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[From THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ScIENCE, FourTH Series, Vou. VII,
pp. 403-428, June, 1899. ] ,

OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH.

Amone the leading men of science in America, Professor
Marsh was unquestionably one of the best known, and had one
of the strongest personalities. The world-wide reputation he
enjoyed, however, is not altogether attributable to the particu-
lar department of research in which he stood without a peer,
for, added to his attainments in Vertebrate Paleontology, he
possessed an unusual number of mental qualifications in other
lines, as well as marked personal characteristics which made
him known and felt where his science could never reach. His
fame will undoubtedly rest on his work among the Fossil
Vertebrates. Nevertheless, his energy and attainments in other
directions were sufficient to have made for him a permanent
record. 7

The nearness of the perspective at the present time renders
it difficult properly to individualize and accord the true rank
to the many important discoveries Marsh has made. He
brought forth in such rapid succession so many astonishing
things that the unexpected became the rule. The science of
Vertebrate Paleontology could not assimilate new material so
fast, and it will be years before the true significance and bear-
ing of much that he has done will be understood. The con-
stant stream of vertebrate riches which, from 1868 to 1899,
flowed into the Yale University Museum from the Rocky
Mountain region had a similar bewildering effect on Marsh, for

4 Othniel Charles Marsh.

‘it was impossible for him to do more than seize on what
appealed to him as the most salient. The work of the hour
was to him of prime importance, whether it was for the deter-
mination of a new order of mammals or a new cusp on a
tooth. Still, he seems to have had a just conception of relative
values, for it will be found that he plucked the most luscious
plums from the paleontological tree, and left chiefly the smaller
or unripe and imperfect fruit untouched.

Another element in his success was seen in the improve-
ment he made in the methods of collecting, preserving, and
developing vertebrate fossils, so that even forms long known
only from fragmentary remains were represented in his collec-
tions by almost complete specimens, presenting nearly the
same degree of novelty shown in forms actually new.

In illustration of this, the Brontotheride, Ceratopsia, and
the Mosasauria furnish excellent examples. Prout, in 1846,
described, as Palwothervum, the fragment of a lower jaw from
the Miocene of Nebraska, but Marsh first showed the affinities
and range of forms in the group, through his splendid restora-
tion of Brontops and the description of a number of allied
types from nearly perfect material. Cope, in 1875, figured
some pieces of bone of unknown relationships, which long
remained in the paleontological scrap-basket.* Marsh, by his
descriptions of the marvelous series of genera and species
belonging to the Ceratopsia, demonstrated what these reptiles
really were, and gave to science a nearly complete knowledge
of one of the most bizarre monsters known. The first
Mosasaur was obtained in Holland previous to 1785. ‘It
remained imperfectly known for nearly a century, when Marsh,
by his contributions to its anatomy, made possible a clear
understanding of its structure and affinities. In the same way
it could be shown that to many old descriptions of genera and
species based upon single teeth, he was enabled to add a
knowledge of the remainder of the animal. Not only did he
thus contribute the missing information in regard to many
previously described forms, but he brought out a host of
entirely new types, and made his science one of the most com-
plete exponents of the doctrine of evolution.

* Polyonax.

Ohrid Chtelea Marah: 5

As a collector, Marsh was seen at his best, and the collec-
tions he amassed during his forty-five years and more of
activity in this direction form a lasting monument to his per-
severance and foresight. A person with means and inclina-
tion may be supposed to have the necessary qualities for
accomplishing his aims, whether they are first editions, auto-
graphs, or fossils, but had Marsh possessed no further qualifi-
cations than these, the results of his collecting would fall far
short of what he really attained. He not only had the means
and the inclination, but entered every field of acquisition
with the dominating ambition to obtain everything there was
in it, and leave not a single scrap behind. Every avenue of
approach was made use of, and cost was often a secondary con-
sideration. The nine-tenths, when attained, were only an
additional stimulus for securing the remaining one-tenth. Of
course, this ideal of completeness was often impossible of
accomplishment, and yet it served to bring to the Yale Uni-
versity Museum collections which are unique from their rich-
ness and extent. |

In making an estimate of his character, it must not be
forgotten that he developed wholly without the influence of
family and home ties, which in most men profoundly mark
their mature life. Self-reliance is probably the strongest trait
fostered by the absence of immediate family connections.
This, Marsh possessed to an extraordinary degree, and it natu-
rally led to a self-centering of his life and ambitions. Out of
it came, also, an absence of the complete exchange of confi-
dence which normally exists between intimate friends. Even
where perfect confidence existed, he seldom revealed more
about any particular matter than seemed to him necessary or
than the circumstances really demanded. As a friend, he was
kind, loyal, and generous. As a patron of science, he has
seldom been equaled. Honest work in any department
appealed to him strongly, and he was ever ready with aid and
counsel, even at the expense of a personal sacrifice. His dis
position was a most happy one, and he was always keenly
appreciative of the humorous and ludicrous and fond of relat-
ing amusing experiences and anecdotes. The sunny side of his

6 | | Othniel Charles Marsh.

character was nearly always uppermost, and the consideration
of subjects of the greatest gravity was enlivened by constant
sparkles of wit from his exhaustless store.

He was normally restive under restraint, and met all opposi-
tion with power and fearlessness. Having practically created
the modern science of Vertebrate Paleontology in America, he
resented any encroachment upon the particular fields of research
in which he was engaged. This attitude frequently devel-
oped feelings of hostility in other investigators, and often
alienated him from co-workers in his department of science.
Nevertheless, he labored faithfully for the truth as revealed in
his work, and was ready to change opinions and published
statements whenever facts seemed to warrant it.

His esthetic sense was highly developed, and could be seen
in the artistic care he bestowed upon his publications, but more
especially on his home. His grounds are a model of landscape
gardening. He delighted in his collections of modern paint-
ings, the cultivation of orchids, and above all in the subtleties
of Japanese art.

The world was not slow to recognize his contributions to
knowledge, for during his lifetime he received a large number
of tangible evidences of distinguished consideration in the way
of academic and scientific honors, medals, and membership in
learned societies.

In 1886, he received the degree of Doctor of Laws from
Harvard University, and in the same year the honorary degree
of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Heidelberg.
He occupied the chair of Paleontology in Yale University from
1866 to the time of his death. He was Vertebrate Paleontolo-
gist to the United States Geological Survey, and Honorary
Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology in the United States
National Museum.

He was President of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science in 1878, and of the National
Academy of Sciences from 1883 to 1895. As a presiding
officer in the National Academy, he exercised the same amount
of care that he bestowed upon his private affairs, and was an
active and eflicient leader.

Othniel Charles Marsh. 7

In 1877, he was the recipient of the first Bigsby Medal
awarded by the Geological Society of London, in recognition
of his important labors on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the
western territories of the United States. In 1898, the highly
valued Cuvier Prize was given him by the French Academy,
as one of the most able continuators of the science of which
Cuvier had laid the foundations.

Prominent among the various societies of which he was a
member may be mentioned :

The National Academy of Sciences; Institute of France;

Royal Academy of Sciences, Brussels; Royal Bavarian
Academy of Sciences, Munich; Royal Academy of Sciences,
Bologna; Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, Copenhagen ;
Royal Irish Academy; Geological Society of London; Geo-
logical Society of Germany ; American Philosophical Society ;
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Zoological
Society of London; Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Mos-
cow ; Geological Society of America, etc., ete.
_ Few men have contributed more to Taz AMERICAN JOURNAL
oF Scrence than Professor Marsh. Nearly all his discoveries
in science were first announced here, and it is the storehouse
of most of his best work.

The subject of the present sketch was born near Lockport,
New York, October 29, 1831. His parents were Caleb and
Mary Peabody Marsh, formerly of Danvers (now Peabody),
Massachusetts. His early education was obtained in the
schools of Lockport and at the Wilson Collegiate Institute,
Wilson, New York. A residence in a region rich in minerals
and fossils is apt to attract the attention of a youth possessing
healthy intelligence, and young Marsh soon shared his vacation
time between the normal pursuits of shooting and fishing and
the more unusual vocation of collecting minerals and fossils.
By the time he was nineteen years old, he had thus acquired
the taste for scientific subjects which was destined to grow and
dominate the remainder of his life.

In 1851, he entered Phillips Academy at Andover, Massa-
chusetts, and continued his studies there until graduation in

8 : Othniel Charles Mi eh

1856. He immediately entered the freshman class in Yale
College, pursuing the regular classical course, and receiving
the degree of B.A. in 1860. Graduate courses in the natural
sciences were continued in the Sheffield Scientific School during
the two years following (1861-62). The long summer vacations
from 1851 to 1862 were occupied in collecting minerals and
fossils from New York, New England, and Nova Scotia. To
the latter region he made five trips during this interval, and
obtained much valuable experience and scientific material.
On his second visit (1855) he found some fossil vertebree in
the Coal Measures at South Joggins, representing a new and
important vertebrate animal (Hosaurus). This discovery
finally directed his studies into the channel which became his
life-work. At this time, however, his interests were about
equally divided between invertebrate paleontology and miner-
alogy, and it is worthy of note that his first scientific paper
was published in Ta1s JourNaL in 1861, under the title “ The
Gold of Nova Scotia.”

The description of Hosaurus did not appear until 1862,
seven years after its discovery. Even then it cannot be said
that he had developed a strong liking for vertebrate paleon-
tology. This closes the account of his student life in American
schools.

The next three years were passed in study abroad, in the
universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau. He attended
lectures and took special courses with H. Rose, G. Rose,
Ehrenberg, Peters, Roemer, Grube, and Gceeppert. The vaca-
tions were occupied, as before, by geological excursions. He
visited the most important localities in Europe, and obtained
extensive collections. His official connection with Yale Col-
lege began by his appointment, in 1866, to the chair of
Professor of Paleontology. This title he held in high esteem,
as it was the first established either in this country or else-
where.

After attending the meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science at Chicago, in 1868, Marsh
went as far west as Nebraska and Wyoming, along the route
of the Union Pacific railroad, then just opened. This trip
gave him a foretaste of the inexhaustible fossil riches of the

Othniel Charles Marsh. 9

Rocky Mountain regions, and thenceforth his energies were
mainly devoted to their exploration. Scientific expeditions to
the western country were undertakings of considerable magni-
tude in those early days. There was but one railroad in the
United States across a region measuring fifteen hundred miles
square. White settlements were sparse and remote. Most of
the country was unmapped, and with the exception of a few
transcontinental trails, almost the whole western half of the
continent, save the regions bordering the Pacific, was a
boundless expanse of unknown arid plains, mountains, and
valleys. Added to these conditions were the indigenous tribes
of war-loving Indians, hostile to the whites. Under such cir-
cumstances, travel was slow, difficult, and dangerous. It was
necessary to have an escort of soldiers and guides, experienced
in western life and Indian warfare.

The first Yale Scientific Expedition was organized and engi-
neered by Marsh in 1870. The party consisted of thirteen
persons besides the officers and men of the military detach-
ments who escorted them from various military posts along
the route.* They explored the Pliocene deposits of Nebraska
and the Miocene of northern Colorado, then crossing into
Wyoming they made collections in the Eocene (Bridger Basin),
and passing south discovered a new Eocene basin in Utah
(Uinta Basin). At each of these places many important finds
were made. The party next visited California, where minor
collections were obtained from the Pliocene. Returning, they

* Members of the Yale party were O.C. Marsh, C. T. Ballard, C. W. Betts,
A. H. Ewing, G. B. Grinnell, J. W. Griswold, J. R. Nicholson, C. McC. Reeve,
J. M. Russell, H. B. Sargent, J. W. Wadsworth, E. Whitney, Jr., and H. D.
Ziegler. The escorts consisted of:—

From Fort McPherson, Nebraska.—Commanding officer, Gen. Eugene A. Carr.
Lieuts. Bernard Reilly, Jr., and Earl D. Thomas, in command of escort, 5th Cav-
alry; Buffalo Bill and Major Frank North, guides; and two Pawnee Indian
scouts (‘‘Lahurasoe” and ‘Tuckatelous ”’).

From Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming.—Commanding officer, Gen. John H. King.
Capt. Robert H. Montgomery and Lieut. James McB. Stembel, in command of
escort, 5th Cavalry.

From Fort Bridger, Wyoming.—Commanding officer, Major R. S. LaMotte.
Lieut. W. N. Wann, in command of escort, 13th Infantry; Mexican guide (‘Joe
Talemans ”’).

From Fort Wallace, Kansas.—Commanding officer, Gen. Henry C. Bankhead.
Ed, Lane, guide; Lieut. Charles Braden, in command of rescue troop.

10 Othniel Charles Marsh.

spent some time exploring the Cretaceous beds of western
Kansas, so rich in the remains of aquatic reptiles, and now
famous for having furnished the first toothed birds and Ameri-
can toothless flying reptiles. :

The second, third, and fourth Yale Scientific Expeditions
(1871, 1872, 1873) were modeled after the first. New regions
in the West were visited, and extensive series of remains of
extinct animals were obtained. Coincident with these discoy-
eries, Marsh published frequent scientific papers describing and
illustrating the more important forms, and paleontological
literature was enriched by the addition of more startling and
wonderful types of animal life than had been hitherto known
from the rest of the world.

Owing to Indian outbreaks and a general uneasiness in the
West, no regular expedition was organized in 1875. Late in
the fall, however, Marsh went to the Bad Lands of Nebraska
and Dakota accompanied by an escort from Fort Laramie to
the Red Cloud Agency. The consent of the Indians was
deemed necessary to search for fossil bones in their country.
A treaty was obtained with difficulty and then assistance was
withheld. Nevertheless, with great hardship owing to extreme
cold, the party succeeded in reaching the desired region, and
made important discoveries, among which numerous remains
of the gigantic Brontotheride are the most noteworthy.

It was at this time that he became aware of the frauds prac-
ticed upon the Indians by the agents of the Government, and
the way the Government was in turn defrauded through their
misrepresentations. He promised Red Cloud to bring the
matter before the President for redress. This was done with
signal success, resulting in the complete routing of the Indian
Ring, and the downfall of the Secretary of the Interior as
well as in his political death.

The rapid settlement and development of the West rendered
it no lenger necessary to fit out expensive expeditions, espe-
cially as many of the localities were easily accessible by rail-
road. Therefore, after 1876, local collectors and small parties
were employed in continuing the work of collecting fossils so
successfully begun by the Yale Scientific Expeditions. Nearly
every season, however, Marsh visited the localities where work

Othniel Charles Marsh. 11

was being carried on, and some time each year was spent in
reconnaissance for new fields of labor.

The right wing of the Peabody Museum was completed in
1875, the means having been furnished by Mr. George
Peabody largely through the influence of his nephew, Profes-
sor Marsh. It was to his uncle, also, that Marsh was indebted
for his educational advantages and for his private fortune.
. The old Yale Cabinet had long been outgrown. The rooms
became so crowded that for years there was only space for a
chalk line dividing the different departments. The collections
which had been accumulating during so many previous years
found a commodious home in the new museum, and work
was resumed with great activity under more favorable condi-
tions than heretofore. Huxley’s visit in the following year
was a further stimulus to higher work, as is clearly evinced
in the celebrated Nashville address mentioned elsewhere.

The National Government had not altogether neglected its
opportunities for scientific research in the West during this
period, though the results in the way of substantial collections
were far inferior to those Marsh had obtained. For some time
previous to 1878, there were four separate surveys, two under
the Engineer Department of the Army and two others, exten-
sions of private expeditions, under the Department of the
Interior. In the reorganization ordered by Congress in 1878,
Marsh, as acting President of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, was the chief instrument in effecting a consolidation and
in defining the relations of the present United States Geologi-
cal Survey with the general Government and with the United
States National Museum. The wisdom of this change was at
once apparent, and the Survey is now often considered one of
the most economical, best managed, and productive depart-
ments of the Government.

After repeated solicitation and with promises of material aid
in the way of publication and collections, Marsh, in 1882,
accepted the appointment of Vertebrate Paleontologist to the
United States Geological Survey. This position he held to the
time of his death, although the field work for the survey was
terminated in 1892, His connection with the Survey gave him
increased facilities for publication and for prosecuting explora-

12 Othniel Charles Marsh.

tions in the West. He successively projected the publication
of a number of large monographs on various groups of verte-
brate fossils. It is a great misfortune that but two of these
were ever finished by the author. The monograph of the
Odontornithes appeared in 1880, and that of the Dinocerata in
1885. The others were left in various stages of incomplete-
ness at the time of his death. The proposed volumes treated
of the Sauropoda, the Brontotheride, the Stegosauria, Thero-
poda, Ornithopoda, Mesozoic Mammals, and the Ceratopsia.
Most of the investigations had been completed, a large part of
the plates and figures engraved, and preliminary descriptions
published, but the philosophical and phylogenetic problems are
largely untouched. ‘The loss to science is greatest in the vol-
umes relating to Reptiles, especially the Dinosauria, for in
this subject Marsh stood as the sole possessor of an acute
and comprehensive knowledge of one of the most wonderful
and difficult groups of vertebrates known. He planned his
life-work on the basis that immortality is here and not in the
hereafter. It seemed difficult for him to realize the limita-
tions of human existence and worldly accomplishment.

In the closing years of his life he had two ruling ambitions,—
first, to see the main building of the Museum erected, and,
second, the completion of his monographs. The accomplish-
ment of the first is imperative and would permit of the proper
care and display of the priceless treasures he has accumulated.
The attainment of the second would cancel his obligations to
science. Neither was realized.

As one of the trustees of the Peabody Museum and as
Curator of the Geological Collections, Marsh performed his
chief duties in connection with Yale University. The final
transfer to the University, of all the collections he had accumu-
lated, was made January Ist, 1898, and soon after the gift was
accepted by the Corporation. These collections are so exten-
sive as to merit particular attention, especially since they rep-
resent the most valuable part of the work of a lifetime, and
form the chief monument of one of Yale’s most noted men.
As expressed in the deed of gift, the collections comprise:

Othniel Charles Marsh. 13

1. The Collection of Vertebrate Fossils. This is the most
important and valuable of all. It is very extensive and contains
a large number of type specimens, many of them unique,
and is widely known from the descriptions already published.
In extinct Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles, of North America,
this series stands preéminent. The collection was pronounced
by Huxley, who examined it with care in 1876, to be surpassed
by no other in the world; and Darwin, in 1878, expressed a
strong desire to visit America for the sole purpose of seeing
it. Since then it has been more than doubled in size and
value, and still holds first rank. The bulk of this collection
was secured in western explorations, which were extended over
a period of nearly thirty years.

2. The Collection of Fossil Footprints. These specimens
are mainly from the Connecticut Valley, and thus have a
special local interest.

3. The Collection of Invertebrate Fossils. This includes a
large amount of interesting material from many formations
and localities, both in this country and in Europe. Among the
series of specimens especially valuable may be mentioned
several thousand from the famous Mazon Creek locality in Illi-
nois ; a very extensive collection of Crinoids from Crawfords-
ville, in Indiana; the largest collection of nearly entire Trilo-
bites yet discovered; and one of the rarest series of Silurian
Sponges known, including important type specimens.

4. The Collection of Recent Osteology. This is believed to
be one of the most complete collections in this country for pur-
poses of study. Special efforts have been made for many years
to secure the skeletons of rare existing vertebrates from every
part of the world, particularly of Mammals, Birds, and Rep-
tiles. The collection is especially rich in Anthropoid Apes.

5. The Collection of American Archeology and Ethnology.
This collection is replete in Central American antiquities, com-
prising several thousand, many of them unique. Among others
is the famous deZeltner collection from the same region, con-
taining a number of gold ornaments. The specimens from
Mexico are also of great interest, and the series is a repre-
sentative one. It includes the well-known Skilton collection.

6. The Collection of Minerals. This is a limited collection,
but contains many valuable specimens, among them probably

14 Othniel Charles Marsh.

the most interesting series known of Nova-Scotian Zeolites.
These were mainly collected by Marsh, before he was gradu-
ated at Yale, during six expeditions to Nova Scotia.

Besides the six main collections named, there are several
others of less value, which include fossil plants, casts of fossils,
geological specimens, and recent zoological material.

To these should be added the results of his last work in
endeavoring to increase the scope of the material in the Pea-
body Museum. For many years it was his desire to secure a
collection of fossil Cycads, and when the opportunity offered,
he embraced it with characteristic vigor, so that within the
last year and a half the Museum has received an amount of
material which in importance and quantity is second to none.

From their extensive and varied nature, these collections thus
presented to the University will long afford abundant material
for original investigations, and will ever attract to New Haven
specialists in Paleontology and Archeology.

Professor Marsh’s life was remarkably free from the petty
annoyances of poor health which so often interfere with human
comfort and ambitions. In the midst of his scientific work
and while making plans for the growth of the Museum, he
was suddenly overtaken by the malady which resulted in his
death. He died of pneumonia, on March 18th, 1899, in his
sixty-eighth year, after an illness of about a week. His work
as an investigator in natural science, his wonderful scientific
collections, and his munificence to Yale, are his legacies to
the higher education of mankind.

Although Marsh was an ardent collector in Archeology, he
published very little on this subject, and his paper (1866) on
an Ancient Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio, is practi-
cally the only one. His three mineralogical papers, published
between 1861 and 1867, show the results of considerable labor
and careful investigation. They treat of the Gold of Nova
Scotia, a Zeolite mineral from the same region, and a catalogue
of the mineral localities of the maritime provinces of Canada.

In the field of Invertebrate Paleontology, he likewise was an
indefatigable accumulator of material, though after 1869 he

Othniel Charles Marsh. 15

published nothing in this department. Two papers presented
some Annelids considered as new, from the Jurassic of Ger-
many. Another showed the origin of the double lobe-lines in
Ceratites. His papers on American invertebrates comprised a
description of a new genus of Fossil Sponge ( Brachiospongia ),
a new form of Crustacean Trail from the Potsdam Sandstone,
and a note on color markings in Endoceras. He also showed
that Paleotrochis and Lignilites were not of organic origin,
though the contrary had ‘been previously supposed.

In the domain of Geology, his chief interests lay in the
formations from which he secured important series of fossil
vertebrates. Probably his greatest geological discovery was
the Uinta Basin, an Eocene deposit of the eastern Uinta
Mountains. It was first visited in 1870. Having studied most
of the Tertiary lake basins in the Rocky Mountain region, he
gave, in 1875, a synopsis of their geological features. As a
natural result of studying Geology in Germany, he was much
impressed with the methods of marking the separate horizons
by means of some characteristic fossil. He believed the verte-
brates were the most sensitive time-markers, and therefore
endeavored to determine and limit geological horizons wholly
by fossil vertebrate remains. The inherent fault of this sys-
tem is that the vertebrates are not always the most highly
differentiated and specialized types in any given fauna, and it is
these qualities alone that can be safely employed in organic
chronometry. This method is usually of great value in fresh-
water deposits rich in vertebrate remains, but it can be seldom
used to advantage in marine sediments or in formations
containing a scanty vertebrate fauna. Thus, while the name
Equus Beds is very appropriate for a horizon in the Pliocene,
on account of the abundance of remains of fossil horses, the
same cannot be said of the term Eosaurus Beds as an equivalent
of the entire series of the Coal Measures, especially as but two
vertebre of this animal have ever been discovered. Geolog-
ical facts will be found scattered through many of his publica-
tions dealing principally with fossil vertebrates. One of the
latest problems to interest him was the age of the series of
variegated clays extending from Martha’s Vineyard south along
the Atlantic coast into Maryland. His investigations led him

16 Othniel Charles Marsh.

to refer them to the Jurassic, a formation which had been con-
sidered as absent in eastern North America.

There yet remains for consideration the real work of his
life,—his publications on the Fossil Vertebrates, and it is at
once evident, from a glance at the bibliography, that his chief
researches were upon the Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
There are three papers on Fossil Fishes, containing notices of
several new forms, but no real research in this class was ever
undertaken by him. The Amphibians also claimed but little
attention, and his observations on the metamorphosis of the
recent Szredon into Amblystoma, and two brief notices of
amphibian footprints in the Devonian and Carboniferous, com-
prise the whole.

It is with extreme hesitation and a sense of inadequacy that
the writer ventures to review, even in the briefest and most
superficial manner, the work which undoubtedly constitutes
the literary essence of his life-work. Future investigators
alone can critically estimate the great mass of facts which
Marsh brought out and which he wove into the departments
of fossil Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.

His most comprehensive work, and in many ways the most
masterly, is the address delivered before the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Nashville, in 1877.
In this paper, entitled the “Introduction and Succession of
Vertebrate Life in America,” he traced the introduction of the
various types of vertebrate life then known in America, begin-
ning with the lowest fishes and ending with man. The amount
of knowledge on the lower classes of vertebrates, including the
reptiles, was then too meager to enable him to give more than
occasional hints as to their phylogeny. But his handling of
the Mammalia showed the clearest insight into the develop-
ment and affinities of many of the important types, and marked
him as a true philosopher.

A glance at the modern text-books of Geology and Paleon-
tology reveals how much America has done for the fossil ver-
tebrates in the three classes of Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals.
It will also show that Marsh contributed more than any other
investigator toward the prominence now accorded to the
American forms.

Othniel Charles Marsh. ue

His work on the Reptilia is not equally divided among the
various orders, for the Dinosauria claimed his attention above
all others. To this group he lent his best efforts, and he com-
passed it so thoroughly as to be its sole master. It seems only
necessary in this place to notice the complete restorations he
made of some of these remarkable animals. In this list are
included Anchisaurus, Brontosaurus, Laosaurus, Cerato-
saurus, Camptosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and Clao-
saurus. It must be remembered that nearly all these animals
were of gigantic stature, some of them the largest land
animals yet known, and also that each restoration represents a
number of separate investigations on the structure of the skull,
the limbs, the vertebre, the pelvis, etc. In most cases, only by
this means was it possible to bring together gradually, part by
part, until the sum of the knowledge warranted a complete
representation of the skeleton. The material of many of the
genera he described is still in these various stages of progress,
awaiting new additions of portions yet unknown in order to
form a finished conception of the entire animal. His exten-
sive report on the Dinosaurs of North America, published in
1896, gave a synopsis of what he had accomplished up to that
time, but as remarked elsewhere their philosophical treatment
he had reserved for his final monographs.

Probably, among the Reptilia, next in importance to his
work on the Dinosauria is that on the Mosasaurs. In this he
first announced the discovery of the dermal armor, the position
of the quadrate, the finding of the stapes, the columella, the
hyoid, the sclerotic plates, the quadrato-parietal arch, the malar
arch, the transverse bone, the pterygoids, the pterotic bone,
the sternum, the anterior limbs, the posterior limbs, the length
of the neck, and details of the pelvic region. Thus he con-
tributed a knowledge of some of the most essential characters
of the skeleton in this group. In other groups of aquatic rep-
tiles, he also brought out new genera and types of structure.
Prominent among these may be mentioned Laptanodon, a
toothless Ichthyosaurian. Marsh was the first to describe the
remains of fossil serpents in the western Tertiary deposits, and
likewise the first to discover the remains of flying reptiles in
America. The latter were of unusually large size and remark-
able for the absence of teeth.

18 Othniel Charles Marsh.

The acquisition of a unique specimen of Pterodactyl from
the lithographic slates of Bavaria enabled him to supply the
long sought information regarding the wing and caudal mem-
branes. Notices of a number of new species of fossil Croco-
diles, Lizards, and Turtles, complete this survey of his work on
the Reptilia.

Practically, most of the present knowledge of extinct bird-
life in America is contained in Marsh’s publications, which
include descriptions of numerous species, ranging from the
Jurassic to the Post-Pliocene. Unquestionably, the one dis-
covery which is always foremost in men’s minds in a considera-
tion of his work is the determination of an extinct order of
birds possessed with teeth. The study of the Dinosaurs and
Toothed Birds showed that one by one characters considered
as avian were likewise present in reptiles, and that many rep-
tilian characters were present in these primitive birds ; so that
at the end there did not seem much else besides feathers to
distinguish them. Marsh’s investigation of fossil birds led to
the publication, in 1880, of his first monograph, “ Odontor-
nithes: a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North
America.” In this volume, he carefully figured and described
all the known types, and presented complete restorations of the
two leading genera, Hesperornis and Ichthyornis. He con-
cluded that birds most nearly resemble some of the small
Dinosaurs from the American Jurassic, and that both classes
originated at least as far back as the Trias or late Paleozoic,
in some sauropsid type.

A discovery which rivaled that of the Toothed Birds,
although not so wholly his, was the genealogy of the Horse.
Huxley and Kovalevski traced the equine branch through the
Pliocene to the Upper Miocene in Europe, but the true and
remote ancestry remained unsolved until the American types
were described by Marsh. He showed that a primitive and
diminutive polydactyl horse existed in the Lower Eocene, and
that from this type, by gradual and progressive change through
successive horizons of the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene,
there had been evolved all the intermediate stages leading to
the modern horse. 3

Next in importance and interest should be noticed the series
of papers culminating in the monograph of the Dinocerata,

stag Se he —e Se ‘.<: - sia
ee ee ee ee eS a i ees

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es
at ae

Othniel Charles Marsh. 19

issued in 1886 by the United States Geological Survey. His
work in other groups of mammals is scattered through a large
number of separate papers, and contributions were made to
every known order. The Tillodontia comprise one of the
most remarkable of the types. Among others are the first
remains of fossil Primates, Cheiroptera, and Marsupialia,
known from North America. The Brontotheride and
Coryphodontia received considerable attention. A monograph
had been begun on the former, and restorations of a typical
genus of each were published.

One general conclusion of much significance was the out-
come of his researches on the Mammals. It was that the
Tertiary genera possessed very small brains. As a single
example, Dinoceras may be taken. This animal was but
little inferior to the elephant in bulk, but its brain capacity
was not more than one-eighth that of existing rhinoceroses.

The first Mesozoic Mammal in America was described by
Emmons, in 1857, from the Triassic of North Carolina.
Marsh, by his extensive discoveries, was enabled to fill up the
gaps to the Tertiary with many genera and species from the
western Jurassic and Cretaceous. Probably nine-tenths of all
the Mesozoic Mammals known in the world were described by
him, and while these remains are of great interest, yet from
their fragmentary condition they are not of the highest scien-
tific value, because little is known beyond the jaws and a few
limb bones.

In closing the outline of the discoveries made by this inves-
tigator, one cannot help being impressed with their signal
brilliancy, their great number, and especially by their unique
importance in the field of organic evolution. Were all other
evidence lost or wanting, the law of evolution would still have
a firm foundation in incontrovertible fact. The study of
variation and embryology in recent animals gives hints as to
the truth, but Paleontology alone can give the facts of descent.

CHARLES E. BEEcHER.
YALE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM,
New HAVEN, CONN., May Ist, 1899.

20 Othniel Charles Marsh.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1861 The Gold of Nova Scotia. This Journal (2), vol. 32, pp. 395-400.
1862 On the Saurian Vertebre from Nova Scotia. Jézd., vol. 33, p. 278.
Description of the Remains of a new Enaliosaurian (Zosaurus Acadia-
nus), from the Coal Formation of Nova Scotia. Jdzd., vol. 34, pp.
1-16, pls. i-ii.
1863 Catalogue of Mineral Localities in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
and Newfoundland. Jdid., vol. 35, pp. 210-218.

On the Science of the International Exhibition. Jdzd., pp. 256-259.
1864 Notice of a new Fossil Annelid (Helminthodes antiguus) from the
Lithographic Slates of Solenhofen. Jézd., vol. 38, p. 415.

1865 New genus of Jurassic Annelides (/schyracanthus). Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol, Gesell., vol. 17, p. 13, Berlin.
Double Lobe-lines of Ceratites nodosus. Tbid., pp. 267-269.
1866 Description of an Ancient Sepulchral Mound near Newark, Ohio.
This Journal (2), vol. 42, pp. I-II.
1867 Discovery of additional Mastodon remains at Cohoes, New York.
Lbid., vol. 43, pp. 115-116.
Notice of a new Genus of fossil Sponges from the Lower Silurian.
Ibid., vol. 44, p. 88.
Contributions to the Mineralogy of Nova Scotia. No. 1. Ledererite
identical with Gmelinite. Tbid., pp. 362-367.
1868 On the Palgotrochis of Emmons from North Carolina. Jdéid., vol. 45,
pp. 217-2109.
On the Origin of the so-called Lignilites or Epsomites. Abstract:
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv, Sct., vol. 16, pp. 135-143.
On some New Fossil Sponges from the Lower Silurian. Abstract:
Loid., p. 301.
On certain Effects produced upon Fossils by Weathering. Abstract:
Lbid., p. 305.
Observations on the Metamorphosis of Szredon into Amdlystoma.
This Journal (2), vol. 46, pp. 364-374, I pl.
Notice of a new and diminutive Species of Fossil Horse (Zguus
parvulus), from the Tertiary of Nebraska. Jdzd., pp. 374-375.
1869 Notice of some New Reptilian Remains from the Cretaceous of Brazil.
LIbid., vol. 47, pp. 390-392.
Description of a New and Gigantic Fossil Serpent (Dinophis grandis),
from the Tertiary of New Jersey. J0zd., vol. 48, pp. 397-400.
Description of a New Species of Protichnites from the Potsdam Sand-
stone of New York. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sct., vol. 17, pp.
322-324.
On the Preservation of Color in Fossils from Paleozoic Formations.
Ibid., pp. 325-326.
On a Remarkable Locality of Vertebrate Remains in the Tertiary of
Nebraska. Abstract: Canadian Naturalist, vol. 4, pp. 322-323.

Othniel Charles Marsh. 21

1869 Notice of some new Mosasauroid Reptiles from the Greensand of

New Jersey. TZhis Journal (2), vol. 48, pp. 392-397.
Notice of some New Tertiary and Cretaceous Fishes. Proc. Amer.
Assoc. Adv. Sct,, vol. 18, pp. 227-230.

1870 Notice of some Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Forma-

1871

1872

tions of the United States. This Journal (2), vol. 49, pp. 205-217.

Note on the Remains of Fossil Birds. Jézd., p. 272.

Notice of a new Species of Gavial from the Eocene of New Jersey.
Ibid., vol. 50, pp. 97-99.

Note on Lophiodon from the Miocene of New Jersey. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sct. Phila., vol. 23, pp. 9-10.

New Reptiles and Fishes from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Forma-
tions. Jdzd., pp. 103-105.

On the Geology of the Eastern Uintah Mountains. This Journal (3),
vol. I, pp. 191-198.

Notice of a Fossil Forest in the Tertiary of California. Jézd., pp.
266-268.

Description of some new Fossil Serpents from the Tertiary Deposits
of Wyoming. Jdzd., pp. 322-329.

Notice of some New Fossil Reptiles from the Cretaceous and Terti-
ary Formations. J07d., pp. 447-459.

Note on a new and gigantic Species of Pterodactyle. Jéid., p. 472.

Notice of some new Fossil Mammals from the Tertiary Formation.
Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 35-44.

Notice of some new Fossil Mammals and Birds from the Tertiary
Formations of the West. J/d7d., pp. 120-127.

Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird. Jézd., vol. 3, pp. 56-57.

Explorations in Rocky Mountains, Oregon, etc. Abstract: Proc.
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sct., vol. 4, p. 200.

Discovery of Additional Remains of Pterosauria, with descriptions of
two new Species. TZhzs Journal (3), vol. 3, pp. 241-248.

Discovery of the Dermal Scutes of Mosasauroid Reptiles. Jézd., pp.
290-292.

Notice of a new Species of Hadrosaurus. Tbid., p. 301.

Preliminary Description of Hesperornis regalis, with Notices of four
other new Species of Cretaceous Birds. Jdzd., pp. 360-365.

On the Structure of the Skul] and Limbs in Mosasauroid Reptiles,
with descriptions of new Genera and Species. Jdid., pp. 448-464,
pls. x—xiii.

Boulders in Coal. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 6, p. 439.

Preliminary Description of new Tertiary Mammals. Pt. I. This
Journal (3), vol. 4, pp. 122-128.

Note on Rhinosaurus. Tbid., p. 147.

Preliminary Descriptions of new Tertiary Mammals. Pts. II, III,
and IV. Jbdid., pp. 202-224.

Notice of some new Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds. Jdid., pp. 256-
262.

Preliminary Description of new Tertiary Reptiles. Pts. I and II,
Ibid., pp. 298-309.

22 | Othniel Charles Marsh.

1872 Note on Zinoceras anceps. Ibid., p. 322.

Notice of a New Species of Zinoceras. Tbid., p. 323.

Notice of some Remarkable Fossil Mammals. Jdzd., pp. 343-344.

Notice of a New and Remarkable Fossil Bird. J/dzd., p. 344.

Discovery of Fossil Quadrumana in the Eocene of Wyoming. Jdid.,
Pp. 405-406. a

Note on a New Genus of Carnivores from the Tertiary of Wyoming.
Lbid., p. 406.

Notice of a New Reptile from the Cretaceous. Jdzd., p. 406.

Discovery of new Rocky Mountain fossils. Proc. Amer. Philos, Soc.,
vol. 12, pp. 578-579. ;

Synopsis of American Fossil Birds. Coues’s ‘‘ Key to North Ameri-
can Birds,” Salem, 8°, pp. 347-350.

1873 Notice of a new Species of Jchihyornis, This Journal (3), vol. 5,

Pp. 74.

On some of Professor Cope’s Recent Investigations. Amer. Natural-
ist, vol. 7, pp. 51-52.

On the Gigantic Fossil Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. This

_ Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 117-122, pls. i-ii.
On a New Sub-class of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes), Jlbid., pp. 161-

162.

Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous of North America. Jdzd., pp. 229-
230.

Notes on the Dates of some of Prof. Cope’s recent Papers, Jdzd.,
Pp. 235-236.

The Fossil Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. Amer. Naturahst,
vol. 7, pp. 146-153, pls. i-ii.

Additional Observations on the Dinocerata. This Journal (3), vol. 5,
Pp. 293-296.

Supplementary Note on the Dinocerata. Jbid., pp. 310-311.

On the Genus 7Zizoceras and its Allies. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 7, pp.
217-218.

Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. TZhis Journal (3), vol. 5, pp. 407-
410,

On the Dates of Prof. Cope’s Recent Publications. Amer. Naturakst,
vol. 7, pp. 303-306.

Tinoceras and its Allies. Jdizd., pp. 306-308.

Reply to Professor Cope’s Explanation. J/dzd., Appendix, pp. i-ix.

Notice of New Tertiary Mammals (continued). This Journal (3), vol.
5, pp. 485-488.

New Observations on the Dinocerata. Tbid., vol. 6, pp. 300-301.

On the Gigantic Mammals of the American Eocene. Proc. Amer.
Philos. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 255-256.

1874 On the Structure and Affinities of the Brontotheride. This Journal

(3); oll, pps of6e) pls. ta:

Notice of New Equine Mammals from the Tertiary Formation.
Tord pp 247-258.

Fossil Horses in America. Amer, Naturalist, vol. 8, pp. 288-294.

Othniel Charles Marsh. 23

1874 Notice of New Tertiary Mammals, Pt. III. 7his Journal (3), vol. 7,
Pp. 531-534. |
Small size of the Brain in Tertiary Mammals. Jéid., vol. 8, pp. 66-
67.
1875 Ancient Lake Basins of the Rocky Mountain Region. Pt. I. Jdid.,
vol. 9, pp. 49-52.
Results of Rocky Mountain Expedition. Abstract: Jézd., p. 62.
New Order of Eocene Mammals. Jdid., p. 221.
Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Pt. IV. J0zd., pp. 239-250.
A Statement of Affairs at Red Cloud Agency, made to the President
of the United States. Rept. Special Commission to investigate A ffairs
Red Cloud Indian Agency, pp. 1-113, Washington.
Note on Reindeer Bones from a Clay Pit near North Haven. This
Journal (3), vol. 10, pp. 354-355.
On the Odontornithes, or Birds with Teeth. Jdid., pp. 403-408, pls.

ix-x.
1876 Principal Characters of the Dizocerata. Pt.I. Jbid., vol. 11, pp. 163-
168, pls. i-vi.
Principal Characters of the Z7llodontia. Pt. I. JLbid., pp. 249-251,
pls. viii-ix. °

Principal Characters of the Brontotheride, TLbid., pp. 335-340, pls. i-iv.

On some of the Characters of the genus Coryphodon, Owen. Jbid.,
PP. 425-428, I pl.

Notice of a new Sub-order of Pterosauria, Tbid., pp. 507-509.

Notice of new Odontornithes. Tbid., pp. 509-511.

Recent Discoveries of Extinct Animals. Jézd., vol. 12, pp. 59-61.

Notice of New Tertiaty Mammals. Pt. V. Jdid., pp. 401-404.

Principal Characters of American Pterodactyls. Jézd., pp. 479-480.

1877 Brain of Coryphodon. Amer. Naturalist, vol, 11, p. 375.

Principal Characters of the Coryphodontide. This Journal (3), vol.
14, pp. 81-85, pl. iv.

Characters of the Odontornithes, with Notice of anew allied Genus.
Lbid., pp. 85-87, pl. v.

Notice of a new and Gigantic Dinosaur. J/did., pp. 87-88.

Notice of some new Vertebrate fossils. Jdzd., pp. 249-256.

Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America. Vature,
vol. 16, pp. 448-450, 470-472, and 489-491, London; and T7zs
Journal (3), vol. 14, pp. 338-378.

A New Order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria), from the Jurassic of
the Rocky Mountains. Jdid., pp. 513-514.

Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles from the Jurassic Formation.
Lbid., pp. 514-516.

1878 New Species of Ceratodus, from the Jurassic. Jdéd., vol. 15, p. 76.

Notice of New Dinosaurian Reptiles. Jézd., pp. 241-244.

Notice of New Fossil Reptiles. Jézd., pp. 409-411.

Fossil Mammal from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. J/dzd.,
P. 459.

New Pterodactyl from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains, Jdid.,
vol. 16, pp. 233-234.

24. Othniel Charles Marsh.

1878 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. I. Jdid.,
pp. 411-416, pls. iv-x.
Scientific Museums. 9th Ann. Rept. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 52-54.
1879 A new Order of Extinct Reptiles (Sauranodonta), from the Jurassic
Formation of the Rocky Mountains. TZhzs Journal (3), vol. 17,
pp. 85-86.
Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs, Pt. II. Zdzd.,
pp. 86-92, pls. iii-x.
Additional Characters of the Sauropoda. Jbid., pp. 181-182.
The Vertebrz of Recent Birds. J/d7zd., pp. 266-269. .
Polydactyl Horses, Recent and Extinct. Jdzd., pp. 499-505, 1 pl.
Notice of a New Jurassic Mammal. J/d7d., vol. 18, pp. 60-61.
Additional Remains of Jurassic Mammals. Jdzd., pp. 215-216.
History and Methods of Paleontological Discovery. ature, vol. 20,
PP. 494-499 and 515-521, London; and 7%is Journal (3), vol. 18,
PP- 323-359.
Notice of New Jurassic Mammals. J0zd., pp. 396-3098.
Notice of New Jurassic Reptiles. Jbzd., pp. 501-505, pl. iii.
Peabody Museum. Vale Book, vol. 2, pp. 178-186.
1880 New Characters of Mosasauroid Reptiles. Zhis Journal (3), vol. 19,

pp. 83-87, pl. i.
The Limbs of Sauranodon, with Notice of a new Species. Jdzd., pp.
169-171.

Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. III. Jdzd.,
PP. 253-259, pls. vi-xi.
The Sternum in Dinosaurian Reptiles. Jdzd., pp. 395-396, pl. xviii.
Note on Sauranodon. Tbid., p. 4gI.
| Odontornithes: a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North
America. With 34 plates and 4o woodcuts. 4°, xv+201 pp. J.
S. Geol. Exploration goth Parallel, vol. 7, Washington ; and Mem,
Peabody Mus. Yale Coll., vol. 1.
Notice of Jurassic Mammals representing two New Orders. This
Journal (3), vol. 20, pp. 235-239.

1881 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. IV.
Spinal Cord, Pelvis, and Limbs of Stegosaurus. Jbid., vol. 21
pp. 167-170, pls. vi-viii.

A New Order of Extinct Jurassic Reptiles (Celuria). Jbid., pp. 339-
340, plo x. ;

Discovery of a Fossil Bird in the Jurassic of Wyoming. Jdzd., pp.
341-342.

Note on American Pterodactyls. Jdzd., pp. 342-343.

Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. V. Jézd.,
pp. 416-423, pls. xii—xviii.

Notice of New Jurassic Mammals. Jd7d., pp. 511-513.

Restoration of Dinoceras mirabile. Tbid., vol. 22, pp. 31-32, pl. ii.

Jurassic Birds and their Allies. Sczence, vol. 2, pp. 512-513.

1882 Classification of the Dixosauria. This Journal (3), vol. 23, pp. 81-86.
The Wings of Pterodactyles. Jdid., pp. 251-256, pl. iii.

fr

Othniel Charles Marsh. 25

1883 Evolution. ‘‘ Herbert Spencer on the Americans and the Americans
on Herbert Spencer,” pp. 45-50.
Birds with Teeth. 37d Ann. Rept. Director U. S. Geol, Surv., pp.
45-88.
Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VI. Res-
toration of Brontosaurus. This Journal (3), vol. 26, pp. 81-85, pl. i.
On the supposed Human Footprints recently found in Nevada.
Lbid., pp. 139-140.
1884 Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VII.
On the Diplodocide, a New Family of the Sauropoda. Jbid., vol.
27, pp. 161-167, pls. iii-iv.
Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. VIII.
The Order Theropoda. Tbid., pp. 329-340, pls. viii-xiv.
A New Order of extinct Jurassic Reptiles (Wacelognatha). Jbid.,
p. 341.
Principal Characters of American Cretaceous Pterodactyls. Pt. I.
The Skull of Pteranodon. Tbid., pp. 423-426, pl. xv.
On the United Metatarsal Bones of Ceratosaurus. JTbid., vol. 28, pp.
161-162.
On the Classification and Affinities of Dinosaurian Reptiles. ature,
vol. 31, pp. 68-69.
1885 The Gigantic Mammals of the Order Dinocerata. sth Ann. Rept.
Director U. S. Geol, Surv., pp. 243-302.
On American JurassicMammals. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sct. for 1884,
Pp. 734-736, London.
Names of Extinct Reptiles. Zhzs Journal (3), vol. 29, p. 169.
On the Size of the Brain in Extinct Animals. Abstract: ature, vol.
32, p. 562, London.
1886 Dinocerata: a Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals.
With 56 plates and 200 woodcuts. 4°, xviiit237 pp. Monographs
U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 10, Washington. (Author’s edition, title
page dated 1884; published 1885.)
1887 American Jurassic Mammals. TZhis Journal (3), vol. 33, pp. 327-348,
pls. vii-x.
Notice of New Fossil Mammals. Jézd., vol. 34, pp. 323-331.
Principal Characters of American Jurassic Dinosaurs. Pt. IX. The
Skull and Dermal Armor of Stegosaurus. Jbid., pp. 413-417, pls.
vi-ix.
1888 Notice of a New Genus of Sauropoda and other new Dinosaurs from
the Potomac Formation. Jdid., vol. 35, pp. 89-94.
Notice of a new Fossil Sirenian, from California. Jdzd., pp. 94-96.
A New Family of Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. Jdzd.,
vol. 36, pp. 447-478, pl. xi.
1889 Restoration of Brontops robustus from the Miocene of America,
Abstract: Jdzd,, vol. 37, pp. 163-165, pl. vi.
A Comparison of the Principal Forms of Dinosauria of Europe and
America. Abstract: J/dzd., pp. 323-331.
Notice of new American Dinosauria. Tbid., pp. 331-336.

26 | Othniel Charles Marsh.

1889 Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Tbid., vol. 38, pp. 81-92, pls.

ii-v.

Notice of Gigantic Horned Dinosauria from the Cretaceous. Jdzd.,
Pp. 173-175.

Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Pt. II. Jbid., pp..177-180, pls.
Vii-viii.

The Skull of the Gigantic Ceratopside. Abstract: Lbid., Pp. 501-506,
plexi:

1890 Description of New Dinosaurian Reptiles. Jézd., vol. 39, pp. 81-86,

pi. i.

Distinctive Characters of the order Hallopoda. Tbid., pp. 415-417.
Additional Characters of the Ceratopside, with notice of new Creta-
ceous Dinosaurs. Jéid., pp. 418-426, pls. v—vii.
Notice of New Tertiary Mammals. Jdzd., pp. 523-525. :
Notice of some extinct Zestudinata. Jbid., vol. 40, pp. 177-179, pls.
vii-viii.
1891 A Horned Artiodactyle (Protoceras celer) from the Miocene. Jdid.,
vol. 41, pp. 81-82.
On the Gigantic Ceratopside, or Horned Dinosaurs, of North America.
Lbid., pp. 167-178, pls. i-x.
On the Cretaceous Mammals of North America. Abstract: Ret.
Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1890, pp. 853-854, London.
Restoration of Zriceratops [and Brontosaurus]. This Journal (3), vol.
41, pp. 339-342, pls. xv-xvi.
Note on Mesozoic Mammalia. Amer. Naturalist, vol. 25, pp. 611-616.
Restoration of Stegosaurus. This Journal (3), vol. 42, pp. 179-181,
pl: Ix,
Notice of New Vertebrate Fossils. Jd7d., pp. 265-269.
Geological Horizons as determined by Vertebrate Fossils. /ézd., pp.
336-338, pl. xii.
1892 The Skull of Zorosaurus. Tbid., vol. 43, pp. 81-84, pls. ii-iii.
Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia. Pt. III. Jbid., pp. 249-262,
pls. v—xi.
Recent [and extinct] Polydactyle Horses. Jdid., pp. 339-355.
A New Order of Extinct Eocene Mammals (Mesodactyla), Jbid., pp.
445-449.
Notice of New Reptiles from the Laramie Formation. Jézd., pp.
449-453.
Notes on Triassic Dinosauria. Tbid., pp. 543-546, pls. xv—xvii.
Notes on Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossils. J/dzd., vol. 44, pp. 171-176,
pls. ii-v.
Restorations of Claosaurus and Ceratosaurus. TIbid., pp. 343-349, pls.
vi-vii.
Restoration of Mastodon Americanus, Cuvier. Jbid., p. 350, pl. viii.
1893 A New Cretaceous Bird allied to Hesperornts. Ibid., vol. 45, pp. 81-82.
The Skull and Brain of Claosaurus. Jbid., pp. 83-86, pls. iv—v.
Restoration of Anchisaurus. Tbid., pp. 169-170, pl. vi.
Restorations of Anchisaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Claosaurus. Geol. Mag.
(3), vol. x, pp. 151-152, London.

Othniel Charles Marsh. 97

1893 Some Recent Restorations of Dinosaurs. Mature, vol. 48, pp.
437-438, London.
Restoration of Coryphodon. This Journal (3), vol. 46, pp. 321-326,
pls. v—vi.
Description of Miocene Mammalia. Tbid., pp. 407-412, pls. vii-x.
1894 Restoration of Camptosaurus. Tbid., vol. 47, pp. 245-246, pl. vi.
Restoration of Elotherium. Tbid., pp. 407-408, pl. ix.
A New Miocene Mammal. Jdzd., p. 409.
Footprints of Vertebrates in the Coal Measures of Kansas. Jéid., vol.
48, pp. 81-84, pls. ii-iii., Erratum, Geol. Mag. (4), vol. 1, p. 432.
The Typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic. Ths Journal (3),
vol. 48, pp. 85-90, pls. iv—vii.
Eastern Division of the Miohippus Beds, with Notes on some of the
Characteristic Fossils. Jdzd., pp. 91-94.

; Miocene Artiodactyles from the Eastern Miohippus Beds. Jd7d., pp.
, 175-178.
Description of Tertiary Artiodactyles. Jézd., pp. 259-274.
A Gigantic Bird from the Eocene of New Jersey. Jdid., p. 344.
= A New Miocene Tapir. Jdzd., p. 348.
1895 On the Pthecanthropus erectus, Dubois, from Java. Jbzd., vol. 49, pp.
144-147, pl. ii.

Thomas Henry Huxley. Jézd., vol. 50, pp. 177-183.

The Reptilia of the Baptanodon Beds. Jézd., pp. 405-406.

Restorations of some European Dinosaurs, with Suggestions as to
their Place among the Reptiia. Abstract: Jdid., pp. 407-412,
pls. v—viii.

On the Affinities and Classification of the Dinosaurian Reptiles.
Abstract: Jdzd., pp. 483-498, pl. x. Reprinted with alterations,
under the title ‘‘ Classification of Dinosaurs.” Geol. Mag. (4),
vol. 3, pp. 388-400, London.

Fossil Vertebrates. Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, newed., vol. 8,
Pp. 491-498, 1 pl.

Note on Globular Lightning. Mature, vol. 53, p. 152, London.

1896 The Age of the Wealden. Tis Journal (4), vol. I, p. 234.

On the Pithecanthropus erectus, from the Tertiary of Java. Abstract:
Tbid., pp. 475-482, pl. xiii. Reprinted under the title ‘‘ The
Apeman from the Tertiary of Java.” Sczence, vol. 3, pp. 789-793.

A new Belodont Reptile (Stegomus) from the Connecticut River Sand-
stone. This Journal (4), vol. 2, pp. 59-62, pl. i.

The Geology of Block Island. Jdzd., pp. 295-208.

Amphibian Footprints from the Devonian. J/dzd., pp. 374-375.

The Geology of Block Island (continued). Jézd., pp. 375-377.

The Dinosaurs of North America. 76th Ann. Rept. Director U. S.
Geol, Surv., Pt. I, pp. 133-414, pls. ii-lxxxv.

The Jurassic Formation on the Atlantic Coast. Abstract: This
Journal (4), vol. 2, pp. 433-447.

Vertebrate Fossils [ of the Denver Basin]. Monographs U. S. Geol.
Surv., vol. 27, pp. 473-550, pls. xxi-xxxi, Washington.

Bales 1897 The yenanae a ee os of Bo
Bs Raat eats 4); vol. 3, pp: 137-146.

| ret, De ash The Affinities of Hesperornis. Thad. pp. aa
ae ' ; Principal Characters of the Protoceratide. ine vel 4 PP. 365:

pls, diva.) | Hit :
- - The Skull of Protoceras. Ck ee ‘ep vol, 4, PP. 433-439, ple
xix, London. Ps
Recent Observations on Euispean Dinosaurs. ae (oe
4, PP. 413-416. ! |

1898 New Species of Ceratopsia. Tbid., vol. 6, p. 92.
| The Jurassic Formation on the Atlantic Coast. —Supplement,
pp. 105-115. “ee
Cycad Horizons in the Rocky Mountain Benen: Tbid:, DP. Lora
The Value of Type Specimens and Importance of their Preserve
Ibid., pp. 401-405.
The Origin ou) Mammals. id. pp. 406-409.

Geological Age. Abstract: Jdid., pp. 483-486.

On the Families of Sauropodous Dinosauria, Abstract:
487-488.

1899 Footprints of Jurassic Dinosaurs. Jézd., vol. 7, pp. 227-232, Bley yulite
Note on a Bridger Eocene Carnivore. J/07d., p. 397. nih

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