1789.— Mus. Strickland,
Nos. 164 a. 164 b. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc, Edinb.

Asio bubo virginianus, Briss. Orn. i. p. 484.

314 STRIGID^.

A. virginianus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 217.

A. magellanicus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 116.

Strix virginiana, Gtnel. Syst. Nat. p. 287. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 52 ; Syn. i. p. 119 ; Supp. i. p. 40 ; Gen. Hist. i. p. 304.
—Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 210. pi. \d.—Shaw, Zool. vii. pi. 30.

— Temm. Tab. Me'th. p. 7. —Wils. Am. Orn. pi. 50. f. 1. —
5o?jap. Ann. Lye. N.York, ii. pp. 37,435; Isis, 1832, p.ll39.

— Audub. Am. B. pi. 61 ; Orn. Biog. i. p. 313. — Thomps.
Nat. Hist. Verm. p. 65. — Peab. B. Mass. p. 87.

S. h. bubo magellanicus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 286. — Baud. Tr.
Orn. ii. p. 210.— ie*^. Voy. Coq. i. p. 61 7 ; Isis, 1833, p. 7Q.
—Cass. B. Calif. & Tex. p. 178.

S. bubo a, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 52 ; Syn. i. p. 1 18. sp. 1 C ; Gen.
Hist. i. p. 303 C.—Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 215.

S. maximus, Bartram, Trav. Carol, p. 285 (capite aurito, cor-
pore niveo).

S. virginiana A, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 306.

S. nacurutu, Fieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 44 ; Enc.
M^th.iii.p. 1281.

Bubo ludovicianus, Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 210.

B. virginianus, Bonaj). Eur. & N.Am. B. p. 6; Consp. Av. p. 48
— Richards. ^ Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. p. 82. — Benn. Gard
Zool. Soe. ii. p. 159. — Cmh. Reg. An. ed. 2. i, p. 344. — Less
Tr. Orn. p. Ub.—Jard. (Wils.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 257.—Bridg
Proc. Zool. See. pt. 1 1. p. 1 10 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 500

— Fig. Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 15. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 99. — Kaxtp, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn
1852, p. \U.—Be Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 24. pi. 10. f. 2
—Nutt. Man. Orn. U. S. & Canad. p. 124.

B. pinicola, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 19 ; Enc. Me'th. p. 1282.

B. arcticus, Richards. ^Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. pi. 30 (albino

var.).

B. subarcticus. Hoy, Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad. vi. p. 211. — Cass.
B. Calif. & Tex. p. 177.

B. magellanicus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 46 ; 1848
(sub B. virginianus).

Otus virginianus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 57-.

Ulula virginiana, James. (Wils.) Am. Orn. i. p. 100.

Heliaptex arcticus, Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 328; ii. j). 217
(albino var.).

Hibou des Terres Magellaniques, Buff". PI. Enl. 385.

STRIGID.E. 215

Jacurutu, Marcgrave.

Del Nacurutu, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 192. no. 42.
Eagle Owl, Perm. Arct. Zool. p. 228. sp. 114.
Great Horned Owl, Edw. B. pi. 60.

Habitat. — N. America to lat. 68° N. (resid.) United States.
California. Mexico. Chili. Patagonia.

363. BUBO MACULOSUS, (Vieillot) 1817. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 16.'). Jard., Brit., Paris, Leyden.

Strix maculosa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 44 ; Gal.
Ois. pi. 23 bis.

S. africana, Temm. PI. Col. 50.

Otus ? africanus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 58. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 341.

0. maculosus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 109. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ;
List B. Brit. Mus. p. \QQ.—Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49.

Asio africanus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 116.

Bubo africanus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 116.

Habitat. — Cape of Good Hope.

364. BUBO ASCALAPHUS, Savigny, 1809. — Mus. Strickland,
No. 166. Brit., Paris.

Bubo ascalaphus, (S'aw?^. Desc. Egyp. pt. I. p. 110. pi. 3. f. 2. —
Bonap. Eur. & N. Am. B. p. 6; Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 23. — Gray,
Gen. B. fol. sp. 4 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. \Q\.— Gould, Eur.
B. pi. dS.—Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 1 15.

Strix ascalaphus, Temm. PI. Col. 57 ; Man. Orn. pt. 3. p. 52.
— Audouin, Desc. Egyp. pt. 1 1. p. 264.

Otus ascalaphus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt, 2. p. 56. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. ?>A\.—Less. Tr. Orn. p. 109.

Asio ascalaphus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 115.

Ascalaphia savignii, Gray, Gen. B. ed. 2. p. 7. — Bonap. Consp.
Av. p. 48.

Habitat. — Eastern Europe. Sicily. Sardinia (Lesson). Turkey,
Asia Minor, Persia. Africa. Egypt.

216 STRIGID^.

365. BUBO ORIENTALIS, (Horsfield) 1821.— Mus. Brit., Zool.

Soc, E. Iiid. Comp., Paris, Leyden.

Strix orientalis, /fors/. Linu. Trans, xiii. p. 140; Isis, 1825,
p. 1056 ; Zool. Res. Java, Gen. Cat. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 323. — Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 109. — Fig. Raffl. Life,
p. 650.

S. sumatrana, Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii. p. 279.

S. strepitans, Teinm. PI. Col. 174, 229.

Scops strepitans, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 54. — Less. Man.
Orn. i. p. 118.

Bubo strepitans, Cm. Rfeg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 344.

B. nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 172.

B. orientalis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 100 ; Gen. B. fol.
sp. 7. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49.

Syrnium strepitans, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 1 14.

Huhua nipalensis, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 362. —
Gray, Gen. B. p. 5 ; ed. 2. p. 8.

Etoglaux, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 28.

Urrua orientalis, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 117.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Nepal. Java. Sumatra.

365 a. BUBO PECTORALIS, (Jerdon) 1839.— Mus.

Huhua pectoralis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 89. pi. 1.

Bubo pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 8. — Blyth, Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. xix. n. s. p. 506. — Bonap. Consp, Av. p. 49. —
Cass. Cat. Strig. Ac. Sc. Philad. 1849, p. 17.

Habitat. — S. Asia. Lulia. Malabar.

366. BUBO BENGALENSIS, (Franklin) 1831.— Mus. Strickland,

No. 167. Jard., Brit., Zool. Soc.

Strix, Raffl. Linn. Trans, xiii, p. 339.

Otus bengalensis, Frankl. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc, pt. i. p. 1 15 ;
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. i, p, 262. — Sykes, Proc. Comm. Zool.
Soc. pt. 2. p. 81 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. iii. p. 420, — Gould,
B. Him. pi, 3.

Urrua cavearia, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 372. —
Gray, Gen. B. p. 6 ; ed. 2, p. 8.

U. bengalensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. ^7 .

STRIGID^. 217

Mesomorpha, Jlodys. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. x. p. 28.

Bubo ? cavearius, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 169.

B. bengalensis, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 10; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 100. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. n. s. xix. p. 506. — Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn.
1852, p. 115.

Habitat. — Asia. India. Himalaya. Candahar.

:^m. BUBO CAPENSIS, Daudin, 1800.— Mus. Brit.

Strix capensis, Daud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 209.

S. bubo, var., Shaw, Zool. vii. p. 215. — Lath. Gen. Hist. i.
p. 303 D.

Bubo africanus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt, 2. p. 55.

B. capensis, Smith, Zool. S. Af. pi. 70. — Gray, Gen. B. fol.
sp. 3; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 99. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49. —
Ri'qjj). Syst. iibers. p. 12.

Grand Due, Levaill. Ois. Af. pi. 40.
Habitat. — S. Africa. Elephant River.

'^^:^^. bubo LACTEUS, Temminck, 1822.— Mus. Brit., Laugier.

Strix lactea, Temm. PI. Col. 4.

Scops lactea. Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 118.

Bubo lacteus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 55. — Cuv. Reg. An.
ed. 2. i. p. 344. — RUpp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 45 ; Syst. iibers.
p. 12. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 99. —
Hartl. Verz. W. Af. Vog. p. 16. — Cass. Cat. Strig. Ac. Sc.
Philad. 1849, p. 17.

B. sultanus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 115. — Pitcher. Rev. Zool. 1849,
p. 27. — Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 11.

Otus lacteus. Less. Tr. Orn. p. 111.

Urrua lacteus, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 117.

Habitat. — Senegal. Cape of Good Hope.

368 a. BUBO CINERASCENS, Gue'rin, 1843.— Mus.

Bubo cinerascens, Guer. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 6. — Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49.

Otus cineraceus, Des Murs, ^c. {Lefeb. ^ Dill.) Voy. Abyss,
vi. p. 74. pi. 4.

Hahiiat. — E. Africa. Abyssinia.

218 STRIGID^.

369. BUBO DILLONII, Des Murs & Pre'vost, 1846.

Bubo dillonii, Des Murs ^ Prev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 242 ; {Le-
feb. ^Dill.) Voy. Abyss, vi. p. 73. pi. 3. — Bonap. Consp. Av.
p. 49 (sub B. cinerascens).

Habitat. ?

Genus URRUA, Hodgson. 1837.

370. URRUA COROMANDA, (Latham) 1790.— Mus. Strickland,

Nos. lG8a. 168 6. Brit.

Strix coromanda, Lath. Ind, Orn. p. 53 ; Syn. Supp. i. p. 44 ;
Gen. Hist. i. p. 310. — Baud.Hx.Oxw. ii. p. 215. — Shaw, Zool.
vii. p. 220.

Otus? coromandus, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 58.

Bubo coromander, Gray, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9 ; List B. Brit. Mus.
p. 100. — Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. n. s. xix. p. 507. —
Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 49.

Urrua coromandra, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 373.

U. umbrata, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiv. p. 180.

U. coromanda, Kaup, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 117.
—Gray, lud. Zool. pi. 20 1

Petit Hibou de Coromandel, Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. ii. p. 186.
Habitat. — Asia. S. India. Coromandel. Nepal. Bengal.

219

ADDENDA, &c.

Page 2.— No. 2. CATHARTES ATRATUS, Bartram, add to Syns.,
Cathartes brasiliensis, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 9.

Page ?j. — Acabiray, Azar. Pax. Par. no. 3, add i. p. 24.

Page 6. — V. cinereus, read Nmim. Nat. Vdg. Deutschl., Nachtr.,
p. 34.5 ; ed. nov. i. p. 1.5.5. pi. 1.

Page 6. — V. niger, dele Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. pi. 1. f. 1 .

Page 9. — Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl., add ed. nov.

Page 9. — V. percnopterus, Daud., add Tr. Om. ii. p. 13.

Page 12. — Vultur percnopterus, add to Syns., Meyer, iibers. N.
Zool. Neuholl. u. Af. p. 111.

Page 12. — For V. fulvus, Bodd., read fuscus, and add to PI. Enl.,
427.

Page 15. — Vultur barbatus, add to Syns., Meyer, iibers. N. Zool.
Neuholl. u. Af. p. 109.

Page 16, line 24. — For Blumenb. Abhand., read Abbild.

Page 22. — F. americanus, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl., add 417.

Page 28. — Falco buteo, Naum. Nat. Vdg. Deutschl., add iv. p. 206.
pi. 24. f. 40, pi. 25. f. 41, 42, pi. 26. f. 43 ; ed. nov. i. p. 346.
pis. 32, 33.

Pages 29, 35, 40, 50, 55, 65, 77, 92, 99, 108, 118.— For Richards.
Faun. Bor. Am., read Richards. ^ Swains. Faun. Bor. Am.

Page 30, line 4. — For Towns, read Woodh.

Page 34.— No. 45. For BUTEO ERYTHRONOTUS, King, 1827,
read BUTEO POLYOSOMA, Quoy & Gaimard,1824, and add

Falco polyosoma, Quoy ^ Gaim. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 27 1 .

Buteo polyosoma, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 82.

Astur polyosoma, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332.

220 ADDENDA.

Page 35, line 2. — After A v. Cousp. add Wiegm.

Page 46, line 6. — After Naclitr. add alte Ausgabe.

Page 50. — Weisskopfiger Adler, Meyer, Taschenb., add Deutsch.
Vogelk. iii. p. 8.

Page 54. — Aquila obscura y blanca, Azar. Pax. Par., add i. p. 61.

no. 8.

Page 59, line 2. — After Nachtr. add alte Ausgabe ; line 6, after
Tascbenb. add Deutschl.

Page 60.— No. 94. AQUILA MALAYENSIS, add

Aquila pemigra, Hodgs. Joum. As. Soc. Beng. v. p. 227.

A. malayensis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 7; Gen. B.
fol. sp. 15.

Nisaetus ovivorus, Jerd. Madr. Joum. xiii. p. 157.

Ictinaetus pemiger, Blyth, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 1 14.

I. malayensis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xv, p. 7.

Heteropus pemiger, Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 127.
Page 62'. — A. fncosa, Gould, Synop. B. Aust. pt. 3, add pi. 36.
Page 64. — P. alticeps et planiceps, Brehm, Isis, add 1833, pp. 777,

778.
Page 79. — F. cyanopus, Thienemann, add Rbea, p. 62. pis. 1, 2.

Page 80. — F. rubens, Thienemann, add Rhea, p. 72 ; for rubens
read rubeus.

Page 80. — Le Lanier, Belon, add Hist. Nat. Ois. p. 123.

Page 81. — F. peregrinus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 63, add to

Syns.,ls\s, 1833, p. 979.
Page 96. — Cerchneis tinnunculus, Bote, add Bemerk. neue Vogel-

gatt., Isis, 1828, p. 312.
Page 103. — F. fringillarius, Brapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., add

vi. p.412.
Page 105. — Before Dsedalion fringillarius, a(/</ Falco brehmii, Dm-

6m, Orn. Gal. p. 170.pl. 112.

Page 117.— F. albescens, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl., add, 423.

Page 118. — Falco albus, add to Syns., Meyer, iibers. N. Zool. Neu-

holl. u. Af. p. 35.
Page 121.— ^^<^

204*. ASTUR TRIVIRGATUS, Temminck, 182 .—Mus. Jard.,
Brit., Paris.
Falco trivirgatus, Teimn. PI. Col. 303.
Nisus trivirgatus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 98.

ADDENDA. 221

Astur trivirgatus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — Gray, Gen.
B. fol. sp. 7 ; List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 33 ; 1848, p. Gf).—
Bonap. Consp, Av. p. 31.

A. cristatus, Gray, Ann. Nat, Hist. xi. p. 3/1.

A. indicus, Hodgs. Beng. Sport. Mag. ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.

1844, p. 33.

A. palumbarius, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 8.5.

Daedalion trivirgatus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. Q&.

Lophospizia trivirgatus, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 18.50,
p. 65.

Habitat. — S.Asia. Nepal. Sumatra. Philippine Isles (Gray).

204**. ASTUR UNICINCTUS, Temminck, 18— .— Mus. Brit.,
Paris.

Falco unicinctus, Temm. PI. Col. 313.

F. harrisi, Audub. Am. B. pi. 392 ; Orn. Biog. v. p. 30.

Morphnus unicinctus, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 90.

Astur unicinctus, Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 332. — Bridg. Proc.
Zool. Soc. pt. 11. p. 109. — Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn.
1850, p. 66. — Grarj, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5 ; List B. Brit. Mus.

1848, p. 64.

Buteo harrisi, Audub. Synop. p. 5. — Bonap. Eur. & N. Am.
B. p. 3.— iJe Kay, Zool. N. York, ii. p. 1 1.

B. unicinctus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 18. — Hartl.
Syst. Lid. Azar. p. 2.

Nisus unicinctus, Less. Tr. Orn. p. 61.

Polyborus tseniurus, Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch. 1844,
p. 264 ; Faun. Per. pi. 1, juv.

Spizageranus unicinctus, Kaup, Mus. Senck. 1845, p. 260.

Urubitinga unicincta, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 99.

Hypomorphnus unicinctus, Tschudi, Faun. Per. pp. 17, 85.

Obscuro y canela, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 94. no. 19.

Habitat. — N. America. Mississippi (ace). Brazil. Chili.

204***. ASTUR RUFULUS, Lichtenstein, 1823. —Mus. Strick-
land, No. 85*. Brit., Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Leyden.

Circus rufulus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. iv. p. 466 ; Enc.
Mcth.iii. ]). 1216.

222 ADDENDA.

C. rutilans, Steph. Zool. xiii. pt. 2. p. 43. — Vig. Zool. Journ. i.
p. 'MO.— Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 212 ; Phil. Mag. ser. 2. i.
p. 36ti.

Falco rutilans, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 60.—Tetnm. PI. Col. 2.5.

Buteo rutilans, Less. Man. Orn. i. p. 104 ; Tr. Orn. p. 79. —
Cuv. Reg. An. ed. 2. i. p. 337. — Gra^/, Gen. B. fol. sp. 9. —
Hartl. Syst. Ind. Azar. p. 1. — Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1850,
p. 215.

Hypomorplintis rutilans, Tschudi, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Arch.
1844, p. 264 ; Faun. Per. pp. 17, 84.

Urubitinga rutilans, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 99.

Rupornis meridionalis, Kaup, Monog. Falc. Cont. Orn. 1850,
p. 68.

Acanelado, Azar. Pax. Par. i. p. 72. no. 11.

Habitat. — S. America. Paraguay. Brazil. Guiana. Central
America. Mexico.

Page 125.— No. 211. POLIORNIS INDICUS, Gmelin, add

Falco indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 22 ; Syu. i. p. 34*. sp. 7 d. —
Baud. Tr. Orn. ii. p. 7G-

F. javanicus, Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 163.
Habitat. — Java.

Page 176. — N. tengmalmi, add Strickl. Aim. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 417.

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