i 1917. Vol. XXXI. 1918. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Being Volume XXXIII. of the TRANSACTIONS OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB Organized March, 1879. Incorporated March, 1884. The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. <3. Gordon Hewitt. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, . (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Publications: Excursions Lectures •' Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F W Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg. Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Leaders at Excursions: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Miss F Fvles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton,' G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Dr E M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams. A. G. Kingston. A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturaiist," $1.00 per annum. Archaeology : Botam : Entomology. Geology -. Ornithology : Zoology: Photography : LIST OF MEMBERS 01; THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB 1917-1918 Adams, John, M.A. Ami, H. M., M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.R.S.C. Ami, S. T. Anderson, James R.,(Victoria,B.C.) Anderson, Lt.-Col, W. P., C.M.G., M. Inst. C.E., F.R.G.S. Anderson, Dr. R. M. Ardley, Edw., (Montreal). Argue, Miss L. E. Arnold, Edw., (Montreal). Atkinson, C. S. Attwood, A. E., M.A. Barbeau, C. M., F.R.S.C. Ballantyne, James. Bangs, J. S. Beaulieu, G., B.A., LL.B. Beaulne, J. I. Beaupre, Edwin, (Kingston, Ont.) Bennett. Miss K. E. Billings, C. M. Blackader, Dr. E. H. Blakely, D. Blythe, Mrs. Geo. Bowers, H. L., (Oshawa, Ont.) Brainerd, D., (Montreal, Que.) Brewster, W., (Cambridge, Mass.) Brittain, Prof. W., (Truro, N.S.) Brown, A. A., (Chatham, Ont.) Brown, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Mrs. R. D. Brown, W. J., (Westmount, Que.) Brown, F., B.S.A. Bryce, P. H., M.D. Bullock, Rev. C. S. Bunting, Prof. T. G., (Macdonald College, Que.) Buck, F. E., B.S.A. Burgess, T. J. W., M.D., F.R.S.C, (Montreal). Burling, L. D., B.Sc. Burt, Miss F. M. Byshe, F. H. Calder, Alex., (Winnipeg.) Calvert, J. F., (London, Ont.) Cameron, E. R., M.A. Campbell, D. A., B.A. Campbell, R. H. , Cheney, Miss A. M. Chrystal, R. N. B.Sc. Clark, G. H., B.S.A. Clark, T. E., B.A., B.Paed. Cobbold, Paul A., (Haileybury, Ont.) Cole, John E., (Westboro', Ont.) Connor, M. F., B.Sc. Cowan, Miss Edith. Cram, A. S. Criddle, N., (Treesbank, Man.) Criddle, S., (Treesbank, Man.) Crozel, G., (Oullins, Rhone, France). Davidson, Tohn, (Vancouver, B.C.) Davis, B. M., B.S.A. Deam, C. C, (Bluff ton, Ind.) Dempsey, J. H. C, (Hamilton). Dent, Miss E. De Lury, R. E., Ph.D. Dewar, Miss Ethel. Dickson, James. Dixon, F. A. Dod, F. H. Wollev-, (Midnapore, Alta.) Donaldson, W. Dowling, D. B., B.A.Sc, F.R.S.C. Dowling, Miss Isabel. Drayton, F. L., B.S.A. Dreher, W., B.S.A. Dwight, Jonathan, Tr., M.Z?.,(New York). List of Members [April Dymond, J. R., B.A. Eastham, A., B.S.A. Eastham, J. W., B.Sc, (Vernon, Eddy, E. D., B.S.A. Eifrig, Rev. Prof. G., (Oak Park, 111.) Elford, F. C. Evans, John D., C.E., (Trenton, Ont.) Evans, T. C, D.V.Sc, (Tor.) Ewart, D., I.S.O. Farley, F. L., (Camrose, Alta. ) Fauteux, Aegidius, (Montreal, Que.) Fenn, Miss L. Ferrier, W. F., (Toronto.) Finn, J. P., B.A. Fisher, Hon. Svdney A., B.A. Fleck, A. W. Fleming, J. H., (Toronto). Foerste, A. F., (Dayton, Ohio). Forsey, Mrs. F. E. Fraser, Geo. (Ucluelet, B.C.) Freeman, H. E. F. Fryer, J.R., M.A., (Calgary, Alta.) Fyles, Miss F., B.A. Gallup, A. H., (Saskatoon, Sask.) Gibson, Arthur, F.E.S. Gormley, L., (Arnprior, Ont.) Gour, Hilaire, (St. Thomas d Alfred, Ont.) Grant, Sir J. A., K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., F.R.S.C, F.G.S. Grant, Mrs. E. C. Graham, W. L., B.S.A. Grisdale, J. H., B.Agr. Grist, Miss Mary L. Groh, H., B.S.A., (Preston, Ont.) Gussow, H. T., F.R.M.S. Hamilton, Dr. B. A., (Highland Park, 111.) Hanham, A. W., (Duncan, B.C.) Harrington, W. Hague. Harrison, Lt.-Col. Edward. Henry, J. K., (Vancouver, B.C.) Hennessy, Frank. Herriott, W., (Gait, Ont.) Hewit, H. O. Hewitt, C. Gordon, D.Sc, F.E.S. Hobson, W. D., (Woodstock, Ont.) Hodge, C. F., Ph.D., (Worcester, Mass.) Holmden, R. Hope, James. Houghton, J. A., (Bennington, Vt.) Howes, E. A., B.S.A., (Edmonton, Alta.) Hudson, Prof. G. H., (Plattsburgh, N.Y.) Hudson, H. F., B.S.A., (Strathroy, Ont.) Hughson, W. G., B.Sc. Hurst, Blythe, (Charlottetown, P.E.I.) Hutton, W. S. Irwin, Lt.-Col. D. T., C.M.G. Jamieson, Thos., B.A. James, L. E., (St. Thomas, Ont.) Janssen, J. L., (Red Deer, Alta.) Janson, J. T., B.Sc. Jenkins, S. J., B.A. Jenny, C. F., (Boston, Mass.) Jennings, O. E., (Pittsburg, Pa.) Joanes, Arthur. Jones, Clarence G.,( Borden, Sask.) Johnson, C. E. Johnston, W. A., B.Sc. Johnson, Walter B., (Edgewood,. Arrow Lake, B.C.) Johnstone, Miss A. Hales, B. J., (Brandon, Man.) Halkett, Andrew. Keele, ]., B.A.Sc. Kellett, A. E. 1917] List of Members Kindle, E. M., Ph.D. Kingston, A. G. Kitto, V. Klotz, Dr. Otto. Klotz, Julius,Af. D., (Lanark, Ont.) LeLacheur, G., B.S.A. Lajeunesse, Rev. J. A. Lambart, Hon. O. H. Lambe, L. M., F.G.S., F.G.S.A., F.R.S.C. Latchford, Hon. F. R., B.A., (Toronto). Lemieux, E. E. Lemoine, Alp. LeSueur, E. A. Lewis, J. B., C.E. Levden. Miss M. Lloyd, Prof. F. E., (Montreal.) Lochhead, W., B.A., M.Sc, (Mac- donald College, Que.) Low, R. A. McDougall, Miss J. C. McElhinney, Dr. M. G. McGill, A., B.A., B.Sc. McGillivray, H. Mclnnes, Wm, B.A. McLaren, Miss M. McMillan, G.O., M.A. (Hamilton) MacKay, A. H., LL.D., B.Sc, F.R.S.C, (Halifax). Macnamara, C, (Arnprior). Macoun, Prof. John, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.S.C, (Sidney, B.C.) Macoun, J. M., C.M.G. Macoun, W. T. Malcolm, John, (Fergus, Ont.) Mallock, G. S., B.A. Make, M. O., Ph.D. Martin, D. A., (Lawson, Sask.) Matthews, Miss Annie L. Mason, A. E., (Vancouver, B.C.) Meeker, J.C.A., (Danburv, Conn.) Merrill, G. K., (Rockland, Me.) Michaud, Geo., (Quebec). Miers, A., (Walkerville, Ont.) Millar, G. A. Millen, Miss C, (Hull, Que.) Miller, Prof. W. G., (Toronto). Miles, A. Moe, Gordon, B.S.A. Morris, Frank, (Peterborough, Ont.) Mousley, H., (Hatley, Que.) Munro, J. A., (Okanagan Landing, B.C.) Murphy, John. Narraway, J. E. Nash, C. W., (Toronto). Neale, W. J. Newcombe, C. F., M.D. (Victoria, B.C.) Newman, L. H., B.S.A. Nicholls, A., (Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.) Noble, J. W., (London, Ont.) Nunnick, F. C, B.S.A. O'Brien, S. E. Oakley, Mrs. W. D. Orde, J. F., K.C Oberholser, H. C. (Washington, D.C.) Patch, Clyde L. Petch, C. E., B.S.A., (Hemming- ford, Que.) Phillips, P. B., (New York). Prince, Prof. E. E., B.A., F.L.S. Raine, Walter, (Toronto). Raymond, Dr. P. E., (Cambridge, Mass.) Reynolds, Miss G. B. Richard, Rev. A. E., (Perkins, Que.) Ritchie, Miss Isabella. Robertson, C. N., (Montreal). Robinson, Hiram. Rose, B. Rush, M. L., B.A. Russell, Miss Maud. Russell, Miss Margaret. Salt, Miss L. A. Sanders, G. E., B.S.A., (Annapolis. N.S.) Sanson, N. B., (Banff, Alta.) List of Members [April Sapir, Dr. E. Saunders, W. E., (London, Ont.) Scott, C. H. Scott, Miss Mary McKay. Scott, W.,B.A., (Toronto). Scott, Rev. C. T., (Victoria, B.C.) Seton, E. Thompson, (Greenwich, Conn. ) Shearman, F. J. W. Shutt, F. T., D.Sc, M.A., F.I.C., F.C.S., F.R.S.C. Sifton, H. B., M.A. Simpson, Willibert. Sirett, H., B.S.A., (Brighton, Ont.) Sitwell, Capt. L. H., F.R.G.S. Skales, Howard, (Mt.Forest, Ont.) Sladen, F. W. L., F.E.S. Small, H. Beaumont, M.D. Smeaton, W., B.A. Smith, Harlan I. Smith, Napier, (Montreal, Que.) Sowter, T. W. E. Speedily, Dr. H. M., (Pilot Mound, Man.') Spreckley, R. O. Sternberg, Chas. M. Sternberg, G. F. Stewart, Miss D. M. Summerby, Wm. J., M.A., (Rus- sell, Ont.) Swaine, J. M., M.Sc. Symes, P. B. Taverner, P. A. Taylor, F. B., (Fort Wayne, Ind.) Terrill, L. M., (St. Lambert, Que.) Thomson, Prof. R. B., (Toronto, Ont.) Topley, Mrs. W. J. Tothill, J. D., B.S.A., (Fredericton, N.B.) Treherne, R. C, B.S.A., (Agassiz, B.C.) Tyrrell, J. B., B.A., B.Sc, F.G.S.r F.G.S.A., (Toronto). Uglow, R. H. Valin, A. Venables, E. P., (Vernon, B.C.) Victorin, Rev. Bro. (Longueuil, Que.) Vipond, Miss Gladys. Waddell, Miss K. T. Walker, Sir Edmund, (Toronto). Walker, E. M., B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C, (Toronto). Walker, Bryant, (Detroit). Wallace, J. S., (Toronto). Wallis, J. B., (Winnipeg, Man.) Warwick, F. W., B.Sc, (Bucking- ham, Que.) Watterson, A. E. Waugh, F. W. White, Mrs. Annie G.H., (Toronto) White, George R. White, James, (Snelgrove, Ont.) White, O. C, B.S.A. Whittaker, E. ]. Whyte, R. B. Wickware, A. B., V.S. Wight, E. C. Williams, Miss M. B., B.A. Williams, M. Y., Ph.D. Willing, T. N., (Saskatoon, Sask.) Wilson, Morley E., Ph.D. Wilson, W. J., Ph.B. Winchester, H. S. Wintemberg, W. J. Wright, Miss S. E. Young, C. H. Ziemann, Arthur. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., M.A., D.C.L., F.R.C.S., Guelph, Ont, Hill, Albert J., M.A., C.E., New Westminster, B.C. Holm, Theodor, Ph.D., Brookland, Washington, D.C. Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Washington, D.C. Wickham, Prof. H. F., Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. I'ii LIBRARY! • > THE OTTAWA NATURALIST VOL. XXXI. APRIL, 1917. No. 1. REPORT OF THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS' CLUB, FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 20, 1917. General Statement. The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club has continued its activities in interpreting and diffusing information on natural science during 1916-1917. The British Government has just increased the appro- priation for scientific work in Great Britain to more than five times its total previous appropriations, thus recognizing the importance of the work carried on by such organizations as the Ottawa Field- Naturalists' Club. These organizations are now vitally necessary since the scientific method has been proven to be the only way by which we may hope to solve such problems as the conservation and increase of our crops and forest products, our stock and fish, game, and fur resources, our mineral lesources, and our public health. This work of the Club has been accomplished chiefly by three means — the publication of The Ottawa Naturalist, now starting its thirty-first year and volume, a series of field excursions, and a course of lectures. Eleven members have resigned, but as thirty-two new members have been elected, there is a net gain of twenty-one members, the total membership now being three hundred and forty-six. The Club is organizing a campaign for increasing its membership. His Excellency, the Duke of Devonshire, has expressed his interest in the Club by consenting to become its Patron. The library of the Club, a large and valuable collection of nature books and periodicals, has been turned over to the Carnegie Library, Ottawa, which will catalogue it and make it available to the entire public. Accessions to the Club library will now be turned over to the Carnegie Library. Trust Funds. A trust funds committee has been appointed to receive and administer additions to the trust fund of the Club. 8 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April The Ottawa Naturalist. The Ottawa Naturalist, the official publication of the Club, has been issued under the continued editorship of Mr. Arthur Gibson. A fire which occurred in the office of the printers, The Rolla L. Crain Company, destroyed the entire November edition and all the engrav- ings, but The Dadson-Merrill Press have since taken over the printing of the publication and are rapidly restoring the interrupted schedule. In order to interest a larger number of citizens the Council has decided to include in each issue items of popular and scientific interest, more particularly notes that give practical natural history information. An effort is being made to secure more articles of general interest without neglecting to supply that great need of science — a place of publication for its discoveries. Among the more popular papers published during the year the following may be mentioned : The Formation of the Great Plains of Northwestern Canada. By D. B. Dowling. The Use of Wild Plants as Food by Indians. By Tom Wilson. American Insect Galls. By E. P. Felt. Birds of Lake Onigamis Region, Que., and Algonquin Park, Ont. By John M. Cooper. Notes on Some Ottawa District Plants. By W. H. Harrington. Notes on the Feeding Habits of Two Salamanders in Captivity. By C. M. Sternberg. Concerning Some Ontario Crayfishes. By A. G. Huntsman. My Bird Houses. By C. L. Patch. Are Our Forests Vanishing. By R. H. Campbell. The Barn Owl Nesting in Southwestern Ontario. By W. E. Saunders. Sea Squirts. By E. E. Prince. The Sharp-shinned Hawk. By W. J. Brown. New Sphaeriidae, a family of bivalve Molluscs which are remark- ably abundant near Ottawa, and form no small part of the food of many fishes and birds. Bird Notes. By F. C. Hennessey. Various small notes on birds, butterflies, mushrooms and flowers were also published. Among the more technical scientific papers may be mentioned: Some Notes on Fossil Collecting and on the Edrioasteroidea. By G. H. Hudson. A Preliminary Paper on the Origin and Classification of Intra- formational Conglomerates and Breccias. By R. M. Field. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 9 Paedeumias and the Mesonacidae, with description of a new species, having at least forty-four segments, from the Lower Cambrian of British Columbia, By L. D. Burling. Comarocystites and Caryocrinites. By A. F. Foerste. On Cheneosaurus tolmanensis, a new genus and species of Trachodont Dinosaur from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. Bv L: M. Lambe. J Notes on the Bottom Environment of the Marine Invertebrates of Western Nova Scotia. By E. M. Kindle. Excursions. The field excursions are advertised in the papers so as to be within the reach of everyone, not only Club members but the general public. The expense is slight, seldom more than street carfare. Scientific men, both members of the Club and others at the request of the Club, attend the excursions to direct interest and answer questions. In the spring of 1916, five excursions were held according to the programme published in the April number of The Ottawa Naturalist : No. 1, May 6. Rockcliffe and the vicinity of McKay's Lake. Subject, Geology. Leader Dr. E. M. Kindle of the Geological Survey. No. 2, May 13. Cache or Catfish Bay, west of Hull. General Zoology. Leaders: Mr. G. A. Millar of the Normal School, C. M. Sternberg, and F. W. Waugh. No. 3, May 27. Fairy Lake and vicinity. Subject, Botany. Leader, F. W. Waugh,'. No. 4, June 10. Aylmer Park and vicinity. Subject, General Zoology. Leaders: C. Patch, F. W. L. Sladen, and F. W. Waugh. No. 5, June 17. The Experimental Farm. Subject, Horticulture. Leader, Mr. W. T. Macoun. In addition to the usual series of spring excursions, the Club organized an autumn excursion to Fairy Lake on which botany was the centre of interest, special attention being paid to the different kinds of seeds. The excursion differed in this way from the usual spring flower study. The announcements for these excursibns were made through the daily press and the attendance reached as high as thirty. An effort will be made during the coming season to lead more of the resident members of the Club to avail themselves of this interesting way of getting acquainted with the common things of Nature. Lectures. The lectures are planned to represent all branches of natural science, and were given by scientists from several departments of the Government service. They develop an appreciation of the scientific 10 The Ottawa Naturalist [April work of the Government, but are intended chiefly to increase a love for natural history and to lead to a greater use of scientific method and scientific facts in our every day life. The following programme of illustrated lectures was carried out during the 1916-1917 season: Dec. 16, 1916— "A Journey Through Space." Br Dr.. J. S. Plaskett, Dominion Observatory, Ottawa. Jan. 9, 1917 — "Are Our Forests Vanishing — What are we doing to Perpetuate Them?" By Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director of Forestry, Ottawa. Jan. 23, 1917— "Our Winter Birds." By Dr. M. Y. Williams, Geological Survey, Ottawa. Feb. 6, 1917— "The Animals of Arctic Canada." By Dr. R. M. Anderson, lately in charge of Southern Scientific party of Canadian Arctic Expedition. Feb. 20, 1917 — "Fishes and the Fishing Industry." By Mr. Andrew Halkett, Naturalist, Naval -Department, Ottawa. Mar. 6, 1917— "The Conservation of Wild Life in Canada." By Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. Mar. 20, 1917 — Presidential- Address: "Recent Archaelogical Work in Canada." By Mr. Harlan I. Smith, Geological Survey, Ottawa. The first lecture was held at the Observatory and the members were given an opportunity to look through the telescope. All the others were held in the Ottawa Normal School. The address by Dr. Dr. J. S. Plaskett on "A Journay Through Space," was given before the People's Forum on the evening of February 25, and Dr. Plaskett then had an audience of nearly 1400 people, many times the number who heard him previously. The increased audience may lie due partly to interest aroused by the press report of the previous lecture. How- ever, our interest is in furthering the aims of the Club rather than the Club itself and we are glad that so many people had the opportunity of hearing one of our lectures. Many members of the Club also gave lectures to public school, Collegiate, and Normal students, and to the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides. Submitted on behalf of the Council, L. D. Burling, Secretary. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 11 TREASURER'S STATEMENT, 1916-17. Receipts. Balance from 1915-16 $ 13.70 Membership fees: Arrears $ 57.00 1916-17 181.50 In advance 18.00 256.50 The Ottawa Naturalist : Advertisements $84.30 Copies sold, one .15 S4.45 Authors Extras sold 28.43 Donation, Dr. H. M. Ami 10.00 Provincial Government Grant 200.00 $593.08 Disbursements. The Ottawa Naturalist : Printing 8 Nos. $317.18 Illustrations .95 Printed Envelopes 24.70 Postage 16.49 Editor 50.00 $467.32 Authors Extras 52.00 Lecture Expenses 18.72 Mi-cellaneous Printing, Stationery, etc. 13.20 Postage and Bank Exchange - 24.01 Credit Balance 17.83 $593.08 Examined and found correct. G. LeLACHEUR, J. BALLANTYNE, Treasurer. E. C WIGHT, Auditors. 12 The Ottawa Naturalist [April PROGRAMME OF FIELD EXCURSIONS Spring and Summer Season, 1917. The interest shown in the Saturday afternoon field excursions conducted by the Club during 1916 and preceding seasons has led to a still greater effort for 1917. The primary purpose of the outings is to cultivate an acquaint- ance with the fauna and flora of the district surrounding Ottawa and thereby increase the general interest in natural science. Local specialists in various branches have always shown a readiness to assist and the present season will be no exception. You can assist in the success of the excursions by attending and bringing your friends. Non-members will be cordially welcomed. A programme for the autumn will be announced later. May 12 — Geological; Mechanicsville to Britannia, along the Ottawa; place of meeting, the western end of Somerset street bridge; time 3.00 p.m. May 19 — Zoological; Tetreauville to Hull, along the Ottawa; place of meeting, the station (suburban electric) at the Chateau Laurier at 2.30 p.m. May 26 — Botanical; Gatineau Point to Hull; place of meeting, Rock- cliffe, second stop past the tea-house (just opposite Gatin- eau Point) ; time, 2.30 p.m. June 2 (King's Birthday) — An all-day excursion has been planned for this date to Stittsville and vicinity; object, general nature study; place of meeting, Central Station at 9 o'clock a.m. (Train starts at 9.35). Mr. Hutton of the Geological Survey Photographic Department will furnish any assist- ance desired to those interested in photography. Bring cameras and lunch. June 9 — Entomological (Insect life); the Experimental Farm; place of meeting, the station at the Farm; time, 3.00 p..m June 16 — Zoological (land, water and fossil molluscs); McKay's Lake, just east of Rockcliffe Park; place of meeting, the bridge opposfte the lake; time, 3.00 p.m. June 23 — Botanical (trees and shrubs) ; Aylmer Park and vicinity; place of meeting, the station at Chateau Laurier at 2.00 p.m. June 30 — General nature study; Black Rapids, on the Rideau; place of meeting, the steamboat dock near the Central Station at 1.00 p.m. Bring vour cameras. J/v^^**'f/\. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 1 3 LITTLE KNOWN MIDGE GALLS OF CERTAIN COMPOSITES. By E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y. The writer published in 1911* a tabulation of American Midge Galls and since then a number of new ones have been discovered on plants which are likely hosts of additional species. It is the purpose of these notes to call attention to some interesting analogies and to point out promising lines of investigation. The occurernce on the gum plant or tarweed, Grindelia, and on Gutierrezia, of the typical blackened, carbonaceous tissue so conspicu- ous in the oval black blister galls of the narrow-leaved goldenrod, is most interesting, especially as all three are produced by midges be- longing to the genus Aster omyia. The first is the work of Aster omyia grindeliae Felt, the second of A. gutierreziae Ckll., and the third of the much better known A. carbonifera Felt. The gall of A. gutierreziae Felt differs from those of the other two species, in that it consists of slight enlargements of the slender stems instead of a development upon the leaf. Both Grindelia and Gutierrezia are known to support bud or flower-inhabiting species of Rhopalomyia. Ericameria also has its bud inhabitant, Rhopalomyia ericameriae Felt, which produces a small rosette bud gall, really aborted branchlets. It is very probable that the related and rather common Sideranthus supports one or more gall midges. The various wormwoods or sage-brush of the western plains, Artemisias, support an interesting and presumably only partly known fauna. Two genera, Diarthronomyia and Rhopalomyia find very acceptable conditions on these plants, particularly the former, a genus which appears to confine itself largely to Artemisia and the related Chrysanthemum. In order to facilitate the discovery of new species on Artemisia, a tabulation of the known galls, including those of associated forms, is given below. Insect Galls on Wormwood or Sage-brush x\rtemisia. •artemisia californica. Irregular, lobulate, woolly masses, apparently arising from lateral buds and frequently confluent, the individual galls with a diameter of about 4 mm. Diarthronomyia floccosa Felt Subconical, thin-walled, obliquely-set, brownish or reddish leaf galls with a length of 1.5 mm., and a diameter of .5 mm. Diarthronomyia calif ornica Felt *Econon. Ent. Journ. 4:451-75. 14 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April ARTEMISIA CAUDATA. Oval, woolly, apical or lateral bud galls with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm. and consisting of a series of oval cells, each with a length of about 2 mm. and with numerous long fibers Woolly wormwood gall, Rhopalomyia ?alticola Ckll. ARTEMISIA FORWOODII ( ? CANADENSIS) . Globular, woolly galls with a diameter of about 1 cm. Woolly wormwood gall, Rhopalomyia alticola Ckll. ARTEMISIA ERIGIDA. Fusiform flower or leaf bud galls, length 4 mm., also occurs on A. filifera Rhopalomyia betheliana Ckll. ARTEMISIA GNAPHALODES. Irregular, lobulate, polythalamous, white, pubescent gall, diameter 1 cm. Rhopalomyia gnaphalodis Felt. ARTEMISIA HETEROPHYLLA. Ovate, thin-walled, oblique leaf galls, length 1 mm., also breeds in apparently normal flower buds Diarthronomyia occidentalia Felt. ARTEMISIA SP. ( WORMWOOD). Deformed flower heads, length 10 mm., diameter 5 to 6 mm. Wormwood flower midge, Rhopalomyia coloradella Ckll. Bud galls presumably Asphondylia artemisia Felt. A bud deformation of black, globose or densely crowded fila- ments Eriophyes sp. Ovate masses of linear, modified leaves occurring on the branch- lets, length of mass 1.5 cm., diameter 5 to 7 cm Eriophyes sp. Subconical, short-wooled, yellowish gray, axillary bud gall, length 2 cm., diameter 1 cm. Trypetid Globose, axillary, woolly bud gall, diameter 7 to 10 mm., the hairs grayish white, short and thick Trypetid ARTEMISIA TRIDENT ATA (SAGE-BRUSH). Oval, bud-like flower gall the size of a pea. Rhopalomyia tridentatae Rubs. Ovate, hard, thick-walled, yellowish brown bud gall, length 1.5 cm., diameter .8 cm. Trypetid. Flask-shaped or subconical leaf gall, length 4 mm., diameter 2 mm. Wormwood flask gall, Rhopalomyia ampullaria Felt- Oval, grayish or almost black, solitary or clustered gall on the under side of the leaves, length 1.5 cm. Diarthronomyia occidentalis Felt Globose, variable, monothalamous or polythalamous leaf, bud or rosette galls or a bladdery gall arising from the leaf, pubescence variable, dimensions 3 to 15 mm Diarthronomyia artemisia Felt. Subglobular, brown, spongy apical gall, diameter 1.8 cm., possibly identical with the preceding Cecidomyia sp. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 15 NOTES. This number of Tile Ottawa Naturalist begins a new club year and dues are, therefore, now payable. If all members will mail the dollar membership fee to ihe Treasurer, Mr. J. R. Dymond, Seed Branch, Dept. Agriculture, Ottawa, it will save his time and a con- siderable amount of postage. Dr. John Stanley Plaskett, formerly in charge of the department of astrophysics in the Dominion Observatory at Ottawa, has been appointed director of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, which is being established at Victoria. The principal instrument of the observatory is a 7 2 -inch reflecting telescope, the mounting of which is in place, and the mirror is nearing completion at the shops of the Brashear Company. The U. S. Government makes larger appropriations for scientific research than any other nation, and the money has on the whole been used to advantage. The fact that the work there is mainly economic is not, altogether, a drawback. The difficulty has been that better provision was made for routine work than for exceptional performance. The present emergency has led to further large appropriations for scientific research, and we may hope that the truth expressed in the President's words "Preparation for peace is the best preparation for war"' will lead to still greater efforts to promote science for the national welfare. A fund of $25,000 has been raised as a nucleus for the purposes of organizing a Museum of Natural History in the city of Portland, Oregon. A similar movement has been started in Spokane, Washing- ton, and it is hoped that the city of Spokane will in the near future have a museum specially devoted to the American Indians of that region. Sir Alfred Keogh, director-general of the British army medical service, presiding at a lecture at the Royal Institute of Public Health on February 14, is reported in Nature to have stated that in France at that moment there were only five cases of enteric fever and eighteen cases of paratyphoid fever, with seventy or eighty doubtful cases. He attributed this result to inoculation, the general good health of the army, to good food, and in addition, to careful sanitation. The health of the army at all fronts was said to be better than the ordinary health of the army in peace-time. /s&S* _ - v >\. o 16 The Ottawa Naturalist. [April The Dominion Government, by order in council dated December 28, 1916, appointed an interdepartmental advisory board on wild life protection for the purpose of formulating plans regarding the protec- tion and use of the wild life — by which term is meant the furbearing and big game mammals, the wild fowl and other animal life — of the northwestern territories, and of advising in the administration of the Northwest Game Act and of the legislation under the recently ratified international treaty for the protection of migratory birds in Canada and the United States, and generally, for the purpose of advising it on questions relating to the protection of and use of wild life in Canada. The advisory board is constituted as follows: James White, Assistant to the Chairman of the Commission of Conservation; D. C. Scott, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist; Dr. R. M. Anderson, Geological Sur- vey; J. B. Harkin, Commissioner of Dominion Parks. Mr. James White is chairman and Dr. Hewitt is secretary of the Board; Mr. White and Dr. Hewitt are also representatives of the government on the permanent consultative commission for the international protection of nature. British Government Grant for Scientific Research. — When the establishment of a separate department of scientific and industrial research was announced in December last, Lord Crewe stated that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was prepared to advise the government to devote a sufficient sum to cover operations during the next five years on a scale which would provide four, or perhaps five, times as much for cooperative industrial research as had been spent for the whole purposes of research hitherto. We learn from Nature that the civil service estimates just issued include the sum of £1, 038,050 to the department of scientific and industrial research, being a net increase of £998,050 upon last year's amount. A circular letter giving 39 generic names in Protozoa, Coelenterata, Trematoda, Cestoda, Cirripedia, Tunicata and Pisces, chiefly Linnaean, which have been proposed for inclusion in the Official List of Zoological Names, has been mailed to the leading scientific institu- tions, colleges, laboratories, etc., in various countries; in addition 20 copies have been sent to each commissioner for distribution in his own country. A copy will be sent to any person sufficiently interested who will apply to Dr. C. W. Stiles, Secretary to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. MAY, 1917. No. 2. NOTES ON THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF DE GRASSI POINT, LAKE SIMCOE, AND OTHER ONTARIO LOCALITIES. By E. M. Walker, F.R.S.C, University of Toronto. When the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology was opened in the spring of 1914 it was our first aim to assemble such material as was available for the formation of a collection illustrating the Canadian fauna. One of the groups in which this material was found to be conspicuously lacking was the land Mollusca and to supply this deficiency the writer decided to spend a part of the summer of 1915 in making the nucleus of a collection of our local species of land snails and slugs. I am not a malacologist and I am well aware that in collecting in an unfamiliar field one is sure to overlook many species, if the collect- ing is done without some previous knowledge of the fauna and of the habitats of its various members. I therefore endeavoured to familiar- ize myself with the subject as far as circumstances would permit and made an effort to determine each species as soon as possible after it was collected. Had this not been done there is no doubt that many of the more minute forms would have been overlooked. ■ The season of 1915 was unusually cool and wet and thus proved to be a very favourable one for land Mollusca. Most of the summer was spent at De Grassi Point, on the west shore of Cooke's Bay, Lake Simcoe, about three and one-half miles from the upper or southern end of the lake. A few days were also spent at Go Home Bay (Bushby Inlet), on the east shore of Georgian Bay, and some collecting was also done in the vicinity of Toronto and at Port Rowan and St. William's, near Long Point, Lake Erie. During the season of 1916 a number of species were collected by Miss Norma H. C. Ford in the vicinity of Toronto and she has kindly permitted me to include her records with my own. As the greater portion of the collection was made at De Grassi Point and is believed to contain a nearly complete representation of the species found there it may be worth while to describe briefly the * 18 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Mav • general features of this locality in so far as they affect the character of*the molluscan fauna. The Lake Simcoe district differs considerably from that of Toronto in its flora and .fauna, which is of a more northern character, due to its comparative remoteness from the modifying influence of Lake Ontario and its somewhat greater elevation, Lake Simcoe being about 475 feet above Lake Ontario. Whereas Toronto may be said to be on the edge of the Carolinian or Upper Austral Zone, Lake Simcoe is typical of the Alleghanian or Transition Zone. The shores of the lake are almost everywhere low and flat and in the vicinity of De Grassi Point are for the most part inclined to be more or less swampy. The existence of the "Point*1 is due to the presence of a somewhat higher area of boulder clay forming an angular prominence, the shores of which face north and east to southeast respectively. The clay banks rise abruptly to a maximum height of about ten feet near the apex of the prominence but gradually descend on either side to the usual low level. The clay area is connected with the higher land farther from the lake by a sand-covered ridge, which follows a southwesterly direction roughly parallel to the lake shore for about three-quarters of a mile. On the southeast side of the ridge there is a gentle slope to the lake shore, while on the other side is an extensive area of low, densely wooded land, bounded on the north by the north, shore of the "Point." The tree growth of De Grassi Point consists of a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees, presenting a considerable variety of forest types within a very limited area. The clay area is largely, covered by a fine grove of red oak, particularly along the shore where the summer cottages are situated, while the characteristic trees of the sandy ridge, are red oak, white pine and balsam fir, although many other kinds are also present. The southeastern slope is partly occupied by pastures but there is a considerable area of woodland, varying in character from a mixture of coniferous and softer deciduous trees, which prevail on the lower areas, particularly near the shore, to a typical hardwood forest on some of the higher parts of the slope. The prevalent trees of the former type are white cedar, balsam fir, aspen and balsam poplar, canoe-birch, elm, black ash, white spruce, etc., while in the typical. hardwood areas sugar maple, beech, basswood, yellow birch and hemlock are the principal species, though many others occur. The extreme hardwood forest type is represented by a small area, wooded almost entirely with sugar maple and beech, with a scattering of other trees, such as butter- nut and basswood and having a very rich soil, as indicated by the larger size of many of the herbaceous plants, notably the red and white trilliums and adder's-tongues and the presence of several species such as the spring beauty and squirrel-corn, which do not occur elsewhere 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 19 on the Point. This stretch of woods is the richest collecting ground for snails in the neighbourhood, particularly the maple-beech area just men- tioned, which is the only spot where Omphalina inornata (Say) was found and where Polygyra tridentata (Say) and P. palliata (Say) are common. Omphalina fuliginosa (Griffith), Vitrea multidentata Binney and Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.) were also frequently met with here but not often seen elsewhere. The low land on the northwest side of the ridge extends to the lake on the north shore and its increasingly swampy soil is indicated in the gradual change in its tree growth' from a mixture of poplar, birch, cedar, balsam fir, white pine and white spruce, etc., to a nearly pure stand of tamarack. In the opposite direction it passes into a somewhat open stand of poplar and birch with scattered conifers and other trees. This portion is a good place for many species of snails, certain forms such as Polygyra thyroides (Say) and P. albolabris (Say) being par- ticularly common. Elsewhere this wood is very dense and not very productive of Mollusca, particularly in the tamarack swamp. Half a mile west of the apex of the "Point" is a wide open marsh traversed by a sluggish creek, from which an interesting zonal dis- tribution of vegetation can be traced back to the sandy ridge already mentioned. The creek rises in a small wooded ravine less than half a mile to the southwest and, until it reaches the open marsh, is a mere brook, following a devious course through woods, pastures and alder thickets. The soil of De Grassi Point and the surrounding country is everywhere deep, there being no outcroppings of the bed-rock ( Trenton limestone) but the higher parts are all plentifully bestrewn with boulders, chiefly of Laurentian gneiss. It will be seen from the foregoing account that in spite of the general flatness of the district a considerable variety of conditions obtains in a very limited area (less than one square mile) and. from a long acquaintance with the surrounding country I believe that nearly all the species of land Mollusca to be expected there will be found to occur at De Grassi Point or its immediate vicinity. In the determination of the species of the following list I take pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit, Mich., who kindly examined the forms of whose identity I was in doubt. These included the species of Vertigo, Euconulus, Strobilops and Gastrodonta and several of Vitrea and Bifidaria. My determination of Arion circumscriptus Johnston was kindlv verified by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry. Since this paper was prepared for the press some additional collecting was done at De Grassi Point between April 27th and May 20 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May 15th, 1917, and the data thus obtained have been included in the paper. Helicidae. 1. Polygyra tridentata (Say). De Grassi Point, common but by no means abundant, occurring mainly in the hardwood bush, where maple and beech predominate. It was rarely seen elsewhere. Mature specimens were found from April 29th to September 20th. More abundant and generally distributed at Toronto. A single specimen was taken near St. William's, September 3rd, which was larger than those from the more northern localities. 2. Polygyra fraudulenta (Pilsbry). I found a large number of shells of this species on a steep wooded hillside at St. William's, Sep- tember 3rd, where they were associated with Gastrodonta intertexta, Polygyra thyroides and Pyramidida alternata. They were distinctly smaller than the single specimen of P. tridentata from the same general locality, being of about the same size as the specimens of the latter species from Toronto and Lake Simcoe. I have also seen a dead specimen of P. fraudulenta from the Don Valley, Toronto, taken on July 2nd, 1916. 3. Polygyra palliata (Say). De Grassi Point, rather scarce and almost confined to the beech-maple woods, though immature specimens were sometimes seen in the mixed woods. Adults were found only on June 23rd, July 25th. and September 20th. It is commoner at Toronto, Miss Ford having taken a number of specimens at several different stations in the vicinity of the city, and I also found it common in a rich hardwood bush near St. William's, September 3rd. It was not observed on the Giant's Tomb Island, although the locality appeared to be particularly favourable. It is probably near or beyond the northern limit of its distribution here. 4. Polygyra albolabris (Say). De Grassi Point, common and generally distributed, occurring in greatest numbers in the hardwood and poplar woods, but. frequent also in the mixed diciduous and coniferous growth. Adults were apparently most numerous in June and early July and again in September. Occasional specimens of small size were found in somewhat dry or partly open grassy stations. They resembled the var. maritima in size but showed no other peculiarities. This species is equally common at Toronto and was taken also at Go Home Bay, Giant's Tomb Island and near St. William's. 5. Polygyra thyroides (Say). De Grassi Point, about as com- mon as albolabris, frequenting similar stations but apparently more partial to poplar woods, or mixed growths of poplar, birch, elm, cedar, balsam fir, etc., than the typical hardwood bush. Adults appeared throughout the season but seemed to be scarcer during August than at 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 21 other times.. It has also been taken at Toronto and was abundant at St. William's. 6. Polygyra say ana Pilsbry. This species occurs sparingly at De Grassi Point, only five mature examples having been found. The dates of these are July 3rd, 25th, August 15th, 19th, September 20th. These were taken in both hardwood forest and poplar woods. I also took another specimen at Canoe Lake, Algonquin Park, July 26th, 1916. 7. Polygyra fraterna (Say). Adult and young individuals of this species were very common at De Grassi Point, throughout the season from April 27th to September 20th, particularly in the latter month and in early spring. It was very generally distributed in the woods. I found it also in a low wooded ravine at Go Home Bay, July 16th, and on Giant's Tomb Island, July 30th. It is also common at Toronto and St. William's. ClRCINARIIDAE. 8. Circinaria concava (Say). De Grassi Point, common and generally distributed in moist woods, mature specimens occurring throughout the season. It is likewise common at Toronto, Miss Ford having collected a number of specimens in the vicinity of the city (Mimico, York Mills, Lambton and the "old Belt Line Cut"), from July 22nd to September 4th; I have also found it here in May. It grows to a larger size at Toronto than at De Grassi Point. I have observed this species feeding upon Zonitoides arborea. ZONITIDAE. 9. Omphalina fuliginosa (Griffith). De Grassi Point, fairly common in the hardwood forests, adults having been taken from June 29th to September. When inactive they were usually found under dead leaves. I have also taken it in the vicinity of Toronto. 10. Omphalina inomata (Say). De Grassi Point, August 19th and 20th, four mature specimens from the maple-beech woods. These are the only specimens of this species that I have seen. It is one of the rarest species in this locality. 11. Vitrina limpida (Gould). During the latter part of June I first noticed the delicate shells of this species under boards and rubbish along the edge of a belt of trees skirting the lake shore at De Grassi Point. The ground here is low and the trees consist largely of tall elms, basswood, white cedar and balsam fir with nannyberry {Viburnum lentago) and hawthorns in the more open places and along the edge next to the pasture. Some young individuals were found with the shells but they were more abundant in the grass along the edge of the pasture, where it was necessary to lie down and examine the ground closely in order to detect them. These immature specimens grew gradually larger during the summer and full grown specimens were seen in September. 22 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May A single specimen of this snail was found by Miss Ford at Point au Baril, Georgian Bay, on August 11th, 1916. 12. Vitrea cellaria (Muller). This European species was found by Miss Ford in considerable numbers in the greenhouse of the Botanical Department of the University of Toronto. It was first noticed on February 16th, 1917. It had already been taken in Toronto many years ago by the late Dr. Wm. Brodie. 13. Vitrea hammonis (Strom). De Grassi Point, July 4th-24th, under logs, chips and bark in woods. It does not appear to be very common. It was also taken by Miss Ford in the vicinity of Toronto (Lambton and York Mills) in September. 14. Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Not uncommon at De Grassi Point, occurring with the preceding species in the hardwood and mixed forest. My specimens are dated from July 22nd to August 25th, but they probably occur throughout the season. It was also found on Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th, and Miss Ford took a single specimen at Point au Baril on August 16th, 1916. 15. Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry. Miss Ford took a fine specimen of this rare species in the "Belt Line Cut" Toronto, on August 28th, 1916. 16. Vitrea indent at a (Say). A very few specimens were found in a wooded ravine at Go Home Bay, July 16th. It was not noticed elsewhere. 17. Vitrea ferrea (Morse). This pretty little ribbed form was occasionally found under bark and rubbish in the woods at De Grassi Point during July and August. 18. Vitrea multidentata Binney. This interesting little snail, so different in appearance from the other Vitreas, was found throughout the summer at De Grassi Point, occurring most plentifully in the hard- wood, but nowhere abundant. 19. Euconulus fulvus (Muller). A specimen of this species was taken at Go Home Bay, July 16th, and it also occurred sparingly at De Grassi Point, but it was not distinguished in the field from the next species. The earliest adult was taken on April 29th, 1917. 20. Euconulus chersinus polygyratus (Pilsbry). A common little snail at De Grassi Point, where it is generally distributed in the woods, especially in more or less damp places. Adults were most plentiful during late June and July. Miss Ford found a single adult at Lambton (near West Toronto), September 4th, 1916, and an im- mature example at Victoria Park, Toronto, October 7th. I found it again in early May, 1917. 21. Zonitoides nitida (Muller). This dark-coloured snail occurs in abundance in open marshes at Toronto and De Grassi Point, where it is most easily found by turning over logs and boards^ ^fefjg^j M found throughout the summer and autumn. ''\5^?L~»^» S* (2 V be continued) . ^ /^* 'fey'l *& ft? ****** \A < LIBRARY ?&u»SA 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 23 THE LAMPREYS OF EASTERN CANADA. By A. G. Huntsman, B.A., M.B., Biological Department, University of Toronto, Curator; Atlantic Biological Station. The lampreys are of exceptional interest, owing to their peculiar structure and life history, as well as from the fact that they are the most primitive of vertebrates. Comparatively little is known concern- ing their distribution in our waters. It is therefore ctf interest to have the accessible records brought together. I must express my indebtedness to Mr. C. W, Nash, Provincial Biologist, for the privilege of examining specimens from his collections in the Provincial Museum, to Prof. B. A. Bensley for access to the collection of the Biological Department, to Prof. A. Willey for enabling me to examine material in the Peter Redpath Museum, McGill Univer- sity, to Mr. G. J. Desbarats, C.M.G., Deputy Minister, and Mr. A. Halkett, Curator, for material from the Fisheries Museum, Ottawa, Ont., and to Mr. F. Johansen for kindly examining specimens in the collection of the Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. Entosphenus wilderi (Jordan and Evermann). Brook Lamprey. Syn. Ammocoetes branchialis (Auct. Amer.) Lampetra wilderi. Seven Islands, Quebec. ' (Huard, 1902, p. 169). Northern and western streams of Ontario (?). Nash, 1908, p. 10). Don River, York County, Ontario. (coll. Biological De- partment, University of Toronto and coll. Ontario Provincial Museum). I have found it to be very abundant in the Don river near Toronto. Adults, both males and femals, were taken during April in 1913, and on May 7 many were obtained. This is the breeding season, which, according to Gage (1893, p. 444), lasts usually from May 8 to May 20 in the tributaries of Cayuga lake. On October 20, 1913, an adult, 19 cm. long was obtained, and also a larva, 12% cm. long, which is probably to be referred to this species. I have been able to examine a very complete series from Mr. Nash's collection, also from the Don river, consisting of immature adults, and mature males and females. Regan (1911, p. 202) places this species in the genus Entosphenus, which he distinguishes from Lampetra by the presence of a semicircle of small teeth on the lower or posterior side of the buccal disk. This semicircle connects the last bicuspid teeth of either side. This char- acter seems to be more constant than those used by Jordan and Ever- 24 The Ottawa Naturalist [May mann (1896, p. 9) for separating the two genra. For example, Lampetra is said to have the extraoral teeth never tricuspid and yet L. cibaria is described as having the middle tooth of each side usually tricuspid. With their diagnosis of the genus this species is included. Ichthyomyzon bdellium (Jordan). Silvery Lamprey. Syn. /. concolor. St. Lawrence river below Quebec (Fortin,1864 as Petrotnyzon). St. Lawrence river (Provancher, 1876, p. 262, as I. castaneus). St. Lawrence river near Montreal (Huard, 1902, p. 169). Go Home river, Georgian bay (Bensley, 1915, p. 9). Brigham's Creek, Hull, Que., May 6, 1908, (coll. Canadian Fisheries Museum, Ottawa). "North River, Ottawa" (coll. Peter Redpath Museum, McGill University). Point Pelee, Lake Erie, 1913 (coll. Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, No. 1012). Lake St. Clair, 1882, from a pike (coll. Biological Department, University of Toronto). Mitchell bay, Lake St. Clair, April '30, 1880 and 1883 (coll. Biological Department, University of Toronto). I have been unable to obtain any examples from the drainage area of Lake Ontario. Its occurrence both in the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries and in the upper lakes makes it fairly certain that it will be found in the waters of Lake Ontario also. Much collecting has been done, however, in the waters of northern New York State, yet I know of no record of its occurrence there except at Cape Vincent on the St. Lawrence (Evermann and Kendall, 1902b, p. 235). To the northwest it has been reported from the Hayes (or Hill) river in Manitoba (Evermann and Goldsborough, 1908, p. 90), which is not far from the boundary of Ontario. It is probably generally distributed throughout northern Ontario. Jordan and Evermann (1896, p. 10) state that the anterior lingual lamina 'in Ichthyomyzon is divided by a median groove, whereas Regan (1911, p, 199) gives it as "a single transverse denticulated ridge." In a series of specimens, ranging from 9.2 to 37 cm. in length, in no case is there an actual division of the lamina into two parts, but in all cases there is a median groove (deeper in the larger specimens), which is similar to that seen in Petromyzon marinus. In the latter, however, the teeth on the lamina appear to be distinctly longer. The lingual lamina would seem to be of no value in separating these genera. Characters, in the specimens at hand, that distinguish this species are: Dorsal fin continuous, with a broad, shallow notch. Supraoral lamina with from two to four cusps (two in all cases except one, where there are four). 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. » 25 Infraoral lamina with from five to nine cusps (5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8,8,8,8,9,9). Lateral teeth all unicuspid (one specimen, 17.5 cm. long of doubtful origin has one bicuspid tooth on the left side and three on the right). 18 to 21 complete radial rows of teeth, counted on side next mouth (18, 18, 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21). The new species, /. fossor, described by Reighard and Cummins (1916) from Michigan, differs in a large number of points from this species. The most striking thing is the degeneration of the dentition, the radial rows being incomplete peripherally. There is at the same time an increase in the number of cusps on the infraoral lamina (8 to 10) and in the number of the radial rows (28 in the specimen figured). The latter character is to be found also in Entosphenus wilderi, which has a still further reduction in the dentition. Forbes and Richardson (1908, p. 9) consider that the western form (/. castaneus) is not distinct from this. Illinois appears to be in the transition region between the two forms, which are evidently only geographical varieties. Somewhat over half of their specimens had bicuspid extraoral teeth. Regan (1911, p. 199) has rightly restored Jordan's name {bdellium) for this species. Kirtland's name (concolor), under which this species has ordinarily gone, was based on a larva which may or may not have belonged to this species. Petromyzon marinus L. Sea Lamprey. This form is found on the coasts of the lower provinces and enters their rivers. "Saint-Joseph de Levis," Quebec (Roy, 1906, p. 33). Petromyzon marinus, var. dorsatus Wilder. Land-locked Sea Lamprey. Syn. Petromyzon marinus unicolor. Great Lakes (Wright, 1892, p. 439 as P. concolor). Great Lakes (Nash, 1908, p. 9 as Ichthyomyzon concolor). Lake Ontario (Nash, 1913, p. 249 as /. concolor). Lake Ontario (Bensley, 1915, p. 10). Port Credit, Lake Ontario (coll. A. R. Cooper). Lake Ontario (coll. Provincial Museum). This form has for Canada been reported definitely only for Lake Ontario. Bensley suggests that a large lamprey reported by fishermen from the upper lakes may prove to be this species. Wright's figure of the oral hood is definitely referable to this species, which was con- fused with Ichthyomyzon bdellium. The latter had been found in Lake Erie, therefore the distribution was given as the "Great Lakes." Nash's reference was similarly due to a misconception. 26 The Ottawa Naturalist [May The chief points in which this species (both typical and land- locked varieties) differs from the preceding are the following, Dorsal fins separated (except at the breeding seascn in the males, but the notch is always deep). Four bicuspid teeth on each side of mouth. Fifteen to eighteen radial rows of teeth on disk; counted next the mouth opening. Jordan and Fordice (1886, p. 284) refer Dekay's (1842, p. 383) Ammocoetes unicolor to this variety. This is doubtful, since Dekay's description and name was based upon a larva from Lake Champlain. That it was the larva of this variety cannot be considered proved. Evermann and Kendall (1902a, p. 218) identify the Ammocoetes unicolor of Dekay with Ichthybmyzon concolor (^bdellium). Wilder's name dorsatus (in Jordan and Gilbert, 1883, p. 869) is therefore to be used for the land-locked variety of P. marinus, although based upon a character which is not distinctive of that variety. References. Bensley, B. A. 1915. The fishes of Georgian Bay. , Contr. Canad. Biol., 1911- 1914, fasc. II, pp. 1-51. Dekay, J. E. 1842. Zoology of New York or the New York Fauna, pt. IV, Fishes, pp. xiv+415. Evermann, B. W. and Goldsborough, E. L. 1908. A check list of the freshwater fishes of Canada. Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, vol. XX, pp. 89-119. Evermann, B. W., and Kendall, W. C. 1902a. An annotated list of the fishes known to occur in Lake Champlain and its tributary waters. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish & Fisher, for 1901, pp. 217-225. 1902b. An annotated list of the fishes known to occur in the St. Lawrence river. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish & Fisher, for 1901, pp. 227-240. Forbes, S. A. and Richardson, R. E. 1908. The fishes of Illinois. Nat. Hist. Survey of Illinois, pp. cxxi+357. Fortin, P. 1864. Continuation of the list of fish of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. Ann. Rep. . . . during the season of 1863. Rep. Comm. Crown Lands for 1863. Gage, S. H. 1893. The lake and brook lampreys of New York Wilder Quart. Cent. Book, pp. 421-493. XT las .^ 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 27 Huard, V. A. 1902. Les lamproies. Naturaliste Canadien, t. XXIX, Xo. 11, pp. 166-169. Jordan, D. S. and Evermann, B. W. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xo. 47, pt. 1, pp. lx+1240. Jordan, D. S. and Fordice, M. W. 1885. A review of the North American -species of Petrovmzon- tidae. Ann. N.Y. Ac. Sc, vol. Ill, pp. 279-296. Jordan, D. S. and Gilbert, C. H. 1883. A synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.. Xo. 16, pp. 1018. Xash, C. W. 1908. Fishes. Check list of the vertebrates of Ontario. Toron- to. Pp. 122. 1913. Fishes. The natural history of the Toronto region, pp. 249-271. Provancher. 1876. Faune canadienne. Les poissons. Naturaliste Canadien, t. VIII, pp. 257-263. Regan, C. T. 1911. A synopsis of the Marsipobrandhs of the order Hvper- oartii. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. VII, pp. 193-204. Reighard, J. and Cummin^, H. 1916. 'Description of a new species of lamprey of the genus Ichthvomvzon. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, Xo. 31, pp. 1-12. Roy, E. 1909. La grande lamproie de mer. Naturaliste canadien, t. XXXIII, No. 3, pp. 33, 34. Wright, R. R. 1892. Preliminary report on the fish and fisheries of Ontario. Ont. Game &: Fish Coram. Rep., pp. 419-476. SOME NOTES OX ETHXO-BOTAXV. By F. W. Waugh. The number of things botanical employed by our Canadian Indian tribes, in spite of their non-agricultural tendencies, is not inconsiderable. These have to do with food, textiles, clothing, medi- cine, warfare, the hunt, ceremonial procedure, and, in fact, with almost every phase of their activities. 28 The Ottawa Naturalist [May One of the most interesting of these uses of native raw materials is in connection with textiles and vegetable fibres for weaving, sewing or tying. It is not likely that any discoveries of great economic value will be made, but it would be interesting to note to what extent some aboriginal materials could be utilized in modern arts and handicrafts. Several of our eastern woodland tribes, including the Ojibwa and the Iroquois, make, or formerly made, excellent bags for various pur- poses of basswood inner bark or bast. The Ojibwa of northern Ontario still manufacture these in a number of very pleasing colours and designs. The material is soft, flexible, possesses good wearing qualities and is easily prepared. The first step in the process of bag-making is to pull off the bark from young trees in long strips, and then to detach the bast from the more brittle outer bark. The bast is then folded into small bundles and boiled for a while with wood ashes, or until it can be easily rubbed or shredded into a fine, soft material. A portion of this is twisted into a rather firm cord and used as the warp in an open twined weave, the woof consisting of larger rolls or wisps of the untwisted fibres, some of which are dyed and in this way worked into various patterns. Other very good fibres, which are prepared and used in much the same way, are obtained from the outer portion of the stems of the swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) , also from various species of dogbane (Apocynum), and from the hemp nettle. These are taken in the fall or late summer when the stems are mature. Slippery elm bast is also employed. An aboriginal tying material found quite plentifully around Ottawa is the bast of the leatherwood or moosewood (Dirca palustris). Farmers, in fact, sometimes use this for tying grain bags. It was formerly sometimes used by the Iroquois for the bow-string in the bow- drill method of firemaking by friction. Swamp milkweed fibre is frequently used by the same tribe for pulling teeth. Its use is said to prevent the decay of those remaining. Strings for bows in hunting and warfare were often made of the bark of young hickories twisted. The Ojibwa around Lake Nipigon use the bark of one of the willows (Salix humilis) for attaching the anchor-stones and floats to nets. A number of tribes use the long slender roots of the spruce, which are found just under the surface, for sewing canoes and in the making of birchbark utensils of various kinds. The roots are split so that each strip retains part of the smooth, rounded, outer surface; the heart, or inner portion being discarded. The strips are soaked or kept moist in sewing, holes being punched in the birchbark with an awl for the insertion of the sharpened end of the strand of root. The combination of the birchbark and the spruce root sewing or binding 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 29 material gives a very pleasing and decorative effect. The birchbark is kept moist, or used while fresh and is cut so as to form flat trays, oblong and round box-likeJ articles; while some are made like buckets. A withe of some shrub, such as the alder or willow, is bound around the top to strengthen the edge. The birchbark is most easily detached in the spring. The bark of the common elm ( Ultnus americana) is used by the Iroquois for basket or tray making. This is a very fine and beautiful material and is also taken off the tree in the spring. The rough corrugations on the outside are planed or pared down somewhat to render the surface more even, this surface forming the outside of the receptacle. The bark is kept pliable by soaking, and is usually sewn with basswood bast, although spruce root could no doubt be used. A very beautiful coiled basketry is made by the Salish and other western tribes from spruce root. The strands used for the sewing or binding are made as just described, while the coils around which these finer strips are sewn are made from the rougher shreds of the root. The method in general may be said to resemble that employed in raffia work, but the product is much more substantial and beautiful. A very good collection of spruce root basketry from the interior Salish and other tribes may be seen at the Victoria Memorial Museum. THE AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER IN EASTERN ONTARIO. By E. Beaupre, Kingston, Ont. After an absence of almost fifteen years, the Golden Plover has apparently resumed its migratory visits to eastern Ontario. During the long period of their absence one was forced to return from a visit to their former haunts with a feeling that an important and delightful feature of the out-door world was missing; the old pasture fields and gravel-covered shores formerly enlivened by the cheerful and friendly whistle of large flocks of plover were deserted, and the existence of these intensely interesting birds threatened to become a memory. The only opportunity to observe them locally was afforded during their migration southward in the months of August and September. For some years previous to 1901, their numbers were gradually diminishing, but from September 1901 to August 1915, so far as the writer could possibly learn, this plover was not recorded as a fall migrant in eastern Ontario. During that long period, the only evi- dence of the bird's existence was afforded by the night flights of flocks over the writer's home, and recorded at different times. In a valuable bulletin written by the late Prof. W. W. Cooke of the Biological 30 The Ottawa Naturalist [May Survey, Washington, D.C., the migratory routes of the Golden Plover have been carefully reviewed. So far as 'a spring visit from this bird is concerned in eastern Ontario, it might be safely ventured that a record is unknown. The plover breeds well within the Arctic Circle, and at the close of the short northern summer, the birds gather in great numbers in preparation for their southern migration. The flocks flying south pass on their route to the east of Hudson's Bay, and make their first stop, we are informed, in Labrador where they enjoy feasting on native berries which grow in abundance along the bleak and wind-swept coast. Continuing their southward journey they make their way to the coast of Nova Scotia, from which locality they make their long flight of twenty-four hundred miles to South America, always waiting for favorable weather conditions before undertaking the flight. The time of arrival, dates of departure, and the route travelled can be accur- ately recorded, and yet the real concrete cause for the long journeys of these members of the feathered family, have remained, and probably always will remain, one of the unsolved problems of the bird world. From notes on this subject of the migration of the Golden Plover, it is evident that this bird's route is by no means confined to the eastern or Atlantic coast, but that it has other means of reaching its temporary southern home during the rigorous months of the northern winter, the writer, as well as others, is satisfied. During the month of September vast numbers of plover follow the west coast of Hudson's Bay, and pass over the eastern end of Lake Ontario on their way south. In September, 1906, a great flight of plover passed over the city of Kingston, which is located on the extreme eastern end of Lake Ontario. The flight was first noticed about eight o'clock in the evening, and to one familiar with the soft, sweet piping of the Golden Plover, there was no difficulty whatever in recognizing the bird. A record of flight showed that eight flocks passed over the city, flying • very low, at intervals of about ten minutes. Towards midnight it was impossible to enumerate the flocks, the flight being continuous. This must have been the main migration for that year, and it continued until four o'clock in the morning, covering eight hours. Allowing a speed of twenty-five miles an hour — a conservative estimate — the distance between the leading flocks and the rear guard, must have been approximately two hundred miles. What a sublime spectacle this would have been had one the privilege of seeing it in the open light of day ! « The vanguard of this great aerial aggregation must have reached almost to the Atlantic seaboard, while the rear flocks were trailing their wonderful way over the eastern waters of Lake Ontario. They no doubt began their ocean journey some miles south 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 31 of the coast of Nova Scotia, but not far enough to seriously affect their regular route to Argentina, in which country they escape the hardship of a Canadian winter. It is well known that some species of migrating birds when passing over large bodies of water in daytime, fly quite low, often skimming the very surface, but when flying over large tracts of land, they fly at a great height. In this connection it may not be amiss to detail some personal field experience on this interesting phase of bird life and conduct. About May 20th in each year small flocks of Ruddy Turnstones begin to arrive in this northern country from the sunny south. By the end of the first week in June the shores of many of the Islands adjacent to the city of Kingston present scenes of life and activity well worth travelling many miles to witness. On two distinct occasions the writer had the unusual good fortune to be privileged to witness the departure of this gathering of birds for a place situated farther north where their breeding grounds were located. Towards evening a sudden commotion occurred among the birds, and with a movment born of common impulse, all formed into one large flock, and after taking a short flight which looked like a farewell survey of their Location, they moved upwards in a great circle. With the aid of glasses it was possible to follow- their flight, and see them setting their course due north, pursuing it high above the land surface far beyond the scope of the naked eye. Another striking example of this nature occurred late in the month of October, 1916. A bleak north wind was blowing with frequent showers of rain. Towards noon a flock of Tree Swallows suddenly came twittering down out of the sky from a great height descending from the rain-laden clouds. The straggling flock looked like dead leaves blown, about by an autumn gale. The flock settled on some trees on the lake shore, and by crowding and huddling together they completely covered the branches. Some settled in the grass under the trees. So exhaustd was the entire flock that a near approach was - permitted without alarm or apparent concern. In the afternoon, they quietly left their resting place, and flying low over a pasture field, began to gyrate in a great circle, their spiral ascent carrying them higher and higher until they faded beyond the range of human vision. Returning to the subject of the Golden Plover, on August 28th, 1915, a few were noted and in 1916 on the same date, a more extensive visitation occurred. Rev. C. J. Young observed some of these birds on the sand beach at Brighton, Ont. The writer saw eighty or more at Amherst Island, Ont., and several small flocks were seen at Wolfe Island, Ont. August and September this year will be watched with great interest for more interesting developments in connection with the Golden Plover's visits and sojourn in eastern Ontario. 32 The Ottawa Naturalist. [May THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING (BOMBYCILLA GARRULA) AT ARNPRIOR. On the afternoon of April 28th last while out on one of my usual, almost daily, bird walks, I had the good fortune to observe a single male specimen of this beautiful northern species. I was walking through a rather thick growth of prickly ash and hawthorne, when a waxwing suddenly flew up into a neighboring pine. Its large size and the considerable amount of white on its wings at once convinced me that it was not the Cedar Waxwing. As I approached the pine tree, the bird flew back into the shrubbery, where I was able to observe it closely with my glasses for nearly ten minutes. Its large size, black chin and the yellow and white markings on the wings were plainly visible, so I have not the slightest doubt of the correctness of my identification, even though the bird was not collected. This is the first record I have of the Bohemian Waxwing at Arnprior. A. L. Gormley. BOOK NOTICE. Animal Micrology, by Michael F. Guyer, Ph.D., Profesosr of Zoology in the University of Wisconsin, with a chapter on drawing by Elizabeth A. Smith, Ph.D., Instructor in Zoology in the University of Wisconsin. Revised edition, February, 1917. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111.; price $2.00. The reception accorded the first edition of Animal Micrology, printed in 1906, induced the author to revise the volume and include some of the many new methods employed in zoological micro- technique. Certain portions of the volume have been entirely rewritten and two new chapters, one on "Cytological Methods" the other on "Drawing" have been added. The latter chapter was prepared by Dr. Elizabeth A. Smith. The volume is a most useful one, comprising 289 pages and therefore considerably larger than the first edition. It will undoubtedly have a wide distribution. As in the first edition the policy has been, the author states, not to attempt to give all "best" methods, but rather to select representative good ones which have proved their work by satisfactory tests in American laboratories. 74 illustrations are in- cluded in the text. NOTE. About 9 a.m., April 3, a flock of forty-two wild geese passed over the Victoria Museum, Ottawa, flying in a northwesterly direction. At the same time a flock of six ducks passed northward crossing directly above the geese. — C. L. Patch. The Ottawa Naturalist Vol. XXXI, Plate I. Illustrating "The Trenton Fauna of Wolfe Island, Ontario," by Kirtley F. Mather. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. JUNE-JULY, 1917. Nos. 3 and 4. THE TRENTON FAUNA OF WOLFE ISLAND, ONTARIO. By Kirtley F. Mather, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. West of the Frontenac axis in Ontario, the most easterly' outcrops of Trenton limestone are those on Wolfe Island at the foot of Lake Ontario between Kingston, Canada, and Cape Vincent, New York. The strata exposed there are the northward continuations of the Ordovician rocks of northern New York and present quite a different succession from that in the Ottawa Valley. It is evident that the Frontenac axis even in mid-Ordovician time was sufficiently defined to influence the boundaries of land and sea. The Trenton limestones on Wolfe Island rest upon somewhat similar formations of Black River age. All dip at a very low angle toward the southwest. The contact between Trenton and Black River strata is not exposed but is probably similar to that in the Cape Vincent-Watertown district, a few miles to the southeast in New York State. A distinct unconformity is there indicated* by the presence of a basal conglomerate and an irregular contact. Disconformity is strongly suggested on Wolfe Island by the marked change in fauna between the Black River limestones along the north shore and the Trenton strata which outcrop in the interior and along the southern shore, t Prasopora simulatrix orientalis, Pachydictya acuta, Dalmanella rogata, and Rafinesquina alternata are the ubiquitous and characteristic members of the local fauna. They indicate its alliance to that of the "Prasopora zone" or true Trenton as that term is used by Raymond. $ The fauna at hand has little in common with that of the Hull forma- tion in Ottawa Valley or of the Glens Falls limestone in Mohawk *H. P. Cushing, Geology of the Thousand Island Region; N. Y. State Mils. Bull. 145, p. 91, 1910. fSee geologic map by M. B. Baker, The Geology of the Kingston district; Ontario Bureau Mines, vol. 25, pt. 3, 1917. The Wolfe Island Trenton is de- scribed by E. M. Kindle in Appendix T. of the same report. %P. E. Raymond, The correlation of the Ordovician strata of the Baltic basin with those of eastern North America: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol 56, p. 255, 1916. 34 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July Valley. Triplecia extans and Recept acuities occidentalis are listed by Raymond as characteristic of the Rockland formation which underlies the Hull near Ottawa. Both are present in the Wolfe Island Trenton but are represented in the collections at hand by only two and one specimens respectively. The collections and studies upon which this paper is based were made in part during the preparation of a report* on the geology of the Kingston district. After that report had gone to press, additional collections were made from the old as well as from new localities. The complete faunal list follows. Trenton* Fauna or Wolfe Island. Porifera. Receptaculites occidentalis Salter Anthozoa. Streptelasnta comiculum Hall Bryozoa. Prasopora simulatrix orientalis Ulrich- Eridotrypa aedilis (Eichwald) Eridotrypa aedilis minor (Ulrich) Eridotrypa exigua Ulrich Hallopora ampla (Ulrich) Hallopora obliqua n.sp. Hallopora varia n.sp. Batostoma winchelli Ulrich Stictoporella angularis Ulrich Pachydictya acuta (Hall) Brachiopoda. Trematis sp. Schizocrania filosa (Hall) , Orthis tricenaria Conrad __• Dalmanella rogata (Sardeson) Dinorthis pectinella (Emmons) Plectambonites curdsvillensis Foerste _ Plectambofiit.es punctostriatus n.sp Rafinesquina attentat a (Emmons) Rafinesquina deltoidea (Conrad) Locality Numbers 222 223 224 x X X X X X X X X X 226 308 309 x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X *M. B. Baker, The geology of the Kingston district, with appendices by E. M. Kindle. Alice E. Wilson, and Kirtley F. Mather; Ontario Bureau Mines, Vol. 25, part 3, 1917. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 35 Localitv Triplecia extans (Hall) Parastrophia hemiplicata (Hall) Gastropoda. Sinuites cancellatus (Hall) Liospira vitruvia (Billings) Hormotoma gracilis (Hall) Hormotoma trentonensis Ulrich and Scofield CONULARIDA. Conularia trentonensis mult i cost a Ruederaann Cephalopoda Orthoceras junceum Hall Endoceras proteiforme Hall Trilobita. Isotelus gigas De Kay Bumastus sp. Calymene senaria Conrad Ceraurus dentatus Raymond and Barton Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green OSTRACODA. Leperditia sp. 222 x X X X 223 x X X X X X 224 Numbers 226 x X X X X 308 309 Locality List. Station 222 — Lower five feet of Trenton limestone, four miles south- west from Marysville, Wolfe Island. Lot 2, north, Con. III. Station 223 — Trenton limestone, probably ten or twelve feet above the base of the formation, one and one-half miles southeast from Marysville, Wolfe Island. Lot 1, north, Con. VIII. Station 224 — Lower seven feet of Trenton limestone, immediately south of Cold Springs corner, Wolfe Island. Lot 3, Con. IX. Station 226 — Trenton limestone, probably twenty or thirty feet above its base, along southern shore of Bear Point at south- western extremity of Wolfe Island. Station 308 — Trenton limestone, probably fifteen or twenty feet above its base, in small ravine one and one-quarter miles south-east from Cold Springs corner, Wolfe Island. Lot 1, north, Con. IX. 36 The Ottawa Naturalist [June-July Station 509 — Trenton limestone, about fifteen feet above its base, along course of small brook tributary to Bayfield Bay. Lot 1, south, Con. X., Wolfe Island. Description of Species. Phyllum Molluscoidea. Class Bryozoa. Order Trepostomata. Family Halloporidae. Genus Hallopora Bassler. HALLOPORA VARIA n. sp. Plate I. figs. 3-7. Zoarium composed of subcylindrical branches, 5 to 8 mm. in diameter, bifurcating at frequent intervals; one fragment 22 mm. long has given off five branches. Surface of branches gently undulatorv but without conspicuous monticules or maculae. Zooecial apertures angular, about 10 in 3 mm.; walls ridge-like and thin; mesopores very few, generally occurring only in limited areas of the surface. Tangential sections show the zooecia to be everywhere in contact with each other except in certain spots where small mesopores occupy the angles between zooecia. Vertical sections in the axial region dis- play two sets of tubes, the smaller of which represents mesopores, and the proximal portion of zooecia; in the larger tubes the diaphragms are from 0.2 to 0.5 mm. apart, with an average distance of about 0.35 mm.; this is slightly greater than the diameter of the tubes, which almost invariably falls between 0.28 and 0.55 mm. The smaller tubes contain diaphragms which are only 0.11 to 0.17 mm. distant, generally about as far apart as the diameter of the tube. In the peripheral zone the tubes bend rather abruptly and proceed toward the surface with only slight obliquity; here the diaphragms are from one-third to one- half the diameter apart. This form is most nearly related to H. angularis (Ulrich). The chief differences are the larger size of the branches, the greater dis- tance between diaphragms in the axial portion of zooecial tubes, and the less pronounced crowding of diaphragms near the apertures. Horizon and locality: Lower Trenton Limestone; Wolfe Island, Ontario, (Stations 226 and 509). HALLOPORA OBLIQUA n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 8-11. Zoarium ramose, composed of slender cylindrical branches, 2 to 4 mm. in diameter, bifurcating at comparatively remote intervals; sur- face of branches slightly undulatorv but without conspicuous monti- cules or maculae. Zooecial apertures polygonal, with thin smooth ridge-like walls, about eleven in 3 mm. Mesopores open at the surface, polygonal in cross-section, about as numerous as the zooecial apertures. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 37 Transverse sections show that the axial region is composed of two sets of tubes; the larger average 0.25 mm. in diameter and are hexa- gonal to octagonal in outline; the smaller are generally between 0.1 and 0.15 mm. in diameter and display triangular or quadrangular outlines. Peripheral region comparatively thin, less than 0.4 mm. in width in a section across a branch with a diameter of 3.9 mm. Longitudinal sections display slightlv flexuous zooecial tubes which intercept the surface quite obliquely and lack the decided cur- vature commonly found in other species of the genus. Mesopores are indistinguishable from the proximal portion of zooecial tubes and doubtless the two had similar functions. Diaphragms numerous and quite regularly spaced, crossing zooecial tubes in proximal and axial regions at distances equal to from one to two times the diameter of tube. Near the surface diaphragms are more numerous and generally two or three of them occur in a space equal to their diameter. That the specimens at hand are mature individuals, even though the zooecial tubes aproach the surface obliquely with little curvature from axial to peripheral regions, is evident from the closer spacing of the outermost two or three diaphragms in each tube as well as from the thickening of the wall near the aperture. In comparison with H. annularis, which it resembles in the angular appearance of apertures, this species i< distinguished by its smaller zooecia, the generally more slender branches of the zoarium. and the obliquity of the zooecial tubes. H. obliqua is probably more nearly related to H. ampla and H. goodhuensis than to any other described member of the genus. Its branches are on the average slenderer than the smaller of those two species while its zooecia are intermediate in size between them. More significant, however, is the much fewer number of diaphragms in the peripheral zone of the material at hand. Horizon and locality: Lower Trenton limestone; Wolfe Island, Ontario, (Station 224). Class Brachiopoda. Order Neotremata. Family Trematidae. Genus Trematis Sharpe. TREMATIS sp. The shell thus identified is imperfectly preserved but undoubtedly represents a new species of this genus. The specimen is very small, about 3 mm. long and 4 mm. wide, and consists of a pedicle valve, from which the apex is broken away, revealing a portion of the interior of the brachial valve. The apex appears to have been much nearer the posterior margin than the center of the valve. Surface markings are of the T. icmbonata type and consist of radiating rows of circular pits 38 The Ottawa Naturalist [June- July separated by flat interspaces which are generally broader than the diameter of the pits. Between 15 and 20 rows occur in the space of 1 mm. The general outline of the valves is transversely elliptical, somewhat similar to that of T. puncto striata. Horizon and locality: Lower Trenton limestone; Wolfe Island, Ontario, Station 222. Order Protremata. Family Strophomenidae. Genus Plectambonites Pander. PLECTAMBONITES PUNCTOSTRIATUS n. sp. Plate I, figs. 15-17. Shell of medium size, transversely semi-elliptical in outline, cardinal angles slightly acute but not auriculate; adult shells varying in width between 16 and 21 mm., in length between 9.5 and 12 mm. Surface of both valves marked by fine, thread-like, radiating lirae, 4 to 6 of which occur in the space of 1 mm. ; every second or third lira slightly more prominent than the intermediate, newly developed ones; depressions between lirae occupied by rows of minute punctures which give the whole surface a finely rugose aspect. Dimensions of four typical specimens are: width, 14.1, 16.0, 18.3, and 20.8 mm.; length, 7.8, 9.6, 10.3, and 11.7 mm. Pedicle valve more convex than in P. curdsviUensis, with the point of greatest convexity a little behind the mid-length of the shell; beak and cardinal area as in the general P. sericeus type; lateral margins rounding broadly into the convex anterior margin. A low, narrow, mesial fold originates near the beak and broadens anteriorly; in most individuals this is a fairly conspicuous feature of the shell, but in a few it is scarcely perceptible. Cardinal margin crenulated by a series of oblique wrinkles which in most specimens make their appearance within 2 mm. of the beak and become progressively longer toward the cardinal extremities; about 4 or 5 wrinkles occur in the space of 3 mm. and the angle between them and the hinge line is generally between 30° and 40°; in some individuals the crenulations are scarcely perceptible but they are rarely entirely lacking. Interior of valve not known. Brachial valve not positively identified. The shells subsumed here are most nearly related to P. rugosus (Meek), but the present species differs from that one most con- spicuously in the presence of a mesial fold and sinus as well as in the greater equality of its radiating lirae. Horizon and locality: Lower Trenton limestone; Wolfe Island, Ontario, Stations 222 and 308. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 39 PLECTAMBONITES CURDSVI LLENSIS Foerste. Plate I, figs. 12, 13. Plectambonites curdsvillensis Foerste, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. 17, p. 122, pi. 10, figs. 15a, b, 1912. Curdsville bed, Glenn Creek Station, Woodford country, Ky. Shell of medium size, transversely semi-elliptical in outline, or- dinarily between 16 and 21 mm. in width and from 9 to 11.5 mm. long; cardinal angles slightly acute, but not produced; surface of each valve marked by exceedingly fine, hair-like, radiating lirae, 5 to 7 of which occur in the space of 1 mm., with every third or fourth liration slightly more prominent than the intermediate ones. The dimensions of three typical individuals are: width, 16.4, 18.6, and 20.9 mm.; length, 9.0, 10.1, and 11.4 mm. Pedicle valve moderately convex, with regular curvature of sur- face both longitudinally and transversely; beak and cardinal area conforming to the general P. sericeus type; lateral margins converging slightly from the cardinal extremities forward to the mid-length of the valve and then rounding broadly into the anterior margin; a faint, broad, median sinus generally developed in front of the middle of the shell, causing the anterior outline to be straightened or even slightly emarginated. Brachial valve moderately concave, with curvature of surface and outlines conforming to the opposite valve; a faint, broad, median fold developed in many individuals corresponding to the ventral sinus. "The interior of the brachial valve is thickened near the anterior and lateral margins, the thickening beginning about 2 or 2J/2 mm. from the margin and extending to within 1 mm. of the latter. However, between the thickened border and the margin of the valve, the shell is much thinner and is traversed, in the same direction as the radiating striae, by a series of short, vascular grooves, of which about 7 occur in a width of 2 mm. . . . The two median ridges separating the two adductor areas usually are prominent and sharp, as in the less mature stages of P. rugosus, although sometimes thickened anteriorly. The lateral outlines of the adductor areas tend to be crescentic." (Foerste). Foerste has called attention to the fact that the oblique wrinkles along the hinge lines of many individuals belonging to this genus are not characters of specific value. Nevertheless, it is evident that certain species show a marked tendency toward developing these wrinkles while others display just as marked an antipathy to them. Among the fifteen specimens referred to P. curdsvillensis, for example, only one shows any trace of oblique wrinkles and on it they are scarcely perceptible. Additional characters which distinguish it from allied species are the absence of a mesial fold on pedicle and sinus on brachial valve, the low convexity of pedicle valve, the absence of 40 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July cardinal auriculations, the thickened border in the interior of brachial valve, and the sharp prominent ridges along the axial margins of the adductor muscle scars. Horizon and locality: Lower Trenton limestone; Wolfe Island, Ontario. Stations 224?; '226, and 308. .EXPLANATION OF PLATE. PRASOPORA SIMULATRIX ORIENTALIS. Figures 1-, 2— Vertical and tangential sections, X 10, of an average specimen. Queen's University Paleontologic Museum No. 1263. HALLOPORA VARIA. Figures 3, 4, 5 — Tangential, vertical and transverse section, X 10, of the holotvpe. Queen's University Paleontologic Museum No. 1272. Figures 6, 7 — Two of the plesiotypes, natural size. Queen's University Paleon- tologic Museum No. 1270. HALLOPORA OBLIQUA. Figures 8, 9— Vertical and transverse sections, X 10, of one of the cotypes. Figures 10, 11 — Two of the cotypes, natural size. Queen's University Paleon- tologic Museum No. 1276. PLECTAMBONITES CURDSVTLLENSIS. Figure 12 — A pedicle valve showing the faint mesial sinus commonly observed on the shells thus identified. Figure 13 — The interior of a brachial valve from the same locality. Queen's University Paleontologic Museum No. 1269. RAFINESQUINA DELTOIDEA. Figure 14 — A pedicle valve. Queen's University Paleontologic Museum No. 1262. PLECTAMBONITES PUNCTOSTRIATUS. Figures 15, 16, 17— Three of the cotypes, pedicle valves. Queen's University Paleontologic Museum No. 1277. NOTES ON THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF DE GRASSI POINT, LAKE SIMCOE, AND OTHER ONTARIO LOCALITIES. By'E. M. Walker, E-R.S.C, University of Toronto. {Continued from page 22.) 22. Zonitoides arbor ea (Say). The commonest of all our land Mollusca, occurring in the woods everywhere, from the tamarack swamp to the hardwood forests. Toronto, May-October; De Grassi Point, April 27th— September; Go Home Bay, July 15th-17th; Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th; St. William's, September 3rd. 23. Zonitoides exigua (Stimpson). This minute ribbed species is common at De Grassi Point under leaves and rubbish in the woods. It was also taken at Go Home Bay and the Giant's Tomb Island. 24. Zonitoides milium (Morse). Toronto, De Grassi Point and the Giant's Tomb Island, not rare under leaves in woods. 1917] The Oitawa Naturalist 41 25. Gastrodonta intertexta (Binney). Port Rowan, September 2nd, 1915, a single mature specimen; St. William's, September 3rd, a few living specimens and numerous shells in good condition on a steep wooded slope. It was associated here with considerable numbers of Polygyra thyroides, P. fraudulenta and Pyramidula alternata. Gastrodonta ligera (Say) has been recorded from Toronto, but I have not seen specimens of it. LlMACIDAE. 26. Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.) This slug is very abundant at Toronto, De Grassi Point, Port Rowan and St. William's and doubt- less everywhere in the cultivated parts of Ontario. During the summer only immature specimens were seen at De Grassi Point and they had scarcely reached their full size when I left on September 23rd. Adults are plentiful at Toronto in the fall and may be found in abundance until well into November. They are most plentiful in low, grassy places. 27. Agriolimax campestris (Say). Toronto, De Grassi Point, Port Rowan, St. William's. Abundant and generally distributed, occurring with the preceding species and also in woods. At De Grassi Point these two slugs are particularly numerous about the narrow belt of woods' along the shore where Vitrina limpida occurred (vide antea). The individuals seen during the summer were mostly immature. Adults are common in the fall until November. 28. Limax maximus Linn. A single specimen of this large European slug was found at Toronto by Mr. H. T. White, in 1910. Arionidae. 29. Arion circumscriptus Johnston. This is also a European slug though it has become thoroughly naturalized in the neighbourhood of Toronto, occurring in almost every little patch of woods under logs and rubbish. It is common from spring to autumn. Endodontidae. 30. Pyramidula alternata (Say). This is by far the commonest of, our larger snails and persists longer than most species in small patches of woods and thickets in the environs of the city. Toronto, De Grassi Point, generally distributed in woods. Also found at Go Home Bay, Giant's Tomb Island, Port Rowan and St. William's. 31. Pyramidida cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. One of our most abundant species, occurring very generally in low woods at De Grassi Point. Also found at Toronto, Go Home Bay, Giant's Tomb Island and St. William's, April-October. 42 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July 32. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). De Grassi Point, May 10th — August 25th, not uncommon. Most of my specimens were found in shady thickets or woods of cedar, poplar, elm, etc. It was also taken by Miss Ford at York Mills, north of Toronto, July 22nd, 1 specimen, and at Point au Baril, Georgian Bay, August 11th, 2 specimens. 33. Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud). De Grassi Point, May 14th— August; Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th. Found on the under surface of decaying leaves in the forest litter, associated with Zonitoides exigua. Considerable search was made for this minute species but it was not often taken. 34. Sphyradium edentulum (Draparnaud). Several examples of this little pupiform snail were taken at De Grassi Point from the debris in a small grove of cedar, elm and poplar on July 22nd. They were associated with Vertigo elatior, Helicodiscus parallelus and a few other common species. Another specimen was taken in a somewhat swampy wood on August 15th, and it was again taken on May 5th, 1917. Philomycidae. 35. Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc). This large slug occurs commonly in rotten logs in the hardwood at De Grassi Point, and I found a number of specimens in a wooded ravine at Go Home Bay, July 16th, and on the Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th. It also occurs at Toronto and St. William's. The earliest capture of the adults was that of the Go Home Bay specimens. Pallifera dorsalis Binney, has been recorded from Toronto but I have not met with it at all. SUCCTNEIDAE. 36. Succinea retusa Lea. Very abundant at De Grassi Point in open marshes and readily collected by sweeping the marsh grasses and sedges with an insect net. 36a. Succinea retusa var. decampii Tyron. Miss Ford collected a number of specimens of this variety from several localities in the vicinity of Toronto (East Toronto, Mimico and Lambton). All were taken during September. 37. Succinea ovalis Say. De Grassi Point, May 10th — August 25th, common in low, rich woods; sometimes occurring under bark and rubbish, sometimes on leaves of shrubs some distance from the ground. It is also common at Toronto and a specimen was taken at St. William's. Two specimens resembling the var. totteniana Lea, were found at Toronto by Miss Ford, April 29th (old shell) and June 21st, fresh adult. 38. Succinea avara Say. First noticed at De Grassi Point on June 23rd, 1915, but apparently common throughout the summer, 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist 43 occurring in low woods and along the margins of streams. A pair in copula were observed on May 9th, 1917. PUPILLIDAE. 39. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry). Go Home Bay, July 16th and 17th, several specimens were taken and it may have been plentiful but was not distinguished from Euconulus until examined later. Found in a wooded ravine. A* dead specimen was also taken from the drift along the Don River, Toronto, in November. 40. Acanthinida harpa (Say). Living specimens and fresh shells, mostly mature, were found in considerable numbers in a sandy pine wood on the Giant's Tomb. Island, July 20th. It was not observed elsewhere. 41. Bifidaria armifera (Say). Miss Ford has a single speci- men taken at Lambton, (West Toronto) from a "dry, rocky flat," September 9th, 1916. It has already been recorded from the Toronto district. 42. Bifidaria contractu (Say). I found a few specimens of this species on July 24th under wet logs and stumps on the edge of \\ 'ilson's Creek (De Grassi Point), in its upper part where it is a mere brook. One or two others were found in a low wood near the lake shore. At Toronto I found them in much larger numbers along the banks of the Don River, in November. 43. Bifidaria iappaniana (C. B. Adams). A specimen, nearly mature, was found in a rich hardwood forest on the Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th. Another specimen, fully mature, was taken at Toronto, from the banks of the Don River in November. A single adult was also found at De Grassi Point. 44. ]'crtigo ovata Say. A single adult was taken at De Grassi Point on August 25th, from a low wood of poplar, cedar, etc., near the lake shore. Another, very nearly mature, was taken from the banks of the Don River, Toronto, in November. » 45. Vertigo ventricosa (Morse), t Several specimens of this species were taken at De Grassi Point at the same spot where V. ovata was found. Adults were found during July, August and September. A single specimen was also taken from the drift along the edge of the Don River in November. 46. Vertigo elatior Sterki. De Grassi Point, associated with V. ventricosa and apparently commoner. It was not recognized as dis- tinct until determined for me bv Mr. Brvant Walker. All of these Vertigos were taken most frequently from under the sides of chips and blocks of wood from a recently felled aspen poplar. A few were also taken from rubbish in a cedar grove, where they were associated with Sphyradhim edentidiim. A specimen of V. elatior was 44 The Ottawa Naturalist [June- July also taken at Toronto in November, from the drift along the shore of the Don River. 47. Vertigo gouldii (Binney). A single dead specimen of this form was found at De Grassi Point on July 25th in the hardwood. 48. Vertigo milium (Gould). I found three shells of this tiny form, one of them fresh, at De Grassi Point on May 14th, 1917. They were taken from the forest litter at the edge of a low wood and were associated with Carychium exile canadensis. It has also been reported from the Toronto district. The determination is my own and has not been verified, like the other species of Vertigo, by Mr. Bryant Walker. COCHLICOPIDAE. 49. Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). Common at Toronto where I have taken it in May and October. On October 10th, 1915, I found it in considerable numbers among the fallen needles and other debris at the edge of a pine grove in Wychwood Park. Miss Ford has speci- mens from Mimico, September 9th (1 specimen from dry, stony hill- side); East Toronto, September 30th (5 adults and 3 ' young from beneath stones) and Rosedale, October 5th, (7 specimens from a wood- ed ravine. Two specimens were also taken on the Giant's Tomb Island, July 20th. 49a. Cochlicopa lubrica var. morseana Doberty. De Grassi Point, August 19th, a single example from the hardwood. Another was taken by Miss Ford at Toronto ("old Belt Line Cut," under damp log, June 21st). Valloniidae. 50. Vallonia pulchella (Muller). Abundant at Toronto, April- November, occurring under stones, boards, etc. in more or less open places. In early November I found a considerable number crowded together under a chunk of wood which was half buried in the sand near the edge of the Don River. It is one of the few species which continues to thrive under url^an conditions. It was also common at De Grassi Point, in more or less grassy places, occurring plentifully throughout the summer. 51. Vallonia costata (Muller). Lam'bton (West Toronto), un- der dry log, September 4th, 2 specimens (Miss Ford) ; Rosedale, under dry log in ravine, October 5th, 1 specimen (Miss Ford). AURICULIDAE. 52. Carychium exiguum (Say). Numerous dead specimens of this minute form were found in November in the drift along the Don River, Toronto. Living specimens were also found in wet depressions in a hardwood forest near St. William's, September 3rd A few occurred at De Grassi Point, associated with the next species. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 45 53. Carychium exile var. canadense Clapp. This little mollusk is extremely common at De Grassi Point, April-September, in wet places in the woods. It was first found in the moss of the tamarack swamp, but is much more easily collected from the under sides of leaves in damp depressions in deciduous woods. Dead shells were found with those of C. exiguum at Toronto in November. PELORIA FLOWERS ON IYYYVORT OR IVY-LEAVED TOADFLAX. [Linaria Cymbalaria (L) Mill.] This Toadflax is a trailing plant, native to Southern Europe, where it is said to be used as a salad. I have found it wild, as a colonist, in England, growing on such ruins as St. Mary's Abbey, Yorkshire, and the Roman camp at Lanchester, County Durham: it is, however, rare. The flowers are somewhat small, streaked with lilac and yellow, and of a personate or 'snap-dragon' form, but in a fine clump growing in my window box, in the beginning of March, I noticed a flower which was regular, with 5 spurs, 5 corolla lobes, and 5 stamens. This is the peloria form of flower, which has sometimes been found on Linaria vulgaris, but lias not, as far as I am aware, been recorded for this species. The French proverb says, 'The English are troubled with afterthought' and doubtless it would have been better if, instead of dissecting it, I had tried to secure the seed, to attempt the propagation of this abnormal form. Another Linaria (L. Dalmatica) which I have grown here, exhibits the peloria form at the summit of each flower spike. Blythe Hurst, Charlottetown, P.E.I. DISAPPEARANCE OF THE BLUE GRAY GNAT-CATCHER. To the bird student who. is continuously resident in one place comes the opportunity of noting the comparative abundance of a species in different years and to him falls the problem of the reasons for variation in numbers, which is usually baffling. Around London, Ont, we have been interested in watching the increase of the grasshopper sparrow, cardinal, short-billed marsh wren, 46 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July the latter perhaps the most erratic of all birds, and for the last two years we have been amazed and puzzled by the dwindling of the blue gray gnat-catcher. I have seen it so common in this district that I was able to find on one morning three nests in a single wood. Last year my impression is that the combined efforts of our Club resulted in the report of one bird and this year not a single one has been noted. Thes*1 birds usually nest in half open woods of oak, cherry, elm, etc., and we have usually found in the same woods the cerulean warbler and often the goldenwing but while the numbers of the two last mentioned have not fallen away seriously, the blue gray has vanished as far as our district is concerned. It is a well known fact that practically all of the annual increases of each species dies within a year but when the blue bird was almost exterminated in the winter of 1895 it proved to be possible for that species to hold a considerable portion of the annual gain of numbers so that in a few years it nearly reached the former standard of abundance and it is to be hoped that there are enough gnat-catchers left in Ontario to spread gradually over their former habitat. W. E. Saunders, London, Ont. THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW NEAR OTTAWA. On June 28th,' two tunnels used by Rough-winged Swallows as nesting sites were observed about one-half a mile apart in the sandy bank of the Rideau River above Hog's Back Lock. They were larger in diameter than those excavated by Bank Swallows, being about the same size as Kingfisher tunnels. One of them, situated about two feet from the top of a thirty foot bank, was found to run in three feet and end in a chamber approxi- mately eight inches in diameter. The nest, which contained six young, was made entirely of a liberal amount of dry grass. Instead of being symmetrically placed at the end of the tunnel, the nesting chamber was, without apparent reason, wholly on one side. The Rough- winged Swallow has uniformly colored throat and breast while the Bank Swallow, which it resembles in appearance and habits, has white underparts with a brownish band across the breast. The flight of the Rough-wing is slower and less irregular than that of the Bank Swallow. The Rough-winged Swallow should be watched for, as it has seldom been observed in eastern Canada. Clyde L. Patch, Ottawa. 1917] The Ottaava Naturalist. 47 NOTES. The daily papers reported that Vilhjalmur Stefansson, the Arctic explorer, was wintering with the gasolene schooner Polar Bear at Prince of Wales Strait, according to news brought by a Northwest Police expedition from Fort McPherson. Stefansson, who passed last sum- mer exploring the new land discovered north of Prince Patrick Island, was hopeful that the ice would break up early the past spring and permit him to make the northeast passage and to sail up the St. Lawrence River to Montreal. Eight new club members were secured in one of the Government buildings at Ottawa in two hours by a self-appointed committee of two of our members. Persons were found to be anxious to be elected to membership. Make up a list of your friends or take an attendance list of the employees in a department, ask each one if they wish to become a member, and send the names and addresses of those who do to the Secretary. A number of rats which were stunted for various periods of time at the Connecticut Agricultural Exp. Station and Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., showed that this retardation of growth tended to prolong their life beyond the average span; that is, physio- logically age is not a function of time alone but also of growth. A rat three years old may be regarded as corresponding to a man ninety years old/. Although none of the stunted rats began breeding until they had reached an age when normal rats are commonly believed to be ap- proaching the menopause, they produced from three to six litters of young and successfully reared all but a few of them. Their voung were apparently as vigorous as those born of younger mothers. Hence the menopause has been postponed long beyond the age at which it usually appears. In view of this, and the added fact that less than one-third of the stock rats reached an age of more than two years, whereas all of these stunted females lived longer, it appears as if the preliminary stunting period lengthened the total span of their life. A third relief expedition will be sent to the Arctic this summer by the American Museum of Natural History to bring home the members of the Crocker Land expedition, which went north in 1913. The second relief ship, the Danmark, was reported in Melville Bay, 150 48 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June- July miles southeast of Cape York, on August 20, 1916. She probably reached North Star Bay at least and probably ha£ the explorers on board. The third vessel will be sent to Etah, leaving St. John's early in July. The committee hopes to obtain a Newfoundland sealer for this purpose and to bring the Crocker Land expedition back to New- foundland late in August. For the third consecutive year a collector of plants has been put into certain of the northern counties of the State of Wisconsin by the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, devoting all of the season to the collection of plants of the regions. This work is toward a plant census of the State, on which the Museum has been working for several vears. According to the "Museums Journal," sanction has been given by the War Cabinet of Great Britain to establish a National War Museum and "a committee has been formed to carry it into effect." "The object is to collect and preserve for public inspection objects illustrating the British share in the war." The Tower of London has been suggested as an ideal place for such a "national storehouse of British Military History." The Fisheries Branch of the Department of Naval Service, has recently published a supplement to the Sixth Annual Report, containing the following contributions to Canadian Biology: "The Winter Plank- ton in the neighborhood of St. Andrews, 1914-15," by Prof. J. Playfair; "Diatoms and Lobster Rearing," by Prof. W. T. MacClement; "On the Scales of the Spring Salmon," by Dr. C. McLean Fraser; "On the Life-history of the Coho," by Dr. C. McL. Fraser; "An Investigation of Oyster Propagation in Richmond Bay, P.E.I., during 1915," by Dr. J. Nelson; "The Marine Algae of the Passamaquoddy Region, N.B.", by Prof. A. B. Klugh; "On Serially Stripe'd Haddock in New Brunswick," by Prof. E. E. Prince; "Notes on the Phyto-Plankton of the Bay of Fundy and Passamaquoddy Bay," by Prof. L. W. Bailey; and "The Geological Features of the St. Croix River and Passama- quoddy Bay," by Prof. L. W. Bailey. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. AUG.-SEPT., 1917. Nos. 5 and 6. THEPPRPLK MARTIN. H\ ( •; i i:s M .i >;\mara, Arnprior, Ontario. None of the higher forms of our wild life have adapted themselves so readily to the changed conditions brought about by the advent of the white man to America as some of the bird-. In general, the culture our ancestors brought from Europe has been destructive of almost all the indigenous animals; most of the mammals are approaching ex- tinction, while of the birds, two or three species are already extermin- ated, and a numb others are fast disappearing. But in marked contrast to these, a few species of our avian fauna ha\e known not oni> how to resist our deadly encroachments, but appear in some ways to have actually benefited by the new conditions. One curious illusl tion of tlu's is a horded by the nest of- the chipping sparrow, which nowadays is invariably lined with horsehair. No doubt the bird originally used some vegetable fibre for the purpose^ but when horse- hair became available it took exclusively to that superior building material. It is, though, in the choice of a nesting site that the adaptiveness of certain bird- is best seen. Besides the several species, such as the robin, the phoebe and the wren, which, while still nesting freely as of old in the and woods, often delight us by the confidence with which they build around our houses, there arc others that have become almost wholly dependent on man for their domicile. One of these is the chimney swift. In these latter days the swift nearly always rd for punctuality, and I anxiously awaited their arrivel in 1917. They had not put in their appearance by the 18th, and as soon as I awoke on the morning of the 19th I hurried to get a view of the bird- house. There to my delight were three tired-looking martins — two glossy blue male- and a gray-breasted female, — resting silently on galleries of the house. But while the first-comers arrive so punctually, it is usually a k or ten days later before the house receives its full complement of tenants. The upper compartments are the preferred ones, and are invariably taken up first. When any are left unoccupied, it is always i the lower floors. Nesting thus in colonies is not really natural to the martins. While the}- have been quick to adapt the gregarious habit, the}- a.re as yet anything hut social tie, and are continually squabbling. A great deal of their lovely liquid warbling that charms us so much is really abuse of the neighbors. Each household is exceedingly jealous of its territorial lights, and instantly resents any encroachment on its part of the verandah, fiercely threatening the trespasser with open bill. Assault soon culminates in battery and the ibatants tumble off the gallery, and tight it out in the air. They are decidedly noisy birds, and 1 ran easily understand how annoying a iony of them mighl be to anyone who is* not fond of birds. I re- member a visitor who had occupied the "-[tare room," which looks toward my martin house, asking rather querulously at breakfast, "what are those black hirds at the back of die house?" I fear they had kept him awake from some unconscionable hour of the morning. But ju.-i as the honest bark of vour dog cannot possibly annoy any- one, and it must be the howling of the miserable cur next door that keeps the neighbourhood awake: so to the true bird-lover, the piercing trills and loud warblings of the purple martin are delightful sounds, even at four o'clock in the morning. The nest consist- of a few perfunctory straws, and usually four eggs are laid, the time of incubation being from twelve to fifteen days. One year the female of the pair occupying apartment No. 6 of my hou>e was accidentally killed not long after the breeding season had begun. I felt sorry for the poor widower, and wondered what would become of him. To my surprise, in a few days he had another mate. Whether he had picked up an unattached female somewhere, or had eloped with some one else's wife, 1 had, of course, no means of know- 52 The Ottawa Naturalist. (Aug. -Sept. ing; but probably there is always an occasional spinster or bachelor bird fated to spend the summer alone unless some such accident as this provides a mate. Some of the birds meet their affinities much sooner than others, for the first young of the colony are out two weeks before the last broods are hatched. By the first of July most of the doors are crowded with little heads, and the whole front of the house blossoms suddenly with enormous yellow mouths whenever an old bird sweeps in with its beak full of insects. Numerous counts made at different times of the day during the first two weeks of July, 1917, showed that, with remarkable regularity, a parent arrived with food every thirty seconds. This year nine pairs occupied the house, and assuming that each pair had four young, and that they were fed in turn, then each nestling was fed ever}- eighteen minutes. A similar count for a whole day, from 4 a.m. to 8 p.m., cited in Chapman's Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America, when reduced to the same basis as my results, gives a feeding every twenty minutes. This is the colony's busiest time, and the strain begins to tell on the old birds, their glossy plumage becoming dishevelled and soiled. As the young grow up, however, they are not fed so often. After the middle of Jul}' the pace slackens considerably, and the old birds have more time to sit around on the verandahs and nearl)_\r trees, and gossip and scold. The martins usually fly high but they do not hunt far afield, and my colony can generally be seen hawking within a radius of a quarter of a mile from their home. They appear to find ample food in this comparatively small area, — an indication of the large number of insects that must frequent the upper air. A considerable proportion of their prey seems to consist of dragon flies. Now the purple martin stands very high in the list of birds useful to mankind, but in destroy- ing the rapacious and carnivorous dragon fly, it cannot be said to be conferring any favor on us. The truth is, in order to determine the value of an) species of bird to man, it is necessary to open an account with it, debiting it on the one side with the beneficial insects it con- sumes, or the toll it levies on our vegetables or cultivated fruits, and crediting it on the other side with the noxious insects or weed seeds it destroys When this is done, very few birds will be found without a large balance to the good; and I doubt if we should be able to refuse even the cheque of the English sparrow with the excuse of "no funds." besides the supply of food to the young, a very important duty of the parents is the removal of excremental matter from the nest. As they leave after feeding their brood, they almost always carry away a dropping enclosed in its gelatinous sac, generally conveying it some distance from the nest, but sometimes letting it fall alarmingly close to the inoffensive observer. Once or twice a mother was seen to dispose 1917) The Ottawa Naturalist. 53 of the morsel by swallowing it; a higher example of maternal devotion would be hard to find. One purple martin looks very much like another, and it is, of course, on their essential resemblances that the species is founded. Rut the close study of any species of animal always discloses more or less marked differences between individuals, not only in structure and appearance, but in temperament also. It is said that individuality can be noticed in creature- as low in the scale of life as the annelids, and that earthworms display marked idiosyncrasies of conduct. If this be true, we may confidently look for decided variations in the mental traits of purple martins, and an incident I observed this year seems to confirm the expectation. The guiding principle of the purple martin ethic is a virulent family egoism. Charity both begins and ends at home, and all there ever is to spare for a neighbour is a peck or a curse. Rut while watching the young birds being fed, I remarked an astonishing ex- ception to this rule. < >n three different occasions, the father of apart- ment Xo. 5 was seen, after he had rammed a few insects into the gaping mouths of his own offspring, to bestow the rest of his beakful on the young of apartment No. 4 next door, who, in tiie general habil of all young martins, always reached out long eager necks and clamored for food when they saw their youthful neighbours being fed. This behaviour of father No. 5 was unique. Nol the smallest spark of generosity was ever seen to warm the frigid selfishness of any of the others; and the question is: did this action presage the dawn of a martin altruism, or was father Xo. 5 merely too stupid to distinguish' his neighbour's young from his own? Optimists will adopt ;; alternative, pessimists the last. Shortly after the middle of Jul\', some of the young begin to creep out onto the verandah; and now it becomes plain that my bird-house, although built on an approved plan, does not sufficiently imitate the deep cavities in trees that are the birds' natural habitations. For the adventurous nestlings, crawling out too soon from the shallow cabins of the house, accidentally tumble off the verandahs, or launch out before they can fly properly and come piteously to the ground, where they fall an easy prey to prowling cats. We always keep a lookout for these rash youngsters, and either put them back into their nest, or if they are nearly fledged, place them on the branch of a tree, where the old birds feed them for a day or two until they can fly. Rut in spite of all our care, the cats get four or five of them ever}- year. As soon as the fledglings can take the wing, the whole family leaves the house for good, and during the rest of the season spends the nights in the tree tops. Ry the first of August all are flown, and the house is empty. For about three weeks after this they ma}- still be seen hawking in flocks of four or five — probably family groups — and 54 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept. r • continually calling to one another with plaintive notes. Rarely a pair may pay a flying visit to the house, and sit and warble a minute on the galleries as of old. But towards the end of August the whole tribe haves for the palms and temples of Central America, and my martin house is silent and deserted for another vear. ALBERNI NOTES (BOTANY). By J. K. Henry, Vancouver, B.C. The purpose of this paper is to indicate, rather than to discuss in any fullness, the floral riches of the very interesting district between Cameron Lake and Anderson Lake, Vancouver Is. ; to make a small contribution to Mr. J. M. Macoun's "Addition to the Flora of Van- couver Island"; and to describe a few new forms. It is not supposed that all the plants in the brief lists are now collected for the first time, though with the exception of those in the first two lists, the}' have either not been definitely listed, or have been referred to other species. The grasses were determined for me by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock and the sedges by Mr. K K. MacKenzie. Alberni, (Lat. 49° 15' N.). which lies in the centre of the district, unites ?iorth and south alpine and maritime, in it^ flora. Here, as Prof. John Macoun discovered years ago, is the northernmost station of Lilaea subulata H.B.K. and J uncus supiniformis Engelm., both of which occur in California but not in Washington. Not very distant, at Ucluelet, is the southernmost station of Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea L., a distinctively northern plant. The following alpine or sub-alpine plants occur practically at sea-level (below an altitude of 200 ft.) : — Lister a caurina Piper, Alberni, (W. R. Carter and J. K. Henry). Tiareila laciniata Hook. Alberni, (W. R. Carter). Epilobium lactiflorum Reich. Anderson Lake, (W. A. New- combe). Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. Hidden Lake, (W. R. Carter). Phlox diffusa Hook. Anderson Lake, (W. A. Newcombe). Arnica latifolia Bong. Anderson Lake. Erigeron salsuginosus Gray. Anderson Lake. The following plants, (the list is merely suggestive) mostly rare or not often seen in southern British Columbia, occur at Alberni or in its neighborhood: — Isoetes Nuttallii A. Br. (Cat. Can. PI.) /. maritima Underw. (Cat. Can. PI.) Limosella tenuifolia Wolf 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 55 Montia Chamissoi (Ledeb.) D. & J. Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray, (W. R. Carter). Newberrya congest a, Mt. Arrowsmith, (W. R. Carter). Subularia aquatica L. (Cat. Can. PI.) Erytkronium Smithii Hook. Verbena hastata L. (W. R. Carter). Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn. (Dr. C. F. Newcombe). The following plants not hitherto reported from Vancouver Island have been recently collected by Mr. W. R. Carter: — *Corydalis Scouleri Hook. Nitinat, Ap. 28, 1915. Det. by Dr. C. F. Newcombe. New to Canada. *Pedicularis ornithorhyncha Benth. Mt. Arrowsmitb, July 24. 1915. Det. by Dr. C. F. Newcombe. New to Canada. Apocynum cannabinum, (The form sometimes distinguished as J. Suksdorfii) Cameron Lake. Potentilla dissecta Pursh. var. glaucophylla S. Wats. Mt Arrow- smith. Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. (?)Mf. Arrowsmith. Differs from the common B. C. form in its yellowish, but acute, tegules. Erigeron salsuginosus Gray, var. angustif alius Gray. Mt. Arrowsmith (?) Mitella caulescens Nutt. Alberni. Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata forma Candida Fernald Tort Alberni. Not rare. Euphorbia hirsuta (Torr.) Wiegand. SproatLake; introduced. Lythrum Salicaria L. var. tomentosum (Mill) DC. Salt marsh, Alberni; introduced. TrtfoUum arvense'L. Englishman's River; introduced. Hypopitys brevis Small. Beaufort Range. Distinguished from H. Hypopitys L. by the strongly funnel-form stigmas which seem to characterize all our western species. The following plants were collected by the writer near Alberni in June, 1916. — MeUca Smithii (Porter) Vasey. Alberni. MeUca Geyeri Munro. Alberni. The range of this grass is said to be California to Oregon. If it occurs in "Washington, it has not vet found its way into the rlora>. Glyceria lepiostachya Buckl. Alberni. Carex obnupta Bailey. A little-known plant in southern B.C.; differing from C. magnifica Dewey (C. sitchensis of authors) in its more slender spikes. Low ground. Port Alberni, apparently rare. Carex praticola Rydb. Drv woods, Alberni. *Dr. C. F. Newcombe informfTTnerfhat both of these plants were coTlecTecl by Mr. J. M. Macoun during the season of 1915 at possibly earlier dates. The Pedicularis was also collected in 1915 on the mountains near Squamish. 56 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug. -Sept. ( 'arex feta Bailey. Plentiful on the cleared townsite, Port Alberni. Montia diffusa (Nutt.) Wolf. A few plants only, to which my attention was directed by Miss M. E. St. G. Mahaffy, M.A., perhaps introduced. Viola pollens (Banks) Brainerd. Hidden Lake; fruiting plants only, but matching specimens from Vancouver city so det. by Prof. Brainerd. Our western plant differs from the eastern in its smaller size and brown seeds. Limosella tenuifoUa Wolf. With Lilaea subulata near the mouth of the Somas River; best distinguished from /-.. dquatica by its much stouter petioles and slightly fleshy blades. Veronica scutellata L. var. villosa Schum. Stems densely soft- pubescent (not pilose). This var., according to Gray's New Manual, is introd. in Eastern America. It is undoubtedly native at Alberni and probably so at New Westminster. Det. by Prof. Macbride of the Gray Herbarium. Sisyrinchium segetum Bicknell. Somas River above the falls; Cameron Lake. (W. R. Carter). Castilleja Dixonii Fernald. Salt marshes, Prince Rupert to Wn. Merely a thick— leaved halophytic form of C. miniata Dougl. GrindeUa oregana Gray and the var. Wilkesiana Piper. Salt marshes, Alberni Canal. Variation is very marked m the plants of the West Coast. Mr. Carter showed me the following albinos. — Allium cemuum Roth; Camassia quamash Greene; Calypso bidbosa (L.) Oakes; Rubus spectabilis Pursh ; Ribcs Lobbii Gray; Gentiana sceplrum Gri>J> And the following with double flowers. — Rubus spcciabilis Pursh; Rubus macropetalus Dough; Trillium ovatum Tursh ; Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. Most of these variations are rare and only call for passing notice. Color variations are, however, as Prof. Macbride has recently pointed out, of great interest to the collector, and, when not uncommon, deserving of recognition. The following mav be noted. — Allium cemuum Roth, forma alba f.n. Perianth white. Mt. Arrnwsmith where it has been collected on several occasions by Mr. W. R. Carter. Veronica americana L. forma rosea f.n. Corolla pink. Port Alberni; not uncommon at Crescent, B.C. (near Blaine, Wn.) A striking form always clearly distinct from the specie-. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 5 7 Camassia quamash Green forma albiflora f.n. Perianth white. Common, brackish marshes, Alberni; rare about Victoria; also in Wn. The following new varieties and specie-; may be noted: — Rrigeron philadelphicus L. var glabra v.n. Plants 2-7 dm high; stems nearly glabrous or somewhat hirsute; leaves thick, nearly or quite glabrous, denticulate to sinuate-denticulate; tegules sometimes purple-tipped, not hirsute. Salt marshes, Murdoch's Landing and Alberni. It bears much the same relation to the species as Castilleja Dixonii Fernald to C. miniata Dougl. ; i.e., it is probably a holophvtic form. It differs mainly from the species in its thick glabrous or glabrale leaves. Astei Carteriana s.ri". Stem slender, usually leafy to the top. rather softly herbaceous especially above, 2-6 dm. high simple or usually with 3-6 comparatively long erect branches each terminating in a solitary head; the short pubescence of the stem uniform above, in lines below; leaves usually entire, sometimes serrate at the middle, very thin, glabrou- except for occasional cilation at the base and the ;le scabrous-ciliolate line on the margins, rather dark-green, nar- rowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, the largest 7-12 cm. long and 5-7 mm. wide, mostly slightly narrowed to a sessile base, the apex pungently indurated, the lowesl more or less withered at flowering and some of them somewhat petioled; heads 5.5-5 cm. broad, the tegules usually very leafy and often exceeding the rays, like the leaves in texture margin and apex, but also often -mailer. 6-9 mm. I rect subequal, more or less scarious towards the base, loosely imbricated, lanceolate glabrous exo die short-ciliolate margin, apex pun- gently tipped; rays blue, the limb 15-20 mm. long; pappus brownish- white; achenes very pubescent. Common along the outo ■ of stony and gravellv shores. Cameron and Home Lakes, Vancouver Island; W. R. Carter'- Nos. 225, 226, Sept., 1916. Distinguished from such related forms as .!. foliaceus (Gray) Howell, and .1. Douglasii Lindl. by its solitan heads at the end of the lonp ei branches, the lower habit, the thinner leaves, the often more foliaceous tegules, and the longer rays; in foliage not unlike A. microlonchus Greene, from which it differs in the smooth leaf-surf ace: the much longer rays, and the very different tegules; nearest A. Douglasii but with a different habitat, thinner leaves, larger heads, etc. The following changes in nomenclature are suggested: — Allium Watsoni Howell (.-!. vancouverense Macoun, Cat. Can. Id. iv. 39). Through the kindness of Prof. A. R. Sweetser, of the Uni- versity of Oregon, I have been able to compare the plants which have borne the above names. A- the dower- of the Mt. Arrow-mith plants were voung and those of the Oregon plant mature, the former, in their slightly longer and narrower ] perianth-segments, seemed at first sight to he different; but a few more mature flowers showed no essential 58 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept. difference. The plants have the same general appearance. They are clearly distinct from A. falciforme not only in their more slender habit and smaller flowers, but in hiving stamens about two-thirds as lon«- as the perianth-segments; whereas in A. falciforme the stamens are less than one-half as long as the segments. As unfortunately Prof. Macoun never published a. description of A. vancouverense, this name must he replaced by .1. Watsoni Howell.* Another species is thus added to the short list of plants found in Oregon and Vancouver Island but not in Washington. Sisyrinchium idahoense Bicknell var. birameum (Piper) New Comb. Usually taller than the species; branching above the two braneh.es subtended by a leaf, or the stem often strongly geniculate with a leaf at the joint; the bracts, as compared with those of the species, often subequal. When Prof. Piper first published his .S1. birameum (Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. vol. xi., pg. 203) he was doubtful whether it was distinct from .V. idahoense; but in a recent book his doubts have disappeared and it is placed on an equality with that species. That it is, however, a variety appears from the following observations based on Alberni plants: The plants are intimately associated. Straight leafless stems, straight stems with a single leaf above, geniculate stems with a leaf at the joint, and branching stems all grow together. Branching and simple stems may occur in a single tuft. All the forms have the same tendency to darken in drying. While the bracts of the branching forms are often subequal, they may also be very unequal (24 and 44 mm. in one specimen and 23 and 38 mm. in another). The leaves of unbranched plants may be as long as the stem and of branching hardly half, as long. CANADA AND UNITED STATES WILL PROTECT BIRDS. The International Convention for the protection of migratory birds in Canada and the United States, ratified in December last, constitutes the most important and far-reaching measure ever taken in the history of bird protection. It affords the best means of ensuring not only a cessation of the decrease in the numbers of our migratory birds such as the insectivorous birds, the wild-fowl, waders and sea birds, but, in many cases, it assures an increase in their numbers, which have been ruthlessly depleted. It affects over 1,000 species of our chief insect-eating and game birds. It guarantees to the farmer the continued existence of the insect-eating birds, the most powerful *l'ri')'. Sweetseri in ^Ylmrr^T~sent~s]l<'L•in^('lls of the Mt. Arrowsmitli plafTE] writes: "From what we have been able to do with it. should say you are justified in thinking this the same form bs A. Watsoni Howell." 1(;17| The Ottawa Naturalist. 59 and active allies he has in the fight against the destroyers of his crops; and it guarantees to the sportsmen a never-failing supply of ducks, geese, and other game birds. In the fulfilment of its obligations under the Convention, the Canadian Government introduced the Migratory Birds Convention Bill to carry out the provisions of the Convention, and this measure received Royal Assent on August 31st, and is now law. It is expected that tlie Regulations under the Act will shortly be promulgated. In the case of insectivorous birds, it will be unlawful to kill them or to take their eggs at any time of the year. The close seasons on ducks and geese will not exceed three and one-half months, and the dates of opening and closing will be fixed in accordance with local conditions and after consultation with the proper authorities in the different provinces. On a number of birds, such as the crane.-, swans, curlew and most of the shore-birds, with the exception of woodcock, snipe, certain plover and yellow-legs, which are becoming greatly reduced in numbers, a < lose season of ten wars will be provided. The wood duck and cider duck will also be given special protection. Where they are injurious to agricultural or other interests, provision will be made for the killing of protected birds under special permit. Regu- lations will also be made lo prohibit the shipment of migratory birds or their. eggs during the close seasons and generally to govern the traffic in them and their eggs. While the number- of the migrator}- birds in Canada and the United States have been most seriously depleted by various causes, confidence is felt that, with international co-operation, and, particu- larlv. the prohibition of spring" shooting, a gradual increase in the abundance of our wild bird life will take place! — C.G.H. THE WIDESPREAD INFLUENCE OF THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM. There are indications that men and women of the United States and of several foreign countries are becoming more and more interested in the establishment of Children's Museums. And if the results which in the past have followed similar manifestations of interest can be regarded as indicative of things to come, there is reason to believe that a trood many such institutions will be added to the fraternities of Museums within the next ten years. The Children's Museum of Boston, founded in 1912, had been in the minds of a considerable number of public spirited Bostonians for several years before it became an actual fact. Similarly the Children's Museum which is soon to become a part of the new Cleve- land Museum of Art, has been contemplated by the Director of the 60 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept. Museum and other citizens of Cleveland for more than three year.-. And now the Municipal Museum in Wellington, New Zealand, having followed through the British Journals the progress of Children's Museum development in the United States,has taken its initial step towards a Museum for children by discontinuing its organization for adults and perfecting [dans for reopening as a Children's Museum when the war ceases. From no less than five different parts of the United States, men and women are now calling upon the staff of the Brooklyn Children's Museum for information to be used for arousing interest in the estab- lishment of other Children's Museums. In one citv a buildin^ has been secured and funds are being raised for the organization of a permanent Museum Association. Prominent citizens of another city have asked officers of the Brooklyn Children's Museum to outline a plan of Children's Museum work that can be immediately started in a building recently obtained for the purpose. For another locality they have submitted floor plans of a new Children's Museum Building to- gether with a written outline of the character and scope of work which- could be profitably undertaken. More significant possibly than any other indication, is the fact that college students are presenting for class discussion original essays dealing with the conditions and progress of Children's Museums. Indeed, the subject lias become of sufficient importance to cause one college to write for information concerning the requirements of train- ing and preparation for college students who desire to engage in Chldren's Museum work. Harlan I. Smith. NOTES FROM THE 10URNAL OF WILLIAM POPE. In 1833, Mr. William Pope left England for Canada and after spending some time investigating the counties of Elgin and Norfolk, he made his home near Port Ryerse. Through the kindness of his grandson Mr. Thomas Pope, of that village, I am permitted to make extracts from his writings. The journal and diary which have come into my hands cover a period of less than two years, but they throw a great deal of light upon the conditions among the wild things in those days. W. E. Saunders. Having determined on paying a visit to America with the inten- tion of settling in Canada provided I liked the country and found things as prosperous and flourishing as they are represented to be, I engaged a berth in the packet ship Ontario (500 tons, Captain Sebor) iic^ 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 61 lying in St. Katherins Docks and for which said berth I paid 35 guineas. Accordingly on Good Friday, 28th March, we left the City and were towed down the River by two steamers as far as the Hope where we cast anchor for the night. We had rather boisterous and contrary winds for two days in passing the Downs, which helped to break me in a little for the se l, and I suffered in common with the rest of the passengers, the greater part never having been to sea before. We touched at Portsmouth on the 31st and arrived at Plymouth in the evening of the same day. We stayed all night here and departed on the next day about 12, the wind being quite favorable. About ten miles from land a little bird called the Titlark came flying around the ship. I saw a great man}' white gulls and several ! species of divers. On the 2nd April we met the Lady Melville, Past Indiaman, returning home. We passed within a quarter of a mile of the Eddystone Lighthouse and the same evening after running by the Lizard at the rate of ten knot- an hour we bade farewell to Old England, upon whose weather beaten cliffs 1 stood gazing with a hist lingering look until they dis; d in the distam We now had for several daws a most favorable bn I iefry going at the rate of (> or 10 knots an hour, which is considered \ d tiling. On the 7th a couple of Martins came to the ship and sjettled on the rigging. I lyed some time with us and left during night. Thi idently on their route to some northern clime. ( >n the (>th we spoke the Brig Merope, of Poole, bound for Quebec. On the 10th we met with three of those magnificent though dangerous piece- of ice called i ;. Two we saw in the morning. one of which was verj similar in shape to Westminster Abbey, though far ling it in magnitude. The other we passed about ten o'clock at night, Lat. 44-6, Lon. 44-28. They are beautful in the extreme when the sun is shining on them giving them most splendid col such as would defy all the powers of art to imitate, tints of the richest blue and green contrasted with the purest white. I was much gratii at the sight. They have a very great infl on the atmosphere in their immediate neighborhood, causing a great degree of coldness, as was sufficiently proved in this instance by the thermometer falling 6°. It is from this fact that navigators are able to judge of their vicinity in thick cloudy or foggy weather. Up to this time the wind was very favorable, so much so that if it had only continued for four days more we should have been at New York and should have made the quickest passage ever known. We should have made it in thirteen days. We were all now in the highest glee, looking forward to the speedy termination of our voyage and discomforts but alas*! all our hopes and prospects were suddenly overturned. We were not destined to be so lucky as to make our way 62 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept. across the trackless Atlantic without encountering a little of the rage and fury of its deceitful bosom. On the evening of the 10th, the day We saw the icebergs the atmosphere became overclouded and the wind after shifting round to the north-west began to blow rather stormy. There was now every appearance of bad weather approaching and indeed before morning the wind from blowing hard increased to a regular gale, and for the space of eighteen days we scarcely did any- thing else than beat about against contrary winds, and a most tremen- dous sea running "mountains high." I have known the winds to blow pretty hard on land sometimes, but here out on the open sea with nothing to break its force, it came with tenfold the power it has on land. Several times we were obliged to have every sail furled and even then the naked masts would bend like reeds. On the 28th April it blew a most tremendous gale, with thunder and lightning and very heavy hail, but our vessel rode it out in gallant style, hardly shipping any water except in the evening through the fault of the man at the helm, who contrived to run the head of the vessel into an immense wave which overflowed the whole of the deck, set the water casks afloat, and sent a few hogsheads down the fore hatch which happened to be left open, frightening and drenching some of the steerage people. In the evening of this day I beheld a very utifu'l meteor in the south-east. It was of a bright blue colour at first and after running a short course in the heavens gradually faded into red and then vanished. We constantly had the bird called the Stormy Petrel, by the sailors Mother Carey's Chicken, following in the wake of our ship; sometimes making short trips on the ocean skimming up and down the surface of the water, rising and sinking with the v. ;, and then returning back again to the stern of the vessel. This bird had a great resemblance to the martin and might easily be mistaken for that bird. Their manner of flying is very much the same. The}' are of a dark brown color, shaded with black on the back and wings, and a pure white on the rump. They follow in the wake of the vessel for the purpose of picking up any bits of bread or biscuit or any grease that may be thrown overboard. They are very easily caught with a piece of dark coloured string and a small hook baited with a piece of pork, or another way is merely to tie a small piece of wood at the end of a black thread and let it drag after the vessel. The birds come iying around the wood to see what it is doing; the}- rlv linst the thread and entangle their wings and you have only to pull them in. but they are harmless little creatures and no use after you get them, so that catching them would not do for me. According to the sailors the_\ are the constant forerunner^ of a storm but we had them more or less the greater part of the voyage, and for two or three days (To be continued). 1917] , The Ottawa Naturalist. 63 NOTES. Deer Mouse devours her young. — On September 8th. while hunting Batrachians, my friend Johnson and I turned a six foot log exposing two Jefferson's Salamanders and the nest of a White-footed Mouse. The White-footed mother, leaving in haste, dragged two of her five pink, blind and hairless young a foot or so from the nest. We replaced them and put the log pack in position. Passing that way two days later, we again turned the log and were surprised to find only three young mice, the other two having totali\' disappeared. We captured the mother and placed her with the nest and three young in a covered aquarium with plenty of food and water. The following morning the young were gone, without doubt devoured by the mother, who evidently considered them contaminated by the human touch. Johnson, who has had considerable experience in pet raising, states that ferret, white rat and domestic raM.it females will sometimes eal their young if the nest is disturbed even very slightly. Clyde L. Patch, Ottawa. Killing Birds helps the Enemy. — Killing birds that eal insects and weed seeds helps the enemy. The annual food loss in the United State- from the ravages of insects on crops, according to the 1 S. Department of Agriculture, exceed- SI JOO.000,000. The loss in Canada is in proportion. Every careless person who kill- a bird that i- less injurious than il luable as an eater of weed seeds and insect.- i.- helping the > nemy by killing our bird allies and by so doing i- giving aid and comfort to the weeds and insects that reduce our 'food supply. Most of our birds are of this beneficial class and are really our allies. Robbing their nests is also an aid to the enemy. One can hardly go into the country without seeing boys and even men killing birds. Doubtless many of these persons would be -urprised to know they were practical traitors and would gladly stop aiding the enemv if they knew A large number of utterly fearless wild ducks are reported near Niagara. In one swamp along a brick highway where hundreds of auto.- pass daily and trolley car- run every 15 minutes, there have been 5 no ducks for a month and the} come up to this roadway to feed. Such a sight lias not been seen in the region at least for years and the residents would pity any one who would molest the ducks. This is due to the Migratory Bird Law, and the recently arranged treaty between Canada and the United State-. 64 The Ottawa Naturalist. [Aug.-Sept. The Buffalo Boy Scouts' Council has started a wild life club, the members of which are pledged to do a good turn for the wild creatures of field and forest. A bronze button will be given the bovs on qualify- ing for membership and, as they progress, silver and gold buttons will be awarded. When the plan is perfected it will be offered to the National Council with the hope that it will be adopted by the entire membership of the Boy Scouts, which exceeds 200,000. Some of the boys are giving illustrated talks in the schools on the value of wild life and the best means of protecting it. The startling statement by no less an authority than Dr. C. K. Clarke, Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospital, that more than 12 per cent, of the patients admitted to the public wards of that institution have syphilis, is the feature of the eighth annual report of the Commission of Conservation just issued. These conditions, it is pointed out, are no doubt representative of those prevailing elsewhere in Canada where statistics are not yet available. The return of thousands i f soldiers at the end of the war lends more than usual interest to this f ture of the Commission's report. Other phases of the subject, in- cluding measures for controlling the menace, are discussed by Drs. j. J. Mackenzie, C. H. Hair, and Wm. Goldie, of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto. An address on The Production and Preservation of Food Sup- plies, by Dr. P. H. Bryce, gives tables showing the relative values of ■rent foods. Results of experiments by the Commission at Port Dover, Ont., in utilizing fish waste in the manufacture of stock meal, oils and fertilizer, are set forth, whilst Drs. H. J. Wheeler and Frank T. Shutt make interesting contributions >ai the use of commercial fertilizers. In addition, a readable account is given of the varied activities of the Commission, including town-planning, game preserva- tion, water-powers, agriculture, mining and general publicity work The Comstcck Printing Company of Ithaca, N.Y., recently pub- lished a most interesting volume of 438 pages entitled "The Life of Inland Waters." This book, the price of which is $3.00, is an elementary text of fresh-water biology for American Students. The authors are James G. Needham and J. T. Lloyd. This book is divided into seven chapters: I, Introduction; II, The Nature of Aquatic Environment; III, Types of Aquatic Environment; IV, Aquatic Organisms; V, Adjustment to Conditions of Aquatic Life: AT. Aquatic Societies; VII, Inland Water Culture. There are 244 text figures. c^c^> / The Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. XXXI. Plate II. The Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. XXXI. Plate III. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. OCTOBER, 1917. No. 7. A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF CRESTLESS HADROSAUR FROM THE EDMONTON FORMATION OF ALBERTA.* By Lawrence M. Lambe, F.R.S.C. Vertebrate Palaeontologist, Geological Survey, Canada. The Edmonton formation of the Cretaceous as developed on Red Deer river, A! although not as rich in ceratopsian the earlier Belly River beds, abounds in well preserved remains of hadrosaurs belonging to such recently described gener urolophus, Cheneosaw I Hypacrosaurus, form- which succeeded the crested Stephanosaurus and Prosaurolophus of Belly River times. It has become evident that a non-crested hadrosaur of large size, represented by excellent and comprehensive material in the Geological Survey collections from the Edmonton formation of Red Deer river, belongs to a genus and s] . iot hitherto described. The purpose of this paper is to give a preliminary description of this new form, with particular reference to the skull, reserving for the future a fuller account of its osteology which the nt state of the material will permit. This i: -us is represented in the collections by the remains of two individuals of the same size including the skull in each ca The first specimen (type) consists, of the skull (figured in plate II) with the following important parts of the skeleton: — most of the vertebra1, in place, back to the sixth caudal; one hind limb lacking a few phalanges; one humerus; both pubic bones; one ischium; the greater part of the right ilium; and some ribs. Collection of 1912, Edmonton formation, Red Deer river. Alberta, from opposite the mouth of Three Hills creek, at 200 feet above the river level. Cat. No. 2288. The second specimen (paratype) includes: — the skull, without the premaxillaries and the predentary; all the vertebrae with the excep- tion of those behind the fifth caudal; and the fore and hind limbs lacking some of the bones of the feet. It is possible that the right tmmunicated with the permission of the Acting Deputy Minister of Mines. 66 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October ilium is not present. The bones of this individual are splendidly pre- served and occurred scattered over a small area in a gray, clayey sandstone which is easily removed, leaving the surfaces in good con- dition. The elements composing the top of the skull behind are pre- served together otherwise the skull is naturally disarticulated. Collection of 1916, Edmonton formation, Red Deer river, from 7 miles north-west of Morrin, in sec. 16, tp. 31, R. XXI, on the west side of the river, 90 feet above the level of the river. Cat. No. 2289. The drawings for the figures accompanying this article are the work of Mr. Arthur Miles. Edmontosaurus regalis gen. et sp. nov. Type of genus and species. Skull, with the skeleton largely represented. Cat. No. 2288. Discovered by L. Sternberg. Paratype. A nearly complete skeleton, including the skull. Cat. No. 2289. Discovered by G. F. Sternberg. Geological horizon and locality. Edmonton formation (upper Cretaceous), Red Deer river, Alberta, Canada. Generic and specific characters. Skull moderately elongate, high and broad posteriori}*, flat in the frontal region, laterally compressed behind a low, greatly expanded snout. Orbit large. A large, pocket- like recess developed within the postfrontal, leading from the orbit. Lateral temporal fossa restricted above. Palatine and pterygoid rising, at a high angle, inward. Ectopterygoid external to the maxillary and pterygoid, connecting the two. Mandible deep and strong, very slightly decurved in front. Teeth with a rounded apical outline in lateral aspect, keeled, and with smooth borders; in 48-49 vertical rows in the dentary, and 51-53 in the maxillary. Ischium long, bluntly pointed distally. Femur slightly longer than the tibia. Humerus nearly as long as the ulna. Cervical and dorsal vertebrae opisthocoelus, in a marked degree in the former. Dorsal spines of moderate size, increasing slightly in height backward in the series. Sacrum composed of eight vertebrae. Animal of robust build, about 40 feet long. Edmontosaurus approaches most closely Diclonius Cope, one of the principal characters distinguishing the two being found in the shape of the skull which in Edmontosaurus is high and in Diclonius greatly depressed. The name Diclonius is here reserved for D. mirabilis Cope, from the Lance formation of Dakota, sometimes referred to as Trachodon mirabilis a genus and species insecurely established by Leidy in 1856, on a tooth from the Judith River beds of Montana. No characters can at present be assigned to Trachodon beyond those derived from the single mandibular tooth which con- stitutes the type. Edmontosaurus rivalled in size its bulky contemporary Hypacro- saurus. It appears, however, not to have been as large as Prosaurolo- 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 67 phus, from the Belly River formation of Alberta, if the skull in the Hadrosaurida1* can be considered a criterion of the size of the animal as a whole. In the paratype the canium proper (brain-case), the squamosals. postfrontals, prefrontals, lachrymals and nasals are preserved together, the other elements of the skull (with the exception of the premaxillar- ies, predentary, vomer, and right articular which were missing) were all found in a disarticulated state, free from each other and with practically no distortion. In the type skull (figure II) the pre- maxillaries are in position, the vomer is partially preserved, but the predentary is badly damaged. From the two specimens, therefore, we have full information relative to all the elements of the Edmontosaurus skull except the predentary and the vomer. The paratype reveals the exact shape of the brain cavity and the position of the cranial nerves. In it are preserved without distortion the palatines, pterygoids, and ectopterygoids, three elements of which little has hitherto been known in the Hadrosauridae. In plates II and III, two aspects of the skull are given showing the relative position to each other of the elements seen from these particular viewpoints. The skull of Edmontosaurus is large and massive, triangular in outline as seen from the side, high posteriorly, and narrowing down to the front. As viewed from above it is broad behind and in front, and greatly constricted behind the snout. Its posterior height is greater than its half-length. Its posterior breadth slightly exceeds the full lateral expansion of the snout, and is a little less than its half-length. The orbit is large, the quadrate long, and the great development of the premaxillarv bones in front, to form the horizontally expanded snout, is remarkable. Viewing the skull from the side one is impressed by the depth and robustness of the mandible. The principal bones of the skull with some of their main char- acteristics are briefly as follows: — Frontal. Rather flat, of irregular shape, longer than broad, and entering narrowly into the formation of the orbital rim. Posteriorly it meets the parietal, externo-posteriorly the postfrontal, and anteriorly the nasal and prefrontal. Postfrontal. Of considerable size, gibbously protrudent out- ward, somewhat triangular in superior aspect as well as when viewed from the side. Is in contact with the frontal, parietal, squamosal and jugal, extensively overlapping the squamosal. It forms the posterior curve of the orbital rim. A remarkable feature of this bone is the development within it of a deep, pocket-like recess leading back from the orbital cavity. Following the presence of this large recess the lateral *The name Hadrosauridae proposed by Cope in 1869 (1871) has precedence to Trachodontidae used by Lydekker in 1888 and later by Marsh in 1890. 68 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October temporal fossa is restricted in its upper half-length, and the ascending process of the jugal is relegated to a position on the inner side of the pocket well-removed from the outer surface of the skull. Prefrontal. Is in contact with the frontal, nasal and lachrymal, and forms the supero-anterior curve of the orbital rim. It overlaps the nasal to a considerable extent, and slightly overlaps the lachrymal. Its inner surface in advance of the orbital rim is excavated, leaving the bone thin. Nasal. This bone is long and narrow, very slender in its anterior half-length, and relatively broad behind. It is in contact with the frontal, prefrontal, lachrymal, maxillary and premaxillary. Anteriorly the nasal pair are separated for about one-fourth of their length by the upper premaxillary limbs. The front termination of the bone is but slightly in advance of the anterior end of the narial opening. The contact with the maxillary is effected by a process running forward from the lachrymal contact, completing the enclosure of the posterior end of the narial opening within the nasal. Lachrymal. Is wedge-shaped, twice as long as high, thickest behind, thin toward the front. Is in contact with the nasal, prefrontal, jugal, maxillary and premaxillary. Supero-anteriorly it is largely hidden beneath the end of the lower premaxillary limb. Its posterior border is protrudent and fully enters into the formation of the orbital rim. Above its sutural union with the jugal it lies external to and closely against the thin, elevated apex of the maxillary. In inner aspect the bone is seen to owe its posterior thickness to the development of an internal ridge which runs upward and slightly backward from the hinder end of the jugal contact and is prolonged thinly above between the nasal and the prefrontal. This ridge has a large per- foration which marks the passage forward of the lachrymal canal. Premaxillary. Consists of an anterior portion expanding out- ward from which are given off a long lower limb and a relatively short upper limb. The lower limb passes back over the maxillary and- terminating narrowly overlaps the lachrymal and nasal. The two upper limbs separate the nasals anteriorly. The front border of the anterior expansion is recurved, roofing over an extensive cavity which opens backward on to an unevenly depressed floor. The bone does not anywhere attain any great thickness. The two premaxillaries together have an anterior breadth apparently little less than the maximum posterior breadth of the skull. Jugal. Is long, thin, and plate-like, obtusely angulated in lateral outline below, and deeply emarginated above by the orbit and the lateral temporal fossa. It connects antero-superiorly with the lachrymal, anteriorly with the maxillary, posteriorly with the quadrato- jugal and the quadrate, and superiorly, behind its midlength, with the 1 9 1 7 I The Ottawa Naturalist. 69 postfrontal by means of a long, ascending process which passes on the inner side of the inner wall of the postfrontal pocket. Quadrato-jugal. A thin, subtriangular plate, extensively over- lapped by the jugal. Posteriorly it connects with the quadrate which is emarginated to receive it. Quadrate. A transversely compressed, nearly upright bar from whose inner surface a large, thin flange is directed inward and for- ward It is in contact antero-externally, below its midlength, with the quadrato-jugal, with the pterygoid internally by means of the flange, with the squamosal superiorly, and with the surangular and articular (mandibular cotylus) at its lower end. A spur from the squamosal descends on and is suturally united with the anterior border of the quadrate below its head. Ectopterygoid. Connects the maxillary and pterygoid, lying for the most part external to both. Is longer than high, and is thin and overlapping except in a small inwardly thickened area which fits inward into the postero-maxillary notch suturally uniting the maxillary and pterygoid. It is broadest behind, where it flares thinly over the pterygoid, and extends narrowly forward in the postero-external, concave area of the maxillary. The upper and lower borders of the bone, where it begins to broaden posteriorly, fit into two grooves in the maxillary, one in the lower surface of the postero-maxillary process, the other curving downward round the posterior end of the maxillary ridge. Maxillary. Connects suturally with the premaxillary, nasal. lachrymal, jugal, palatine, pterygoid and ectopterygoid bones. Is roughly triangular in lateral outline, highest at midlength, and thickest at about midlength below the large, rugose, external surface of attach- ment for the jugal. The inner face is rather flat in comparison with the varied relief of the outer one. The superior border slopes down from the apex to either end terminating in thin processes of which the anterior one is the larger. The anterior portion of the border is shallowly grooved, for a considerable distance in advance of the apical elevation, for the reception of the spur directed forward from the lower border of the nasal. The postero-superior border is in sutural contact with the lower edge of the palatine. The robust, rounded posterior end is clasped by the lowermost part of the pterygoid whose anterior border, in its upward course to reach the palatine, passes on the inner side of the postero-maxillary process. The ectopterygoid fills the emargination below this process, and extends narrowly and thinly forward for some distance in a depressed area of the external face below the postero-superior border. A less pronounced depression of the external face below the antero-superior border receives the ascend- ing lower premaxillary limb. The teeth are in fifty-one to fifty-three 70 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October vertical rows occupying about seven-eighths of the total length of the bone. Pterygoid. Is a thin bone of complicated shape in contact with the quadrate, palatine, maxillary, ectopterygoid, basisphenoid, paras- phenoid and probably the vomer. It consists mainly in its upper part of an anterior and a posterior alar extension directed upward and forward, and upward and backward respectively. Both wings are thin and narrow rapidly upward. From either end of the base a short extending spur is developed. Internally the bone is strengthened by two large flanges, united above, and diverging downward to opposite ends of the base. At the centre of the superior border, between the wings, is an inwardly facing concave surface for attachment to the process of the basisphenoid. Sutural union with the quadrate is effected by the application of the external face of the posterior wing to the inner face of the flange of the quadrate, also the posterior basal spur fits into a narrow concavity at the base of the flange of the quadrate, further strengthening the union of the two elements. The anterior basal spur curves outward and forward on the posterior end of the maxillary, and a short distance higher up the postero-maxillary process passes externally back on the anterior border. Above the maxillary contact the front edge of the anterior wing for its full height is overlapped externally by the posterior border of the palatine. Above the anterior basal spur is a moderately large surface marking the external application of the posterior expansion of the ectopterygoid. The upper end of the anterior wing is apparently applied to the parasphenoid, and probably effects a junction with the hinder end of the vomer. Palatine. Is irregularly triangular in lateral outline, is highest in front, and narrows downward and backward to the nearly straight base. It is plate-like, and is suturally united to the maxillary, jugal and pterygoid, and in position extends upward at a high angle inward- ly above the postero-superior border of the maxillary. The anterior border is moderately thick and shallowly emarginated in its upper half to form the posterior border of the posterior nares. Antero-inferiorly is a roughened surface for contact with the jugal within the lower front angle of the orbit. Behind the jugal contact the palatine rests on the postero-superior border of the maxillary back to and slightly on to the posterior maxillary process. Thence forward and upward it out- wardly overlaps the front border of the anterior wing of the pterygoid, rising to as great a height as that element. Infero-posteriorly it develops a thin internal process between which and the main termina- tion of the bone the ascending anterior border of the pterygoid fits. Antero-superiorly it apparently has no connection with the vomer, the pterygoid intervening. 1917] The Ottaava Naturalist. 71 Vomer. This element appears to have been slender throughout and devoid of any considerable expansion. It is known in Edmonto- saurus only from a small portion preserved in the type skull, plate II; the piece is over 125 mm. long and lies in the midline of the skull under the posterior half-length of the narial opening. It apparently connected in front with the maxillaries on the inner side of their anterior processes, and behind with the pterygoids on the interno- superior surface on the height of their anterior wings. It appears to have been narrow between the maxillary processes and to havre had a slender termination in advance of them. Whether the vomer bifurcated behind and reached the pterygoid on either side in this manner, or united with the pair by a horizontal expansion has not been ascer- tained. It is estimated to haATe had a length in the figured skull of over 400 mm. Angular. Is long, narrow, and thin, and is in sutural contact with the splenial, surangular, and dentary, running forward from a short distance in advance of the hinder end of the surangular, on the inner side of that bone, to a point on the dentary about in line with the midlength of the dental magazine. In lateral aspect it inclines slightly upward in one-third of its length posteriorly. Viewed from above it has a flattened sigmoid curve, suiting itself to the inner con- vexity of the surangular and the concavity of the lowermost part of the dentary. Superiorly, for its posterior half-length, it meets the loAver border of the splenial. Splenial. A moderately thin bone, shorter than the angular, applied anteriorly to the inner face of the dentary, and posteriorly to the inner face of the articular. Its lower border is in contact with the angular. It is deepest near the front where its superior border curves outwardly over the supero-internal termination of the dentary behind the dental magazine; farther forward it narrows rapidly to a point in contact with the dentary below the hindermost dental foramina. In the posterior two-thirds of its length it lessens but slightly in depth backward, and apparently terminated with a rounded lateral outline. It reaches farther back than the angular and is in contact with it for nearly the whole of the latter's half-length. Its inner face is moder- ately concave in a longitudinal direction. Surangular. Is large and robust in comparison with the angular, splenial and articular, in conjunction with which it adds considerably to the length of the mandibular ramus, as the lowermost element of the mandible behind the dentary. It is through this bone, with a slight assistance from the articular, that the attachment of the mandible to the quadrate is effected. It articulates in front with the dentary, postero-superiorly with the articular, and laterally on the inner side with the angular. It consists of an oblong main portion, longer than broad, from which is given off antero-exteriorly a thin, ascending 72 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October process. Anteriorly it overlaps the thin, lower posterior termination of the dentary. Postero-internally the main portion of the bone extends thinly backward, facing upward and inward beneath the articular. Toward the inner border a thin flange, rising from the upper surface passes forward external to the articular. The mandi- bular cotylus occupies the postero-external angle of the main portion of the bone. Articular. This element, as yet not fully known, is higher than broad, thinnest below in its more posterior part, and extends forward as a moderately thin bone wedged in between the surangular and the outer face of the splenial. Below it is supported by the surangular. Supero-externally it supplies a surface as its contribution to the mandibular cotylus. The bone is preserved, in part, both in the type skull, and in the disarticulated skull, Cat. No. 2289. Dentary. Is large, with three-eighths of its length in front edentulous, deeply excavated posteriorly by the mandibular fossa, and with the dental magazine occupying nearly one-half the length of the bone. The coronoid process is robust and placed far back. The dentary attains its greatest breadth across this process. For the full length of the magazine it is deep and moderately thick. The edentulous part is comparatively thin with a gradually lessening depth forward, is longitudinally concave internally, and curves abruptly inward in front, with a lowering of the superior border, to -meet the opposite dentary in a ligamentous connection behind the predentary. The mandibular fossa excavates the coronoid process behind, and in- ternally is continuous with the Meckelian groove which lessens in depth in its forward course near the lower border of the bone, and disappears in advance of a point in line with the front end of the magazine. Behind the magazine the dentary ends in a laterally com- pressed, pointed process, internal to the mandibular fossa. This pro- cess is covered on its inner face, and embraced above, by the anterior end of the splenial. Posteriorly, beneath the Meckelian groove, is a narrow surface marking the internal application of the angular as far forward as a point nearly beneath the midlength of the magazine. Posteriorly below the dentary is transversely broad, thin and obtusely pointed at its termination, underlapping the surangular so that the floor of the mandibular fossa is continuous with the upper front sur- face of the surangular. The narrow symphysial surface is deeply grooved from front to back. The dental foramina, corresponding in number to the vertical series of teeth, are conspicuous internally below the magazine. At the anterior end externally is a rather large foramen behind which are six or seven smaller ones at irregular intervals back to the front of the magazine. Still farther back are a few other foramina in the outer face of the bone. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 73 In the dentary there are forty-eight or forty-nine vertical series of teeth with four or five and sometimes the stump of a sixth in each series. The individual teeth are largest at the midlength of the magazine and decrease in size toward either end of it, the posterior ones being considerably shorter but only slightly narrower than those in front. The inner enamelled tooth-surfaces, in lateral aspect, are nearly lozenge-shaped in outline, with the longer diameter vertical, and fit closely together quincuncially in a mosaic which is almost half covered from below by the thin alveolar wall. There are about 230 teeth in each dentary, this being many less than the number (406) ascribed to Diclonius mirabilis by Cope in his description of that species in 1883. MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKULL OF EDMONTOSAURUS. Mm. Length of type skull measured in a straight line from the posterior edge of the opisthotic to the middle of the anterior premaxillary border 1114 Horizontal length of same from anterior premaxillary border to a point vertically below the edge of the opisthotic (paroccipital) 1066 Length of quadrate 420 Breadth of skull (paratype) between the external convexity of the postfrontals behind the orbit. (The size of the skull in the type and paratype is about the same) 428 Length of mandibular ramus of paratype without predentary__ 908 Length of dentary of paratype 780 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate II — Left lateral aspect of the type skull of Edmontosaurus regalis, one-seventh natural size. Plate III — Superior aspect of skull of Edmontosaurus regalis, one- seventh natural size. This view is taken from above with the skull in the position in which it is shown in plate II, viz., with the line of the teeth practically horizontal. Abbreviations: — Ar, articular; D, dentary; Ex. oc, exoccipital; /'. frontal; /, jugal; LJ lachrymal; l.t.f., lateral temporal fenestra; Mx, maxillary; N, nasal; no, nasal opening; O, orbit; Opo, opisthotic; Orsp, orbitosphenoid (alisphenoid) ; P, parietal; Pof, postfrontal; Pal, palatine; Pmx, premaxillary; Prd, predentary; Prf, prefrontal; Prot, prootic; Pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; Qj quadrato-jugal; Sang, surangular; Soc, supraoccipital; Sp, splenial; Sq, squamosal: s.t.f., supratempotal fenestra; V, vomer. 74 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October THE RED-TAILED HAWK IN MANITOBA. By Norman ("riddle, Treesbank, Man. The Red-tail is one of the most beautiful of our Canadian hawks and in Manitoba among the semi-wooded areas, is still one of the commonest. That it is still numerous is due to the fact that its more secluded haunts have enabled it to escape much of the persecution to which the misinformed public have subjected its close allies, the Rough-legged and Swainson's hawks. The favourite nesting sites of the Red-tail are along the wooded borders of rivers and streams, though the bird is by no means confined to such places, but is found breeding over much of the semi-wooded portions of the province. In general habits this hawk does not differ greatly from Swainson's hawk, to which reference was made by the writer in a previous volume of The Ottawa Naturalist. It is, however, two or three weeks earlier in arriving from the South in spring time, commences to build earlier, and is far more a bird of woodlands than either Swainson's or the Rough-legged hawk. More- over, it has never been found nesting upon the ground and rarely in isolated trees. The nest of this >pecies is composed of large and small twigs, well lined with the inner bark of aspen poplar, being a somewhat bulky structure. There seems a general tendency, on the bird's part, to seek a new nesting site each year. This, however, is not always done, some birds being known to occupy the same nest for two or more years in succession. The same nests have also been rebuilt and used after one or more years interval. There is reason to suspect that old nests would be much more frequently utilised were it not for the fact that the Western Horned owl habitually takes possession of these before the hawks return. Thus, the nests available for the latter depend upon the number of horned owls present in the vicinity. The number of eggs laid by each female varies somewhat and seems to depend, at least to some extent, upon the food supply. In 1917, the six nests under observation close to the writer's home, con- tained but two eggs each and in only one of the six did the parents succeed in rearing more than one young though both were hatched in every instance. The first nest was discovered on May 6, containing two eggs. Other nests with eggs were located as late as June 14. It is difficult to account for the mortality among the young, though , it is noteworthy that the deaths occurred while they were still quite small, and that the latest hatched, and consequently smallest, was invariably the one to die. Dead examples presented no indication of violence but seemed to show that, in all probability, death was due to 1^17] The Ottawa Naturalist. 75 starvation, the lack of food being due in its turn to a scarcity of ground squirrels (gophers) and to the unusual number of hawks nesting in the district. The curious habit of the old birds in gathering a green leafy bough and placing it in the nest, characteristic of Swainson's hawk also, is very marked in the Red-tail, a fresh bough being gathered at least once daily during the time when the young are small. There has been some doubt hitherto as to the cause of this habit, but by observing the nestlings I am led to believe that the bough acts as a sun shade, as the young have been seen to repeatedly pull the bough over them- selves and crouch beneath it. Doubtless it also acts as a shield and hides the young from their enemies. The leaves arc also occasionally eaten. As the young develop they acquire a good deal of boldness and defend themselves with both beak and claws. They have a habit of closely watching the intruder backing up meanwhile at the approach of a hand; then suddenly the) leap forward with wing- outstretched and it requires a rapid movement to escape their on- slaught. The old birds make no efforts to defend their young, but fly high overhead uttering loud cries which are, at times, answered in a shriller key by the young beneath. In the fall these birds may be seen resting upon trees and telephone posts, looking very un-Red-tailed in appearance and superficially very like the young of Swainson's hawk. Towards the middle of October they make their way steadily southward and by the end of the month have practically all passed beyond our borders. The food habits of hawks have been discussed on many occasions and the examination of stomachs by Fisher and others in the United States show^ that all our large buzzard-like hawks, such as the Red- tail, Rough-legged and Swainson's hawks, are extremely useful. In discussing these from the standpoint of the prairie farmers, how- ever, we have to take into consideration the fact that the prairie pro- vinces are largely grain producing. Secondly, that they are infested by several species of ground squirrel which are quite unknown in eastern ( anada and winch take heavy toll from the grain fields. Thus our problems in regard to hawks are quite unlike those of the east and it seems a mistake to unite these in an article of this sort. As the Red-tailed hawk is more an inhabitant of woodlands than the other species mentioned above it naturally follows that it is not so much a hunter of the plains, hence the prairie ground squirrels do not form so large a proportion of its food. They are, however, taken in quite large numbers and are supplemented by wood-loving kinds such as Franklin's ground squirrel, the common red squirrel and by mice. The food habits are also much more difficult to ascertain owing to the thorough manner in which the parents clean up the nest and to 76 The Ottawa Naturalist. [October their habit of not leaving food nearby. Thus, unless one kills the birds and examines their stomachs, it is necessary to rely almost wholly upon the disgorged pellets overlooked by the parents, which unfortunately are practically absent during the early stages of the existence of the young. Details of pellets examined in 1917 are: July 2 — 14 pellets collected beneath the nest of a pair of young; two made up of feathers and weed seeds from one or more vesper sparrows; four containing hair of voles and mice and odd bones of these rodents; the remaining pellets containing ground squirrel hair and a few bones chiefly of the striped species, Cetillus tridecemlineata: a few aspen leaves were also present. July 10 — Six pellets beneath the nest of a single nestling, chiefly made up of vole hair and with three sets of teeth of these animals, also bones and feathers of a young crow. Pellets from another nest taken on the same day, five in all, showed a few bird feathers, parts of two voles, much hair of the same rodents, ground squirrel hair and three tail tips of Franklin's ground squirrel. July 31 — Three pellets gathered containing hair and bones of ground squirrels, the former of C. richardsoni and franklinii. Odd bones and a tail of the last species were also located upon the ground. • The young hawk had left this nest about ten days. Another nest from which the young had departed was examined on October 5 ; it con- tained broken pellets consisting of ground squirrel hair and bones. These studies, as was mentioned above, relate to a single season's observations. Similar studies, covering a number of years show little variation in the kind of food consumed. The situation of the hunting grounds naturally influences the results inasmuch as these are apt to be frequented by a greater number of animals of one species in one place and another kind elsewhere. A shortage of some par- ticular animal, such as ground squirrels, will have to be made up by the collecting of some other such as mice or birds, all of which have to be taken into consideration before we can arrive at a true knowledge of any hawk's food habits. With regard to the relation of Red-tailed hawks to poultry, I have yet to learn of a single instance of these hawks having attacked poultry of any kind, though it is not at all an uncommon event to find them nesting within a few hundred yards of barnyards and poultry runs. Such is the evidence brought out by this investigation. The destruction of a few sparrows may be used against the hawks. The killing of a vastly greater number of noxious rodents leaves a large balance in the bird's favour. We can, therefore, come to but one con- clusion, namely, that it is not only a friend to the farmer but also a useful ally as a conserver of our food supply. L917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 77 WAS THE LOWER CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE SUPREME?* By Lancaster D. Burling. A new species of Lower Cambrian trilobite, Paedeumias robsonen- sis, has recently been described"*" from a single specimen which is unique among the thousands of specimens of known trilobites in its imperfection. The reason for the extraordinary perfection of the tests of previously discovered trilobites has apparently escaped critical observation though the late development of the ability to roll up into a ball has been appealed to as indicating that the trilobite was the supreme arbiter of the early Cambrian seas and needed no such pro- tection. He has recently been deposed from this position, however, at least for the Middle Cambrian, and his title conferred upon Sidneyia inexpert mis WalcottL a Merostome-like crustacean which has been described as armed with a truly formidable set of chelate appendages or claws (see figure 2). In the Lower Cambrian, however, nothing has hitherto been discovered that would dispute the claim of the trilobite to be the largest inhabitant of the seas, and the specimen of Paedeumias above mentioned is as large or larger than any other fossil so far discovered in the lower Cambrian rocks of the North- western Cordillera. It is further noteworthy in having the greatest number of ribs (44) ever discovered in a trilobite. Fifteen of these are of large size and their long spines almost completely encircle the remaining 2() (or more, the end is broken off) which are smaller and nearly equal in size. ~"nS Fig. 1— Paedi uraias robson urling. Outline of right half of the first seven ribs, showing extent of injury. As can be seen by the photo- t on plate I, Vol. XXX, opp. p. 53, the left half of i ibs is normal, with the exception that the fifth is slightly shorter than the fourth anil sixth. The enlargement of the third rib is characteristic of the family to which the species belong. Tl fourths natural size. "Published by permission of the Deputy Minister of Mine tOttawa Naturalist, vol. 30. 1916, pp. 53-58, pi. I. JNai. Geog. Mag., vol. 22, 1911, p. 511. J%&> if **hf '*' 7 C «k J - 78 The Ottaaaa Naturalist. [ October Hoav does it happen that this trilobite has lost the ends of two of his largest ribs and that a third, which lies betAveen them, has been cut off close to the central part of his body? And what light do Ave receive from the fact that the broken ends of these ribs have started to heal up and show fairly well developed terminations? (See figure 1). Fig. 2 — Restoration of Sidneyia inexpectans Walcott. Made by grouping together a bodv and two claws found within the limits of the same Middle Cambrian faunule on the slopes of Mt. Field, British Columbia. The two claws are probably both rights or both lefts, one (left in the figure) showing one side, with the "thumb" in place, the other show- ing the reverse side of a claw probably belonging to the same side of the animal, with the "thumb" broken away. The individual portions after Walcott. One-half natural size. If we assume that tlie trilobite lost this portion of his anatomy while he was a very small animal, why was he so long about fixing up his lost ribs? Crustacea noAv have the poAver of rebuilding lost parts of their body, and this primitive crab has proven by his ability to heal *'• *# * >x. I 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 79 the broken ends of his ribs that Cambrian trilobites possessed the same ability.* Therefore it must have happened very recently in his life history or all traces of the accident would have been removed. But if it happened such a short while ago the chunk must have been removed by a foe more voracious if not actually larger than himself and we are apparently justified in assuming the presence in the Lower Cambrian seas of animals capable of inflicting such an injury. The only other explanation is that he became pinned beneath material dropping from an overhanging ledge, and an apparent crowding and dwarfing of the ribs immediately adjacent to the cut lends a degree of plausibility to the idea that the}- were bruised at the same time. So far as we can judge from the present appearance of the edges of the wound it was comparatively clean cut, and made by a jaw capable of cutting not only at the extreme tip but for some distance along each side, for the ribs next in front and back of the one in the middle are cut off diagonally. A Sidneyia-like crustacean (see figure 2) could hardly be expected to clip so symmetrical and clean a section. If we were to hazard a gue>- we would say that the most reasonable conclu- sion would be that it was the work of a fish. These, the earliest known vertebrates, are not known from rocks earlier than those of the imme- diately overlying system, the Ordovician, but ancient, rocks are growing daily more responsive and such a guess is far within the range of probability. PROGRAMME OF WINTER LECTURES, 191 7-19 IS. December 18, 1917 — "Two Years in N. E. Greenland.*' Mr. Frits Johansen, Naturalist on the "Danmark" Expedition, 1906-1908. January 8, 1918 — "Mobilizing the Forests for War and Peace." Mr. Robson Black, Secretary of the Canadian Forestrv Association. January 22, 1918 — "Diseases of Domestic Animals.*' Dr. S. Hadwen, Pathologist, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. February 5, 1918— "Local Snakes, Frogs and Salamanders: Their Relation to Agriculture." Mr. Clyde L. Patch, Victoria Memor- ial Museum, Ottawa. February 19, 1918- — "Fishing and the Canadian Fisheries, with Special Reference to the Atlantic Coast." Mr. W. A Found, Superintendent of Fisheries, Ottawa. March 5, 1918— "The Fur Seals." Mr. James M. Macoun, C.M.G., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa. March 19, 1918 — "Naturalists and Tropical Diseases." Major J. L. Todd, Ottawa, lately Professor of Parasitology, McGill Univer- sity. At the conclusion of this lecture the ANNUAL MEETING of the Club will be held. *Perhaps the quickness of this recovery in these early forms is the reason for the perfection of the forms which have hitherto been discovered. 80 The Ottawa Naturalist [October WHY THE LEAVES CHANGE THEIR COLOR. The change in the color of leaves in autumn is not, as many people suppose, due to the action of frost, but is a preparation for winter. All during the spring and summer the leaves have served as factories, where the foods necessary for the trees' growth have been manufactured. Ths food making rake- place in numberless tiny cells of the leaf and is carried on by small green bodies which give the leaf its color. These chlorophyll bodies, as they are known, make the food of the tree b) combining carbon taken from the carbonic acid gas of the air with hydrogen, oxygen, and various minerals supplied by the water which the roots gather. In the fall when the cool weather can- lowing down of the vital processes, the work of the leaves comes to an end. The machinery of the leaf factory is dismantled, so to speak, the chlorophyll is broken up into the various substances of which it is composed, and whatever food there is on hand is sent to the body of the tree to be stored up for use in the spring. All that remains in the cell cavities of the leaf is a watery substance in which a few oil globules and crystals, and a small number of yellow, strongly tive bodies can be seen. These give the leaves the yellow color- ing so familiar in autumnal foliage. It often happens, however, that there is more sugar in the leaf that cm be readily transferred back to the tree. When this is the i - the chemical combination with the other substances produce- many- colored tints varying from the brilliant red of the dogwood to the more austere red-browns of the oak. In coniferous trees, which do not lose their foliage in the fall, the green coloring matter takes on a slightly brownish tinge, which, however, gives way to the lighter color in the spring. While tin color of the leaf is changing, other preparations are being made. At the point where the stem of the leaf is attached to the tree, a specal layer of cells develops which gradually sever the tissues which support the leaf. At the same time Nature heals the cut, so that when the leaf is finally blown off by the wind or falls from its own weight, tlie place where it grew on the twig is marked by a scar. Although the food which has been prepared in the cell cavities is sent back to the tree, the mineral substances with which the- walls of the cells have become impregnated during the summer months are retained. Accordingly, when the leaves fall they contain relatively large amounts of valuable elements, such as nitrogen and phosphorus which were originally a part of the soil. The decomposition of the lea* ults in enriching the top layers of the soil by returning these elements and by the accumulaton of humus. That is why the mellow black earth from the forest floor is so fertile. — (From the Forest Service, U. S. Dep. Agric. ) K (LIBRARY} at 7 * V* THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. NOVEMBER, 1917. No. 8. NOTES ON THE WINTER BIRDS OF THE OKANAGAN VALLEY. By T A. Munro. In comparison with eastern Canada, the winter season of the Okanagan Valley is mild, with a lighter snowfall and a greater number of clear sunny days. In normal years the first cold weather comes towards the end of November. Between November and the first of March there arc usually three or four cold snaps, when the temperature drops tc ten or fifteen below zero. By the end of February the snow has melted and warm sunny days are the rule. During the severe winter of 1915-16, zero weather lasted almost continuously from January 9th until February 4th. There was an unusually large amount of snow and Okanagan Lake was frozen over. The lowest temperature at Okanagan Landing was 24° below zero. Along the lake shore and in the river bottoms various wild fruits, such as snowberry and rose hips insure an abundant food supply. The fruit of the Black Haw (Crataegus douglasi) usually dm - on the bushes and is greedily eaten by Bohemian Waxwings and Pine Gros- beaks. Introduced weeds are well represented along roadsides and on waste ground. Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Melilotus alba are the commonest and the seeds form the staple diet of Sparrows, Redpolls and Juncoes. The following notes cover the period between 1911 and 1917, inclusive. Western Grebe — JEchmo phorus occidentalis. A few winter on Okanagan Lake. Holboell's Grebe — Colymbus holboellii. A few winter on Okanagan Lake. Both this species and the former, die in large numbers every fall. Specimens examined were in an emaciated condition and contained several species of parasitic nematodes. In several cases a mass of wire-like parasites, clustered between the leg muscles and the skin, caused the knee joints to swell to twice the normal size. A segmented tape-worm was present in several specimens. 82 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November Horned Grebe — Colymbus auritus. Winters commonly on Okanagan Lake. Red-billed Grebe — Podilymbus podiceps. A few winter on Okanagan Lake. Loon — Gavia imber. A few winter on Okanagan Lake. Red-throated Loon — Gavia stellata. A juvenal female picked up on the shore of Okanagan Lake, November 22nd, 1915. Small Loons observed on several occasions were probably of this species. Herring Gull — Lams argentatus. Common winter resident. California Gull — Larus californicus. Not as common as the former. Mergansers — Mergus americanus. Common resident. Red-breasted Merganser — Mergus serrator. Regular winter resident. Mallard — A nas platyrhynchos. The bulk of the surface feeding ducks, leave in November, when the small lakes and sloughs freeze over. A few remain as long as there are open stretches of water in the streams but become quite poor. Frequently mixed flocks of Mallard, Pintail, etc., are seen picking up the weeds that have become dislodged by the wind and have drifted on to the ice on the shore of the lake. Gadwall — Chaulelasmus streperus. No winter records since January 1912. Baldpate — Mareca americana. A few remain all winter and live parasitically on the Redheads, snatching the weeds from their bills as they rise to the surface. They are in constant motion, when feeding, dashing at every duck that rises near them. Green-winged Teal — Nettion carolinense. A few winter. Pintail — Dafila acuta. A few winter. Redhead — Marila americana. The commonest duck on Okanagan Lake in winter. Late in January, when their feeding grounds at the south end of the lake become frozen, they congregate in enormous flocks in the vicinity of Okanagan Landing. The prevailing winds are southerly and serve to keep the shallow water here free of ice. Several specimens of pond- weeds (Potamogeton) afford an abundant food supply. By February 15, the flocks have reached their maximum and number several thousand. They remain in these large bands until March, when they 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 83 move north. A small number remain and breed. Males outnumber females in the proportion of 15 to 1 . Courtship commences about the last week in February. This is interesting in view of the fact that they are one of the last ducks to breed. I have found fresh eggs late in June and half grown young in September. The following is from my note book: February 28, 1916 — Large flocks of Redhead close to shore, feeding and courting. Some were mated and copulating. The drake swims swiftly to the duck, and appears to seize her by the neck with his bill. The duck is at once submerged and remains so until the drake leaves her. Five drakes seen to follow a duck and surround her in a circle. They stretch their necks straight up, the front part slightly elevated, showing the black breast, the crown feathers erected. Sometimes they uttered a coarse quack before relaxing. February 29, 1916 — Large flocks feeding close to the beach. Those nearest to the shore were dipping like mallards. They bring the pondweed to the surface and after shaking it several times, swallow in a series of gulps. The mating call is a coarse quack; the wheezy cat-like cry is made when feeding. I have been unable to discover if it is made by both sexes. Canvas-back — Marila valisneria. Regular winter resident, not common. Scamp Duck — Marila marila. Abundant winter resident. Lesser Scamp Duck — Marila affinis. Regular winter resident; not as common as the former. Ring-necked Duck — Marila collaris. Regular winter resident; unusuallv abundant during the winter of 1915-16. Golden-eye — Clangula clangula americana. Common winter resident. Barrow's Golden-eye — Clangula islandica. Scarce winter resident. Breeds commonly here and leaves in October or earlier. The drakes leave soon after the eggs are laid in May. Most of the winter records are for juvenals. Buffle-head — Charitonelta albeola. Common resident. The drakes disappear soon after the eggs are laid and are not seen again until October. Olor. (Sp.?) A small flock of swans winter regularly. •Coot — Fulica americana. Abundant resident. They gather in large flocks in the late fall and are loth to move south, even when their feeding grounds freeze over, in the smaller lakes. During cold winters, hundreds remain on 84 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November the ice and die of starvation or fall victims to the coyotes and bald eagles. Wilson's Snipe — GaUinago delicata. A few remain all winter in the vicinity of springs or along the rapid streams that remain open during the cold weather. Ktlldeer — Oxyechus vociferus. One record, December 9. 1912. Richardson's Grouse— Dendragopus obscurus richardsoni. Resident. Franklin's Grouse — Canachites franklini. Resident in the Murray pine and spruce forests. Canada Ruffed Grouse— Banasa umbellus togata. Resident. The breeding race appears to be typical togata. During October there is usually a local migration from the higher mountains and a much grayer bird appears, which is probably closer to umbelloides. White-tailed Ptarmigan — Lagopus leucurus leucurus. Breeds above timber line in southern Okanagan. Taken in winter on the Silver Star mountain, near Vernon, by Allan Brooks. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse— Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris. Resident. Grouse of all species have become very scarce during the past two years and a close season for all of British Columbia east of the summit of the Cascade mountains was declared in 1917. The scarcity is accounted for by the ravages of an intestinal parasite coupled with two severe winters, cold wet springs and the increase of coyotes and skunks. Western Mourning Dove — Zenaidura macro-lira marginella. One winter record, January 27, 1916. Marsh Hawk — Circus hudsonius. Resident. Sharp-shinned Hawk — Accipiter velox. Two winter records, January 24, 1913; January 3, 1917. Goshawk — Astus atricapillus atricapillus. Common Resident. Rough-legged Hawk — Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis. Winter resident, never common. Golden Eagle — Aquila chrysaetos. Resident. Not common. Northern Bald Eagle — Halialus leucocephalus alascanus. Common resident. Duck Hawk — Falco peregrinus anatum. Resident; not common. Pigeon Hawk — Falco columbarius columbarius. Resident; not common. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 85 Black Pigeon Hawk — Falco columbarius sucklei. One record, February 7, 1914. Desert Sparrow Hawk — Falco sparverius phakena. One winter record, January 22, 1917. Long-eared Owl — Asio wilsonianus. Common resident. Short-eared Owl — Asio flammeus. Common winter resident; a few remain to breed. Great Grey Owl — Scoptiaptex nebulosa nebulosa. Scarce winter resident. Richardson's Owl — Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni Scarce winter resident. Saw-whet Owl — Cryptoglaux acadica acadica. Resident; not common. MacFarlane's Screech Owl — Otas asio macfarlanei. Common resident. Great Horned Owl — Bubo virginianus. The breeding form is consistently dark with the heavily mottled feet of "saluratiis." In the winter a much lighter, more ruescent form occurs. I have never taken anything approaching subarcticus. Snowy (Kvi.—Nyctia nyctia. Winter resident; not common. During the winter of 1016-17, when the big migration of this species occurred on the Pacific coast, they were slightly more common here. Hawk Owl — Surnia ulula caparoch. Winter resident; not common. Breeds in the high mountains in southern Okanagan. P gmy Owl- -Glaucidium gnoma gnoma. Common resident. Belted Kingfisher — Ceryle alcyon. A few generally winter. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker — Dryobates villosus monticola. Common resident. \\ \ tohelder's Woodpecker — Dryobates pubescens homorus. Common resident. W 1 1 ite-he aded Wocdpecker — Xenopicus albo larvatus. Two records, December 20, 1911; January 24, 1914. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker — Picoides arcticus. Resident in the Canadian zones. Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker — Picoides americanus fasciatus. Resident in the Canadian zone. Northern Pileated Woodpecker — Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola. Common resident. Red-shaeted Flicks — Col a pies cafer collaris. A few always winter. 86 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November Pallid Horned Lark — Otocoris alpestris arcticola. Breeds above timber line. Arrives in the valleys in large flocks early in September. Small flocks remain through the winter, but the majority of the birds go farther south in late October. Magpie — Pica pica hudsonia. Abundant resident. Black-headed Jay — Cyanocitta stelleri annectens. Common resident. Rocky Mountain Jay — Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Resident in the Canadian zone. Northern Raven — -Corvus cor ax principalis. Resident in the Canadian zone. Western Crow — Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis. Abundant resident. The bulk of the crows spend both winter and summer in the brushy river bottoms in the vicinity of cleared land. Clarke's Nutcracker— Nucifraga columbiana. Resident; sometimes common. During the fall and winter they feed almost exclusively on the seeds of the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). When the seed crop is light they leave the district entirely. Very few were seen in the Okanagan from July, 1915, until August, 1917. They are plentiful again this winter (1917-18). Northwestern Red-wing — Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Abundant resident. Western Meadowlark — Slumella neglect a. Abundant resident. During cold weather they frequent straw stacks, burrowing into the loose straw for warmth. Brewer's Blackbird — Euphagus cyanocephalus. In 1912-13, this species wintered in large numbers in the city of Kelowna, feeding on street refuse. I have no winter records north of this. Western Evening Grosbeak — Hesperiphona vespertina montana. Winter resident, some years abundant. They are usually more common in the cities where the seeds of the box elder are the attraction. When the supply of seeds is exhausted, they move out into the country, feeding on the choke cherry kernels and the small black haws (Crataegus douglasi) that have dried on the bushes during the hot summer. In the summer of 1916 they remained in the city of Vernon as late as June 5, and were then feeding on green box elder seeds. A few pairs undoubtedly breed in the mountains close to here, as I have taken juvenals in August. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak — Pinicola enucleator leucura. Winter resident, sometimes abundant. Breeds in the high mountains near timber line in the southern Okanagan. Winter birds are probably from the north. They gather in large flocks in the orchards, tearing the seeds out of the frozen apples. The pulp that 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 87 falls to the ground is generally eaten by Bohemian Waxwings. Fre- quently they feed together. Cassin's Purple Finch — Carpodacus cassini. Three winter records. Crossbill — Loxia curvirostra minor. Common resident; erratic in their appearance. I have shot females in February and in August that were undoubtedly breeding. Gray-crowned Rosy Finch — Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis. Hepburn's Rosy Finch — Leucosticte tephrocotis UttoraUs. Both forms breed above timber line in the Similkameen district and in the Gold Range. Large flocks come into the valley during December and January. Litt oralis is much the more common. Tephrocotis occurs in the flocks in the proportion of one to twenty or thirty. Specimens that are intermediate are common. I have fre- quently seen flocks of three or four hundred suddenly appear and swarm over a bare place on the open range in search of gravel. When disturbed they often circle several times, their undulating flight and soft voices suggesting the shore lark. If birds have been shot out of the flock, the remainder will come back time after time, fluttering to the ground, close to the dead birds. On one occasion, a flock, dis- turbed from an alfalfa field, flew up, in an ever narrowing spiral, for several hundred feet and then closed into a compact flock and flew straight away. Hoary Redpoll — Acanthis hornemanni exilipes. Rare. One was taken in a flock of linaria on February 24. 1(M2, and two specimens taken in December, 1916. Redpoll — Acanthis linaria linaria. Abundant winter resident. The earliest date seen, November 9, and the latest recorded in the spring, March 30. Pale Goldfinch — AstragaUnus tristis pallidas. Common resident. Pixe Siskin — Spinus pin us. Abundant resident. Snow Bunting. Abundant winter resident. The earliest record Otcober 15, and the latest February 14. Harris Sparrow — Zonotrichia querula. One winter record, December 2, 1911. Gambel's Sparrow — Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli. Two specimens taken by Allan Brooks, January, 1914. "Western Tree Sparrow — Spizella monticola ochracea. Regular winter resident. Shifeldt's Junco — Junco hyemalis connectens. The majority of the winter Juncos appear to be typical connectens. In a series of winter skins sent to Dr. Dwight for identification were 88 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November ilso found hyemalis and montanus. Sooty Song Sparroay — Melospiza melodia rufina. Abundant resident. Spurred Towhee — Pipilo maculatus montanus. One winter record. Bohemian Waxwing — Bombycilla garrula. Usually an abundant winter resident. Flocks of three hundred or more were not unusual during the winter of 1916-17. Northern Shrike — Lanius borealis. Regular winter resident. Dipper — Cinclus mexicanus unicolor. Resident. When the mountain streams freeze over they can be found along the shore of Okanagan Lake. They are conspicuously plentiful at the falls on Okanagan river, where there is always open water. Here their song can be heard even on the coldest days. Western Winter Wren — Nannus hiemalis pacificus. Resident. There is a local migration from the mountains in the late fall. This is one of the species that suffered severely in the cold winter of 1915-16. Western Marsh IT'rex — Telmatodytes palustris plesius. A few usually winter. Rocky Mountain Creeper — Certhia familiaris montanus. Resident in the Canadian zone. Common winter resident lower down. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch — -Sitta carolinensis nelsoni. Abundant resident. Red-breasted Nuthatch — Sitta canadensis . Abundant resident. Pygmy Nuthatch — Sitta pygmoza pygmcea. Common resident. Not as widely distributed as the other two species. Chickadee — Penthestes atricapellus atricapellus: Abundant resident. Mountain Chickadee — Penthestes gambeli gambeli. Abundant resident. Columbian Chickadee — Penthestes hudsonicus columbianus. Resident in the spruce forests of the Canadian zone. I have never known them to descend to the pine and douglas fir country lower down the mountains. They travel in smaller bands than other Chickadees and keep to the tree tops. Their note is finer and more sibilant and is easily recognized.. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet — Regulus satrap a olivaceus. Common resident. Sitka Kinglet — Regulus calendula grinnelU. One winter record, December 29, 1913. U a olxvac&us. Jj[ library] ^V j 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 89 Townsend's Solitaire — Myadestes townsendi. Common resident. In the winter their favorite food is the berry of the western red cedar. They remain all winter in the rough broken country of canyons and slide rock, where this dwarf cedar grows, and it is a wonderful experience to hear several males singing their clear sweet song, in these surroundings, when the temperature is at zero. Western Robin — Planesticus migratorius propinquus. A few usually winter. Varied Thrush — Ixoreus nwvius ivtvius. Resident. There is usually a local migration from the mountains in October. Western Bluebird — Sialia mexicana occidentaUs. Five wintered in the city of Vernon in 1915-16. They were seen feeding on Virginia creeper berries. These birds were probably frozen in the cold weather that came in January as they were not seen after December SI . Introduced species. Bob-v* iiiTi; — Colinus virginianus virginianus. Introduced some years ago. The winters are evidently too severe, a- there has been little increa.-e. California (Kail — Lophortyx calif omica calif omit Introduced in the vicinity of Penticton and south, where they have rapidly increased. Ring-necked Pheasant — Phasianus torquatus. Introduced some years ago. Is now common from Summerland to the boundary. European' Partrid< Tin- species has recently made its appearance in the vicinity of Penticton, coming from Washington State. English Sparrow — Passer dotnesticus. Well established in all the towns in the valley. NOTES FROM THE JOURNAL OF WILLIAM POPE. (Continued from page 62). before we arrived at New Vork they were in great numbers, and the weather was particularly fine. We saw several other sorts of birds; gannets, the white gull and other gulls, the tern, several divers, and ducks; the white gull we had nearly every day quite in the midst of the ocean. These birds must fly a very long distance as they lay their eggs in the clefts of the rocks. Several small flocks of some species of sandpiper were also seen. One of the smallest species of that bird came flying around the ship one day, at least 300 miles from land and seemed much exhausted. We found a great source of amusement in 90 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November - looking at the various sorts of sea birds we met with, and also the fish. The greatest of the latter we saw was the Grampus, a species of whale. We saw a great many of these fellows, one day especially, May 3rd, about 40^° latitude and 62° and 64° longitude. They were skipping about, throwing out water in clouds. We also saw many porpoises. These latter are very amusing; they follow one another in the water like a pack of hounds or a string of wild geese, rolling and tumbling along over the surface of the water. We did not catch any fish except one cod and one dogfish as the weather was too rough and we were driven too low down to the southward. Every night we had those beautiful sparkling phosphorescent appearances in the sea. Sometimes they were more bright and in greater quantities than other times, the water appearing sometimes full of fire. May 1st, 2nd and 3rd were very fine, beautiful, clear, pleasant days, and we now began to look anxiously forward to a speedy and safe arrival at our much desired haven. May 5th. It was very fine to-day. About twelve it fell away to a perfect calm and we prepared our line with the intention of catching some fish, but just as we got them ready the breeze sprung up again favorably and we again went on our way rejoicing, although we lost the opportunity of getting some fresh fish for dinner. One of the steerage people caught a cod, and a dogfish. I observed on this day a brown butterfly about thirty miles from land. It is very delightful after being cooped up in the narrow limits of a vessel for the space of five or six weeks and sailing upon the fathomless deep, to arrive once more in soundings, to see the line thrown out, to hear the cheering voice of the man in the chains, giving out the exact depth of the water, now "by the ma-r-k seven," and then "and a h-a-l-f six" growing less and less at every successive cast. It is very delightful to see the color of the water changed from the dark blue of the main ocean, to the yellowish tinge of the shallower waters girting the sea coasts, to see quantities of sea weed floating by and many birds that never wander far from land, sure indications that the vessel is approximately towards the end of her voyage. Joy gladdens every heart, smiles appear upon ever}- countenance, from the veriest landsman in the ship, to the oldest and fearless sailor ; all alike are moved by the cheering knowledge of being within one day's sail of the looked for port and with a favorable wind diminishing the distance that separates us from the shore at every successive moment. All this is heightened and increased tenfold, by the pleasure of hope and imagination, if the voyager (as most of us were) is bound to a quarter of the globe he has never been before, to other climes and other countries, where many things that meet his observation are totally new and novel, and all are interesting. 191 7 J The Ottawa Naturalist. 91 May 6th. With a steady gentle breeze and the ship under easy sails, expecting every instant to make the land, as we were then and had been all the morning running parallel with the shore, a man. being sent up to the mast head, made known at last about four o'clock in the afternoon the joyful new- that land was distinctly visible upon our larboard quarter, bearing west and north-west. This was hailed with delight and satisfaction by all on board, and every eye was immediately directed to that quarter until at length arising above the horizon the shore was seen by all. It proved to be the highlands of Neversink, part of the coast of New Jersey. This was the first part of America that I had ever seen. We sailed alongside the shore till about twelve at night, when we hud to, fired our swivel, and burnt blue lights for the purpose of bringing a pilot to us. After waiting a few hours one came, and carried us safely into Sandy Hook, when we cast anchor. It was an unpleasant misty morning and about the middle of the day, it came on to rain, but notwithstanding these untoward circum- stances we all thought that the land and houses, the Island of Staten on one side and part of Long Island on the other, the trees and -hrubs just appearing in their spring array, the fruit trees breaking out into full blossom, never had been more beautiful and verdant, or so pleas- ing and interesting before. In the course of the day, which was the 7th May, our vessel lying about three or four miles from the city of New York, a steamboat came alongside and carried all those that were ready and willing on shore. Our ship did not get into dock until the next morning. I had no time for making observations upon first landing as the rain poured down in torrents, obliging me to steer directly for the nearest inn or hotel. In the latter part of the day the weather cleared up, the sun came out, and I immediately proceeded to take a stroll through some parts of the city. I was much disappointed with the appearance of the streets, for they were pretty generally covered with a thick mass of dirt, mud, and filth. A bad custom they have also of placing casks, packages, and all kinds of goods, upon the pavement in front of the shops or stores as they are here called, scarcely leaving sufficient room for the public to pass. ( To be continued). THE MEADOW MOUSE OR VOLE. By J. Dewey Soper, Preston, Ont. Perhaps among the smaller mammals, few are known so well, at least superficially, as the common meadow mouse or vole {Microtus) , the form common to and occurring over Ontario entire, being Microtus pennsylv aniens. The voles are wddely distributed and offer 92 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November exceptional opportunities for study, owing to their abundance, and to the fact that the}- do not burrow but remain above the ground. They are thick, low set animals, of a dark brownish color, darker over the back, caused by the glossy guard hairs, becoming lighter on the sides and reaching their extreme paleness on the under parts. Their legs are short and sturdy, the eyes normal, the ears are small*, and the tail is short, but seldom if ever shorter than the hind foot. Their average size, taken from man}' specimens in my collection, is the following: Length, 144 mm,; tail, 31 K; mm.; foot, 20 mm. All of these characters are, however, subject to variation and slight depart- ures, at least, can be expected. The above species is very closely related to those of the genus Synaptomys and Phenacomys but its certain identity is made possible by constant and distinct cranial and dental characters. An important difference, and one most readily appreciated, if the skull is available, is the formation of the teeth. In Synaptomys the upper incisors are grooved, while the lower incisors are rooted on the inside of the molars and terminate opposite the posterior molar. Microtus, on the other hand, has no grooves on the upper incisors, and the lower incisors cross the line of the molar series between the second and third molars and terminate in the ascending ramus of the mandible behind the posterior molar. This and the preceding genus have in common, root- less molars. Phenacomys has upper incisors ungrooved similar to Microtus, but the molars in contradistinction to the latter are rooted. The genus Microtus enjoys a circumpolar distribution and ranges over its entire area, Old and New World, from the tropic's edge to the northern-most fringe of mammalian life. The species (Microtus pennsylvanicus) is, however, peculiar to America, and the animal we know so well throughout Ontario. This vole becomes at times a menace to agricultural interests, as it is a prolific breeder, bringing forth three or four litters of young a season, with from four to eight young to the litter. Scarcely a month from April to September but nests of young have been found, and when a region becomes over-run the}- migrate over to other parts of the country, giving rise in years of abnormal increase to "vole plagues" which are so devastating to crops the country over. They are truly the most destructive of all small animals. Their tastes, while essen- tially vegeterian, sometimes, no doubt, become carnivorous, as they may readily be trapped by means of a meat bait. They naturally love the low meadows and grass lands where rank vegetation flourishes, giving them the seclusion the}7 seek. Here they drive their intricate system of runways and tunnelings over the ground, forming a perfect maze of passages, running in all directions, crossing and recrossing. *In the summer the ears are longer than the fur; in the winter the longer fur conceals the ears. — C.G.H. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 93 It often appears that they are even more industrious in this regard during the winter than during the summer; as in the former ruse the wonderful network of passages to be seen in the spring when the snow disappears, gives one some idea how industrious these little mammals must be under the blanketing snows. Here in the dim, ghostly light of their subterranean quarters far beneath the snow, in the wintry stillness, one cannot help but picture them scurrying to and fro, from point to point, feeding a little here and there as fancy dictates, upon the roots and stems of the abounding vegetation. And a warm nest of dead grass blades and fibres somewhere in the maze, in which to curl when the cold is intense, and possibly many in one nest cozy and warm. Sometimes when the snow is not dee]) their tunnels reach the surface and here in a brief scamper across the snow, they make their way to another tunnel and disappear. These passages over the snow are never of great length, as a rule not exceeding two or three feet, and wisely so, no doubt, for the}' instinctively feel that a ''bolt from the blue" might suddenly end their worthless careers. Along the banks of ditches and creeks facing the south especially, where the grass is rank, the}' often have beautiful little tunnels con- structed through the growth, leading to a pocket in the bank, com- pletely arched over by vegetation, where they sit and feed. By lifting up the thick growth in these places, one often sees these small tempor- ary dwellings where the mice feed and play. Often a thin deposit of excrement completely cover.-, the floor of these miniature caverns, indicating a prolonged use by the mice for purposes of feeding and retirement. During the summer they are not so much in evidence, due partly to a more even diffusion of individuals over fields and meadows and also to the fact that the constantly growing vegetation for a certain period, erases the more prominent runways, as seen in winter and spring, but even so their presence may be detected if sharply looked for. A favorite place at all times is the old fence lines or bottoms, stone piles, decaying rail heaps in dense grass and all similar places. Here they build their ne^ts and rear their young during the warmer months. Oftentimes the nest is cunningly constructed in a hollow cup in the ground or the base of a sheaf in a stook left in place for some time. The nest itself is of neat design and is completely arched over similar to an Ovenbird's nest, but constructed of lighter materials, mostly fine grass blades and plant fibres, with a small almost imper- ceptible opening on one side, leading to the warm, soft, spherical, interior. The outside dimensions vary, but would probably average about six inches, the interior about three inches in diameter. The vole has many natural enemies and well it is that Nature has provided for a proper balance in this matter. Among these 94 The Ottawa Naturalist. [November enemies are the weasel, mink, skunk, foxes, hawks, and owls. At best a mouse leads a rather erratic and uncertain life and possibly is comparatively short-lived. A WELL-EARNED HONOUR. Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist and Consulting Zoologist, of the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, has been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and at the same time was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society "in recognition of eminent services to the cause of bird pro- tection" in England and Canada. There are but eleven other Honor- ary Fellows of the Society in different parts of the world. In announc- ing the award at a recent meeting of the Society in London (England), Mr. Montague Sharpe, Chairman of the Council, recalled the practical support that Dr. Hewitt gave to bird protection before leaving England in 1909 and referred to the many ways in which he had furthered it in Canada, particularly in connection with the treaty between Canada and the United States for the protection of migratory birds. Before coming to Canada, when in charge of the Department of Economic Zoology of the University of Manchester, Dr. Hewitt organized and was secretary of the Economic Ornithological Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and of the Board of Agriculture, which committee of scientific workers undertook the investigation of the economic status of birds in Great Britain and Ireland. He also carried out in the Lake District the protection and encouragement of birds on an extensive scale as a practical measure for the first time in England. His work in promoting bird protection in Canada is well-known, and particularly his efforts to secure the interests of the young and of the people in town and country in the encouragement and protection of birds. At the recent annual meeting of the Commission of Conservation he pointed out that never was the need of bird protection more urgent than at the present time, as birds were our best allies in controlling the innumerable pests that destroy our food crops which are now so vitally essential. BOOK NOTICE. Rural Planning and Development : — The latest report of the Commission of Conservation deals with the important subject of the planning and development of rural districts and small towns in Canada. It has been prepared by Mr. Thomas Adams, Town Planning Adviser of the Commission, who has made a close study of the 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 95 problems of rural development in this country during the past three years, following twenty-five years experience in farming, land survey- ing and town planning in other countries. The report deals comprehensively with the social conditions and tendencies in rural areas and the prevailing systems of land settlement and development. It indicates the rural problems requiring solution in order to secure the proper development and economic use of land for purpose of efficiency, health, convenience, and amenity. The great injury which land development in Canada suffers, from speculation, neglect of public health, and want of expert business administration of land settlement, is considered. Incidentally, the problem of returned soldiers is deal with, and the connection between land development and such questions as taxation, unemployment, and high cost of living is clearly shown. Having regard to the need for more attention being given to production in Canada; to the extent to which production is impaired by speculation in land, by neglect of public health, and by haphazard systems of development; to the importance of increasing the supply of human skill and energy and of capital derived from production instead of by borrowing; the problems dealt with in this report are of vital and current interest to the people of this country. There are five appendices by competent authorities, and the con- cluding chapter gives an outline of proposals and makes general recommendations to cover the conditions as presented. NOTES. A Club in Boston has for its object the study of mushrooms, for their scientific interest, for their beauty and for their attractive quali- ties as food. Through the summer and autumn the club has an exhibition of mushrooms once a week at which a number of members come together to compare and identify their fresh collections. Fifty to a hundred kinds are sometimes exhibited. The Club has a large collection of dried mushrooms which are sometimes exhibited in the winter and it has a library of mushroom handbooks and journals. Poisonous species are shown and much pains taken to make them known so that they can be avoided. Membership in the Club is not confined to residents near Boston, and correspondence is carried on with those living at a distance. Persons interested in mushrooms can obtain further information from the Secretary, Miss Jennie F. Conant, 26 Prospect St., Melrose, Mass. 96 The Ottawa Naturalist. | November Just as the war in Europe forced a large part of the traveling American public to become more familiar with its own fair land, so has the world conflict been largely instrumental in causing the manu- facturer of artistic commodities to look about him here at home for suggestions as to new designs. Notable success in this use of Museum material by industries has recently been made by the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History in New York. Now comes the Museum of The Geological Survey of Canada, at Ottawa, with a programme for developing distinctive Canadian de- signs and placing in the hands of Canadian manufacturers native designs for introduction into their products. The wealth of material in our American museums, which has not been drawn upon to suggest designs for fabrics, ceramics, jewelry, costumes, etc., is just beginning to be appreciated by a few enterprising manufacturers. We learn from Nature that the late Lord Justice Stirling's herbarium, consisting chiefly of about 6,000 varieties of mosses and liverworts from many parts of the world, has been presented by Lady Stirling to the Tunbridge Wells Natural History Society. The Provincial Museum and the Halifax Disaster. — Mr. Harry Piers, Curator of the Provincial Museum at Halifax, has replied to an inquiry regarding the relation of the explosion to the Museum. The specimens and labels apparently came through fairly well, better than was expected, considering the unbelieveably terrific and astonishingly loud explosion which demolished the Rich- mond section of Halifax, although windows were blown in, glass of cases smashed, a water pipe burst, and snow stormed into one end of the building. Air. Piers calls attention to the good results of always using water-proof ink for labels. The cases were boarded over soon after the explosion in order to use them as tables for Red Cross and other relief supplies, so that a very long or careful examination of the damage has not been made. The publications are in a considerable mess, but probably have not suffered greatly. At the time of writing Mr. Piers had been too busy on relief work to examine into details of the Museum. Mr. Pier's immediate family escaped injury from window glass which shot across the breakfast room as if from a gun less than half a minute after they had left the table. Hardly a window was left in the house and plaster came down, although the house was two miles from the explosion. His mother's family, living at the head of the North West arm, escaped with numerous small cuts from glass, none of them serious. Harlan I. Smith. The Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. XXXI, Plate IV. The Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. XXXI, Plate V. The Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. XXXI, Plate VI. 29 XZ XZ.H 'LIBRARY] 30 THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Vol. XXXI. DECEMBER, 1917. No. 9. THE RICHMOND FAUNAS OF LITTLE BAY DE NOQUETTE, IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN. A. F. FOERSTE. The fauna of the Richmond exposures along the northern shore of Drummond island evidently is merely a western continuation of that found on Manitoulin island, and extending thence eastward along the southern shore of Georgian Bay and north of the western half of Lake Ontario, almost as far east as Toronto. It contains the same abundance of coralline growths, such as Stromato cerium huronense Billings, Tetradium huronense Billings, Columnaria alveolata Gold- fuss, Calapoecia huronensis Billings, Streptelasma rusticum Billings, and Protarea richmondensis Foerste. It contains also the associated fauna known from the Richmond of the Canadian localities just mentioned. Nothing is known at present of the Richmond fauna on St. Joseph island nor of that part of the northern peninsula of Michigan extending between Lakes Superior and Michigan, until we reach the eastern shore of Little Bay de Noquette, about four miles east of Escanaba, on the opposite side of the bay. Here only the faunal list published by Rominger (Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1873, part III, page 52) is available, and it was for the purpose of supplying further data that the following studies were undertaken. A lighthouse is located at the southern end of the peninsula be- tween Little and Big Bay de Noquette. The Skaug Brothers store is located two miles north of the lighthouse, and two miles farther north is the present location, in a farm house, of the post office called Stonington. A short distance southward, an east and west section road leads down to the Farmer's Dock. Two miles farther north, at another east and west section road, is the store of J. B. Stratton, and a mile and a half farther north is another road corner, immediately south of which the shallow ditch following the road exposes the basal part of the cherty Richmond, the top of the underlying argillaceous Richmond strata being exposed a short distance farther southward. Passing 98 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December from this road corner westward across the farm lands, the following section was measured approximately, with a Locke level : Base of cherty Richmond. Interval, upper part consisting of argillaceous Richmond, lower part not exposed 57 ft. Very coarsely granular limestone 5 ft. Clay shale with some indurated clay layers and some very thin limestone layers interbedded 21 ft. The clay shale here mentioned contains Bollia permarginata, at various levels. Clidophorus noquettensis and Rafinesquina alternata- varicosa occur chiefly in the five-foot limestone section. Three-quarters of a mile south of the Stratton store the base of the cherty Richmond is 32 feet above the level of the bay; directly west of the Stonington post office this interval is 23 feet, and at the Skaug Brothers store it is 19 feet. The dip evidently is southeastward. The greatest thickness of the cherty Richmond known at present is 14 feet, and this is exposed directly west of Stonington post office, but the top of this part of the Richmond is not exposed here, so that its total thickness is unknown at present. Only the upper part of the underlying argillaceous Richmond was readily accessible at the time of my visit. This presented the following section at the home of Andrew Rheinholdson, three-quarters of a mile south of the Stratton store : Cherty Richmond, cream-colored limestone 5.5 ft. Argillaceous Richmond, abundantly fossiliferous, and readily accessible. At the very base of the section Streptelasma ( ? ) divaricans and Strophomena sulcata were collected, and at the very top Dinorthis subquadrata occurred. Thickness 11 ft. Indurated clay layer, spalling off in larger masses, containing Pholadomorpha pholadi- formis and specimens related to Modiolopsis concentrica 2 ft. Fossiliferous grey-blue argillaceous limestone carrying the same fauna as the overlying layers 6 ft. Directly west of Stonington post office, the Pholadomorpha layer is 16 feet below the base of the cherty limestone, and only 5 feet above the bay. At no locality were the exposures below the Pholadomorpha layer well exposed for collecting and practically all the fossils de- scribed from the argillaceous Richmond were obtained above the level of this layer. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 99 Description of Fossils. Streptelasma rusticum (Billings), Fig. 1. Coralla frequently strongly curved as in the specimen figured, but in some individuals the curvature is only moderate. Occurs in the cherty Richmond and in the immediately underlying part of the more argillaceous Richmond. Small specimens of Streptelasma (Fig. 2) occur also 10 feet below the cherty Richmond, immediately above the Pholadomorpha pholadi- formis zone. These specimens have a general resemblance to Streptelasma divaricans (Nicholson), especially such forms as occur in the upper part of the Liberty formation in various parts of Clinton county, Ohio, the attachment of the corallum being more or less lateral, frequently with somewhat radicular expansions. Cornidites corrngatus (Nicholson). Specimens resembling figure 27 on plate 115 of the Palaeontology of New York, volume VII, Supplement, occur in the cherty Richmond. Lichenocrinus tuber cidatus Miller, Fig. 3. Specimens with the plates not as prominently convex, and therefore not presenting as tubercular an appearance as typical forms of the species, occur in the cherty Richmond. The part here figured forms the attachment disk at the basal part of the stem of a crinoid probably belonging to the Heterocrinidae (Scyphocrinus and its bulbous root Camarocrinus, Springer, 1917, page 11). Perenopora decipiens (Rominger) and Rhombotrypa quadrata (Rominger) are common in the upper part of the argillaceous Rich- mond, within ten feet of the cherty Richmond. Proboscina aidoporoides (Nicholson) occurs in the cherty Richmond. The specimens of Crania occurring in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond are more or less granulose, but the granules are only about a tenth of a millimeter wide and the distances between them average from one-fifth to one-fourth of a millimeter. In outline they are more or less irregular, as in Crania scabiosa (Hall). The diameters of one specimen are 11 and 13 millimeters respectively. Dalmanella jugosa subplicata, var. nov., Figs. 4, A, B, C. Specimens resembling the forms figured are common in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond. Compared with Dalmanella jugosa (James), from the Waynesville formation of southern Ohio and neighboring states, they show a tendency toward low folds correspond- ing to the more prominent fascicular areas among the radiating striae, especially in case of the pedicel valve. The median depression of the brachial valve tends to be narrower, with the immediately adjoining low folds on each side forming a less divergent angle. The term Dalmanella meeki was proposed by Miller (Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 1875, page 20) for specimens described and figured by Meek (Ohio Palaeontology, vol. I, 1873) and which Meek 100 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December regarded as identical with Dalmanella emacerata (Hall), but which Miller, owing to his more intimate knowledge with Cincinnatian fossils, recognized as distinct. The type of this species evidently is the specimen represented by figures 1 a, b, and c on plate VIII of the Ohio Paleontology. This specimen Meek describes as "of the same form as one of the typical examples." Under the heading: Locality and position, on page 111, he gives its horizon as "Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio, at an elevation of 250 feet above the Ohio; this being the typical form, like Prof. Hall's fig. 1, in the Regents' Report," the reference being to the 15 th Regents' Report on the State Cabinet of Natural History of New York. The elevation mentioned is 50 feet above the top of the great range of strata in which different varieties of Dalmanella multisecta (Meek) are more or less common. Here it occurs in the lower part of the Fairmount member of the Maysville group, immediately above the Strophomena planoconvexa Hall horizon. It formerly was well exposed at this horizon at the Avondale power house, on Hunt street, and at many other localities within the limits of Cincinnati. Figure Id, on the same plate, also from Cin- cinnati, is a typical specimen of Dalmanella fair mount ensis Foerste; the same species occurs at the top of the hills on the western side of the river at Hamilton. The various specimens represented by figures 2 a-g, on the same plate, probably are representatives of the species which is so abundant in the Waynesville member of the Richmond in southern Ohio and neighboring states, and which later (Paleontologist No. 4, 1879) was described by James as Orthis jugosa. It evidently was the intention of Meek to describe these specimens from a higher horizon as a separate species, probably owing to the suggestions of James who supplied him with the various brachiopoda described by him from the Cincinnatian localities. Before final publication, how- ever, he evidently abandoned this idea. Specimens (Figs. 5 A,B, C) identical with Hebertella alveata Foerste occur in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond, but these specimens are associated with others in which the median de- pression is confined to a limited area near the beak, as in Hebertella occidentalis Hall. Dinorthis subquadrata (Hall) occurs both in the cherty Richmond and in the immediately underlying part of the argillaceous Richmond. Most of the specimens of Platystrophia occurring in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond have an aspect somewhat similar to that of Platystrophia clarksvillensis Foerste (Fig. 13), from the Waynesville and Liberty members of the Richmond in southern Ohio and adjacent states, however, an occasional specimen resembling Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad) (Fig. 14) from the Whitewater member of the Richmond, also occurs. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 101 Leptaena unicostata (Meek and Worthem), Figs. 7 A, a, B, b. Types used for figures 11a, and lib, on plate IV, accompanying the original description in volume III, of the Geology of Illinois, 1868. From Maquoketa strata at Savannah, Illinois. Types numbered 12017 in the Worthen collection at the University of Illinois, and examined owing to the courtesy of Prof. T. E. Savage. Figures in- troduced here for comparison with Raftnesqaina breviusculus. Notice the relative flattening of the greater part of the pedicel valve, the geniculation of the anterior part of both valves, the straightening of the anterior margin and the consequent angulation of the anterior outline on both sides of this straightened part. The radiating stria- .tions, although numbering 4 or 5 in a width of one millimeter, are distinctly leptaenoid, being broad and flat and separated by very narrow interspaces. Raeinesquina breviusculus, sp. now, Figs. 6 A, B, b, C, c, D. The size and general outline of this species is sufficiently indicated by the accompanying illustrations. Figures b and c indicate the amount of curvature, along the median line, of the exterior of the pedicel and brachial valves illustrated by figures 6 B and C. The interior of the brachial valve is thickened along the anterior margin along a narrow area crossed by vascular markings, and here the interior of the shell has a somewhat leptaenoid appearance. However, there is no genicula- tion such as that characteristic of the genus Leptaena. The curvature of the pedicel valve increases slightly toward the beak and much more rapidly toward the anterior border. The muscular area of the pedicel valve, not figured, is broad and flabellate, similar to that of other species of Rafinesqitina, but only weakly defined. From 4 to 6 radi- ating striae occur in a width of one millimeter at a distance of 20 millimeters from the beak, averaging about 5 in one millimeter. The median striation often is more distinct than the remainder, but not prominent. Common in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond. Readily distinguished from Strophomena parvula, in the same strata, by the convexity of the posterior parts of the pedicel valve. Raitnesquina pergibbosa, nov. sp., Figs. 8 A, B, C, D. Pedicel valve strongly convex, almost hemispherical in the more* obese speci- mens, with the greatest convexity about two-fifths of the length of the shell from the beak. This strong convexity is maintained to within a short distance of the postero-lateral angles and sometimes produces an abruptly auriculate appearance here. The more prominent radiat- ing striations occur at intervals of less than a millimeter, and the intermediate spaces are occupied by three much finer striae. The interior markings of the brachial valve are boldly defined and are well represented by the accompanying figures. Usually there is a well defined ridge parallel to the anterior prolongation of the median 102 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December elevation on each side of latter near the central part of the valve. In the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond. Raflnesquina alternata (Emmons). Mose of the specimens in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond are nearly flat (Fig. 9) or are only moderately curved, but specimens with stronger curvature also occur. In the limestone interbedded with the shale on the lake shore, about a mile and a half north of the store of J. B. Stratton, specimens occur in which the strong radiating striae are unusually prominent, suggesting the name Rafinesquina alternata varicosa, var. nov. (Fig. 34). These shells are of medium curvature, the curvature being greatest about 35 millimeters from the beak. Strophomena parvula, sp. nov., Figs. 10 A-F. Numerous specimens of a small species of Strophomena occur in the upper parts of the argillaceous Richmond and also in the overlying cherty Rich- mond. These are characterized chiefly by their considerable lateral and short anterior extension. The anterior outline varies from more or less evenly rounded to subtriangular and subnasute. This species evidently belongs to the Strophomena planumbona group. There is nothing characteristic about the. interior of either the brachial or pedicel valve. The surface striations are fine, about 5 or 6 in a width of one millimeter, interrupted at intervals by slightly more prominent striae. This species may be readily distinguished from Rafinesquina breviusculus by the flattening of the brachial valve toward the beak, usually accompanied by a gentle concavity, as in all species of Strophomena. Specimens resembling Strophomena huronensis Foerste, from the equivalent of the Waynesville member of the Richmond in Manitoulin island, Ontario, occur occasionally in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond, accompanied by occasional specimens resembling Strophomena nutans Meek, and much more numerous specimens of Strophomena vetusta (James), Figs. 12 A, B. Strophomena neglecta (James), Fig. 11, is fairly common at the same horizon and occurs in the overlying cherty Richmond. In Strophomena vetusta the radiating striae on the brachial valve are relatively coarse; those on the pedicel valve are very fine and often are crossed by fine irregular concentric wrinkles; along the hinge line both valves are wrinkled more or less perpendicularly; and the muscular area of the pedicel valve is subrhomboidal in outline. In Strophomena neglecta the radiating striae on both valves are fine and subequal in size, the size of the shell is larger, and the muscular area of the pedicel valve is circular and supplied with flabellate markings. In typical Strophomena planodorsata the flattened area occupying the posterior part of the brachial valve forms a larger part of the valve and the muscular area of the pedicel valve is relatively larger. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 103 Strophomena sulcata (Verneuil) occurs 10 feet below the base of the cherty Richmond, immediately above the Pholadomorpha pholadi- formis horizon, and also at higher horizons in the argillaceous Rich- mond, associated with Dinorthis subquadrata and Dalmanella jugosa subplicata. Zygospira recurvirostris turgida, var. nov., Figs. 15 A, B, C, evidently is closely related to Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall) and Zygospira kentuckiensis James. In all of these forms the plications are subequal in size, the median area of the pedicel valve is not distinctly limited laterally, and the median depression of the brachial valve anteriorly is broad and relatively shallow. In the variety turgida the brachial valve is more convex than in either of the other two forms when specimens of the same small size are compared. The variety evidently is nothing but a Richmond representative of the Trenton species Zygospira recurvirostris. It occurs in the upper part of the argillaceous Richmond. Specimens resembling Clidophorus neglectus Hall (Fig. 24), from the Maquoketa of Wisconsin, in outline and general appearance, occur in the cherty Richmond. A much smaller species, Clidophorus noquettensis, sp. nov., Fig. 25, 3 to 4 millimeters in length, is very abundant in certain layers of limestone interbedded with the shales on the lake shore a mile and a half north of the store of J. B. Stratton. This species is referred to Clidophorus on account of the incision made by the clavicular ridge defining the posterior part of the anterior muscular scar, and the absence of any distinct elevation of the casts of this muscular scar in interior casts of this shell, such as occurs commonly in interior casts of typical species of Ctenodonta. The shell is relatvely shorter than in Clidophorus neglectus, and is less produced anterior to the clavicular ridge; the latter is strongly defined and is either vertical or slightly inclined toward the front. In the casts of the interior the beak rises distinctly above the level of the upper margin of that part of the cast which lies anterior to the impression of the clavicular ridge. The umbonal ridge is fairly strong and is sufficiently oblique to give the shell a ctenodontoid appearance. In Rominger's list of fossils from the area here discussed, along the east shore of Little Bay de Noquette (Geology of Michigan, vol. I, Part II, 1873, page 52) an undetermined species of Cyrtodonta is included. Specimens' having a general cyrtodontoid appearance occur in the cherty Richmond, and two of these are here figured, but the hinge and teeth are not distinctly defined in the specimens collected so far and hence their generic relations are not definitely determined. One of these, Fig. 22, bears some resemblance in outline to Cyrtodonta affinis, Ulrich, and the other, Fig. 23, to Cyrtodonta persimilis, Ulrich, both of which are Black river forms occurring in the Minnesota area. (To be continued) 104 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December SOME HABITS OF TWO BURROWING SPIDERS IN MANITOBA. By Norman Criddle, Dom. Entomological Laboratory, Treesbank, Man. Among the various natural objects met with in the vicinity of the writer's home in Manitoba, none have induced more enquiries as to their origin than the numerous open holes made by the large burrowing spider Lycosa missouriensis Banks. These holes are, in fact, met with wherever the soil is sandy and towards winter become very conspicuous on account of the ring of sand thrown around them by the digging spiders. The writer has long since been interested in these creatures and, more than twenty years ago, commenced some observations relat- ing to their winter habits. Owing to the difficulty of securing their names at that time, however, the notes were laid on one side. During the summer of 1917 the old interest was revived through a visit to Treesbank, of Mr. J. H. Emerton, of Boston, Mass., the following notes being a result. Two species of burrowing spiders are involved in these studies both sand-loving but partial, nevertheless, to certain local conditions of soil. Lycosa missouriensis is always found close to vegetation and prefers a situation where dead herbage of some sort is available for the construction of a turret around the entrance to its hole. Lycosa wrightii Em., on the other hand, inhabits the bare sand dunes only and con- structs no turret. Hence, while these two species may be met with in close proximity they seldom, if ever, invade the other's territory for burrowing purposes. In life L. wrightii is at once told from L. missouriensis by its black venter. The life-habits of these two species have already been described by Mr. Emerton* and need not, therefore, be repeated here. This paper, consequently, will be confined to a description of the burrowing habits and such other features as have not previously been touched upon. In summer time, the excavations of both of these spiders are comparatively shallow, those of L. missourienses being about 9 inches in depth, while those of L. wrightii are slightly deeper. It is not unusual to 'find females, when the young are upon their backs, with holes only three or four inches deep. As autumn approaches both these spiders commence to either deepen their burrows or prepare new ones. There is much variation in the dates when individuals begin to do so. In 1917, some were at work on August 2, while others did not com- mence to dig for more than a month later. There is good reason to *Phyche, Vol. XIX, No. 2, 1912. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 105 suspect that this variation has to do with the pairing of the sexes and that females do not commence to burrow until after they have become fertilized. The mature males, of course, die before winter sets in. On September 16, 36 adult burrows of L. missouriensis were measured and were found to have attained an average depth of 3 feet 1 inch, the deepest being 5 feet 3 inches and the shallowest 1 foot 4 inches. The deeper burrows had not been further extended for some days, while the spiders were busily at work with the shallower ones. By October 1 , many holes had been closed and a measurement of 9 of these indicated an average depth of 3 feet 9 inches. 17 holes still open, but showing no recent signs of digging, averaged 4 feet 1 inch in depth. 15 holes in which the spiders were still digging showed an average depth of 3 feet 7 inches. The deepest closed hole was. 4 feet 5 inches, the deepest open one 4 feet 10 inches. Closed holes are thoroughly covered in with grass, leaves and sand fastened together with web in such a way as to make them practically water tight. It was observed that the earliest closed burrows were always in shady situations which would indicate that the shadow had induced an earlier closing than in the case of those exposed to the sun. Burrows in low, wet, lands are shallower than those on the higher lands. 33% of the spiders were still digging on the above mentioned date. On October 5, about 22% of the adults had closed their holes though all the young were still digging. On October 8, cold weather seemed to have induced a closing of nearly all burrows, only a few of the smaller ones remaining open. 20 adult holes on high land had an average depth of 5 feet 1 inch, the deepest being 5 feet 8 inches and the shallowest 4 feet 4 inches. Measurement of young spider burrows indicated an approximate depth similar to those of adults. On November 5, a mature individual was dug out at 4 feet 7 inches. This burrow though perpendicular in direction, had numerous small curves, due to the spider having encountered obstacles in digging. For the first 3 feet this hole was rather densely lined with web but became less so towards the bottom. It had also been stopped with sand at several places, the sand being held in place by web. This spider was found, at the bottom of her burrow slightly sluggish but with sufficient energy to defend herself. A young example provided a similar burrow but slightly deeper. It was stopped at two places. The ground at this time had been frozen to a depth of four inches for some days but at the time of observation was thawed out. These two individuals were placed in the warm sun and became quite active; they refused, however, to dig a new burrow and had moved but little by the next day. As L. wrightii was not found in such close vicinity it did not receive the careful attention given to L. missouriensis. Judging from 106 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December hasty visits to its home, however, it does not appear to differ very markedly in habits from the latter. A full day spent in the Spruce Woods Reserve on October 13, where the species is numerous, dis- covered most of the burrows closed but here and there spiders would be found busily at work. The holes were always in pure sand, though occasionally they might be located in places where the grass was sparse or even near ground cedar, Jimiperus horizontalis. It often happens, with this species, that the coverings of the holes are broken away by the drifting sand, thus giving them the appearance of having never been closed. In several instances of this sort the spiders had aban- doned their burrows, while on other occasions a stoppage of the hole lower down had protected them from the falling sand. Abandoned holes of both this spider and of L. missouriensis are quite frequently met with, doubtless due to the death of their owners. There is reason to suspect that very late burrowing individuals are those which have been obliged to abandon a previously prepared home. The fact that L. wrightii does not construct a turret around its hole is doubtless due to the fact that a turret would catch the wind in such an exposed situation and so be blown away. The holes, unlike those of L. missouriensis, are closed entirely with a mixture of sand and web, no vegetation being used in the process. 22 adult burrows were measured, the average depth of which was 4 feet 7 inches, the deepest being 5 feet 7 inches, and the shallowest 4 feet 1 inch. These holes were all closed and had been so for some time. The burrows of L. wrightii being in pure sand are more thorough- ly lined with web than are those of L. missouriensis. This, of course, serves a double purpose, namely, to enable the spiders to climb up readily and to prevent the loose sand from dislodging. During the summer, holes have to be continually cleaned out owing to the drifting condition of the sand and in late autumn a majority of the closed holes are very soon hidden through the same agency. The opening of bur- rows in spring time is largely governed by meteorological conditions, and is doubtless induced by a thawing out of the ground around the hibernating spiders. Thus, during an early spring, the holes are opened by the end of April, while in other years they have remained closed until the middle of May. Both these large spiders are much attacked by parasitic and predacious wasps which they greatly fear. The males are particularly subjected to these attacks while wandering in search of females during September, and fall ready victims to the determined onslaught of their dreaded foes. It is true that the spider will fight in desperation when overtaken but the result is, apparently, always the same. Some species of Pompilus boldly enter the spider's burrows and attack the occu- pants. On July 7, 1916, the writer observed an example of Pompilus scelestus Cr. enter a burrow of L. wrightii and shortly afterwards 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 107 emerge again. An examination revealed the spider in a torpid con- dition with a large cylindrical shaped white egg attached to the under side of its abdomen. This spider was placed in a glass vial and on the 8th had fully recovered its activities. It ate flies readily thereafter and was kept alive until July 15, when being unable to longer resist the sapping of its vitality by the large larva, which the Pompilus egg had produced, it died. This Pompilus larva had in seven days attained a truly remarkable size and was almost 20 mm. long at the time of the spider's death. It only survived its host, however, for a short time, so that the further stages of its life could not be ascertained. This is but a single example of the many tragedies that occur in, or around, the spiders' homes Wasps of many kinds roam these sand dunes in large numbers and there is no doubt that spiders form quite a large percentage of their prey. That the spiders in their turn, have found it a profitable hunting ground is equally demonstrated by the large number present in the neighbourhood. A XOTE OX THE MIGRATION OF THE BARREN GROUND CARIBOU. By E. M. Kindle. There is perhaps no more curious and interesting phenomenon connected with the wild life of Northwestern Canada than the semi- annual migration of the Caribou, Rangifer arcticus. The vast herds of these deer, which summer in the barren lands far to the east of the Mackenzie river, move southward in the late autumn from the treeless barrens of the Arctic slope and seek the shelter of the forested region east of the Slave and Athabasca rivers. The writer traversed both of these rivers and a part of the Mackenzie river during the past summer but neither saw nor heard of any caribou having been observed during the summer. With the coming of winter, however, they appeared east of the Slave river in vast numbers, as the following letter from Inspector K. F. Anderson of the R. N. W. Mounted Police clearly indicates. R. N. W. M. Police, Fort Fitzgerald, December 15, 1917. E. M. Kindle, Esq., Ottawa. My dear Mr. Kindle : There is nothing new here except the Caribou. They are within forty-five miles of this place in tens of thousands and the natives are getting numbers of the animals and will therefore have plenty to eat this winter. The Deer (Caribou) are passing 108 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December north coming from the Southeast, most likely from Fondu Lac on Lake Athabasca. They could not cross there on account of late frosts and swung around towards Great Slave Lake. They say the animals are scattered over hundreds of miles, and liter- ally in millions; the farther east one goes, so they say, the more there are and the buffalo on the plains in the long ago is not a patch on this for numbers. Eventually they land in the barren grounds where nobody bothers them until they take another treck. I sent the Sargeant out on a patrol to see and he reported that the snow is tramped down for miles as close as ice by the animals feet where they passed in great numbers. It is most wonderful ! It is cold up here now and has been for about twenty days, always from 20° to 36° below zero and sometimes blowing.* I remain, Yours sincerely, (Sgd.) K. F. Anderson. It appears from Inspector Anderson's letter than an important element in directing the course followed by the caribou in their winter wanderings is the date of the freezing of the narrows of Lake Atha- basca at Fondu Lac. The early coming of ice there permits the herds to cross and winter farther to the south, so that they would be likely to pass at a great distance to the east of Fort Fitzgerald. When the lake remains open at that point till late, as happened this season, the migrating columns seem to be diverted in a northwesterly direction. Preble** reports that "During the winter of 1900 the caribou ap- proached the Slave river within a half day's journey east of Fort Smith (sixteen miles north of Fort Fitzgerald) for the first time in many years." Mr. W. J. McLean,§ a former chief factor of the Hudson Bay Company who observed the arrival in late summer of the caribou in the region north of Lake Athabasca several years ago, described their movements as follows: "It was very interesting to watch these animals which were then marching in their annual tour. They scarcely appeared to take any rest, or halt, excepting for three or four hours in the middle of the night. They kept travelling in continuous bands along the lake towards its north-east extremity and appeared to be impelled by some mighty power over which they had no control. They have regular and well trodden paths which they keep without deviation even when fleeing from their enemy." With reference to the extraordinary number of the caribou report- ed by Inspector Anderson it may be noted that his estimates are in accord with those which have been recorded by various other observers. *A letter from W. G. A. McNeil Wood, Buffalo Range, dated Jan. 18, reports a maximum temperature to that date of 71^° at Fort Smith. **North Amer. Fauna No. 27, p. 137. §Man. Hist, and Sci. Soc, Trans. No. 58, Feb. 12, 1901, p. 6. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. 109 During the summer of 1893 while travelling northward between Athabasca lake and Chesterfield Inlet the Tyrrell brotherst saw on the shores of Carey lake about latitude 62° 15' a herd estimated to contain from 100,000 to 200,000 individuals. In 1877 the caribou are reported to have crossed the north arm of Great Slave lake on the ice in an unbroken line which was fourteen days in passing and in such a mass that in the words of an eye witness "daylight could not be seen" through the column. £ Wharburton Pike saw enormous numbers of caribou at Mackay lake, October 20, 1889 and says: — "I cannot believe that the herds of Buffalo on the prairie ever surpassed in size La Foule (the throng) of the Caribou. La Foule had really come and during its passage of six days I was able to realize what an extraordinary number of these animals still roam the Barren Grounds." Ernest Thompson Seton gives the following description of the migration of caribou as observed by Colonel Jones (Buffalo Jones) in October at Clinton Golden in the Barren Lands: "He stood on a hill in the middle of the passing throng with a clear view ten miles each way and it was one army of Caribou. How much further they spread he did not know. Sometimes they were bunched, so that a hundred were on a space one hundred feet square; but often there would be spaces equally large without any. They averaged at least one hundred caribou to the acre; and they passed him at the rate of about three miles an hour. He did not know how long they were in passing this point; but at another place they were four days and travelled day and night. The whole world seemed a moving mass of Caribou. He got the impression at last that they were standing still and he was on a rocky hill that was rapidly running through their hosts." Even halving these figures to keep on the safe side, we find that the number of Caribou in this army was over 25,000,000. Yet it is possible that there are several such armies." It is reassuring as regards the future of Canada's big game to learn from Inspector Anderson that the caribou still exists in numbers which are comparable with those reported by these earlier observers. fCan. Geol. Surv.. Ann. Rept. vol. IX, n. ser. 1898, p. 165. JFrank Russell Expl. in the Far North, p. 88, 1898. 110 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December NOTES ON THE EVENING GROSBEAK (HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA). By F. W. Warwick, B.Sc, Buckingham, P. Q. As about this time of the year, ornithologists are on the lookout as to the probability of the Evening Grosbeak visiting this district, a few notes I have made upon the species may not prove altogether un- interesting, and go to show that we cannot depend upon its reappear- ance year after year. January 7th, 1910. — A flock of Evening Grosbeaks numbering twenty birds have been around town for a week, or more, spending a good part of their time in the mountain ash trees in our grounds, and feeding upon the seeds thereof. The branches of one of these trees coming within five feet of some of our windows, gives us a good chance to study them. They are very handsome, tame, and interesting. December; 1914. — The Evening Grosbeaks are with us again. December 15th, 1916. — A flock of seventeen birds of this species put in an appearance to-day, and are gorging themselves on the Rowan and Barberry seeds. This flock remained with us all winter, and had increased by April to forty-two specimens, which were doubt- less congregating for their flight westward. Any hour of the day they were to be seen in the Rowan trees, on the ground, or adjacent trees, and made a beautiful sight. They became exceedingly tame and fed within four feet of us, helping themselves occasionally to grit from the ash pile. As the snow disappeared they would feed upon the seeds laid bare. May 2nd, 1917. — A flock of some twenty birds are still with us, now feeding upon the seeds of the Manitoba maple, and other seeds they find amongst the grass. May 9th, 1917. — Two males still around in the garden. This was the last date they were seen by us. December 27th, 1917. — At present date have not as yet put in an appearance. An abundance of their favorite food exists. Children in various parts of Great Britain have been busily collecting the horse chestnuts required for the manufacture of war munitions. The nuts ripened more quickly in some districts than in others. Indications are that at least 25,000 tons of nuts will reach the Ministry of Munitions, but this is only about one eighth of the estimated crop for the country. 1917] The Ottawa Naturalist. Ill NOTES BY "DIGRESSOR." Recent experiments by British investigators go to show that butter and some forms of oleomargarine contain a substance that pro- motes growth in the young. Young rats fed on a ration from which all butter and its substitutes had been eliminated, continued to live but did not increase in weight; while adult females fed on the same food failed to produce young. This growth-promoting substance is found in oleomargarine made from beef fats, but is absent from the other butter substitutes manufactured, as many of them are, from other animal fats or vegetable oils. The conclusion drawn from these facts by an English writer is that while the presence of this substance in food is probably of little importance to adults whose growth is completed, it may have much to do with the health and robustness of children. Plenty of butter in their diet, he says, is indicated. But as the substance is known to exist in eggs and some other comestibles, it seems likely that the ordinary mixed diet long recognised as the most wholesome, will, even in the absence of butter or beef-fat margarine, supply all the needful con- stituents for growth and health. This growth-promoting substance seems to belong to a class of food elements, the very existence of which was scarcely suspected until quite recently. Dietetists used to prescribe certain proportions of proteids, carbohydrates and fats producing so many calories, and they told us that if we did not thrive on these, it was our own fault. But it is now recognized that these methods of food valuation were far too coarse. Besides largely ignoring the sapidity of food, which has a great deal to do with digestion and consequently with nutrition, they knew nothing whatever of the astonishing influence of the "vitamines," the first of which was discovered a few years ago in connection with the study of the fatal oriental disease, beri-beri. Beri-beri, which has been known in China and the East for hundreds of years, is a distressing disease with a mortality as high as 50 per cent. It was formerly attributed to all sorts of causes, such as damp situations, lack of ventilation, decayed food, and fungoid growths on grain. But it was finally traced to an exclusive diet of "polished" rice, — that is damaged rice which, in order to improve its appearance, has been put through a process that removes its outer coating, — and a rapid cure was effected by the use of unpolished rice, or by the addition of the polishings of the treated rice. From this it was evident that the disease was due to the lack of something removed in the polishing process, and eventually the all-essential substance was isolated from the outer layers of the rice grain, and named "vitamine." 112 The Ottawa Naturalist. [December It is present only in extremely small quantities, there being not more than 10 grains of it to a ton of rice. But minute as this quantity is, its absence from the rice diet means disease and death. Similar substances have since been discovered in other foods, always in very small quantities — the vitamine of limes is in the pro- portion of 1 to 100,000 parts — and their presence in many food-pro- ducts appears very probable. The discovery of these unsuspected food constituents throws a great light on scurvy. At one time scurvy was thought to be caused simply by an excess of salt in the diet. Smollett attributed the pre- valence of scorbutic affections in the south of France in the 18th century to the salt-laden breezes from the Mediterranean. Generally, however, the dread disease was blamed on imperfectly preserved food, and lack of vegetable diet. But scurvy broke out in modern polar expeditions (such as Scott's in the "Discovery" and Charcot's in 'the "Pourquoi pas?") which were supplied with the very best of tinned meats and vegetables, all rigidly inspected by the surgeons before being issued to the men, and undoubtedly in sound condition. The explana- tion is that the preserving process, tinning or salting or drying, destroys the vitamines, and while the foods are otherwise perfectly wholesome, and may be consumed for limited periods without ill results, as a long continued diet, thev are fatal. Up to 20 or 25 years ago, a form of scurvy known as "black-leg" was common among the shantymen of the Ottawa Valley and more particularly among the river-drivers. At that time the shanty bill-of- fare consisted of little but salt pork, beans, bread and tea. But with the variety of food now supplied, the disorder has entirely disappeared. Scurvy was prevalent in the early mining days in the Yukon, and a gold-seeking adventurer of the writer's acquaintance tells that when he developed symptoms of the malady, his friends made light of it, and advised him to eat raw potatoes and he would be well in a few days. But he felt anxious about his condition, and determined to enter the hospital at Dawson for treatment. 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Membership Fee to O.F.N.O., with "Ottawa Naturalist," $1.00 per annum, Archaeology: Botany : Entomology: Geology: Ornithology: Zoology: /* M AY, 1917 Vol. XXXI, No. 2. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. MalTE, Ph.D., M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.. Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A., Otto Klotz, L-L.D.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: Notes on the Land Mollusca of De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, and other Ontario localities. By E. M. Walker 17 The Lampreys of Eastern Canada. By A. G. Huntsman 23 Some Notes on Ethno-Botany. By F. W. Waugh 27 The American Golden Plover in Eastern Ontario. By E. 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Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- ors. R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rldeau St. 106 8park« 8L 8TORES AT HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE 8PORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Beat Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers tOO QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Queen 6267. Demonstrations gladly given. WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WE SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 8PARK6 8TREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa Mulhall Hardware Ltd. 3 w Stores* 243 BANK ST. a* *806 SOMERSET ST OTTAWA The Ottawa Field -Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Publications: Ex curt ions . Lectures •" Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg, Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. G>, G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Archaeology: Botanv: Entomology: Geology: Ornithology: Zoology: Photography : Leaders at Excursions: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Arthur Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.O., with "Ottawa Naturalist,' $1.00 per annum. * JUNE-JULY, 1917 *£S4&$&/$' Vol. XXXI. Nos. 3 4 4. THE ' vA-> OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I, Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Tavernbr, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. SI. O. Malte, Ph.D., M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.. Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prqf.JohnMacoun.M.A., Otto Klotz, LLD.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: The Trenton Fauna of Wolfe Island, Ont. By Kirtley F. Mather 33 Notes on the Land Mollusca of De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, and other Ontario Localities. By E. M. Walker 40 Peloria Flowers on Ivywort or Ivy-leaved Toadflax. By Blythe Hurst 45 Disappearance of the Blue Gray Gnat-Catcher. By W. E. Saunders 45 The Rough-winged Swallow near Ottawa. By C. L. Patch 46 Notes 47 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. issued August 14TH, 1917. Entered at Ottawa Post OJice as second class matUr. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTI8ERS. rv~l?D 4. © c Merchant Tailors beo* &. rreston & 50ns 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. pes ©O B Q r*H BBBSQS U ■ 1 A. H. JARVIS, THE BOOK STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK 8T.— Near Laurler Ave. P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROS8 DRUGGISTS 8IX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grant-Hoi LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. IANOS MAKES ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest 9 8,760,000 Total Assets Over 155,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaron, Dents Murphy, Hon. Sir George H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Flnnie, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN J. Ee C. P. R. Watch inspector. ^ g^j^ ^ QttaWa. EYES TESTED FREE When In need of Eye Glasses call and see us. THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Dadson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS lim.ted LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL -TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited EED and BULB MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. ■■■*^=»«»»- ■ — ■ — — — — "~- W. A. RANKIN Fi"e Builders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES - - Queen 1023-1024 HamUlOCkS The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 132 Queen Street OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. „ ^•gZg'WRklPZQ. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, *"^"ffJ7^*T^7ww.r. 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa Xi THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. PEST fiA A T LOWEST QUALITY \jt\J H Mulhall Hardware Ltd. Stores i 243 BANK ST. at >806 SOMERSET ST. OTTAWA The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Patron : HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Dr. M. Y. Williams. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Publications: Excursions: Lectures '■ Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg. Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Archaeology Botany : Entomology : Geology: Leaders at Excursions: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun. J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. Ornithology: C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. Photography. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturalist," $1.00 per annum. .>. ^" AUGUST-SEPT., 1917 _ f Vol. XXXI, Nos. S & 6. THE " OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. MalTE, Ph.D., M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.. Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A., Otto Klotz, LLD.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: The Purple Martin. By Charles Macnamara 49 Alberni Notes (Botany). By J. K. Henry 54 Canada and United States will Protect Birds 58 The Widespread Influence of the Children's Museum. By Harlan I. Smith 59 The Journal of William Pope 60 Notes 63 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. issued November 13TH, 19 17. Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second clan matter. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. Merchant Tailors r* 17 t> © c Mercnaiu rauors beo. t. JTreston & bons 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. as MM M n Q CO (J A. H. JARVIS, THE BOOK STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK 8T.— Near Laurler Ave. P.B. — Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGI8TS SIX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grant-Holden-Graham LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS 9 MAKES ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 8PARK8 8T., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest $ 8.780,000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraaer, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir Qeorge H. Perley. Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Flnnle, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN J. E. WILMOT EYM TESTED FREE C. P. R. Watch Inspector. i ja CV „„1«, C+ AuA„n Wnen ln need of Eye 149 DparKS ©t., Ottawa. Glasses call and see us THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Dadson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS LIMITED LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL -TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW $30 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED and bulb MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. W.A.RANKIN Fine Builders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES - - Queen 1023-1024 HamitlOCkS The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 132 Queen Street OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 A.^^eL WINNIPEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, °° " ITm^™**™*!. 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATU8 AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. PEST C*f\ A f LOWEST QUALITY l^VfAL PRICES 58 8PARK8 ST. Phone Q. 4t1 THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION CAPITAL RESERVE 91,600,000 $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATES ranging in value from $500 to J6,W0.»0o each, Is the best guarantee that you may confidently name aa your EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN ST8. J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 8PARKS ST., OTTAWA WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- ors. Phone Q. 8028. R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rldeau 8t. 106 8parka 8t. 8TORE8 AT HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOOD8, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS Tho World's Two Best Typewriter". Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers M0 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Queen 6267. Demonstrations gladly given. WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMI6T WW SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa CO ►a S3 Ci H H ej3 CO W Mulhali Hardware Ltd. ST8(^ BEia, st ottawa The Ottawa Field -Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Dr. M. Y. Williams. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Publications: Excursions: Lectures '• Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg, Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg, Mr. W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Leaders at Excursions: Archaeology: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Botany: Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Entomology: Arthur Gibson, W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Geology: Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. Ornithology: C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. Photography: W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.O., with "Ottawa Naturalist," $1.00 per annum, %V***/^ OCTOBER 1917 Vjfe***8*^* Vol. XXXI, No. 7. THE ^- OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Tavkrner, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. Malte, Ph.D., M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S., Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof. John Macoun, M.A., Otto Klotz, LLD.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: A New Genus and Species of Crestless Hadrosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta. By L. M. Lambe 65 The Red-tailed Hawk in Manitoba. By Norman Criddle 74 Was the Lower Cambrian Trilobite Supreme? By L. D. Burling 77 Programme of Winter Lectures, 1917-1918 79 Why the Leaves Change Their Color 80 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. issued December 24TH, 1917- Entered at Ottaiva Post Office as second class matter. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTI3ERS. run c e Merchant Tailors bCO. £. rrestOH & 50nS 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. OS ■°tf HCO cop cow pH CO U junianq i 1 1 A. H. JAR VIS, BOOK STORE THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST.— Near Laurler Ave. P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully. and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All ae near as your nearest phone or Post Office. Grant-Holden-Graham LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street - Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. Capital Paid Up and Rest 8 8,750.000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson. President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir George H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Flnnle, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN J. E. WILMOT C. P. R. Watch inspector. -^ g^^ g^ Qfa^ ™^" EYES TESTED FREE In need of Eye call and see us. THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Dadson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS umited LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL -TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW $30 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. W. A. RANKIN Fine Builders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES Queen 1023-1024 HammOCkS The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 132 Queen Street OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 A.^^Tet^wTNNIPEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. X TT © £? Bookseller*, Stationer* JameS llOpe it SOnS, Bookbinders, Pr,'fl(.» 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa — t C3 O W> 3 *> «j o fe THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. PEST fiAAI LOWEST QUALITY V^V^^-Li PRICES 58 SPARKS ST. Phone Q. 461 THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION Phone Q. 8028. CAPITAL RESERVE $1,600,000 $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATES ranging In value from $600 to $5,«00.000 each, Is the best guarantee that you may confidently name as your EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN 8T». J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rideau St. 106 Sparks St. STORES AT HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Best Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers 400 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Quean 62S7. Demonstrations gladly given. WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Sch mitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WE SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARK8 STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8183. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa % 3 CO Mulhall Hardware Ltd. st:; orcs;243 BANK ST. OTTAWA *806 SOMERSET ST. 1ATTA The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS 'EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Publications: Excu rsions: Lectures '• Miss E. Cowan. Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh. Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg. Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams P A Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Leaders at Excursions: Archaeology. Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Botam: Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A F Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dvmond, E. C. Wight, H B Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Entomology: Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt J M Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Geology: Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E% Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. Ornithology. C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. Photography. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturalist," $1.00 per annum, NOVEMBER 1917 Vol. XXXI, No. 8. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Taverner, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. Malte, Ph.D.. M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.. Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof. JohnMacoun, M.A., Otto Klotz, LL.D.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: Notes on the Winter Birds of the Okanagan Valley. By J. A. Munro 81 Notes from The Journal of William Pope 89 The Meadtfw Mouse or Vole. By J. D. Soper 91 A Well-Earned Honour 94 Book Notice 94 Notes — — 95 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. issued January 22nd, 1918. Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. Merchant Tailors f A/v r b , ce Mercnant Tailors lieo. £. rreston & dOIlS 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. 04 °s wo H e CO U A. H. JARVIS, THE BOOK STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST.— Near Laurler Ave. P.S.—Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROS8 DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grant- raham LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS 9 MAKES ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest * 8,750,000 Tetal Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson. President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir George H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Finnic, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoacentl. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN J. E. C. P. R. Watch Inspector. EYES TESTED FREE 149 SparkS St., Ottawa. Glasses call and see us. THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Dadson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS LIM,TED LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL-TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW $30 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. W. A. RANKIN Fi"e B.uilders' 410-412 Bank Street HardW3re OTTAWA Refrigerators and Hammocks PHONES - - Queen 1023-1024 The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 132 Queen Street OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTI NG NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 AlbeWt"\™etf WINNIPEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, B°"""t^™"ri„ur. 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa 3 QJ A ° 3 "55 CB in 3 x] ■H C/3 1 ^J H o 0^ o D A * T3 ■H O O 3 rac ^^ ,__< •H £> J 73 73 DQ "H ^ DQ P A THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalist.* Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Tavernrr, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. Malte, Ph.D., M, Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S.. Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A.. Otto Klotz, LL.D.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Ctncholegy. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: The Richmond Faunas of Little Bay de Noquette, in Northern Michigan. By A. F. Foerste 97 Some Habits of Two Burrowing Spiders in Manitoba. By Norman Criddle 104 The Migration of the Barren Ground Caribou. By E. M. Kindle 107 The Evening Grosbeak. By F. W. Warwick 110 Notes by "Digressor" 111 : .v0'*". ' The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. wO issued February 23RD, 1918. ^ Ap Entered at Ottawa Pojt Office as second clats matter.^ LI 6KAK WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. n r> n v o Merchant Tailors lieo. t. rrestOIl & bOIlS 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. A. JUL. JAKVlo, BOOK STORE THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST.— Near Laurler Ave. P. S. —Books ordered promptly and carefully. and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All 96 near as your nearest phone or Post Office. Grant-Holden-Graham i LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street - - - Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS 9^epsr,cES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. Capital Paid Up and Rest $ 8,730,000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Bgan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir George H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. D. M. Finnie, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN C. P. R. Watch Inspector. J. E. WILMOT EYBS TESTED FREE 149 Sparks St., Ottawa. When in need of Eye Glasses call and see us. THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Dadson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS UMITED LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA - MONTREAL -TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW $30 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. W. A. RANKIN Fine Builders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES - Queen 1023-1024 HamitlOCKS The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 132 Queen Street OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 AlbeWte^Tetf 'w.NN.PEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, Booksellers, Stationers Bookbinders, Printers 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIAL8 WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. Phone Q. 8028. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. PEST p/\ A | LOWEST QUALITY 58 SPARKS 8T PRICES Phone Q. 4S1 THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION CAPITAL RESERVE ?1,500,QO0 $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATES ranging In value from $500 to $5,000,000 each, is the best guarantee that you may confidently name as your EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN ST3. J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. nd other lists of interest to collect- ors. R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rldeau St. 106 Sparks St. STORES AT HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Best Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers 200 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Queen 6267. Demonstrations gladly given. WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WE SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQTTARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. Ottawa Mulhall Hardware Ltd. Tog KKAVr ST ottawa B H B I 2*3 H CO m WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. Merchant Tailors C T? Ti CO iTiercnaiu ±anors iieo. t. rreston & 50I1S 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE WAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. A. H. JARVIS THE 9 BOOK STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST.— Near Laurier Ave. P. S.— Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grant-Holden-Graham LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. IANOS ) MAKES ALL PRICES AY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest $ 8,750,000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir He»ry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir Gaorge H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Finnie, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN C. P. R. Watch Inspector. J. E. WILMOT 149 Sparks St., Ottawa. EYES TESTED FREE When in need of Eye Glasses call and sec us- THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Badson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS UM,TED LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL-TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. / REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW Jp3u 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND bulb merchants Market Square, OTTAWA. W. A. RANKIN Fi"e B«ilders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES - • Queen 1023-1024 liaitimOCkS The Ottawa Paper Box Co, 764 Albert Street (cor. Rochester) OTTAWA Manufacturers of Rlker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers In Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 Mb"?%Zt*'W$iilPKa. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, "'""'"Z^'k^r. 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa - R THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. Phone Q. 8028. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. BEST p/\ i I LOWEST QUALITY ^"AL- PRICES 58 SPARKS ST. Phone Q. 461 R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rideau St. STORES AT 10g Sparks 8t THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION CAPITAL - - $1,500,000 RESERVE - - $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATBS ranging in value from $600 to $»,»0«.6o0 each, Is the best guarantee that y«u may confidently name aa y»ur EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS. HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Best Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers 200 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Quean 62S7. Demonstrations gladly given. J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WH SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- ors. Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa s CO CO Mulhall Hardware Ltd. Stores (243 BANK ST. at l806 SOMERSET ST OTTAWA The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. P. W. Waugh. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss P. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Publications : Excursions: Lectures •' Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg, Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Archaeology: Botany: Entomology: Geology: Ornithology. Zoology: Photography Leaders at Excursions: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyne. Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. P. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Dr. E. M. Kindle. Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C., with "Ottawa Naturalist,' $1.00 per annum, FEBRUARY 1918 Vol. XXXI, No. 11. OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Harlan I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Tavernkr, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. ML O. Mai/te, Ph.D., M. Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambe, F.G.S., Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof. JohnMacoun, M.A., Otto Klotz, LL.D.. C. Gordon Hewitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: The Birds of Edmonton. By J. D. Soper 129 On die genus Trachodon of Leidy. " By L. M. Lambe 135 Brief Notes on the Prevalence of Certain Birds in British Columbia. By Major A. Brooks 139 The Fur Seals 141 Book Notice: Rvdeberg's Flora of the Rockv Mountains and 1 B Adjacent Plains 143 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limited. issued May ioTh, 1918. Entered at Ottaiva Post Office as second class matter. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTI8ERS. r r b . oo Merchant Tailors lieo. IL Freston & SOIIS 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. mO W H H ffl A. xi. JAKVlfe, book STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST. — Near Laurier Ave. P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grant-Holden-Graham MANUFACTURERS OF LIMITED High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Rags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS 9 MAKES ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest $ 8,750,000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate, Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir Gaorge H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Finnie, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN C. P. R. Watch Inspector. J. Eo WILMOT EYES TESTED FREE 149 Sparks St., Ottawa. When in need of Eye Glasses call and see ye THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. The Badson-Merrill Press GENERAL PRINTERS LIM,TED LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS. 47-49 Bank St., Ottawa. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA - MONTREAL • TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers In Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW 30 36 Metcalfe St. 6ttawa GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds— Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND bulb merchants Market Square, OTTAWA. W.A.RANKIN Fine Builders' 410-412 Bank Street HardWare OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES Queen 1023-1024 HammOCKS The Ottawa Paper Box Co, 764 Albert Street (cor. Rochester) OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 ^^"^Tet^^NIPEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. -r Trr Q O Booksellers, Stationers JameS OOP© C£ SOUS, Bookbinders, Printers 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa o ■ I— I s o CO SO C3 Q S THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. Phone Q. 8028. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. PEST QQJ^ LOWEST QUALITY 58 SPARKS ST. PRICES Phone Q. 461 THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION CAPITAL RESERVE $1,500,000 $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATES ranging in value from $500 to $5,000. 0U0 each, is the best guarantee that you may confidently name as your EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS. R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rideau St. 106 Sparks St. STORES AT KURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa i CD CO 3 O D o u h3 o o 3 w r— H ■4 CD 1 CO T3 THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Best Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers 200 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Queen 6267. Demonstrations gladly given. J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- ors. WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WE SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa 2 H Cd H H *5 W H CO 93 Mulhall Hardware Ltd. Stores 243 BANK ST. at \806 SOMERSET ST OTTAWA The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club ' Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Editor: Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Publications : Excursions : Lectures: Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. C. L. Patch. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. G. A. Millar. Miss E. Cowan. Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg. Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomolpgical Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Mr: C. M. Sternberg. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Archaeology : Botany: Entomology : Geology: Ornithology: Zoo logy: Photography : Leaders at Excursions: Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyue. Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C, with "Ottawa Naturalist," $1.00 per annum. MARCH, 1918 Vol. XXXI, No. 12. THE OTTAWA NATURALIST Published by The Ottawa Field-Naturalisti' Club Editor: ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Department ef Agriculture, OTTAWA. Associate Editors: Hakum I. Smith. W. H. Harrington, P. A. Tavbrnhr, Anthropology. Entomology. Ornithology. M. O. Mai/tk, Ph.D., M, Y. Williams, Ph.D., L. M. Lambb, F.G.S., Botany. Geology. Palaeontology. Prof.JohnMacoun.M.A., Otto Kxotz, LL.D.. C. Gordon Hkwitt, D.Sc, Conchology. Meteorology. Zoology. CONTENTS: The Birds of Edmonton. By J. D. Soper 145 Saturday Afternoon Excursions 149 Obituary ISO Bird Notes From Manitoba. By Norman Criddle 151 Note 152 Index, Vol. XXXI. _. 153 The Dadson-Merrill Press, Limitsd. ISSUED JUNE 21st, 1918. Entered at Ottawa Post Office as second class matter. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. „ jry t> co Merchant Tailors Geo. K FrestOIl & bOIlS 217-219 Rideau St., Ottawa WE MAKE EVERYTHING WE SELL AND GUARANTEE EVERYTHING WE MAKE. PQ ffl H Q pH A. H. JARVIS, BOOK STORE Respectfully solicits your inspec- tion of his stock. No pressure to buy to Book Lovers. 157 BANK ST. — Near Laurier Ave. P.S. — Books ordered promptly and carefully. ALLEN & COCHRANE THE RED CROSS DRUGGISTS SIX STORES All as near as your nearest phone or Post Office. THE R. J. DEVLIN CO., LIMITED LEADING HATTERS and makers of FINE FURS 76 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA. Grasit-Holden-Graham LIMITED MANUFACTURERS OF High Grade Tents, Tarpaulins and Sleeping Bags. Outfitters to Surveyors and Engineers. WRITE FOR CATALOGUES. 147 Albert Street Ottawa, Canada. PIANOS MAKES ALL PRICES C. W. LINDSAY, Limited 189 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. The BANK OF OTTAWA Established 1874. Capital Paid Up and Rest $ 8,750,000 Total Assets Over $55,000,00 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hon. George Bryson, President. John B. Fraser, Vice-President. Sir Henry N. Bate. Russell Blackburn, George Burn, Sir Henry K. Egan, Alexander Maclaren, Denis Murphy, Hon. Sir George H. Perley, Edwin C. Whitney. D. M. Finnie, General Manager. W. Duthie, Chief Inspector. Dr. Mark G. McElhinney BOOTH BLDG., OTTAWA PHONE QUEEN 2438. Dentist to certain of the cognoscenti. ALWAYS AT YOUR SERVICE The Ottawa Gas Co. The Ottawa Electric Co. JEWELLER & OPTICIAN C. P. R- Watch Inspector. J. E. 149 SparkS St., Ottawa. Glasses call and see us. EYES TESTED FREE When in need of Eye THE TOPLEY COMPANY PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS 132 Sparks St., Ottawa. THE DADSON-MERRILL PRESS Limited GENERAL PRINTERS LOOSE LEAF SUPPLIES, COUNTER CHECK BOOKS 246 Sparks Street. Phone Queen 3993. The Mortimer Co., Limited OTTAWA- MONTREAL -TORONTO Designers, Illustrators, Photo Engravers, Printers, Lithographers, Bookbinders, Makers of Fine Catalogues, Manufacturers and Devisers of Loose Leaf Systems. LYMANS, LIMITED (ESTABLISHED 1800) MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS Importers and Dealers in Chemical and Assay Apparatus. ST. PAUL STREET, MONTREAL. REBUILT TYPEWRITERS M. G. BRISTOW $30 36 Metcalfe St. OTTAWA GROW GOOD CROPS Seeds — Plants — Bulbs Our rigorous system of testing elimin- ates loss and disappointment from your garden. KENNETH McDONALD & SONS, Limited SEED AND BULB MERCHANTS Market Square, OTTAWA. W. A. RANKIN Fi"e B«ilders' 410-412 Bank Street Hardware OTTAWA Refrigerators and PHONES - - Queen 1023-1024 HamniOCKS The Ottawa Paper Box Co. 764 Albert Street (cor. Rochester) OTTAWA Manufacturers of Riker Specimen Mounts, Natural History Specimen Trays, Glass Topped Boxes, Millboard Mailing Boxes, Tubes, Etc. C. A. Olmsted & Son Jewellers, Opticians, Watchmakers & Engravers Dealers in Fine Diamonds, Sterling Silver, Electro Plated Ware and Rich Cut Glass. "THE STORE OF MODERATE PRICES" 208 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA. Phone Queen 1430 MACDONALD & CO. MEN'S OUTFITTERS Cor. Bank and Queen Sts. Ottawa. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter BUILT LIKE A WATCH. MOST POPULAR TYPEWRITER TO-DAY. OTTAWA TYPEWRITER CO., Limited The Natural Science Store Entomological, Botanical and Geological Apparatus and Supplies. VASCULUMS EXHIBITION MOUNTS INSECT BOXES ENTOMOLOGICAL PINS MAGNIFYING GLASSES RIKER MOUNTS ENTOMOLOGICAL STRETCHING BOARDS GEOLOGISTS' HAMMERS COLLECTING BOXES COLLECTING NETS MICROSCOPES KILLING VIALS KILLING BOTTLES DISSECTING SETS INSTRUMENT REPAIRS A SPECIALTY. E. R. WATTS & SON, CANADA, LIMITED 45 BANK STREET, OTTAWA. 65 Mb™t«°r™* ^Tnn.PEG. WE DEAL WITH OUR ADVERTISERS. James Hope & Sons, """""Z,^™^,. 63 Sparks Street, Ottawa > THE ONTARIO HUGHES OWENS CO., LIMITED SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS AND DRAWING MATERIALS WE HAVE A MODERN REPAIR DEPARTMENT. 529 Sussex St., OTTAWA. Phone Q. 8028. THE C. C. RAY Co. Ltd. BEST COAL QUALITY 58 SPARKS ST LOWEST PRICES Phone Q. 461 THE TORONTO GENERAL TRUSTS CORPORATION CAPITAL RESERVE $1,500,000 $1,850,000 Successful administration of ESTATES ranging in value from $500 to $o,000.0UU each, is the best guarantee that you may confidently name as your EXECUTOR and TRUSTEE this Cor- poration. JAMES DAVEY, Manager. Ottawa Branch: Cor. SPARKS and ELGIN STS. J. G. BUTTERWORTH & Co. ALL-RAIL SCRANTON COAL HAS NO EQUAL. 86 SPARKS ST., OTTAWA WARD'S NAT. SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S.A. We are the headquarters in the United States of America for entomo- logical supplies and specimens. Sole manufacturers of the genuine Schmitt boxes, exhibition cases and cabinets, also of the American Ento- mological Company's insect pins. Riker mounts and botanical mounts always on hand, also Riker botanical presses. Send for our supply catalogue No. 30 and other lists of interest to collect- ors. R. McGIFFIN, Ltd. MEN'S FINE FURNISHINGS 76 Rideau St. 106 Sparks St. STORES AT HURD & CO. HIGH-GRADE SPORTING GOODS, RIFLES, CARTRIDGES, Etc. 191 Sparks St. - Ottawa THE SMITH PREMIER AND REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS The World's Two Best Typewriters. Federal Typewriter Co. Dealers 200 QUEEN STREET, OTTAWA. Phone Queen 6267. Demonstrations gladly given. WELDON J. GRAHAM DISPENSING CHEMIST WE SPECIALIZE IN PRESCRIPTION WORK. HEADQUARTERS FOR TOILET ARTICLES. 90 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA Phones: Q. 863, Q. 8163. Pritchard -Andrews Company ENGRAVERS Memorial Tablets in Brass and Bronze Church Brass Work 264 Sparks St. - Ottawa Mulhall Hardware Ltd. ST{2£ BKSx ST ottawa 2 a H W > H \ The Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club Patron: HIS EXCELLENCY THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE Governor-General of Canada. COUNCIL 1917-18. President: Mr. Harlan I. Smith. Vice-Presidents: Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. Dr. M. Y. Williams. Secretary: Mr. L. D. Burling, (Victoria Memorial Museum). Treasurer: Mr. J. R. Dymond, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Librarian: Mr. H. B. Sifton, (Seed Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). Publications: Excursions : Lectures Editor: Mr. Arthur Gibson, (Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture). ' ,' Mr. P. A. Taverner. Mr. C. L. Patch. Mr. F. W. Waugh. Miss F. Fyles. Mr. C. M. Sternberg. Mr. G. A. Millar. Mr. W. T. Macoun. Miss E. Cowan. Standing Committees of Council: Dr. C. G. Hewitt, A. Gibson, J. R. Dymond, L. D. Burling, H. B. Sifton. F. W. Waugh, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. B. Sifton, C. M. Stern- berg, Miss F. Fyles, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan, C.L. Patch. Arthur Gibson, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dr. M. Y. Williams, P. A. Taverner, L. D. Burling, W. T. Macoun. Trust Funds: W. T. Macoun, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, R. B. Whyte, Dr. H. M. Ami. Leaders at Excursions: Archaeology Botant : Harlan I. Smith, F. W. Waugh, W. J. Wintemberg, T. W. E Sowter, J. Ballantyue. Miss F. Fyles, W. T. Macoun, J. M. Macoun, Mrs. A. F. Brown, Dr. M. O. Malte, J. R. Dymond, E. C. Wight, H. B. Sifton, G. A. Millar, Miss E. Cowan. Entomology: Arthur Gibson. W. H. Harrington, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, J. M. Swaine, F. W. L. Sladen. Geology: Dr. E. M. Kindle, Dr. M. Y. Williams, H. McGillivray, L. D. Burling, E. Poitevin, Dr. M. E. Wilson. Ornithology: C. L. Patch, P. A. Taverner, Dr. M. Y. Williams, A. G. Kingston. Zoology: A. Halkett, E. E. Lemieux, E. A. LeSueur, C. H. Young, Dr. R. M. Anderson. Photography. W. S. Hutton. Auditors: J. Ballantyne. E. C. Wight. Membership Fee to O.F.N.C*, with "Ottawa Naturalist," SI.OO per annum. .J.B, ton. SEDERS MBL WHOI LIBRARY UH IfiJM