f4/^-?-//

1914 VOL. XXVIII. 1915

THE

OTTAWA NATURALIST

Being Volume XXX of the

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884.

^be ©ttawa jftelO^^IRaturalists' dlub.

IPatron .

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1914*1915

iprcstDent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

IDicesiPresiDents:

Mr. H. I Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary: treasurer:

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agricvilture) (Experimental Farm)

JBDitot: Hbrarfan:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Mr. T. W. Gibson, M. A. Dr. M O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. I. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. T- Carter. Miss" A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M.'Y. WilUams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

past-presiDent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

StanOina Gommltteee ot Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, j. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, }. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. [. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. FVles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

ILeaOers at Bxcursions:

ArchcBology : T. W. E. Sowter, |. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, |. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithologv: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lcmieux, E. A. LeSucur, C. H. Young.

HuDltors :

J, Ballantyne. I'.. C. Wight.

MembBPship Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 pen annum.

LIST OF MEMBERS OF
THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB

1914-1915

Ami, H. M.. M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S.,

F.R.S.C.
Ami, S. T. ^

Anderson James R., (Victoria, B.C.)
Anderson, Lt.-Col. W. P., M. Inst.

C.E., F.R.G.S.
Ardley, Edw., (Montreal).
Arnold, Edw., (Montreal).
Attwood, A. E., M.A.

Baldwin, J. W.

Ballantj-ne, James.

Bangs, J. S.

Beaulieu, G., B.A., LL.B.

Beaulne, J. I.

Beaupre, Edwin, (Kingston, Ont.)

Bennett, Miss K. E.

Billings, C. M.

Blackader, Dr. E. H.

Blair, Prof. S., (Kentville, N.S.)

Blythe, Mrs. Geo.

Boomer, A. H.

Borden, Hon. Sir F. W., M.D.

Bothwell, G. E.

Brainerd, Dwight, (Montreal).

Brewster, W., (Cambridge, Mass.)

Brittain, Prof. W., (Truro, N.S.)

Brock, R. W., M.A.

Brown, A. A., (Chatham, N.B.)

Brown, Mrs. A. F.

Brown, Mrs. R. D.

Brown, W. J., (Westmount, Que.)

Brown, F., B.S.A.

Bryce, P. H., M.D.

Bullock, Rev. C. S.

Bunting, Prof. T. G., (Macdonald

College, Que.)
Buck. F. E., B.S.A.
Burgess, T. J. W., M.D., F.R.S.C,

(Montreal).
Burt, Miss F. M.
Butterfield, Frank, (Lennoxville,

Que.)

Calder, Alex., (Winnipeg).
Calvert, E. W.

Calvert, J. F., (London, Ont.)
Cameron, E. R., M.A.
Carter, J. J.

Campbell, A. D., B.S.A., (Calgary,

Alta.)
Campbell, D. A., B.A.
Campbell, R. H.
Cheney, Miss A. M.
Chrystal,- R. H., B. Sc.
Clark, G. H., J5.5.-4.
Clarke, T. E., B.A., B. Paed.
Cobbold, Paul A., (Haileybury, Ont.)
Cole, John E., (Westboro', Ont.)
Connor, M. F., B.Sc.
Cram, A. S.

Criddle, N., (Treesbank, Man.)
Criddle, S., (Treesbank, Man.)
Crozel, G., (Oullins, Rhone, France).
Currie, P. W.
Curry, Miss E. E.

Davidson, John, (Vancouver, B.C.)

Davis, M. B., B.S.A.

Deam, C. C, (Indianapolis, Ind.)

Delahey, Miss Emma.

Dempsey, J. H. C, (Hamilton).

Dent, Miss E.

Dewar, Miss Ethel.

Dickson, James.

Dixon, F. A.

Dod, F. H. Wolley-, (Midnapore,

Aha.)
Donaldson, W.
Dowling, D. B., B.A.Sc.
Dreher, W., B.S.A.
Duff, H. C, B.S.A., (Norwood, Ont.)
Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., M.D., (New

York) .
Dymond, J. R., B.A.

Eastham, A., B.S.A.

Eastham, J. W., B.Sc.

Eddy, E. D., B.S.A.-

Eifrig, Rev. Prof. G., (Oak Park, 111.)

Elford, F. C.

Evans, John D., C.E., (Trenton,

Ont.)
Evans, T. C, D.V.Sc. (Tor.)
Ewart, D.

Farley, F. L., (Camrose, Alta.)
Farr,'Miss E. M., (Philadelphia).

List of Members

[April

Fenn, Miss L.

Ferrier, W. F., (Toronto).

Finn, J. P., B.A.

Fisher, Hon. Sydney A., B.A.

FitzHenry, W., (Myrtle, Man.)

Fleck, A. W.

Fleming, J. H., (Toronto).

Fleming, Sir Sandford, K.C.M.G.,

C.E., F.R.C.I., F.R.S.C.
Forster, E. L. C, M.A.
Fortier, Miss F. M., (Annapolis, N.S.)
Fryer, J. R., B.A.
Fraser, Geo., (Ucluelet, B.C.)
Fyles, Miss ¥., B.A.
Fyles, Miss Winnifred

Gallup, A. H., (Saskatoon, Sask.)

Gibson, Arthur.

Gibson, J. W., B.A.

Godson, "F. P., B.A.

Gorman, M. J., LL.B.

Gormley, L., (Arnprior, Ont.)

Grant, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D.,

F.R.C.S. Edin., F.R.S.C, F.G.S.
Grant, Mrs. E. C.
Grant, W. W., (New York).
Graham, W. L., B.S.A.
Grisdale, J. H., B.Agr.
Grist, Miss Mary L.
Groh, H., B.S.A., (Preston, Ont.)
Gussow, H. T., F'.R.M.S.

Halkett, Andrew.

Harcourt, Geo., (Edmonton, Alta.)

Harmer, Miss G., (Entwistle, Alta.)

Harrington, W. Hague.

Harrison, Lt.-Col. Edward.

Hart, F. C, 5.5.-4., (Toronto).

Harvey, R. V., (Victoria, B.C.)

Hayes, J. A., (Sheffington, Que.)

Henry, J. K., (Vancouver, B.C.)

Herriot, W., (Gait, Ont.)

Hewit, H. O.

Hewitt, C. Gordon, D.Sc, F.E.S.

Higgins, Dr. C. H.

Hobson, W. D., (Woodstock, Ont.)

Hodge, C. F., Ph.D., (Worcester,

Mass.)
Holmes, Miss A. S.
Hope, James.
Howes, E. A., B.S.A.
Houghton, J. A., (Bennington, Vt.)
Hudson, Prof. G. H., (Plattsburgh,

N.Y.)
Hud,son, H. F., B.S.A.
Hughson, W. G., J5.Sc.

Irwin, Lt.-Col. D. T.

Jacobs, MissC. M., (Hamilton, Ohio).

Jacombe, F. W. H., M.A., M.F.

Jamieson, Thos., B.A.

James, C. C, M.A., (Toronto). "

James, L. E., (St. Thomas, Ont.)

Janssen, J. T., (Hillsdown, Alta.)

Janson, J. T., B.Sc.

Jenkins, S. J., B.A.

Jenny, C. F., (Boston, Mass.)

Jennings, O. E., (Pittsburg, Pa.)

Joanes, Arthur.

Johnston, W. A., B.Sc.

Johnstone, Miss A.

Johnson, Geo. S., (Meaford, Ont.)

Kearns, J. C.

Keefer, Thos. C, C.M.G., C.E.,

F.R.S.C.
Keele, J., B.A.Sc.
Kellett, A. E.

Kingston, A. G. '

Kitto, V.
Klotz, Dr. Otto.

Klotz, Julius, M.D., (Lanark, Ont.)
Klugh, A. B., (Kingston).
Knechtel, A.

Labarthe, J., (Trail, B.C.)

Lajeunesse, Rev. J. A.

Lambart, Hon. O. H.

Lambe, L. M., F.G.S. , F.G.S. A.,
F.R.S.C.

Landsborough, J., (Pemberton

Meadows, B.C.)

Latchford, Hon. F. R., B. A.,
(Toronto).

Lawler, James.

Lcclaire, J. M., (Macdonald College,
Que.)

Lee, Miss K. G., (Clinton, N.Y.)

Lees, Miss V.

Lemieux, E. E.

Le Sueur, E. A.

Lewis, J. B., C.E.

Leyden, Miss M.

Lochhead, W., B.A., M.Sc, (Mac-
donald College, Que.)

Lloyd, Prof. F. E., (Montreal).

Lyman, H. H., M..4., (Montreal).

McCreadv, Prof. S. B., (Guelph).
McCurry^ H.
McDougall, Miss J. C.
McElhinnev, Dr. M. G.
McGill, X.;B.A., B.Sc.

1914]

List of Members

McGilHvray, H.

Mclnnes, Wm., B.A.

McMillan, H. R., B.S.A., (Victoria,

B C ")
McMillan, G. O., M.A.
MacCraken, John I., B.A.
MacKay, A. H., LL.D., B.Sc,

F.R.S.C., (Halifax).
Macnamara, C, (Arnprior).
Macoun, Prof. John, M.A., F.L.S.,

F.R.S.C., (Sidney, B.C.)
Macoun, J. M.
Macoun, W. T.

Malcolm, John, (Fergus, Ont.)
Mallock, G. S., B.A.
Malte, M. O., Ph.D.
Martin, D. A., (Lawson, Sask.)
Matthews, Miss Annie L.
Mason, A. E., (Vancouver, B.C.)
MegiU. W. H. T., B.A.
Merrill, G. K., (Rockland, Me.)
Metcalfe, W.

Michaud, Geo., (Quebec).
Millen, Miss C, (Hull, Que.)
Miller, Prof. W. G., (Toronto).
Milne, Wm.

Mitchell, P. C, (Brandon, Man.)
Moore, W. H., (Scotch Lake, N.B.)
Morris, H. U.
Morton, B.
Munro, J. A., (Okanagan Landing,

B.C.)
Murphy, John.

Narraway, J. E.

Nash, C. W., (Toronto).

Newcombe, C. F., M.D., (Victoria,

B.C.)
Newman, L. H., B.S.A.
Nicholls, A., (Sault St. Marie, Ont.)
Noble, J. W., (London, Ont.)
Nunnick, F. C, B.S.A.

O'Brien, S. E.
Oakely, Mrs. W. D.
Odell, W. S.
Orde, J. F.

Oberholser, H. C, (Washington,
D.C.)

Patterson, A. M.

PhiUips, Rev. E.

Phillips, P. B., (New York).

Plaskett, J. S., D.Sc, F.R.S.C.

Prince, Prof. E. E., B.A., F.L.S.

Putman, J. H., B.A., B. Paed.

Raine, Walter, (Toronto).
Raymond, Dr. P. E., (Cambridge,

Mass.)
Reynolds, Miss G. B.
Richard, Rev. A. E., (Perkins, Que.)
Ritchie, Miss Isabella.
Robertson, C. N., (Montreal).
Robinson, Hiram.
Rose, B.

Rush, M. L., B.A.
Russell, Miss Maud.
Russell, Miss Margaret.

Sanders, G. E., B.S.A., (Bridgetown,

N.S.)
Saunders, W. E., (London, Ont.)
Scott, C. H.

Scott, Miss Mary McKay.
Scott, W., B.A., (Toronto).
Scott, Rev. C. T., (Victoria, B.C.)
Seton, E. Thompson, (Coscob, Conn.)
Shannon, Frank, (Saskatoon, Sask.)
Shearman, F. J. W.
Shutt, F. T., M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S.'

F.R.S.C.
Simpson, Willibert.
Sirett, H., B.S.A., (Brighton, Ont.)
Sitwell, Capt. L. H., F.R.G.S.
Skales, Howard, (Mt. Forest, Ont.)
Sladen, F. W. L., F.E.S.
Small, H. Beaumont, M.D.
Smeaton, W., B.A.
Smith, Harlan L
Soper, John.
Sowter, T. W. E.
Speechly, Dr. H. M., (Pilot Mound,

Man.)
Spreckley, R. O.
Sternberg, C. H., M.A.
Stewart, A. T., 5..4.
Summerby, Wm. J., .■1/..4., (Russell,

Ont.)
Sutton, Mrs. L. L.
Swaine, J. M., M. Sc.
Symes, P. B.

Taverner, P. A.

Taylor, F. B., (Fort Wayne, Ind.)

Terrill, L. M., (St. Lambert, Que.)

Topley, Mrs. W. J.

Treherne, R. C, (Agassiz, B.C.)

Tuer, Miss Margaret, (Port Hope,

Ont.)
Tufts, H. F.
Tyrrell, J. B., B.A., B.Sc, F.G.S.,

F.G.S.A., (Toronto).

List of Members

[April

Venables, E. P., (Vernon, B.C.)
Victorin, Rev. Bro.,
(Longueuil, Que.)

Waddell, Miss K. T.

Walker, Sir Edmund, (Toronto).

Walker, E. M., B.A., M.B.,
(Toronto).

Walker, Bryant, (Detroit).

Wallace, J. S., (Toronto).

Wallis, J. B., (Winnipeg, Man.)

Warwick, F. W., B.Sc, (Bucking-
ham, Que.)

Watson, J. F.

Watterson, A. E.

Waugh, F. W.

White, Mrs. Annie G. H., (Toronto).

White, George R.

White, James, (Snelgrove, Ont.)

White, O. C, B.S.A.

Whyte, Miss Ida V.

Whyte, Miss Isabella.

Whvte, R. B.

Wic'kware, A. B., VS.

Wight, E. C.

Williams. Miss M. B., B.A.

Williams, J. B., (Toronto).

Williams, M. Y.

Willing, T. X., (Saskatoon, Sask.)

Wilson, Morlev E.

Wilson, W. j:, Ph.B.

Winchester, H. S.

Wintenberg, W. J.

Young, A. X.
Young, C. H.

Ziemann, Arthvxr.

CORRESPOXDING' MEMBERS.

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph, Ont.
Greene, Dr. E. L., United States Xational Museum, AVashington ,D.C.
Hill, Albert J., M.A., C.E., Xew Westminster, B.C.
Holm, Theodor, Ph.D., Brookland, Washington, D.C.
Merriam, Dr. C, H.\rt, Washington, D.C.
WiCKHAM, Prof. H. F., Iowa City, Iowa, U.S.

SATURDAY SPRING EXCURSIONS, 1914.

The following spring excursions have been arranged by the
Excursions Committee: —
May 2— Rockcliffe.

9 — Above the Chaudiere Falls — north shore Ottawa
" 16 — Britannia. River.

" 23 — Ironsides.

" 30 — Leamey's Lake. y

June 6 — Rideau Canal by motor boats.
" 13— Stittsville.

" 20 — Fairy Lake via Chelsea Road.
" 2 7 — Experimental Farm.

Andrew Halkett,
Chairman of Committee.

• V

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII. OTTAWA, APRIL, 1914 No. 1.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-
NATURALISTS' CLUB, 1913-14.

On the completion of the thirty-fourth year of the existence
of The Ottawa Field-Naturahsts' Club, the Council begs to
present a summary of the work undertaken and accomplished
during the past season.

Eight meetings of the Council have been held. The stand-
ing committees, the editor and associate editors of The Ottawa
Naturalist, the librarian and the excursion leaders were
appointed at the first meeting.

The membership of the Club is now 311. During the 5'^ear
14 members were elected, 11 resigned, 7 were removed from the
list for non-payment of dues and there was one death, making a
total loss of 19.

The Club was represented at the Jubilee Meeting of the
Entomological Society of Ontario, which was held at the Ontario
Agricultural College, 'Guelph, August 27th-29th, 1913, by Mr.
Arthur Gibson, and at the meetings of the Royal Society, held
in Ottawa, by the President, Mr. L. H. Newman.

The usual work under the direction of the various com-
mittees has been conducted along much the same lines as
followed in previous }'ears, and some new field operations have
been commenced from which much is expected. Steps are
being taken to interest the proper authorities in the preserva-
tion, in the natural condition, of certain areas in the Ottawa
district which are especially valuable for natural history study,
instead of allowing them to be subdivided into building lots.

Preservatiox of Bird Life.

A prominent feature of the Club's work this year has been
the attention given to the preservation of bird life, as a result
of which bird sanctuaries will be established at Rockcliffe Park
and the Experimental Farm. In the Rockcliffe sanctuary 2 50

8 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

.if

nest boxes will be put up this spring and at the Experimental
Farm 160, under the direction of the Club. The question of
protecting birds, the economic value of certain common species
and the proposal of the Club for the protection of the native
birds around Ottawa were dealt with at one of the winter
lectures by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist.
An abstract of this address was printed in the March number of
The Ottawa Naturalist.

The Ottawa Naturalist.

Under the direction of the Publications' Committee, The
Ottawa Naturalist, the official organ of the Club, has appeared
regularly during the year and Volume XXVII is now complete.
Mr. Arthur Gibson has continued to edit it. The ten numbers
issued (two of which were double numbers) comprise 180 pages,
in addition to which 23 plates appeared. This large number of
plates adds very much to the appearance of our journal, and, of
course, increases its value very materially.

The following are the most important papers which have
appeared in the volume : —
Notes on the Occurrence of Interesting Forms of Cyperaceae in

Quebec. By Bro. Victorin, Longueuil, Que.
Preliminarv List of Ottawa Sphaeriidae. By F. R. Latchford.
The Manus in a Specimen of Trachodon from the Edmonton

Formation of Alberta. By L. M. Lambe.
The Shade Trees of Ottawa. By E. H. Blackader.
Useful Wild Plants of Canada. By J. W. Eastham.
Description of a New Species of Testudo, and of a Remarkable

Specimen of Stylemys nebrascensis from the Oligocene of

Wyoming, U.S.A. By L. M. Lambe.
The Broad-striped Skunk. By Norman and Stuart Criddle.
Does the T^-pe of Protopalaeaster narrawayi Present an Oral or

Aboral Aspect. By G. H. Hudson.
The Haunts of Some of Our Native Ferns. By A. Cosens.
On the Genera of the Eodiscidae. By P. E. Ra3miond.
A New Genus and Species of Ceratopsia from the Belly River

Formation of Alberta. By L. M. Lambe.
New and Otherwise Interesting Lichens from Vancouver Island

and the Rocky Mountains. By G. K. Merrill.
Some Rare Cases of Albinism in Animals. By E. E. Prince.
On the Fore-limb of a Carnivorous Dinosaur from the Belly

River Formation of Alberta, and a New Genus of Ceratopsia

from the Same Horizon, with Remarks on the Integument

of Some Cretaceous Herbivorous Dinosaurs. B}' L. M.

Lambe.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 9

On Gryposaurus notabilis, a New Genus and Species of Trach-
odont Dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta,
with a Description of the Skull of Protorosaurus belli. Bv
L. M. Lambe.

Notes on the Apothecial Stage of Sclerontinia cinerea in Ontario.
By J. E. Howitt.

The Protection of Birds In and Around Ottawa. By C. Gordon
Hewitt.

The Library.

Several new publications have been added to our exchange
list during the year, some of which are valuable contributions
to current scientific literature. There has been quite a demand
for back numbers of The Ottawa Naturalist, and in most
cases the requests were for a number of volumes. The most
important exchange was a shipment of 10 volumes to the Natural
History Museum of Hamburg, Germany, for which we received
a number of volumes of their Societ}' Bulletin, which is an
excellent one.

The Club Library at present contains a number of extremely
valuable books, bulletins and periodicals, which, at present, are
little used, owing to the lack of an index. It is hoped, however,
that an arrangement will soon be made whereby a suitable
cataloguing of the exchanges will be maintained.

Excursions.
The excursions arranged for by the committee in charge
were all well attended, and much interest was taken in local
natural history. The work accomplished at the various outings
has been reported in The Ottawa Naturalist. The following
is the list of excursions held: —
Spring and Summer Series:

May 3 Rockcliffe and McKay's Lake.
10 Leamy's Lake
17 Britannia.
3 1 Aylmer
June 7 Points along Rideau Canal bv motor boats
14 Stittsville.
Fall Series:

Sept. 20 Billings' Bridge.

2 7 Experimental Farm.
Oct. 14 Beaver Meadow.

Lectures.
The series of lectures presented during the winter was also
very successful. The attendance was good and the subjects dis-
cussed of much interest. The following is the programme as
carried out: —

10 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

Nov. 25 — Open meeting, with exhibits and addresses by mem-
bers.

Dec. 9 — ^The Old Iroquoian Religion and the Handsome Lake
Reform (illustrated). By C. M. Barbeau, Assistant
Ethnologist, Geological Survey.

Jan. 13 — Forestry and Conservation (illustrated). By Dr. Clyde
Leavitt, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa.

Jan. 2 7 — The Shedding of Leaves, Flowers and Fruits (illustra-
ted). By Dr. Francis E. Lloyd, Department of
Botany, McGill University, Montreal.

Feb. 10 — Protection of Birds In and Around Ottawa (illustra-
ted). By Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Ento-
mologist, Ottawa.

Feb. 24 — Views in the Dominion Parks (illustrated). By A.
Knechtel, Chief Forester of Dominion Parks, Ottawa.

Mar. 10 — Mackenzie River Region (illustrated). By Charles
Camsell, Geologist, Geological Survey, Ottawa.

Mar. 24 — Annual Meeting and Presidential Address on the
Breeding of Economic Plants. By L. H. Newman,
Secretary, Canadian Seed Growers' Association,
Ottawa.

The Botanical Branch.
There have been six meetings of this branch during the fall

and winter. The first two were held at the residence of Mr. R.

B. Whyte, one at the University Club Rooms and one at the

residence of each of the following members: Messrs. J. M.

Macoun, G. H. Clark and A. E. Attwood. Synopses of the meet-
ings were published in The Ottawa Naturalist.

In the fall it was suggested that the members should bring

specimens of botanical interest to each meeting for exhibition

and discussion, but the number presented has been smaller than

was anticipated.

At the first meeting the members present gave brief accounts

of observations which they had made during the summer. The

subjects presented at the other meetings are as follows: —

Some Results of the Summer's Work. By Dr. M. O. Malte.

Some Conditions affecting Organic Progress. By C. J. Tullv.

The Clay Belt of Northern Ontario. By G. H. Clark and Mr.
Honeyman.

A Review of Some Recent Work dealing with the Phenomenon
of Variation in Plants. By L. H. Newman.

The Wild Fruits of Canada. By W. T. Macoun.
The Entomological Branch.
Several meetings of the Entomological Branch have been

held during the winter now drawing to a close. The attendance

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 11

at these meetings has been good and the discussions have been
extremely interesting.

During the season of 1913 large collections of insects,
particularly in the orders H3'menoptera and Diptera, were
made, many additions being added to the local lists. The
prospects are bright for successful field work during the
approaching collecting season.

The tent caterpillars, which were referred to in our last
report, were, also in 1913, the most abundant insects in the
district. Although certain areas of forest lands, chiefly of birch
and poplar, were again defoliated, the damage was not so wide-
spread as that of 1912. The natural parasites and fungous
diseases which control the tent caterpillars are increasing, and
we do not expect to again see, for many years, such enormous
outbreaks of these insects.

At the conclusion of the Club year, the balance on hand is
$28.59.

For accommodation for lectures and Council meetings, the
thanks of the Club are due to the management of the Carnegie
Library, the Normal School and the Collegiate Institute, and
to the press of the city for the free insertion of notices and the
publication of reports of excursions and lectures.

Respectfully submitted,

E. D. EDDY, Secretary.

WINTER NOTES ON ALBERTA HAWKS AND OWLS.

There has been a noticeable absence this winter of the Great
Gray Owl, American Hawk Owl and the Snowy Owl in this
district. These birds are all irregular winter visitors, arriving
from the North about the middle of November and remaining
until the middle of March. Some winters they are comparatively
plentiful, as many as one or two of each variety may be seen in
a single day. In November, 1896, I counted a dozen Hawk
Owls in a day's drive of thirty miles, while the following winter,
very few, if any, were seen. Different reasons have been
advanced for their irregular migration, the most likely of which
is the supply of natural food. Hunters returning from the
country away north of the Saskatchewan River say that the
Rabbit is very plentiful this winter and this no doubt accounts
for their not having to move South. I have never seen any of
these birds in this locality in the summer.

3rd April, 1914. F. L. Farley, Camrose, Alberta.

12 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

TREASURER'S STATEMENT FOR YEAR ENDING
17th march, 1914.

Receipts.

Balance from previous year $ 9.79

Subscriptions : —

Arrears $ 39.00

1913-1914 194.00

1914-1915, in advance 31 .00

264.00

Advertisements in Ottawa Naturalist 103 .90

Authors' extras sold 225 .31

Government Grant 200 .00

$803.00

Expenditure.

Printing Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, 10 Nos.,

including cover $362 .00

Illustrations 152 .47

Authors' extras 120.69

Miscellaneous printing: circulars, mailing envelopes,

etc 17.88

Postage on Ottawa Naturalist 28.34

Editor :... 50.00

$731.38

Lecture expenses 26 . 89

Sundry expenses, postage, bank exchange, etc 16.14

Balance 28.59

$803.00
W. T. MACOUN, Treasurer.

Examined and found correct, ,

J. BALLANTYNE, I Auditors.
E. C. WIGHT, I

MEMBERSHIP FEES, 1914-1915.

Subscriptions for the Club year beginning April, 1914, are
now due and should be made payable to the new Treasurer,
Mr. J. F- Watson, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa.

t^^.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 13

ON A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF CARNIVOROUS

DINOSAUR FROM THE BELLY RIVER FORMATION

OF ALBERTA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE

SKULL OF STEPHANOSAURUS MARGINATUS

FROM THE SAME HORIZON.*

By Lawrence M. Lambe, F.G.S., F.R.S.C., F.G.S.A.,
Vertebrate Palaeontologist to the Geological Survey, Canada.

The osteological characters of one of the carnivorous dino-
saurs of the Cretaceous are revealed in a wonderful manner by
a nearly complete skeleton obtained last summer by the
Vertebrate Palaeontological expedition of the Geological Survey of
Canada to Red Deer river, Alberta, where a magnificent collection
of dinosaurian and other reptilian remains was obtained from
the Belly River formation. The expedition was in charge of Mr.
Charles H. Sternberg, and this skeleton was discovered by his
son, Charles M. Sternberg, 3h miles below the mouth of Berry
creek (Steveville), on the south side of Red Deer river, near the
prairie level.

The specimen includes the head, the greater part of the
vertebral column, the pectoral and pelvic arches, one at least of
the fore-limbs complete, both hind-limbs also complete, the
ribs, and apparently the entire series of abdominal ribs.
The cervical vertebrae appear to be missing, but as all
of the sandstone matrix has not yet been removed, they, or some
of them, as well as the other fore-limb, may yet be uncovered.
The extreme end of the tail, back of the twenty-second caudal
vertebra, was not found.

The mandible is present and all of the teeth, both upper
and lower, are in place, giving the complete dentition. The
writer has already pubhshed a short description of the fore-limb,**
which has not hitherto been known in any of the Cretaceous
carnivorous dinosaurs. Nor has a complete series of ventral
ribs in any of these reptiles previously been discovered.

For the undescribed genus of Theropodous dinosaur, brought
to light by this magnificent specimen, the name Gorgosaurus is
proposed. The species may be called lihratus in reference to the
animal's probable well-balanced and easy gait.

Gorgosaurus libratus, gen. et sp. nov.

Carnivorous dinosaur of large size, reaching a length of
about twentv-nine feet; head narrow and moderately elongate;

* Communicated by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey.
**The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, No. 10, January, 1914.

14 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

trunk compact; fore-limbs minute; hind-limbs long and robust;
tail nearly half the total length of the animal, tapering, and
with only a slight lateral compression. In the skull there is a
large antorbital vacuity, preceded by a very small opening in
the centre of a depressed area. No triangular alveolar plates on
the inner sides of the jaws. A foramen present in the surangular,
far back and near its upper border. No presplenial. Teeth
trenchant, powerful, 4 premaxillar3% 13 maxillary and 14
dentary. First tooth of the maxilla similar in shape and size
to those of the prem axilla. Vertebrae slightly amphicoelous,
concave on the sides and beneath; 2 cervico-dorsals, 11 dorsals,
5 sacrals, and about 34 caudals. Neural spines short throughout
the vertebral column. Chevron bones short, beginning with the
first caudal. Transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae de-
creasing in size to and ending with the 14th vertebra. Anterior
zygapophyses of the posterior caudals greatly lengthened.
Scapula longer than the fore-limb. Humerus twice the length
of the ulna. Two digits, Nos. II and III, to the manus, of which
the phalangeal formula is 2 II, 3 III, the terminal phalanges
being claw-bones. Metacarpal IV represented by a proximal
vestigial bone. Iliuin elongate, plate-like, with a flat upper out-
line and rounded ends. Preacetabular part shorter than the
hinder portion, of which both are strengthened on the outer
surface by a prominent, overhanging flange running horizontally
at midheight. Ischium terminating narrowly below. Pubis
ending in a horizontally expanded foot, of which the posterior
extension is the greater. Femur about the same length as the
tibia. Metatarsals II, III and IV elongate, of which III, the
longest, is nearly two-thirds the length of the femur. Meta-
tarsal I represented distally by a short vestigial bone, and
metatarsal V represented in a similar manner proximally. Four
clawed digits to the pes, viz.: Nos. I, II, III and IV, of which
the phalangeal formula is 2 1, 3 11, 4 III and 5 IV. Ventral
ribs composite, sixteen in number, overlapping at the longitudinal
mid-line of the body, and bearing distally slender, closely applied
sup p lem en t ar ie s .

Gorgosattrus librains, apart from its dentition, is remarkable
for the extreme shortness of the fore-legs and the great length of
the hind ones. The long, narrow ilium rises slightly above the
short sacral spines, and, in addition to the horizontal flanges,
already inentioned, there are two small strengthening buttresses
running upward from the centre of the acetabular border. The
length of the metatarsals is surprising. The close application of
the vestigial distal end of metatarsal I to metatarsal II is in-
dicated by a slightly concave surface on the latter bone, which

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. IS

gives digit I a forwardly rather than a backwardly directed
position in the foot, The vestigial proximal end of metatarsal
V is in place in each leg, recalling to mind a similarly reduced
I'one in Ornithomimiis alius, Lambe, also from the Belly River
formation of Alberta.

Each abdominal rib consists of two well ossified, flattened
lengths, which overlap at their inner ends. Outwardty, each
lateral half is slightly grooved on its front margin for the recep-
tion of a slender rod-like bone (supplementary), which lies
closelv against the rib and projects but slightly beyond its outer
end.

The four premaxillary teeth are remarkably long and slender,
with a keel on each side of a slightly convex inner or lingual
surface. They are latterly compressed to a slight extent, evenly
rounded in front, with their fore and aft diameter a little greater
than their breadth. The first or anterior tooth of the maxilla
is similar to the premaxillary teeth, in which respect Gorgosaurus
differs from other known genera of Cretaceous carnivorous
dinosaurs. The other maxillary teeth are long and powerful,
of the Megalosauroid type, with two serrated keels, one along
the front edge, the other behind. In the second maxillary tooth
the anterior keel in descending passes slightly toward the inner
side of the crown, and this is seen in a lessening degree in the
next two or three succeeding teeth. A similar slight variation is
seen also in the more anterior teeth of the dentary.

The chevron bones are intervertebral, but with a greater
surface of attachment to the front vertebra of the two. The
more anterior ones are bent slightly backward from their mid-
length. This angulation in succeeding ones becomes more
pronounced until the lower edge of the distal half is parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the tail. By a gradually increased
development and prolongation forward of the anterior angula-
tion at the mid-length of the bone, a "meat-chopper" shape is
attained and adhered to with a gradual diminution in size, in ore
apparent in the depth of the bone than in the length of its
"foot."

The long and slender anterior teeth (premaxillary and first
maxillary) of Gorgosaurus are very different in shape from the
robust supposed anterior teeth of Deinodon horridtis of Leidy.
In all the large Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs, the majority
of the teeth, apart from the more anterior ones, are remarkably
similar in the different genera and do not afford data for generic
distinctions.

16 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

Another large form of carnivorous dinosaur, having support-
ing alveolar plates on the inner sides of the jaws, occurs in the
Belly River formation of Alberta and is represented in the
collection of 1913.

Measurements.

Feet. Inches.

Total length of specimen (estimated) 29 2

Skull, length to occipital condyle (approx) 3 2

depth to lower border of maxilla, through

middle of antorbital opening 1 0

" depth to lower border of dentary, through

middle of same opening. 1 9f

Mandible, length of 3 2|

Third premaxillary tooth.

Length below alveolar margin 2

Breadth at midlength Of

First maxillary tooth,

Length below alveolar margin If

Breadth at midlength Of

Second maxillary tooth.

Length below alveolar margin 2h

Fore and aft diameter Of

Transverse diameter Of

Maxillary tdoth, longest (6th), length below

alveolar margin 31

Dentary tooth, longest (5th), length above alveolar

margin , 2f

Cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, 7 cervicals and 2

cervico-dorsals), estimated length 4 4

Dorsal vertebrae with sacrum (11 dorsal, 5 sacral). 7 6

Caudal vertebrae, 1st to 22nd, both inclusive 10 4

23rd to 34th, both inclusive

(estimated) 3 10

Scapula with coracoid, length 3 5

Humerus, length 12|

Ulna, length 6|

Radius, length 6^

Ilium, length (antero-posterior) 3 3^

Ilium, height above lower end of ischial peduncle. . 1 2

Ischium, length 2 _ 8|

Pubis, length 3 3J

Pubis, fore and aft length of foot of 1 10

Femur, length 3 4J

Tibia (including astragalus), length 3 4

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 17

Tibia, length 3 3

Metatarsal, I, length 4^

II, " 1 9^

III, " 2 Oi

IV, " 1 10

V, " H

Digit I of pes, length 8

" II " " 1 4f

" III " " 1 8

IV " " 1 ^

1st Dorsal vertebra, length of centrum of ■ 3^

3rd " " " " 4

2nd Rib, length 3 9

Posterior sacral vertebra, length of centrum of.. . . 6^

1st Caudal vertebra, length of centrum of 6

height of anterior end of

^t)-"

centrum of 7^

5th Caudal vertebra, length of centrum of 6

" " " height of centrum of, ^

neural spine 11^

" " " length of chevron bone of . . . 8

12th " "' length of centrum of 5f

" " " height of anterior end of

centrum of 3^

22nd " " length of centrum of 4f

" " height of anterior end of

centrum of 1|-

'-' " " fore and aft length of foot of

chevron bone of 4

5th Abdominal rib, length of lateral half of 2 1}

Outer supplementary of same, length of 9f

Stephanosaurus, gen. nov.

This genus is established for the reception of the species
from the Belly River formation of Alberta, originally described,
under the name of Trachodon marginatus, by the writer in 1902*
from a ramus of a lower jaw and a maxilla, and from the remains
of one individual. With the species were provisionally associated
other elements, notably a slender footed-ischium, which associa-
tions have since been proved to be correct by further material
included in the collection of 1913 from the Belly River formation
of Red Deer river. These additional remains, discovered by

''Contributions to Canadian Palseontology, Vol. Ill (quarto), pt. II.

18 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, are of two individuals to which the
writer has lately referredf in describing the integument of the
species. With one of these specimens the skull reproduced in
plate I is preserved. Part of another skull (collection of
1913), found separately, assists in elucidating the characters
displayed by the more perfect skull, and provides additional
evidence regarding some of those elements to whose great
development is mainly due the surprising shape of the head of
this species.

The skull of Stephanosaurus rises to a great height in front
of and above the eye opening. In recently describing Grvpo-
saurus, also from the Belly River formation of Alberta,
the writer commented on the anterior depth of the skull
occasioned by the height to which the nasal rose. In the skull
of Stephanosaurus, however, the height attained by the nasals
is proportionately twice as great as in Gryposaurus; the depth
of the skull above its midlength is equal to its total length.
Viewing the skull from the side, the facial outline is sigmoid,
at first concave, ascending rapidly from the front until it is
vertical, whence it continues upward and reaches a point directly
above by an even convex curve ; this, the highest point preserved
in the specimen, is vertically above the midlength of the skull.
The general slope of the head behind is rapidly downward to the
squamosal, but as this part of the specimen is imperfect, the exact
outline is unknown. The almost vertical quadrate and the
sinuous horizontal contour of the slender mandible below com-
plete the profile of the head.

The orbit is small and its centre is below the midheight of
the skull.

The enlargement of the skull in front of and above the orbit
is due to the great development mainly of the prefrontal and
nasal bones, the latter of which rises upward in front of the pre-
frontal and passes backward over it and beyond it. This ex-
tension of the nasal beyond the upper limit of the prefrontal
appears to be supported from below by the frontal, although
this last bone has not been satisfactorily recognized. Above
the prefrontal and the supposed frontal, the nasal points almost
directly upward. In the speciinen its upper termination has
been broken off, but it probably formed with the other nasal a
stout spine somewhat of the shape suggested by the dotted
outline in the figure.

The prefrontal is a large triangular bone with its base rest-
ing for the most part on the lachr3'mal, which latter is long and

t The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, No. 10, January, 1914. rfA/^ ^

LIMRAR

%■

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 19

narrow, meets the jugal below, and posteriori)- enters largel}'
into the formation of the orbital rim.

By referring to the figure it will be seen that the maxilla,
the jugal, the quadrato-jugal, the quadrate, and the mandible
have much the same proportions as in Trachodon. The jugal is
small, but it has the general shape characteristic of this element
in all known members of the Trachodontidae.

Anteriorly, the premaxilla is somewhat depressed, but
laterally much expanded. Its upper surface, next to the median
line of the head, is continued in a curve outward anteriorly and
backward laterally as a marginal area enclosing a wide depression
in advance of the long and narrow nasal opening. In the speci-
men, the outermost portion of the laterally expanded premaxilla
is crushed down. The nasal opening is enclosed above by the
nasal and below by a backwardly directed extension of the pre-
maxilla. This extension, or lower limb, of the premaxilla passes
along the upper front surface of the maxilla and abuts against
the prefrontal. Above, posteriorly, it unites with the nasal
behind the nasal opening in a short sutural contact. It is not
known how far forward the nasal extends, as its suture with the
premaxilla in front has not been detected.

The squamosal is preserved in part, as shewn in the figure.
The postfrontal is probably represented toward its anterior end,
but here its limits are not recognized, and posteriorly the bone
is imperfect. As in other members of the Trachodontidae, it no
doubt contributed to the formation of the postorbital bar.

The orbital opening is narrowly elliptical, with its longer
diameter directed obliquely downward and forward. It is more
than twice as long as wide. The lateral temporal fossa is larger
than the orbit and is also longer than wide, with a simJlar
obliquity of length.

Detailed descriptions, with illustrations, of the maxilla, the
mandible, the teeth, the ischium, the pubis, and the principal
bones of the fore- and hind-limbs of Stephanosaurus marginatus
were published when the w^riter established the species in 1902.
The characters of the integument are known from the writer's
recent description (op. cit.).

The nearest approach to Stephanosaurus is Saurolophus of
Brown from a higher horizon of the Cretaceous of Alberta
(Edmonton formation). In this latter genus the facial slope of
the skull is about midway between that of Stephanosaurus and
Trachodon. The upwardly directed nasal spine of Stephano-
saurus may have heralded the backwardly sloping nasal crest

20 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April

of the later Edmonton dinosaur. The two genera appear to be
closely allied and in both the footed form of ischium is present.
Explanation of Plate I.

Left lateral aspect of skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus; one-
fifth the natural size.

Abbreviations. — D, lateral temporal fossa; DN, dentary;
J, jugal; L, lachrymal; MX, maxilla; A'', nasal; NO, nasal
opening; OR, orbit; PD, predentary; PF, prefrontal; PM,
premaxilla; Q, quadrate; QJ, quadrato-jugal ; 5, squamosal;
SA, surangular.

THE LONDON BIOLOGICAL CLUB.

This club, which was formed on Februar}^ 6th last, has twenty
chartered members. It is the intention to hold monthly meet-
ings and conduct field excursions. On March 6th, Dr. Kill, of
the Institute of Public Health, gave an address on" Life", and
on April 3rd Dr. Woolverton delivered a lecture on "The
Mammoth Cave".

Recently the club presented a memorial to the Honourable
Minister of Game and Fisheries, Toronto, which called attention
to many native birds which have become seriously depleted in
numbers, chiefly owing to shooting by sportsmen and others.
Direction was drawn to the scarcity of quail in certain localities
and the hope, expressed that continuous protection be given so
that the birds would have every chance to recover, in time,
their former numbers. Other birds mentioned were the Eagle,
Fish Hawk and Great Blue Heron, which have now become
exceedingly rare. Many of the beneficial smaller birds are also
in need of protection. In the opinion of the club, the easiest
way to increase the amount of protection given by the present
laws is to enact and enforce a license for all firearms except
military rifles, which would prevent a great deal of the thought-
less slaughter at present carried on.

It was also suggested that the Government purchase
abandoned woods and other cheap areas of land and marsh on
which hunting could be prohibited, thereby forming breeding
sanctuaries.

The officers of the London Biological Club are: President,
Dr. H. W. Hill; Vice-President, Dr. S. Woolverton; Curator,
Mr. J. F. Calvert; Secretary -Treasurer, Mr. J. W. Noble.

We extend to this new sister clul) our warmest greetings
and best wishes for success in all branches of its work. The
motto of the club, "Learn to live and live to learn," is an ideal
one. A. G.

The Ottawa Naturalist.

Vol. XXVIIl. Tlate I.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII. OTTAWA, MAY, 1914 No. 2 .

THE WATERWAYS OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN*

By Charles Camsell.

IXTRODUCTION.

The Mackenzie is one of the great rivers of the earth, with a
drainage basin covering about one-fifth of the total area of
Canada, exclusive of the islands of the Arctic. The subject,
therefore, is too big a one to discuss in all its details within the
limits of a short paper such as this, and I will make no attempt
to do so. I wish, however, to draw particular attention to what
I consider one of the most important features of the region, and
one on which, to a very large extent, its future development
depends, namely, its navigable waterways. The importance of
these waterways, first in the exploration of the region and later
in its settlement and the development of its natural resources,
cannot be overestimated, and these waterways can and will be
used far beyond the limited extent to which they are used at
present.

I have selected the Mackenzie river region for two reasons.
In the first place, I am familiar with much of its geography, its
natural resources and its inhabitants, and I am able to speak of
them with some degree of knowledge gathered throughout many
years of residence in the region. For many years I wandered
over much of the northern part of the region, from the barren
lands on the east to the Pacific coast on the west, travelling in
summer by canoe and in winter on snowshoes. During these
years I travelled over nearly all the main routes, besides some
that had not previouslv been explored.

In the second place, the Mackenzie river region is at
present beginning to attract a good deal of attention among
men who are anxious to develop its natural resources in minerals

*Paper read at the meeting of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club on
March 10th. 1914.

22 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

and agriculture. The agricultural portion, namely, that within
the basin of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, has been widelv
advertised as "The Last West," and is being graduallv settled
up. This portion of the Mackenzie basin, together with that
immediately to the north of it as far as the Liard river, contains
the greatest area of unoccupied agricultural country in Canada,
and it is the direction in which Canadian expansion in agri-
cultural pursuits is bound to take place.

The northern and eastern portion, however, is still largely
unexplored and, while it is never likelv to support a large agri-
cultural population, offers a vast field of possibh^ great value to
the prospector and the mining man.

To develop the Mackenzie basin, railway companies are
building lines into it from the south, one going north-westward
from Edmonton into the Peace river, and another down the
Athabasca river, and still others are asking for charters to cross
it from Hudson bay to the Pacific. Its magnificent system of
waterways, with thousands of miles of river and lake navigation,
combined with the transportation that will be afforded by the
proposed railway lines, will make the development of the more
accessible parts a quick and easy matter.

Although it is more than 100 3^ears since the first explorer
descended the Mackenzie river to its mouth, yet at the present
time practically all we know of most of the region north of
Athabasca lake is confined to the valleys of the main streams
and the shores of the Great Lakes, and that knowledge is very
imperfect. The vast extent of country lying between the river
courses is still virtually unknown, except to the Indians. What
those portions of the country contain in the way of mineral
resources it is impossible to say and unsafe to hazard a guess, in
view of the surprises we have already received in opening up
similar country in northern Ontario.

Twenty-five years ago the basin of the Mackenzie was the
subject of an investigation by a select committee of the Senate
of Canada. The report of that committee summarizes the
information that was available at that time on its climate,
inhabitants and natural resources. That information is valuable
to-day, but little new information has since been obtained on a
great part of the region. The time is at hand, therefore, when we
should endeavour to learn more about this region.

Physical Features.
The Mackenzie river is on the Arctic watershed, draining
an area of 682,000 square miles, a territory covering about one-
fifth of the total area of Canada.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 23

The basin of the Mackenzie comprises three main physical
features: On the west is the great series of parallel mountain
ranges known as the Rocky Mountain system, into which many
of the stronger tributaries of the Mackenzie cut deeply. On the
east is the low-lying, rocky, broken Laurentian plateau, which
in its northern part is treeless and is known as the Barren Lands.
Between these two strongly marked features lies the broad low-
land, through which the Mackenzie flows northward to the
Arctic. The Mackenzie lowland is the northward extension of
our own Great Plains region. It is a country of numerous lakes
and of rivers flowing in shallow valleys, and its general level is
only broken by occasional low ranges of hills. It corresponds to
a certain extent with the region to the south, through which
the Mississippi flows southward to the Gulf of Mexico. In con-
trast to the Mississippi region, however, the Mackenzie lowland is
forested northward to its mouth and it embraces also within its
limits some of the largest lakes on the continent.

The physical features of the Mackenzie basin then are these:
A mountainous highland on the west, a low-lying, rugged, rocky
and partly treeless plain on the east, and in the middle a broad,
almost level, forested loAvland, with the trunk stream, like a
great artery, fl.owing northward to the Arctic sea, fed on the
one hand from the melting snows of the mountains and on the
other hand from the numberless lakes of the plateau region on
the east.

The Mackenzie ranks as one of the eight large rivers of the
earth. It is exceeded in length, drainage area and volume by
the Mississippi, but has a greater length and drainage area than
the St. Lawrence. Its length is reckoned at 2,550 miles to the head
of the Peace river and its volume at about half a million cubic
feet per second, or nearly ten times as great as the mean volume
of the Ottawa river.

It is navigated by river steamers for 1,300 miles without a
break, from its mouth up, and above that again on the Peace,
Athabasca and other tributaries for a total length of about
1,400 miles in three sections. If we include its great lakes and
those tributary streams that have already been explored, it has
an estimated length of navigable river and lake shore line of
nearh' 7,000 miles in length.

History.

The history of the Mackenzie river district is intimately

bound up with that of the fur trade, and particularly with that

of the Hudson Bay Company. Organized in 1670, under the

name of "The Honourable Company of Merchant Adventurers

24 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

Trading into Hudson Bay," a charter was obtained from Charles
the Second, which carried with it not only the right to trade,
but the ownership of most of the region now included in northern
and western Canada.

For 100 years after its formation, "The Company" as it
is familiarly known all over this vast territory, confined its
operations to the immediate shores of Hudson bay. In 1770,
however, they were induced to send an explorer, Samuel Hearne,
into the country west of the Bay for the purpose of finding the
locality from which the Esquimaux obtained the native copper
which they made into arrow heads and other implements.
Hearne's first two attempfs to reach the locality failed, because,
as his Indians told him, he had no women on the part3^
"Women," they said, "were useful to draw the toboggans
and carry the loads, while the men hunted; and, besides that,
they could easih^ subsist on the bones from which the men had
eaten the meat." On his last journey, Hearne discovered Great
Slave lake, and explored the Coppermine river to the Arctic
coast. His journey is one of the most remarkable that has ever
been made in the history of northern inland travel, and for a
year and a half he travelled with a band of Chipewyan Indians,
living as one of themselves, under the conditions of the greatest
hardship.

About this time other fur trading companies, financed from
Montreal and Boston, began to enter the field in opposition to
the Hudson Bay Company. Competition, however, soon became
so keen that they had to unite under the name of the North-
West Company. Between this and the Hudson Bay Company
the rivalry was so fierce that it often led to bloodshed, but it
greatly stimulated explorations in the Mackenzie basin.

The North-West Company was the more aggressive of the
two and pushed their outposts far into the interior. In 1778 we
find them establishing a post near Athabasca lake, and in 1785
they reached Great Slave lake, fifteen years after Hearne.

It was from Athabasca lake that in 1789 Alexander
Mackenzie, an employee of the North-West Company, started
on his voyage of exploration northward. On this journey he
crossed Great Slave lake, and descended the Mackenzie to its
mouth, the first white man to make the trip. He was six weeks
in descending the river, and during this time he met with many
discouragements. Meeting a party of Indians at the mouth of
Great Bear river, he was told that it would still take years to
reach the mouth, and they would be all old men before they
returned.

191-i] The Ottawa Naturalist. 25

Three years later Mackenzie explored the Peace river, and
crossed over to the Pacific, being the first white man to cross
the continent north of Mexico.

In 1821 the two fur trading companies, finding that their
profits were being reduced by competition, amalgamated under
the name of the older company, and thus was ended one of the
most interesting chapters in the history of the Northern Interior
of Canada.

In 1819 Franklin made his first journey into the Mackenzie
basin, when he explored the Coppermine river and apart of the
Arctic coast to the east, a journey which cost him the lives of
manv of his party. In 182 5 he made a second and more successful
trip to the mouth of the Mackenzie and along the coast to the
east and west.

Franklin's journeys mark the beginning of much Arctic
exploration, and in the succeeding years the Mackenzie was
traversed by such men as Dease, Siinpson, Rae, Richardson and
many others. Many of these explorers were sent out to search
for traces of Franklin's last expedition, from which neither he
nor an}^ of his party ever returned.

Much of the details of geographical work in the Mackenzie
basin was filled in by the officers of the Hudson Bay Company,
but few of them considered it worth while to record their observa-
tions in writing or were trained for that kind of work. In more
recent times, Father Petitot did a great deal of unobstrusive
exploratory work, and later still we have such men as Macoun,
McConnell, Ogilvie, Russell, Bell, Preble and mam' others. The
most important geographical and geological work in this field in
the present generation is that of McConnell, whose expeditions in
1887-88 and later, added more to our knowledge of the geology
and natural resources of the region than any other expeditions
since.

There is still much exploratory work to be done, and there
are many blank spaces on the map of the Mackenzie basin to
be filled in.

Unexplored Area.

In 1890, Dr. George Dawson, in a paper before the Ottawa
Field-Naturalists' Club, made an estimate of the area of un-
explored territory in Canada, exclusive of the islands of the
Arctic. His results were obtained in this way. All lines along
which reasonably satisfactory explorations had been made, he
gave a width of 50 miles, that is to say, he assumed that the
explorer learned something of the country 25 miles on either

26 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May-

side of his route. The area between these Unes was measured,
and in this way he calculated that out of a total area of 3,729,665
square miles, there were about 1,000,000 square miles of
unexplored territory in Canada. About 600,000 of this lav in
western Canada, the rest being in what are now the provinces
of Ontario and Quebec. No area less than 7,500 square miles
was included.

Recently I had occasion to revise this estimate, but believing
that the 50-mile strip was too wide, 1 took a strip 15 miles on
either side of the explorers' route and reduced the explored lines
to a width of 30 miles, which I think is quite enough. The
result is that I find in western Canada there are areas aggregating
600,000 square miles in extent which must still be considered as
unexplored. Of this area 240,000 square miles lie within the
drainage basin of the Mackenzie river, an area which is almost
equal to the area of the Province of Saskatchewan.

In commenting upon the area of unexplored territory that
we have within the borders of the Dominion, Dawson remarked
that it might be considered a reproach upon Canadians as in-
dicating a lack of justifiable curiosity on what our country
contains. That reproach still remains on us, and will continue
so long as such a large proportion of our country remains un-
known. Expeditions into the iVrctic are useful in their way
and add much to our knowledge of those little known regions,
but it seems to me imperative that we should devote more of
our attention to the more accessible parts of our unexplored
region, on the chance of finding something on which to build
productive industries and open fresh outlets for our national
energy.

Every explorer, even at the present time, going into the
north country, away from the regular lines of trail, takes a
certain amount of risk, though that risk is not as great as it
might appear to those who have no knowledge of that kind of
work. Life, even for the natives, is a constant struggle, and the
law of the survival of the fittest holds more rigidly in that region
than in southern latitudes. It is not so much the severity of
the climate and the intense cold of the winter season that take
their toll of human life, but the uncertainty of the food supply.
Game is very plentiful in certain parts and at certain seasons of
the year, but the habits of some of the animals are migratory,
especially the cariboo, on which such a large proportion of the
inhabitants depend for food, and it is absolutely necessary to
know those habits before one ventures without a sufficient food
supply into regions distant from the few scattered trading posts.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 27

A change in the course of the migration of the cariboo or the
periodical failure of the rabbits has always been attended by
starvation and hardship among the natives, and has, in the past,
been the cause of occasional lapses towards cannibalism. If it
were not for the food supply of fish, it would be exceedingly
difficult for the natives to live at all, and it is safe to say that no
coi:ntry in the world has such a large quantity or excellent quality
of food fishes as the lakes and streams of the Mackenzie basin. •

Inhabitants.
The population of the Mackenzie basin, at the present time,
numbers only a few thousands, the larger proportion of which
are Indians and half-breeds. Most of the white population is
segregated on the southern fringe of the region. The widely
separated posts in the central and northern parts of the basin
average perhaps a dozen white people each, and these posts are
usually about 150 miles apart. As far northward, however, as
the Liard river and Great Slave lake, which might be considered
the northern limit to which any considerable settlement of an
agricultural population will take place, there is within the basin
of the Mackenzie an area of about 200,000 square miles, which
should be able to support a population of at least 2,000,000
people, or about ten persons to the square mile, and that mainly
from agriculture.

Waterways.
One of the most important features of the Mackenzie basin,
and one on which to a very large extent the development of the
region depends, is its system of waterways. These waterways
are the main highways of the region, and except for the very
southern fringe of the region, where railways and wagon roads
are now being built, constitute the only routes of travel in winter
as well as in summer. Until 2 5 or 30 years ago, the only craft
plying on them were the York boats of the traders and the
canoes of the natives. Since that time river steamers have been
built and now run on all sections of the main waterway. At the
present time steamers are running on the Athabasca, Peace,
Slave and Mackenzie rivers.

The Mackenzie system of waterways, on which steamers
can and do run, has a known length of river and lake shore line
of 6,900 miles. This system is divided naturally into four
sections, each section being separated from the adjoining one
by natural obstructions of falls or heavy rapids which the
steamers cannot surmount. These sections I have named for
convenience: — (1) The Athabasca river section; (2) the Peace

28 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

river section; (3) Athabasca lake section, and (4) the Lower
Mackenzie section. The navigable river and lake shore line of
these sections have been arranged in tabular form in the sub-
jf5ined table. The figures are given in round numbers.

Navigable Waters of Mackenzie Basix. /

Lower Mackenzie river section:

Mackenzie river, below Great Slave lake 1,000 miles

Peel river, to mouth of Wind river 250

Bear river 90

Shore line, Great Bear lake 1,360

Liard river 440

Shore line. Great Slave lake 1,440

Slave river, Fort Smith to Great Slave lake. . . . 200

Total 4,780 "

Athabasca lake section:

Slave river, Athabasca lake to Graham landing. 100 miles

Peace river. Slave river to Vermilion falls 220

Shore line, Athabasca lake 560 "

Athabasca river, Athabasca lake to McMurray. . 170

Clearwater river 80 "

Total.. . .' 1,130 "

Peace river section:

Peace river, Hudson's Hope to Vermilion falls .. 550 miles

Athabasca river section:

Athabasca river, Grand Rapids to McLeod river. 325 miles
Lesser Slave river and lake 115 "

Total 440 "

Total for whole Mackenzie basin 6,900 "

The Athabasca river section has a length of navigable
river and lake of about 440 miles, on which steamers drawing
two feet of water may run. This includes the distance from the
mouth of McLeod river to the Grand rapids on the Athabasca
and Lesser Slave lake and river.

This section is separated from the Athabasca lake section
by 90 miles of rapids on the Athabasca river, extending from
Grand rapids to Fort McMurray, which is navigable with
difficulty for scows and canoes. Navigation of this section of
waterways will soon be done away with on the completion of

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 29

the railways now being built to Fort McMurray and Peace River
Crossing. ,

The Peace river section is 550 miles in length and extends
from Hudson's Hope down to Vermilion falls, and is navigable
for steamers with a 2^ foot draft. The Loon river, a tributary
of the Peace, in this section is said by McConnell to be navigable
for powerful river steamers for a distance of 150 miles, but is not
included in the table.

This section is interrupted at its upper end by the Peace
river canyon, where the river breaks through the Rocky
Mountains, and is separated from the Athabasca lake section
by the rapids known as Vermilion falls, where there is a fall in
the river of about 2 5 feet. This obstruction could possibly be
improved to such an extent as to allow steamers to pass from the
Peace river section into the Athabasca lake section. The Peace
river section will shortly be connected by railway with Edmon-
ton on the completion of a line from that point to Peace River
Crossing.

The x'Vthabasca lake section has a length of navigable
river of 570 miles for boats of 2\ foot draft, and a shore line on
Athabasca lake of about 560 miles in length, making a total of
1,130 miles. This section includes the Athabasca river from
Fort McMurray to Athabasca lake, 170 miles in length, 80 miles
of the Clearwater river, the Slave river from Athabasca lake to
Graham's landing, 100 miles, and the Peace river from its mouth
up to Vermilion falls 220 miles. It is separated from the Lower
Mackenzie section by a series of rapids on Slave river about
16 miles in length, where there is a total fall estimated at 2 50
feet. This break in navigation is now overcome by a wagon road
of 16 miles from Graham's landing to Fort Smith, but scows
and light craft are usually taken down through the rapids by
making four short portages. On the completion of the Alberta
and Great Waterways Railway from Edmonton to Fort
McMurray, the Athabasca lake section will be direct!}' connected
with the main system of Canadian railways and there will not
be the necessity for traversing the 90 miles of rapid, broken
river which now separates it from the end of the railway at
Athabasca Landing. Steamers are now running on this section
throughout the summer season, which usually lasts about five
months.

The Lower Mackenzie section is by far the most important
of the whole system, covering as it does about 4,780 miles of .
known river and lake shore line, on which a depth of water,
ranging from two feet to six feet, mav be found. This section

30 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

embraces the trunk stream from Fort Smith down to the Arctic
coast, a distance of 1,300 miles, over which a depth of five feet
of water can be obtained. This, with the shore Hne of Great
Slave lake, 1,440 miles in length, and the small part of Peel
river, is the only part of the section that is now being used by
steamers. The remainder of the navigable waters of the section
are only available for light draft steamers and cannot be navigated
by the deeper draft steamers that now ply on the portion
previously mentioned. The Liard river is obstructed on its
lower part by a strong rapid which, however, could be ascended
by powerful light draft steamers with the aid of a line, making
the navigable water on this stream 440 miles in length. Great
Bear river, 90 miles in length, also has a shallow rapid about half
way up its course which could be ascended in the same way.
With this obstruction removed or overcome, the whole of Great
Bear lake, with a shore line of about 1,360 miles, becomes con-
nected with the Mackenzie system. Peel river is navigable for
shallow draft steamers from the Mackenzie to the mouth of
Wind river.

The Mackenzie has a number of other tributaries about
which little or nothing is known, but which, on exploration,
might prove to be navigable for certain distances. Among these
are Little Buft'alo river, Willow river, Hareskin river, Arctic Red
river and some others.

The Lower Mackenzie section is navigated at present by a
few small steamers that are operated solely for the benefit of
the fur traders and the missions. In spite of its greater length
and the depth of its channel, it is, however, used less than any
of the other three sections. This, because of its remoteness.

Taking the Lower Mackenzie section and the Athabasca
lake section together, it will readily be understood how import-
ant they become in connection with the exploration and develop-
ment of the whole Lower Mackenzie region and a great part of
the region to the east, which cannot easily be reached from
Hudson bay. These two sections of the waterways are to-day
suffering from the handicap of being separated from railway
connection by obstructions which are not easily surmounted.
This handicap will, however, be removed when the promised
railway to Fort McMurray is built. It would greatly increase
the value of these waterways if the obstruction of 16 miles at
Fort Smith could be overcome, either by a tramway or a system
of locks, and it is probable that op.e Q£|ti%e.other of these projects
will one day be carried out. /\Sy^ ^/^ ^

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 31

It is difficult to over-estimate the value of the waterways
of the Mackenzie basin, not only to the region itself but to Canada
as a whole. They constitute an asset of the first importance in
the development of the natural resources of the region. Not
only have they been the channels of trade and exploration in
the past, but they will continue to be in the future the means by
which further exploration, settlement and development will be
carried out. In the early history of the region the waterways
formed the routes by which the explorers traversed the country,
and while, at the present time, most of the main streams have
been explored, yet there are vast areas between these main
streams, aggregating 240,000 square miles in extent, that are
still unknowm and the smaller streams and watercourses con-
stitute the easiest and only natural means by which these areas
are to be explored. To-day, with hardly any exceptions, the
settlements of the region are situated on the waterways, and for
a long time to come these waterways will determine the location
of the centres of population in the region. No doubt, in the
future, mining camps ma}- be opened up in the interstream
areas and agricultural communities formed in sections where
the land is suitable, as is now being done in the south-western
portion of the region, but in the early stages of development
and growth of either of these two classes of communities, the
watercourses must be used before other routes of travel are
opened up.

Railways will eventually be built into the region from the
south, and this period is now beginning for the extreme southern
fringe of the Mackenzie basin, but unless there is some extra-
ordinary mineral development in the northern part of the basin,
the limit northward, to which the future railways will extend,
will be determined by the limit at which successful farming
operations can be carried on, for, except in certain exceptional
cases, the products of agriculture furnish the bulk of the traffic
for the railway lines.

Until these railways are built, however, water transporta-
tion must be practically the only means by which the traffic
of the region is handled, and, indeed, the building of railway
lines will by no means do away with the navigation of the lakes
and rivers, when there is such a magnificent s^^stem of water-
ways, because of the difference in the cost of the one method of
transportation over the other.

Of course, on account of the climate, it is not possible to
navigate the lakes and rivers of the region for a longer period
than four to five months of the year. On the other hand, how-

32 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

ever, the winter routes, at the present time, all follow the river
courses, either horses or dogs being used, in different parts. The
winter mail that is sent down the Mackenzie valley by the Govern-
ment to the various posts eventually reaches Herschel island,
in the Arctic ocean, and for the whole of the distance from the
end of the railway line at Athabasca landing — a distance of
about 2,000 miles — the route is over the ice of the Athabasca,
Slave and Mackenzie rivers, and the conveyance in toboggans
drawn by dog teams.

Again the waterways are of importance, because the natural
resources that are known to exist on them, and those which will
in the natural course of events be developed first, are to be found
along them. The best agricultural land, and that which will be
first utilized, is situated along the banks of the streams where
the drainage is good. There is undoubtedly much that lies back
from the stream courses, but this will not be taken up and worked
until the available area along the valleys is occupied. The best
timber also is situated on the banks of the streams.

Not only are the waterways of the Mackenzie basin import-
ant from the point of view of navigation and transportation,
but because of the quantity and variety of food fishes which they
contain.

The fisheries of the Great Lakes of the Mackenzie basin —
namely, those, of Athabasca, Great Slave and Great Bear lakes —
are among the most valuable of the assets of the region.
Hundreds of thousands of excellent whitefish are caught in
Athabasca and Great Slave lakes ever}^ year. A great many
more were caught annually a few years ago, when the trading
posts were more dependent on the native food supply than they
are now, and McConnell's estimate of half a million pounds of
whitefish being taken from Great Slave lake in the autumn
fishery of 1887 is not too large. The fisheries of Athabasca
lake are equally good in proportion to its size, but both of these
lakes are outdone by Great Bear lake in the size, quality and
variety of its fish. Whitefish there go up to 12 pounds in weight
and trout to 50 pounds or more, besides which there is the
herring, which is not found in either of the other lakes. Even
at present, whitefish form a very important item in the diet of
the natives, and it has been proved by long years of experience
that a man can live and thrive on a diet of whitefish, and white-
fish alone. He will tire of any other kind of fish, even of trout,
but the whitefish never. In fact, the taste for whitefish increases
with the use of it.

Other natural resources which will be developed by means
of the water routes are the minerals, among which are oil and

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 33

gas, coal, iron ore, salt, gypsum, and gold, silver and copper ores.
The best known of these, and possibly one of the most important,
is the oil, which is known to occur as seepages at points from one
end of the region to the other. With the exception of placer
gold from the Omenica and Cassiar districts, however, no pro-
duction has yet been made of any of these minerals.

Furs are the chief products of the region at present exported,
and the Mackenzie river region is considered by the Hudson Bay
Company to be the best fur-producing portion of Canada.

LICHENS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND.
By G. K. Merrill.

The lichens here commented upon were collected by Prof.
John Macoun in the vicinit}' of Sidney, Vancouver Island. With
two exceptions, the plants are new to the Canadian flora, and
several are recorded as hitherto unreported from the North
American Continent. Other interesting discoveries of Prof.
Macoun await future comment.

Cladonia furcata var. conspersa Wain. Mon. Clad. I., p. 335
(1887).

Thin earth over rocks, Beaver Lake and Fowl Bay.
Podetia erect, colored above is in the var. palamaea, below
glaucescent, above more or less densely squamulose and
isidio-squamaceous, cortex continuous below but above
rim"ose-dift"ract. Unreported previously from America.

Usnea cavernosa Tuck, in Agass, L. Superior. Appendix
(1850).

Branches of trees, Sidney.

Remarkable because of the main branches showing articula-
tions in the manner of U. articulata, and from the fact that
the cortex here and there is papillose or papillose-scabrous.

Lecanora (Aspicilia) gibbosa var. zoxata Wain. Medd. Soc.
pro F. at Fl. Fenn. t. VI (1881), p. 168.
Rocks, Sidney. -

This is a remarkable condition of the species characterized
by a sub-effigurate thallus, which is zonate toward the
circumference.
New to America.

34 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

Lecanora (Aspicilia) glaucomela Tuck. Gen., p. 118 (1872).
Alder trunks, Beaver Lake.

Spores rounded, short-ellipsoid or ovoid, serially disposed
in cylindrical asci, hymeniuni and hypothecium without
color, the paraphyses distinct and lax.

The thallus varies from greenish-ashy in the specimens from
Prof. Macoun to sordid-greenish-brown in examples from
Washington collected by Mr. A. S. Foster. Tuckerman was
inclined to make the present a sub-species of L. oculata, an
assumed relationship that no one but an arrant Sporologist
may assent to.

BiATORA ATROFUscA Flot. in Hcpp. Exs. p. 268 (1857).
Bark of maples and Douglas fir, Sidney.
Spores oblong-ellipsoid 15-19 x 7-8 ^, hypotheciuin brown,
paraphyses distinct but coherent, tips thickened and brown,
hymenial gelatin with I + intense-blue.

Thallus less developed than in the muscicoline conditions
collected in Maine, where it was found over rocks and about
the base of trees. Without question, Tuckerman united
the present with B. sauguineoatra, and the distribution cited
for that species must, in some part, represent the plant of
this note.

Biatora (Biatorina) lenticularis (Ach.) comb. nov. forma
nigricans Arn. in Flora 1860, p. 14.
Rocks, Sidney.

Spores ellipsoid or variously difform, bilocular, the epispore
distinct, 10-12x5-5.5/1, hymenium and hypothecium
hyaline, paraphyses distinct, more or less discrete, tips
enlarged and black, asci inflated-clavate or oblong, hymenial
gel. with I + sordid-blue.
Previously unrecorded from America.

Lecidea latypea Ach. Method. Suppl., p. 10 (180,^).
Fragmental rocks, Sidney.

Spores ellipsoid 15-18 x 8 /i, hymenium colorless, hypothe-
cium brown, paraphyses distinct, slightly discrete, tips
blue-green, asci ventricose, hymenial gel. with I + intense-
blue.

Thalline reaction K + , C + orange-red.

While resembling forms of L. parasema externally, the
internal characters preserve specific distinctness.
Macoun's Canadian list cites the plant from Newfoundland,
and it has since been collected in Alaska, California and
Washington.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 35

Lecidea latypiza Nvl. Obs. Pvr. Orient, Bull. Soc. Linne. de
Norm. 2 serie VII, p. 201 (1872).

Rocks, Sidney.

Diflfering from L. latypea only in the absence of reaction

with Ca CI.

It has also been collected in California and Washington.

Lecidea confluens forma oxydata Leight. Lich. Fl. G. Brit.
Ed. Ill, p. 304 (1879).

Schistose rocks, Sidney.

Spores ellipsoid, 16-18 x 8-9 jj., hynienium hyaline, hypo-

thecium dark-brown, paraphyses distinct, compacted, tips

brown, hymenial gel, with I + deep-blue.

Hypothallus little visible in our specimens.

Unreported from America previously.

Lecidea (Rhizocarpon) distincta Stiz. in Lich. Hyperb., p. 47
Rocks by the roadside, Sidney.

Spores colorless, 4-loc. halonate 25-29 x 10-12 jx, eight, or
fewer, in the ascus, hypothecium and tips of the paraphyses
purplish-brown, hymenial gel, with I + blue or here and
there violet.

This is one of the multifarious exhibits of the section
Rhizocarpon of Lecidea. In thalline characters it is similar
to many other species of the section and depends for its
specific standing wholly upon the hymenial characters.
Unreported previously from America.

Xylographa hians Tuck. Syn. II, p. 113 (1888).
Dead wood, Sidney.
Hymenial gelatine with I + faint blue.

Also detected in material sent by Mr. A. S. Foster from
Washington.

Opegrapha betulina Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2281 (1811).
Young trees, Sidney.

Spores 2-4 locular, typically 4, halonate, 22-28 x 8-10 /x,
hypothecium brownish, paraphyses distinct, slender, not
coherent, tips brown, asci oblong or inflated-clavate,
hymenial gelatine with I + wine-red.

Under the -synonym of O. atrorimalis Nyl., reported from
California, but little is known of the species in America.

Opegrapha varia forma diaphora (Ach.) Nvl. Scand., p. 2 53
(1861).

Various rough barks, Sidney.
Occurs in Washington on both smooth and rough barks.

36 The Ottawa Xaturalist. [May

Arthonia (Arthothelium) Macounii sp. nov.

Thallus hypophloedes albus vel cinereo-albidus effusus;
apothecia .lO-.OSmm. lata orbicularia et elliptica vel
angulosa plana vel leviter emersa nigra; sporae hyalinae
cvlindrico-abovoideae 40-47 x 13-14 ;u muriformi-multi-
loculares, loculus superior reliquis multo major; hypothe-
cium hyalinum, asci saccato-abovoidei 8 spori; gelatina
hvnien. iodo vinose-rubens.
Est valde affinis A. ampliatae Kn. et Mitt.
Ad corticem Abietum juniorum. Sidney.
Young spores 4-loc., cells of those mature commonly once
divided, but sometimes twice, the large cell at times ir-
regularly septate. Proportion of the large cell to remainder
of the spore 3-10 of its length.

Verrucaria aethiobola var. acrotella (Ach.) A. L. Sm.,
Brit. Lich. II, p. 282 (1911).

Rocks, Sidney.

Thallus a filmy dark stain, spores 22 x 9 /i, agreeing well

with the measurements given by Nylander. The relatively

feeble development of the variation prevents its easy

recognition.

Unrecorded from America.

LIST OF PLANTS IN FLOWER IN THE VICINITY OF
SIDNEY, VANCOUVER ISLAND, MARCH, 1914.*

By John Macoun, M.A., F.R.S.C.

The following is, I believe, the first list of Vancouver Island
spring flowers that has been published, and as most of the genera
and some of the species are also found in eastern Canada, it may
prove of interest to readers of The Ottawa Naturalist. Fifty-
seven species of phanerogams were noted in bloom during the
month. It ma}^ be said that a visit to Victoria during the last
week in March would probably have added ten or more species
to the list.

March 1 — -Alnus oregana, Nutt.

" 2 — Stellaria media, (L.) Cyrill.
Brassica campestris, L.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber.

♦Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 37

March 4 — Claytonia spathulata, Dougl.

sibirica, L.
Salix Scouleriana, Barratt.

var.
Senecio vulgaris, L.
Ulex Europaeus, L.
" 6 — Shepherdia canadensis, (L.) Nutt.
P asp alum ?

Spergula sativa, Boenn.
Lysichiton kanitschatcensis, Schott.
" 13 — Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, Dougl.
Saxifraga iritegrifolia, Hook.
Mimulus alsinoides, Benth.
Collinsia parviflora, Dougl.
Erodium cicutarium, (L.) L'Her.
Draba verna, L.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.
Brassica arvensis, (L.) BSP.
Ranunculus occidentalis, Nutt.
Pachystima Myrsinites, Raf.
16 — Erythronium giganteum, Lindl.
" 17 — Stellaria nitens, Nutt.
" 18 Berberis Aquifolium, Pursh.

" nervosa, Pursh.
" 21 — Dodecatheon latifolium, (Hook.) Piper.
Lithophragma parviflora, (Hook.) Nutt.
Sanicula Menziesii, Hook, and Am.
Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, (L.) Spreng.
Arenaria macrophylla. Hook.
Fritillaria lanceolata, Pursh.
Collinsia grandiflora, Dougl. var. pusilla. Gray.
Aira praecox, L.
" 23 — Fragaria cuneifolia, Nutt.
Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Pseudotsuga mucronata, (Raf.) Sudw.
24 — Ribes Lobbii, Gray.
25 — Cardamine oligosperma, Nutt.
Dentaria tenella, Pursh.
Cerastium viscosum, L.
26 — Equisetum arvense, L.
27 — Petasites speciosa, (Nutt.) Piper.
Rubus spectabilis, Pursh.
Ribes divaricatum , Dougl.
Cytisus scoparius, (L.) Link.

38 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May

March 28 — Populus trichocarpa, T. and G,
30 — Nemophila pustulata, Eastw.
Fragaria bracteosa, Heller.
" 31 — Claytonia perfoliata, Don., var. depressa, Gray.
Acer Douglasii, Hook.
Rubus macropetalus, Dougl.
Populus vancouverensis, Trel.
Equisetum Telmateia, Ehrh.

BOOK REVIEWS.

Check List of the Fishes of the Dominion of Canada and
Newfoundland. — By Andrew Halkett, Naturalist, Dept.
Marine and Fisheries. C H. Parmalee, King's Printer,
Ottawa, 1913.

A sumptuous quarto volume in grey art cloth and gold,
bearing the above title, has been issued from the Fisheries,
Museum, O'Connor Street, under the Marine Department. It
consists of 138 pages of text, introduction, and indexes, witji
fourteen heliot3q5e plates of a costly character. The author,
it will be recalled, is a former President of the Ottawa Field-
Naturalists' Club, and is engaged in the Fisheries' Museum, and,
as stated in the introduction, his object has been to supply a
complete list of the fishes of Canada. Such lists as that of the
Fresh- Water Fishes of Canada, printed in Montreal in 1864 for
the author, Mr. H. Beaumont Small, a former active member of
the Ottawa Club, and the excellent little volume by Mr. C. W.
Nash, a check list of the fishes of Ontario, issued in 1908, are
the only existing lists, apart from some New Brunswick, British
Columbia and Manitoba lists, which cover the fresh-water soecies,
while the lists of Kendall, Eigenmann, and, above all, of Jordan
and Evermann, include marine fishes, but do not profess to
treat specially of Canadian species, excepting Kendall's Labrador
list. Mr. Halkett has drawn upon these authorities freely, and
as the printer has excelled himself, the paper is thick plate paper
with wide margins, and as the plates are costly heliotype
reproductions, the result is a very striking publication. The
value of such a check list, however, is not in plates or costly
paper, but in completeness of matter, handv form and size, and
compact description and arrangement. In these respects the

-1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 39

work will be disappointing to some, and the figures, 181 in num-
ber, are in very many cases from defective coloured casts, not
from the actual specimens, and details, such as the plates in
the gill-cover, and especially the fin-rays, are without exception,
absent or blurred. The value of this check list would have been
very substantial had each species been represented b}- an actual
drawing instead of a very indistinct protographic effigy. The
State of New York, some years ago, issued some plates, in annual
reports, with details most perfectly delineated, and the colours
accurately reproduced. Such drawings a large number of work-
ing naturalists have found most useful, and plates of that
valuable character are far less expensive than costly heliotypes,
such as the present voluine contains. It is to be regretted that
some figures show nothing at all. Thus, figures 151 and 152
Plate XIII, resemble figures of policemen's batons, but really
are photographs of the Californian hag-fish. If the two figures
of the pickerel or pike-perch in Mr. Nash's Check List be com-
pared with the four very indistinct figures 112 and 113
(Stizostedion vitreimi) and figures 114 and 115 (Stizostedion
canadense), the contrast will be appreciated, and the lack of
scientific value in the latter realized. Very few of the figures in
these costly plates are of any scientific or practical utilit^^ The
compiler is not to blame for this. Photography in such cases is
the worst method to adopt. As to the work itself there is
evidence of painstaking industry, and, on the whole, much
accuracy. Occasionally a slip occurs, as, for example, the note
on page 55, which suggests that the fish called grayling in southern
Alberta is Thymallus tricolor montanus. It is nothing of the kind,
but is the active, gamey little whitefish, Coregonus williamsoni,
as the Commissioners of the Alberta Fishery Commission
(Marine Department, Ottawa, 1912, page 19,) distinctly stated.
The value of the work would have been greatly increased had
the author followed the plan of the Rhode Island Commission's
Check Lists and given some details, wherever possible, of the
spawning period and the nature of the eggs. Much information
has been recently accumulated in regard to that important phase
of fish life, and it is stated that a forthcoming Check List, to be
issued by the Biological Board, will include such valuable
scientific information. Mr. Halkett must, however, be con-
gratulated on completing a very handsome volume, involving
much thankless drudgery and consultation of authorities, and
the book fills a vacant place, much needing to be filled.

C.

40 The 0':fTAWA Naturalist. [May

Fodder and Pasture Plants. B}- Geo. H. Clark, B.S.A., and
M. Oscar Malte, Ph.D., with water colour illustrations by
Norman Criddle. Available at the office of the Superin-
tendent of Stationer}^ Government Printing Bureau,
Ottawa; price 50 cents.

This admirable work is a valuable contribution to our
knowledge of fodder and pasture plants in Canada. It has been
several years in preparation and ma}^ be described as a com-
panion volume to "Farm Weeds in Canada," a work which,
upon its appearance several years ago, called forth very favour-
able comment because of the excellence of the matter and the
effective method of its presentation.

In "Fodder and Pasture Plants," the authors have suc-
ceeded exceptionally well in treating a technical subject in
language intelligible to the general reader. Without sacrificing
scientific accuracy, they have presented, in a popular way, the
essentials in the successful production of fodder and forage
crops adapted to general growing in Canada. The information
relative to these crops has been presented in concise, yet
sufficiently comprehensive, form. The practices advocated by
the authors have behind them the sanction of accepted good
farm practice, supplemented by the results of recent experi-
mental research.

In addition to containing forty coloured drawings of the
seeds of grasses and legumes of greatest economic importance in
Canada, the volume contains twenty-five full-page illustrations,
in natural colours, of the principal crops under consideration.
These artistic reproductions are from the work of Mr. Norman
Criddle and contribute much to the attractiveness and value of
the text. With the exception of the root systems represented,
the illustrations are remarkably true to life.

The quotations from early agricultural writers are, in the
main, apt. In a work of this character, the wisdom of quoting
so freely from such sources leaves room for difference of o]nnion.
Since, however, the arrangement of the plates determined the
paging of the text, this departure is perhaps justifiable.

This publication has been issued under the direction of the
Hon. Martin Burrell, Minister of Agricultui'e for the Dominion.
Copies may be had from the Superintendent of Stationery for
the nominal sum of fifty cents. Farmers, students and teachers
alike will find in this excellent work much valuable information
relating to fodder and forage crops the \alue of which, in the
economy of general farming, agriculturists have been slow to
appreciate. .'A^iC/*.

-X;'^^ — O/ L. S. Klinck.

UJ

THE OTTAWA NATURALI

•

VOL. XXVIII. JUNE-JULY, 1914 Nos.3ancl4.

ABSCISSION.'

By Francis E. Lloyd.

Among' the ever recurring phenomena which characterize
the lives of plants, perhaps none is more impressive than the
usually sudden and complete loss of foliage by trees and shrubs
on the approach of winter, unless it be the untirnely occurrence
of the same change ensuing upon an untoward drought or some
equally unfavourable climatic disturbance. The uncouthness
and semblance of death attaching to a leafless tree when it
should be enfolded in a robe of verdure strikes a sad note, how-
ever little one may appreciate the exact nature of the importance
of leaves in the economy of the plant. And, when one enters
a tropical region, it is the everlasting verdure which at once
wakens the ijiterest.

But the fall of the leaf is only one of a series of similar
behaviours, in many instances leading to an increase in in-
dividuals rather than a mere riddance of parts which are tmable
longer to resist the conditions imposed upon them. The multipli-
cation of simple plants, such as the algae, by a separation
between contingent cells, the breaking away of pieces of stem,
of leaves, brood-bodies and the like, so commonly occurring,
but usually unobserved, in the mosses (Correns, 1) ;the shedding
of leaves in plants which, like Bryophyllum and Begonia, use
them as a means to propagation by the growth of new plantlets
from the leaf -margins or elsewhere; the separation of staminate

^The text of a lecture delivered under the little '"Abscission in
Flowers, Fruits and Leaves" before the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club,
Jan. 27, 1914. Although of a general nature, it includes the results of
original observations on a series of about 30 species, with especial
reference to the mechanism of abscission. The details of this phase of
the work are reserved for another paper, and a brief preliminary account
only is given here. All the work on the cotton, (Gossypium herbaceum) ,
here reported was done at the Alabania Polytechnic Institute (account of
Adams Fund) or at West Raleigh, N.C., (accoimts of Bureau of Plant
Industry, U.S. Dept. of Agric. and of McGill University).

42 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

flowers in the hydrocharids in order to effective pollination —
these exemplify the same activity leading to renewed life rather
than to the mere sloughing of parts moribimd or dead.

The processes by which these restdts are brought about
and the conditions leading to them constitute the subject of
this essay. There is also the purpose of presenting a general
summary of the problem of abscission as at present imderstood.
It will be deemed unnecessary to make an extended historical
review of the development of our knowledge, which, from lack
of space, must in any event be excluded.^ Only pertinent
references, therefore, will be made during the progress of this
discussion. Unless specific mention is made, it will be under-
stood that the more highly organized plants are meant.

The Parts of Plants Which May be Shed.

Aside from the outer layers of the stem, namely, the
epidermis and dead cortex, with included tissues, the parts of
the plant which may be shed by the process of abscission are
transverse segments of the stem, including one or more inter-
nodes, either with or without attached flowers; or any lateral
organs, either foliar or floral.

Beginning with leaves as the most familiar examples, we
notice further that either the leaf as a whole falls away from
the supporting stem, or, when compound, the individual leaflets
fall separately (Ash, Horse Chestnut, Boston Ivy, etc.). The in-
stances of Ampelopsis Veitchii and Citrus sp. may be especially
mentioned since in these forms the apparently sim'ple leaves are
separated both at the base of the leafblade and at the base of
the petiole. Ampelopsis Veitchii, however, produces trifoliolate
leaves on older shoots, and certain Citrus sp. have also com-
pound leaves, so that the single blade may be regarded as a
terminal leaflet or as a fusion product of three. In the cases
which I have studied {Ampelopsis, Vitis, Fraxinus, Aesculus,
Negundo) leaves and leaflets present no difference in the method
of separation, in concurrence with earlier students (Tison, Loewi,
(3) in Citrus), so far as attention has been paid to the matter.

The position of the plane of separation varies, but is to be
found near the base of the organs in question. In the case of
the petiole, it may occur at a point further removed from
the stem, and thus leave the leaf base clasping more or less com-
pletely the axillary bud (Smilax, Philadelphus, Platanus).
In Smilax, the leaf is cut off above the tendrils, so that, although
these are of foliar origin, they are allowed to remain sujjporting

Tison (2)

^ This material may be in large part foimd in the detailed paper of

a (2).

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 43

the plant. Aside from special cases of this kind, there is some
variation of position, as noted by Loewi (3, page 998) in the leaf
of Cinnmnommn, in which the abscission plane was found, in a
very few instances, to lie in the neighboiirhood of 2 mm. above
the expected position. In Hamamelis there are two parallel
separation zones a short distance apart. The leaf is first set free
by the upper one in the atitumn, and in the early spring follow-
ing a short segment is thrown off (Tison 2). Practical identity
of position is attained only in those forms p'^ossessing a differen-
tiated layer of tissue, such as that in Polygonum, Syrivga and
Zizmia, in which it happens that the abscission plane lies, but
why it should do so is not cleat. On the other hand we can very
surely say that in many, if not in most instances, there is no
slightest suggestion in the histological structure of the organ of
a specialized abscission layer {e.g., Viiis, Spiraea, Philadelplms,
Hydrangea), and we may say, with Loewi, that abscission is a
physiological response, adaptive if you please, to stimAdi, and is
not conditioned by a predetermined structure.

The falling away of the leaf, far from being an economical
process, is a necessary response to conditions imposed. To be
sure, acids of silica and lime usually assumed to be useless, occur
in double the usual quantity in falling leaves, while there is a
decrease, due to movement into the stem, of nitrogen salts. The
conclusions of Ramann, (4) do not, however, accord wholly with
those of Combes (1911), who has held that a migration of sub-
stancesprior to leaf-fall does not occur, nor are those remaining
in the fallen leaf to be considered a priori as non-utilizable.
Much, he maintains, remains which might have been used. The
leaf may in this respect be comrared to dead and e.Kfoliated
bark, which also is not devoid of useful materials. Foods
(starch, sugar) are certainly lost in floral parts and in fruits
which have suffered abscission — e.g., starch is lost with the
corolla of Gossypium.

The abscission of cotyledons normallv occurs in the aroid
Cryplocoryne ciliata andiniheman^Tove (Rhizophora) (Goebel, 6).
These slants are viviparous; their embryos withdraw the over-
plus of foods from the cotyledons, which, after abscission,
remain within the fruit. The seedling then shifts for itself,
finding' anchorage in the soft mud of the shore line habitat.
There are, however, other viviparous seedlings which are released
from the parent plant without separation of the cotvledons
{Podocarpiis, Lloyd, 7).

Such adaptive behaviour may be matched bv examples of
disharmony. The "calamander," a sort of teak (Diospyros
thrsuta L.), of Ceylon, is one such. Abscission of the cotvledons

44 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

intervenes so constantly during the earlier stages of seedling
development as to make it very difficult, if not impossible, to
grow the tree from the seed." The usefulness of the seed is
thus defeated.

Again, many plants are unable to shed their leaves at all.
Eupatorium adenophorum, like a multitude of others, does not
do so in nature, nor, as found by Wiesner (1905, through Loewi),
even under experimental conditions. This disharmony is not
confined to herbaceous plants, as I have found it to occur in
the perennial shrub Parihenium argentatum. This plant, neither
in its native health nor under a variety of experimental con-
ditions, is found to lose its leaves save by a long delayed method
of wear and tear, somewhat hastened it may be by a clumsy
development of corky tissue continuous with that of the stem,
but developing first from a centre at the leafbase. (Lloyd, 8).

Abscission of Shoots!

Not a few trees are able to shed, by a process similar, if not
identical,* with that in leaves, their smaller, and in some cases,
even their larger branches. The Central American Rubber Tree
iCastilloa elastica) is a striking illustration, and has been
described by O. F.. Cook (9). The young tree produces no
permanent branches till the third or fourth year. Those which
develop before that time are long and semi-pendulous, measuring
scarcely one inch in diameter at the base and reaching a length
of ten or twelve feet. These are all shed, being released by a
softer laver of tissue, arranged in the form of a socket, quite at
their basal extremities. The loss of twigs by poplars, willows
and other trees is comparable with, if not as striking as, that of
Castilloa. The shedding of twigs produced from axillary buds
which grow at once, instead of entering a resting condition,
occurs in the camphor tree (in Alabama), which, in respect of
general appearance of the abscission, is very similar to Castilloa.
The mechanism of abscission in its living tissues (cortex) is
identical with that of the leaf, as v. Hoehnel observed in Popithts,
Salix, beech, etc., and as Loewi also found to be the case in
Cinnamomum Camphora. Euonyinus airopurptireus, Avhich is
grown in this part of the world as a small ornamental tree, also
sheds its twigs, more especially those which hajipen to be
exposed to the denser shade of overhanging branches. Loewi
observed this behaviour in potted plants, attribtiting it to too

' Mv attention was drawn to this instance by my colleague, Profe.ssor
Willey. 'See Wright, H., Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, vol. 2 (?).

*It is obvious that when large masses of wood, etc., are involved,
some sort of fragmentation must take place, but a really satisfactory
account of the underlying causes is not vet available. See, however,
y. Hoehnel, 10, 11.

1914]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

45

high a relative humidity, though it occurred, also in cut branches,
but more slowly, when exposed to drier room air.

The abscission of internodes and of shoot-tendrils (such as
those of Vitis, Ampelopsis) offers another case in point. The
tendrils may either persist and serve as a permanent mechanical
support for the plant, or they may be shed from the more
distal portions of the new stems, as occurs at the end of the grow-
ing season. The behaviour may be verv well observed in
Ampelopsis Veitchii. The internodes of the. apparently chief
shoots are equally marked in this respect. In both ordinary
shoots and in tendrils, the plane of abscission lies near, but not
precisely at, the base of the internode affected, and is not marked
by any histological differentiation. In certain instances the
abscission-plane is obHque, or even decurrent, such deviations
being found where morphological displacement has occurred.
According to the more generally accepted view, the tendril in
Ampelopsis and Vitis is a chief shoot. Its normal position is
therefor directly opposite a leaf, from the axil of which the sup-
planting shoot of the second order arises. However, the tendril
frequently, and even usually
may, in particular individuals
{Ampelopsis quinquifolia, ac-
cording to my observation),
suft'er an upward displacement
of as much as 20 mm., and
in such, event the abscission
plane of the internode above
the secondarv shoot will be
oblique in a degree commen-
surate with the amount of
displacement of the tendril.
(Figure 1.) The fact of this
morphological disturbance is
of great importance in under-
standing the position of the
abscission-plane in the cotton
peduncle, as we shall
presently see.

The only other further
example of shoot abscission
to be here cited is that of the
clumps of spines in certain
cacti, of which C e r e us

Thurberi serves as an excell- . Figure l. ObUque abscission of an intemode
1 r^y^ n 1 r • '^ conseqiitnce ot the upward displacement of
ent example, i he neshV fruits the tendril which normally occurs directlv
of fhic cr>Poipc arp cn\Tiprf^c\ h\T ?PP°site a leaf. The normal relation is shown
OI tniS species are COVerea Oy ,n the upper figure. (Partbenium argentatum.y

46 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

an armour of spines arranged in clusters, and, as the fruit
matures, they are sloughed off. The mechanism involved has
not, to my knowledge, been studied. It woidd be useless to
speculate on the "biological significance" of this procedure.

The Abscission of Flowers and Fruits.

The structure aggregates which, specialized with reference
to reproduction, take the form of flower-shoots, and, with the
progress of events, of fruit shoots, simple (supporting a single
flower) or compound, nia}^ or may not normially be shed.^ The
cotton, peach and tomato, under, at present, little understood
conditions, sometimes lose a very large proportion of their
flowers before anthesis, to the great prejudice, as it is assumed,
often not out of harmony with the facts, of the expected crop.
Farmers and horticulturists frequently lose 50 per cent, or more
of the theoretical returns for the labour expended.

Abnormal shedding of the entire and perfect flower ivhile
open is, for reasons not comprehended, relatively rare, though
it is known to occur in cotton, as I have myself observed.
Mirahilis jalapa, the well known Four-o-clock, does so phenome-
nally imder untoward conditions, and has been studied
particularly by Hannig (12), who furnishes in his paper a list
of some twenty or thirty other species which may behave
similarly. On the other hand, normal abscission intervenes, to
remove staniinate flowers after pollination has occurred, in the
cucurbits, and before, and as a conditio sine ^ua non to it,, in the
hydrocharids. The eel-grass is a classic example, whose stamin-
ate flowers are loosened in the morning (Wylie, 13) and, floating
on the surface of the water, open and bring their pollen by the
chance of currents and surface tension into contact with the
stigmas of the pistillate flowers. A still m.ore remarkable
behavioiu" is that of the closely related Enalus acoroides, of the
eastern tropical shores. This has been more fulh^ studied by
Nils Svedelius (14), who points out, however, that Zollinger was
the first to record the floating of the staminate flowers. These,
according to Svedelius, are released at low tide. Having come
into contact with the pistillate flowers, which reach to the surface
only at this time, they are grasped by the petals, and in spite of
the rise of the tide, are held firmly, and pollination proceeds
below the water surface.

. Just as abscission occurs before and during anthesis, con-
ditions may be such as to induce the shedding of the developing
fruit. The "boll-shedding" of the cotton intervenes chieflv
during the earlier stages of development of the fruit or "boll,"

^With various form of dehiscence this paper has nothing to do.

1914] The OfTAWA Naturalist. 47

as it is acceptedly called, as shown bv figures derived from a
study of Egyptian cotton by Balls (15)' and of the Alabama up-
land plant by myself. Balls found that upwards of 90 per cent,
of the bolls shed did so within three of four davs after flowering.
From a statistical examination*^ of 579 shed "bolls at Auburn,
Ala., it emerged that the distribution of shed bolls, according to
age, shows that the vast majority of bolls are shed at the ages
of from three to seven days inclusive, and have at shedding a
diameter of 12 mm. or less. In fact, 95 per cent, are shed before
the end of ten days. (Figure 2).

.*^

o^

^o^^'-

-13

A OF AM) SIZE OF BOLLS
AT SHEDDING.

16 25

Figure 2. Graphs for age and size of bolls at shedding in percentage
of the total shed. {Gossypium herhaceum) .

The so-called "shelling" of grapes, which mav greatly
reduce the crop just at the period of maturation, appears to be
the result of a definite abscission process comparable to the
shedding of the cotton boll, except that the plane of separation
occurs at the base of the ripened ovarvand not at the base of
the pedicel.

There are instances of indehiscent fruits in which excep-
tional behaviours may be seen, of which that of Polygonum
vtrginianum and of the wild rice (Zizania spp.), maybe quoted.

« Based upon data collected by my then assistant, Mr. C. S. Ridcrway,
who has kindly referred them to me.

48 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

The former, according to Reed and Smoot (16) is peculiar in
having a layer of compressed pith cells enclosed in the vascular
cylinder wliich remains unbroken until touched, although the
cortex already shows complete abscission. Impact sufficient to
break the vascular tissue allows the expulsion of the fruit, to a
considerable distance. Those who have become familiar with
the w41d rice recall the fragile character of the stem below the
spikelet, which breaks away at a slight touch. It needs not to
do more than recall the various behaviours of plants which,
like the compositae, set free their one-seeded fruits, sometimes
singly, as in Adenostemma (Yapp, 1 7) and indeed in the majority
of the family, and sometimes in groups, as in Parthenium, in
which each of the five achenes is accompanied by two
sterile flowers, while all the remaining staminate flowers are set
free en masse (Lloyd, 8).'

Sinie the abscission of flowers and fruits results from a
transverse or oblique ctitting off of the stem, we should expect
that the plane of separation would fall at or near the base of
an internode. According to Hannig, however, this takes place
immediately beneath the flower at the top of the pedicel in
several species {Nicotiana, Salvia, etc.), and in the middle of
the pedicel in others {Solanum, etc.). In still other species, the
abscission plane falls just above a very small bract, these,
therefore, according with the general rule. , It may be mentioned
in this connection that while separation near the base of the
chief axis of the inflorescence may take place (Mirabilis and
OxybapJms, Hannig; Impaiiens Sultani), it is no less worthy of
note that, in many plants, even after the usefulness of the
inflorescence has passed, their chief axes remain as permanent
encumbrances. I have been able to find the traces of them in
Parthenium argentaium after the passage of five years or longer.
Among our own plants one easily finds similar examples, e.g.,
'Rhus, Xegundo, Syringa, etc. And there are very many plants
(palms, agaves, ferns, etc.) to which the leaves cling indefinitely,
until they are worn or rotted away.

A case reqiiiring special explanation is to be found in the
Cotton {Gossypium), in which the plane of abscission may pass
transverselv through the base of the pedicel, or ma}^ extend
downwards along the internode below, even as far as the next
node. The diagram (Figure 3c) presents these diversities in
graphic form. It has long been a puzzle to those concerned with
this plant to account for this peculiarity, recorded in a bulletin
on the diseases of the cotton by Atkinson (18) in 1897. To

" The separation of such ]iarts may be ])assivc and involve no special
abscission mechanism of livinc; cells.

1914]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

49

understand it, the morphological character of the flowering
branch, as modified by dorsiventral development and by dis-
harmonic growth in a longitudinal sense as between the upper
and lower moieties of the axis, must be comprehended. The
flowering branch is sympodial, but this is frequently much
masked by displacement due to elongation of the nodal segments.
That such elongation occurs is proved by the position of the
stipular ridges ' and occasionally by the actual longitudinal
renting in twain of the stipular blade, and the distant separa-
tion of its two moieties by intercalary growth in the axis. In

a B c

Figure 3. (a) The position of the abscission layer in the peduncle of cotton when it
is downwardly displaced; (b) the same when, instead of total displacement, the base of
the peduncle is elongated; (c) diagram to indicate possible positions of the abscission
layer as determined by the elongation of the peduncle base. In (a) and (c) the stipule of
the hidden side is indicated by a broken line. (Gossyptum herbaceum) .

extreme cases of this kind, what appears to be an internode is
really a much extended node, in which-eventthe peduncle, which
is the chief shoot, will be downwardly displaced as a whole
(Figure 3a) (it may be to the lower hmits of the stipular ridge),
or its base will be correspondingly drawn out (Figure 3b). If

* Cook, O. F., (20) has discussed this point, but does not draw any
unequivocal conclusion, inclining the view that the flowering branch is
monopodial, which myself found it difficult to avoid, until the evidence
forthcame.

50 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

this displacement does not occur, the abscission rlane of the
peduncle is transverse through the 1:ase; if displacement has
intervened, the abscission plane runs down the false internode,
as it may be called, and, in extreme instances, as far as the node
below. It should be stated that the displacement in question is
ahvays greater on the upper side of the dorsiventral shoot in such
a manner as to cause a slight axial rotation of the peduncle.
We must, therefore, conclude that abscission in the cotton is
always through the base of the peduncle, and when it is decurrent
it is so because the base of the peduncle is stretched out in con-
sequence of the extension of the nodal zone. The position of
the plane of separation is marked by a low ridge. There is,
indeed, especially visible in flower buds and quite }-oun gbolls a
slight groove parallel and close to the base, but this has no con-
stant relation to abscission, contrary to Ball's statement.
The Abscission of Floral Parts.

The separation of the parts of the flower may, on similar
grounds, be compared with that of the leaf. It occurs normally
toward the close of anthesis, and, indeed, may be taken as its
index, just as the unfolding of the flower-bud marks the begin-
ning of this critical period. The whole matter is too complex
and varied for brief presentation, so that it must suffice to make
a mere suminary. With the culmination of flowering, any of
the organs taken separate^, or any structural segregate of
them , may be found to fall away. The sepals (e.g., in Sangtiinaria
Impatiens, Cruciferae, etc.), petals, stamens, anthers or styles
may do so, or the corolla as a whole in the sympetalae, or the
corolla and androecium in one piece (Malvacecp) synchronoush^
with, but independently of, the style, and so on. Conversely,
these parts may be variously adherent, and whither in situ,
affording another case of disharmony. Witness the frequent
adherence of the calyx (Rosaceae), of the androecium (Legumin-
osae) and even the corolla (e.g., many Orchids, etc.), specific
instances being afforded by the previously cited Cereiis Thnrheri
by Echinocacius Emoryi, and by Habenaria among the orchids.

The position of the abscission plane, as in the leaf, is near
the base of the organ or complex of organs involved. Its
direction is, however, subject to more variation than it is in the
leaf, and may run much more obliquely. For example, this
direction in the corolla of the cotton flower varies from transverse
(which is rare) to an obliquity of 45 per cent., which is usual.
The style of this plant calls for special notice in this connection.
Separation of this organ begins during the second afternoon of
anthesis, and may usually be detected at about 3 o'clock. But
instead of being confined to one level, it occurs at several, so

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 51

that one niav describe the process as a fragmentation of the
lower part of the style. In the course of a short time, the raw
edges of the fissures becom.e brown by oxidation, thus discover-
ing them to the eye. The separation of the corolla proceeds at
the same time, although the actual cadence is evident only on
the following morning. The abscission plane in the tobacco
corolla is irregular and lies a millimeter above the base of the
tube (Kubart, 19), while in the epigynous forms it is found above
the ovar}'-, and so not at all near the morphological base of the
elements of the corolla.

It is only rarely that in leaves there is any externally visible
strtictural indication of the position in which abscission will
ensue, and it frequently happens that grooves which are some-
times taken for such indications bear no relation at all to the
process. It is probable that in the case of the corolla, or of the
individual petals, it is more frequently the case^that a more
constricted region is made use of. Fitting points this out
especially in Geranium, Erodium, etc., describing it as an
extremely narrow, isthmus-like reduction of the blade — a very
usual condition. Nevertheless, such a reduced region is entirely
wanting in manv other species, so that it seems hardh' probable
that there is any necessary connection between the two
phenomena.

Periodicity in Abscission.

We consider, under the head of periodicity, more especially
that of leaf abscission. It is true that external conditions affect
also that of floral organs, and, to the careful studies of Fitting
(20) and Hannig (12) more especially, reference will be made
beyond. The apparent synchrony between the fall of the
leaf and the end of the growing season being the most widely
recognized, it is convenient to discuss this especially.

I say apparent, since, in a large measure, we are deceived
in temperate and boreal regions, as well as in the tropics, by the
continuity of verdure in its entirety. The constant dying-off
of leaves escapes attention, albeit a little careful observation
will discover the fact. During, or soon after, the unfolding of
the buds in spring, the bud-scales suffer abscission, and as the
new shoots advance in age the earlier formed leaves in their
turn drop off. Nevertheless, the majority of the leaves produced
during the season are, under normal seasonal conditions, shed
within a rather short space in the autumn, the exceptions to
this rule being the so-called evergreens, in which the life of the
leaf is extended over a longer period, namely, two seasons or
more. Obviously, in these the longevity of the leaf is pre-
dominant, seasonal responses being seen in the growth of stem

52 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July

and new leaves in the spring. In the tropics various factors
mav be effective at various times, which may also be said of
the warmer desert regions, where rain may induce the produc-
tion of foliage at anv time of the rear. '{Foiiquieria, Cannon,
22).

The loss of foliage in areas of marked seasonal change is a
response to environmental stimuli, found in conditions which
are usually and on the whole unfavourable for growth or for
the physiological processes which take place in the leaf. If it
happens, as in exceptional years it will, that such or analogous
unfavourable conditions intervene at unusual times, general
defoliation will ensue just as promptly and completely as at
the usual time. Only last year (1913) in Nebraska, an almost
unprecedented period of high temperatures and meagre rainfall,
together with low relative humidity, caused, in addition to a
far-reaching prejudice to crops, a marked shortening of the usual
vegetative period. Herbaceous plants hastened to fruitage, and
"early leaf maturity and leaf fall was common among native
and exotic forest trees." During the late summer, after the
drought had been broken, refoliation occurred, but the new
leaves were small (Pool, R. J., 23). Klebs (24), cites a similar
occurrence in Germany during the summer of 1910, caused by
dryness in July and August, followed by refoHation, and speaks
of the case as'^a natural experiment on a large scale to support
his contention that the periodicity of trees expressed in leaf-fall
is a response to external conditions, and not, as Volkens (2 5)
has argued, especially in regard of tropical plants, a periodic
phenomenon independent of the external environment, and
dependent on inherited and inherent causes. The basis for this
view was Volkens' failure to observe any relation between the
march of climate and defoliation, as, e.g., in Ficus fulva. Klebs
insists, however, that the time of defoliation may be shifted by
disturbance in surrounding conditions, and cites, among others,
the fact that tropical plants could be made to shed their leaves
in the verv short time merely by a reduction of light.

However the attack on this problem may turn out, it is

worth while to indicate that a conclusion, such as Volkens

arrives at, is a sort of mental anaesthetic, which, like the vitalistic

theory, lulls the mind* and inhibits vigorous and critical attack.

As Klebs very rightly puts it, every life-process depends in some

degree upon the external world, and it is only by experimental

methods that we can hope to come at a right analysis of this

complex relation.

(To be continued)

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 53

A PLEA FOR T-HE PUBLICATION OF A NEW
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

In the annual report of " The Quebec Society for the
Protection of Plants" for 1911-1912, the following statement
appears: "Many years ago Abbe Provancher published a work
entitled 'Flore du Canada in two volumes, which has been out
of print for some years, and is now very difficult to procure. No
work on systematic botany has taken its place in Quebec, con-
sequently this phase of the study of plant life has been, to a large
extent, neglected in the French schools of the province. I would,
therefore, suggest that the society request the Government of the
province not only to reprint a revised edition of Provancher's
work, but also to publish a school edition of the same. The
publication of these two editions would give a stimulus to the
study of plants, and indirectly would tend to a better knowledge
of weeds on the part of the rising generation."

As an admirer of Abbe Provancher, and one who, more-
over, has followed closely in his footsteps for the past ten years,
I beg leave to express an opinion on the matter.

There is no doubt that the name of Provancher has a
prominent standing in the history of Canadian science. Under
strtiggling circumstances, without special training or laboratory
facilities, far from technical libraries, he, however, accomplished
a stupendous amount of work and cleared the ground most
efficienth' for future workers.

The ''Flore Canadienne" was a most extraordinary achieve-
ment for the time, and, although fifty years have passed, — fifty
years of feverish activity — even though it is now largely obsolete
on account of the steady advance in botanical studies, we must
admit whatever our language is that no other book, as yet,
has attempted to displace it.

Nevertheless, the proposal of reprinting Provancher's work
is a rather sad acknowledgment of inabilitv ; to state my. opinion
briefly, I consider that such a reprint, if the essential features
are preserved, would be a step backwards.

In the course of the last half century the systematic botany
of North America has benefited by the labour of a host of serious
workers. Unknown regions have been penetrated, thousands
of new species established and the nomenclature more than
once disturbed and subjected to new investigations.

Mentioning only the Province of Quebec, the careful survey
of Prof. M. L. Fernald and his Harvard friends has shown, in the
Gaspe Peninsula, the existence of an altogether tmknown flora
akin to that of the Rockies. Of this fact, of course, Provancher
had no suspicion.

54 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

Such genera as Isoetes, Potamogeton; Juncus, Carex, Rubus,
and especially Crataegus, have revealed an amazing wealth of
species. Everybody knows the hawthorn, and appreciates it
more or less, but very few would suppose that the American
species nov\' ntimber about 1,000.^ The joint work of C. S.
Sargent and J. G. Jack have shown the limestone ridges of
Montreal and the contiguous shales to be one of the richest
regions in the whole world in forms of Crataegus. Although
there is much yet to do in the genus, it can already be foreseen
that the new Flora of Quebec will be bound to include as many
as 60 or 70 species.

I do not wonder now about my perplexities while first
trying to separate the Longueuil Crataeg.i with Provancher as a
guide. It was only when I opened the pages of the seventh
edition of Gray's Manual, and when I was made acquainted
with Mr. C. S. Sargent, that I began to understand something
regarding them.

Provancher believed the distribution of plants in Canada
to be zonal, according to latitude, and, conseqtiently, to be
approximately identical from the Atlantic to the Pacific; this
belief he had in mind when he entitled his work "Flore
Canadienne." This generalization has not proved successful.
We know to-day, by the collections of Macoun and others, that
the prairie region, the Rockies, the Pacific slope, have each a
distinct flora, and a "Canadian Flora" embodying the whole
of the territory, would be an immense enterprise.

Properly speaking, Provancher covers but the central
portion of the Province of Quebec. The list, with analytical
keys, annexed by Abbe Moyen to his own " Traite de Botaiiique,"
though more complete, is yet fragmentary, and must undergo
the very serious criticism of lacking the descriptions necessary
to every one except the trained specialist.

I think that the demand is for a new " Flore Illustree de la
Province de Quebec," embodying the Ungava territory, and
brought up to the present state of botanical science.

Such a publication is no easy task. Diifictilties are numerous,
and foremost among them would be the cost of production,
including the necessary illustrations. These latter alone would
cost a large sum. I hardly think that any private enterprise
in this line would be possible. It seems that the Provincial
Government should take charge of the work, through one of its
departments, subsidizing it as the work goes on.

Brother M. Victorin,
Longueuil College, P.O., of Christian Schools.

March 24th, 1914.

,1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 55

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF

WASHINGTON LATELY PLACED ON THE SHELVES

OF THE REFERENCE ROOM, CARNEGIE PUBLIC

LIBRARY, OTTAWA.

Botanical Features of the Algerian Sahara. By Wm. A. Cannon.

Handbook of Indians of Canada. Ed. by F. W. Hodge.

Determinate Evolution in the Color-Pattern of the Lady Beetles.
By R. H. Johnson.

Studies in Heredity as Illustrated by the Trichomes of Species
and Hybrids of Juglans, Oenothera, Papaver and Solanum.
By Wm. A. Cannon.

The Conditions of Parasitism in Plants. By D. T. Macdougal
and W. A. Cannon.

Studies of Inheritance in Rabbits. By W. E. Castle.

Distribution and Movements of Desert Plants. By V. M.
Spalding.

THE CARDINAL GROSBEAK IN WINTER IN
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, ONTARIO.

A specimen of the Cardinal Grosbeak was observed at
Brighton, Northumberland County, on the morning of February
22nd last. The day was very cold, with strong wind and snow-
drift. The bird was quite tame, and was evidently a female on
account of lack of bright plumage. Those who called my
attention to the bird did not recognize it, neither did I at first,
never having seen one alive in a wild state. I suspected the
species, however, on account of the large, ivory, reddish beak
and a red cast in the plumage and in the tail feathers. On my
return home I looked up the description of the species, and was
at once satisfied that I had diagnosed it correct^. I suppose
this is about as far east an Ontario record as we have.

I may mention that the migration of Warblers in this
section this spring has been an exceedingly slim one. I have
seen scarcely any in their usual haunts — only the yellow and one
other.
:^|nj . . C. J. YOUXG,

y^./^i The Rectory, Madoc, Ont.

iiii;.RY| 5L

56 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-Jul\

REVIEW OF A REVIEW.

To the Editor of The Ottawa Naturalist:

It is to be regretted that the slips alluded, to in a review of
the "Checlc List of the Fishes of the Dominion of Canada and
Newfoundland," in the May issue of the Naturalist, are not
pointed out by the reviewer. In the introductory remarks of
the book it is stated that "it is subject to amendment in regard
to species to be added to the list as records or discoveries reveal
them; and not only so, but in regard to species, and such are
apparentlv few, to be eliminated from the list as having no
right there." But that given by "C," as an instance of an
occasional slip, can hardly be regarded in that way, because the
occurrence of Thymallus tricolor ntoiitanus is queried in the text,
and the foot-note does not suggest that the so-called grayling
is, as "C" puts it, that species, for the words are these: "A
little salmonoid in rivers of southern Alberta, locally called the
grayling, may be this sub-species." Besides, even if this
salmonoid turns out to be a species of whitefish (Coregonus
williamsoni), as "C" says the Alberta Fishery Commission
stated distinctly, and not a grayling at all, yet as Thymallus
tricolor montanus occurs over the Albertan border, in Montana,
its mention in the list, with a query, is quite in keeping with
what the list purports to be, as is explained by the following
remark in the introduction: "Species which occur close to our
borders .... although not actually recorded from our
waters, are provisionally admitted." This is what has been
done sometimes in other lists of the kind, and thereby a purpose
may be served in stimulating research on the part of any who
seek to ascertain what the entire geographical range of a species
in particular may be. It might then be hazardous for "C" to
state positively that the Montana grayling does not occur in
southern Alberta lest it might be found there, and its provisional
mention with a query in the list does not, therefore, appear to
be amiss. Indeed, it is quite likely to be found north of the
United States boundary, for it is doubtless a post-glacial survivor,
and the clear, cold streams of southern Alberta, flowing down
as they do from the moimtains, seem well adapted for the
requirements of this little fish as a habitat. If, then, slips occur
in the list, that singled out by "C" as an example does not seem
well chosen.

The book itself must stand or fall according to its merits,
and if it is lacking "in completeness of matter " and in "compact
description and arrangement" it has, nevertheless, been com-
plimented by eminent authorities and has been applied for
widely by naturalists. In point of fact, it was never meant to

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 57

be descriptive, so that to dispute its value because it affords no
information concerning "the spawning period and the nature of
the eggs" is surely beside the mark. The aim of the book is
uniformity in its svibject matter, not description, and its object
is clearly stated in the introduction as the following quotation
will show: "The technical name, governed by the rules of
priority ; the vernacular name when the fish has one . . . . ;
the environment concisely , and the geographical distribution of
each fish are given."

Concerning the figures, if " C " had examined the specimens
in the Canadian Fisheries Museum, from which the photographs
which he criticizes were taken, he would have seen that the
majority of the figures are from mounted specimens of the
fishes themselves — a minority only being from casts (which,
moreover, are actual impressions of specimens), viz.: the steel-
head salmon and the five species of Oncorhynchus of the Pacific
slope; whereas "C" says they "are in very many cases from
defective coloured casts." [Italics mine].

Andrew Halkett.

A WELL-EARNED HONOUR.

Many mernbers of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club
learned, with much pleastire recently, that the University of
Toronto had conferred upon Mr. F. T. Shutt, M.A., F.R.S.C,
Assistant Director of the Experimental Farms and Dominion
Chemist, the degree of Doctor of Science. Mr. Shutt has always
taken a keen interest in the work of our Club, being for many
years a valued member of the council. From 1892 to 1895 he
was vice-president of the Club, and during the years 1895 to
1897 he occupied the office of president. It was with apprecia-
tion, therefore, that notice of such honour reached us early in
the present month (June) . The degree was conferred on June 5th.

Such an honorary degree, when it comes to one who has
really accomplished valuable results in science, is indeed worth
having, and not only honours the one receiving it, but also
honours the seat of learning conferring it. In the present in-
stance, we think the University of Toronto has chosen wisely.
Dr. Shutt, during the last 2 7 years, has given the best part of
his Hfe to a study of the science of chemistry in relation to
agriculture. His researches towards the economic maintenance
of fertility of soils and the factors that influence their nitrogen
content; in the composition and relative values of Canadian
grown fodders and feeding stuffs; on the influence of environ-

58 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

ment on the composition of cereals; on the nature and values of
insecticides and fungicides; on the suitability of various districts
throughout Canada for the growth of sugar-beets ; on the qualitv
of Canadian waters as occurring in lakes, , streams and springs,
etc., have given results of far-reaching importance.

Dr. Shutt has published many papers of a scientific character
in various journals and publications and has lectured before
many important societies. The results of much of his work has
appeared from year to year in the annual reports of the Experi-
mental Farms and in special bulletins which he has prepared.

In 1885, Dr. Shutt received the degree of Master of Arts
from Toronto Universit}^ and for about two years was
Demonstrator in Chemistr)^ at his alma mater. In 1887, he was
appointed chemist to the Dominion Experimental Farms, and in
1909, owing to the widening field of work, his title was changed
to Dominion Chemist. In 1911, the added responsibility of
Assistant Director was given him.

Dr. Shutt enjoys fellowship in the Institute of Chemistry
of Great Britain, the Chemical Society of England and the
United States, the Royal Society of Canada and the American
Association for the Advancement of Science.

The members of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, who
have the privilege of knoAving Dr. Shutt, will feel a deep sense of
pleasure in the conferring of this well-earned honour, and we
take this opportunity of extending to Dr. Shutt our congratula-
tions and best wishes for a continuance of the very useful work
he is doing in the upbuilding of Canadian agriculture.

A. G.

EXCURSION TO ROCKCLIFFE.

The first excursion of the season was held at Rockcliffe on
Saturdav afternoon, May 2nd. Mr. Arthur Gibson, President
of the Club, presided, and the following leaders of branches
were in attendance: — Entomology, Messrs. Gibson and Sladen;
Geologv and Ornithology, Dr. WilHams; Zoology, Mr. Halkett;
whilst the Botanical Branch was represented by Mr. Carter, a
member of the Council. After exploring the park, the excursion-
ists assembled at the log-cabin, where short addresses were
delivered by the leaders.

Dr. Williams told about the bird-boxes which have been
placed in trees of the park for nesting purposes by the Ottawa
Improvement Commission, under the direction of the Club.

191-1] The Ottawa Naturalist. 59

He then spoke of the birds which had been observed, which
were these: A sharp-shinned hawk, a northern flicker, a herring
gull, numerous examples of the American crow, several American
robins, and presumabh' a pair of song-sparrows, the observation
of which was not favourable enough for definite determination.
Judging from the size of the sharp-shinned hawk, Dr. Williams
considered it to be a female, and that it evidently was hunting
for small birds. It flew past the party several times and, accord-
ing to him, its speckled brown breast, short wings and com-
paratively long tail were sufficiently well noted to identify the
species. He remarked also on the perching habits of the flicker
(an unusual thing among woodpeckers), and the example seen
alighted on a dead branch near the top of a tree and afforded
an opportunity to several members of the Club to observe it
carefully through field-glasses. Other names applied to the
northern flicker, given by Dr. Williams, are : The golden-winged
woodpecker, the high-holder and the yellow-hammer; and besides
the birds, he also spoke about the geological features of the park.

Mr. Carter spoke about certain of the trees in the park, viz. :
White pine, hemlock spruce, balsam fir and white cedar. He
described the leaves of the trees, remarking that those of
the white pine are long and needle-shaped, five in number, and
spring from a common centre; those of the white spruce are
short, stiff, needle-like, four-sided, pointing in all directions;
while the leaves of hemlock spruce are flat, lighter in colour
beneath, and pointing in two directions only. The leaves of
this latter are quite soft and are often used by campers and
hunters to make camp beds. Unlike the white pine and the
white spruce, the cones of the hemlock spruce are persistent.
The leaves of the white cedar are in four rows on the tw^o-edged
bracklets and so closely packed and overlapping each other as
to resemble shingling. The cones are persistent, with the scales
pointless and seeds broadly winged all round.

Mr. Sladen, followed by Mr. Gibson, spoke of the insects
observed during the afternoon, the former chiefly of a specimen
of solitary bee, and the latter of two species of butterflies, the
Mourning Cloak and the Large Tortoise-shell, both of which
hibernate beneath logs, flat stones, or other objects which afford
shelter during the winter months. Specimens of the Hedgehog
Caterpillar were collected and the life habits of this arctian, or
woolly-bear, described. Interest was also shown in the young
tent caterpillars, which were about to hatch from the egg-
clusters on the trees.

A. H.

60 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June-July

BOOK NOTICE.

Animal Communities in Temperate America. A study
in animal ecology — designed to serve as a reference work and
text-book. By Victor E. Shelford, Ph.D., of the Department of
Zoology of the University of Chicago. Illustrated with 300
figures, maps and diagrams; 380 pages, 8 vo, cloth; price, post-
paid, $3.22. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111.

A copy of this recently published book has been received.
Following the introduction, the work is divided into fifteen
chapters, in addition to which there is an Appendix (methods of
stud}"), a Bibliography, an Index of Authors and Collaborators
and an Index of Subjects. The chapters are again divided into
sub-sections, as, for instances, Chapter I on " Man and Animals"
— i, Introduction; ii. The Struggle in Nature; iii, Man's Relation
toNattire; iv. The Economic Importance of Animals. Chapter II
on ''The Animal Organism and the Environmental Relations" —
i. Nature of Living Substance; ii, The Relation of Form or
Structure to Function; iii. The Basis for the Organization of
Ecology; iv, Scope and Meaning of Ecolog}^; v. Communities
and Biota; and so forth.

The book, which is designed to serve as a reference work
and text-book, is indeed a most valuable contribution to the
subject of field ecology. The material used by Dr. Shelford in
the preparation of the volume has been accumulated during ten
years of field-study, from the view-point of modern ecology, in
various parts of the United States, though most of the material
is drawn from the Chicago region. The habitat records include :
Lower Invertebrates, 32 species; Mollusca, 95 species; Crustacea,
54 species; Spiders and Arachnids, 80 species; Insects, 457
species, divided as follows: Aquatic Insects, 52 species; Orthop-
tera, 53 species; Hemiptera, 100 species; Coleoptera, 175
species; Lepidoptera, 30 species; Diptera, 47 species; Fishes,
75 species; Amphibia and Reptiles, 2 7 species; Birds, 85 species;
Mammals, 28 species.

Much care has been exercised by the author in choosing
good illustrations to represent the various types of animal com-
munities and their characteristic modes of life. The printing
and the paper used in the book are excellent and the whole
subject matter presented in a most interesting manner.
Canadian students should find this book of much value in con-
nection with their work.

A. G.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII. AUGUST-SEPTEMBER, 1914 Nos. 5 and 6.

ABSCISSION.

By Francis E. Lloyd.

(Continued from page 52)

This dependence upon external conditions is frequently
illustrated by the behaviour of plants in temperate and boreal
regions. The weather conditions about Montreal during October
and November of the 5-ear just past (1913) were peculiar, and
they were reflected in the behaviour of shrubs and trees. Many
of them began to push out their spring flower buds, and in some
instances {Hydrangea) partially opened their flowers, while the
usuallv prompt disappearance of foliage in many trees and
shrubs was much delayed. The poplars were especially notice-
able, retaining their leaves even in exposed situations so that
manv were retained far into November, while a few still remain
at the present writing. Ampelopsis Veitchii was also note-
worthv in this respect, the conditions having been such that,
in some cases, a full half or more of the leaf complement still
remains adherent, though dry and dead (February, 19H).
I examined these plants and found that the process of abscission
had been started, but had been prevented from completion. "
Perhaps, having been delayed by the unusual prolongation of
warm weather, the abscission was overtaken by a sudden change
and stopped by killing the leaves, whereas, normally, the
abscission would have been completed before such intervention.
It is possible that an examination of such trees as the black-jack
oak, which often fails to shed its leaves, would throw light on
this habit. A red beech, planted on the campus of McGill
University, constantly retains its leaves, but those especially
on the shorter lateral shoots. According to my late colleague,
Professor Alcock, this tree shows each year an increasing

^ Tison found that the marcescent leaves of Hamamelis differed
from the normally caducous in having an incomplete abscission mechanism
or it is not even initiated.

62 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.- Sept.

tendency in this direction. I am able to confirm this observation
as regards 1912 and 1913. This last year, the plant has retained
practically all its leaves except those on the outermost new
shoots. It would have occasioned less surprise if the change in
tendency of leaf shedding has moved in the opposite direction. I
find in this plant also, that a partial abscission layer was formed.
The indefinite prolongation of green foliage in plants which
show definite periodicity in temperate regions is not difficult to
attain under experimental conditions. Flammarion (26) caused
seedlings of Quercus robur to retain their leaves by transfer to
a greenhouse. By removing the lower leaves from a shoot,
Dingier (2 7) was able to postpone abscission of its upper leaves
The age of the organ thus enters in as a factor. The cotton plant
in the open field begins to show a decreasing activity in mid-
summer, even in mid- Alabama. The exact date in 1911 at
Auburn was August 14th. When kept under constantly favour-
able conditions, as in a greenhouse, its period may be prolonged
very greatly. I have grown it for over a year, without any
evidence that it could not have been kept in activity for a still
longer period. The guayule, Parthenium argentatum, and its
congeners, P. hysterophorus, P. lyraHmi and P. incanmn, may be
similarly controlled. The shrubby species show a periodicity
related to rainfall in their nattiral habitat (the Chihuahuan
Desert), but it was found possible in the driest part of a very
dry year to stimulate the plant to renewed growth by cutting
back the branches, thus showing that the moisture supply alone
was the limiting factor, and when the balance between outgo
and income was disturbed in favour of the latter, growth became
possible. Ampelopsis Veitchii normally sheds tendrils only at
the close of the season, but I found them being shed during dry
weather from plants which spread over boulders (New York
Botanical Garden, Julv, 1913) and were so exposed to high
temperature and isolation. Such examples very much strengthen
the view that the periodic phenomena of growth and leaf-fall
stand in a delicate relation to the environmental factors, a
disturbance in any one of which is sufiicient to induce a change
in behaviour. The analysis of this relation is possible only, as
Klebs has said, by experimental means. We may, therefore,
profitably examine this aspect of otxr problem, in order to see
what results are at present available.

The Relation of Abscission to External Factors.

The intricacy and much detail of the work which has been
done, far too little as it,'^at present, may be, will prevent more
than a rather curtailed summary, but sufficient, it is hoped, to
direct attention to the chief results.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 63

Transpiration. It has been a readily attained and rather
generally accepted view that the abscission of leaves may be
induced by disturbances in the water relations. The promptness
with which many desert plants lose their foliage with approach-
ing drought and their readiness to refoliation, even though
stimulated thereto by such moisture as might be absorbed by
their branches from rain (Lloyd, 28), as I have shown experi-
mentally to be the case in Fouquieria; the dropping of leaves by
houseplants on too meagre or too generous watering, both go to
show that, directly or indirectly, such conditions may induce
abscission. The early shedding of tendrils in Ampelopsis, above
cited, may have been due to excessive transpiration. That
merely reduction of water content of the leaf is, however, in-
adequate, in itself, to produce the result is shown by the fact
that daily "incipient drying" and actual wilting, which we know
from observation (Lloyd, 29), (Livingston and Brown, 30) to
occur, is not followed by any such result. Desiring to produce
abscission by reducting the water supply to organs known to
be able readily to be caused to shed, I did the following experi-
ments: A large sector (90°) of tissue was removed in a dozen
cases from the stem below the insertion of the tendril in
Atnpelopsis Virginiana, and it was found impossible' to induce
abscission, although it will occur in cut branches in 36 or 48
hoiirs in a moist chamber, without measureable loss of turgor,
though doubtless there was some. The wounds healed, and they
were later examined microscopicalh^ and all the vascular supply
to the tendrils was found to be extirpated for a distance of
5 to 10 mm. The water supply must then have passed around
the wound, travelling laterally below and above it, yet either
without the least prejudice to its movement or quantity, which
is difficult to believe, or, if such prejudice obtained, without
inducing abscission.

For some time I held the view that the peculiar anatomical
relation in. the flowering branch of the cotton was responsible
for much of the boll-shedding. The view had been expressed
that the shedding of fruit by orchard trees, said more often to
occur near the ends of the branches, is due to the more favour-
able position of the proximal, since these are nearer the source
of supplies.^" The occurrence of the vascular tissue in an organ
of limited secondary thickening (the flower-stalk) alongside that
in one of unlimited secondary thickening, namely, the function-
ally chief axis, seemed to supph^ a possibility for an increasing
prejudice to the water supply of the boll as growth of the whole

'"Sorauer, P. Abwerfen der Frflchte. Handbuch der Pflanzen-
krankheiten.

64 The Ottawa' Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

shoot proceeds. Indeed, the much more restricted secondary
thickening of the vascular tissues to the boll strengthened my
belief. But experimental evidence is all against it. I removed
large sectors of tissue from the axis below leaves and below bolls,
in twenty cases" on August 19th. On the 2 1 st one boll was shed,
but the injury had been made beneath the corresponding leaf.
On the 22nd one, and on the 23rd two bolls were shed, the injury
having been made beneath them. After this there was no shed-
ding till the 28th, when two more bolls fell, beneath which the
operation had been done. In no case was the leaf affected, and
the shedding of bolls later than August 23rd must in any event
be excluded. The bolls were all small when shed, as the opera-
tions were done when the flowers were open. It can be shown
that the number of losses is accountable for in other ways, and
we must conclude that disturbance due to wounding is absent.
On the other hand. Balls (33), working in Egypt, was able
to cause practically complete shedding of leaves, flower-buds
and tolls within four days by pruning the roots, and so limiting
the ability of the plant to take up water. I have repeated the
experiment with positive, but less striking and perhaps not
unequivocal results, in North Carolina. Cultivation, which
unavoidably causes some damage to the shallower lateral roots,
is believed by planters to be responsible in part for shedding.
Such treatment as root-pruning is certain, if at all extensive, to
cause visible wilting in an unusual amount, and too great a loss
in this manner may interfere with the mechanism of abscission.
It would seem that, if a reduction of water activates the process
it must be when only in a small measure, such as we may suppose
happens in cut branches when kept in a moist chamber, a method
which was used even by von Mohl (34) in his studies. The
relation is, at the present moment, a ptizzling one. In the case
of flowers, Hannig was finable to find any effect on the rate of
abscission beyond that of ordinary laboratory air, buds, open
flowers and young fruits falling away equally rapidly in both.
Fitting arrived at the same conclusion, from which we may
argue that the greater loss of water by evaporation, supposedlv
attributable to drier air, has no effect on the abscission of the
corolla. This organ is, however, especially resistant, as is shown
by the fact that a cotton flower-bud, removed on the evening
before opening, will open and remain turgid on a laboratory
table for an entire day, even though the bracts and catyx wilt
and even wither. And I have observed that the petals of desert
plants (e.g., Sidalcea) remain turgid while the whole plant shows
marked wilting during the hottest period of the da}'. The fact

i^Exp. 11, West Raleigh, N.C., Aug. 19th, 1913.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 65

that abscission may occur under water (poplar, maple, horse
chestnut, etc.) is, of course, to be accounted for in some other
wav than reduction of water.

In general, therefore, we must conclude, in view of the effects
of drought upon trees and shrubs, that there is a relation between
lack of water and defoliation, but it is not possible to attribute
abscission directly to a reduction of water content, such as may
be meastired. It may, however, result indirectly by the dis-
turbance of some other relation. As we shall see, very slight
departures from the normal condition of the environment in
other regards are sufficient to cause or to hasten abscission.
Mechanical Causes of Abscission.

This apparently indirect effect is further exemplified in the
abscission response to mechanical stimuli. For convenience we
regard as mechanical, stimuli such as shaking and wounding,
though we cannot consider these as working directly.

Shaking. It is to Darwin (3 5) that we owe the observation
that, if the flower stalk of the mullein (Verbascum) is sharply
jarred the corollas will presently fall off. Fitting, having satisfied
himself that the falling of the corolla was not due to accident or
to the movement of the calyx, as held by Devaux, found by
repeating Darwin's experiment, that separation was consum-
mated in from 45 seconds to 5 minutes, but for the most part in
from 1 to 3 minutes. This is equally true of young and older
flowers, so that it is not due to their age. He found a similar
behaviour in Geranium pyrenaicum, with a reaction time of from
30 seconds to 6 minutes. This phenomenon has been little
studied, and only few plants are known to show it.

Wounding. The importance of the effect of wounding on
abscission will at once be realized in view of the great economic
losses occurring each year from the dropping of buds, flowers and
fruits from the plants of our orchards and gardens, as a result
of insect and other injury in the form of wounds. Young peaches,
when wounded by curculio, drop. The great loss to cotton
growers in x^labama, Louisiana and Texas, and the great
financial disturbances accompanying it, caused by the boll-
weevil, to which must be added the immense expenditures
involved in scientific research in finding a way out of the
difficulty, have caused a highly dramatic interest to attach to
the problem. This case will serve, therefore, as a good example
for the present discussion.

The boll-weevil lays its egg in a young "square" or flower
bud. In from 1 to 22 days'^ the square falls to the ground, the

**I am indebted to the United States Bureau of Entomology, through
the courtesy of Dr. L. O. Howard and Dr. W. D. Hunter, for the use of
valuable data on the shedding of bolls after weevil injury.

66 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

average time being from 8 to 10 days. A very peculiar feature,
but following also on other causes, occurs in squares jtist previous
to falling, namely, an outward movement of the bracts (flaring).
Sometimes, if abscission does not intervene, the bracts will move
inwardly again. This movement is of ver}^ great theoretical
interest, since it indicates that there is no lack of turgor (though
it does not prove it), and, if this be trtie, an undue loss of water,
it is probable, is not a factor. It is evident, from the data which
are at hand, that there is some relation between the amount of
injury and the time which intervenes between the first insect
puncture and the final separation, since, by means of other
experiments, I have found that it is possible to cause the
abscission of 100 per cent, of young bolls by means of suitable
injury (a transverse cut across the ovary), within 48 hours, and
90 per cent, have been shed within 24 hours in one series.
"Squares" (flower-buds) are not so sensitive, shedding 3 5 to 55
per cent, in 36 hours; 40 to 75 per cent, in 48 hours, and the rest
later.

Larger bolls respond only after a longer period, namely, in
from 3 to 6 days, or not at all if too large, though they may die
without becoming detached. From this we see that a point of
development and induration of the tissues of the pedtmcle mav
be reached when abscission is not more possible.

Shedding, of the very young bolls may also Ije caused by
cutting oft" the style before pollination, but this, as Fitting found
in Geranium and Erodium, depends on the absence of pollination.
In E. Manescavi, the petals fall away much sooner after the
style was injured than in the uninjured flower. Hannig also
found that cutting off the petals, stamens or stigma, from tm-
pollinated flowers, and still more readily by removing the ovary,
before or after pollination, caused abscission of the whole flower.
Wounding of the peduncle did not do so if a portion of the tissue
was left, indicating, as I have above shown, that a reduced
amount of vascular tissue was able to carry on. the ftmction of
the whole.

Much has been said about the eft'ect of the wounding of
leaves by cutting off the blade, and it is generally believed that
such injury causes abscission. The results thus obtained are,
however, very inconstant and uncertain, as I have found in my
own experience. Only a single example. I cut oft" the petiole
(in Ampelopsis) from one leaf 10 mm. from the base, and
allowed the next lower leaf to remain. The latter separated in
24 hours (in a moist chamber), while the stump of the cut petiole
remained attached. I have done similar experiments with other
species with like restilts, and I have observed injured leaves in
nature, finding them to adhere just as long and firmly as un-

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 67

iniured, in many cases. We must therefor say, as Hannig has,
that wounding as such does not induce abscission, but works in
a round-about way.

The Effect of Temperature upon Abscission.
The occuiTence of abscission at the time of the year when
the cold is increasing, and the dropping of leaves in great
numbers on frosty mornings, must not be thought to indicate
that low temperatures cause abscission. Fitting found that
Geranium pyrenaicum sheds its petals in a much shorter time
(2 . 5 minutes) only when the temperature is raised to over 40*^ C.
Lower temperatures, but yet as high as 33° to 34° were necessar}^
for certain other species, and in all cases the rapidity was
greatest in a saturated atmosphere. Some species have their
reaction time reduced from 2 5 seconds to 60 seconds (Linmn,
Verhascmn, etc.). Hannig also found that temperatures higher
than the normal laboratory ones caused a more abundant
shedding of flowers and that sudden change was more effective
than gradual. On the other hand, a lowering of temperatures
inhibited it. That the higher, more effective temperatures
increased the rate of abscission, and even cause them, as Wiesner
(35) has suggested in the case of inner leaves, which may become
over-heated does not militate against his explanation of abscission
in consequence of frost, which may be procured, according to
him,, by the macerating (hydrolysing) effect of organic acids
escaping from the frozen cells of the abscission layer or by the
dift'erences of tension produced at the limits of the dead leaf-
stalk tissues and the still living and turgescent cells of the leaf-
base. Entire killing of both leaf and abscission layer may be
followed by the rotting away of the tissues, and thus ending in
separation. High osmotic pressures, held by Wiesner and his
pupils to be important in the case of ordinary abscission, have
no place in frost defoliation.

The Effect of Chemical Agents.

The air and soil of cities and in the neighbourhood of certain
kinds of mills and factories is usually more or less contaminated,
and, as a result, there -is much detriment to the health of vegeta-
tion. Among the first symptoms to be noticed is the shedding of
leaves, and this is doubtless a sensitive, and perhaps a ver}^
sensitive, indication of an abnormal condition. Harvey (36)
found, for example, that one part of ethelene in 1,000,000 of air
was sufficient to cause abscission of the cotyledons of the castor-
oil plant (Ricinus), which is perhaps a more delicate reaction
than would be observed in trees. It is significant, however, and
we may expect to find similar behaviours in many plants. Even
the small amount of ilkiminating gas found in the ordinary air

68 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sei t.

of the laboratory was sufficient, according to Fitting, to produce
abnormally quick shedding of petals, this result following dosage
with carbon dioxide, tobacco smoke, chloroform, ether, and
other agents. Brown and Escombe (40) found that other organs
are similarly affected by disturbance of nutritive relations.
Hannig got similar results, except in the case of carbon dioxide.
0.00002 vol. per cent, of illuminating gas caused the abscission
of flowers (Mirahilis, etc.). A high concentration did not cause
this directly up to 14 hours exposure, but indirectly after
removal from the gas. Carbon dioxide, in concentrations up to
10 per cent., produced no effect, in accord with experiments of
Demoussy (1903, 1904, see Hannig). On the other hand, leaves
are shed if kept in air free of carbon dioxide (Loewi). It is
evident that more work on this point, as indeed on all others,
would be welcome.

Light. Light is the source of energy for green plants, so
that much disturbance of this relation would be expected,
indirectly at least, to lead to abnormal behaviours. It would be
expected that changes in light intensity would have less effect
on floral parts than on green parts, but Hannig and Fitting came
to different results. Wiesner (39) believes that leaf abscission
occurs in early summer in the leaves less favourably exposed to
light because of the reduction of the absolute available light
■supply. I miay observe that this kind of leaf-fall, as regards the
time of occurrence, takes places whether shade is present or
not. I have seen it on young plants of Negundo, which were com-
pletely illuminated, in which it seems more in accord with the
appearances to recall Dingler's paper, earlier cited. Leaves
shaded by the outermore foliage nevertheless do become yellow
and fall {Vitis, Ampelopsis, Euonymus, etc.), and the earliest
leaves in the White Birch in the autumn are those on the inner
branches, irrespective of their age. In the climate of Quebec
the question of high temperature is probably not important,
and in such cases it seems quite proper to explain this, in the
absence of more exact experimental observation, as due to the
reduction of light.

The Time Required for the Act of Separation Proper.

By this is meant the time occupied by the process of
separation itself to the exclusion of the period required to
institute it (latent period). It would seem on general grounds
that when cell division is involved, the process would require
more time than otherwise. In some organs (petals) in which
no cell-division occurs, the evidence (Fitting) shows that it may
be quite brief, less than 30 seconds indeed, but we cannot say
in any case exactly what it is.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 69

There can be no doubt, furthermore, that the age of an organ
has some influence. In the small cotton boll (8 mm. diam.) no
evidence of separation (following injury) can be seen at the end of
16 hours, but at 20 hours the process is practically complete,
as shown by the ease of removal of the peduncle. In larger ones
cell-divisions in the separation layer can be seen for a day
previous. However, the act of cell-division is not necessarily
a precttrsor of separation, since in the young bolls above men-
tioned no cell divisions are to be seen at the moment of. separa-
tion of the cells concerned, there being only a slight elongation
of them, accompanied by a chemical alteration of the cell walls,
causing the loosening. The essential phase of the process of
abscission may, even in older as well as younger cotton bolls,
be of much shorter duration than above indicated, less, namely,
than four hours.

With reference to petals, Fitting found that in the dark,
at temperatures of 31 ''-32'', they are shed earlier than normally,
and the older the more quickly. On the other hand, petals of
younger flowers were found by Fitting to be less sensitive than
older, an apparent reversal of things which may be regarded as a
"phenomenon of interference," between increasing adaptability
and shortening of reaction time.^'' In petals, however, there is
no development of mechanical elements, such as quickly appear
in many leaves, to increase the amount of preparation before
separation may become effective. Early in the season I have
observed that abscission (in a moist chamber) will overtake
older leaves frequently more rapidly than younger. The slow-
ness of separation in indurated organs may simply mean inter-
ference by tissues or mechanical elements in which separation
takes place only passively or not at all, as, e.g., in the non-living
or moribund pith in older cotton peduncles.

The Mechanisms of Abscission.
By "mechanism" is meant that histological behaviour
resulting in the separation of one organ, or a part of it, from
another organ or part. To the best of our present understanding
it may be purely mechanical, either by a break (a) passing
directly across the tissue irrespective of the position of the cell
walls (rhexolysis, according to Correns 1, 3 72, e.g., Dicranum
scopariuni), or (b) passing along the middle lamella, causing
separation of entire cells (schizolysis, Correns). In the latter
alternative the separation is believed b}^ some to result from a
marked increase in turgor, the pressures causing the cells to

^'The cfiaracter of the behaviotxr of petals under various stimulants
has led Fitting to insist on a conception of abscission as an active separa-
tion of an entirely living organ in response to stimulation, quite analogous
to movements, etc. He proposes the term " chorism " for this phenomenon.

70 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

become spherical and thus reducing their contact surfaces to
nearly nil (Loewi, Fitting, Hannig). Or it ma}' be a result of
chemical alteration (a) of a part or (b) of the whole of the cell
wall. The middle lamella may be dissolved, in this way loosening
the secondary walls from each other; or the whole or part of the
secoiidary membrane ma_v be altered (Tison). Such chemical
alteration may or may not be preceded by cell-division in the
cells directly involved. lEven in species in which this usually
takes place, it may be omitted (Tison, Loewi) either entireh^ or
in a part of the separation layer, as I have myself observed.
When cell-division does occur, it is an expression of a resumption
of growth (secondary meristem of previous authors), but as cell
growth obviously does not necessarily lead to cell-division, this
may be absent. The amount of growth may vary with external
conditions, and it is ustially much more marked under water or
when high relative humidity prevails, and may lead to callus
hypertrophy (Kuster, 40, p. 289). And in species where growth
is usually omitted (e.g., Ampclopsis, Impatiens) cell-division
accompanying separation is still occasionally observable.

Rhexolysis, while frequent in the mosses, is, so far as I know,
generally quite rare, and its precise nature and the causes leading
up to it need investigation. Tison believes it to occur in Aristo-
lochia SipJio (leaf), but Loewi questions the accuracy of Tison's
observations,' basing his criticism on the similarity of Tison's
description and drawings to appearances seen by him (Laurus,
etc.), and leading to separation by the joint action of chemical
alteration in the cell-wall and turgor. In view of my own work,
Loewi's criticism is justified.

An apparently true case of rhexolysis, however, occurs in
the style of Gossyphim. Several minute transverse fissures
appear at different levels somewhat above the apex of the ovary.
These deepen and gape. Microscopically, they are seen to pass
transversely through the tissues without relation to the position
of the cell-walls, and without any evidence of separation of
entire cells. The protoplasts, with their inclusions, are found
in situ and the protoplasm torn through. Experiments indicate
that external mechanical relations (pull or pressure of the
staminal tube) are not factors. The fissures are not to be
discovered before the latter half of the second day of anthesis.

Schizolysis is, on the other hand, general, but presents
widely divergent appearances. The simplest cases (primary
meristem) are those in which, by the solution of the primary
meml)rane (middle lamella), the involved cells — usually occupy-
ing an ill-defined and irregular zone — can fall apart. Loewi,
assigning to alteration of the membranes a very minor role,
believes that separation, as exemplified in Ampelopsis, is accom-

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 71

plished chiefly by turgor increase, the greater surface curvatures
reducing the contact areas and so setting the cells free. Kubart
ascribes to chemical alteration a larger share in the process, still
attribttting, however, the chief place to turgor, e.g., Syringa.
Fitting excludes such alteration in the case of petals studied by
him and sees, in a general sudden increase in volume of the cells,
the active cause. I find in Ampelopsis and in Impatiens positive
evidence against Loewi's view of the matter, separation not
being found to involve any change in the shape of the cells,
while evidence of chemical alteration, involving both primary
and secondary membranes, has been clearly seen. Similarly,
abscission of the corolla in Gossypium is without doubt accom-
panied bv a decrease in turgor, being otherwise similar in
operation to Ampelopsis (leaf, tendril, internode). But in this
form the primarv membrane dissolves first, and this is not
preceded, at anv rate to an appreciable extent, by alteration of
the secondary membrane. Hannig's explanation of the process
in Salvia, etc., and Kubart's in part of that in Nicotiana accord
with mv own, the latter finding in the organic acid released from
the cells involved the agent of dissolution.

Different are, e.g., Lonicera, Syringa, Hydrangea, and a
number of others, chiefly, however, in that the secondary
membranes are also attached, bvit more vigorously, and showing
marked and measureable swelling. The coUenchyma behaves
peculiar^ — the thickened walls resisting attack and lying free
in the mucilaginous matrix. Aside from the last mentioned
observation" Tison recognizes, in essence, this type of abscission.
Kubart would designate it as "maceration."

Finalh', abscission may be accompanied by growth, usually
longitudinal, but, as regards the axis of the organ, may be more
or less oblique. The growth (under special conditions very
limited in amount) may or may not be accompanied by cell
divisions, the occurrence of which has impelled earlier observers
to regard the separation tissue as a secondary meristem. Before
growth sets in, however, the cell walls are altered chemically
(but only slightlv) often in a restricted transverse zone about the
cell, and the elongation of the wall takes place here (Loewi).
But this chemical alteration may not be so restricted, but may
rather be very general, as in the collenchymatic region of the
leaf of Populus and of Euonymus, producing a condition directly
comparable with that in the leaf of Lonicera, above cited, so that
we may agree with Loewi in saying that there is no sharp line
of demarkation to be drawn between these processes, the one

^^Hannig (12, p. 428) appears not to have observed this peculiar
behaviour, and no one else, so far as I can determine, has done so.

72 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

being supplanted by the other even in the same organ. Thtis,
in Gossypium (the flower-peduncle), normally one to three
divisions occur, previous to separation, but they ma}" be quite
absent in the peripheral tissues; and when rapid abscission
follows a suitable stimulus, none at all are to be observed.

The cells of the abscission layer may separate from their
secondary walls at their distal extremities, and, in addition, the
outer daughter cells may separate also from each other, one
clinging to the distal rejected wall, but from which it is usually
free, and one (or more) remaining permanently incorporated
with the proximal wall. The separation in younger or thin-
walled tissues may follow the plane of the middle lamella, but
more frequently it occurs between a verv thin innermost
membrane {i.e., that which immediately surrounds the lumen)
and the earlier formed secondary membranes; or this membrane
may have been laid down anew, during growth, against, but not
incorporated with, the earlier formed secondary membranes.
The evidence favotirs the former alternative; but this I cannot
at present decide.

The crux of the problem of abscission lies in the manner of
separation. It is conceivable that the mere increase of turgor is
sufficient to cause separation along the place of the middle
lamella. The smaller the cells, the more efficient can the energy
at the disposal of the cell be applied; and small cells are found
to characterize the abscission layer in many cases. Fitting
favours this view in the light of the rapidity of reaction which,
he believes, allows too short a time for swelling of the membranes,
and because he could not see anv such change in them. Renewed
growth in these and increased turgor he regards as the responsible
factors. (Fitting 21, p. 244-5). Strasburger (41), Tison (except
in cases of rhexolysis) Lee (42) and others have taken a quite
different position, seeing in the chemical alteration of the
membranes a factor of primary importance. Tison calls the
product of this change a pecto-cellulosic mucilage. The
membrane lining the cell lumen does not take part in this.
Growth contributes a relatively small part to the process.
Hannig, too, takes the same position, except in the case of the
peduncle of Mirabilis, in which occtirs what he considers to be
an undescribed method — a lysigenous one, involving the total
destruction of the membranes. The appearances seen by him
could, I believe, be reconciled with a method already known.
This will, however, be discussed elsewhere.

Between these extreme views lie those of Wiesner, Kubart
and Loewi, who, without denying a role to chemical alteration
(by the excretion of organic acids, or perhaps enzymes), see in

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 73

turgor changes the more important factor. They believe,
indeed, that in some instances chemical change is absent.

The study of about 30 odd species leads me to the con-
clusio'n that chemical change is always present to some extent
whether growth and turgor changes intervene or not. I found
that under the influence of a hydrolysing agent (5% KOH) the
walls of the abscission cells break down more readily than those
of the neighbouring tissues above and below (Cheiranilms), and
may be so treated as to stimulate advanced autolysis, both in
the swollen condition of their walls and in their behaviour toward
stains.

Concerning turgor effects it may be said that in such forms
as Ampelopsis and Impatiens, which present ideal material for
studv, the abscission cells show a no higher osmotic equivalent
at the time of abscission (of floral parts, peduncles, leaves) than
others. In the case of the axis, the cells of the cortex and
epidermis are pulled apart, apparently by elongation of the
central tissues, since in partially wilted peduncles the faces of
the abscission-wound remain juxtaposed, although abscission
actually takes place.

Before, dviring or after abscission, secondary changes in
neighbouring tissues take place. They consist of suberization,
sclerification and lignification in various degrees, and all are
either extensions of periderm or are of the nature of wound
responses. This phase of the subject, beyond this ver}' general
statement, lies beyond the present purpose. Numerous details
have been worked out by Tison and by Lee. It is, however,
pertinent to indicate that, on the abscission of decurrent
peduncles in Gossypium there may follow an extensive sacrifice
of tissues, including all the living element of the stem, resulting
in the formation of a wound-cavity of sometimes large extent,
and not unlike gum pockets in appearance. Some of these
phenomena recall the abnormal behaviours seen by Loewi,
which, however, may readily occur in other species* (Ash,
Poplar, etc.) under special conditions.

Citations.

1. Correns, C. Vermehrung der Laubmoose. Jena. 1899.

2. Tison, A. Recherches sur la chute des feuilles chez les

Dicotyledones. Mem. soc. Linn. Normandie. 20:125.
1900.

* At going to press, a paper by Gortner and Harris (Am. Jour. Bot. 1 :
48-50, Jan., 1914) on "An Axial Abscission of Impatiens Sultani as a result
of traumatic stimuli" comes to hand. They leave undecided the question
of the method of abscission.

74 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

3. Loewi, E. Blattabloesung und verwandte Erscheinungen.

Proc. Vienna Acad. Math-nat. Class I. 166: 983. 1907.

4. Ramann, E. Die Wanderung der Mineralstoffe beim

herbstlichen Absterben der Blastter. Landw. Ver-
suchsstat. 76: 157. 1912.

5. Combes, R. Les Opinions actuelles sur les phenomenes

phvsiologiques qui accompagnent la chute des feuilles.
Rev. Gen. Bot. 23: 129. 1911.

6. Goebel, K. Pflanzenbiologische Schilderungen. Marburg,

1899.

7. Lloyd, F. E. Viviparv in Podocarpus. Torreva, 2: 113.

1902.

8. Lloyd, F.E. Guayule. Carn. Inst. Wash. Publ. 139,1911.

9. Cook, O. F. The Culture of the Central American Rubber

Tree. Bull. 49, Bur. PI. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr. 1903.

10. V. Hoehnel, F. R. Ueber den Abloesungsvorgang der Zweige,

u. s. w. Mitth. forstl. Vers. Oest. ' 1 : 255^! 1878.

11. V. Hoehnel, F. R. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber den

Ablostmgsvorgang u. s. w. it^'J. 2: 247. 1879.

12. Hannig, E. Untersuchungen ueber das Abstossen von

Blueten u. s. w. Zeitschr. f. Bot. 5:417. 1913.

13. Wylie, R. B. The Morphologv of Elodea Canadensis. Bot.

' Gaz. 37: 1. 1904.

14. Svedelius, Nils. On the life history of Enalus acoroides.

Ann. Rov. Bot. Garden. 2: 267. 1904.

15. Balls, W. L. Cotton investigations in 1909 and 1910.

Cairo Sci. Jour. 5: 221. 1911.

16. Reed, H. S., and Smoot, L The mechanism of seed-

dispersal in Polvgonum virginianum. Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club. 3i: 377." 1906.

17. Yapp, R. H. Fruit dispersal in Adenostemma viscosum.

Ann. Bot. 20: 311. 1906.

18. Atkinson, G. F. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 41.

19. Kubart, B. Die organische Abloesung der Korollen nebst

Bemerkungen ueber die Mohlsche Trennungschicht.
Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wein. Math.-nat. Kl. 115: 1491. 1906.

20. Cook, O F. Bur. Plant Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull's

198 and 222; Circ. 109.

21. Fitting, H. Untersuchtmgen ueber die vorzeitige Enfc-

blaetterung von Blueten. Jahr. f. Wiss. Bot. 49: 187.
1911.

22. Cannon, W. A. The effects of high relative humidity on

plants. Torreya 6: 2-25. 1906.

23. Pool, R. J. Some effects of drought upon vegetation.

Science, n. s. 35: 822. Dec. 5, 1913.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 75

24. Klebs, Georg. Ueber die periodischen Erscheinungen

tropischer Pfanzen. Biol. Centralbl. 32: 257-285.

20 May, 1912.
2 5. Volkens, G. Laubfall tind Lauberneuerung in den Tropen.

Berlin, 1912.
26. Flammarion. Bui. mens. off. Paris, 1907.
2 7. Dingier, H. Versuchen und gedanken zum Herbstlichen

Latibfall. Ber. d. Bot. Gesellsch. 23:463. 1905.

28. Llovd, F. E. The artificial induction of leaf- formation in

'the ocotillo. Torreya. 5: 175-179. Oct., 1905.

29. Lloyd, F. E. Leaf water and stomatal movement in

Gossypium, and a method of direct visual observation
of stomata in situ. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 40: 126.-
Jan., 1913.

30. Livingston, B. E., and Brown, W. H. Relation of the daily

march of transpiration to the variations in the water
content of foliage leaves. Bot. Gaz. 53 : 309. 1912.

31. Balls, W.L. See 15, above.

32. Mohl, H. Ueber den Abloesungsprozess saftiger Pflanzen-

organe. Bot. Zeit. 18: 273. 1860.

33. Darwin Ch. The different forms of flowers on plants of

the same species. London, 1877.

34. Bull. 114, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric.

35. Wiesner, J. Ueber Hitzelaufall. Ber. d. Bot. Gesellsch.

22: 501. 1904.

36. Harvev, E. M. The castor-bean plant and laboratory air.

Bot. Gaz. 56: 439. Nov., 1913.
il . Brown, H. T., and Escombe, F. The influence of varying
amotmts of carbon dioxide in the air on the photo-
svnthetic process of leaves and the mode of growth of
plants. Proc. R. Soc. London. 70:397. 1902

38. Demoussy, E. Sur la vegetation dans les atmospheres

riches en acide carbonique. Compt. rend. acad.
sc. Paris. 136: 325. 1903; 139: 883. 1904.

39. Wiesner, J. Ueber Laubfall infolge Sinkens des absoluten

Licht genusses. (Sommerlaubfall). Ber. d. Bot.
Gazell. 22: 64. 1904.

40. Kuster, E. Pathologische Pflanzenanatomie. Jena, 1903.

41. Strasburger, E. Das Botanische Praktikum. 349. 1913.

42. Lee, E. The morphology of leaf fall. Ann. Bot. 25: 51.

1906

Department of Botany,

McGiLL University.

76 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

GALL MIDGES AS FOREST INSECTS.

By E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y.

The minute gall midges or Itonididae have been practically
ignored by the forester and, taken as a group, little is known of
their economic importance under average woodland conditions.
The larger, frequently abundant deformations produced bv the
gall-making wasps, Cynipidae, and the sawflies, Tenthredinidae,
are relatively much better known, though it is probable that
they are of less economic importance.

Numerous gall midges, referable to the Lestreminae and
Heteropezinae, live as larvae in decaying woody tissues and
materially hasten the process of disintegration. Species of
Miastor and Oligarces inhabit the inner bark of various trees in
incipient stages of decay, while some species of Monanita, such
as M. lignivora Felt have been reared from the fungous affected
heart-wood of pine and undoubtedly hasten decav. Some
Epidosariae inhabit dead, mostly dry, woody tissues.

All of the foregoing species are of less importance than the
gall-making forms infesting living trees. The deformations of
the latter may be conveniently classified according to the part
affected.

Seed of fruit-inhabiting midges, such as Dasyneura canadensis
Felt, may destroy a considerable proportion of seed in spruce
cones. The same is true of Oligotrophus heiulae Winn, and birch
seed, while //on /t/a catalpae Comst. infests Catalpa pods and is a
pest of some importance. Whitish, flower-shaped, fungoid galls,
probably a btid and possibly a fruit deformation, are numerous
in some parts of the South on Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum,
and are caused by Itonida anthici Felt. The extent to which
fruit infestation may go in this group is shown by the rearing
of seven species from the fruit of various wild cherries.

Bud galls are produced by many species and usually mean
the death of the affected part, or at least a rest:ltant deformation.
The Catalpa midge, mentioned above, not only infests the seed
pods but destroys the greenish tips and produces stunted, com-
paratively worthless trees. Phytophaga ulmi Beutm. and
Dasyneura ulmea Felt infest lateral and terminal buds of elm
sprouts and occur somewhat abundantly, though their injuries
have not as vet been considered of much practical importance.
The Box Elder in the West suffers from the attack of two gall
midges, namely, Cecidoniyia negundinis Gill., a bud-inhabiting

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 77

form, and Contarinia negiindijolia Felt, a species which attacks
the leaves while still within the bud. Contarinia coloradensis
Felt infests and destroys the terminal buds of Pinus scopulorum
in Colorado and occasionally appears to be somewhat abundant.
Spruce buds are destroyed in Canada and probably in the
Adirondacks by Phytophaga tsugae Felt and the terminal ones
in part by Rhabdophaga swanei n. sp.

Rhabdophaga swainei n. sp.

The midges described below were reared by Mr. J. M.
Swaine, Ottawa, Canada, the latter part of May, 1914, from
spruce bud galls. This species apparently confines its attack to
the terminal bud. It is easily differentiated from other known
species of Rhabdophaga by the characters given below.

Gall. The enlarged bud has a length of about 7 mm. and
a diameter of 4 mm., the lateral scales being somewhat reflexed
and the apical portion of the gall loose and open. It contains a
central, oval cell ahotit 1 . 5 mm. long.

Male. -^Length 2.2 5 mm. iVntennae probably nearly as
long as the body, dark reddish brown, presumably with 14, and
possiblv with more, segments, the fifth with a stem about ^ the
length of the basal enlargement, which latter has a length
2h times its diameter. Palpi: first segment ovoid, the second
h longer than the first, moderately stout, the third h longer than
the second, more slender, the fourth \ longer than the third,
slender. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the submedian lines
sparselv gray-haired. Scutelkim, postscutellum and abdomen
dark brown, the latter sparsely haired. Genitalia reddish brown.
Halteres, coxae and femora basally reddish brown, the distal
portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi mostly dark brown; claws
moderately stout, ctirved, minutely unidentate, the pulvilli
h longer than the claws. Genitalia: basal clasp segment moder-
atelv stout; terminal clasp segment rather short, swollen near
the middle; dorsal plate deeply and triangularly emarginate,
the lobes divergent, the outer margin tapering roundly to a
narrowly rounded setose apex; ventral plate rather long, broad,
deeplv and roundly emarginate, the lobes short, stout, sparsely
setose. Harpes broad, broadly rotmded and thickly setose
apically; style short, tapering, narrowly rounded distally.

Female. — Length 2.25 mm. i\ntennae probably extending
to the second abdominal segment, sparsely haired, light brown.
Mesonotum dull dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely
fuscous haired. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a variable
yellowish and dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the margins
and ovipositor reddish orange, the venter reddish brown.
Halteres yellowish orange. Coxae yellowish brown; femora and

78 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept.

tibiae dark yellowish brown, the tarsi darker, almost black.
Ovipositor moderately stout, as long as the body ; terminal lobes
broad, the length thrice the width and thickly setose. Other
characters practically as in the male. Type Cecid a2 520.

Leaf galls. The primary infestation, as we have shown
elsewhere, frequently begins in the bud. Deformations belong-
ing in this class are not very important, though Thecodiplosis
liriodendri O. S. is responsible for serious disfiguration, and
probably some weakening of tulip leaves, particularly in the
latitude of North Carolina. The recently established box leaf
miner, Monarthropalpus btixi Lab. of Europe, appears to be a
serious pest of the highly prized ornamental Box. The yotmg
leaves of the Black Locust, Robinia, may be seriously defonned
by the larvae of Dasyneura pseudacaciae Fitch, or the margins
rolled by those of Obolodiplosis robmiae Hald. Coniariiiia
canadensis Felt, the probable producer of the midrib gall on ash,
is so abundant locally in the Hudson valley as to seriously affect
the foliage of saplings. The extent to which leaf infestation may
go is shown bv the fact that some 22 soecies of gall mida^es
are known to infest the leaves of hickory and about 20 those of
oak. Most of these, as well as numerous other leaf-inhabiting
forms, are of comparatively little importance.

Stem galls. Irregular, subcortical galls are produced in
living tissues by species of Rhabdopha^a and Lasioptera, the
former being . confined mostly to willow. The European
Rhabdophaga salicis Schr. has become established in some
localities where basket willows are- grown and causes consider-
able loss by ruining the shoots for both basket work and the
binding of bundles of nursery- trees. Willow twigs are attacked
by 21 American species of gall midges. Lasioptera querciperda
Felt lives in the subcortical tissues of white oak twigs, producing
gnarly areas and, presumably, defects in the wood. Several
species of Itonuia, I. resinicola 0. S. and /. resinicoloides Wlms.
attack the inner bark of young pines, and in some instances
considerable pitch exudes and rather serious injury mav result
in the case of individtial trees. Itonida inopis O. S. is a sub-
cortical form, the larvae producing a swollen, gouty condition
of the twigs and a marked lowering in the vigor of badly infested
trees.

Root galls arc known in only a very few cases, probal)ly
because of the difficulty of discovering them, and, so far as forest
trees are concerned, none of importance have been recorded.

A general survey of the gall midges known to infest forest
trees, shows that the hickories, the oaks and the willows, and to
a less extent the poplars, all representing genera with a number

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 79

of closely allied species, are subject to attack by numerous gall
midges, indicating an extremely close relation between the
infested plant and the insect dependent thereupon. The bud-
inhabiting gall midges are potentially the most destructive, and,
owing to the known prolificacy of certain gall midges, it is to be
expected that injuries by species referable to this group will
become more, rather than less, apparent with the advance of
time.

EXCURSIONS.

The second excursion of the season was held on the after-
noon of Saturday, May 9th, the locality visited being the north
shore of the Ottawa River above the Chaudiere Falls. The rock
formations were rich in fossils; the trees and general vegetation,
at this season, were assuming their spring verdure, and the pools
by the banks of the river contained a variety of forms of life.
A large attendance of members was present and much interest-
ing material was examined and collected. The President,
Mr. Arthur Gibson, was in charge of the party. At the close of
the outing addresses were delivered at the side of a grassy knoll
close to the river, and the first leader called upon to speak
was Mr. Halkett, of the zoological branch. Specimens of
two kinds of small crustaceans — one an amphipod (Gammarus)
and the other an isopod {Asellus aqttaticns), as well as several
kinds of fresh water pulmonate gastropod mollusks were passed
around and points explained regarding their life-habits.

Miss Fyles spoke of the plants which had been observed or
collected. Several specimens of Geaster hygrometricus were found.
It was pointed out that the Geasters were distinguished from the
puffballs by the outer coat, which breaks and spreads out in the
form of a star, whence the name Earth-star. This odd and
interesting fungus is very sensitive of moisture, spreading out
its star-like coat in wet weather and folding in its points when
the atmosphere is dry. Miss Fyles also gave an interesting
account of the life-history of the Horse-tails (Equisetum spp.)and
of many other plants which were handed to her to name.

A very interesting account of the herbs used by the Iroquois
medicine men was given by Mr. Waugh, a leader of the archaeo-
logical branch, the substance of which he has since supplied in
manuscript notes, which, given in his own words, are as
follows : —

"A large number of animal and vegetable materials are used
in the Iroquois medicines. Although many of the herbal or
vegetable preparations are most effective from a therapeutic
standpoint, a great deal of reliance is placed in sympathetic

80 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept.

magic or the idea that Hke cures like. For instance, bloodroot
is used to purify the blood because the juice is red. This idea is
at the bottom of a large percentage of Iroquois remedies. A
decoction of stoneroot is given to children in the belief that it
will make them hardy. Quite a number of effective laxatives
and emetics are known where barks are used. These are scraped
up or down according to the action required. Among the
laxatives are mandrake root, also a decoction of butternut
bark. A hunting medicine is made of the early leaves of
Prenanthes or lion's foot, from a fancied resemblance of these
to the heads of a buck and a doe. A decoction is made and the
rifle-barrel washed wdth it inside and out. The small spherical
bulb found attached to the dwarf ginseng is crushed and tied
to fishing tackle to give luck in fishing. A selling medicine is
obtained by chewing a small wood anemone {Anemone quinque-
folia) and rubbing the juice on the hands when about to offer
anything for sale. The person to whom the articles are offered
will not be able to resist buying. A medicine to give speed in
running is derived from the toad rush {J uncus bufonhts). A
decoction is made and the body and limbs washed with it, the
idea being that, as the plant grows beside the runner's pathway,
it will assist him in running. Love medicines are very common.
Every native medical practitioner has several. These are also
usually based on sympathetic magic. For instance, two leaves
of Aster cordifolia, which lean one upon the other, are taken,
and a decoction made and rubbed upon the face and hands.
A remedy for snake-bite is obtained by finding a root of the
white ash which sticks up like a snake's head. This must be
kicked off with the foot. A decoction is made of this and applied
to the bite. Among the most important medicines are a couple
of secret preparations belonging to medical societies. These are
found to consist largely of a number of fanciful or mythical
ingredients. These medicines are considered the most effective
of any and their administration is connected with a series of
ceremonies."

The next speaker, Dr. Williams, spoke of the birds,
observed, viz. — the herring gull, the spotted sandpiper, the
ruffed grouse, the northern flicker, the American crow, and
the tree swallow.

This last -mentioned useful little bird is very common in
the vicinity of Ottawa this spring, and it is to be hoped that
some mav take possession of the nesting boxes either at
Rockcliffe or at the Experimental Farm.

In addition to the above, brief addresses were also delivered
^ JiV^Uie President and the Rev. Sevmour Bullock.
r^gtC^y A.H.

^ y^f

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII OCTOBER, 1914. Xo. 7.

THE PROBLEM OF BIRD ENCOURAGEMENT.
By W. E. vSaunders, London, Ont.

The question is, //ow to increase the number of our birds.
Hardly anyone doubts the statement that ''More birds would
be a beiefit to mankind," and the popularity of the efforts
being i. .tde in that direction speaks volumes for the state
of public sentiment; but " Hoiv" are we to do it?

The people to whom such encouragement will mean the
greatest financial return are the farmers, and not only have they
the best opportunity of producing an increase in bird numbers,
but all the expense called for is the rental of an acre or two
of ground, and the labor of fencing and planting it with
the proper trees, shrubs and vines. From such an outla}^
the revenue returned should be a good one, and the results
are liable to be. better if the planting is of the most attractive
character than if it is done in a haphazard manner.

In a general way, the principle may be stated that most
of our insectivorous birds like a little fruit at times, and the
best way to provide this for them is to plant little shrubs bear-
ing the native fruits in their little jungle, rather than to attract
them to the orchard and there feed them with high-class grapes,.
English cherries, etc.

The size and location of suchabirdreserve will vary accord-
ing to the enthusiasm and abilit}^ of the owner. An acre or
two would make a splendid jungle, and in southern Ontario'
would probably be used even by the quail, which is one of the
most useful of all insect eaters.

In the bulletin on the chinch bug recently issued by the Di-
vision of Entomology, at Ottawa, the quail is given credit for
being the only bird that is specially useful in fighting this
particularly injurious insect. Those farmers near London,
whose crops suffered so severely, in 1913, from this insect, would
probably be willing to give serious consideration to the question

82 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

of bird reserves, realizing that such reserves would have meant
money in pocket if the^' had been established years ago.

The area selected for the jimgle should be well fenced,
preferably with heavy netting at the bottom. Dogs, and if
possible, cats should be excluded, as well as rabbits. The
experience of the western sheepmen who fenced a large section
of land to exclude coyotes, should be remembered; after the
fence was completed they found they had fenced some covotes
in.

A few clear spaces among the f)lanting are desirable,
but the bulk of the ground might be thoroughb.' covered to
good advantage. Shrubs arid vines of rapid growth should
be introduced even if they are not so desirable for permanent
use ■ most essential, however, is the planting of fruit-bearing
trees and shrubs, which will be used as food by such species as
desire it.

Almost every kind of tree has some features that are de-
sirable from the standpoint of the birds ; for instance, the foliage
of basswood is subject to aphis, which makes it very attractive
to warblers and other small insect eaters. As supply of insect
food of some sort, however, is found on every tree and shrub,
in these trees onl)" those that are especially adapted in some
wa\- to the purpose of bird encotiragement, arehererecommended.

^' In the list should be a couple of hemlocks at good distances
apart. These trees are the most attractive of all to the cross-
bills in winter, hemlock seeds being their favorite food. Six
Manitoba maples are recommended because the fruit hangs
all winter, and when the rare Evening Grosbeak visits us it
is verv fond of it. This tree varies a great deal in its seed pro-
ducing qualities, and for that reason six are recommended,
but onlv two ought to be left and those two should be selected
for their seed bearing qualities. A few mountain ash trees
will provide berries for the late fall and winter birds, while
mulberries and the native shadbush are needed for summer
fruits.

In an investigation by the U. S. Biological vSurvey, Washing-
ton, a verv few years ago, it was found that the berry which
was most widely esteemed by the birds was the elder; there-
fore it would be well to plant a number of these. Thorn bushes
make excellent bird covers and the fruits are used by some
birds in the autumn. The native Viburnums, with berries
varving from white to black, are also used by the thrushes
and other birds. The wild blackberry should be planted
for the purpose of making a tangle, which the birds delight

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 83

in, and as they have long been accustomed to it, it will be
specially acceptable. The wild red raspberry is much fre-
quented and desired by some birds. Currants, while not
particularly desirable avouM doubtless add to the general
attractiveness of the jungle. Then there should be climbers,
particularly the two bitter sweets, the climbing bitter sweet
and the annual one. But the best and most useful climber
of all is the wild grape. Plant these beside a brush heap and
they will soon cover it and make ideal protection for manv of
the seed eaters, and food for larger birds. Small willows are
not only desirable as providers of insects, but also because of
the ease with which they take root and grow.

There is no good reason why some ornamental shrubs
should not be used, particularh- on the sides facing the house
and road. Spirea Van Houtte, (the Bridal Wreath) Lilacs,
Philadelphtis or Mock Orange, Exochorda, and others, could
be used with advantage and beautiful effect, moreover, many
of these are already popular with the birds we are trying to
attract. And while some objection may be raised to them
on the score of expense, yet that objection does not apply to
lilacs, which sucker freely; so that one can obtain a hundred
small plants by digging and dividing a single old one.

Consideration should be paid to the future appearance
from the farm house ; the tallest growing plants should be farthest
away, the height graduating down, with only very dwarf things
on the side next the house. This plan will give a much more
extended view from the house, than if high vegetation is placed
on the side next the house.

All these trees and shrubs should be planted not closer
together than ten feet, unless enthusiasm and opportunity are
unusual, and if so planted, it will be five to ten years before any
require to be taken out. When they grow into one another,-
it would be well to remove some of them, as by that time the
birds would have ample cover.

At first there will appear to be a great deal of unused
space, and such might be planted to millet and btickwheat.
This would of course apply onlv to the first season as after that
it should be left so that the shrubs could have their own way.

Tw^o weeds whose seeds are very much admired by winter
birds are ragweed and pigweed. If a patch of these weeds is
planted, it should be on the house side and not closer than
twenty or thirt}" feet from the edge of the jungle, so as to prevent
the weeds from spreading into the neighboring cultivated land.
When the first year's growth has taken place there is little danger
of the spreading of such weeds over what will then be vmculti-
vated ground.

84 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

The above list contains most of the plants that' are specially
suitable for the purpose, but while endeavoring to procure
as many of them as possible, the planter will of course use largely
the shrubs that happen to be most available, employing also
such wild perennials as golden rod, aster, etc.

Old stumps will prove an attractive addition to the reserve
and will be an attraction to the chickadees in the nesting season.
If these birds can be induced to locate there, they may be easily
held for the whole year by a little feeding in winter, and no bird
is more useful in the orchard than this species.

For the first few years there will be no place in this plot
where robins can rest. This lack will seldom be very notice-
able, as most farms have already some old trees in which they
may nest, but, if there is absolutely no opportunity for them the
need may be easily supplied, by a piece of 2 x 4 scantling driven
into the ground, with two cross pieces near the top, forming a
suitable nest foundation, the whole to be covered with a collection
of dead vines, etc., leaving space for the birds to enter. If some
wild cucumber is planted at the base of this, it will cover the
post after a few weeks of growth.

A few nesting boxes stuck up on posts or on large trees
would serve to attract bluebirds, tree swallows and house wrens,
but care must be taken to keep down the English sparrows by
means of trap and gun, or else these native species that nest in
cavities will be unduly harassed and prevented from breeding.

It is well worth, while to put up on a pole a house for the
Purple Martin. If these birds can be induced to come, they
will form a verj' important addition to the ranks of insect
destroyers.

On May 24, 1Q13, I saw a little home-made Martin house
on a pole in a farm yard about 2 5 miles north-west of London,
and it had three or four pairs of Martins domesticated in it.
What one farmer has accomplished, another may do.

Red squirrels should be persistentl)' destroyed. These
animals are second only to the domestic cat as bird exterminators,
and will devour every available brood of nestlings unless they
are prevented.

A path winding through the jungle wotdd be no detriment
and may often be a convenience. It should go near the trees,
and as these will prevent any thick growth coming l)eneath them,
wild flowers can be added to the collection when they are partly

grown.

19141 The Ottawa Naturalist. 85

J

During the first year or two, the occasional use of the hoe
around the newly introduced plants will hasten growth, but
during the season of bird nesting, from May 1st to July 1st,
too frequent presence on the reserve is not desirable until the
birds have become thoroughly at home.

A plot of ground set apart for a bird reserve and treated
as described above ought to begin to show practical results in
the second year, and it will be surprising what a tremendous
difference in bird numbers can be made by a little attention
to their needs.

That this attention will give a substantial return in dollars
and cents cannot be gainsaid, Avhile for those fortunate country
residents who already love the birds, and desire their presence,
the results will be a constant joy.

Personal inquiries on this subject are invited by the writer.

MYOSURUS IN CANADA— I.

By Edward L. Greene.

Throughout the whole of Eastern North America the genus
Myosurus is very scantily and feebly represented, and that too,
in as far as our knowledge goes by the single species, M. min-
imus, an old world plant and the type species of the genus;
and this is so great a rarity here at the east as to have been
observed hitherto in no more than two localities, east of
the Ohio river. One of these stations is Belleville, in south-
eastern Ontario, the other Norfolk, in the extreme southeastern
corner of Virginia. The two stations are about 500 hundred
miles apart in linear distance. For none of the intervening
states of New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, or for any of
those of New England or the Maritime Provinces of Canada,
is there any record of Myosurus; and for further demonstra-
tion of the complete isolation of the plant at Belleville, let it
be taken note of that from that point southwestward to south-
central Illinois, where it occurs again, the distance is some
750 miles. Then measuring the distance westward and within
the Dominion, to where it occurs again in Assiniboia, we have
950, if not a round 1000 miles.

86 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

At the time when the plant was first detected at Belleville
its isolation there would have appeared still more pronounced
if the matter of its very sparing occurrence in North America
had been taken into consideration; for in 1878, when Professor
John Macotm brought forward specimens from there, the
Virginian habitat was not yet known, and the nearest known
stations for it eastward and southward were as very far away
as Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. At Norfolk, Virginia,
it was not detected tmtil 1893, or fifteen years later than Pro-
fessor Macoun's obtaining it at Belleville.

Mr. F. V. Coville, the discoverer of the Norfolk habitat, re-
marked that the plant had the appearance of a recent arrival
there; but in the case of the station in Ontario, Professor
Macoun registers no supsicion that it is other than indigenous
there. Indeed, he took it to be native, as we shall see later;
and in this he may have submitted to the opinion of authors
within the United States, not one of whom, in writing of
M. mmiWM5 as occurring with us here, and there southwestward
and far westward, expresses a doubt about its being native.
Accepting this doctrine, there was, with the discoverer of the
Ontario station, no occasion to question how the plant came
there, however strangely isolated it was. But here I must
reproduce his very interesting first notes about it in the first
volume of the Catalogue of the Plants of Canada, P. 15.

"On ground subject to overflow and on limestone shingle
at the ferry house opposite Belleville, Ontario; rocky pastures
west of Albert College, Belleville, Ontario."

Here are given as many as three different kinds of en-
vironment for the plant as it was found growing in the vicinity
of Belleville, now almost forty years since; and I know of
no other more recent mention of Myosurus as being there.
Results of a diligent, renewed investigation of the locality
after so long a lapse of time would be very interesting, what-
ever they might be. One thing, however, which the language
of Professor Macoun suggests to me is the possibility of there
being in the Belleville neighborhood more than one species
of the genus. I refer to the different kinds of environment,
in each of which he found the plant growing. The expression,
"ground subject to overflow", though not very definite, im-
plies the ])revalence of a good degree of moisture; but whether
some stretch of low plain be meant where a temporary pool is
formed after every good rain, or whether it were a stream bank
where waters rise and fall at intervals — all these are uncer-
tainties. But the European plant is said to grow there nowhere
but in low, moist lands. This is not, however, true of all the

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 87

several Myosurus species native to America in the Great Basin
and on the Pacific slope of the continent; and when "limestone
shingle" is named as another environment of the Belleville
Myostirus, the mind of the widely travelled student of these
plants is reminded of the habitat of certain far western mem-
bers of the genus. So also does the Belleville rocky past^ire
locality; for that should mean on the rocks themselves, either
in their seams and crevices or on top of them, where there is
little depth of earth, and some considerable degree' of aridity;
for as far north as eastern Ontario, all, except the rocks of a
pasture, is occupied by perennial grasses, into the sod of which
no Myosurus or other annual finds a foothold. In a word,
the whole story of the Ontario locality for these plants points
to the derivation of this colony from the far westward. More-
over, between the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario and those
far-away Myosurus stations of the Southern States, there is
practically no commercial traffic at all; whereas, by means
of the Canadian Pacific Railway System, there is a ^'ery direct
and constant inter-commtmication between all British Columbia
and even eastern Ontario.

Long after his having discovered that Belleville colony of
these plants, Professor Macoun found Myosurus on Vancou-
ver Island, and I find his remark on this also very interesting
It occurs in his supplement to the volume already quoted,
page 479. Listing it there, still under the name Myosiims
minimus, he says: "It is extremely probable that the British
Columbia form is a distinct species." This is a plain intimation
that while still regarding the eastern plant as the real original
M. minimus and native there, he saw discrepancies between
the two, and suspected the Vancouver Island plant to V)e really
new and nameless. Into these matters the present writer
intends making further and critical research, the restilts of
which may be presented later.

THE GENUS A N TEN N ARIA IN GREENLAND.

By Morten P. Porsild.

The Antennarias of Greenland have for a long time — by
Joh. Lange and later authors — been determined as (1) .4.
alpina (L.) Gaertn., (2) .4. alpina var. glabrata J. Vahl, (3) .4.
dioica var. hyperhorea Don, to which L. K. Rosenvinge has
added (4) .4. alpina var. intermedia Rosenv. A closer study

88 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

of the forms and their occurrence in the field has shown, that
the last mentioned three are hereditary constant and hence
probably distinct species, the hitherto called .4. dioica var.
hyperborea from Greenland being in some details different
from all specimens seen by me of A. dioica from Europe or Asia.
Having, however, a very restricted access to literature and a still
lesser one to collections, I am at a loss to give full particulars
concerning the synonymy and distribution of some of the species,
and allow me to invite the attention of American botanists
to them, as most likely one or another of the species here con-
sidered as new may also occur in the eastern parts of arctic or
subarctic America.

A more detailed study of the species together with full
diagnoses and figures will soon appear in the "Arbejder fra den
Danske Arktiske Station paa Disko."

svxoxymy and distribution of the greenland
Species of Antennaria.

1. Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn.

West-Greenland: common to about Disco Bay, hence be-
coming scarcer and confined to well exposed lowland stations,
collected however at Cape York, 76° 07' and in Haves Sotmd,
on Grinnell Land, 79° 04'.

East-Greenland: from the south to about 72°, common in
the better investigated places, but not found in North-East
Greenland.

America: Arctic Archipelago up to Melville Island,
arctic, subarctic and alpine continental North America, Rocky
Mountains, xA.merican and Asiatic coasts of Behring Strait,
arctic and subarctic East-Siberia to Lena River, whence it
seems to be replaced by A. carpathica, Altai, reaching the coast
again in arctic Russia, Kolgujew, arctic and alpine North-Europe,
Iceland, wanting on Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Nova Zembla,
Franz Josef Land and New Siberian Islands; in other Avords,
an arctic alpine, nearly circumpolar species, however, not reach-
ing the northernmost limits for ])lant-gro\vth.

.4. alpina var. Frieseana Trautvetter: Act. Hort. Petropol.
VI. 1879, page 24. .4. monocephala (DC.) Ledeb. Fl. Ross. II,
page 611. A. alpina var monocephala (DC.) Torr. & Gray: Fl. of
North America II, page 430.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 89

In East-Siberia the commonest form, but connected with
the main form b>' numerous transitions ; also found in Greenland
and America.

2. Antennaria glarrata (J. Vahl) Porsild n. sp. Syn. :
A. alpina var. glahrata J. Vahl: Flora Danica tab. 2 786, fig. 4.
Joh. Lange: Conspectus Florae Groenlandicae, Meddelelser om
Gronland III. 1880, page 100.

West-Greenland: between 64° and 72° 20'.
East-Greenland: between 66° and 72°.

Not rare on Disco Island, although much rarer than the
preceding. Probably often overlooked, although it is very
conspicuous. Not found in the southernmost parts of Green-
land'bv collectors knowing the plant very well (Vahl, Rosenvinge,
Hartz, Kruuse).

3. Antennaria groenlandica Porsild nom. nov. Syn.:
.4. dioica var. hyperborea Lange I.e. but probably not A. hyper-
horea Don: Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, i834, (a paper
not accessible to me), more probably— .4. hyperborea Fernald
& Sornborger: Some recent additions to the Flora of Labrador,
The Ottawa Naturalist, 1899, page 106.

West-Greenland: 60° and 67°, commonest in the South.
East-Greenland: twice collected, at 61° and 66°.
Labrador?

On Iceland neither is .4 . groenlandica, nor A . dioica nor
anv other of the nearest allies of this species found.

4. Antennaria intermedia (Rosenvinge) Porsild n.
sp. Syn.: A. alpina yqx. intermedia L. K. Rosenvinge: Andet
Tillaeg til Gronlands Fonerogamer og Karsporeplanter.. Med-
delelser om Gronland III. Forts. 3. 1892, page 698. A.alpinao
Th. Holm. Beitrage zur Flora Westgronlands, Engler's Bot.
Jahrb. 8, 1887, page 310.

West-Greenland: hitherto only found a few times between
61° 45' and 70° OS'. On South Disco, near Godhaven, several
stations are known to me. The plant flowers here much later
than do A. alpina and A. glahrata on the same spots, whence I
suppose that it here is near its northern limit and should be
searched for in more southerlv latitudes.

90

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92 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

All species of Antennaria in Greenland produce well devel-
oped fruits having the power of germination. As staminate
flowers are totally wanting, the propagation of all species must
be apogamic, as for a long time such has been known to be the
case with A . alpina . The /I . glabrata and .4 . intermedia, as they are
growing near m}' home, are without doubt hereditary constant.
They often form extended pure patches, the form of which
depends on the circumstances of local wind or the outlet of
melting water in the spring.

If my understanding of the species be right, A. alpina
must be regarded as an old species that found its way to Green-
land after the glacial period, probably over Smith Sound,
where the crossing may have taken place during an epoch with
milder climate than now rules in Greenland. A. groenlandica,
however, belongs to the large contingent of American plants of
South Greenland, 'that cannot have immigrated by this way.
A. glabrata and ^4. intermedia are imdoubtedly young spec es,
or perhaps species in statu nascendi, the former developed from
A. alpina, the second from .4. groenlandica.

We have thus in the Greenland species of Antennaria a
new example of polymorphy in apogamic genera (cfr. Alchi-
milla. Taraxacum, Hieracium).

Disko, Greenland, Dec. 1913.

EXCURSIONS.

The third excursion of the season was held at Britannia,
on the afternoon of Saturday, May 16th. The party walked
to a wooded grove, and the time was mostly engaged in botanical
observations. At the addresses leaders spoke of the plants,
birds, insects, and batrachians observed or collected, and infor-
mation along general lines of natural history was imparted.

The fourth excursion was held at Fairy Lake. This was on
the afternoon of Saturday, May 23rd. After leaving the electric
cars, the party walked for a distance, until this ideal spot, known
as Fairy Lake, was reached. The excursion was of the nature of
a saunter, and the usual addresses were purposely dispensed
with, this leisurely walk homewards through the woods of the
Beaver Meadow taking for this occasion their place.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 93

The fifth excursion was held at Leamy's Lake, on the after-
noon of Saturday, May 30th. Although there was only a party
of nine, the occasion proved to be most enjoyable and profitable.
Mr. Gibson, the President, drew attention to a carabid beetle
devouring a tent caterpillar; a partridge's nest, containing a set
of twelve eggs, was found, and the woods were profuse with
flowers and ferns.

The sixth excursion was held at Ironsides, on Saturday
afternoon, June 6th. The train left the Broad Street Station
at 1.40 p.m., and, on arriving at the destination, the party
walked along the railway track until reaching a woodland,
where it dispersed its minor parties, according to the phase of
nature each desired to study. Mr. Sladen gave his attention to
bees and capttired a goodly lot. A wood-chuck or ground-hog
was seen by several persons, and as it remaiaed all the time be-
side its burrow, a fine observation was had of it. At the short
addresses, which were interrupted by the arrival of the home-
ward bound train, Mr. J. W. Gibson, whose new professional
duties have called him to British Columbia, spoke a few appro-
priate and appreciative words in the interests of the Club.

The seventh and final excursion of the season was held at
the Experimental Farm, on the afternoon of Saturday, June 13th,
and was well attended. Mr. Arthur Gibson, the President, Mr.
W. T. Macoun, and other representative officials of the Farm,
escorted the party through the arboretum, the greenhouses and
the insectary. The horticultural observations of the trees,
hedges and flowers were inspiring. A number of the bird-
nesting boxes placed on the trees were observed, and a few birds
were seen. The display of grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers and
melons seen in the greenhouses was an interesting sight, and the
visit to the insectary was also interesting. Towards the close
of the afternoon a visit was paid to the Entomological Museum,
where Mr. Gibson exhibited a portion of the collection of mounted
insects. This collection is so vast that a whole afternoon wotild
require to be devoted to its inspection in order to get any ade-
qiiate idea of its significance and value.

Andrew Halkett,
Chairman, Excursions Committee.

94 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

BOOK NOTICES.

Birds of New York.- — By Elon Howard Eaton. Part 2,
General Chapters; Land Birds. New York State Museum,
Albany, N.Y., Memoir 12.

In the June, 1910, issue of The Ottawa Naturalist, we
noted the appearance of Part 1, a volume of 390 pages, of the
Birds of New York, which volume discussed the Water Birds
and Game Birds. Part 2, as aloove mentioned treats of the
Land Birds and istrtily a magnificent contribution to American
ornithology. It is a much larger volume, consisting of 543
pages. In Part 1 , there are 42 full paged coloured plates, whereas
in Part 2, there are no less than 106.

With the presentation of Part 2, the entire field of work
as originally planned by the author is covered. Students of
birds everywhere will be delighted at the completion of this
exhaustive memoir. The coloured plates, which are from
drawings by Mr. Louis Agassiz Fuertes, are indeed excellent
in every way.

The introductory charter of Part 2 discusses Bird Ecology
(pp. 5-46.) This is followed by a chapter on The Economic
Value of Birds (pp. 46-51.) In the author's own words "the
main value of birds is in holding tree and crop enemies in check.
Modern methods of fighting injurious insects seem, in some
cases, to render the aid of birds unnecessary, but the special
value of the bird's work consists in attacking insect pests which
are not reached by poison spray and at seasons of the vear
when spraying is not practised, thereby preventing outbreaks
which otherwise would cause great destruction and expense."
In this chapter the \-alue of birds as weed seed destrovers is
also discussed. Other chapters which follow are "The Status
of our Bird Laws," "Special Measures for Increasing Bird Life,"
"Bird Refugees" and "Pri\-ate Preserves." These are all
of extreme interest. Then follows the main portion of the work,
viz., the description of genera and species of the land birds. This
occupies pages 61-541. Many text figures appear in thispart.
The Birds of Prey are first treated of. Each species is discussed
under sub-headings, such as description, distribution, habits,
etc. These are followed by an account of the Paroquet, the
Cuckoos, Kingfishers, etc., the Wood])eckers, the Swifts, etc., etc.,
tmtil a complete treatment of the land birds is given.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 95

Canadian students will indeed welcome the final part of
this magnificent work on the Birds of New York. The New
York State Museum is to be congratulated in issuing such a
beautiful and xisefvil memoir. To the author every credit is due
for the final appearance in such delightful form of years of labour.
The plates by the well known artist, Mr. Fuertes, will certainly
be admired by all bird lovers. The cost of issuing such ^^olumes
is, of course, extremely high and for this reason personal copies
will be expensi\'e and possiblv difficult to obtain. The chief
public libraries, however, in Canada should endea\-or to obtain
these two volumes for use in their reference reading rooms.
Owing to the large number of persons interested in our native
birds there would tmdoul)tedly be many applications for the
use of the books.

A. G.

Handbook of The Rocky Mountains Park Museum. — By
Harlan L Smith. Canaeia, Department of the Interior,
Dominion Parks Branch.

This verv useful handbook of 126 pages has recently been
received. It has been prepared with the intention of giving
to the public now a reference guide to the natural history of
the whole region in and around the Rocky Mountains Park, at
BanlT, Alta. In Chapter 1, on the " Geography of the Rocky
Mountains Park, a list of the important mountains, with
their altitude is given, as well as a fist of the living
animals in the Zoo and the Paddock. Under Chapter 2
on IMammals," the different species are discussed in an inter-
esting manner. Chapter 3 treats of the Birds, Chapter 4 the
Fishes; Chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8 discuss Reptiles, Amphibians,
Shellfish and Insects. These latter chapters are brief and do not
mention anv of the species. Chapter 9 describes many of the
Trees found in the Park. Chapter 10, on "Minerals," 1 1 , on
"Rocks," and 12, on "Fossils" are also brief. Chapter 13 is
on "Weather," 14 on "Antiquities," 15 on "Indians" 16 on
"Historv" and 17 on "Literature of the Rockv Mountains
Park."

The handbook will doubtless be well, recei^•ed by many
visitors to the Banff Museum and Park. A. G.

96 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Oct.

THE BURDOCK GELECHIID
An Insect Seed-destroyer.

A very common but useful little insect which occurs in
eastern Canada is the Burdock vSeed Gelechiid, Metzneria
lappella L. In the Ottawa district there is no difficulty whatever
in finding in autumn and during the winter months, the curious
little larvae snugly concealed in the seed heads of the Lesser
Burdock, Arctium niiyius. So abundant has the insect become
that it is the exception to find a seed head in which the small
caterpillar is not wintering. Oftentimes two larvae are found
in the same head. If a seed head is examined several of the
seeds will be found to be fastened together and if these are
separated the white larva, with a brown head, will be seen in
its hibernaculum. It is a short, phmip caterpillar and when
mature is about three-sixteenths of an inch long. In spring it
transforms to the pupal state and the moth emerges towards the
end of May or during June. On one occasion I reared from a small
handful of heads, nearly one hundred of the moths. l"he
moth is a delicate little species, expanding when the wings are
spread about half an inch, the females being slightly larger
than the males. The front wings are pale brownish, with
darker markings of brown; the hind wings are of a slate-col otir
and bear long fringes.

The Burdock Gelechiid, a native of Ettrope and Asia, was
first discovered in Canada by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, at Le\ds, Que.,
in September, 1898. Since, it has spread considerably through-
out the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The species is abund-
ant at Toronto, where Dr. A. Cosens has noticed the larvae since
1904. H

Regarding the introduction of the insect into Canada.
Dr. Fyles, in the Annual Report of the Entomological Society
of Ontario, 1899, states: "It may well be asked, How was this
European insect advanced to Canada?" This probably is the
correct answer: at Point Levi there is a quarantine station for
cattle; and old country hay and straw are often landed with
the cattle; and burs containing larvae of the species ha\-e, at
some time, been landed with the fodder. The Burdock is
plentiful on all our roads.'-'.

^J^SS^T^N. v^ Arthur Gibson.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII NOVEMBER, 1914. No. 8.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MUSEUM WORK
ON POINT PELEE, ONT.*

By p. a. T.WERNER.

In following out a scheme for illustrating the various faunal
areas of the Dominion in the Museum of the Geological Survey,
Ottawa, by large landscape groups showing the characteristic
plants, animals, etc., of each marked division, it was decided to
begin the work in southern Ontario, which "from its striking
characteristics and accessibility was obviously a natural starting-
point for the work.

Point Pelee, Essex County, near the western end of Lake
Erie, was the chosen point of operation and on May l5th a.
Museum party, composed of Messrs. C. H. Young, C. L. Patch,
and the writer arrived on the Point. Delayed by unavoidable
circumstances our arrival was too late to catch the early
migrants but, as the season was cold and the migrations delayed,
this was not as serious as it might have been in a more normal
vear.

A considerable amount of work has been done and results
publishedf relative to this region, by various ornithologists,
mostly since 1905, but no continuous series of observations
haA-e been carried on there hitherto in summer months.

Owing to the fact that our attention had to be turned prin-
cipally to collecting, for our exhibition group, a great amount of
strictly scientific work was precluded, but general conditions
proved so interesting that the most salient features seem worthy
of record.

*Published by permission of the Deputy Minister of Mines. '
tSee P. A. Tavemer and B. H. Swales— Birds of Point Pelee, Bull.
Wilson Ornithological Club, 1907-08. Nos. 59-62, and various notes and
short papers by the above and W. E. Saunders, in the pages of the
Ottawa Naturalist.

' 9"-8 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

We remained until July 24th, when the fall migrations were
just commencing. We regretted greatly not being able to contintie
our observations during the early part of the fall migrations,
as thev would have completed and rounded out the work pre-
viouslv done in the locality in a most satisfactory manner.

The most striking feature of the summer bird population
was the scarcity or total absence of several species common
in the surrounding country and of expected occurrence here.

Some of the most noticeable of these species were: — •

Wood Thrush, Wilson's Thrush, Ovenbird, Least Flycatcher,
Scarlet Tanager, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Warbling Vireo,
White-breasted Nuthatch, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher.

All these species are conspicuovis either by their plumage
or notes and could scarcely have been overlooked by us. The
cause of their absence raises an interesting question, as there
are seemingly good habitats for them on the Point, and no
obvious reasons for their absence.

On the other hand, the breeding popiilations of Chipping
Sparrow, Wood Pewee and the Baltimore and Orchard Orioles
were unusually large. Chipping Sparrows haunted almost every
corner of the dry land of the Point throughout the summer and
constituted perhaps a quarter of the total bird population.
Wood Pewees could be heard nearly every minute of the day
in every suitable locality. The two Orioles, Orchard and
Baltimore, were more than common, approaching abundant.
Their rich varied songs made every daylight moment delightful.

From reports received we had been prepared for a large
falling off in the number of Cardinals, but were agreeably
surprised to find them in their old numbers. Like reports
of the Carolina Wren, however, were only too true. This species,
after being common ever since regular study has been given to
Point Pelee bird life, i.e., since 1905, have, apparently at least,
succumbed to the rigors of the climate and not one was found or
heard during our stay*. This species is resident wherever
found and undoubtedly the past winter or the past two winters
were too severe for it. Its loss will be keenlv felt by those who
remember its far carrying liquid notes that added such a charm to
the locality. The writer remembers one 22nd of February, a
bright sunshinv morning, the ground white with snow, but the
air cart-ying the greatest flood of bird music he ever heard.

*Mr. W. E. Saunders tells me that since our visit a few Carolina
Wrens have again put in an appearance and promise to rejoin their old
numbers.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 99

Cardinals and Carolina Wrens answered each other back and
forth in almost continuous strains to a runninsi: melodic back-
ground from flocks of Purple Finches and underlying all, a low,
sweet monotone accompaniment from the combined efforts
of innumerable Redpolls. It is to be hoped that the Carolina
Wren will re-establish itself on the Point.

Though the Carolina Wren has gone we were delighted to
find the Mockingbird still doing well. We failed to either see
or hear them for a considerable time after our arrival, l:ut on
Jtme 13th one lit in the top of a red cedar in front of the camp
and serenaded us for several minutes. Later we found that a
pair had established themselves in the vicinity of a farm house
not far away and, as the local inhabitants are beginning to take
pride in having the onh' genuine wild Mockingbirds in Canada,
they undoubtedly had favorable conditions for raising a nestful
of voung-.

*■& ■

Among other interesting nestings was that of the Lark
Sparrow. There were at least three pairs established not far
from our camp, at least one of which raised a brood, as we saw
the fledglings just after they had left the nest.

The Dickcissel was also observed after many years of absence
from Point Pelee notes. About half a dozen pairs were found
on the reclaimed ground at the base of the Point. They were
evidently breeding in the clover fields but the rank luxuriance
of the growth prevented our finding the nests.

On Time 5th, two Least Bitterns got up from the edge of a
small pond in the marsh and crossed together to the far side,
where they were both, shortly after, secured by Mr. C. H. Young.
One proved to be a Cory's Bittern, Ixohrychus neoxemis, female.
In view of its apparent close association with an individual
of the closely allied species', from which there is even yet some
doubt as to its specific distinction the bird's genitalia was
examined with some interest. The ovaries were btit slightly
developed and there could be no question as to its non-
breeding condition. The specimen under question is a normally
colored individual .showing the usual albinism of the species in
but a single white feather on the left leg close to the joint.

Lincoln Sparrow has been taken regularly enough at
Point Pelee to be classed as a regular migfant. but the great
number of this usually rare bird that were present on May 23rd
and 24th warrants soecial mention. These two days we pos-
itively indentified 15 and 10 specimens respectivelv and then
gave up scrutinizing the omnipresent Song and other ground

100 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

sparrows. Without dotibt, careful attention to this one secre-
tive species would have revealed several times as many more.

May ■29th was notable for the number of Philadelphia
Vireos ; twelve were positively separated from the Warbling Vireo
also present, aft^r which no special pains was taken to distinguish
the species. They were too common to arouse interest.

The taking of a male Prothonotory Warbler, Prothonotoria
citrea, on May 19th, was one of the events of the season. There
are some few records of the species for Canada but they are
poorly supported by extant specimens. This appears to be the
third record for the Dominion, the first being Boardman's New
Brunswick record and the second , Mcllwraith's, Hamilton,
Ontario, bird.

The Orange Crowned Warbler is one of the rarest of the
regtilar warblers in Ontario. 1 hough the past few years has
seen more of this species taken at Point Pelee than, perhaps,
all the remainder of eastern Canada together, it was a matter
of some congratulation to secure one on May 16th.

The last record of the Short-billed Marsh Wren at the Point
was Mav, 1905, when a small colony of them were observed
near the base of the Point. It was, therefore, with considerable
pleasure that we located several pairs of them, along the west
side of the marsh not far from camp. On May 29th and June 2nd
thev were again observed; though we searched careftiUy no nest
could be discovered.

It is to be regretted that circumstances recalled us to Ottawa
when they did as we missed the early part of the fall migrations
therebv. The waders were just returning as we left and the
following return species were noted, Least Sandpiper, Semi-
palmated Plover, Yellow-legs and Htidsonian Curlew. No
one has so far recorded the opening days of the fall migrations
at this famous migration station and we regretted not being able
to take advantage of the opportunity.

Among the plants a nvimber of interesting species were
collected for reproduction in the intended- group. Not quite
all species required were to be found on the Point itself and
some searching of the adjoining main land was necessary to secure
them.

Near Leamington were found considerable numbers of
Sweet Chestnuts, Castonea dentata, and some magnificent speci-
mens of-Tulip Tree, Liriodendron Ttdipijera. It was a little late
in the season before we found these latter and it mav be of

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 101

interest to state that we were forced to shoot with a rifle the
blossoms we wanted from the ti^s of the hi^h branches.

The Pawpaw, Asimina triloba, also required some searching
for but at last was found on the main land nearby. The trees
fotmd were, comparatively speaking, small saplings, but we heard
of one, not far away, with a trunk eight inches in diameter.

Sycamore, Plaionus occidentalus , also grows to great size
on the Point, but the gnarled state of the branches show that it
has reached the northern limit of its range. An occurence just
before we arrived showed the cause of the dense clumps of
twisted twigs, withches brooms, and the strange irregular twists
and angles of growth, that adorn the branches of most of these
trees on the Point. A frost came after the first leaves had opened,
blighting thern .and the delicate twigs thev were giving rise to.
For some time thereafter all appearance of terminal growth
stOj)ped but later shoots were thrown out at the sides, which
being in newdirections, formed fresh angles in the crooked growth
of the limbs and bunches of bushy sprouts about the joints.
This injures the appearance of the trees but evidently has but
little effect on its general health. From the appearance of most
of the trees it would seem that these late frosts blight the svca-
more,, on Point Pelee, in this manner most years.

One of the most common trees is the Hackberrv, Celtis
occidentalis, which groAvs to great size. Its bark is deeph^
and closely longitudinally ribbed. Thfe ribs sometimes being an
inch high, and a quarter of an inch apart. It has a small fruit,
black when ripe, mtich liked by birds^ especially the Evening
Grosbeak and the Waxings.

The Poison Ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron, var. radicans, is also
interesting to the visitor from other parts of Canada who knows
the plant only as a low growing or trailing vine. Here it assumes
great size and we brought home a trunk four inches in diameter
and fourteen feet long. In one case we saw where an ivy vine had
grown to even larger proportions about a tree which subsequently
died and rotted away, leaving the clinging vine standing like a
tree with great forked branches reaching out in true limb-like
pose.

The Wild Grape, Viiis bicolor, grows to great size. One old
and decayed vine measured eight inches in diameter at base,
and must have run up thirty feet from the ground without
branch or foliage.

102 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

In the marsh grows the Marsh Mallow, Malva rnosJieutos,
a pink hybiscus of hollyhock-like aspect and striking beauty.
Another plant not growing on the Point but found in some of
the streams emptying into the Detroit River nearby is the
American Lotus, Nehimho lutea, a plant of such trojiical char-
acteristics as to seem qiiite out of place in our Canadian flora.
Its leaves stand up some eighteen inches or more from the water
on stiff round stemis, each surmounted with a circular pad nearlv
two feet in diameter, balanced in the center like a spinning plate
on a juggler's wand. The flower is like a large water lily six
inches in diameter and of a rich cream color, having a yellow
green seed pod in the center, of curious form, studded with the
projecting heads of acorn-like seeds.

The Red Mulberry, Morus rubra, is not an uncommon tree
and occurs in scattered individuals throughout the hardwood
section, growing in some instances into large forest trees.
Evidently they do not bear fruit ever}- year, as some that we
were informed bore profusely the previous year were this season
barren and others were well laden that had not been observed
fruiting before. Though the habit of growth at the ends of the
branches of large trees makes the fruit difficult of gathering,
we secured several lots of berries for the table and found them
delicious. The great variety in shape of the leaves is surprising
and seems to be largelv characteristic of individual trees, thovigh
partially an efl'ect of age. Young trees always show much
variety of leafage shape, and old ones frequently do so.

Sassafras, Sassafras voriijoliuin, is very common and
occurs to considerable size. A like variation of leaf shape is
shown in the species, variation always appearing in young shoots
and frequently in the old trees.

The most striking plant on the Point, however, is the
Prickly Pear, Opuntia Rajinesquii, a cactus growing low on the
grotind, but of typical cactus form and shape and more than
usually well armed with many clusters of minute hair-like
prickers and a few scattered thorns of heavier growth. It
occurs in more or less circular beds on the driest soil and blossoms
profuselv. The flowers are some two and a half inches across
and of a bright lemon-yellow color. A bed in fuir bloom is a
most striking sight. The plant is very hardy and can stand
the extremest aestivation.' Bits and lobes that we brought
home without earth and never watered remained fresh and solid
looking for several months, and some belated blossoms opened
out nearly seven weeks after being collected.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 103

We also found some interesting reptile life. Melanism,
the occurrence of black individuals in a species normally other-
wise colored, and the opf osite of albinism, occurs in many species,
but is usually very rare. There appears, however, to be on Point
Pelee a race of Garter Snakes specially prone to this color aberra-
tion. We have taken black Garter Snakes here on other visits
and obtained several this trip. On our return to Ottawa we
brought with us quite a number of live snakes. Among them
was a normal colored Garter Snake which shortly afterwards
brought forth 35 voung. Of these two were perfectly black or
melanitic specimens, all the rest being of the usual striped
coloration of the mother.

The Hognosed snake, Heterodon pldtyrhinus, is common
on the dunes of east beach, where it usually spends the day
under drift wood and logs, coming out at night to forage. The
species seems to occur in two forms, a bright yellow and black
one, and another form dust}^ gray with the bright yellow and
black markings, veiled and but dimly visible. Though the most
harmless of reptiles it has a most venemous aspect when aroused
and cornered. It is poptilarly called "Blowing Adder" and
generallv regarded so deadly that even its breath is poisonous.
When unable to escape an enemy, it coils at bay with its head
and body raised from the ground about one-third its length,
the head flattened and the chops protruded. Gradually the
flatness and protrusion extends down the sides until the whole
upraised portion assumes a ribbon-like aspect, perhaps an inch
and a half across and less than half an inch through at the center,
thining out to almost nothing at the edges. In this attitude,
as it faces its enemy, it is indeed a threatening sight, the more so
as it "blows" with a distinctly obvious sound and makes passes,
as if to strike with wide open mouth. But, to use a colloquial
phrase, this is but a bluff, and if the enemy stands its ground
the strike so deterniindly initiated ends with a futile stroke of
a soft mouth that can not scratch the tenderest skin.

An occasional individtial will carry the game into a still
higher form of deception. Finding that its threatenings fail
to alarm the aggressor it falls into an apparent fit. Writhing and
squirming on the ground, it twists and bites the dust, filling its
mouth with sand as it bores its head helplessly into the ground.
Gradually the writhings grow fainter and weaker until they cease
and the snake lies, belh* upward and to all appearances dead.
The simulation is close but careful examination shows it slightly
over done; for instance, the snake refuses to lie right side up
and every attempt at making it do so calls forth a weak spasm
which throAvs it on its back again. Also the limii body will

104 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

not balance over a stick or on the hand, however carefully the
adjustment is made as to weight; unless it is forcibly held,
one end always seems a little heavier than the other and the
body slides off to the ground. This comatose condition lasts
until the snake thinks the coast clear, when with a sudden jerk
it rights itself and if not again molested glides off quickh^ to the
nearest safe retreat ; but should it find that the attack is renewed
it goes through the whole process of dying over again.

Fox Snakes, Elaphe vulpinus, were also common on the
same sand dunes. They are colored much like the Adder,
but are a slenderer and more gracefully-shaped snake. We
found them easily b}; following up their winding tracks in the
sand from willow clump to willow clump, and at last usually
discovered them under rotten logs. About the middle of .Tulv
we found three females under one log with almost a peck of
eggs. The eggs are elliptical in shape and covered with a tough
leatherlv shell that seems to stick together as fast as laid, making
clusters like bunches of grapes.

In turning over the logs on the beach for snakes'^and mice
we also found considerable numbers of Bkie-tailed skinks,
Eumeces quinqMilineaius. These are locally called Swifts and
on a bright warm day the reason of this name is obvious, for
they run ver\-rapidlv, and it takes considerable agility to catch
them, espe9ially as care must be taken to grasping them by the
bodv and not bv the tail for the latter breaks off at the least
strain, leaving the tailless lizard free to vanish into the debris.
The young and half-grown individuals are most beautif^il little
creatures. All are of the most clean and shapely form with
pointed head, slender body, dainty limbs and long, gracefully-
taoering tail, bttt the vounger ones have the added beautv of
color. The body is coal-black with brieht yellow stripes,
hence another poptilar name — andon^ from which its scientific
cognomen is derived — Five-lined Skink. The tail at these
ages is a bright sky blue almost irridescent in tone. The adult
animals are much soberer, a dull olive-green, mth slight bronze
reflections to the scales and vague yellowish stripes along the
back and sides.

We found several sets of <^%^^ in the cavities of well rotted
logs. In all cases an adult was present with them, so it is likely
that the mother takes more care of her young than is common
among the reptilia. Other specimens captured alive laid eggs
in captivity and we managed to hatch out a num.ber of them.
Our captives ate ant pupae and flies greedily, which gives us
a suewstion as to the nature of their food.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 105

With fish very little was done bvit to collect some Gar Pike,
Lepidostciis osseus and L. platostoimts and Dog Fish, Amia calva.
We found an adult of the latter in shallow water at the end of
the drainage ditch with a school of young.

They schooled close together and occupied a space when
closely massed about the size of a l^ushel basket, while the old
one swam about near by, occasionally vanishing for a few minutes
but always reappearing again shortly. The Dog fish is one of
our most interesting forms, being a survival of a very ancient
type with the tail formed from the ventral fin. This peculiar
tail formation shows very plainly in the young, of which we
collected quite a number.

Among insects a little more was done. The beautiful
Olive Hair-streak, Thecla damon, was verv common the latter
end of Hay on the Red Cedar and a considerable series was
collected. One of the most interesting occurrences, however,
in this line was the comparative abundance of Papilio a-iax.
The commonly given food plant for this showy butterfly is the
Pawpaw. This, however, does not occur on the Point and the
nearest clump of it is more than six miles away across a wide
marsh, yet we saw the species nearly every day and often
from two to six. They flew swiftly and were difficult to capture.
Those we managed to take were in almost unworn condition and
the majority of those seen were perfect even to the ends of
their long swallow tails. It hardly seems possible that all

of these should be wanderers from the little clump of Pawpaw
in the main land and probably the species has another food
plant on the Point. Terias lisa was quite common, Colias eury-
theme was seen several times and taken once. 'Specimens of
Ltbythea bochmanni and Junonia coenea were observed and
indentified as certainly as possible by eye sight, but no specimens
were taken.

Among the mammals of course the work was limited, by the
species remaining after many years of hunting and extermination.
All the larger land forms have disappeared, even to Skunks and
Raccoons, and at present the Muskrat is the largest native
mammal inhabiting the Point. We trapped mice extensively,
and found the rare Michigan or Baird's Deer Mouse, common
on the beaches. The Common Mole is abundant everywhere
in the sandv fields. The Flying Squirrels taken proved to be
of the small southern form, and the rabbit is the common
Cottontail of southern Ontario, and no hares are to be found.

106

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Nov.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 107

PLEISTOCENE RAISED BEACHES AT VICTORIA, B.C.

By C. F. Newcombe, Victoria, B.C.

Dr. C. H. Clapp's recently issued article on the Geology of
the Victoria and Saanich Map-Areas, Vane. I., B.C., Memoir
No. 36, of the Geological Survey of Canada, includes a very
notable contribution to the classification of the superficial
deposits in the district treated of.

He makes no distinct mention, however, of certain feattires .
which have long been of great interest to local amateur geo-
logists,— the numerous deposits containing marine shells found
near the present surface, but usually underlying a peaty layer
of no great depth. These, so far as I can make out, are super-
imposed on the May wood clays of Clapp, lying in shallow-
depressions in places where, at the time of their deposition, they
were little exposed to distvirbance by tides or storms.

The peatv layers contain freshwater shells of species still
living in this neighborhood, and some of the localities have only
been drained quite recently, and are margined by swamps with
sphagnum, Betula glandulosa. Ledum,' eXc. The marine shells
frequently retain their valves in apposition, and in many cases
even the cartilaginous hinge is entire.

The earliest notice I can find of these interior raised beaches
is a note by Mr. James Richardson in the Report of the Geo-
logical Survey for 1871-2, p. 94, whex"e he reports a shell-bed
to the east of the Saanich road, at a height of abotit three hundred
feet above the sea.

The first beach of the kind examined by the writer was one
to which attention was called by Mr. F. Pemberton, of Victoria
in 1889. He told me that during the removal of black soil
from the family estate, near Ross Ba\' Cemetery, for the late
Mr. Robert Dunsmuir's new grounds at Craigdarroch, a large
quantity of shells were being exposed under the peat. I found
that under a foot or two of decayed vegetable matter containing
freshwater shells were the following marine species: -Cardiufn
corbis Mart., Macoma calcarea Gmel., Myti truncaia L., Mytilus
edulis L., Saxicava arctica L., and Saxi'donius giganteus Desh.

108 The Ottawa Naturalist. {Nov.

Cardium dccoratuin Gnik.

Three years later, in company with Dr. Hasell, of Victoria,
I collected at Mount Tolmie all of these species and an additional
Cardium now no lon^^er living in these waters, C. decoraium
Grnk. (My diagnosis was confirmed by Dr. Dall, of Washington).
The first localitv is at an elevation of about thirty feet above
present sea-level ; that of the second at about one hundred and
ten. according to the new contour map of the Saanich Peninsula,
— the greatest height at which I have found similar marine
shells.

Passing over many minor localities mention may now be
made of a typical one at the shallow and much diminished Lost
Lake, near the foot of the prominent monadnock called Cedar
Hill or Mount Douglas.

This lake lies at an elevation of eighty-three feet At a distance
of about four miles from the- Victoria post office. In 1894,
when ^ilr. Nicholson, the owner of a large farm bordering on
the lake, was extending his drains, a typical condition of things
was found, as described at the beginning of this note, with
all of the species of marine shells mentioned, lying under a thick
layer of imperfectly formed peat.

At the present time the Canadian Northern Railway iS
endeavoring to find a footing for their road-bed through the
lake by driving piles through the shallow bottom. At the last
time of my visit they had reached a depth of more than one
hundred feet without finding sufficiently firm groimd. On
the side of a shallow cut here I noticed Macoina nasuta and
inquinata, in addition to the species alreadv noted. It was in
this region, though nbt clearly identified, that Mr. Richardson
collected his specimens referred to.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 109

But the most productive area that has come to my notice
is one much nearer to Victoria, and which I explored earlv in
this year on behalf of General de Lamothe, of Paris, who visited
Victoria in company with several Canadian geologists last year
after the meeting of the International Congress. Following
along the line of a hollow between Spring Ridge and the Protestant
Orphanage, where I had previously made many finds, I at length
found a recently constructed main sewer passing through an
abandoned vegetable garden, bounded on the west bv Cook
Street.

Again, after digging through an extensive peat bed, contain-
ing freshwater sh' lis in perfect condition, at about foiir feet from
the surface vast quantities of marine shells had been exposed,
together with two species of barnacle and a few fragments of
elk-horn, apparently cut by a blunt instrument.

Here I added to my list the following Gastropods: Natica
clausa B. & vS. (of immense size), Naiica pallida B. & S.,
Margarita pupilla Gld., and Acmaea alveus Conr., a species
which lives on eel grass growing in shallow, quiet waters. To
the bivalves were added a Macoma like balthica L., Paphia
staminea Conr., Schizothaerus nulallii Conr., and Zirphaea
crispaia L.

About three years ago Mr. Harold Hannibal, of Stanford
Uniyersity, Cal., visited Victoria and accompanied me to
the Pemberton locality first noted above, and, later, examined
alone, the Lost Lake region. The results of these examinations
and of explorations in the Puget Sound country is given in a
report by Dr. Ralph Arnold and himself entitled "The Marine
Tertiary Stratigraphy of the North Pacific Coast of America,"
contributed by them to the Proceedings of the American Phil-
osophical Society, Vol. LIT, No. 212, 1913. To the raised
beach formations just mentioned and to similar ones in Puget
Sound and the wStrait of Georgia, the authors, on page 597,
apply the name The Saanich Formation (Pleistocene).

A partial list of fossils collected by various geologists and
by myself in Victoria, and on the shores of various places to the
north and east was published by me in the Catalogue of the
Provincial Museum, Victoria, in 1898. This list will reqiiire
considerable revision in the light of later knowledge. The species
named include manv which were fotmd in the lower clavs
forming steep cliffs here and near Comox, and islands in the
Strait of Georgia, and also from the sandy layers superimposed
on Cretaceous rocks at Sucia Island. Mr. Bauerman, Dr. G. M.
Dawson and Mr. Lamplugh, of the' Geological Survev of Great

no The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

Britain, were the most noteworthy collectors, and I was able to
add a few species to their lists in after years. The relationship
of these clavs, in which are Ledas, Buccinums and other species
indicating deeper water than those noted in the Saanich form-
ation, has not, to my mind, been satisfactorily determined.

THE SNOW-FLEA.

By Charles Macnamara, Arnprior, Ontario.

In this part of Canada the coming of winter practically
marks the seasonable close of visible insect life, and with the
first snow most collectors put up their nets, forceps and
bottles. But to this general rule there are exceptions, and occa-
sionally one finds on the snow a torpid fly or spider that the winter
winds have blown out of some crevice, or sometimes on a mild
day a woollv-bear caterpillar is seen hurrying along as if late
for an appointment. These, however, are merely accidental
apparitions, and the only insect that can be said to occur regu-
larly during the winter months is the springtail.

These tiny insects belong to the order Thysanura, and
form the sub-order Collembola. They are the most widely
distributed hexapods in the world, having a range from the
Arctic to the Antarctic and are found high up on mountains
and down in the deepest caves. Exckiding parasites on pen-
guins and seals, which may be regarded as importations, the
only indigenous insect in the Antarctic continent is said to be
a springtail. Only in view of their absolutely wingless condition,
the wide distribution of these small and delicate insects points
to the great antiquity of the order, and they are thought to
represent a very early offshoot of the ancestral stock of Hex-
apoda. All the species are very small, ranging from one-half
a millimeter to five millimeters in length, but those of the latter
size are the giants of the race; most of them are from one to
two millimeters long. They frequent dark damp places, as
under moss and rotten wood, and owing to their minute size
are difficult to discover.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. Ill

The^' gain their common name from their peculiar spring-
ing organ. Towards the caudal end of the abdomen are attached
a pair of tail-like appendages, together called the furcula,
which are normally Sent forward, under tension, beneath the
insect, and the ends. are held in a little catch known as the
tenacukim. When released from the tenaculum, the furcula
kicks forcibly downwards and backv/ards and jerks the insect
into the air. Anyone who remem.bers the goose bone jump-
ing-jack — a homely toy unknown, I fear, by the present sophis-
ticated generation of children — will readily understand the
springtail's leaping apparatus. ■

At least four species of Collembola occur in the vicinity
of Arnprior during the winter: — Isotoma nigra ^la.Q.g., Achoniles
nivicola Fitch, and two unidentified species. /. nigra is fairly
common, and sometimes forms the majority of the springtails
fotmd on the snow, but generally .4. nivicola is in excess, and
towards spring often appears in such vast numbers that the
most casual observer cannot fail to notice it. From its jumping
habit it is popularly known as the "snow-flea," although, of
course, it is not related in any way to the real fleas, (Siphon-
aptera).

A. nivicola, which Dr. J. W. Folsom identifies with the
A. socialis of Europe, may be described untechnically as a blue-
black insect two millimeters long by one-quarter millimeter
wide at its broadest part. It has a well marked head, bearing
two somewhat divergent short antennae which it keeps in constant
motion. Its mouth parts are sunk in the head, a peculiarit}-
characteristic of all the Collembola. Its sixteen simple eyes
are arranged in two groups of eight each on either side of the
head. It has an elongated but stout segmented body, the
thorax consisting of three segments each bearing a pair of short
legs on which the insect runs very actively. The abdomen
has six segments and tapers rapidly towards the tail. The
jumping apparatus is as already described. The whole insect is
sparsely covered with short fine hairs.

Any day of the winter, from November to March, when the
temperature is not below 30° F., /I. nivicola can be found on
the snow near old log fences, and along roads and clearings.
They seem always to occur along the edge of open spaces of
some kind, and I have never observed them in the middle of
a wood of any extent. Although they sometimes come out in
considerable numbers in November and December, the reallv
great swarms do not appear until the first mild days of spring.
Towards the end of March one often .sees them like thickly

112 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Nov.

scattered grains of gunpowder on the snow near the foci from
which they spread. They tumble into every slight depression,
and as their movements are rather aimless they do not readily
escape from such situations, and every little hollow in the snow
is black with them. A friend tells me that he once saw them
near the Deschenes Rapids in such quantities that they could
have been scooped up in spoonfuls. Of course, as they spread
o-at they become much more thinly scattered. Their progress
is slow and apparently rather haphazard, and their distribiition
is influenced a good deal b)- the wind, but their general move-
ment is always towards open spaces. A day or two of favorable
weather enables them to spread over a large area of country.
I have seen them extending to a distance of a half mile from
the shore on the ice of the Ottawa River, and on an eight-mile
walk on the 26th March, 1914, they were found scattered every-
where over fields, clearings, beaver-meadows and lake.

The object of these migrations is not very apparent, and
there is no doubt that the vast majority of the migrants perish
in the snoAv before reaching any goal; but possibly inter-breed-
ing is thus prevented and the racial benefit so derived more
than counterbalances the immense destruction of individuals.

On the 24th April, 1Q14, by which date the snow had all
gone, I found large numbers of A. nivicola under chi]os in a
damp place on the shore of Chats Lake. The insects were
gathered in masses, and to the naked eye, looked like patches
of dark blue powder. I collected some in a vial, loosely filled
with damp moss, and on the 2 7th, they laid from seventy-
five to one hundred tiny, spherical, yellowish, eggs in lots of
fifteen or twenty, something like bunches of grapes. These
hatched out on the 9th May, an incubation period of twelve
days. The young emerged perfect, (none of the Oollembola
undergo any metamor])hosis), but instead of the blue-black of
the adult, they were yellowish-white in color with conspicuous
dark eye spots. They were exceeding!}' active, and kept con-
tinually running and jumping about in their bottle. The adults
all died about this time and the young survived them onlv a
few davs. A. nivicola disappears from its winter haunts dur-
ing the summer, and is ver\^ hard to find between Mav and
November, but this is not sur]-)rising, as the insect is so small
that unless it occurs in very large numbers, it is difiicult to
discover without the white background of the snow to betrav

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1914. No. 9.

LIST OF TACHINID^ FROM THE PROVINCE OF

QUEBEC*

By J. D. ToTHiLL.

The following list contains 49 species of Tachinidae from
the province of Quebec. A number of the species were captured
at Ottawa, but as this place is only separated from the province
of Quebec by the Ottawa river, it is certain that all these species
must occur in the neighbouring portions of Qtiebec and for this
reason it seems advisable to include them in the present list.

It is certain that this list represents only a very small pro-
portion of the Tachinidae that must occur in this large province.
Many of the most common species, for instance Tachina niella
Walk, and Froniina frenchti Will., do not appear in the list.
This means that collectors in this province, either amateur or
professional, would be well repaid by turning their attention to
the group.

The list has been compiled from two sources: (1) the col-
lection of the Entomological Branch at Ottawa, and (2) records
contained in literature. In the case of records from the foriner
source the precise locality is stated and this is followed by the
collector's name in parenthesis. In the case of records from the
latter source the name of the person responsible for the original
record is given ; in all cases where the record appears in Aldrich's
Catalogue of N. A. Diptera(1905), reference is made to the original
publication containing the record. The references are made
by a letter index.

The majority of the species in the present list were orig-
inally recorded by Mr. G. Chagnon in his "List of Canadian
Diptera" which appeared in the Entomological Student, Vhil-
adelphia. Vol. II, 5-8 and 13-15; and by Dr. T. W. Fyles, in his
"Quebec Diptera," which appeared in the Canadian Ento-
mologist, XXXV, p. 234, August, 1903. These records are
embodied in Aldrich's "Catalogue, " so that in the present list
no specific reference has been made to the above two papers.

♦Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agri-
culture, Ottawa.

114 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

The order adopted is that of J. M. Aldrich.

Cistogaster immaciilaia Macq. P. Q. — Fyles (a).

Gymnosoma juliginosa Desv. Montreal — Chagnon (a)
Ottawa, (Col. by W. Metcalfe). . ,

Alophora ceneoveniris Will. Ottawa, (Col. by J. D. Tothill).

Alophora diversa Coq. Montreal, (Col. by Beaulieu) — Gib-
son (c) 1911, p. 17.

Alophora magnipennis Johnson. Ottawa — J. Fletcher (b)
St. Hilaire, P. Q., (Col. by Beaulieu)— Gibson (c) 1911, p. 17.

Alophora nitida Coq. Sherbrooke, P. Q. — Aldrich (a).

Crypiomeigenia iheutis Walk. Montreal — Chagnon (a);
Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).

Eulasiona comstockii Town. Chelsea, P. Q., (Col. by J.
Fletcher).

Admoniia degeerioides Coq. Montreal — Chagnon (a); Ot-
tawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher).

Clausiceila iohnsoni Coq. Ottawa — J. Fletcher (b) 1906,
p. 102.

Hypostena variabilis Coq. Montreal — Chagnon (a) ; Ottawa,
(Col. by W. Metcalfe).

Polidea areas Walk. Montreal — Chagnon (a).

CEstrophasia calva Coq. Ottawa — Harrington {b) 1902,
p. 101.

Cvrtophla-ba horrida Coq. Montreal — Chagnon (a) ; Ottawa,
(Col. by W. Metcalfe).

Plagia americana Van der Wulp. Ottawa, (Col. by A.
Gibson).

Ocyptera dosiades Walk. Montreal — Chagnon (a).

Varichcsta aldrichii Town. Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).

Linrmmyia picta Meig. Rigaud P. Q. — A. Gibson (6) 1911,

P-17. _ _

Exoristoides harringtoni Coq. Ottawa — Aldrich (a).

Exorista chelonice Rond. Chelsea, P. Q., (Col. bv J. D.
Tothill).

Exorista eudrycB Town. Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher).

Exorista futilis O. S. Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher and A
Gibson).

Exorista nigripalpis Town. Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher):

Chicoutimi, P. Q., (Reared at Ottawa from larvae of Tortrix
fumiferana); Maniwaki, P. Q., (Col. by A. Gibson and G. E.
Sanders).

Exorista pyste Walk. Chicoutimi, P. Q., (Reared at Ottawa
from larvae of Tortrix fumiferana).

Exorista vulgaris Fall. P. Q. — Fyles (a); Maniwaki, P. Q.,

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 115

(Col. by A. Gibson and G. E. Sanders); Chicoutimi, P. Q.,
(Reared at Ottawa from larvae of Tortrix fumijerana); Ottawa,
(Col. by H. Groh.)

Phorocera lophyri Town. Ottawa — Aldrich (a).
Phorocera saundersii 'Will. Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher).
Frontina tenthredinidarum Town. Ottawa, (a).
Sttirmia albijrons Walk. Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher).
Stunnia inquinata V. d. W. Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).
Siurmia uii^riia Town. Rigaud, P. Q. — A. Gibson (c)
1911, p. 17.

Masicera eufitchice Town. Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).
Masicera myoidea Desv. Ottawa, (Col. bv C. H. Young).
Meach Lake, P. Q.,— J. Fletcher (c) 1907, p. 2l'.

Tachina simulans Meig. Ottawa, (Col. by W. Metcalfe):
Montreal — Chagnon (a).*

Tachinoinyia robiista Town. Ottawa, (Col. by J. A.
Letourneau).

Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).
Blepharipeza leucophrys Wied. Meach Lake, P. Q., (Col.
by A. Gibson).

Winthemia qiiadripiistnlata Fab. Ottawa, (Col. by W.
Metcalfe and Bro. Germain).

Metachasta helymus Walk. Montreal — Chagnon (a),
Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).

Phorichceta sequax Will. Ottawa, (Col. by A. Gibson).
Gonia capitaia DeGeer. P. Q. — Fyles (a) ; Ottawa, (Col.
byW. Metcalfe and J. Fletc her).

Spallanzjnia hesperidarum Will. Montreal — Chagnon (a),
Cuphocera fucata V. d. W. Montreal — Chagnon (a).
Peleteria prompta Meig. Montreal — Chagnon (t7); Ottawa,
(Col. by A. Gibson); Aylmer, P. Q., (Col. by H. Groh.)

Archvtas anaiis Fab. Montreal — Chagnon (a) ; Ottawa,
(Col. by j. Fletcher).

Echinomyia algens Wied. Quebec — Van der Wulp (a) ;
Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher and A. Gibson).
Echinomyia jiorum Walk. P. Q. — Fyles (a).
Saundersia signijera Walk. Montreal — Chagnon (a);

Ottawa, (Col. bv W. Metcalfe and J. D. Tothill). Dr^ Fletcher,
in 1904, reported the species as "unusually common at Ottawa"
ih) 1904, p. 78. ' ' ■

Bomhyliomyia abrnpta Wied. Quebec — Van der Wulp (a) ;

*In Aldrich's Catalogue of N. A. Diptera this species is recorded from
Ottawa, and, for the record, reference is made to Coquillett's 'Revision'
p. 119. In this 'Revision' the only Canadian locality given is Toronto so
that an error has evidently been made in transcription.

116 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

Montreal — Chagnon (a); Meach Lake, P. Q.,(Col. by A. Gibson):
Ottawa, (Col. by J. Fletcher).

Literature cited:

(a) Aldrich, J. M., Catalogue of North American Diptera,
1905.

(?) Reports of the Entomological Society of Ontario.

(c) James Fletcher and Arthur Gibson. "The Entomo-
logical Record" to 1912.

BOOK NOTICES.
The House-Fly, Musca Domestica Linn. Its Structure,
Habits, Development. Relation to Disease and
Control. By C. Gordon Hewitt, D. Sc, F. R. S. C,
Dominion Entomologist. Cambridge: at the University
Press, 1914. Price 15 shillings net.

This book of 382 pages which has just been received,"is
undoubtedly the most comprehensive and complete volume
which has yet appeared on the extremely common insect, which
is abundant, unfortunately, everywhere, vir., the House-fly.
No insect of late years has received such world-wide attention
as has the species here discussed. This, of course, has been
owing to its relation to the spread of disease. The book
is not intended as a popular treatise on the stibject, but it has
been prepared largely for the use of entomologists, medical
men, health officers and others who would be interested scien-
tifically in the matter presented. The volume is divided into
six parts, viz.. Part I — The Structure and Habits of the House-
fly; Part II — The Breeding Habits; Life-history and Struc-
ture of the Larva; Part III — ^The Natural Enemies and Para-
sites of the House-fly; Part IV. — Other Species of Flies Fre-
quenting Houses; P'art V — The Relation of House-flies to
Disease; Part VI — ^Control Measures. Three full page coloured
plates and 104 text figures illustrate the volume. Students of
the subject, ever^^where, will welcome the appearance of this
important book. It will undoubtedly be a valuable work of
reference for many years to come.

Bird Houses and How to Build Them. In view
of the interest which is now being taken in the protection
of our native insectivorous birds in various parts of
Canada, the United States Departinent of Agriculture, Farmers'
Bulletin No. 609, bearing the title, "Bird Houses and How to
Build Them", will prove of much interest. This bulletin of
19 pages, prepared by Mr. Ned. Dearborn, Assistant Biologist,
discusses briefly many forms of bird houses, nesting boxes, etc.
Food shelters are also described. Forty-eight illustrations
are given.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 117

Commission of Conservation; Fifth Annual Report.
This very useful report was recently issued.

In his annual address, the Chairman of the Commission,
Hon. Clifford Sifton, discusses the Commission's activities with
respect to waters and water-powers, minerals, public health,
agriculture, fisheries and fur-bearing animals and forests, in-
dicating clearly and succinctly a number of the problems that
had been grappled with and the advances that had been made
in their solution.

Several articles appear in the report which are of special
interest to natviralists. Mr. J. Walter Jones treats in detail of
the progress in fur-farming in Canada during the past year.
The work of the Committee on Fisheries was confined, during
1913, chiefly to the development of the oyster industry. Hon.
A. E. x\rsenault describes the new method of leasing oyster beds
in Prince Edward Island. This method was advocated by the
Commission two years ago, and will do much to regenerate the
oyster industry in the Maritime Provinces. An exceedingly
interesting paper on the "Protection of Migratory Birds" is
given by a leading American authority, Mr. W. S. Haskell, who
urges Canada to join with the United States in providing sanc-
tuaries for these birds.

Considerable advance has been made in .the conservation of
forests during the year. The Commission has co-operated with
the Board of Railway Commissioners and the several provincial
and Federal forest services concerning the prevention of forest
fires, with the result that much has been done to prevent forest
fires along railway lines, especially in Western Canada. In
addition to the report of the chief forester, Mr. Ch^de Leavitt,
there are addresses on forestry by Dr. B. E. Fernow and Mr. R.
H. Campbell.

The report contains a number of splendid illustrations and
gives in concise form much information that is of value to all
♦Canadians interested in the conservation of our natural
resources.

MEETING OF THE BOTANICAL BRANCH.

The Botanical Branch held the first of its bi-monthly winter
meetings at the residence of Mr. R. B. Whyte, on Saturday
evening, November 14. The meeting was in charge of Mr.
W. T. Macoun, Dr. M. O. Malte, and Mr. G. H. Clark. There
were also present the following members: Messrs. Attwood,

118 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

Ami, Buck, Criddle, Davis, Fryer, Gibson, Macmillan, Newman,
Tully and the host, Mr. R. B. Whyte.

The subject dealt with was "Possibilities for Home Grown
Seed in Canada" with particular reference to root and vegetable
crops.

Mr. Macoun in opening the discussion stated that both
Mr. Clark and Dr. Malte, as well as himself, had already giv'en
the subject considerable attention, having prepared articles,
etc., for the press in which attention had been drawn to the point
that there was a strong probability that shortages of certain
seeds would be felt in Canada for at least the two following
seasons, owing to the fact that Germany and France, the regular
sources of supply, would not be able to fill orders as heretofore..

Summarizing the pros and cons of the case for Canadian
grown seed, and other interesting points relating to the plants
the seed of which, could or could not be grown to advantage,
it was noted that (1) Home grown seed often produced more
vigorous plants; (2) earlier fruits; (3) the suitability of localities
for certain crops was an essential factor; (4) the question of the
high cost of labour militated somewhat against home produc-
tion; (5) about one dozen of the important plant families were
represented by the most important of the popt;lar garden and
field vegetables; the asparagus and onion for instance, rep-
resenting the Lily family ; (6) nearly all of the present vegetables
have been cultivated for a long time, and in some cases it was
possible to trace modern species to a common origin. The
modern cabbage, kale, and cauliflower were knowm to have come
from one original type. Mr. Macoun in closing, again referred
to the question of proper locality and stated that while he
thought certain seed, like that of melons, might be produced
most profitably in sections of the country, like British Columbia,
yet he felt confident that in time most seeds now raised in
Europe could be raised to advantage in Canada.

Dr. Malte dealt more particularly with forage roots such,
as mangels, turnips and sugar beets. He pointed out that the
original wild form of such root crops consisted of a creeping form
found on the sand of the coastal regions of Europe. This,
without doubt, accounted for the fact that such crops possessed
a liking for alkali soils and flourished in coast districts. In
raising beet seed it must be kept in mind that different varieties
cross fertilize very freely. Mangels too, in most cases were not
yet fixed in types. When swedes and white turnips are grown
side by side, it has been found that cross fertilization will in-
fluence the resultant roots, and that as a result many mal-
formations of the roots follow. Jn some instances such mal-
formations have been mistaken for the effect of Club Root.

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 119

Plasmodiophora brass ic6S .

From certain experiments which had been carried on at
Yarmouth, N. S., it has been fotmd that excellent seed of roots
can be grown there. Eleven hundred potmds of seed per acre
is about the average for mangels.

Mr. Clark discussed the methods adopted by the seedsmen
in buving and distributing seed. He also stated how it was
that seed-growing in such places as Waterloo County, Ontario,
came to be started in Canada some years ago. It was a result of
jtidicious help given by the federal Government. He ftirther
pointed out the fact that the sub-vention offered this year by
the Government should help in the production of more home
grown seed. The last few years over 1 ,200,000 pounds of
mangel seed have been imported into this country, each year,
much of which might be grown here. The subject provoked
considerable discussion by the members.

F. E. B.

THE VALUE OF SOME MAMMALS AND BIRDS AS
DESTROYERS OF NOXIOUS INSECTS.*
By Norman Criddle.

In these days of specialization, we are apt to overlook
the close relationship that other classes or orders hold in the
economies of nature. Yet, as our work proceeds we find that
its scope must of necessity be widened to take in, at least, an
elementary understanding of other things. The student, for
instance of lepidoptera will find it necessary to learn something
of botany so that he may recognize the variotis plants acting as
unwilling hosts, or being fertilized through the agencies of the
insects visiting them. He will also require some knowledge of
hymenopterous insects and of diptera, which in their larval life
sometimes live as uninvited guests within the caterpillars.

Then again, there are the birds and mammals which often
play a not unimportant part in the control of insect outbreaks.
As these last seldom receive their due in entomological journals,
I have decided to select them for my theme, trusting that the
outcome will not prove altogether without interest.

In the year 1913, being busily engaged in the task of collect-
ing June beetles (Lachnosterna spp.) for breeding purposes, I had
occasion to visit nightly a favourite locality for those insects,
the time being from dusk to midnight. Here, lantern in hand, I
examined the various trees for specimens and often sat watching
the insects' habits, collecting such individuals as seemed desirable.

♦Contribution froin the Entomological Branch, Department of
Agriculture, Ottawa.

120 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

It was not long before I became aware that I was not alone
in my searches , and soon it was discovered that another, equally
keen in collecting and more expert in discovery, was keeping
me company.

To begin with, this companion was onl}^ suspected by
strange noises among the bushes, but one night hearing the
usual snapping of twigs and characteristic jump, jump, among the
leaves, approaching nearer, I waited silently out of sight, and
then what should appear within a few feet, but a fully mature
female skunk. She was startled, as I flashed the lantern light
into her face, and made off, but afterwards, in the course of a
few wrecks we became more friendly, and I was privileged to
watch her work. It was interesting too, to see how she jumped
at the clumsy, buzzing beetles, either knocking them down with
her front feet, or securing them before they had time to rise.
Of course, I only saw her now and then, and that was generally
while I was sitting or standing still, but I gained sufficient in-
sight into her ways to see that she made a very fair meal of the
beetles, and that withotit very much trouble. From the fact
that she came back nightly, for several weeks, I fancy she too
recognized the value of the vicinity as a collecting ground.

Later, when the beetles had vanished for the season, she
still returned frequently. Now, however, paying all her atten-
tion to the grubs, which in searching for she seemed jiist as suc-
cessful as she had previously been with their parents, though
I was obliged to dig haphazardly to gain the same ends.

This was, by no means, my first experience with skunks as
destroyers of insects, but I had never before watched one so
closely in the field or realized how much good they could do.
Since then I have had occasion to come into close contact with
their work as destroyers of white grubs on a number of occa-
sions, to sa)' nothing of their love for grasshoppers, upon which
they turn most of their attention during the summer months.
As soon as the grasshopper season slackens, however, they
retvirn once more to the white grubs and continue feeding upon
them tmtil the insects, feeling that winter is approaching, make
their way below the sktmks' reach.

On a field near Aweme, Manitoba, badly infested with white
grubs, two or more skunks were in the habit of visiting each
evening to make their customary meal. One of them was prob-
ably my old friend, while the others doubtless constituted her
family. I only saw odd individuals once or twice, but the
evidence of their work was unmistakable. Here over an area
approximating eight acres, were found little holes, without
doubt the work of skunks. They usually only went to a depth
of a few inches, but that was sufficient for the purpose. Making

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 121

an estimate of the number of holes to a square yard, I fotuid
these to approximate slightly more than three. Supposing
that each hole represented a white grub, and there is little doubt
about this, then the total grubs destroyed, to an acre, wotild
be 14,520. That is to say, 116,160 in the eight acres. To any-
one not accustomed to skunks' habits, the discovery of white
grubs under ground many seem qtiestionable, but not to those
who know, as a matter of fact these animals collect practicall}^
all their food by scent.

Naturally skunks, like many other animals, do some harm
by eating useful insects, in fact they will even relish a Calosoma
beetle. They also destroy some birds' eggs and occasionally
raid a poultry house, but their value cannot, I think, be ques-
tioned.

Writing of white grubs reminds me of another enemy they
have to contend against and that is our old and cheerv friend the
robin. In the east robins are industrious workers on our lawns,
the food they seek there being largely earthworms. In Man-
itoba, however, and westward to the Rockies, earthworms are
scarce, but in places at least, there are lots of white grubs,
which though located below the ground are, as a rule, discovered
with comparative ease by the robins. How thev manage it
I do not know, but that they do so I have seen demonstrated
on a number of occasions, when a small f^ock made a badly
infested field their daily feeding ground before the breeding
season commenced.

Flickers and crows also rank high as white grub destroyers
in late May. The former, however, do not trouble themselves
so much about white grubs when other insects, such as grass-
hoppers and ants, are available.

It is, however, by following the plough and picking
up the grubs exposed that the work of the crow ranks
highest. In the open wooded districts preferred alike as breed-
ing places by crows and June Beetles, one will often turn up the
grubs in large numbers, but in my experience seldom in quan-
tity too numerous for the birds following the olough. A flock
of twenty-five or more crows following diligently behind in the
furrow, have been my companions through many a day's plough-
ing in early summer, while in their company were the usual
blackbirds and grackles, all occupied in the same task.

A little friend of mine, with, I am sorry to sav, a bad name,
is also very evident, I refer to the cowbird, with whom, in cheerful
impudence, there are few to compare. They have no more
fear of sitting upon an animal's back to pick off the flies than
they have of running beneath one, or being shoved out of the
way by its nose. As destroyers of grubs, they are excellent,

122 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec

but do not eat the larger ones when smaller are available, in-
stead merely squeej^ing their heads as if desirous that they
should be killed at all events.

These are the ploughman's more constant company, lait
occasionally he will have a graceful flock of gulls as his guests —
voracious feeders upon every insect exposed, and a large flock
will soon devour all specimens in sight.

In my personal experience, however, I have found crows
to be by far the most persistent in their search for insects. They
will literally live and feed their yoiing upon cutworms from
a badly infested locality, locating the grubs by means of the
upheavals so characteristically left when one is working near the
surface. Another favourite diet is made up of army -worms
when present. During a local outbreak near my home, in 1913,
I found that of all Vjirds, crows were most in evidence at this
time (August). As is well known, crows in autumn generally
collect into large flocks, often of many thousands. One such
flock, estimated at 3,000, visited the army-worms daily,
particularly when they were crossing a road. Several infested
fields were also located by the crows' guidance, the birds having
forsaken all other food and flown several miles to partake of
these caterpillars. The birds remained on the fields for some
weeks after the larvae had pupated, undoubtedly picking up
these latter from beneath clods of earth, etc., which they are
experts at turning over and habitually do so in search of in-
sects. How many army-worms a flock of 3,000 crows would
devour in two weeks, I will leave my readers to judge.

In describing some of the good qualities of crows, I do not
wish it to be thought that I thus acquit them of all crimes. The
crow is often a thief, helping himself to a farmer's corn, as
readily as he will to eggs or young poultry when opportunity
offers. To those of us who have watched his habits carefully,
however, the good deeds seem to far outweigh the bad. And,
therefore, I include him as an undoubted friend.

Another type of birds, frequently overlooked as destroyers
of insects, but preserved at certain seasons on account of their
food value and the sport they supply to hunters, are the various
species of grouse.

To those who have lived in their breeding areas, it is notice-
able that the yearly increase of Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse
{P ape dice cetes p. campestris) in the prairie provinces fluctuates
from year to year, the variation in numbers, apart from the
devastation caused by gunners, being largely due to the food
supply, the food in question consisting chiefly of grasshoppers.

Observation shows that an outbreak of locusts is nearly
always followed by the successful maturing of a large number

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 123

of young grouse. Hence, apart from the evidence acquired
through the examination of stomachs, we are led to believe that
the young subsist very largely upon such insects. They do not,
however, by any means confine themselves to locusts. Cater-
pillars having smooth skin are consumed, from the largest
sphinx larva, to cutworms, army-worms, etc.

As the season proceeds, hdwever, the diet of the Sharp-tailed
Grouse changes and while they still regard insects as luxuries,
they now turn their attention to various grains, particularly
wheat, which they occasionally damage to a small extent,
though the damage as a rule does not extend over more than
a month, while the injury itself consists of the birds resting upon
the stooks and picking out the grains from the heads. By
far the greatest portion of the grain eaten at this time, however,
is gleaned from the ground, being waste material, and there-
fore of no value. This grouse is also troublesome sometimes
before harvest, when it learns to break down the stems of
grain to get at the heads. It is conceivable that if very nu-
merous they might cause considerable damage by this habit, a
contingency that does not seem likely to occur, however, under
present conditions. They are also objected to occasionally by
farmers through choosing one of their fields for a "dancing"
ground in the spring months, when perhaps half a hundred
males will collect for their morning and evening manoeuvers,
thoroughly trampling down an acre or more of land.

Of course, all there little depredations are insignificant when
compared with the birds' usefulness as destroyers of noxious in-
sects, and their value for food purposes.

The Pennated, or Square-tailed Grouse {Tympanuchus
americanus) is another with habits very similar to those of the
Sharp-tailed. It , however, chooses the open country for its
home, whereas the latter prefers open woodlands.

The food habits of the Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa sp.) are much
more in question than those of the species mentioned above,
for while they undoubtedly devour many caterpillars and other
noxious insects during summer time, they feed very largely
upon buds in winter, often almost stripping trees, particularly
those of poplar, besides badly damaging lilacs and other shrubs.
It may be said, however, that the buds eaten are tisually flower-
ing ones which in poplars are larger than leaf buds, thus the trees
suffer to a comparatively small extent. This argviment cannot
be used, however, in the case of lilacs, which should be pro-
tected by wire netting.

Naturally .such injury is confined to the vicinity of wood
lands which are the birds' natural homes. Probably the sum-
mer food taken fully compensates in value for the damage

124 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

done in winter time, but more definite evidence is required to
make sure. Of course, the bird is much relished as food and on
this account alone is well worthy of being preserved.

There is one thing that may be said in regard to the status
of birds as destroyers of insects. A great many useful insects
are very minute and would thus escape detection. Others have
stings or look so like bees or wasps as to readily pass for them.
On the other hand a great many pests are large, such as orthop-
tera and lepidoptera and are thus more likely to attract atten-
tion. Of course a tird in seizing a grub may unwittingly
destroy half a hundred parasites and so do harm, on the other
hand it may go further and kill hyperparasites which prey upon
true parasites.

There is no doubt that many bird lovers go too far in their
claims of hird usefulness just as some entomologists go to the
other extreme in minimizing their usefulness. As a matter of
fact many of our worst pests are hardly influenced at all by
birds. I may cite as an example the Hessian-fly, and other small
insects. It is also generally a mistake to consider birds of first
importance in the suppression of severe insect outbreaks.
They doubtless help, the cases cited above beinga few examples,
but they are far behind predaceous and parasitic insects in such
work. Their aid, however, is far greater when pests exist in
normal numbers. Then, by keeping them so, by picking off
the surplus, thev are accomolishing much in retaining the bal-
ance of nature.

NOTES ON THE QUAIL.

A reference to quail in Mr. Saunder's article in the Octo-
ber issue on bird preservation, noticed during an enforced con-
finement to the house, is responsible for these few items about
the doings of a very gallant little gentleman. The remarks
are only scientific in being accurate, but spending each winter
on a club property of some hundred thousand acres in South
Carolina, with a naturalist for a manager, a crowd of observant
darky guides, and a changing group of guests, talking game
and game habits every evening, Coliiius virginianus has become
a familiar friend.

Our American Quail, so called, is an Englishman in his
courtesy to his woman kind, his bulldog fighting powers and
his clinging to customs, that, in a new country with progressive
neighbors, might well be changed. He takes his tiirn sitting
on the eggs; if weather conditions are favorable to a second
brood, fosters the first chicks until the two bevies unite into
the families of twentv odd that sometimes gladden our eyes,

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 12 5

and, it is said, should the better half be taken awa}', never
remarries. A hen quail just outside the Oakland house fence
was eaten by a rattlesnake. The cock remained there, single,
two seasons, although charmers in quantity piped their notes
a few hundred feet away.

An abundance of quail in a suitable country depends on
four main factors — food, cover, water and, probably, grit.
This last is important only in a delta section like Oaklands,
where a morning search after a pebble for rasping a turkey
call ended in breaking up a scythe stone; and food might
perhaps be modified to winter food. Bevies with us do not
break up before Mav, and they find then a plentitude of grass
and insects everywhere. During the winter months in the
south, quail live principally on pine mast, but lespedeza, ','benny"
wild helianthus, in fact any suitable sized weed seed, is acceptable

On plantations lately grazed by cattle, birds practically
disappear — no cover.

Quail can stand a short cold spell, with snow, better than
many other genera. They roost always in a close circle, heads
out, in patches of low stubble, and remain there, dormant,
until the weather improves or starvation scatters them.

Artificially increasing stock is a facinating but little under-
stood subject. It is only within a year or so that hatching in
confinement has succeeded at all. The mere dumping of tinmated
birds in pairs or quantity seems a waste of time. At Camden
thousands of quail were imported from the west without per-
manent results, and we ourselves have often tried the thing on
a smaller scale.

Beyond dispute, at the beginning of the breeding season,
the strongest cock left by the sportsmen drives away all rivals,
whistles a mate provided he is a young bird, and then, with the
tenacity of the anglo-saxon, pre-empts such territorv, be it
one or twenty acres, as seems necessary for the welfare of his
family, defending this while life lasts against all trespassers.
The writer firmly believes that by judicious planting and observ-
ance of the other conditions, his majesty will be contented
with merely enough land to secure happiness, leaving the extra
room gained for new comers. But much better authorities
say not, he wants what his father, grandfather, and great
grandfather owned. Certainly at the Oakland Club we find,
year after year, only the same bevies, though food has been
provided, vermin trapped and a breeding stock carefullv pre-
served.

What comes of the vast surplus thtis driven away is an
enigma. Quail are undoubtedly migratory in the small isotherms
between northern and sub-tem])erate regions. Probably

126 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

these southern birds drift north to fill the areas depleted hy
snow, but nobody knows.

It seems cruel to kill quail when so manv less interesting
and useful game birds exist, but the harder, in reason, land is
shot over, the better. Otherwise the parent birds live to become
barren, or one only of the original pair dies by accident. Dis-
tricts that never see a gun, deteriorate and a single healthy
young bird alive at the beginning of the mating season means
a full sized brood at that place in the autumn. In Europe,
however, eggs are taken from one nest to another, to provide
change in blood.

Cats and cur dogs are the worst enemies. As farmers
learn to appreciate the good birds do, it may become illegal to
own or harbor pussv.

D. B.

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF ONTARIO, 1914.

t

Some Personal Impressions.

To one who has not previously taken part in gatherings of
that character, the meeting of the Entomological Society of
Ontario held at Toronto, Nov. Sth and 6th, were of unusual
interest. To begin with, there was the mixing with kindred
spirits from all parts of the countrv, not forgetting our neigh-
bors and co-workers from the south ; for in the broad realms
of science boundaries present little significance and those in its
pursuit come as near to the ideal of tmiversal brotherhood as
any class I know of. This mixing, then, of men from all parts
having similar aims, was by no means the least- profitable of
the proceedings and certainly not the least enjoyable.

To me, of course, manv of the faces were new, though the
men were in other ways old friends. It would be difficult to
enlarge upon the characteristics or qualities of some without
neglecting others equally worthy of note and yet it would be
equally impossible to enumerate all in this short paper. I
will, therefore, briefly touch upon a few picked out almost at
random from those who were present.

Mention should first be made of our worthy President,
Dr. Hewitt, who presided over the meetings, and whose presi-
dential address, an exhaustive account of the rise and progress
of Economic Entomology in Canada, was much appreciated
by the audience. Dr. Bethtme, an old and prized correspondent,
and Dr. Fyles, another veteran, were present, the latter pre-
senting a paper entitled "Mountains and Hills," written in his

1914] The Ottawa Naturalist. 12 7

usual characteristic style and read in a manner which many of
our vounger generation might imitate to advantage. Prof.
Comstock, fittingly described bv our President as the father
of modern entomology, delivered the public lecture, his subject
being ''The Habits of Spiders," and delighted his listeners
bv a magnificent collection of lantern slides displaying the
web-spinning characters of various genera and species.

Prof. Lochhead, another old friend to all who have read
the Annual Reports of the Society, enlivened the meetings
hv many a cheery remark, besides presenting tis with matter
■of a more serious nature. An address that will long be remembered
was his light touches and extracts from the works of the famous
French naturalist Fabre. Professor Csesar provided both
papers and spontaneous material characteristic of the man
and of undoubted value to the farming community. Among
his contributions may be mentioned "An Imported Red Spider
Attacking Fruit Trees" and "Cherry Fruit Flies"

Nor must I leave out my colleagues in the Entomo-
logical Branch, Messrs. Gibson andSwaine. The former's paper,
entitled "Outbreak of the Armv Worm in Canada in 1914",
in which the writer def)icted the insect's habits and showed
that its depredation amounted to a loss approximating
.■isSOO.OOO, wa.Clistened to with nmch interest, and in company
with a paper by Mr. A. W. Baker, of the Ontario Agriculttiral
College, entitled "The Armv Worm in Ontario, " was the nrelude
of a lively discussion.

Another paper by Mr. Gibson, entitled "Locust Control
in Eastern Canada," was also of special interest to the writer
of these' notes.

Mr. Swaine's contribution on "Forest and Shade Tree
Insects on the Farm," contained a special warning to
citizens to be on the watch for pests now making their way
towards our borders. He also gave an interesting talk iipon
Forest Insect Conditions in British Columbia.

In the discussion that followed the reading of all these papers,
most of the members took part, and in this connection I would
specially mention Prof. Crosby, of Cornell University, Prof.-
Brittain, of Truro, N.S., Father Leopold of Oka, and
Messrs. Chapais, Dearness, Ross, King, and Hudson. The
remarks of whom, together with the various papers, will appear in
due course in the Annual Report of the Society, which should
be in the hands of all interested in entomology.

Lastly, there was the smoker at our headquarters, of which
only those who were present could form an adequate idea of
its interest. Nor must I forget the hospitality of the Toronto
branch who, headed by Dr. Walker, did much towards making
the meetings a success. N.C.

128 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Dec.

THE OTTAWA FIELD NATURALISTS' CLUB.

Programme of Winter Meetings.

November 23rd, 1914, (Monday), open meeting. Exhibits
and Addresses by Members. (Normal School Assembly Hall).

December 8th, 1914, CTuesday). "The New Zealand Perip-
atus — -The most ancient and wonderful of living animals."
(Illustrated with living specimens). Prof. E. E. Prince, Do-
minion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa. (Normal School
Assembly Hall).

January 12th, 1915, (Tuesday). ''The Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew." (Illustrated with lantern views). Prof. R.
B. Thomson, Botanical Laboratory, University of Toronto.
(Normal School Assembly Hall).

January 26, 1915, (Tuesday). "The Indians of the West
Coast." (Illustrated with lantern views). Dr. Edward Sapir,
Department of Anthropology, Geological Survey, Ottawa.
(Normal School Assembly Hall).

Februarv 9th, 1915, (Tuesday). "Fossils." (Illustrated
with lantern views). Mr. L. D. Burling, Geological Survey,
Ottawa. (Carnegie Library Assembly Hall).

February 23rd, 1915, (Ttiesday). "Milk." (Illustrated
with lantern views). Mr. J. H. Grisdale, Director Experimental
Farm, Ottawa. Carnegie Library Assembly Hall).

March 9th, 1915, (Tuesday). " Some Interesting Canadian
Birds." (Illustrated with lantern views). Dr. M. Y. Williams,
Geological Survey, Ottawa. (Carnegie Library Assembly Hall)..

March 23rd, 1^1 5, (Tuesday). Annual Meeting and Pres-
idential Address, "The Habits of Insects in Relation to their
Control." Mr. Arthur Gibson, Entomological Branch, Depart-
ment of Agriculttire, Ottawa. (Carnegie Library Assembly
Hall).

Meetings commence at 8 p.m.

HARLAN I. SMITH,
Chairman Lectures Committee.

The Ottawa Naturalist

Vol. XXVIII Plate II.

CERAMOGRAPTUS RUEDEMANNI, HUDSON.

Left figure in each half of stereogram x 20 dia. and from a mounting un-
der gum, — right figure an enlargement from same negatives to 60 dia.
The plate numbers are those of the original negatives.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII JANUARY, 1915. No. 10.

CERAMOGRAPTUS RUEDEMANNI

A New Genus and Species of Graptolitoidea, and Notes on
Urasterella pulchella, Billings. Plate II.

By George H. Hudson.

The holotype of this species is the fragment of a rhabdsome
Iving across the weathered base of an arm of the holotype of
Urasterella pulchella, Billings, in the Victoria Memorial Museum,
Ottawa, Canada. Horizon — Trenton at Ottawa, Canada.

This species seems allied to Cactograptus, Ruedemann, but
the difference in form and arrangement of the denticles entitles
it to generic distinction. Until new material is discovered the
diagnosis of the genotype must answer for that of the genus.
Ceramograptus ruedemanni, sp. nov.

The branch measured across from apparent spine tips of

oppositely placed denticles is 0.26 mm. wide. The denticles.

are 0.37 mm. long, placed nearly parallel with the main axis,

and h)ut slightly overlapping. The lower half of the outer

margin of each denticle makes an angle of about 2 1 degrees with

the axis of the branch. The middle is gently convex and on

this ventricose portion there seems to be a short angular or

spiny process. The upper half of this marginal line is at first

slightly concave and subparallel with the axis but soon swings

out in a graceful curve to the point of a short apertural spine.

The apertural opening is slightly concave and from the tip

inward measures 0.08 mm. in diameter. These margins appear

to be slightly thickened or keeled and the apertural margin

near the axis is slightly folded or vertically ribbed, presenting

three short ridges which have strongly reflected the light and

appear as white spots in the photo-micrographs from which our

plate was made. The appearance of these denticles is that of

slender and graceful vases with a pouring lip, each vase set

with its back to the main axis. Hence the generic name from

Ceramos, a pitcher or vase.

«'130 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan,

A study of this plate with a stereoscope seems to show that
the denticles were arranged in double pairs, i. e., with four
denticles arising from each node. In the lowest group there
seems to be a denticle occupying a middle position between
the pair at the sides, l)ut its apertural margin and parts of its
ventral stirface are lost. In the next group above, the gum
mounting allows us to look deeply within the branch and see
(£rom the inside) the ventricose portion of a denticle on the
distant side of the axis. Above this opening there remains a
portion of a denticle facing the observer. The next group
above also shows portions of a third denticle. The fourth or
topmost group has been cut across diagonally by weathering.
The openings on this surface present additional evidence that
each node bore, at least, four denticles. .

The plate shows clearly the value of mounting with gum
damar, for such mounting not only served to render the surface
more transparent and increase the contrast between the black
remains of the chitin and the inatrix, btit it also aided in securing
that sharpness of outline which still appears in the subsequent
enlargement to 60 diameters.

The specimen is named in honor of Dr. Rudolf Ruedemann,
to whom the writer, and the world as well, is deeply indebted
for his work on this interesting group of fossil organisms.

The detail of Urasterella pulchclla, Bill., which is repro-
duced on this plate, shows some of the flooring ossicles (am-
bulacra) of the arm, anuml^er of arm marginals wnth spine bases,
and an apparently double interradial marginal. The ambu-
lacral plates, here lost, are elsewhere present and functioned as
true covering plates. That is they could be closed so as to meet
each other over the food groove or they could be held in a
widelv open condition and the five interradial pairs could
fimction as jaws. More complete details of this species will be
given in another article.

THE BANDED POCKET MOUSE, PEROGXATHUS

FASCIATUS WIED.

By Stuart Criddle, Treesbank, Man.

The mouse forming the title of this paper was discovered
and described by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, in 1839. It was
collected on the upper Missouri river near the mouth of the
Yellowstone, North Dakota , and proved to be a new genus as
well as a new species. It w^as, also, the first pocket mouse to be
found in North America. Since the original discovery of pocket
mice on this continent, however, the ntmiber of known species

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 131

has increased rapidly. In 1889, Merriam* described no less than
twenty-one species and sub-species while since then, and up to
the publication of Miller's Listf the total number of recognized
kinds has increased to eighty. Most of these species, however,
occur soiith of the Canadian boundary, and so far as known to
me, but two have been taken north of latittide 49°. One of
these, Perognathtis lordi Bird, is a native of southern British
Columbia, the other, P. jasciatns,\)rohQh\Y occurs over much of
the territory of southern Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta,
but as yet, has only been recognized in the neighbourhood of
the writer's home, where it was first recorded several years ago.
Since the time of its original discovery in Manitoba, and up to
about three years ago, this pocket mouse was comparativelv
rare, but of late it has greatly increased in numbers and can be
said to be moderately common at the present time. So far as
I can see the Manitoba examples seem to be considerablv lighter
in colour than the type which is described as between an olive-
green and an olive-gray above. In my specimens the hairs are
a light slaty-gray at their bases, fading to a light taw^nv colour
higher up, and are tipped with black, these black tips, however,
giving place to light tawn}^ or pinkish along the sides, forming an
indistinct band from which the animal gets its name. Below,
the hairs are entirely white. The measurements of six speci-
mens are as follows: three males; average length, 129 mm.,
tail 56 mm., hind foot 17 mm.; three females; average length,
126 mm., tail 56 mm., hind foot, 17 mm: Dr. Merriam, in the
publication before mentioned, gives the total length of one
specimen as 1.36 mm., so that typical specimens are somewhat
larger than the Manitoba examples. As apparentlv no informa-
tion of the animal's habits are available, the following, from mv
own experience, may prove of interest.

The yoimg are born about the middle of Mav. In the onlv
instance of which I have record the ntimber of voting were four.
As the female has but six teats, four young would probably be a-n
average litter. Taking into consideration the various habits,
such as the early storage of food and retirement below the ground
and also the fact that all the young appear to be fully developed
by the first of October, I am convinced that but one litter is
produced yearly.

In their general habits these Docket mice are solitary,
never gregarious, in consequence seldom more than one or two
are met with at a time, either above or below the ground. Thev
seem to have a preference for sandy soils in which to construct
their homes, but sometimes w^ander far afield in their search for
food.

*N. A. Fauna No. l.U.S. Dept. A?r.. 188Q.
fN. A. Land Mammals, U.S. N.M.', 1911.

132

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Jan.

Showing Burrows of the Banded Pocket Mouse, (original).

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 133

The habitations consist of a number of burrows, many of
them running close to the surface, and often extending over
an area of, at least, 20 feet across. From these burrows there
may be several entrances or exits, as the case may be, as well as
numerous blind runways. One burrow somewhat deeper than
the rest is enlarged at its lower extremity to form a summer
resting place. All these burrows twist about in a most intricate
manner, and, as a rule, have their entrances hidden in a clump
of weeds or grass, well away from the piles of sand thrown out in
excavating.

At the approach of winter the pocket mouse becomes still
more industrious. Two or more chambers are constructed at a
depth of about three feet and in these are stored variovis seeds
for winter use. Then having finished the task of providing food,
the burrows above the stores are tightly closed from below
and a much deeper hole commenced, which is doubtless intended
to take the mouse below the frost line. At the end of this
burrow, which is about six and a half feet below the surface, a
winter home is constructed by digging out an enlarged chamber
and lining it with a scanty supply of Green Foxtail heads. In
this home the pocket mouse passes the winter, probabh^ much
of it in sleep, as those kept in captivity became very sluggish
when exposed to even a moderately cold atmosphere.

The method of constructing a winter home, after the mouse
has retired for the winter, wants confirming. As further evi-
dence, however, to indicate that the winter home is constructed in
the manner described above, I may mention an instance in
which I dug out a burrow in late October before the mouse
had retired, when no burrow occurred below the store cham-
bers, though just above them was the material that would after-
wards form the winter nest. Thus there is every reason to be-
lieve that the mouse gathers all that is necessary, in the form of
food and nest-making material before winter commences and
constructs the true winter home after retiring from above
ground for the winter.

A remarkable fact about the two fully constructed burrows
dug out on November 10th, was the finding of a dead pocket
mouse at the entrance of the lower store chamber in each in-
stance, the dead animal being presumably the owner of the
home. Both these mice had been dead several days and each
had a hole eaten in its head, and the brains extracted. Both
these mice were males. Thinking that perhaps a female, or
whatever the kind of animal was that killed them, might be hiding
in an unobserved chamber, I made a very careful search for any
hidden hole, btit without avail. I am still of opinion, however,
that there must have been some hidden burrow that I failed to

134 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

find, in which the slayer was concealed. At this time the ground
was frozen to a depth of six inches and all exits were closed.
Of the three winter stores examined, No. 1 contained about
three-quarters of a pint of the following seeds: Green Fox-
tail, Setaria viridis, 66 per cent.; Bugseed, Corispermum
hyssopifolium, 34 per cent., both plants being abundant in
the vicinity. Nos. 2 and 3 were close together and contained
in all about the same quantity of seeds as No. 1, made up
of Wild Buckwheat, Polygonum convolvulus, 48 per cent.,
Panicuni ivilcoxiannm, 30 per cent.. Blue-eyed Grass,
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 4 per cent., and Lithospernium
angustijolium, 18 per cent. Green Foxtail, Wild Buckwheat
and Bugseed are all weeds, the first two causing much loss to
fanners by starving out various crops, while the other three are
wild prairie plants of small economic significance.

None of the cultivated seeds occurred in these mouse's
homes, nor in their pockets, but I have twice discovered locust
eggs in the latter and have besides, observed manv places where
locust eggs had evidently been dug out of the ground. As a
matter of fact, I believe that further evidence will show that
these pocket mice live very largely upon insects during ths
summer months. One I kept in captivity preferred meal worms,
{Tenehrio nioliior) to any seeds, but when the latter were alone
available it selected Green Foxtail and Wild Buckwheat in
preference to cereals. Lamb's Quarters, Redroot, Tumble Weed
and Cycloloma.

From the evidence depicted above it would seem that the
Banded Pocket Mouse does little harm, while on the other hand
the consumption of weed seeds, combined with the destruction
of noxious insects speaks wholly in the mouse's favour. It
would appear, therefore, that unlike most rodents, we have here
an example that is useful and' it is a pleasure to me to believe
that this pretty little animal is worthy of protection.

THE NEW ZEALAND PERIPATUS.

By Professor Edward E. Prince,
Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries, Ottawa.

During my recent visit to New Zealand for the purpose of
making an official survey of the fishery resources of that Do-
minion, I spent a day in the dense, almost tropical forest, so
characteristic of beautiful Maoriland, with the object of seeing,
in its native haunts, that wonderful yet insignificant little
creature, Peripatus, about which almost a whole library of

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 135

memoirs and books has been written, and upon the study of
which animal, several great scientific reputations have been
largelv built. Francis Balfour, H. N. Moseley, Adam Sedg-
wick, and others no less eminent, owed much of their fame to
researches on Peripatus. Yet, few zoologists have ever seen
Peripatus "at home", and I believe that I am the first to bring
living specimens to Canada. I had many memorable experi-
ences in New Zealand; but I count it one of the greatest privi-
leges of my life to have seen this "very beautiful looking animal "
(as Dr. Arthur Shipley rightly styled it) creeping about in the
moss-grown decaying logs of the primeval forest, amidst giant
gum-trees, great tree ferns, and tangled creepers. Professor
Kirk, of the University of New Zealand, Wellington, N.Z.,
kindly took me to the "hunting grounds", not far from Parirua
Harl)Our, on the coast north-west of the capital city. With
Dr. Kirk's experienced help I secured about a dozen specimens,
varying in size from 2 inches up to about 3 inches in length.
I kept them in a small vivarium which was maintained in a
cool and damp state by sprinkling the moss and pieces of wood
daily with water. The war conditions on the Pacific delayed
my return so seriously that my specimens were confined in their
close quarters for over 10 weeks, and many were quite moribund
by the time I reached Winnipeg, in the last week of October.
During their long journey of over 14,000 miles by sea and land
they did well, in spite of the constant noise and vibration on
steamers and cars, and they fed readily upon flies and particles
of raw beef. A number of young about f-inch in length, were
produced viviparously on the journey. During the last stages
of mv homeward journey I forebore turning them out of their
mossy hiding place, and I fear that none actually survived until
I reached Ottawa. All were, unfortunataly, dead when I examined
the vivarium just before the meeting of the Ottawa Field-Natur-
alists' Club on December 8th.

As Professor Moseley said, Peripatus resembles a black
caterpillar, with a pair of anterior antennae, like the mobile
horns of a snail. Some of my specimens were of a deep velvety
brown, not velvety black, and they are such soft, elastic creatures
that they are able to stretch almost double their usual length.
If touched they shorten and pull in their antennae, and if they
fall over, they writhe back, bit by bit, and regain their feet
(17 pairs in P. novoe zealandicc) and glide off rapidly with a most
graceful movement, waving the antennae from side to side. On
exposure to light they hasten, like slow-moving shadows, to the
nearest shelter, and hide away. They are very soft and sensitive
and easily injtired by handling, or by pressure. I was surprised
at the rapidity with which they discovered house-flies placed

136 The Ottawa Naturalist. Jan.

alive in their box. Within a very short time I always noticed
such flies either glued to the side of the box or the glass-lid, or
creeping slowly with wings or legs glued together. On touching
Peripatus it usually shoots out a delicate spray of gummy ma-
terial from two apertures on the pair of oral papillae under the
head. This gum or slime is so tenacious that it is difficult to
remove from the hand, and one of its uses is to capture active
prey like flies, etc.

Why is it that Peripatus is of such surpassing interest that
Professor Moselev declared it to be an animal of great antiquity
and my friend Dr. Shipley, Master of Christ's College, Cam-
bridge, pronotmced it "one of the most interesting animals
known," from a morphologist's standpoint?

Its distribtition indicates its ancientness. It is nowhere
very abundant, but it occurs in New Zealand, Australia, the
Cape, South America, St. Thomas and the West Indies, Panama
and possibly Sumatra. To the naturalist such a sparse but
widespread distribution means that it is a dying type, once
abttndant and of former wide occurrence. But it is a stem form,
or connecting link, and just the kind of animal so rare, and yet
so eagerly looked for bv the evolutionist. It seems to be the
very form from which the two vast animal Phyla, the Annulata
and the Tracheata, have sprung. Nay, even the Echinodermata
and the Mollusca seem to have features which they may have
derived from Peripatus ; and forms like the ancient Crinoids and
the Xiphosuran, Limulus, or King-crab, though so ancient,
possess features less ancient and more specialized than Peripatus.
Its archaic generalized feattires are so many and so striking that
it is impossible to treat them adequately in this brief note. To
refer only to two salient points, it may be mentioned that the
Echinoderms, though radiate, have essentially a right and
left half in the form of the body; and in larval stages the sym-
metry of the body is most strikingly bilateral: but this is dis-
gtiised later by the radial arrangement of parts. In the King-
crab the compound eye is not a primitive feature, and the pres-
ence of internal skeletal elements (endosternite) a complete
capillary system in the blood-vascular arrangements, the
specialized nephridium, or kidney, in the shape of the coxal
gland with attached lobes, and the massed nervous system
(brain, oesophageal collar and reduced ventral cord) are all far
less primitive than the annulate Peripatus. Indeed as one
facetious observer says, Limulus must be later than the Annu-
lates, for it fed upon them, the food of the King-crab being
various marine annelids. Peripatus is an annulate in many
features, being like a chaetopod or worm in its cylindrical,
bilaterally symmetrical, body, its anterior nerve ring and pair of

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 137

widely separated ventral nerve cords, without serial ganglia,
and especially in the paired sympathetic nerves on the pharynx
and oesophagus, the pharynx being markedly muscular. The
simple eyes (one pair), the numerous paired segmental organs
or nephridia, of which the outer and the internal vesicle are
really coelomic, while the first pair become the large salivary
glands, as in some Oligochaetes ; the short stomodaeum and
proctodaeum (or anterior and posterior sections of the alimentary
canal), the hollow, sac-like limbs, and the soft, delicate integu-
inent, without a dense, hard exoskeleton and the presence of
cilia are all worm features.* But Peripaius is also a Tracheate,
for like insects it breathes by tracheal tubes opening by external
stigmata, its limbs show slight segmentation and some are
modified as mouth-organs, it has antenna^, and the heart and the
generative organs are coelomic, the ova and sperms being
derived from the walls of the coelom. All these features are in
contrast to the Annulates and connect Peripaius with the Tra-
cheates, and therefore the Insects. "I believe it to be," said
Moseley, "a nearly related representative of the ancestor of all
air-breathing Arthropoda i.e., of all insects, spiders and myria-
pods. It is impossible here to consider the profoimdly inter-
esting nature of the body-chamber, which is a haemocoel, and
not a coelom or true body-cavity at all, certain portions of the
true coelom alone persisting as in the segmental or nephridial
spaces, and the generative glands. The study of Peripaius
throws a flood of light tipon the origin of many of the most
important features in the Tracheates, it is indeed the Proto-
tracheate and forms an entire class to itself, a class with one
genus only. But on the other hand it is an Annulate and has
features in common with Molluscs and Echnoderms. There is
probably no more generalized type of animal living and it may
be justifiably maintained that it is therefore the most interesting
and possibly the most ancient of metazoan stem-forms. If Peripa-
ius preceded the Annulates and Tracheates and was the ancestor of
all the worms, insects, spiders and myriapods, why have we
not some fossil remains in some of the early fossiliferous strata?
Peripaius is such a frail, soft creature that excepting for the hard
jaws with four sickle-shaped cutting blades; the chitinous
jaw-levers or so-called buccal tracheal pits, first correctly de-
scribed and interpreted by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; the minute
occelli or simple eyes, the chitinous claws, minute external spines
and the tracheal tubes, no remains could be readily preserved

*The two muscular layers, circular and longitudinal and unstriped, are
worm features; the fibres of the jaw-muscles are, however, striped (see
Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt "Buccal Pits of Peripatus" Proc. Manchester Lit.
and Philos. Soc, Vol. SO, Oct. 21, 1905).

138 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

permanently, and the strtictvires referred to are too insignificant
to be easily discerned in the rocks, if they have been preserved.
Moseley went so far as to say that were the foot-jaws only larger
they would, no doubt, occur in strata as old as the "Old Red
Sandstone." Phylogeny or the study of the pedigrees of animal
types, has available no generalized stem-form more interesting
than the Prototracheate Pcripaius.

A NOTE ON THE COLOURS OF TUMBLING MUSTARD

SEED.

To those of us who have had to do with the seeds of Tumbling
Mustard (Sisymbrium altissemum) it is well known that these
are nearly always met with in mixtures of two distinct colours,
one kind being light-yellow, and the other dark-greenish. As a
rule the latter predominate to the extent of about three to one,
but occasionally the proportions are the other way about, while
still more rarely one colour may entirely dominate. Two or
more instances of the last condition were brought to my attention
during the winter of 1913, while I was with the Dominion Seed
Branch, at Ottawa. In these cases, samples of flax harvested
in Saskatchewan contained light coloured Tumbling Mustard
Seeds only, their purity being so tmusual that some doubt
was thrown upon the authenticity of the determination, thougthe
seeds did not differ in other respects. The only objection being,
therefore, that they were all of one colour instead of being mixed.

During the autumn of 1914, my brother Stuart had occasion
to collect a quantity of Tumbling Mustard seed, and in doing
so visited a situation where the species had only recently become
established, probably not more than four or five years. By
that time, however, the plants had spread over a considerable
area and were sufficiently numerous to provide more than a pint
of seed. On examining the seed thus collected, it was at once
observed that all were of the light yellow variety, thus estab-
lishing the fact that they had evidently bred true to type, and
were therefore a distinct strain.

This at once led to further investigation, and it was then
discovered that both colours were never met with together on
individual plants, but that one plant would produce only
yellow seeds and another only greenish . We have as yet found
no exception to this rule though plants of both types are fre-
quently met with growing side by side; in fact, they are seldom-
found otherwise, which would, of course, account for the two
kinds being nearly always mixed in samples of cultivated seeds.

As the plants producing both kind of seeds areTgenerally

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 139

growing together and are moreover visited by various insects,
particularly bees, it must naturally be supposed that they are
readily cross-fertilized. It is, therefore, interesting to know
that this crossing does not apparently affect the colour of the
seeds on individual plants, which are still either all yellow or all
greenish.

No attempt has been made to breed the plants to ascertain
whether the resulting seeds confirm to the ustial Mendelian law,
when yellow and green producing seed plants are crossed,
though doubtless this is the case.

Norman Criddle.

MEETING OF THE BOTANICAL BRANCH.

Held December 19th, at the home of Mr. G. H. Clark,
501 O'Connor Street. Dr. M. O. Malte had charge of the meeting
and exhibited many fine specimens of Canadian grasses, a col-
lection of which he is preparing for exhibition at the Panama-
Pacific Exhibition at San Francisco in 1915.

The remarks of Dr. Malte dealt with "Climatic and Soil
Conditions as they influence Plant Life. " Many of the speci-
mens which he exhibited demonstrated in a very forceful manner
how extremely powerful such influences are. It was stated that
during the four months of collecting during the past summer he
had brought together about two hundred distinct species of
grasses. Of these about one hundred and seventy were native
to Canada. The other thirty odd were probably originally
imported from Etirope, but could be now found wild in many
places in Canada. These European grasses, he stated, did
exceptionally well in the coastal regions, such as those of Nova
Scotia and British Columbia. In this connection, he exhibited
and discussed the awnless Italian Rye grass of which about
fifty distinct forms could be found. Such forms being to a
large extent the result of climatic and soil conditions. More-
over, the influence of such conditions also accotmted for the fact
that while this particular grass tC^as an annual at Ottawa, in
other parts of the Dominion it took on a biennial form, while in
British Columbia, it became a true perennial. His remarks in
this connection, that is, as to why a plant changed its seasonal
habits, provoked some interesting remarks from other members
of the club, who held different opinions on this point. This
grass, he said, had been known to yield as high as eighteen tons
to the acre, where the area it occupied had been irrigated by
flooding it from a city sewerage system.

An interesting fact mentioned was, that out of the two

140 The Ottawa Naturalist. [J^-^^-

hundred species he had collected, not more than from six to ten
were of any commercial value. This was largely due to the fact
that many wild grasses are bunchy, produce few leaves, and
their seed cannot be profitably harvested. The varieties which
had the greatest value were those related to the Western Rve
grass, and to Kentucky and Canadian Blue grasses. He thought
that about fifty more species might yet be collected in Canada,
making a total of some two hundred and fifty species independent
of the varietal forms of such species.

The value of having such a collection of grasses, and having
one set of the same splendidly mounted in a rather striking
manner for exhibition at Panama, was emphasized. In 1898,
the late Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Malte said, made one of the first col-
lections of grasses ever made in Canada and these grasses were
grown at the Central Experimental Farm. The purpose of the
two collections were somewhat different, however, with the
former the purpose was to find out species useful for Canada.
The work at present dealt also with the systematic botany and
biology of native grasses. Foreign countries, even to-day,
thought of scientific work along such lines as being unknown in
Canada, and hence the exhibition of such a collection at Panama
would do much to align Canada with other countries as one in
the van in the matter of profitable scientific research, in the
field of applied botany, etc. The collection would be sub-
sequently used at many of the Provincial Fairs. All specimens
are to be clearly labelled in both Latin and English. The col-
lection at Panama will occupy eight hundred square feet of wall
space.

In the matter of drying the collection demonstrated the
skill of the collector. Each specimen was changed twice within
the first twelve hours after collecting. Strong felt paper was
used for the drying process. Dr. Malte mentioned his indebted-
ness to the Messrs. Criddle and Mr. W. Herriot for help in making
the collection.

Those present at this meeting of the club were : Messrs.
Attwood, Blackader, Buck, Campbell, Clark, Criddle, Dymond
Fryer, Honevman, LeLacheuV, Macoun, Macmillan, Tullev and
Whvte.

F. E. B.

DR. JOHAN HJORT ON "NORSE FISHERIES".

The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club has rarely been favoured
with a scientific address more original and fascinating than that
on the "Fisheries of Norwav" bv one of the most eminent of

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 141

European experts and scientists, Dr. Hjort, Director of Nor-
wegian Fisheries, Christiania.

Dr. Hjort, who speaks very perfect English, illustrated
his remarks bv a fine series of stereopticon views, including
Norwegian coast scenery, fishing fleets, catches of fish, and
charts and diagrams. He began by showing how the quaint
fishing boats of the ancient Viking type have been replaced by
decked vessels, and later by large steam "drifters". Fishermen
had, said Dr. Hjort, a general idea as to the dates, each season,
when schools of herring and other fish appeared, and the grounds
usually frequented by them. But there was always uncertainty
and the varying abundance or scarcity of fish were regarded as a
mvstery. The causes were unexplained To remove this un-
certainty scientific researches of a systematic nature were com-
menced 12 or 15 years ago. The result has been that the
causes of the fluctuations has in many ways been determined,
the migrations and resorts of the fish ascertained, and a number
of splendid new fishing areas discovered.

By means of townets, the floating eggs of fishes like the
cod, haddock, torsk, and ling, and the myrials of surface-
haunting young fry, have been captured in varying quantities.
It was found that the number of eggs and young fish, per
square metre of water, most accurately indicated the quantity of
adult fish in the deeper waters below. If 4,000 eggs were
counted, in one square metre, in one locality, and only forty
eggs in one square metre in another locality, the fish were
approximately ten times more plentiful in the former locality.
This quantitative method has proved most reliable. Vast
numbers of eggs and fry were taken in localities, not regarded
by the fishermen as good fishing grounds; but on operating there
these new fishing areas yielded great catches.

The study of the races, and what are called "year classes",
as well as the discovery of the age of fish bv the means of rings
of growth on the scales, had given most valuable and striking
results. By using "drift nets" of various meshes herring, for
example, had been obtained showing great differences. The
herring of Norway, on the whole, is a larger fish, at the same
age, than the Scottish and English herring, and there was
practically no intermingling, a diagonal line drawn from a point
east of the Faroes down to the middle of the North Sea, separat-
ing the two race types. But local varieties also occurred.
Large herring, fat herring and small herring, as experience
showed, occur with great regularity. Thus from January to
April, large spawners occur off the south-west coast of Norway,
whereas a little further north such large herring occur from
October to January. Fat, immature herring and small herring

142 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

abound along the whole coast, increasing towards the north
(Nordland and Tromso). Study of the scales proves that the
large and spawning herring are four to eight years old, some
being even sixteen to eighteen years old, while the "fat" her-
ring, as Professor G. O. Sars long ago opined, are two to four
years old, some being one year, while others are six to seven
years old. To determine the age-composition of the whole
herring tribe along the Norse coasts, the proportions of small,
of fat, of large and of spring herring would require to be ascer-
tained, but science has found a far more neady and easy wav.
Dr. Hjort stated that 15,000 examples of herring had been
carefully examined in one year (1910), and it was found that in
successive years, the fish of one year predominated. Thus the
herring hatched, in 1904, exceeded other year-classes, in 1907
(as three-year olds), in 1908 (as four-year-olds): but in 1909
and 1910, they formed a less predominant portion of the "fat"
herring schools: because they had joined the large and spring
herring schools and covdd still be identified by their scales.
Indeed in 1911, they formed, as seven-year-olds, 70% of the
large herring schools. 1904 must have been a more favourable
year, for the herring spawning and hatching, than the years
before and after. The 1899 year class, being eight-year-olds,
in 1907, were traced through 1907, 1908 and 1909 among both
the large herring and the spring herring, and were far more
abundant than the older and younger year-classes in the same
schools.

These researches have shown that it is possible to ascertain
how numerous the year classes are in relation to each other in
successive years, if the specimens be sufficiently numerous to be
representative. The schools live under such diverse conditions
in the waters from 58° to 71" North Latitude, that the rate of
growth locally differs. The growth each year being shown by
the rings upon the scales, a broad ring means rapid, favourable
growth, a narrow ring means less favourable growth, and local
races are recognized by special year rings, either broad or
narrow. 1904 herring taken in 1909 show five rings, the first,
second and third year rings being fairly equal : but the fourth
and fifth are very narrow in some samples: but in others, the
third-year ring is narrow. Thus these two types (representing
local schools) of the same vear can be recognized with facility.
The latter arc of "Nordland" origin, and migrated south to
join the southern 1904 schools, of which they formed 26%.
Results of a similar character are shown by the study of the cod,
the age and local origin being shown by the study of the scales,
and a key is thus afforded to the growth, migration and dis-
tribution of valuable food fish.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 143

At the close, Professor Prince proposed a vote of thansk
appreciatory of the treat Dr. Hjort's lecture afforded, and he
expressed the hope that Dr. Hjort would be able to continue his
work in Canada for another year. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt
seconded the motion and pointed out that an illimitable market
for fish food would arise as a consequence of the present war,
and Canada should prepare to supply the vast demand that
wotild arise. Professor Macallum, of Toronto, added a few
words of commendation, and the President (Mr. Arthur Gibson),
in putting the motion added his own appreciation of Dr. Hjort's
valuable address. The stereopticoh, it may be added, was
skilfully operated bv Mr. J. S. Harterre.

E. E. P.

NOTES ON THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF
PROSERPINUS FLAVOFASCIATA ULALUME STRH.*

By Arthur Gibson.

In 1905, eggs of this sphingid moth were received from Mr.
J. W. Cockle, of Kaslo, B.C. Oviposition took place at Kaslo,
on May 30, and the eggs hatched at Ottawa, on June 12. In
1904, Dr. Dyar publishedf descriptions of the egg and the five
larval stages. My notes agree on the whole with such de-
scriptions, but as further information is given on certain points,
it seems excusable to present them in their entirety. They are
as follows:

Egg. — Elliptical in shape, size 1.2 mm. by 1 mm. by 1 mm. ;
pale green, shining, smooth; length of egg state as above in-
dicated 12 days. In 1910, a female of tilalume was received from
Agassiz, B.C. Dtiring the journey to Ottawa, seven eggs were
laid. These hatched on May 2 5, but unfortunately the larvse
died soon afterwards.

Stage I. — Length at first 4 mm. Head pale greenish, man-
dibles brownish. Body pale greenish, cylindrical, plump; seg-
ments of body wrinkled (8 wrinkles) ; no markings on body.
Caudal horn 0.5 mm. long, pale at base, darkened towards and
at tip. Feet concolorous with body.

Most of the specimens moulted on June 16 and 1 7.

Stage II. — Length 8 mm. Head slightly bilobed, with a
yellowish tinge; ocelli black. Whole body washed with white,
giving the larva a glaucous-green appearance. Dorsal vessel
showing down the centre of the dorsum as a narrow dark line,
from the head to the base of the horn. Subdorsal stripe white,

♦Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of
As;riculture, Ottawa.

fProc. U.S.N.M., XXVIL 790.

144 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Jan.

conspicuous, narrowly margined above with yellowish-green.
Horn black, like body washed with white. Spiracles very small,
dark, in a pale ring. Thoracic feet and proleg concolorous with
body.

Three specimens moulted the second time on June 19.

Stage III. — Length 1 7 mm. Head rounded, slightly bilobed.
Whole body pruinose, as though powdered with flour. Dorsal
vessel inconspicuous. Subdorsal stripe white, broadly mar-
gined above with clear green. Caudal horn nearly 2 mm. in
length, black, reddish at base, lined with black in front. Spir-
acles pale yellowish, inconspicuous.. Feet concolorous with
head.

Two specimens passed third moult on June 2 1 .

Stage IV. — Length 23 mm. i\lmost the same as Stage II L
Head 2.5 mm. wide. Body pale green thickly dotted with
white, pruinose as before — a bluish-glaucous shade. Dorsal
vessel hardly distinguisable. Subdorsal stripe clear white
bordered above with dark green, almost as wide as the white
stripe. Caudal horn 3 mm. long from front edge to tip, very
wide at base, the upper half black, the lower half about equally
divided in colours, yellowish-white at the base and above ringed
with orange; ornamented in front with a black rather oval-
shaped spot, the whole base of horn being broadly ringed with
black. On segments 5 to 13 inclusive is a medio- ventral series of
dark gray, almost black, elongated blotches, one in the middle of
each segment. Spiracles yellow, very narrowly ringed with
black. Feet paler than body.

Larvae moulted for the fourth time on June 2 7 and 28.

Stage V. — Length 35 mm. Head 3.8 mm. wide, rounded,
slightly bilobed, blackish-brown, clypeus rather paler; mouth
parts pale yellowish-white. Body l)lackish-brown, bearing in-
numerable small black dots, particularly on sides and dorsum.
A series of much larger subdorsal spots are also present on seg-
ments 3 to 11 inclusive. Midway between these latter spots
and the spiracles is a rather indistinct, broken, black band more
apparent on the middle and posterior segments. A rather in-
conspicuous dorsal stripe is also present. Spiracles bright and
conspicuous, yellow-ochre rimmed with black. Caudal horn
nuich reduced, now being a blunt wart-like elevation about 0.5
mm. high posteriorly, shining black in colour, the base bor-
dered with a bright ring of yellow and a wider ring of velvety
black. Thoracic feet and claspers of prolegs pale greenish.

One larva in this stage which moulted at 10 a. rn. was green
rather densely dotted with black. The dorsal vessel was almost
obscure, but the subdorsal band was wide, even, and very
distinct. The head was green washed with black- Bv noon,
however, the specimen was blackish-brown.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1915. No. 11.

HYBRIDIZATION IN THE GENUS VIOLA.

By M. O. Malte and J. M. Macoun.

Certain sections of the genus Viola, as is well known,
are characterized by that wonderful biological peculiarity,
generally termed cleistogamy. The showy flowers of our
spring violets generally live but a short time. Although being
sexually perfect, i.e., having stamens and pistils normally de-
veloped, they generally wither down without producing any
seed and the propagation of the individuals and the maintenance
of the species are secured through the cleistogamous flowers.
These generally appear comparatively late in the season and
reach their fullest development after the showy spring flowers
have disappeared. As a rule, the cleistogamous flowers are
without petals or have them incompletely developed, for which
reason they are often in descriptive botany, termed apetalous.
The whole flower has the appearance of a half -grown bud arrested
in its development. It is often inconspicuous to the eye be-
cause of its lack of attractive colours, or even wholly invisible
to the casual observer because not rarely it reaches its full
development hidden among the decomposed or half-decom-
posed remnants of plants which cover the ground, or it even
flourishes beneath the surface of the soil.

These cleistogamous flowers, however, play the most im-
portant part in the life history of the individual as well as of
the species. In spite of their seeming incompleteness, theY
produce, without being aided by outer agencies, all the seed
needed for the maintenance of the species. Their pistils are
automatically fertilized b}^ the pollen shed from their stamens,
the result being the production of an abundance of seed.

This mode of seed production, so different from the ordinary
way, did not fail to attract the attention of botanists at least
as far back as the 18th century. It was thought to be
strange and inexplicable in times w;hen sexuality in plants
was still disputed and when the importance of sexual organs
as foundations for a scientific plant system was first being
discussed.

146 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

Linnaeus, in his Species Plantarum, described dozens of
violets, giving their characters from the shape of the leaves
and their general appearance. In only one case, however,
did he mention the flower and fruit, and this was done solely
because of the extraordinary biological feature encountered
in a species which he called V. niirabilis. This species, which
is found from Southern Sweden to the Alps of Switzerland,
was described as follows: — "Viola caule triquetro, foliis reni-
formi cordatis, floribus caulinis apetalis." To this description
was added especially: "Viola floribus radicalibus corollatis
abortienatibus, caulinis apetalis seminiferis. "^ The mere de-
scription of this violet, which is now known as V. mirabilis L.
indicates that Linnaeus considered it one of the wonders of
the plant kingdom just because of its peculiar mode of fruc-
tification. Its showy spring flowers, proving themselves per-
fectly useless for the propagation of the species, contrasted sin-
gularly with the inconspicuous and seemingly imperfect flowers,
which were developed later in the season from special shoots.
But these inconspicuous flowers, although in their general
aspect not betraying their importance, proved themselves
capable of safeguarding the existence of the species. Small wonder
that the name V. mirabilis — ^The Wonderful Violet — was given
to this species.

In North America little attention seems to have been paid
to the morphology and the biological and systematical impor-
tance of cleistogamy in violets by the early botanists. Its
general occurrence in acaulescent violets, as far as the authors
have been able to ascertain, was first accentuated by Dr.
Edward L. Greene, whose observations dating frorn 1896, shed
much greatly needed light on the morphology and biological
relationships of North American violets. In the year 1896
Dr. Greene stated (according to extracts from Cybele Colum-
biana Vol. I, No. 1, 1914, p. 7) that "the very most common of
our so called acaulescent violets, continued long after their short
■season of showy vernal flowering to put forth apetalous flowers
from which are produced all or nearly all the seeds by which
individuals are multiplied and the species perpetuated."

As the production of seed in the capsules of the apetalous
flowers is the result of a process of self-fertilization and as further-
more the flowers in which this takes place, never open, it is
evident that the seed developed in the cleistogamous flowers
necessarilv is perfectly pure, i.e., that it gives when sown a
progen}^ of rlants having the characters of the parent plants.
In other words, through cleistogamy the pure lineage of the
various srecies is infallibly upheld.
'Linnaeus, Sp. Plant. 2, 936. 1753.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 147

Although much more conspicuous and pretentious in
aspect the ordinary showy petaliferous flowers of our violets
are of far less importance for the propagation of the individuals
than are the cleistogamous ones. This is evident from the fact
that only in few cases do they produce any seed. Their life
generally ends with the withering of their petals, shortly after
which all traces of the whole flower are gone. In most cases,
there is no postfloral maturing of capsules because the ovules
are incapable of developing into germinable seeds. The reason
for this sterility is simply that, as a rule, the petaliferous flowers are
not fertilized. They lack the abilit}^ of self-fertilization and are
consequently dependent for their fertilization on outer agencies.
Furthermore, special arrangements and morphological peculiar-
ities of the sexual organs, the nature of which need not be describ-
ed in this connection, tend to make self-fertilization extremely
difficult, if not wholly impossible.

Under these circumstances it is evident that when seed is
found developed in the capsule of a petaliferous violet flower,
it must be regarded as the result of a cross-fertilization between
two flowers. These two flowers may belong to- the same in-
dividual, to two difl^erent individuals of the same species or
to two individuals of distinct species. To which one of these
three possibilities the development of seed in the capsules of
petaliferous flowers is to be attributed in individual cases
can only be determined by a study of the progeny raised from
this seed.

That the capsules of petaliferous flowers in most species of
our violets frequently produce germinable seed, is beyond doubt.
Actual observation supporting this statement are, however,
rather scant. Brainerd^ states that though the infertility of the
petaliferous flowers has often been observed, he has "during
the past season (1903) found these capsules to be usually fertile."
In the vicinity of Ottawa the same observations have been made
on V. Macounii Greene and the writers believe they could be
easily made on practically all species of acaulescent violets
were these more closely observed.

That fertilization of petaliferous flowers really often takes
place, is demonstrated beyond a doubt, by the frequent occur-
rence of hybrids between different species of violets. As the
formation of hybrids through cross-fertilization of the cleist-
ogamous flowers is wholly out of the question the mere fact
of their occurrence must necessarilv prove that fertilization
of and seed formation from petaliferous flowers often occur.

Rhodora, Vol. 6., p. 10.

148 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

In this paper the authors will endeavour to give
a brief account of the general characteristics of violet hybrids
and also a list of the hybrids recorded from the North American
continent.

ToTthe.Jamateur botanist who has neither time nor incli-
nation to study with earnest perseverance the multitude of
violets occurring in our woods and meadows, the existence of
intermediate forms between different species is at first apt to
provoke confusion and discouragement. A closer study of those
intermediate forms which at first may seem to blur the system-
atic boundaries between well defined extremes belonging evi-
dently to different specific units will, however, instead of causing
confusion, help most comprehensively to avoid it. In other
words, the recognition of certain intermediate forms as casual
hybrids will prove one of the most helpful means to the botanist
endeavouring to arrive at a well founded understanding of the
systematic value and relationship of our violets.

The hybrid nature of puzzling forms, apparently interme-
diate between two species, can be most easily determined.

The general appearance of hybrid plants, their vigorous
vegetative development, their bright and abundant flowers
and, generally speaking, their air of strength and splendour is
often very characteristic. When odd plants displaying these
marks are. found in violet colonies composed of two or more
species, they very often prove to be typical hybrids between
well defined species.

The vegetative superiority of hybrids in plants is, however,
a too well known feature to warrant a lengthy discussion. It
is sufficient to say for the sake of illustration, that for instance
hybrids in the genus Epilolium and in grasses are always
characterized by their conspicuously vigorous vegetative organs.
Not only do they display a most luxuriant growth as far as foliage
and profusion of shoots are concerned, but their ability to survive
and hold the ground is far more pronounced than that of any of
their parents. Several observations have thus been recorded to
the effect, that hybrids between species of Epilobium, origi-
nating in a ditch or any other area of limited extension, are able
on account of the superior strength of their vegetative organs,
after a few years, to take possession of every inch of the ground,
killing every plant of the species from which they originated.
Similar observations have been made on violet hybrids. In
botanic gardens, where several species of violets are grown in
close proximity, it has been recorded that species, after a few
years, often have been killed and replaced by more vigorous
hybrid plants.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 149

The conspicuous vegetative development of certain wild
violet forms, the systematic value of which may at first seem diffi-
cult to understand, may therefore often indicate, to the student
of violets, their hybrid value. It must be understood, though, that
however helpful be the general characteristics briefly hinted
at above for the recognition of hybrids, the decision as to whether
a suspected form be really a hybrid or not can be satisfactorily
reached only through a minute study of its morphological and
sexual characteristics. This means not only that a violet in
order to be classified as a hybrid, should be intermediate between
supposed species as far as vegetative characters are concerned,
but also, and particularly, that the morphological and cyto-
logical development of its sexual organs should most strongly
support its supposed hybrid nature. In doubtful cases, the
functional capacity of the pollen and the ovula must really
furnish the final decision on the question whether a certain indivi-
dual should be regarded as a hybrid or not. Space will not permit
that in this article European literature bearing upon the subject
of hybridization as influencing the development of sexual organs
in violets be quoted. This is also, in fact, unnecessary as num-
erous observations relating to the subject have been recorded
in North America. This is especially true as far as the develop-
ment of seeds in hybrid violets are concerned, in other words,
as far as the development of, or rather the failure of develop-
ment of the female organs is concerned.

Strangely, but as a matter of fact most naturally, con-
trasting with the luxuriant growth of the vegetative organs
of a violet hybrid stands its more or less marked sexual impotence,
i.e. , its incapability, to a greater or less degree, of reproducing itself
sexually. Generally a violet hybrid is markedly barren and al-
though developing numerous capsules and ovules fails to pro-
duce an adequate number of germinable seeds.

A few quotations from one of the excellent papers of Dr.
E. Brainerd' on the subject will suffice. Thus, describing the
hybrid plants between V. septentrionalis and V. fimbriatula
Dr. Brainerd says that "in the late summer they produce
numerous cleistogamous flowers and fruit, but nine-tenths of
the ovules remain unfertilized."* Observations on hybrid
plants of the combination V. cucullata x fimbriatula also reveal
the fact that specimens of the same in their cleistogamous
flowers, develop capsules which either contain only a few rip-
ened seeds or even become "brown and withered as though

3 Rhodora, Vol. 6. pp. 213-223.
* I.e. 216.

150 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

entirely unfertilized."^ The hybrid V. fimbriatula x sororia,
according to Dr. Brainerd, is less sterile than most hybrids,
but never was a capsule found that contained more than half
the normal number of seeds.® Also in other hybrids, the char-
acteristic sterility of the capsules is most typical. Thus, V.
cucuUata x septentrionalis was found to bear onl}^ from one to
six seeds'' and, in the hybrid V. septentrionalis x sororia, "the
uniformly stunted and often distorted capsules containing
mostly aborted ovules"® clearly betrayed its mongrel origin.
In V. affinis x sororia the capsules of the cleistogamous flowers
were found to be small and often one-sided and relatively
infertile" and in V. cucuUata x sororia although numerous,
proved to be all small, imperfect and few seeded.'""

The above quotation will suffice to substantiate what was
stated without confirming evidence on a previous page, namely,
that in a hybrid between two violet species, the faculty of
producing the normal amount of germinable seed is most con-
spicuously reduced. To avoid misconception, it ma}'' be
pointed out, especially, that the degeneration of the sexual
organs mentioned above refers to the cleistogamous flowers,
that is to say the flowers, which in specimens belonging to a
" good " species normally produce an abundance of well developed
seed. As the cleistogamous flowers are always self-fertilized
this failure, in hybrid plants, to bear seed of normal reproductive
vigour, cannot be explained by assuming that the pollen neces-
sary for the fertilization of the ovules has not been available.
It can be explained only by recognizing the fact that the mixing
of and unnatural union of sexual units, belonging to distinct
species, in the reproductive organs of the hybrids, is causing
a disturbance of the functions of the sexual cells which mani-
fests itself in partial or total sterility.

The inability of the cleistogamous flowers of hybrid plants
to produce seed of normal vitality is thus very pronounced.
This being the case, it is evident that when violet plants are
found having sterile cleistogamous flowers they may be looked
upon as possible hybrids. In fact, such plants in most cases
are really hybrids. The sterility of the capsules of the
cleistogamous flowers in violets is therefore a character which
will prove most helpful for the identification of critical forms as
hybrids.
^ I.e. 217
« I.e. 218
' I.e. 220

8 I.e. 221

9 I.e. 222
" I.e. 222 t

(To be continued)

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 151

FAUNA OTTAWAENSIS.*
Order Lepidoptera: Family Noctuid^e; Subfamily Phy-

tometrin^.

By Arthur Gibson.

In a study of the species of moths of this stibf amily occurring
in Eastern Canada as classified by Hampson in Vol. XIII of
the Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British
Mtiseum (1914), I have been interested in listing the species ,
which have been found in the Ottawa district. This list is
presented herewith, together with some larval notes on certain
species. These latter add to our knowledge of the early stages
of these insects. Many of the moths in. this subfamily were
formerly classified under the generic name Plusia and more
recently under the genus Autograpka. The former generic
name, however, has now gone into the synonomy, w^hile only
one species of the latter genus occurs in Canada, namely,
Autographa par His, which has been collected in British
Columbia.

The letter "G" following the records indicates that the speci-
mens were collected bv me, the letter "F" by the late Dr. James
Fletcher, and the letter "Y" by Mr. C.H. Young.
Syngrapha falcifera Kirby. 18, 30, 31 May, 1899; 1 June, 1900;
6 June, 1901; 7 June, 1899; 10 June, 1902; 12 June, 1901;
15 June, 1904; 16 Aug., 1900; 11 Sept., 1902; 2 5 Sept.,
1899; 26 Sept., 1903; 1 October, 1900, (G).

In 1 90 1 , 1 secured eggs of this species from a living female
and the larvae were reared on common plantain. Some were
mature and spun cocoons on June 2 7, and moths emerged on
July 8, 10 and 12. During the same year I received a larva
from Toronto which was found feeding on wild lupine,
Lupinus perennis L. This specimen pupated on July 1, the"'
moth emerging on the 18th idem.

Syngrapha epigaea Grt. 6 Aug., 1901, (Y); 22 Aug., 1904, (F);

27 Aug., 1902; 30 Aug., 1899, (G).
Snygrapha selecta Walk. 18, 22 Aug., 1900, (Y) ; 2 7, 28 Aug.,'

1902, (G).
Syngrapha rectangula Kirbv. 30 July, 1902, (Y); 11 Aug-.

1902, (G); 18 Aug., 1900, (G); 19 Aug., 1900, (Y).

Syngrapha octoscripta Grt. 26, 29 June, 1903, (Y); Julv, 1886,
(F); 21 Aug., 1902, (G) ; 21 Aug., 1900, (Y) ; 23 Aug.,
1902, (Y); 30 Aug., 1899, (G).

♦Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa .

152 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides Gn. 2, 6, 19 Aug., 1905, (Y).
Pseudeva purpurigera Walk. 12, 19 Julv, 1902, (Y) ; 20 July,

1905, (G); 21 July, 1903, (Y) ; 28 July, 1904, (Y) ; 29 July,

1906, (Y).

Phytometra hrassiccB Riley. 10 Aug., 1911, (G); 16 Aug., 1900,
(G); 31 Aug., 1900, (Y) ; 3 Sept., 1900, (G) ; larva on cab-
bage 5 Sept., pupated 13 Sept., moth emerged in cellar
26 Sept., 1908, (F).

This is a common economic pest of cabbages in the
United States, but fortunately it has not as yet appeared as
a very destructive species in Canada. In 1907, the larvae
were found rather commonly in a large greenhouse in Toronto
where lettuce was being grown. Specimens forwarded
to me changed to pupae on Jan. 2 7, the moths emerging
at Ottawa on Feby. 23. In the Ottawa district I have
occasionally found the larvae on cabbage.

Phytometra ruhida Ottol. 5 June, 1905; 13 June, 1906; 17
' June, 1904, (Y).

Phytometra putnami Grt. 6, 12, 15 June, 1901, (G) ; 14, 21
June, 1899, (Y) ; 23 June, 1908, (G) ; 26 June, 1905, (F);
28 June, 1899, (G) ; 14 July, 1899, (G).

Phytometra contexta Grt. 1, 2, 5, 12 June, 1899, (G) ; 7, 12, 13

June, 1901, (G) ; 18 June, 1904, (G) ; 8 Julv, 1905, (F); 11

Aug., 1903, (Y); 12, 29 Aug., 1902, (G); 13 Aug., 1904, (G);

21 Aug., 1904, (Y); 25 Atig., 1899, (G) ; 23 Sept., 1911,

(Beaulne).

In 1901 eggs were secured from a captive female.
Oviposition took place June 14, and the larvae hatched
June 19, the egg stage being thus five days. The larvae
fed readily on Kentucky Blue Grass.

Phytometra biloba Steph. 29, 30 June, 1903, (Y) ; 2, 3 July.
1903, (G); 2 Julv, 31 Aug., (Y) ; 3 Sept., (G) ; 24 Sept.,
1900, (F); 22 Oct., 1903, (G).

Mr. Young has found the larvae at Ottawa on clover.

Phytometra oo Cram. 2 5 May, 1903, (G).

This specimen was named rogationis by Ottolengui.
This however, is placed, by Hampson, as a synonym of oo.

Phytometra precationis Gn. 2 5, 30, 31 Mav, 1899, (G) ; 2, 7
June, 1899, (G) ; 5 June, 1894, (F) ; 10 June, 1902, (G) ; 18
Jtme, 1904, (G) ; 2 5 July, 1900, (Y) ; 12 Aug., 1904, (G);
24, 26 Aug., 1899, (G); 30 Aug., 1900, (G); 10 Sept., 1908,
(G); 15 Sept., 1899, (G) ; 24 Sept., 1900, (G).

Common around flowers in late May and June. Many
specimens have been seen frequenting the flowers of Cara-

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 153

gana and other shrubs in the arboretum, Central Experi-
mental Farm. In 1905, eggs were secured from a captured
female. They were laid on July 1st and hatched on July
7th. The larvae in Stage I were pale greenish, skin smooth
and shiny, the segments rather deeply divided. Tubercles
small, black, each bearing a blackish bristle. Head semi-
translucent with a brownish tinge; mouth parts yellowish-
brown; ocelli black. Thoracic feet concolorous with head;
prolegs concolorous with body. Moulted 14 July. My note
on Stage II reads: Length 6.5 mm., pale greenish cylindrical
larvae, with black tubercles, each with a rather long stiff
black bristle — much the same as Stage I. Head paler
than body. No further notes were taken owing to pressure
of other work. The mature larva has been described
fully by Chittenden.*

On July 8, 1901, specimens of the larvae of this species
were found at Ottawa feeding on common plantain,
Plantago major. Pupation took place on July 12, and the
moths appeared about a fortnight later. In 1912, I found
a larva on cabbage, which changed to pupa on July 30, the
moth emerging on Aug. 19. Mr. C. H. Young has found
the larvae feeding on grass and clover.

Phytometra himaculata Steph. 30 July, 1906, (G) ; 23 July, 1904,
(Y); 6 Aug., 1902, (Y); 11 Aug., 1901, (G).

Phytometra mappa G. & R. 26 Jime, 1904, (Y).

In addition to this specimen Mr. Young collected a
female moth from which he secured eggs. The young larvae
were fed on dandelion and by autumn had grown to rather
more than half an inch in length. They stopped feeding
and acted as if they wanted to hibernate. They died,
however, before winter.
Phytometra ampla Walk. 13 June 1899, (G) ; 19 June, 1901,
(Y); 20, 29 June, 1903, (Y); 23 to 28 June, 1903, (Y);
23 June, 1908, (G) ; 7 July, 1903, (Y) ; 6, 9 Aug., 1901, (Y).

Phytometra cereoides Grt. 24, 30 June, 1904, (Y) ; 7 Julv, 1899.
¥'■' (G); 7 Julv, 1899, (Y) ; 7 Julv, 1902, (Y) ; 8 Julv, 1905,
r. ^(F); 24 Aug., 1904, (Y).

On May 28, 1901, I found the larvae fairly aeundant,
on a hillside near the Rideau Canal, feeding on Solidago
canadensis. The larvae were nearly full grown and it was
extremely difficult to see them on the food plant. They were
nearly all collected by "beating." The following descrip-

♦Btill. 33, U.S. Div. Ent., p. 71.

154 . The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

tion was taken: Length when mature 34 mm., cylindrical
in shape, tapering towards the head, which is slightly smaller
than segment 2. The whole of the body is pale green,
the dorsal vessel a darker green. The dorsum is covered with
short, whitish, crooked lines, which slope from about
1 mm. above the stigmatal band to a faint, whitish crooked
line which borders the thin median skin through which
the dorsal vessel is seen. Stigmatal band yellowish-
white; spiracles whitish, ringed with black. All the feet
concolorous with body. Head slightly paler than
body, no markings; ocelli black; tips of mandibles
blackened. The larvae spun cocoons and pupated soon
after collection, and the moths emerged on June 9 and 10.

A very brief description of this larva was published
by Thaxter in 1876.*

Phyiometra area Hbn. 18 July, 1899, (G) ; 18 July, 1899, (Y);
12, 19, 22 Aug., 1900, (Y) ; 16, 24, 30 Aug., 1900, (G) ;
15 Sept., 1899, (G) ; 1 Oct., 1902, (G).

A single larva of this species was found on mint at
the Central Experimental Farm, on May 9, 1901, from
which the following description was drawn : Length 3 1 mm.
Head 2 mm. wide, rounded, slightly indented at vertex,
lobes full; concolorous with body excepting antennae,
which are paler and slightly brownish at tips; mouth
parts also slightly brownish ; ocelli black; hairs on face
slender. Body cylindrical, plump , tapering towards extremi-
ties, light green on dorsum, dark green on sides and venter,
the whole body spotted with white dots. From centre
of dorsum to spiracles are five stripes, all white with excep-
tion of spiracvilar stripe, which is yellow. Spiracles faintly
orange, ringed with black. Tubercles normal, white, setae
dark, tubercle IV in a line posterior to lower end of spiracle.
Thoracic feet and prolegs concolorous with venter. On
May 13 the larva began to spin its cocoon, and by the
16th had changed to pupa. The moth emerged on June 4.
In 1899 a cocoon was fotmd on a celery leaf, the moth
emerging on Aug. 10.

Phyiometra halluca Geyer. 7 July, 1899, (G) ; 7 Julv, 1903,
(Y); 9, 14 Julv, 1900, (Y) ; 20 Julv, 1904, (G); "9 Aug.,
1900, (G).

Mr. Young has found the larva on cabbage, from
which he reared the moth on 13 Sept., 1906. Fletcher,
in 1878, found the larva at Billings' Bridge feeding on Red

♦Psyche, vol. 1, p. 188.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 155

Raspberry, and in 1880 on mint. The pupa is a striking
object, being of a cream colour beautifully marked with a
wide, irregular, broken, black band on dorsum and a
row of lateral black spots. In length it is about 20 mm.

Palceoplusia venusta Walk. 2 July, 1899, (Y); 24 Aug., 1900,
(Y); 27 Aug., 1902, (G) ; 30 Aug., 1899, (G).

Abrostola urentis Gr. 19 Aug., 1900, (Y).

The moths have also been reared by Mr. Young from
mature larvae collected on 15 Aug., 1898, 15 Sept., 1899,
and 8 June, 1905. The larvae were found on nettle. I
have recently had an opportunity of examining two inflated
specimens. The caterpillar is a rather handsome one, being
pale green in colour or pale brownish, with whitish
V-shaped marks on dorsum, one on each abdominal segment,
the sides of which inwardly are bordered with pale brown
in the green specimens and darker brown in the pale brownish
variety. On segments 5, 6 and 12, the lower portion of the
V-shaped mark is filled with brown, an indistinct whitish
dorsal stripe is present, and a wide white stigmatal band
bordered above with brown. On either side of each ab-
dominal segment is a wide oblique dark dash. Head pale
green, reticulated with brown. Down the centre of each
cheek is a darker band of brown and on either side a wide
margin of the same colour. In the brownish larvae the
head is of a much darker brown, the reticulations being
very distinct. The thoracic feet are pale brown, the
prolegs being concolorous with the body. The posterior
half of the anal feet are brown.

RANDOM BOTANICAL NOTES FROM PORTNEUF

COUNTY, QUE.

By Bro. M. Victorin, of the Christian Schools, Longueuil

College, Que.

Botanically speaking, the Laurentian area of Quebec is
very nearly untrodden ground. It has been the good fortune of
the writer to spend a full week on the upper part of the River
Ste. Anne, Portneuf Co., towards St. Raymond and the vicinity,
and to observe some of its prominent fioristic features.

;As could be expected we find that the flora of the district,
though not difTering essentially from that of the Laurentian
zone north of Montreal, exhibits, nevertheless, a somewhat
more pronounced boreal aspect.

156 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

The whole valley is densely drifted with heavy sand
and clay deposits, obliterating the underlying crystalline rocks.

Getting in the field at the end of July, we are at first
impressed by the local abundance of Habenaria clavellata (Michx.)
Spreng., an orchid very little known in this province. Evidently
it is the leading Habenaria, thriving in everv mossy corner.
On the scant}^ sandy covering of the rocky slopes, it is interesting
to note a peculiar grass, Danthonia compressa Aust., the range
of which as given in Gray's Manual, "Maine to New York and
southward" should be thus considerably extended.

Kneeling to drink from a drying spring we come by a tiny
Sparganium which tvirns out to be Sparganium acaule (Beeby)
Rydb., a critical species we will meet under various puzzling
forms later in the season, in the Temiscouata region. The
ponds swarm with Sagittaria latifolia Willd., and Calla palustris
L., while Carex trisperma Dewey is a common sedge in sphag-
num swamps. Characteristic enough of the open-ground
flora are Galhim asprellum Michx., Comandra livida Richards,
Veronica officinalis L., and Hieracium scabruni Michx.

We notice with considerable displeasure very extensive
patches, where the hirsute rosettes of Hieracium Pilosella L.,
check all other vegetation. We have elsewhere C) drawn atten-
tion to this dangerous invader from the Maritime Provinces
which spreads with alarming rapidity.

Going down the river to "Chute k Panet," where an im-
portant pulpmill dams the waters, we make a find of more than
ordinary interest. Aster linariifolius L. was of doubtful record
in Quebec, its supposed northern limit being latitude 45 degrees.
It was therefore a surprise to see that beautiful blue-rayed
Aster covering the exposed gneissic rocks in the river, just below
the dam. But the plant, though belonging undoubtedly to
A. linariifolius L., differed from the typical form in its less rigid
leaves and shorter oblong-linear, mostly round-tipped, ascending
leaves, and in having the oblong-linear obtuse bracts of the
involucre more hebaceous. It then proves to be a well-pro-
nounced geographic variety, which through the courtesy of
Professor M. L. Fernald, of the Gray Herbarium, now stands
thus: 0.

Aster linariifolius L., var. Victorinii Fernald (nov. var.)
Humilis 1-1.6 dm. altus; foliis adscentidibus vel patentibus
confertis viridibus oblongo-linearibus, longioribus 1.3-1.8 cm.
longis 2-4 m.m. latis, apice rotundatis vel obtusis, Qjiehep:^

(^) Naturaliste Canadien, XL : 86
(») Rhodora, XVI : 192

1915]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

157

Aster linariifolius L., var. Victorinii Fernald.

1. The plant — natural size

2. A leaf— X 4

3. Akene with pappus — -x 4

4. Outer bract of the involucre — ^xjS

5. Inner bract of the involucre — x" 8

4

158 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Feb.

On rocky banks of River Ste. Anne, St. Raymond, Portneuf Co.,
August, 1914, Br9. M. Victorin, No. 618. (Type in Gray
Herbarium).

While travelling on the Canadian Pacific Railway between
Montreal and Quebec, we noticed that a small blue-rayed Aster
occupied an extensive tract of sandy ground between Trois-
Rivieres and Champlain. We are quite convinced it is A.
linariijolius L., but whether it is the typical form or the variety
Victorinii, or an intermediate between them, is vet to be deter-
mined.

Before leaving "Chute a Panet," Gentiana linearis Froel.,
a lover of the near-by moist thickets must be mentioned.

Some ten miles north of St. Raymond the country becomes
thoroughly wild, and partly cultivated land gives wa}^ to fish
and game territories, dotted with innumerable lakes.

If we go up the so-called main branch of the River Ste. Anne,
we enter a most picturesque region, well-known to sportsmen
under the self-explanatory name of Pique-Monche. There
begins the famous Tourili Club Territory. From the Club-
House, a Chemin de Portage takes us to 1000 feet over a hill
before we tramp to the grassy shores of the first of a magni-
ficent series of lakes, Lake Ouastaouan. This small lake looks
much as if artificially induced by the industry of beavers. It
is quickly disappearing owing to the deposition of mud, and a
vigorous growth of carices and water-lilies.

We were pleased to record here the presence of a much
critical plant whose distribution is little known with us: Nym-
phaea ruhrodisca (Morong) Greene, a probable hybrid between
A^. Americana (Prov.) Miller & Standley, and A^. microphylla
Pers. The numerous uprooted rhizomes indicate that the
beavers of the Ouastaouan rely on this plant for food.

The shallow ends of the lake maintain a hvdrophytic
association of some interest: Myrio'phyllum Farwellii Morong,
Myriophyllum verticillatum L., var. pectinatum Wallr.,the loose
submerged form of Hippuris vulgaris L., and Utricularia
macrorhiza Le Conte.

Though very little attention was devoted to cryptogams,
we noticed Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Azahlbr., a crustose
lichen expanding its thallus horizontally on tight dying sphagnum
hummocks; Dicranum longifolium Ehrh., a frequent moss in
the Laurentides grows in high situations.

Perhaps the most pleasant outing a nature lover can make
in this part of the country is to take the "Little Saguenay"
trip.. You, go up the Bras du Nord to a distance of about

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 159

fifteen miles, entering gradually into a canyon well deserving the
name' it bears : "Little Saguenay." The scope of these notes
does not permit us to dwell on the most interesting remains
of the glacial period to be observed there. Let it be suffi-
cient to say that the glacier has passed throtigh that narrow
valley, has notched some of the peaks in odd fashion, and left
numerous kames and moraines.

A relatively good Chemin de Portage begins on the right
bank of the river, and ascends very quickly to a height of 1 100
feet where Lake Hauteur sleeps on the edge of the cliff with a
bald, notched and grim looking gneissic peak, sitting on its
silent shores. A little vigorous paddling brings us to the
opposite shore, where another Chemin de Portage starts.
This, roughly laid on the rich humus carved by the
royal hoof of the moose, winds for miles through the magni-
ficient northern forest, until we reach another small sheet of
water. Lake Epinette. Our aneroid now shows 1300 feet above
the, level of the river, and the herbaceous vegetation becomes
more typically boreal, as it appears by the growth of Luzula
parvifiora (Ehrh.) Desv., nodding its dishevelled heads over
cold springs, and especially Galium Kantschaticum Steller,
an arctic-alpine species hitherto unknown from the Laurentian
district. Very common is Epipactis tessellata (Lodd) A. A.
Eaton, all along the Chem,in de Portage.

Numerous mosses, lichens and hepatics thrive in these
essentially mesophytic conditions. Sloping down damp rocks
are thick cushions of Sphagnum Girgensbhnii Russ., and
Sphagnum quinquefarium (Lindb.) Warnst., with stiff er groups
of Polytrichum Ohioense R. &. C. framing the reddish masses
oi Scapania nemorosa (L.) Dum., while the pallid Trichocolea
tomentella (Ehrh.) Dum., creeps in magnificent attire.

In every fresh spot, Mnium affine Bland., Plagiothectum
Ruthei Limor., Brachythecium rivulare B. & S., Drepanocladus
uncinatus (Hedw.) Warnst., are to be found.

The shallow margin of Lake Epinette is strewn with the
black alga-like masses of the hydrophytic Fontinalis Novae-
Angliae Sulliv. But much more interesting is the fact that the
line brings from a bottom of fifteen feet a compound of Dre-
panocladus capillifolius Warnst., and a submerged form of
Sphagnum subsecundum Nees., which, according to Dr. A. Leroy
Andrews, has been made a Warnstorfian species, namely Sphag-
num obesum Wils.

To close these notes we will onlv mention a visit to Lake
Sept-Iles, which gave us Glyceria Torrevana (Spreng.) Hitch.,
with the usual Eriocaulon septangulare With., and Lobelia Dort-

160 The Ottawa Naturalist, [Feb.

manna L. Moreover in a corner of that lake which has developed
into a peculiar type of peat bog, and has received the name of
"Lac des Bouleaux," we find, extremely abundant, Nymphaea
ruhrodisca (Morong) Greene, already mentioned from Lake
Ouastaouan. We are, therefore, led to the conclusion that this
hybrid water-lilly is very common with us, and generally over-
looked. We are satisfied also that, fragmentary as they are,
these observations lead to extend considerably northward the
range of such interesting species as Aster linariijolius L., Galium
KamtschaticMm Steller, Danthonia compressa Aust., etc.

BIRD NOTE.

The present winter, thus far, has been a comparatively
mild and open one, the recent thaw having laid bare the hill-
sides and reduced the lower levels to small ponds. I covered
eight miles to-day cross-country on Isle Jesus without the use
of snowshoes.

In a farming district, where decayed vegetation and other
refuse was lying about, I observed a flock of 2 5 crows, the birds
passing and chasing one another as they moved in a southerlv
direction. The familiar caws reminded one of days in March
when migration is at its highest. Crows seldom remain vdth
,.us during the winter and whether their presence now indicates
a continuance of mild weather and an early spring, remains to
be seen.
Westmount, Que.

January 17th, 1915. W. J. Brown.

ERRATA.

In the account of the meeting of the Botanical Branch,
held on Nov. 14, 1914, published in the December issue of
this volume two slight errors occurred which should be corrected.

On page 118, it is stated that "Dr. Malte dealt more par-
ticularly with forage roots such as mangels, turnips and sugar
beets. He pointed out that the original wild form of such
root crops consisted of a creeping form found on the sand of
the coatal regions of Europe." The wild plant referred to, is
Beta maritima, ' from which our cultivated mangels and sugar
beets have been developed. This plant has, of course, nothing
whatever to do with the turnip varieties which have been
developed from species of Brassica.

On page 119, it is further stated that, in the district of
Yarmouth, N.S., "eleven hundred pounds of seed per acre is
about the average for mangels." This statement should not
refer to mangels, but to turnips.

THE OTTAWA NATURALIST

VOL. XXVIII MARCH, 1915. No. 12.

HYBRIDIZATION IN THE GENUS VIOLA.
By M. 0. Malte and J. M. Macoun.
(Continued from page 150).

As, however, the cleistogamous flowers are developed
comparatively late in the season, their failure to produce nor-
mal seed can be utilized as a means of determining the hybrid
nature of critical forms only by those students who have the
opportunity of studying the violets after the showy petaliferous
flowers have wholly or mostly disappeared, i.e., at a time when
the amateur botanist generally considers the violet season a
matter of the past.

Early in the season, before the capsules of the cleistogamous
flowers are beginning to ripen, the hybrid nature of suspected
plants can be most satisfactorily ascertained through an exami-
nation of the pollen of their showy, petaliferous flowers, as
it is not only the sexual cells of the cleistogamous flowers which
are affected by hybridization, but also those of the petaliferous
ones. In other words, the whole sexual apparatus of a hybrid
plant, including both male and female organs, is conspicu-
ously deteriorated and incapable of normal functions.

The stamens of a violet flower have, as is well known,
very short filaments, sometimes hardly -.visible to the naked eye.
Their anthers, on the other hand, a,re broad and composed of
two cells, separated by a rather conspicvious connective. The
latter carries on its top a peculiar appendage which is
generally brown or reddish brown. The anthers proper, that
is to say, the portion of the stamens below the appendages,
are placed close together and have the appearance of a cupola,
from the centre of which emerges the pistil. In their cells
they carry numerous pollen grains which, when normally devel-
oped, appear more or less triangular, quadrangular, or elliptic,
depending upon the species and also on from which side they
are viewed.

162 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

The pollen grains of a stamen taken from a plant belonging
to a good species, are all uniform as to size and general appearance.
When examined in a drop of water under a microscope mag-
nifying 200 to 500 times they appear opaque and of a dull
grayish colour, owing to the fact that they are filled with a rich
and slightly granulated protoplasma.

The opaque appearance of the pollen grains and also their
uniformity are characters which can be observed not only on
living plants but also on pressed material which has been kept
dry for many years.

The appearance of the pollen, developed by a hybrid plant,
is quite different. In the first place, the pollen grains are far
from uniform in size and shape. Only a few reach the size
of those of a good species, the majority being much smaller.
They appear irregular in outline, are often shrunken and always
of a bright colour. Examined under a microscope with a low
magnification, say 100 times, the pollen from a hybrid violet
gives an impression of emptiness and sexual incapacity. Exam-
ined under higher magnification, most of the pollen grains prove
really, to be empty or filled with a watery content. Even
those grains which, under lower magnification, appear to be
fairly normal, prove to be filled with a very poor and watery
Drotoplasma, and are therefore almost transparent.

The percentage of good sized grains in pollen of violet
hybrids varies with the combination of the hybrid. The closer
the species from which a hybrid has been formed are related
to each other, the less degenerated becomes the pollen of the
hybrid. Those hybrids, however, which are formed from system-
atically widely separated species, have an extremely poor
pollen, the percentage of evidently wholly useless pollen grains
often running as high as 95 per cent or more.

The sterility of the pollen in the petaliferous flowers of
hybrid violets is, briefly, just as marked as the sterility of the
capsules of the cleistogamous ones and consequently furnishes
an equally excellent means whereby, in doubtful cases, the
hybrid nature of violet plants can be ascertained.

The fact that hybrids between distinct species of violets
show reduced sexual capability, should evidently be of great
assistance to students endeavouring to reach a clear under-
standing of the systematic relationships of closely allied forms,
inasmuch as the sterility or fertility of intermediates between
such forms may decide whether the forms in question represent
distinct specific units or merely are varieties of one species.

This question will, however, not be further discussed
in the present paper.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. . 163

The following is a list of violet hybrids which so far have
been recorded in North America.
V. affinis x Brittoniana Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 37, 169.

X cucullata Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 49.

X fimbriatula Dowell, Bull. Torr. Club. 37, 170.

X hirsutula Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7 171.
(= V. affinis x villosa Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 56.)

X nephrophylla Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 50.

X palmata Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 171.

X papilionacea House, Rhodora 8, 119.

X sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 55.

X septentr ion alls Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 219.

X sororia Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 221.

V. Brittoniana x cucullata House, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 32, 2 55.
{=V. notabilis Bickn. Torreya 4, 131).
" V. cucullata x septemloba Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 52.)

" X emarginata House, Rhodora 8, 120.

(= V. emarginata x septemloba Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 53.)

X fimbriatula Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 172.
(=y. Miiljordoe VoW. Proc. Soc. Biol. Wash.
15, 205).
" V. fimbriatula x septemloba Brainerd, Rhodora 8,

51.)
" x lanceolata Forbes, Rhodora 11, 15.

" X palmata nom. nov.

(= V. palmata x septemloba Brainerd, Rhodora
8, 55).

X papilionacea Dowell, Bull, Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 173.

" X sagittata House, Rhodora 8, 120.

(=V. sagittata x.v^p/&m/c»6a Brainerd, Rhodora
8, 51.)

" X sororia Dowell, Proc. Staten Isl. Ass. 3, 162.

V. cucullata x fimbriatula Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 217.

{=V. Porteriana Poll., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.
24, 404).
X nephrophylla Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 50.

" 'K palmata Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 115.

(Not V. cttcullata x palmata Brainerd, Rhodora
8, 56. which is V. cucullata x triloba Brainerd,
Rhodora 15, 115.)

" x papilionacea Brainerd, Rhodora 8 ,56.

164 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

V. cucullata x primulijolia Brainerd, Rhodora 11, 115.

(=1/. lavandulacea Bickn. Torreya 4, 130, V.

cucullata x (?) emarginaia Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 52.)
" X sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 52.

X septenirionalis Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 220.

{V. nielissaejolia Greene, Pitt. 5, 103.)
" -K. sororia Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 222.

" X triloba Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 115.

(= V. cucullata x palmata Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 56.)
V. emarginaia x hirsutula nom. nov.

(= V. emarginaia x villosa House, Rhodora 8,

120.)
" x^api/zowac^a House, Rhodora 8, 120.
" X sororia Dowel], Proc. Staten Isl. Ass. 3, 162.

V. fmbriaiula x hirsutula Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 175.

(=V. fimbriatula x villosa House, Rhodora 8,

121.)
" X palmata Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 114.

(Not V. fimbriatula x palmata Brainerd,

Rhodora 8, 51, which is V. fimbriatula x

triloba, Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 114).
" x papilionacea Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 54.

(=V. papilionacea var. aberrans Stone.)
" -K septent7'ionalis Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 215. -

" X sororia Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 218.

" :k triloba Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 114.

(= V. fimbriatula x palmata Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 53.)
V. hirsutula x palmata Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 96»

(Not= V. palmata x villosa Brainerd, Rhodora

8, 56, which is V. hirsutula x triloba Brainerd,

Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 95.)
" X papilionacea Brainerd, Rhodora 9, 98. (=V. villosa

var. cordifolia Nutt., V. papilionacea x

villosa House, Rhodora 8, 121.)

V. hirsutula x sororia Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 176.

" X Stoneana Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 96.

(= V. Stoneana x villosa House, Rhodora 8,
121.)
■ -" ^tribola Brainerd, Btill. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 95.

(V\ palmata x villosa Brainerd, Rhodora
8, 56.)

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 165

V. lanceolata x primulifolia Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.

37, 176.
V. latiuscula x triloba Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 94.
V. nephrophylla x pedaiifida -Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club.

39, 94. (=F. M/'z7ma//^ Poll, and Cockerell,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. IS, 178.)

V. oconensis x sagittata House, Torreya 7, 136.

V. pallens x primulifolia Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 177.

V. palmata x papilionacea Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 3 7, 177,
x sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 115.

(Not V. palmata X sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora,
8, 54, which is V. sagittata x triloba Brainerd,
Rhodora 15, 115.)
X triloba Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 88.
(= V. Angellae Poll. , Torreya 2, 24, V. palmata
va.r. Angellae (Poll.) Stone, Proc. Acad. Phila.
1903, 678.)

V. papilionacea x pedatifida Brainerd, Bidl. Torr. Bot. Club.

40, 249.

" X sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora 8, 54.

X sororia Dowell, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 37,178.
X Stoneana, Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 93..
X triloba Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 90._
V. pedatifida x sagittata Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 40, 2 52.
X sororia Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 40, 2 53/..
V. sagittata x triloba Brainerd, Rhodora 15, 115.

{=V. palmata x sagittata Brainerd, Rhodora 8,
54.
V. septentrionalis x sororia Brainerd, Rhodora 6, 221.
V. sororia x triloba Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 92.

(=(?) V. popidifolia Greene Pitt. 3, 337.)
V. Stoneana x triloba Brainerd, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39, 93.

Of the above hybrids, totalling not less than sixty, only
two have been recorded from Canada.

These are V. cucullata x septentrionalis and V. fimbriatula
X septentrionalis.

V. cucullata X septentrionalis.

This hybrid was first described by Dr. Greene" as F.
melissaefolia from specimens collected in 1902 by Mr. L. W.
Watson on Prince Edward Island. Its hybrid nature was,
however, later recognized by Dr. Brainerd, who also states that
plants belonging to the same combination, have been collected
by Dr. J. Fletcher at St. Stephen, "N.B."

" Pittonia, vol. 5, p. 103.
" Rhodora, vol. 6, p. 220.

166 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

In the Geological Survey herbarium of Ottawa there is
a specimen collected by Mr. J. M. Macoun at "Billings' Bush
near Ottawa, May 18th, 1898," which puzzled the collector.
It is mounted as No. 18761 with two specimens labelled V.
septentrionalis Greene. The collector, however, was in doubt
whether it should be referred to V. septentrionalis, and therefore
wrote on one side of the specimen " F. cuctillata ?" In other words,
the collector was in doubt as to whether it should be considered
a form of V. cucullata or whether it should be referred to V.
septentrionalis. In some respects it shows the characters of
vone of these species, in others it comes close to the other one.

There is no dotibt, however, that the specimen in question
represents a true hybrid between the species mentioned.
The authors have had the opportunity to revisit the locality
and have observed and collected many specimens of the hybrid,
_growing with their parent species.

V. cucullata x septentrionalis, as it occurs in the vicinity
of Ottawa, reminds one at a superficial glance, very much of
V. cucullata. It 'iorms dense and very vigorous bunches and
develops an abundance of beautiful sky-blue flowers which,
like those of V. cucullata are borne on pedicels much surpassing
the leaves and which, therefore, are very conspicuous. The
exposed position of the flowers is, however, not the only thing
which makes them so conspicuous. They are, in addition to
being numerous and of a very rich colour, surprisingly large,
in fact much larger than the flowers of either V. cucullata
or V. septentrionalis.

A closer examination of the specimens collected reveals
the fact that as far as their morphological characters are con-
cerned, they represent undoubted itermediates between V.
cucullata and V. septentrionalis. It is true that their pedicels
are much longer than those of V. septentrionalis, but on the
other hand they are decidedly shorter than those of V.
cucullata and though soft and w^eak, are not slender
as is the case with the pedicels of V. cucullata. The
herbage of the hybrid plants differs from that of the glabrous
V. cucullata in being very sparsely and obscurely hirtellous-
hairy, and b}^ the very same character from V. septentrionalis,
which is rather conspicuously hairy, especially on the petioles.

The characters of the sepals in the hybrid are also inter-
mediate between those of the parent species. In V. cucullata
the sepals are perfectly glabrous, i.e., are not at all ciliolated

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 167

along the margins, whereas the sepals of V. septentrionalis are
strongly and very conspicuously ciliolated. In the hybrid the
sepals have rather sparsely ciliolated margins.

,< The conclusive evidence showing beyond doubt that the
plants are forms of neither V. cucullata nor V. septentrionalis,
but hybrids between those species, is, however, furnished by
the pollen. An examination of the same proves this without
doubt. A large number of pollen grains are perfectly sterile,,
as a matter of fact not less than about 95 per cent, whereas
pollen from specimens of V. cucullata and V. septentrionalis ^
collected with the hybrid, shows one hundred per cent perfect
grains.

V. [fimbriatula X septentrionalis was collected at
Charlottetown, P.E.I. , by Mr. L. W. Watson. ^^ As specimens of
this hybrid have not been seen by the authors of the present
paper, it will not be discussed here.

In the spring of 1913 the authors made a joint excursion
to Chats Falls, Ont., situated on the Ottawa River, and only
about 20 miles from the Capital. Among other interesting finds
was a violet h^-brid which is of special interest not only because
it has not been recorded before from America, but also because
the species from which it had been formed belonged to a group in
which hybrids, so far, have never been observed on the American
continent. The hybrid in question is

V. CONSPERSA RCHB. X ROSTRATA PuRSH.

The occurrence of this hybrid in the Ottawa district is
furthermore of interest, because V. rostrata is a comparatively
rare plant in these latitudes. As a matter of fact, its occurrence
at Chats Falls was a very agreeable surprise to the authors
as so far, it had been recorded only from three localities
in the vicinity of Ottawa. The occurrence of the hybrid between
V. rostrata and V. conspersa was, as a matter of fact, less surprising
than the occurrence of V. rostrata itself. The two species grew
mixed together and blossomed at the same time. Consequently as
hybrids between allied species of violets are very readily formed—
a fact that is most emphatically demonstrated by the list of
hybrids, given on previous pages — the discovery of the combin-
ation V. conspersa x rostrata was really only a matter of diligent
search, it being quite a natural consequence of the parent species
growing together.

^^ Brainerd, Rhodora, vol. 6, p. 217.

168 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

The most conspicuous difference between V. conspersa and
V. rostrata is, as is well known, that the spur of the former is less
than 8 mm. long and comparatively stout, whereas the spur of
the latter species is 10-12 mm. long and slender. The hybrid
-found at Chats Falls is characterized by having a spur the size
and shape of which is just intermediate between those of the
parent species. All other morphological characters, which it is
hardly- necessary to describe in detail, are also intermediate
between those of V. conspersa and V. rostrata making
it quite certain that the plants referred to are natural
products of a spontaneous crossrfertilization between the
species in question. That this really is the fact, is further-
more proven beyond doubt by the condition of the pollen as
developed in its petaliferous flowers. Ninety-five to one hundred
per cent of the pollen grains are imperfectly developed, shrunken,
deformed and empty. Consequently they are sexually impotent
and incapable of fertilizing the ovules of either the hybrid itself
or of the parent plants.

What has been written must be considered as only an
introduction to a more complete and detailed study of the genus
Viola but it is hoped that enough has been said to encourage
local botanists to undertake similar work in this genus within
easy walkinof distance of their homes.

AUGUST BIRD LIFE AT PLEASANT POINT, ONT.*

By Melville Dale.

During the past three summers it has been my privilege to
spend part of the month of August at a little summer resort
called Pleasant Point, situated on Sturgeon lake, some ten
miles from Lindsay, and some seventy miles north-east of
Toronto. The Lake is one of the Kawartha group and is part
of the Trent Valley canal system. It is about fifteen miles long
and from one to two miles wide. A dam at Bobcaygeon has
raised the level of the lake to some extent, and formed a
considerable area of "drowned land" at the mouth of the
Scugog river. This marsh is composed of the usual growth
of wild rice, bulrushes, pickerel weed, white and vellow pond
lilies, etc., while many lagoons both large and small are found
within its confines. In certain localities numerous stumps
rise a foot or so above the water and form a favorite roosting
place for the gulls, terns and herons.

*Read before the Mcllwraith Ornithological Club of London.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 169

The land is quite rocky and the soil in the immediate vicinity
of the lake poor. Farther back, however, the farms are excel-
lent. The trees are the usual ones found in the north country,
white birch, cedar, balsam, pine, maple, red and white oak pre-
dominating.

As alreadv mentioned my observations have all been made
during the month of August, so that the records kept include
both summer residents and early fall migrants. In fact, if it
were not for the small birds, particularly warblers, which arrive
in great hosts about the middle of the month, August would be
a rather unprofitable and uninteresting time for the bird student
in this district.

From the camp at Pleasant Point, walks are taken up
country in different directions for the study of land birds, while
canoe trips are made to various points of interest along the lake
shore or up the marsh. Probably the most interesting excur-
sion of all is the one up the north arm of the lake in the direction
of Fenelon Falls. About half way to the Falls a number of
stumps are located along the west shore, some of them a few
inches or a few feet above the water, others just below the surface
far enough to make navigation dangerous in any but very calm
weather. It was here the Caspian Tern was first observed in
the summer of 1912. Identification was easy as the birds
allowed a very close approach before taking flight, and even
then they circled back and forth over the canoe, strongly voicing
their displeasure at being molested. On August 22nd, 1914, a
census was made of the birds found here, which showed Herring
Gull 40, Ring-billed Gull 60, Caspian Tern 15. The difference in
the color of the feet, even more readily than the difference in size,
distinguishes the two gulls as they stand around on the stumps,
but any differences which might be apparent then are immedi-
ately lost as the birds rise and fly screaming through the air.

The following list of species observed does not, of course,
pretend to be a complete one, but will show to some extent the
variety of birds to be found in this district.

Pied-billed Grebe, Podilynnhns podiceps\ — Common. Breeds
in large numbers in the marsh.

Loon, Gavia iniber — ^Tolerably common. Often seen disport-
ing themselves in the lake in front of the camp.

Herring Gull, Larus argentatus — Common.

Ring-billed Gull, Larus delawarensis — Common. Above cen-
sus would seem to indicate that they are more numerou
than the Herring Gull.

fScientific names supplied by Associate Editor — P. A. T.

170 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

Bonaparte Gull, Larus Philadelphia — A small flock of ten or
fifteen usually to be found during August, feeding in the
middle of the lake.

Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia — This rare species is one of the
notable birds of the lake. Their favorite roost seems to be
the stumps half way to Fenelon Falls, but later they were
discovered in similar stumpy areas in the marsh. They
are also to be found fishing singly or in pairs up and down
the lake, and may be distinguished from the gulls even at
a distance, by the characteristic, down-pointing head and
bill. The identification is made doubly sure when one drops
into the water with a great splash to secure some luckless
minnow.

Black Tern, Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis — Fairly com-
mon. Breeds in the marsh. Early migrant. Nearly all
gone by the middle of August.

Black Duck, Anas rubipes — Flocks, sometimes numbering

hundreds, seen in the marsh.
American Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus — Common.
Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias — Very common.

Green Heron, Butorides virescens virescens — Along the river in
•the marsh. Somewhat rare.

Virginia Rail, Rallus virginianus — ^The only one observed was
on August 19th, 1914, btit no doubt there are numbers of
them throughout the marsh.

SoRA Rail, Porzana Carolina — Several records for this bird.

Also no doubt quite common.
Florida Gallinule, Gallinula galeata — Very abundant. One

of the most interesting birds of the marsh.

American Coot, Fulica americana — A few seen each year. Not
nearly as common as the Gallinule.

Least Sandpiper, Pisohia minutilla — A small sandpiper observed
from the deck of the steamer en route from Lindsay to the
Point. It flew up as the boat approached and identification,
of course, is not positive.

Solitary Sandpiper, Helodromas solitarius — During the wet
summer of 1912 several were noted alongshore and in a pool
in a clearing in the woods. None seen in 1913 or 1914.

Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularius — Common.

Black-bellied Plover, Squatarola squatarola — August 9th,
1912, one seen in a wet field three miles from the lake
— a rather unusual place. Identified by the white rump
and black patches under the wings.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 1 71

KiLLDEER, Oxyechus vociferus — Common.

Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus — Found in swampy places.
Marsh Hawk, Circus hudsonius — Not very common.
Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter velox — One seen some distance

u\) country.
Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo horealis — A pair bred in a big woods

half a mile froin camp.

Sparrow Hawk, Falco sparverius — A few seen up country.
OsPREY, Pandion haliaettis carolinensis — One fishing near Bob-
caygeon, August 12th, 1912.

Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon — Very common.

Hairy Woodpecker, Dryobates villosus — Common.

Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens — Common.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Syphrapicus varius — Rather
numerous. Breeds.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus — A
number at the Point. Much more numerous up country.

Flicker, Colaptes auratus — A few observed each summer. Not
common.

Nighthawk, Chordeiles virginianus — Flocks of fifteen or twenty
seen during migrations.

Chimney Swift, Chcetura pelagica — A few always flying around*

Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris — One or two seen each
year.

Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus — Quite common and as usual
very noisy.

Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus — ^To be seen or heard
every day.

Phoebe, Sayornis phcebe — Plasters nest under the rocky ledges
in Fenelon river.

Olive-sided Flycatcher, Nuttallornis borealis — ^This rare
species is one of the features of Pleasant Point bird life.
It is quite a common breeder and may be seen almost any
time of the day sitting on the top of some dead tree watching
for passing insects.

Wood Pewee, Myiochanes virens — Heard calling from the deep
woods.

Alder Flycatcher, Empidonax trailli alnorum — Heard one
calling from a swampy thicket.

Least Flycatcher — Empidonax minimus- — Fairly common.

172 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

Prairie Horned Lark, Octocoris alpestris praiicola — Found in

fields a short distance from the lake.
Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata — Only one or two seen each year.
Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchus — Ever present.
Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus — Found up country.

CowBiRD, Molothrus ater — Quite rare. Only two or three
records covering the three years, one of them, unfortunately,
being that of a young bird fed by a red-eyed vireo.

Red-winged Blackbird, Agelaius phceniceus — Great flocks in
the marsh.

Meadowlark, Sternalla magna — Not very common.

Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula, — Rather rare.

Bronzed Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula ceneus — Quite numerous

up country.
Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus — Rather rare.

Goldfinch, Astragalinus tristis — Common everywhere.

Vesper Sparrow, Pooccetes gramineus — A few along the road-
side near the lake.

Savannah Sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis savanna — Not
singing in August and therefore difficult to locate. Posi-
tively identified once, and suspected frequently.

White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis — Common.

Chipping Sparrow, Spizella passerina — Common.

Slate-colored Junco, Junco hyemalis — One might expect this
sparrow to be common but only two or three seen each
summer.

Song Sparrow, Melospiza melodia — Common.

Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana — Found in the marsh.

RosE-BREASTED Grosbeak, Zamelodia ludoviciana — Quite rare.

Scarlet Tanager, Piranga erythromelas — Also rare.

Purple Martin, Progne subis — Heard near Fenelon Falls.

Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon lunifrons — Common.

Barn Swallow, Hirundo erythrogaster — Common.

Tree Swallow, Iridoprocne hicolor — Rather rare.

Bank Swallow, Riparia riparia — Common.

Cedar Waxwing, Bombycilla cedrorum — Very common.

Migrant Shrike — Lanius ludovicianus migrans — Quite common
up country.

Red-eyed Vireo, Vireosylva olivacea — Very common.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 173

Black and White Warbler, Mniotilta varia — Probably the

most numerous warbler.
Nashville Warbler, Vermivora rubricapilla — A few seen each

year.
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina — August 21st, 1914,

one seen.
Parula Warbler, Compsothlypis americana — A number seen

each year.
Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina — 1914 the first year this

bird was recorded. Twelve seen in one day.
Yellow Warbler, Dendroica cestiva — A few seem to breed in

this locality, but not at all common,.
Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica ccerulescens — Also

breeds in small numbers.
Myrtle Warbler, Dendroica coronata — Common.
Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia — Quite a common

migrant.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica — Common.
Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea — Comm.cn during

migrations.
Blackpool Warbler, Dendroica striata — August 21st, 1914, one

seen.
Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca — Very common

during migrations.
Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens — Very

common.
O VEN-B IRD — Seiurus aurocapillus — Common.
¥/ater-thrush, Seiurus noveboracensis — Numbers breed in the

swampy places. In August they may be seen feeding in

the open along the shore among the drift wood and other

debris.
Mourning Warbler, Oporornis Philadelphia — Keeps to the

swampy thickets and rarely seen in August.
Maryland Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas — Quite a common

bird.
Wilson Warbler, Wilsonia pusilla — August 19th, 1914, adult

male seen. Only record.
Canadian Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis — Common, especially

during migrations.
American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla — Very common.
Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis — Common.
House Wren, Troglodytes aedon — Fairly common.

174 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mar.

Winter Wren, Nannus hiemalis — Nests in swampy places.

Not singing in August and therefore hard to find.
Long-billed Marsh Wren, Tehnatodytes palustris — Abundant

in the marsh. Their nests are to be found all over, and the

birds scold the intruder as his canoe is pushed among the

reeds.
Brown Creeper, Cerihia jamiliaris — Only one or two observed.
White-breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis — Very common.
Red-breasted Nuthatch, Siita canadensis — A few seen each

year. Breeds.
Black-capped Chickadee, Penthestes atricapillus — Around the

camp all the time.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula — One or two seen

in 1912.
Veery, Hylocichla juscescens — Common.
Robin, Planesticus migratorius — Common.
Bluebird, Sialia sialis — A number seen each year.

The discover}^ of this bird and its use of the Trent Valley
as a migration route adds considerably to our knowledge of its
distribution in Canada. About five years ago Mr. John Firth,
Durham, was authority for the statement made to Mr. W. E.
Saunders, that a mounted specimen in his collection came from
an island near Parry Sound "where they were breeding." Mr.
Saunders had no opportunity of investigating this matter for
himself but at his request, Mr. Gu}^ A. Bailey of Geneseo, N. Y.,
went to Parry Sound about 1911 to investigate the matter and
found, sure enough, that the bird nested in considerable numbers
on at least one of the islands in that district. He returned
with photographs of the eggs and young.

Prior to this discovery the only place where these birds
were known to nest in the Great Lakes was a little cluster of
islands in Lake Michigan and now, following the addition of this
bird to the Canadian breeding list comes this definition of its
migration route.

This bird is seen in both spring and fall migrations on
Lakes Huron, St. Clair, Erie and Ontario, but nowhere has it
been reported in anything like the numbers that have been seen
on Sturgeon lake.

Mr. Saunders and his friends, who make such frequent
visits to Point Pelee, have always found this species to be rare;
and its size, coupled with its peculiar call, almost dog-like in
tone, together with the fact that Terns are ustially noisy,
renders it likely that very few pass unnoticed within the range
of the observer.

1915] The Ottawa Naturalist. 175

BOOK NOTICE.

Nerves— By Professor D. Fraser Harris, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.E.,

Etc., Professor of Physiology, Dalhousie University,

Halifax, N. S.

This most admirable handbook on "Nerves " belongs to that
excellent series, "The Home University Library of Modern
Knowledge," published by Williams and Norgate, London.
The series ranges over such diverse fields as Literature, Art,
History, Philosophy and Science, and the authors include some
of the most eminent specialists of our time. Professor Fraser
Harris's little treatise of nearly 2 50 pages will rank among the
best, for it is brightly written, full of interesting matter, thor-
oughly up to date, and as clear and concise as could be desired.
The book has a distinct literary flavour, as might be expected
from a writer who has the distinction of being a member of the
exclusive "Authors Club" of London.

Nobody, in these days of stress and strain, needs to be told
that he possesses nerves. Most people are only too painfully
aware of the fact, and like James David Forbes, the Scottish
physicist, compelled to confess "I am laid on my back, and
unable to revolve through the smallest aliquot parts of a right
angle without a tremendous twitch."

A clearer description of the nerves, and of nerve functions,
than Dr. Fraser Harris gives in his first two chapters cannot,
we feel sure, be found, though a few good figures of the brain,
spinal cord, and of actual preparations, not diagrammatic, would
have been helpful to ordinary readers. Many curious facts
are detailed in the earlier chapters, stich as the ascertained
speed of nerve impulses, viz.: 180 feet per second in man's
motor nerves. These nerve impulses are not the same as
electrical waves, though all neural activity, as of all muscular
activity, is accompanied by electrical disturbances. The con-
tinuity of the neuraxone is carefully explained and in Chap. Ill
the nature of nerve centres, or specialized groups of nerve cells,
are admirably elucidated. The nerve centres are a "hierarchy,"
the lower centres obey the higher, says the author, there is no
equality, but there is co-operation, surely an object-lesson for
some politicians' Curiously enough nerve activities are not
specific for experiment shows that a nerve for inhibiting the
heart was grafted on to the nerve for dilating the pupil of the
eye, and on being stimulated the heart-nerve actually dilated
the pupil (p. 78). The character of nerve activity depends upon
the tissue or organ in which the nerve ends. Habit or the form-
ing of nerve-paths, individual susceptibility or the truth that
" what is one man's meat is another's poison," and other interest-

176 The Ottawa Naturalist. . [Mar.

ing topics are all admirably treated. The importance of inhibi-
tion is revealed, and the most recent views on fatigue, sleep, and
nerve restoration, set forth. Professor Fraser Harris's views
on sleep attracted wide attention, when he delivered his remark-
able Midland Institute lecture, in Birmingham, some years ago.
It is here shown that sleep results normally from a kind of poison-
ing of the brain cells, decreased brain circulation, and diminished
sensation. Sleep may be prevented by too energetic brain
circulation, excessive mental occupation, etc., and the para-
graphs are most valuable upon the causes of "insomnia, " that
dread calamit}'', which is well-nigh the worst of human ills. The
author gives some curious examples of sleep under difficult
circumstances, but these are even surpassed by the recorded
instance of a naval captain during the last attack on Rangoon
(in the Indian Mutiny), when, worn out by constant overstrain,
he fell into a deep sleep on deck, and slept for two hours though
he lay within a yard of one of the largest guns, which was being
energetically fired the whole time. The author does not shrink
from postulating a "nerve force" as a scientific fact, in spite
of its psychological and metaphysical dangers, and he declares
that our nervous system is " dynamogenic." The tremendous
muscular power of maniacs, must be attributed to abnormal
production of such nerve force. In Chap. IX on " Nervousness"
Dr. Harris describes the Nissl granules. In the cell rested and
fresh the granules are well-formed, but in overworked cells they
become irregular and indistinct, hence they must be the physico-
chemical basis of nerve energy. Gland cells are similarly cram-
med with minute granules in the rested condition, but are
deficient in granules after active glandular secretion. High
phosphorus (lecithin) is beneficial for nerves in a starved, fatigued
condition, and fatty food, under proper conditions, is valuable.
The pages on fussiness, irritability or "bad temper," neuras-
thenia and other troubles are scientifically described. Bodily
health and nerve health are vitally connected, and the power
of inhibition is a supreme blessing, this power of control being
the expression of nerve vigour, it is "Knowing when and where
to stop, when not to act and not to speak."

A useful glossary of terms, and a brief bibliography of
"nerve" books, and a very concise index complete a model
guide upon a subject of universal interest. Professor Harris is,
we notice, the onlv Canadian author who has written a book
for this "Home University" Series, which the London "Daily
Telegraph" affirms gives "the world's learning in little."

E. E. P.

INDEX

TO
THE OTTAWA NATURALIST, VOL. XXVIII, 1914-15

PAGE

Abrostola urentis, larva des-
cribed 155

Abscission 41, 61

Achorutes nivicola Ill

Admontia degeerioides 114

Alophora ceneoventris '. . . 114

" diversa 114

" magnipennis 114

nitida 114

American Redstart 173

Antennaria, Genus, in Green-
land 87

Antennaria alpina 88

glabrata 89

" grocnlandica 89

" intermedia 89

Archytas analis 115

Arthonia Macounii, sp.nov. . 36
Aster linariifoliusy var. Vic-

torinii 156

Biatoria atrofttsca 34

" lenticularis nigricans 34
Birds as destroyers of noxious

insects 119

Bird encouragement, prob-
lem of 81

Bird life, preservation of . . . 7
Bird Life at Pleasant Point,

Ont 168

Bittern, American 170

Bird notes 160

Blackbird, Red-winged 172

Blepharipeza adusta 115

" leucophrys 115

Bluebird .'• 174

Blue lay 172

Bobolink 172

Blue-tailed skinks 104

Book Notices ; —

Animal Communities in
Temperate America, by

V. E. Shelford 60

Birds of New York, Part II ;
Land Birds, by E. H.

Eaton 94

Bird Houses and How to
Build Them, by N. Dear-
born 116

Check List of the Fishes of
Canada and Newfound-
land, by A. Halkett. ... 38

PAGE

Commission of Conserva-
tion, Fifth Annual Re-
port 117

Fodder and Pasture Plants,
by G. H. Clark and M.

O. Malte 40

Handbook of the Rocky

Mountains Park Museum 95
The House-fly, Musca do-
mestica. Its structure,
Habits, etc., by C. Gor-
don Hewitt 116

Nerves, By D. Fraser

Harris 175

Bombyliontyia abrupta 115

Botanical Branch, O.F.N.C 10,

117, 139
Botanical Notes from Port-

neuf Co., Que 155

Brainerd, Dwight, article by 124

Bro-W'-n, W. J. note by 160

Buck, F. E., reports of Bo-
tanical Branch meetings 117, 139
Burdock Gelechiid 96

Camsell, Chas., article by. ... 21
Carnegie Institute of Wash-
ington Publications in Car-
negie Library, Ottawa. ... 55

Cardiiim. decoratiim 108

Ceramograptus riidemanni sp.

nov 129

Catbird 173

Chickadee, Black-capped.. . . 174

Chimney Swift 171

Cistogaster immaculata 114

Cladonia furcata var. con-

spersa 33

Claiisicclla johnsoni 114

CoUembola occurring at Arn-

prior, Ont 110

Coot, American 170

Cowbird 172

Creeper, Brown 174

Criddle, Norman, articles by. 119,
126, 138

Criddle, Stuart, article by . . 130

CroA' 172

Cryptomeigenia thelitis 114

Crytophlceba horrida 114

Cuphocera fiicata 115

55493

178

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Mar.

PAGE

Dale, M., article by 168

Dinosaur, Carnivorous, from
the Belly River, note on a

new genus and species. ... 13

Duck, Black 170

Echinomyia algens 115

' ' florum. 115

Eddy, E. D., Report as

Secretary O.F.N.C 7

Elaphe vulpiniis 104

Entomological Branch, O.F.-
N.C 10

Entomological Soc. of On-
tario., annual imeeting of. 126
Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides . . 152

Errata .' 160

Eunieces quinqmlineatus 104

Eulasiona comstockii 114

Excursions, O.F.N.C, 6, 9, 58, 79,

92

Eorista cheloncB 114

" endry(S 114

futilis 114

" nigripalpis 114

pystc 114

" vulgaris 114

Exoristoides harringtoni 114

Farley, F. L., note by 11

Felt, E. P., article by 76

Flicker 171

Flora, new illustrated. Pro-
vince Quebec, a plea for. . 53

Flycatcher, Alder 171

Crested 171

Least 171

Oliver-sided. ... 171

Frontina tenthredinidarum . . 115

Gall midges as forest insects . 76

Gallinule, Florida 170

Galls, Leaf 78

" Stem 78

" Root 78

Garter Snakes 103

Gelechiid, Burdock 96

Geological Museum Work on

Pt. Pelee 97

Gibson, Arthur, articles and

notes by 20, 57, 60, 94, 96, 143,

151

Gold Finch 172

Gonia capitata 115

Gorgosaiirus libratns, n. sp . . 13

Grackle, Bronzed 172

PAGE

Grebe, Pied-billed 169

Greene, E. L., article by. . . . 85

Grosbeak, Cardinal 55

" Rose-breasted. ... 172

Grouse, Roughed 171

Gull, Herring ' 169

" Ring-billed 169

" Bonaparte 169

Gymnosoma fnliginosa 114

Halkett, Andrew, articles by 56,

59, 80, 92
Hawks and Owls, of Alberta,

winter notes on 11

Hawk, Marsh 171

Red-tailed 171

" Sharp-shinned 171

Sparrow 171

Heron, Great Blue 170

Green 170

Hjort, Johan, Dr., lecture by. 140

Hognosed Snake 103

Hudson, G. H., article by. . . 129

Hummingbird 171

Hybridization in the genus

Viola 145

Hypostena variabilis 114

Isotoma nigra Ill

J unco. Slate-coloured 172

Killdeer 171

Kingbird 171

Kingfisher 171

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned 174

Klinck, L. S., book review by. 40

Lambe, L. M., article by. . . . 13

Lark, Prairie-horned 172

Lccanora gibbosa, var zonata. ii

glaitcomela 34

Lichens from Vancouver Is-
land 33

Lccidea conjiuens oxydata. . . 35

' ' distincta 35

Lecidea lalypea 34

' ' latypiza 35

Linnceinyia picta 114

Lloyd, F. E., articles by. . .41, 61

London Biological Club 20

Loon 169

Mackenzie River Basin,

Waterways of 21

Macnamara, Chas., article by 110

I

1915]

The Ottawa Naturalist.

179

PAGE

Macoun, John, article by. . . . 36
Macoun, J. M., article by. 145-160
Macoun, W. T., Report as .0^

Treas. O.F.N. C 12"

Malte, M. O., article by. 145-160
Mammals as destroyers of

noxious insects 119

Martin, Purple 172

Maryland Yellowthroat 173

Masicera eufitchice 115

myoidea 115

Meadowlark 172

Merrill, G. K., article by. . . . 33

Metachceta helymus 115

Midges, Gall, as forest insects 76

Morns rubra 102

Mouse, Banded Pocket 130

Mulberry, Red 102

Mustard, Tumbling, note on

colour of seed of 138

Myosurus in Canada 85

Newcombe, C. F., article by . 107

Nighthawk 171

Norse Fisheries 140

Nuthatch, Red-breasted 174

White-breasted.... 174

Ocyptera dosiades 114

CEstrophasia calva 114

Opegrapha betiilina.' 35

" varia diaphora. ... 35

Opuntia Rafinesqtiii 102

O.F.N.C., Programme, win-
ter meetings. .. . 128
Members, 1914-

1915 3

" Report of Council,

1913-1914 7

" Treasurer's State-
ment, 1913-14.. 12
Orange-crowned Warbler .... 100

Oriole, Baltimore 172

Osprey 171

Ottawaensis, Fauna, order
Lepidoptera, subfamily

Phytometrinse 152

Oven-bird 173

PalcBoplusia venusta 155

Peleteria prompta 115

Pewee, Wood 171

PhorichcEta sequax 115

Phorocera lophyri ^ . . .■ 115

" satindersii 115

Phytometrinae occurring at

PAGE

Ottawa 151

Peripatus, New Zealand .... 134

Perognathus fasciatns 130

Phytometra csrea, larva des-

iprr'cribed 154

" cBreoides, ;.' larva

^^^described 153

" ampla 153

" balluca 154

biloba 152

" brassiccB 152

" bimaculata -. 153

" contexta 152

" mappa 153

00 152

" precationis, larva

sidescribed 152

" putnami 152

rubida 152

Plagia americana 114

Plants in flower, March, 1914,

Sydney, B.C 36

Pleistocene Raised Beaches

^fe' at Victoria, B.C 107

Plover, Black-bellied 170

Polidea areas 114

Porsild, M. P., article by 87

Prickly Pear 102

Prince, E. E., articles by 134, 140

175
Proserpinus flavofa s c i a t a
ulalunte, preparatory stages

of 143

Prothonotory Warbler 100

Prothonotoria citrea 100

Pseudeva purpurigera 152

Purple Finch 172

Quail, notes on the 124

Rail, Virginia 170

Review of a Review 56

Rhabdophaga swainei, n. sp. . 7 7

Robin 174

Sandpiper, Least 170

'^ SoHtary 170

Spotted 170

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied. . . 171

Saunders, W. E., article by . . 81

Saundersia signifera 115

Short-billed Marsh Wren 100

Shrike, Migrant 172

Shutt, F. T., honoured by

jsi§,^Toronto University 57

Snake, Garter 103

180

The Ottawa Naturalist.

[Mar.

PAGE

Snake, Hognosed 103

Fox 104

Snow-flea... 110

Spallanzania hesperidarrtm . 115

Sparrow, Barn 172

Bank 172

ClifiE 172

Chipping 172

Savannah 172

Song 172

Swamp 172

" . Tree 172

" Vesper 172

• " White-throated 172

Stephanosaunis, gen. nov . . 17
Stephanosawus marginatus,

skull of 13

Sturmia albifrons 115

' ' inquinata 115

" nigrita 115

Syngrapha, epigcza 151

" falcifera 151

" octoscripta 151

" rectangula 151

selecta 151

Tachinidae of Quebec Pro-
vince 113

Tachina simulans 115

Tachinomyia robusta 115

Tanager, Scarlet 172

Taveiaier, P. A., article by. . 97

Tern, Caspian 170

" Black 170

Tothill, J. D., article by 113

Urasterella pidchella 130

Usnea cavernosa 33

Vancouver Island Lichens. . 31

VarichcBta aldrichii 115

PAGE

Veery 174

V errucaria (Bthiohola var.

acrotella 36

Victorin, Bro. M., articles by. 53,

155
Viola, Hybridization in the

genus 145, 161

Vireo, Red-eyed 172

Warbler, Bay breasted 173

Black and White... 173
" Black-t h r o a t e d

Blue 173

Blackpool 173

Blackburnian 173

" Black-t h r o a t e d

Green 173

" Canadian 173

Cape May 173

Chestnut-sided 173

MagnoUa 173

Mourning 173

Myrtle 173

Nashville 173

Parula 173

" Tennessee 173

Wilson 173

Yellow 173

Water-thrush 173

Waxwing, Cedar 172

Woodpecker, Hairy 171

Downy 171

Red-headed.... 171
Winthevnia quadripiistulata . . 115

Wren, House 173

Long-billed Marsh... . 174
Winter 174

Xylographa hians 35

Yoiing, C. J., note by 55

v'-^

THE

APRIL, 1914

VOL. XXVIII, No. 1

TTAWA
ATURAL

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.

Harlan I. Smith,

Anthropology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D.
Botany.

Prof. John Macoun.M.A.

Cottchology

BOitot:
ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

Associate BOitors:

W. H. Harrington,

Entomology.

H. M. Ami, D.Sc.

Geology.

Otto Klotz, LL.D.

Meteorology

P. A. Taverner,

Ornithology.

L. M. Lambs, F.G.S,,

Palaeontology.

C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.
Zoology

CONTENTS:

Council and Leaders, 1914-1915 -2

List of Members ---- 3

Spring Excursions, 1914 -- 6

Annual Report, 1913-1914 7

Winter Notes on Alberta Hawks and Owls. By F. L. Farley - - 11
Treasurer's Statement, 1913-1914 - - . - - - - 12
On a New Genus and Species of Carnivorous Dinosaur from the
Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the *
Skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same Horizon -

By L. M. Lambe 13

The London Biological Club -20

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These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

we OBAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Bookbinders, Printers v) 1 Jp^rKS ut. UttSWS

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BKST f^ f^ A T LOWEST

QUALITY \^\j£\l^ PRICK

S8 SPARKS ST. ^ Phone Queen 461

B5 TORONTO QENERALTRUST8

CORPORATEGN.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
rangins in value from $500 to $3,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation-

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS ST REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons

R. iVicQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
I 306 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

331-233 Bank St.

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.* stores i?$ss?i,w.i^n.tonst.

OTTAWA

r

w

0

H

m
d

0

>

s

0

d9

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H

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CD

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1791 Bank St

Zhe (Ottawa ftelt)'1RaturaU0t0' Club.

patton :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1914*1915

prediDent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.
Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretaris : ^ccaeuter :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. P. Watson.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

BDitor: Xibrarian:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Mr. T. W. Gibson, M. A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

pagt-prestOent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

StanMnd aommitteee of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. .Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Headers at £icurdion6:

Archaeology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. So^vi;er, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

HuMtors :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottavt^a Naturalist"

$1.00 per annum.

/<s

^A

va\ <^

THE

MAY, 1914

VOL. XXVIII, No. 2

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

PubUshed by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.

BOitor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

7l06oclatc BOitors:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S ,

Botany. Geology. Palceoniology.

Prop. John Macoun,M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology Meteorology Zoology

CONTENTS:

The Waterways of the Mackenzie River Basin. By Charles Cam sell 2 1

Lichens from Vancouver Island. By G. K. Merrill - - - Z3>

List of Plants in Flower in the vicinity of Sidney, V.I., March, 1914 36

Book Reviews; Check List of the Fishes of Canada; Fodder and

Pasture Plants 38

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED May 27, 1914
Entered at Ottawa Post Oiiic* as second dost K:atter

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

I

8

Q
UJ

(0
0

CM
Ul

MERCHANT TAILORS
ai7-ai9 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA

WB MAKE EVERYTHINO WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVBRYTHINQ WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN <fc COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post ofBce

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO.. LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

MHMT-Wa©lD)

UMITEO

OTTAWA *"» WINNIPEG,

SLEEPING
BAGS

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Surrey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A Specialtx
BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phono Queon 723

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4,952.759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS •; ;.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 24S8

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Coniult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgra. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELUBLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dc-pt. Agr., Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

W A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

S^ 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa

65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY QF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE- ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA. ONT
BRANCHES — Toronto. Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing" and
various Office Devices,

special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St , Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

IVIURPHY-GAMBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & SonsSSrre 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

•■•T C^f^ A T l-OWBBT

QVALITT V^V/XXj.^ PmCB

58 SPARKS ST. j» PboneQueea46l

li' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
11,500,000

Succaufal ■dmlnlitration of ESTATES
ranging In ralua from $100 to $1,000,000
Mch, it tha best guarantca that you may
confidently name at your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE thla Corporation:

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G. BUTTER WORTH& Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD*S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rldeau St.
3 STORES { 106 Sparks St.
[ 305 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

aOO Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. SOlS.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hattmn — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

rSSl-lSSBankSt.

MOLHALL HARDWARE LTD.*s-oREsjss^i^.%i^^,„st

OTTAWA

r

0
H

0

0

PI
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0

0

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7^

Of
SB

I

1701 Bank St

^be ©ttawa jftel^-^IRaturaliete' Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1914*1915

presiOent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

Vice^presiDents :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary: ^vcAem^t:

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

BDltot: ^Librarian:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M. A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. WilHams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

Past-prestOent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

StanDlng Committees of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Headers at Bxcursions:

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantjme, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Hairington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. WilHams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E, Lemieux, E, A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

IHu&ttorg :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 per annum.

LIBRARY

^2^^"y^ JUNE-JULY, 1914

^^ A V* VOL. XXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4

THE^*

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-NaturaUsts* Club.

JCDitot:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

BdeocUte JEMtor0:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malts, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambb, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palceontology.

Prof. John Macoun.M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology Meteorology Zoology

CONTENTS:

Abscission. By Francis E. Lloyd - _ - _ _ 41

A Plea for the Publication of a New Illustrated Flora of the
Province of Quebec. -------- 53

Publications of the Carnegie Institute of "Washington lately placed on
the shelves of the reference room, Carnegie Public Library. 55

The Cardinal Grosbeak in winter, in Northumberland County,

Ontario. ---------- 55

Review of a Review. -----__- 56

A Weil-Earned Honour. 57

Excursion to Rockcliffe. -------- 58

Book Notice : Animal Communities in Temperate America- - 60

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED July 7. 1914
Enttrtd at Ottawa Post Office as setond dan r.:atter

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERa

BED. E. PRESTON & SONS,

fie

8
S

GQ O

Q

UJ
I

(0
O

CM
Ul

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RiDBAU ST., OTTAWA
WB MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHINQ WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

HMT-W

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

Factory

SILK TENTS

HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind
A. iSpecialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS '.•

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THEMUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgrs. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA. ONT
BRANCHES— Toronto. Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order. -

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

- Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

B usiness
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

MURPHY-CAIVIBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murpiiy-Gaiiilile Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

o

1

THIS BAROMETER

/^

■c^^H^S^^

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

wi

i|

I A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

1 $3 50

\^

JF

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to ail instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These clieques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons SS. ST 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBIT
QUALITY

COAL

LOWB8T
PRICE

S8 SPARKS ST. ^ Pbone Queen 461

Ii° TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
raneins in value from $600 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation^

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

Am moan Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons-

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES -{ 106 Sparks St.
i 306 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS SL

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6287 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS SL - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.

1 231-233 Bank St.

crnw w<5 ^^ Somerset St. ^ OTTAWA

STORES 1107-1109 Wellington St. ^ 1 1 ^ W H

1 791 Bank St

r
PI

o

w

>
3

0

09

c

H
H

7^

r

(0

H
H

ZDe Ottawa jflelD^VlaturaUetd' cluD.

patton :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA.

Council 19 14- td 15

pteei&ent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

Vice«pre0iDcnt0 :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretang : Ureaeur^c :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

Bditot: Xfbtacian:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of^ Agriculture) of Agrictdture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M. A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. WilUams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

padt-presiOent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

StanMng Committees of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macotm,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

XeaDetd at Sicureions:

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. 1. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macotm, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Yoting.

BuMtorg :

. ^ J. Ballantyne. -E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturaiiet"

$1.00 pep annum.

I

AUGUST-SEPTEMBER. 1914

VOL. XXVIII Nos. 6 and 6

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.

36Dltor:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture

OTTAWA.

Bddoctate Bditors:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Orinthology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.vSc L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. P alcBontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LLD. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Abscission. By Francis E. Lloyd -- - -- -61

Gall Midges as Forest Insects. By E. P. Felt - - - - 76

Excursions -----79

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED August 31, 1914
Entered at Ottmva Post Office as second class matter

yNE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

OS

!;

h-

(0

o

CM
UJ

6E0. £. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217.219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St. —near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office gj^

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

^?rr^

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA ANo WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A. tSpeoialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANO

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - - -
Rest and undivided profits -

$4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS •.•

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA
PHONE QUEEN 2488

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CAN DA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgrs. Ottawa, Ont,

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLA.BLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST., OTTAWA. ONT.
BRANCHES — Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
variou-s Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 60c.

IVIURPHY-GAM6LE LliViJTED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murpiiy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa ■ 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

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Travellers Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self -identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISEFfS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE
Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BEST f^i^ A T LOWSaT

QUALITY ^^^_# r% g ^ PRICB

S8 SPARKS ST. <^ Plwne Queen 461

™? TORONTO GEHERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $000 to $5,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation^

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WAED'S MAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons.

R. McGlFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
[ 305 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r

M

as

0
H
W
0

0

^ 0

^

231-233 Bank St

MULHAIL HARDWARE LTD.'^™'<>«|sss«^ss«...s..

I 791 Bank St

OTTAWA

^be C^ttawa jftel^•<'1^aturaU6t6' (Tlub*

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA.

Council t914«'t9t5
president :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

It)ice«pre0i&ent0 :
Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretari?:

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A.
(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture)

BDitot:

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M. A.
Mr. W. T. Macoun.
Mr. J. J. Carter.
Dr. M. Y. WilUams.
Mr. Andrew Halkett.

^rea0ur€r :

Mr. J. F. Watson.
(Experimental Farm)

Xfbcartah :

Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept.

of Agriculture)

Dr. M. O. Malte.
Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
Miss A. L. Matthews.
Mrs. W. D. Oakely.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

past-prediDent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

StanDtng Committees ot Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F: Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Leetures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

XeaDers at Bicureione:

Archeology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGilUvray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

HuDitoW:

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Mambenshlp Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottawa ^Satupall8t*'

$1.00 pep annum.

OCTOBER. 1914

VOL. XXVin No. 7

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.

BMtOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department op Agriculture

OTTAWA.

?l00octate :iEOitor0:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Orinthology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. P alceontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LLD. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.

Conchohgy. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

The Problem of Bird Encouragement. By W. E. Saunders - 81

Myosurus in Canada. By Edward L. Greene - - - - 85

The Genus Antennaria in Greenland. By Morten P. Porsild - 87
Excursions -----------92

Book Notices — Birds of New York; Handbook of the Rocky

Mountains Park Museum -------94

The Burdock Gelechiid. — An Insect Seed-destroyer. By Arthur

Gibson .'---------- 96

The Rolla L, Grain Co., Limited -iCif**^

ISSUED October 22, 1914 »\>^_ ^< ..

Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter O' /O ®\ '3^

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

Q:
0

pfiQ
CO "^

:&%

Q

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA

WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

CO
O

CM

UJ

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN iSc COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS

FIVli STORtS

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

fvi

SLEEPING
BAGS

SILK TENTS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A. Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - - -
Rest and undivided profits -

$4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS •; ;.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR
beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CAN DA

Consult H. MOONEY &- SON

Mgrs. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA, ONT
BRANCHES — Toronto. Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

IVIURPHY-CAIVIBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa

65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR AO\/ERTI3ERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE
Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BKST f~^ /^ A T XOWB8T

QUALITY \_-.*_' ^* ' -» PRICB

58 SPARKS ST. jt Plione Queen 461

15.' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL

RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500,000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $500 to $5,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the gefluine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application. •
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons.

R. McQiFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
[ 306 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

1 10-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

/ 231-233 Bank St.

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.*^^™^ ?2SS?o'.'^.'iwons.. oitawa

I 791 Bank St

r

0
H

0

> ^
3

00

5«

PJ

r
PI

00

c

H
H

^be Ottawa jfielt)*»1Raturali0t0* aiub.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1914*1915
preeldent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

lt)ice«lprediDent0 :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Secretary : CrcaBurcr :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

(Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

3601tor : Xfbrarian :

Mr. Arthtir Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept,

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M. A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. D5miond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

Padt-predi£>€nt:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing dommitteed of Council:

Puhlicaiions: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun,
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J, Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams,Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Leetures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. WiUiams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Xeaders at Bxcureione:

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macotm, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

Huditore :

J. Ballantyne. E. C, Wight.

Mambepship Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottawa Naturaliat"

$1 .00 pep annum.

NOVEMBER, 1914

VOL. xxvin No. 8

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.

JCMtOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department op Agriculture
OTTAWA.

?l00ociate Bditors:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc. L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. Palaeontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Geological Survey Museum Work on Point Pelee. By P. A. Taverner 97

Pleistocene Raised Beaches at Victoria, B.C. By C. F. Newcombe 107

The Snow-Flea. By Charles Macnamara ----- 110

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED NOV. 30, 1914
Ettitrtd at Ottawa Post Offict as second class matttr

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

8E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WB MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERVTHINQ WE MAKE.

ml

Q
Ul

0)

O

CM
UJ

a:

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St. —near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

S\MT-W

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Pnotory - HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A Speoialtx

BLANKETiS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4.952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS .' ;.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2488

Deatist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the businesB is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgrs. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST., OTTAWA, ONT
BRANCHES — Toronto. Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

MURPHY-CAMBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company-
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$1C0 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE OEAL WITH OUR AOVERTiaERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

61 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBST
QUALITY

COAL

LOWBST
PRICE

58 SPARKS ST.- J* Ptwne Queen 461

'A^ORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

OORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600,000

Succenful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from SBOO to $5,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO BQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

Amarioan Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

3 STORES

76 Rideau St.
106 Sparks St.
306 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS SL

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SmiFH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2918.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

\A/EAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks' Street, Ottawa

[ 231-233 Bank St

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD. -tores |- !?%•.- li„,,.„st

'I

OTTAWA

r

CD

w

0

H
»
0

0

X

n

09

H
H

791 Bank St

^be (Ottawa jfiel^«•flaturali6t0' Club.

patfon :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA.

Council 1914^1915

pceetdent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

1t)ice«pte0tdent0 :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Sectetarc :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A.
Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture)

BMtOt :

Ivlr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

. Mr. J. W. Gibson, M I
Mr. W. T. Macoiin.
Mr. J. J. Carter.
Dr. M. Y. WilHams.
Mr. Andrew Halkett.

Mr. J. F. Watson.
(Experimental Farm)

Xibrartan :

Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept

of Agriculture)

Dr. M. O. Malte.
Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
Miss A. L. Matthews.
Mrs. W. D. Oakely.
Miss P. Fyles, B.A.

past-prcsiOcnt:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing Comm(ttec6 of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun.

H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.
Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,

Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,

Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Leetures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

* XeaOec0 at ]6icurdions :

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

Huditocd :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Mambepship Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 pel* annum.

w

DECEMBER. 1914

VOL. XXVra No. 9

TH E

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists* Club.

BOttOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture

OTTAWA,

Bddociate BOitors:

Harlan I. Smith,

Anthropology.

W. H. Harrington,
Entomology.

P. A. Taverner,

Ornithology.

M. 0. Malte, Ph. D.
Botany.

H. M. Ami, D.Sc

Geology.

L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

PalcBontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A.
Conchology.

Otto Klotz, LL.D.
Meteorology.

C. Gordon Hewitt. D.Sc
Zoology.

CONTENTS:

List of Tachinidae from the Province of Quebec. By J. D. Tothill 113
Book Notices ---------- 116

Meeting of the Botanical Branch - - - - - - 117

The Value of Some Mammals and Birds as Destroyers of Noxious

Insects. B}'^ Norman Griddle --------- 119

Notes on the Quail - - - - - -- - - 124

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1914 - 126
The Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club Programme of Winter Meetings 128

I

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

■^.

ISSUED DEC. 24, 1914 / /'*' ^•"^'^^ ^\ ^

EnUrtd at Ottawa Post Offtct as s*cond doss maUtr i .^ !l.l»5>«"^

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

CO

Q
Ul

(0

o

S

CM
Ul

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND QUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book. Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your n^are3t phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

KT-W

LIMITED

OTTAWA 'NO WINNIPEG,

SJLK TENTS

Factory . HULL..

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A Speci&lty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 729

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS ; .'.

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Msri. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA. ONT.
BRANCH tiS — Toronto. Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

MURPHY-GAIVIBLE UIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

lillurpliy-Gaml)le Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self -identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons .tS, Sr 6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BKST f^ {^ A T LOWB8T

QUALITY \ ^\ I r\ t ^ PRICB

S8 SPARKS ST. ^ PlMincQueeo46l

»° TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500.000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranjcing; in value from $500 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation:

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTAl&LISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rldeau St.
3 STORES A 106 Sparks St.
[ 305 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2918.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

z

3

CD

M

M

r

0

PS

H

W

0

0

7^

M

^ n

w

0

MULHALL HARDWARE LTO.'»"-'^l||?|p«.«»s. oitawa

1 791 Bank St

^be Ottawa jfielt)''Vlaturalidt9' (Tlub*

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA. ^

douncU 1914*1915
predtOent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

li)ice*iprc0iOent0 :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

5eccetari2 : XTceaeur^r :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. ' Mr. J. F. Watson.

Seed Branch, Dept. of Agricultiire) (Experimental Farm)

BDitot: Xfbrartan:

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. Williams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

pa0t-predident:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing Committeee ot Council:

PtMications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun.
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Leetures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

XeaDere at iBxcuxeione -.

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M,

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. WiUiams

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

HuD(tor0 :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Mambership Fee to O.F.N. C, with ''Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 per annum.

JANUARY, 1915

VOL. XXVIII No. 10

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

EOltOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,

Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture

OTTAWA.

?l00ociate Bdttore:

Harlan I. Smith,

Anthropology.

W. H. Harrington,

Entomology.

P. A. Taverner,

Ornithology.

M. 0. Malte, Ph. D.
Botany.

H. M. Ami, D.Sc

Geology.

L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

Paleeontology.

Prop. John Macoun, M.A.
Conchology.

Otto Klotz, LL.D.
Meteorology.

C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.
Zoology.

CONTENTS:

Ceramograptus ruedemanni. By George H. Hudson - - - 129

The Banded Pocket Mouse, Perognathus fasciatus Wied.

By Stuart Criddle ------- 130

The New Zealand Peripatus. By Prof. Edward E. Prince - - 134

A Note on the Colours of Tumbling Mustard Seed. By N. Criddle 138

Meeting of the Botanical Branch. ------ 139

Dr. Johan Hjort on "Norse Fisheries." ----- 140

Notes on the Preparatory Stages of Proserpinus flavofasciata

ulalume Strk. Bv Arthur Gibson 143

ISSUED, JAN. 26, 1915 • *0 >>^-^ik#^ #V /^

EtOtrtd at Ottawa Post Offic* as stcond class matttr ;jj I. laBAR^

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited /cO

W£ DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

111

oe
o
o

IB O

iij

Q
UJ

(0
0

CM
UJ

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHINQ WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Laurier Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA Ai-D WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A iSpeci^lty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4,952.769

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 24S8

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the busiuess is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Hgrt. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCER

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA. ONT
BRANCHES — Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

IVIURPHY-CAIVIBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

/Entomological Branch Dept. Agr. Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa • 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self-identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBIT
QUALITY

LOWBST
PRICB

COAL

58 SPARKS ST. j» Plwne Queen 461

IL' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,600,000
1.500.000

Succesifal administration of B8TATB8
ranging in value from $900 to $0,000,000
•acb. it the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation^

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

.Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO BQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons

R. McGIFFIN

MEN»S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES 4 106 Sparks St.
[ 306 Bank £t.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS SL

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2918.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS SL ■ OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r2Sl-2SSBankSt.

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD. -tores ss^^Swons. ottawa

r
Pi

n

H
0

0

P 0

S

0
c

H
H

9
C

I

791 Bank St

^be Ottawa iftelD-'flaturaltdte' Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA.

CouncU 1914-1915
predtDent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

IDice^pceeidentd :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Sectetarc: ZtCM\ix<i:

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

£2>ttor : Xf bcatian :

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agricultiire) of Agriculture)

Mr. T. W. Gibson, M. A. - Dr. M. O. Malte.
Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. WilUams. Mrs. W. D. Oakelv.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

past-preaident:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing Committeee of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun.
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

XeaDerd at £icur0ion0:

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Tavemer, Dr. M. Y. Williams

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E, Lemieux, E. A. LeSneur, C. H. Young.

Budttote :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottawa Natupaiist"

$1.00 pep annum.

FEBRUARY, 1915

VOL. XXVIII, Ho. 11

THE

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

JEDftOt:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,
OTTAWA.

H00octate JEOitors:

Harlan I. Smith, W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner,

Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D. H. M. Ami, D.Sc L. M. Lambe, P.G.S.,

Botany. Geology. PalcBontology.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A. Otto Klotz, LL.D. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc.
Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology

CONTENTS:

Hybridization in the Genus Viola.

B}^ M. O. Malte and J. M. Macoun - - - - 145

Fauna Ottawaensis. Order Lepidoptera: Family

Noctuidae ; Subfamily Phytometrinae. By Arthur Gibson 152

Random Botanical Notes from Portneuf County, Que.

By Bro. M. Victorin. 158

Bird Note -- 160

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED FEB 27, 191S
Enttrtd at Ottawa Post Office as stcond class matter

we DEAL WtTH OUR AO\/ERTISEfiS

6E0. E. PRESTON & SONS,

%

ea o

Q
UJ

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE.

8!

(0

o

CM

UJ

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Lauder Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near as your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA AND WINNIPEG,

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manufacturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A Specialty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

F«r Quotations Phone Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C. W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

S4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY

BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE QUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe conduct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgri. Ottawa. Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELLABLE

A. E. KELLY

OROGfiR

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST., OTTAWA, ONT.
BRANCHES — Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c

NIURPHY-CAiViBLE LIIVIITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Llinited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST
/Entomological Branch Dept. Agr. Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$3 50

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa - 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self -identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest C.P.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept. Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons

Booksellers, Stationers
Bookbinders, Printers

6 1 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BBST C^ C\ A T LOWB8T

QUALITY \^\J £\L^ PRICB

58 SPARKS ST. ^ Plwne Queen 461

!i' TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,600,000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ransing in value from $800 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Manager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL

HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE
ESTAELISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
InBect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 2S cents. Free to patrons

R. McQSFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

{ 76 Rideau St.
8 STORES \ 106 Sparks St.
I 306 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Murphy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2913.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

r

o

H

m
0

n

09

c

H
H

C0

r
PI

06

c

H
H

PJ
9

1 231-233 Bank St.

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.-««^l!tf§^vr^.=.t«---

OTTAWA

1 791 Bank St

^be Ottawa jftelb^lRaturaliste' Club.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA.

Council 1914*1915
presiOent :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

\t)icc*Pre0i&€nt0 :

Mr. H. I. Smith. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Qcctetave: treasurer:

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A. Mr. J. F. Watson.

Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture) (Experimental Farm)

BDitor : Xf brartan :

Mr. Arthur Gibson. Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Entomological Branch, (Seed Branch, Dept.

Dept. of Agriculture) of Agriculttire)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M A. Dr. M. O. Malte.

Mr. W. T. Macoun. Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.

Mr. J. J. Carter. Miss A. L. Matthews.

Dr. M. Y. WilUams. Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Mr. Andrew Halkett. Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

past-preeiDent:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing Commtttcce of Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun.
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

XeaDers at Bxcuceiond:

ArchcBolory: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. WilUams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

Hudttors :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membership Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 per annum.

MARCH, 1915

VOL. XXVIII, No. 12

TH E

OTTAWA
NATURALIST

Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club

ISDitot:

ARTHUR GIBSON,
Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture,

Harlan I. Smith,

Anthropology.

M. O. Malte, Ph. D.
Botany.

Prof. John Macoun, M.A.
Conchology.

OTTAWA.

?l00ociate BDitore:

W. H. Harrington,
Entomology.

H. M. Ami, D.Sc

Geology.

Otto Klotz, LL.D.

Meteorology.

P. A. Taverner,

Ornithology.

L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.,

PalcBontology.

C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc,
Zoology

CONTENTS:

Hybridization in the Genus Viola.

By M. O. Malte and J. M. Macoun -

Bird Life at Pleasant Point, Ont. By Melville Dale
Book Notice --------

Index to The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVIII, 1914-15

161

- 168
175

- 177

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

ISSUED APRIL 5, 191S
EtUtrtd at Ottawa Post Offtcf as steond class nuUttr

\

WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

GEO. E. PRESTON & SONS,

MERCHANT TAILORS
217-219 RIDEAU ST., OTTAWA
WE MAKE EVERYTHINQ WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHINQ WE MAKE.

A. H. Jarvis, The Book Store

Respectfully solicits your inspection

of his stock. No pressure to buy to

Book Lovers.

157 Bank St.~near Lauder Ave.

P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully.

ALLEN & COCHRANE

THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS
FIVE STORES

All as near *s your nearest phone or
post office

THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LTD.

LEADING HATTERS

m ]

^

f^

SLEEPING
BAGS

LIMITED

OTTAWA -- WINNIPEG,

9

SILK TENTS

Factory . HULL.

Wholesale Manuracturers
Lumbermen's and Contractors' Supplies,
Outfitting Survey Parties,
Exploration and Outing Parties of any kind

A. .Speci&lty

BLANKETS CLOTHING

For Quotations Phcne Queen 722

PIANOS

9 MAKES
ALL PRICES

C W. LINDSAY, Limited

189 SPASKS ST., OTTAWA

THE BANK OF OTTAWA

Capital (paid up) - - -
Rest and undivided profits

$4,000,000
4,952,759

SAVING MONEY AND DEPOSITING
IT IN THE BANK IS JUST AS
REASONABLE FOR YOU AS IT IS
FOR THE FARMER TO HARVEST
AND STORE HIS CROPS

DR. MARK G. McELHINNEY
BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA

PHONE OUEEN 2438

Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti.

EVERY DOLLAR

beyond what is actually needed in the
safe condijct of the business is return-
ed to YOU in DIVIDENDS by

THE MUTUAL LIFE OF CANADA

Consult H. MOONEY & SON

Mgrs. Ottawa, Ont.

CLEAN AND
ALWAYS RELIABLE

A. E. KELLY

GROCEB

Cor. Florence and Lyon
Sts. Phone Queen 7090

THE TOPLEY COMPANY

PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS

132 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA

Library Bureau of Canada

HEAD OFFICE— ISABELLA ST.. OTTAWA. ONT
BRANCHES — Toronto. MontrcRl and Winnipeg.

Inventors of the Card System,
Vertical Filing and
various Office Devices.

Special Insect Cases
and Natural History
Cabinets made to
order.

The Rolla L. Grain Co., Limited

Printers, Bookbinders and Loose Leaf Manufacturers

145 Spruce St., Ottawa

THE MORTIMER CO. LIMITED

OTTAWA - MONTREAL - TORONTO

Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers

Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers

and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems

Business
Man's
Lunch
Full Course
Special 50c.

MURPHY-CAMBLE LIMITED

Phone Queen 6-2-0-1

Smoking
Room
Annexed
To Tea
Room

Pure Spring
Water used

in

Tea Room

Kitchen

Modern Tea Room Distinguished
for the Variety and Quality of
its Menues and its Dainty Service

Murphy-Gamble Limited

Pure Spring

Water
served on
Tea Room

Tables.

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to
THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

/Entomological Branch Dept. Agr. Ottawa)

THIS BAROMETER

WILL TELL YOU
ACCURATELY OF
THE WEATHER

A Scientific Instrument, not a Toy

$a 50

3.

HENRY BIRKS & SONS, LTD.
99-105 Sparks Street, OTTAWA

E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA LIMITED

Surveying and Scientific Instrument Makers

Repairs to all instruments promptly executed at either address

45 Bank St., Ottawa • 65 Albert St., Winnipeg

L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER

BUILT LIKE A WATCH
MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY

OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO. Limited

TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF YOUR FUNDS
WHEN TRAVELLING ALWAYS CARRY

Dominion Express Company
Travellers' Cheques

PAYABLE ALL OVER THE WORLD

These cheques are issued in denominations of $10, $20, $50,
$100 and $200: are self -identifying and show the exact amount
which will be paid in the country in which presented.

For further particulars apply to any agent of the company in the nearest CJ'.R.
station, or to Supt. Money Order Dept, Dominion Express Co., Toronto.

we OSAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS

James Hope & Sons SS. Sir 61 Sparks St. Ottawa

THIS SPACE FOR SALE

Apply to

THE EDITOR, OTTAWA NATURALIST

(Entomological Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa)

THE C. C. RAY CO. Ltd.

BEST f^ i~\ A T LOWEST

QUALITY \_rV^Xi.J— / PRICE

58 SPARKS ST. Jt PlioneQaeeB 461

155 TOROHTOCEKERAL TRUSTS

CORPORATION.

CAPITAL
RESERVE

$1,500,000
1,500,000

Successful administration of ESTATES
ranging in value from $500 to $6,000,000
each, is the best guarantee that you may
confidently name as your EXECUTOR
and TRUSTEE this Corporation.

JAMES DAVEY, Masager

Ottawa Branch:

Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS.

J.G.BUTTERWORTH&Co.

ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL
HAS NO EQUAL

86 SPARKS SI REET, OTTAWA

WARD'S MAT. SCIENCE
ESTABLISHMENT

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Successors to the
American Entomological Company
of Brooklyn

The only exclusive dealers in insects, life
histories of Insects of Economic Importance
and entomological supplies.

Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt
insect boxes, cabinets, cases, and of the

American Entomological Company
Insect Pins

Supply List No. 9 gratis, on application.
Insect List No. 7, 25 cents. Free to patrons.

R. McQIFFIN

MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS

( 76 Rideau St.
3 STORES -^ lOG Sparks St.
[ 305 Bank St.

THORBURN & ABBOTT

BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS

NEW STORE, No. 113 SPARKS ST.

Opposite Miirpliy-Gamble Ltd.

THE SMITH PREMIER AND
REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS

The World's Two Best Typewriters

THE FEDERAL TYPEWRITER CO.

Dealers

200 Queen St. Phone Queen 6267 & Q. 2«13.

Ottawa

Demonstrations gladly given

HENRY J. SIMS & Co.

Hatters — Phone Queen 1244

110-112 SPARKS ST. - OTTAWA.

WEAR

MASSON'S

SHOES

72 Sparks Street, Ottawa

z

r
PI

231-233 Bank St.

S

09

c

H

r

H

MULHALL HARDWARE LTD.^^^o^^ ??^7!°nor#el^n.tonst. ottawa

791 Bank St

Zbc (S)ttawa ]ftel^^1Ratu^alt6t^' dlub.

patron :

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT,

GOVERNOR-GENERAL OP CANADA.

Council 1914*1915
president :

Mr, Arthur Gibson.

lt)tce»pre0iDent0 :

Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.

Mr. H. I. Smith.

Secretary :

Mr. E. D. Eddy, B.S.A.
Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculttire)

BDitor :

Mr. Arthur Gibson.

(Entomological Branch,

Dept. of Agriculture)

Mr. J. W. Gibson, M. A.
Mr. W. T. Macoun.
Mr. J. J. Carter.
Dr. M. Y. WilHams.
Mr. Andrew Halkett.

treasurer :

Mr. J. F. Watson.

(Experimental Farm)

Xibrarian :

Mr. J. R. Fryer, B.A.

(Seed Branch, Dept.

of Agriculture)

Dr. M. O. Malte.
Mr. J. R. Dymond, B.A.
Miss A. L. Matthews.
Mrs. W. D. Oakely.
Miss F. Fyles, B.A.

past-president:

Mr. L. H. Newman, B.S.A.

Standing Committees ot Council:

Publications: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Fryer, W. T. Macoun.
H. I. Smith, E. D. Eddy.

Excursions: A. Halkett, J. J. Carter, J. W. Gibson, Dr. M. O. Malte,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Mr. J. F. Watson, Miss A. L. Matthews,
Mrs. Oakely, Miss F. Fyles.

Lectures: H. I. Smith, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. W. Gibson, J. R. Dymond,
Dr. M. Y. Williams, Miss A. L. Matthews, Mrs. W. D. Oakely.

Xeaders at Bxcursions:

ArchcBology: T. W. E. Sowter, J. Ballantyne, H. I. Smith, F. W. Waugh.
Botany: W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, L. H. Newman, Dr. M. O. Malte,

J. R. Dymond, J. R. Fryer, E. C. Wight, Miss F. Fyles.
Entomology: A. Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M.

Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen.
Geology: W. J. Wilson, H. M. Ami, T. W. E. Sowter, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

H. McGillivray.
Ornithology: A. G. Kingston, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams,

A. E. Kellett.
Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young.

Buditors :

J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight.

Membopship Fee to O.F.N. C, with "Ottawa Naturalist"

$1.00 pep annum.

MBI, WHOI LIBRARY

UH lfiJ3 .

?

i