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OURSE Es OF PREY,

OW THE

EAGLES, HAWKS, AND OWLS

OF

CaN ADA.

By

HENRY G. VENNOR, F.G.S.

Of the Geological Survey of Canada.
WitH 30 PHorocrapHic ILLUSTRATIONS By Wm. Norman.

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Montreal :
PUBLISHED BY DAWSON BROTHERS.

1876.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Year 1876, by
H. G. VENNOR, F.G.S.
in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

PRINTED B¥ D. BENTLEY & Co.

LIST OF PLATES AND TABLE OF CONTENTS.

tee

No. oF * DescriBED ON
PLATE PAGES
I= Dick hawks Pereprineess ss As cease a 4. en) B= TO
Ilse Ibn s Milsdlin 25 o.oo 6 on Bo “ao 5a WES He
I1I—Gyr-Falcon Ses eich oct hice Rete cts (Seal al =n
IV—Gyr-Falcon ; Dawson’s Falcon ae ie ops He even la ee)
WeSheimouy Jeeiis., oe oo oo of On 60 So> a5 ou se se
VI—Goshawk (adult) ) aE ae
VII—Goshawk (young) J . :
VIlI—Cooper’s Hawk; Chicken Hawk .. .. .. .. .. .. 37— 40
IX—Sharp-shinned Hawk (male and female)... .. .. .. .. 4I1— 44
X—Red-tailed Buzzard; Hen Hawk .. .. .. .. «. «. 45— 51
XI—Red-shouldered Buzzard ) re
XII—Winter Falcon \ ia ah SR SNS ee ee ean
=-Swainson's) Buzzard: Canada Buzzard 3. 2. 3. =. «- 57-700
Nii—Broad-wincedwbuzzarde warts eye eae See es os eyo nO
XIV—Rough-legged Buzzard ih Ane oe
XV—Black Hawk )
Xo —— MarsheElawkswElarmien | emerson) oe Carts Ogee
ROVE Goldensbacler(ac years Old) ems se ean i SO)
VE Baldi Bagless Wihite-teaded) Hagley. 2) Sheu va- | sauee aol oO
X1IX— Osprey ; Fish Hawk Se eth AL is ae, © wea peek oye ON
Xexe— Greats Llomed: OwllesCat Owliee 9 eee eee eno
XON == Screech OwlemVlottleai@ wiles see-tes Nes en et ion (ie) we LO OS
XXII—Long-Eared Owl .. .. . eon crs Ge can tee ee LO 7 Tare
NOMIMUE=SSVeteioeicxsl Ohl Vs Gs fe wo oo ch ge oo oo eeu)
ON W—(Creai: Grey Orple Cinsrorg OM 5 cs bo be Sp oo, Hn)
XOX Barred Owl (maleanditemale) 2 9 ea 123-126
XXVI—Sparrow Owl; Richardson's Owl (male and female) .. .. 127—130
XXVII—Acadian Owl ; Saw-whet Owl Je. pore “ers € Seay utes els ST — 138
XXVIII—Snowy Owl; White Owl (male) » eas i
XXIX—Snowy Owl; “ “ (female) J ee
XOXO awe Owl DawOwl ee Se os 84 2 ta ne we LAOH Tod

Note.—On page 2, eleventh line from top, for ¢iivd read fourth—this number referring to
the BirpD OWLs, embracing the Burrowing and Pigmy Owls, which are not represented in Canada.

‘Tt is frequently a matter of surprise, to those little versed in ornitholoz’cal science, that
although we have already several works relating to Ornithology, and more especially to that of
our own island, yet that others, apparently with a similar aim, are almost continually issuing
from the press. ‘ Why,’ say they, ‘should we have the same history so often over?’ Now,
though this shallow mode of argument appears sufficiently plausible to the ‘general reader,’ the
experienced ornithologist at once perceives the emptiness and the absurdity of the remark. If
each succeeding author did tell the same story, surely no one would take the needless trouble of
consulting his works. But the fact is, that Nature can never be exhausted, and however long and
minute the descriptions of the economy of any bird may be, much yet remains to be adde].

Ee x bh ae 4 BOs
7 ok *K 2K kK * aK Sr

““No work treating of our Ornithology, hitherto published, has been without its due share of
errors and defects ; and, indeed, all that we can ever hope to ach‘eve with regard to the habits of
our feathered tiibes, is to add as much as possible to their biographies.”—(Woons’ “* British Song
Birds.”

ENDRODUC TION.

Tue Natural History of Canada has received a very fair share of
attention from Naturalists both at home and abroad, but in no
one department of this fascinating study can the ground yet be
said to be well trodden. In commencing work in this field some
thirteen years ago, I chose as a special object of investigation our
Birds of Prey, as affording a field perhaps less trodden than
others.

From the year 1865 to the present, in connection with ex-
plorations undertaken on behalf of the Geological Survey of
Canada, I have had unusual facilities for field observation, and
have traversed the greater part of that portion of Ontario which
may be described as lying between the Ottawa River and its
sources, and the St. Lawrence and its Great Lakes—a region the
interior of which is but thinly settled and comparatively unknown ;
also, a large part of the country lying to the northward of the
Ottawa River, between the Lake of Two Mountains and Pem-
broke. In these explorations, of course, ornithological studies
were of secondary consideration, the chief object being the un-
ravelling of the geological structure of the region travelled over.
Nevertheless our eyes were always open, and everything was
carefully noted down : whether this was a cliff of the old Lauren-
tian crystalline limestone—the abode of our celebrated ozoox
Canadense; a hole in the mountain’s side made by the irrepressible
mineral hunter; an Eagle perched on his rocky crag; or a
painted Butterfly sporting amid the wild-blossoms of the mountain
dell. Thus, along with others, Ornithological facts and specimens
rapidly accumulated—many of the first, important; and many of
the last, rare, interesting and beautiful. The Geological gleanings
speedily found their way to the public through the annual Reports
of the Geological Survey, but my treasured Ornithological notes
and specimens were left with me to dispose of as I pleased.
These have been carefully studied, arranged, and supplemented

vi INTRODUCTION.

with the observations of other Canadian /e/d workers. and are
herewith handed to the public as a slight contribution to our Orni-
thology, and in the hope their their perusal will not only be an aid
to our young collectors in the identification of their specimens,
but will be the means of awakening a more lively interest in the
study of our Birds generally.

[llustrations.—As a work of this kind unillustrated would be
but of little service to our students or the public generally, I have,
after much consideration and no little experimenting, accomplished
this by photography. Such a method, attempted even a few years
back, could not but have resulted in failure; but, to-day, to such
perfection has this art been brought, that the pictures produced
by it are not only beautiful, but truthful to the most minute detail.

Mr. Wm. Notman, of Montreal, to whom was first suggested
this method of illustrating the book, most kindly entered heart and
soul into the undertaking, and throughout the whole work has
afforded me every facility in his power, and has spared neither
material nor labor, in order to render the Plates satisfactory and
truthful to nature. I have only to add that his name to these is a
sufficient guarantee of their merit, and that any defect which may
exist is to be ascribed to my selection of the specimens. In this
last I have not chosen, in any case, rare, unusual, or particularly
beautiful plumaged individuals to represent the different species,
but rather common or typical forms of these, male and female,
young and adult, or such as the collector and traveller would
most generally meet.

Attitude and Form of the Birds figured.—These are points
requiring a great deal of attention in the photographing of stuffed
specimens, and respecting which I have already been brought to
task by a few of my naturalist friends to whom some of the Plates
were shown. My experience, however, among naturalists has
been that no two agree as touching any position which may be
chosen for a bird, and consequently no Plates, no matter how
perfectly executed, could please all. Besides, I have invariably
found that those who find most fault in this respect, are persons
who have been little on the eld themselves, or, in other words,

INTRODUCTION. vil

who rather belong to the class known as cdose¢, than /e/d natural-
ists ; the latter knowing well that it is really almost impossible to
conceive of a position which is not sometimes assumed by the
living bird. Of this fact I have recently been more convinced
than ever from the study of two living specimens of Owls—the
Snowy Owl and the Short-eared Owl—which have been in my
possession for some months. For instance, taking one out of the
many positions indulged in by the first of these birds, what would
my criticising friends have thought and said had I represented him
as a round ball of white feathers, head hardly perceptible, feet
entirely concealed, and squatting on the ground like a hen covering
her chickens. Yet this is the position in which I always find my
Snowy Owl when I unexpectedly enter her abode. When aroused,
however, she draws herself up, her head and feet become visible,
and she presents such a figure as one of those given on the two
Plates which have been allotted to this species in this work. The
Short-eared Owl has many remarkable attitudes, and most of these
differing from any of those in which the bird is figured in ornitho-
logical works. His wings are seldom kept close to his body, but
rather in a drooping position, and either resting on the perch on
which he sits, or, as the case may be, trailing on the ground ; while
his head is generally sunk deeply between his shoulders. In fine,
the attitude of a bird is anything conceivable. The form of the
bird is of far greater importance than its attitude, and in the speci-
mens selected for this work this was carefully perpetuated by
means of girths and numerous measurements made from the bird
while in the flesh, and generally immediately after death.

Of still greater importance, however, than either of the fore-
going points, is the careful selection, already referred to, of proper
or typical forms of plumage, of young, old, male and female birds.
Compared with this the attitude is of but trifling consideration, and
it would have served the purpose of this work equally well had I
simply selected and photographed appropriate unmounted skins.
Indeed, had it been necessary in order to show properly some
specific detail connected with the feet and claws, I should not have
hesitated to have mounted the bird accommodatingly holding forth
his foot for the inspection of the enquiring student; so when the

vill INTRODUCTION.

exhibition of the under sides of the wing was desirable, I have
not hesitated to give the bird the necessary position.

In fine, the main object of this work is practical utility—not
a mere exhibition of pretty photographs. In it I have endeavored
to represent every species of Falcon, Hawk, Buzzard, Harrier,
Eagle, and Owl, which has up to the present time been found in
Canada. Consequently, should collectors still find something
different from anything here figured and described, they may feel
certain that they have either a species new to our fauna, or a form
or variety of very uncommon occurrence. In either case the
circumstance would be of great interest to Ornithologists, and I
take this opportunity of requesting such discoverers to communicate
either with myself or the Natural History Society of Montreal.

It now only remains for me to sincerely thank all those who
have in any way assisted me, either by the loan of specimens or
by furnishing me with desired information. The names of such
I have embodied in the proper places in the body of this work ;
but special mention may here be made of the following:

To Dr. Spencer F. Baird and Mr. Robert Ridgway of the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for the proper identi-
fication of the bird in our Museum, heretofore known as Dawson’s
Falcon, and for facts relating to other species ; to Dr. Bernard J.
Gilpin of Halifax, N.S., for MS. list of the Rapacious Birds of
that Province ; the Rev. Duncan Anderson of Levis, Quebec, for
the rare specimen of the White Gyr-Falcon ; to the Montreal Nat.
Hist. Society for specimens placed at my disposal; to Dr. John
Bell of Montreal for the beautiful specimen of the Bald Eagle; to
Wm. Couper, naturalist, of Montreal, for MSS. notes; to Mr. W.
Passmore of Montreal, for interesting notes on captive Eagles ; to
Prof. Ramsay Wright of University College, Toronto, for a com-
plete list of the specimens contained in that Museum ; and lastly,
to Mr. Thos. Mcllwraith of Hamilton, for the specimen of the
Duck-Hawk, and for many notes illustrative of the habits and
distribution of the birds in that vicinity.

HENRY G. VENNOR

MontrEaL, 7st Fune, 1876.

ORDER RAPTORES: BIRDS OF PREY.

soe

Cuar.—Base of upper mandible with a soft skin or cere. Upper mandible
compressed ; its point curving down over that of the lower, forming a strong, sharp
hook. ‘Toes, four, one behind. Size usually large, and frame powerful. Female
bird the larger, except in the Vultures. This order embraces the so-called Birds
of Prey.*

These birds may be separated into two sub-orders, namely :—

A. True birds of prey, which catch their victims alive, and are
distinguished by their powerful bills, claws, and powers of
flight.

B. Carrion-eaters, feeding on dead animals, having comparatively
weak bills, long, straight claws, and heavy flight.

Species are found in all parts of the world. They are anala-
gous to the Rafacza among mammals, and their particular office in
the economy of nature is to keep in check the excessive increase
of the smaller kinds of animals. The carrion-eaters are chiefly
limited to the warm climates.

The Birds of Prey embrace three great families :

The VuLTURIDa, or VULTURES.
The Fatconip®, or Fatcons and allies.
The Srricip&, or OwLs.

Of these, the first two are known as the Dzurna/, and the last as
the Nocturnal birds of prey.

The VuLturtb& comprise three genera of which only one is
represented in Canada, namely, the genus Cathartes, to which
belongs the Turkey Buzzard or Turkéy Vulture, C. ara, Illig.
This species is described as inhabiting “all North America, except
the Arctic regions.” It is, however, rarely met with in Canada

* Here, and in the following pages of this work, the general, generic, and specific characters
are from the standard works of Cassin and Baird, except where otherwise expressly mentioned.

2 BIRDS OF PREY.

proper, and only in one or two localities, e.g., the extensive flats
near Chatham and Lake St. Clair, where, I am informed, it isa
recular summer visitant, feeding upon the carcasses of drowned
cattle. It is not figured or further described in this work.

The Fatcontp& comprise five sub-families and a great number
of genera, which embrace all our Falcons, Hawks, Buzzards,
Harriers, and Eagles.

The Srrici® include all our Owls, which are likewise
arranged in five distinct sub-families, namely, Typical Owls, Horned
Owls, Gray Owls, Bird Owls, and Day Owls. Of these, the first
and third are not represented in Canada. About one hundred and
fifty species are known, forty of which belong to America and ten
to Canada. Until very recently however eleven species were set
down as Canadian; but one of these, the Kirtland Owl, is now
thought to be merely the young form or red stage of the little
Acadian Owl, perhaps more generally known as the Saw-whet Owl.

Of the Typical Owls, or Strzgzx@, the Barn Owl is mentioned
by many authors as a species inhabiting the temperate parts of
North America; but there is no authentic record of its occurrence
in Canada. There are however stories in circulation of such an
occurrence, which, should they prove true, would enable us to
add this species to our list of rare stragglers. The bird has
been met with in Newfoundland, and is occasionally captured in
the New England and Middle States. One was taken in the city
of Lancaster, Penn. in a high church steeple, and was at the time
noted as “almost as rare a bird in this latitude as the Golden
Eagle.” Another was taken near Springfield, Mass. in May, 1868 ;
and Dr. Wood, of East Windsor Hill, has, or had a specimen in
his cabinet that was shot at Sachem’s Head, Conn. during 1865.
In a catalogue of the “ Birds of Connecticut” Mr. Linsley records
the capture of another Barn Owl at Stratford. Altogether
perhaps, only about five or six birds of this species have been
taken in the whole of the Middle and New England States up to
the present year (1876), and consequently its extension into
Canada must be considered as merely accidental. It is not figured
or further described in the present work.

Famity FALCONID, Tue FaAtcons.
Susp-Famity FALCONIN-.
FALCO, Linn us.

GEN. CHAR.—General form robust and compact ; bill short, curved strongly from the base
to the point, which is very sharp, and near which is a distinct and generally prominent tooth ;
nostrils circular, with a central tubercle ; wings long, pointed, formed for vigorous, rapid, and long-
continued flight ; tail rather long and wide ; tarsi short, robust, covered with circular or hexagonal
scales ; middle toe long ; claws large, strong, curved, and yery sharp.

The species constituting this genus are justly regarded by
Ornithologists as the typical or most completely organized of
rapacious birds. They are remarkable for exceedingly rapid flight,
and great boldness in the attack and capture of their prey, which
consists of birds and quadrupeds often much larger than themselves.
They are found in most parts of the world: the number of species
being fifteen or twenty. Four or five occur in Canada.

Falco Anatum, BonaparTE.
THE DUCK HAWE: PEREGRINE.

PLATE I.

This is the “Falco Peregrinus” of Wilson, Audubon, and
other writers, and probably the Falco-nigriceps of Cassin. This
beautiful bird is regarded as the most typical species of the “ true
Falcons,” or noble birds of prey. It is nowhere very abundant,
although pretty generally distributed over the whole of North
America, east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been observed by
travellers, explorers, and Hudson Bay officers on the coasts of
Hudson Bay and the Arctic Sea; on the “ Barren Grounds”; at
Cape Farewell, on the coast of Greenland; on the coasts of
Labrador, Newfoundland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick,
and Nova Scotia; as also along the sea coasts of Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island Sound, New
Jersey, and Delaware, along the whole of which sea-board it is
celebrated for the havoc it makes among the wild fowl. It has
also been noted in East Florida, at St. Augustine, and is well

4 THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE.

known to occur in Cuba and other of the West India Islands. It
probably is also more or less frequent all along the eastern coasts
of South America, and Captain King states that it is found in the
Straits of Magellan. A few find their way up the St. Lawrence, —
and have been observed and killed at Quebec, Sorel, Montreal,
Toronto, Hamilton, at Baptiste Creek, and at Long Point on
Lake Erie. On this course they appear to continue, by way of
the great lakes and connecting rivers, westward to the slopes of the
Rocky Mountains, which appear to bar or limit their flight in this
direction. They are, however, again met with rather abundantly
on the Peace and Parsnip Rivers in latitude 55°-56°, where they
revel on their favorite wild fowl prey, which breed there in unusual
numbers. They have also been met with on the McKenzie River,
northward to Slave Lake, where, however, according to Ross, they
are rare. To the westward of the Rocky Mountains I have not
come upon any authentic record of the occurrence of this species,
but its place is filled by a closely allied one, the Fadco-nigriceps, of
Cassin, a bird in every respect similar to the Duck Hawk, except
in size, and perhaps stronger coloring of the under parts. This
second supposed species was first described in 1858 from specimens
received from California and Chili. These were undeniably
smaller than the Duck Hawk of eastern North America, with
the rufous color of the under parts in the young of a stronger
tint ; but other specimens since obtained from farther north fully
equal those from the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, “and
“the slight difference found to really exist between them seem to
“be by no means of specific value.”*

In Canada proper the Duck Hawk is a rare bird, only being
met with in a few localities and at certain seasons. It appears to
prefer the sea coast, and makes but hasty visits across the interior
lying between the St. Lawrence and Hudson Bay. I did not meet
with it on any of my explorations in eastern Ontario, between the
St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, nor did the inhabitants of this
section seem to be aware of the existence of any such Hawk. A
fine adult male, however, of this species was obtained by Mr.
Marcel at St. Lamberts, near Montreal. It is a rather regular

* J. A. Allen, in Bulletin Mus. Comp. ‘Zool., Harv. Coll., Cambridge, Mass. (Vol. II., p. 317).

THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE: 5

visitant in the neighborhood of the Bay of Toronto every spring
and fall, and occasionally falls a prey to the gun of the sportsman ;
but it is said by the hunters to be a bird extremely difficult to
obtain. A few, however, have from time to time been killed, and
these now figure in one or two private collections in Toronto
and Montreal. Mr. W. Passmore, taxidermist to the Montreal
Natural History Society, who formerly resided and collected
largely at Toronto, informs me that the Duck Hawks arrive with
the first flights of wild fowl every spring and fall in the Bay near
that city ; that here they wage constant warfare upon the ducks
and other water fowl, but are, as a general rule, too wary to allow
themselves to be shot. He describes their flight as being incon-
ceivably swift, and their “stoop” as comparable to the falling of a
lump of lead. They remain on the wing for hours at a time, and
often rise to great heights. Their bodies are wonderfully heavy
for the size of the bird, and their plumage is of the most compact
description. Some specimens which I obtained from Mr. Passmore
are exceedingly small, being only 13 to 14 inches in length, from
tip of bill to end of tail.

In Hamilton, according to MclIlwraith, they are but rarely met
with ; they, however, are occasionally seen at Baptiste Creek, on
the line of the Great Western R.R., and are often killed by the
gunners at Long Point, on Lake Erie. More are killed, says
Mcllwraith, than perhaps is generally known, and but a few of
these are utilized. There are some five or six specimens of this
bird in collections in Hamilton, three of which figure in that of
the gentleman just named. Chatham and the Lake St. Clair flats,
are other likely localities for the occurrence of this species. Whether
the Duck Hawk nests in the central portions of Canada is not yet
known ; but the north shore of Lake Superior would appear to
offer suitable sites for this purpose. Richardson says, “ It preys
habitually on the Long-tailed Ducks (anas glacialis) which breed
in great numbers in the Arctic regions, arriving in June and depart-
in gin September.” At Long Point on Lake Erie, and other
shooting stations, it is observed to prey chiefly on that class of
birds embraced under the general name of “ Mud-hen.”*

* Mcllwraith, Hamilton, Ont.

6 THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE.

A few years since some two or three pairs of Duck Hawks
nested regularly on Mounts Tom and Talcott, in Massachusetts
and Connecticut, but the poor birds were so continually harassed
by enthusiastic odlogists and ornithologists, that they have been
obliged to seek some more inaccessible position, and now but
rarely breed in these States. I am inclined to believe that some of
these birds breed every year among the mountains in the northern
part of the State of New York, bordering upon the Canadian
frontier, and among the adjacent “Chateauguay Mountains”
in Canada. During the summer of 1870, the eggs of the Duck
Hawk were received by Mr. C. W. Bennett from Vermont, this
being the first known instance of their nesting in that State. The
site chosen by the Duck Hawk for its eyrie is invariably in some
inaccessible cliff or ledge of rock, in a well-selected cranny of
which the nest is deposited. The eggs, according to Baird, are
three or four in number, and of a chocolate color. It has never
yet been known to nest in trees, although Wilson says “In the
breeding season the Duck Hawk retires to the recesses of the
gloomy cedar swamps, on the tall trees of which it constructs its
nest, and rears its young, secure from all molestation.” This
statement is entirely conjectural, and is strangely at variance
page, where he says : “ Naturalists should be always on their guard
when they find themselves compelled to resort to the observations
of others, and record nothing as fact which has not been submitted
to the temperate deliberations of reason. The reverse of this
procedure has been a principal cause why errors and absurdities

with the caution given to naturalists by him on a_ preceding

have so frequently deformed the pages of works of science, which,
like a plane mirror, ought to reflect only the genuine images of
nature.” Other writers reproduced this error of Wilson’s, and as
the European Peregrine was well known to nest on cliffs, it was
for a time conjectured, from this difference in breeding habits, that
the European was a distinct species from the American.* There

Peregrine or Duck Hawk, the name /a/co anatum. Previous to this time all writers had considered
it, and it seems to me justly, as identical with the European Peregrine, or F. peregrinus,—an
opinion still held by many eminent ornithologists. Until about this date the Peregrine Falcon was

THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE. 7

in any other, between the birds of the two continents, I believe
they are to-day regarded by our leading ornithologists as specifically
identical. To Prof. S. S. Haldeman, is due the credit of having
first made known, not only the fact of the Duck Hawk breeding
on cliffs, but also of its breeding in the United States. Perhaps
the most complete and instructive account yet published respecting
the nesting of the Peregrine Falcon is that by Allen, in the

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, (Vol. IV., page 153), wherein
he describes the eyrie on Mount Tom, Mass. In a subsequent
article in the American Naturalist (Vol. III., page 314) further
notes of interest on the same locality are given, and as I am per-
suaded that these articles have been read but by few in Canada, I
close my history of the present species with an extract from the
last-named Journal. Allen says, referring to the eyrie on Mount
Tom :—

“These eggs were the first eggs of the Duck Hawk known to naturalists to
have been obtained in the United States, the previous most southern locality whence
they had been taken being Labrador ; but the species had previously been observed
in the breeding season by Dr. S. S. Haldeman as far south as Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia. One or more pairs of these birds have been seen about Mounts Tom
and Holyoke every season since the first discovery of the eggs at the former locality
in 1864. Mr. W. C. Bennett, of Holyoke, their discoverer, has since carefully
watched them, and his frequent laborious researches for their nest have been well
rewarded. In 1866, he took a second set of eggs, three in number, from the eyrie
previously occupied. In 1867, the male bird was killed late in April, and this
apparently prevented their breeding there that year, as they probably otherwise
would have done. At least no nest was that year discovered. In 1868, hawks of
this species were seen about the mountains, and although they reared their young
there, all effort to discover their nest was ineffectual. The present year (1869),
they commenced to lay in the old nesting place, but as they were robbed when but
one egg had been deposited, they deserted it and chose a site still more inaccessi-
ble. Here, they were equally unfortunate, for during a visit to this mountain, in
company with Mr. Bennett (April 28th), we had the great pleasure of discovering
their second eyrie, and from which, with considerable “difficulty, three freshly-laid
eggs were obtained. Not discouraged by this second misfortune they nested again,
this time depositing their eggs in the old eyrie from which all except the last set of
eggs have been obtained. Again they were unfortunate, Mr. Bennett removing
their second set of eggs, three in number, May 23rd, at which time incubation had

believed to have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but since then the Australian and other supposed
species have been separated from it on grounds that it now seems should be reconsidered. (Bulletin
of the Mus, Comp, Zoo., Vol. II., page 317. Allen.)

8 THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE.

just commenced. ‘The birds remained about the mountain all the summer, and
from the anxiety they manifested in August, it appears not improbable that they
laid a third time, and at this late period had unfledged young. ‘The first set of eggs
and the female parent, collected April r9th, 1864, are in the Museum of Natural
History at Springfield, as also a male killed subsequently at the same locality in
April; the second set, collected in April, 1866, are in the cabinet of Mr. E. A.
Samuels ; the third and fourth sets, collected April 28th and May 23rd, 1869, are
in that of Dr. William Wood, of East Windsor Hill, Conn. Although in each set
the different eggs sometimes varied considerably from each other, neither of the
three last present that remarkable range of variation exhibited by the first. It is
probable that some years more than one pair have nested on Mount Tom, but only
one nest-site had been discovered before the present year. I learn from Dr. Wood
that this bird is every year seen also about Talcott Mountain, and that it probably
regularly breeds there. The young obtained from it in 1862 Dr. Wood kept till
the following fall, when they were sent to Professor Baird, and died at the Smith-
sonian Institution the succeeding spring.”

As few ornithologists have had the good fortune to meet with
the eyrie and eggs of the Duck Hawk, and since it is not improb-
able that these birds may yet be found to nest in Canada, I add
some.further details of interest respecting the eyrie on Mount
Tom, near Springfield, Massachusetts. The account from which
these are taken is the most complete and interesting ever pub-
lished on this subject, and is the only one in which the eggs of the
bird are described at any length.

“ Although the Duck Hawk has been long known to breed at the localities in
Massachusetts mentioned above (Mounts Tom and Holyoke), those conversant
with the fact were not aware that any special interest was attached to it, or that its
eggs and breeding habits were very little known to ornithologists, and so, until very
recently, no particular efforts have been made to procure the eggs. Mr. Bennett,
becoming aware of this, resolved to procure the eggs. He accordingly visited
Mount Tom for this purpose, April 6th of the present year (1864), when he searched
the whole ridge of the mountain, discovered the old birds and the particular part
they most frequented, and also the site of the nest, where the young had been
raised. ‘The old birds were continually near the spot, and manifested much solici-
tude when it was approached, often flying within six or eight rods, and once the
female came within three, screaming and‘ thrusting out her talons, with an expression
of great rage and fierceness. The birds did not appear at all shy, being easily
approached quite nearly, though in walking, the cracking of sticks and the clinking
of splinters of trap-rock made no little noise. One of the.birds appeared to keep
close to the eyrie, and both would approach whenever it was visited, screaming at
and menacing the intruder, notwithstanding that at that time there were no eggs.
Mr. Bennett, suspecting that incubation had commenced, visited the locality again

THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE. 9

on the gth, but only saw the old nest, the birds behaving as before. Ten days
later he made another visit, and, creeping carefully to the summit of the cliff, at a
point near the eyry already spoken of, he saw the female, on looking over the cliff,
sitting on the nest, and but five or six yards distant. She eyed him fiercely for an
instant, and then, scrambling from the nest to the edge of the narrow shelf support-
ing it, launched into the air. In a twinkling Mr. Bennett’s unerring aim sent her
tumbling dead at the foot of the precipice several hundred feet below. The nest
contained four eggs, which were soon safely secured, and the body of the female
was obtained from the foot of the cliff. The male soon coming about was shot at,
but he was too shy to come within range, excepting once when the gun was being
reloaded. The eggs were all laid after April gth, and their contents showed, April
rgth, that they had been incubated but a day or two. Incubation seems, in this
case, to have commenced several weeks later than usual, which may have been
owing to the late snows and unusual coldness of the weather this year during the
first half of April. The situation of the eyry was near the highest part of the
mountain, about one-third of the length of the mountain from its south end, on a
narrow shelf in the rock, eight or ten feet fiom the top of a nearly perpendicular
cliff, 150 or 200 feet in height, and was inaccessible except to a bold climber, and
at one particular point. The nest was merely a slight excavation, sufficient to
contain the eggs; no accessory material had been added. ‘The site had been
previously occupied, and probably for several years ; and for weeks before the
eggs were laid was carefully guarded by the bold and watchful birds.” Coues says,
“ These four eggs averaged 2.22 long by 1.68 broad, with 2.32 by 1.71, and 2.16 by
1.65 as maxima and minima, respectively. The smallest was larger than the one
measured by Dr. Brewer (2.00 by 1.56), which he obtained in Labrador. ‘They
also varied considerably in contour, and in heaviness and extent of coloration they
showed a series from the darkest and most nearly uniform to the lightest and most
sparsely marked, in which latter the contrast between the white ground and the
blotches was striking.”

Description of the darkest Egg. ‘The general color is chocolate brown, darker
and more dense and uniform about the ends, the part about the middle being
lighter, varied with small irregular blotches and specks of a darker tint than the
ground color. The color of the smaller end is a nearly uniform dull red-ochre.
There is also an irregular belt of scattered and apparently very superficial blotches
of very dark brown or nearly black.”

Description of lightest Egg. “The greater end of the egg, which in the egg of
most birds is the end most subject to markings and to the greatest depth of color,
is white, sprinkled sparingly with reddish specks ; while the smaller end is deep
bright brick-red, here and there relieved by small specks and patches of white
ground-color. About the middle of the egg the colors are in more equal propor-
tions, the white patches becoming larger on the smaller end toward the middle, and
the red patches on the larger end increase toward the same point, where the colors

LB

10 THE DUCK HAWK—PEREGRINE.

meet and become mixed in irregular patches of various sizes, from mere dots to
blotches.”

Sp. CHAR.—Adu/t—Frontal band white. Entire upper parts bluish cinereous, with trans-
verse bands of brownish-black, lighter on the rump. Upper parts yellowish-white, with cordate
and circular spots of black on the breast and abdomen, and ¢razsverse bands of black on the sides,
under tail coverts, and tibize ; quills and tail brownish-black, the latter with transverse bars of pale
cinereous. Cheeks with a patch of black ; bill light blue ; legs and toes yellow. Iris yellow.
Sexes alike.

Younger.—Entire upper parts brownish-black, frontal spot obscure, large space on the
cheeks black. Under parts dull yellowish-white, darker than in adult, and with /omgztudinal
stripes of brownish-black ; tarsi and toes bluish lead-color. Iris yellow. Total length, 18 to 20; ,
wing, 14 10 15; tail, 7 to $ in.

Falco Columbarius, LINNeE.

THE PIGEON HAWKE; MERLIN; “LITTLE CORPORAL.”

PLATE If.

This beautiful little Falcon is that described by Wilson and
subsequent American writers generally, as the Falco Columéarius ;
by Swainson as the Falco aesalon ; and by Audubon, Falco temer-
arius, or “ Little Corporal.” It inhabits not only the whole of
the Canadas, but likewise the fur countries to a very high latitude,

of the United States on the Pacific Ocean. Consequently the
species may correctly be said to be distributed over the whole of
North America, excepting the extreme Arctic regions. We have
met with it on every expedition, and in every locality visited
between Fort William on Lake Superior, and the Gulf of the St.
Lawrence ; and between this river and its Great Lakes, and the
height of land to the northward. But although everywhere met
with it nowhere can be said to be numerous, and no great number
of specimens have yet been obtained during any one summer. The
numbers, however, vary considerably in different years; a fact
which is also true of most of the other species of the Falconide.
The Pigeon Hawk is subject to great variations in plumage, and
therefore it is not surprising to find it described under a variety
of names in ornithological works. Specimens in our collections of
immature individuals show almost unaccountable diversities, not
only in the style of coloring, but likewise in dimensions ; some of
these bearing a striking resemblance to the Acczpiter fuscus, Bon.,
or Sharp-shinned Hawk. According to Cassin, however, there
are three well defined stages. Of these the adult is,easily distin-
guished and is very nearly as figured by Audubon under the name
Falco temerarius, but of the other two plumages it is difficult at
present to determine which is the more mature. These three
stages are easily discernible in our collection of Pigeon Hawks.
That of the adult, however, is the least frequently occurring form,
and may be given as one bird in twenty. What I consider to be
the second stage, or that intermediate between the bird of the first

12 THE PIGEON HAWK—MERLIN—“ LITTLE CORPORAL.”

year and the adult, is that in which the entire upper plumage is
either of a light ashy or dusky brown; entire under parts dull
white with longitudinal stripes of light brown ; tail light brown,
with about six white bands. The third or youngest stage, or first
year bird, has the upper plumage of a much darker shade of brown,
approaching to black; tail still darker, and with four bands of
dusky white. The cere and feet vary in all these stages from a
decided yellow to a dull greenish yellow. Besides these there are
a few other forms intermediate to the adult, younger and young
stages, which I cannot at present occupy space in describing. In
former years, when Canada was more the great breeding resort of
our Wild Pigeon (£ctopistes migratoria, Swain), than it is at
present, the Pigeon Hawk was much more abundant. It then
arrived with the armies of these birds in early spring, and was by
far the most common species of hawk to be met with in the
country. Then countless numbers were observed in a single day’s
excursion, while of late years hardly one dozen specimens have
been obtained during a summer's ramble.

The Pigeon Hawk, though of small size, is a fierce and most
courageous bird, and does not hesitate to attack birds of much
larger size than itself. It preys not only upon pigeons, but also
upon black birds, rice birds, squirrels, mice and beetles. On one
occasion in Madoc, Ontario, I observed a female hawk of this
species making desperate attempts to obtain the young of the
Ruffed Grouse, which the parent bird, however, most ably de-
fended. The Golden-winged Wood-peckers (Colaptes Auratus,
Swain), and particularly the young of this species, are also a
favorite prey of this hawk. Reeks, in his notes on the birds of
Newfoundland, says, “Its food consists chiefly of small birds,
especially some of the smaller species of 7y¢zgae, which abound
on the coast in the fall of the year.” It is a summer migrant to
Newfoundland, and is said to be “ tolerably common.” The
Pigeon Hawk undoubtedly breeds in many parts of Canada, but
its nidification has not been recorded from actual observation by
many of our collectors, although the eges of the bird occur in a
number of collections. I am of the opinion that in choosing its

THE PIGEON HAWK—MERLIN

Sin iwby CORPORATE 13

nesting site it observes somewhat of the cunning of the Peregrine
Faleon or Duck Hawk, and selects some secluded and almost
inaccessible position. According to Hutchins, as given in the
Fauna Boreali-Americana, it makes a nest on rocks and in hollow
trees, of sticks and grass, lined with feathers. A nest found in
Labrador by Audubon was in a low fir-tree, ten or twelve feet
from the ground, built of sticks, and lined with moss and feathers.
In northern New England, according to Boardman, it nests in
hollow trees. Coues, in his “ Birds of the North-West,” gives ‘‘an
unquestionable description, derived from examination of specimens
in the Smithsonian.” He says, “The size varies from 1.50 by
1.30 to 1.80 by 1.30—figures also indicating the range of variation
in shape, some being subspherical, others elongate-oval. Colora-
tion ranges from a nearly uniform deep rich brown (chestnut or
burnt sienna) to whitish or white only, marked with a few indis-
tinct dots of dull grayish or drab. Such extremes are connected
by every degree, a yellowish-brown ground color, irregularly
splashed with rich ruddy brown is the usual style. The markings
may be very evenly distributed, or mostly gathered in a wreath
around one or the other end, or even both ends.” Whether our
Pigeon Hawk, Falco Columbarius, is the same bird as the Euro-
pean Merlin, Falco @salon, is still an open question with many of
our ornithologists. Swainson, in the Fauna Boreali-Americana,
and in a note under Richardson's description of the Falco salon,
says, “ The specimen killed at Carlton House is, beyond doubt,
an old female Merlin, just beginning to have its new feathers,
several of which, darker and more cinereous, are to be seen on
the sides near the hind part of the neck.” He here undoubtedly
is drawing from his experience of the British Merlin; and the
question naturally arises, may not this bird, as well as the Falco
Columbarius, inhabit Northern America? or are we to consider
these two species as representing distinct geographical races of .
but one species ? On this interesting question, Reeks, in his list
of Newfoundland birds, throws some valuable light. He says,
“Since my return (to England) I have compared specimens of
this species (/* columbarius) with others of / @salon (Merlin),
and, although I cannot find any material or reliable. difference in

14 Pik PIGEON HAWK—MERLIN—“ LITTLE CORPORAL.”

size, the species are easily separated by examining the tails. Both
sexes in J. columbarius have four distinct black bars—three ex-
posed and one concealed by the upper tail-coverts. In -. esalon
the female ozly has the tail-bars distinct, and they are szv in
number—five exposed and one concealed. The bars on the tail
of the adult male / @sa/on, although szv in number, are only
partially defined, and consequently very indistinct. The bill of
F «salon is slightly more compressed laterally but not so much
so horizontally as that of 7. columéarius. The tibiae in my adult
male specimens of the American bird (7. columbarius) are darker
ferruginous, with narrower longitudinal lines than in my English
specimens of F. e@salon ; but this distinction may not be constant.
I had almost forgotten to state that the inner webs of the tail-
feathers of /. columbarius are white, except where crossed by the
black bars—in this respect differing from /. @salon, which has
scarcely any variation in either web, both being bluish ash.” Again,
in Coues’ “ Birds of the North-West,” we find a distinct place
assigned to the Merlin, under the heading Falco Richardsonit
(Ridgeway), American Meruin. To this bird he further gives a
defined habitat, namely, “Interior of North America, U. States,
from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, Arctic America.”
Previous to the publication of the work just cited from, and in
1866, the same writer stated as follows: “In the immense series
of Pigeon Hawks which I have examined from all parts of the
West, I find a few specimens which constantly differ to a marked
degree from any of the diverse plumages in which /. colwmbartus
presents itself. These specimens are invariably much larger than
any others in the series ; are much lighter colored, and differ con-
stantly in the increased number of light and dark bars on the tail.
Compared with a European specimen of /. @salon, they agree in
every particular. I think it most probable that future careful
research will demonstrate the existence of a species hitherto
usually confounded with -. columébarius.” We have found the
same resemblances and diversities in our collections of Canadian
specimens, but among these there are one or two which correspond
closely to that described as /. @salon in the Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana. Ridgeway, moreover, has detected some further differences

THE PIGEON HAWK—MERLIN—‘ LITTLE CORPORAL.” 15

I believe between our / @salon and the European bird, and is
inclined to consider them as belonging to different geological races.
From the examination of a great number of specimens of the bird
commonly ticketed in our public and private collections, “ Pigeon
Hawks,” however, I cannot bring myself to conclude otherwise than
that we have but one species, varying, indeed, greatly in the
coloring and often in dimensions, but not more so than is met
with in the individuals of the Rough-legged and Red-tailed Hawks
(A. lagopus and B. borealis), and many others. I cannot speak
from experience of the / «salon of Europe, having seen only a
few indifferently preserved specimens of this bird, but I may state
that I attach considerable importance to the statements made by
Reeks, and already given in this article, respecting the differences
between it and the / columéarzus.

Dr. Richardson’s Falco @salon was an old female, shot at the
Carlton House on the Saskatchewan, May 14th, 1827, while flying
with her mate: “In the oviduct there were several full-sized white
eggs, clouded at one end with a few bronze-colored spots.” Rich-
ardson further adds, “ Another specimen, frodadly also a female,
was killed at the Sault St. Marie, between Lakes Huron and
Superior, but it could not be preserved.” Since the dates of these
occurrences of the /. @salon I doubt if altogether six other speci-
mens, answering to Richardson’s plate and description, have been
obtained in Canada; consequently if the species is to be considered
as valid, it must be an exceedingly rare one. With the view, how-
ever, of presenting this whole question fairly to our naturalists in
the Dominion of Canada,—for whom this monograph is especially
intended,—I append descriptions of both birds, namely, the Pigeon
Hawk (Falco columbarius, Linné), and the American Merlin (/adco
Richardsont, Ridg.), of which last additional specimens are a
special desideratum. The first of these is by Cassin, and the latter
by Ridgeway.

Piceon Hawk, Falco Columbarius, Linné.

Adult Male. Entire upper parts bluish slate color, every feather with a black longitudinal
line ; forehead and throat white, other under parts pale yellowish or reddish white ; every feather
with a longitudinal line of brownish black ; tibie light ferruginous, with lines of black. Quills

16 THE PIGEON HAWK—MERLIN—“ LITTLE CORPORAL.”

black, tipped with ashy white ; tail light bluish ashy, tipped with white and with a wide subterminal
band of black, and with several other transverse narrower bands of black ; inner webs nearly
white ; cere and legs yellow ; bill blue ; iris dark-brown.

Younger. Entire upper plumage dusky-brown, quite light in some specimens, and with a
tinge of ashy ; head above, with narrower stripes of dark brown and ferruginous, and in some
specimens many irregular spots and edgings of the latter color on the other upper parts. Forehead
and entire under parts dull white, the latter with longitudinal stripes of light brown ; sides and
flanks light brown, with pairs of circular spots of white ; tibiee dull white, with dashes of brown ;
tail pale brown, with about six transverse bands of white. Cere and legs greenish yellow.

Young. Upper plumage brownish black, white of the forehead and under parts more deeply
tinged with reddish yellow ; dark stripes wider than in preceding ; sides and flanks with wide
transverse bands of brownish black ; and with circular spots of yellowish white. Quills black ;
tail brownish black, tipped with white, and with about four bands of white ; cere and feet greenish
yellow.

Total length—Female : 12 to 14 inches ; wing, 8 to 9 inches ; tail, 5 to 5% inches.

“ —Male : 10 to 11 inches ; wing, 7'% to 8 inches ; tail, 5 inches.

Iris in all stages dark-brown, never yellow.—H. G. V.

AMERICAN MERLIN. Falco Richardsonit, Ridgew.

Adult Maile. Upper plumage dull earth brown, each feather grayish-umber centrally, and
with a conspicuous black shaft line. Head above, approaching ashy-white anteriorly, the black
shaft-streaks being very conspicuous. Secondaries, primary-coverts, and primaries, margined ter-
minally with dull white ; the primary-coverts with two transverse series of pale ochraceous spots ;
primaries, with spots of the same, corresponding with those of the inner webs. Upper tail coverts
tipped and spotted beneath the surface with white. Tail, clear drab, much lighter than the
primaries, but growing darker terminally, having basally a slightly ashy cast, crossed with sz
sharply defined, perfectly defined, perfectly continuous bands (the last terminal) of ashy white.
Head frontally, laterally and beneath—a collar round the nape (interrupting the brown above), —
and entire lower parts white, somewhat ochraceous, this most perceptible on the tibiae ; cheeks and
ear-coverts with sparse, fine, hair-like streaks of black ; nuchal collar, jugulum, breast, abdomen,
sides and flanks, with a median linear stripe of clear ochre-brown on each feather ; these stripes
broadest on the flanks ; each stripe with a conspicuous black shaft-streak ; tibize and lower tail-
coverts with fine shaft-streaks of brown, like the broader stripes of the other portions. Chin and
throat, only, immaculate. Lining of the wings spotted with ochraceous-white and brown, in about
equal amount, the former in spots approaching the shaft. Inner webs of primaries with transverse
broad bars of pale ochraceous—eight on the longest.

Wing, 7.70; tail, 5.00; tarsus, 1.30 ; middle toe, 1.25. .

Adult Female—Differing in coloration from the male only in the points of detail.

Young Male—Differing from the adult only in degree. Tail-bands broader than in the adult

and more reddish ; the terminal one twice as broad as the rest, and almost cream color. Wing,
7.00 ; tail, 4.60. i

Falco Sacer, Forster.
FALCO CANDICANS, GMeEtin.
GYR FALCON; “SPECKLED PARTRIDGE HAWK.”

PLATE IIt.

Through the very great kindness of the Rev. Duncan Ander-
son of Spruce Cliff, Levis, Quebec, I am enabled herewith to
present an accurate photograph of the rarest of all “Our Birds
of Prey,” the Gyr-Falcon of northern North America; or the
“Speckled Hawk” of the Hudson’s Bay Territories. This speci-
men was shot upon a flagstaff at the “ Bay of Seven Islands,”
about 350 miles below Quebec, during the month of May 1865.
It was skinned by a squaw and sent to Dr. Russell of Quebec,
who subsequently presented it to Mr. Anderson, in whose collec-
tion it yet remains. The skin as an ornithological specimen was
in a miserable condition. No antiseptic whatever had been used,
while the skull bones had been completely removed, and in fact
every bone that should have been left in. The bird had conse-
quently to be set up entirely by eye-measurement, and the total
length given in the appended description of it may not therefore
be exactly correct. The sex and the color of the eyes could not
be ascertained. Mr. Anderson says, “No other bird of this
species has been seen in the neighborhood of Quebec, nor am |
aware that it is represented in any of our museums or private
collections.” Two specimens, however, in the dark stage—a
young male and an old female— corresponding to Audubon’s /.
labradora—were taken near Montreal, and are now in the Museum
of Nat. Hist. in this city. Mr. Anderson further writes me, “ The
individual who shot my specimen, a keen observant hunter, who
has resided for upwards of forty years on the north shore of the
St. Lawrence, states that he has never seen during that time but
one other bird of the same kind. As to my own experience, |
have to acknowledge that many weeks of patient wandering
among the rocks of the North Shore have failed to procure me
even a passing glimpse of this “vara avis.”

©

18 GYR FALCON—“SPECKLED PARTRIDGE HAWK.”

The Gyr-Falcon does not appear to have been met with in
any of its varieties by Wilson, as it is not enumerated amongst
the birds of the United States either by him or Bonaparte. It
is a strictly boreal species, being found northward to the Arctic
Sea, and probably, according to Richardson, “in the most north-
ern of the Georgian Islands.” It is well known to frequent
Iceland ; and Sabine met with it on the west coast of Greenland,
as high as latitude 74°. Richardson states that it is common on
the “ Barren Grounds,” where it preys on the Ptarmigan, also
Plover, Ducks, and Geese, and that it sometimes in winter follows
the southward flight of these. The southern limit of its range,
however, is by no means clearly known. Mr. Anderson's speci-
men here figured, the two in the Montreal Museum, and the other
seen by the hunter who shot the first mentioned, are the only
known occurrences of this rare bird in Canada. It has been
occasionally met with in the New England States, and Coues
states that it is a “rare winter visitant, and only accidental as far
south as Massachusetts.” It has also been observed in Maine.
One specimen of the speckled plumage was taken near Providence
Rhode Island, by Mr. Newton Dexter, during the winter of 1864
and 1865 ; but Allen, who records this, adds, “Its occurrence so
far south appears to be wholly accidental.”

According to some of our best ornithologists there are two
species of the Gyr-Falcon: the Falco candicans, and the Falco
Lslandieus. Others again unite these two under the Falco
Sacer, of Forster. Ina paper entitled “ Notes on some of the
rarer Birds of Massachusetts,” Mr. J. A. Allen says, “ The sus-
picion many authors have had that the /ako candicans and F.
[slandicus were but birds of the same species in different stages
of plumage, my own examination of the specimens of both in the
Museum of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist. and elsewhere, has led
me to believe is actually the fact. Sabine, so long ago as 1819,
I think has fully shown this in his remarks on /. /slandicus in his
‘Memoire on the Birds of Greenland.’ According to the late
lamented Mr. Cassin, Sacer is the specific name which has priority
for this species.” The /. Labradora of Audubon is simply the

GYR FALCON—“SPECKLED PARTRIDGE HAWK.” iS;

dark variety, or stage of plumage of this bird to which I also
refer that on the succeeding plate. Coues, in his “ Catalogue of
the Birds of North America contained in the Museum of the
Essex Institute,” says, “ The Gyr-Falcon which visits New Eng-
land is variously given as ‘ Islandicus,’ or ‘candicans.’ I do not
know which is really the proper name, nor whether more than one
species be found. I believe it is still an open question among
ornithologists whether these two names do not refer to the same
species ; or, in other words, whether there is really more than a
single species of Gyr-Falcon. Mr. John Cassin in his reply to.
some enquiries of mine upon this subject kindly furnishes me with
the following: ‘I regard the speeies of Hierofaleo of North
America as the F. candicans of authors (e,g., Bon. Consp. Av. etc.)
F. cincereus, Gmelin ; F. Groénlandicus, Daudin ; F. Labradora,
Aud. (name on plate); F. Sacer, Forster; which last is the name
which has priority. ””

Mr. Anderson, of Levis, Quebec, writes to me under date of
15th March,,1876, as follows: “ Taking Prof. Newton’s plan, I
feel satisfied, at least if the Prof. is correct, that my bird is the
Falco candicans. I suspected this before, but lacked sufficient
data to work upon.” This plan of Newton’s here feferred to is
contained in a letter addressed to E. Coues, Esq., M.D., by Alfred
Newton, Prof. of Geology in the University of Cambridge, Eng.,*

in which, after stating that Cassin’s notice of the Gyr-Falcon in

his “ Birds of North America” is all wrong, he writes as follows :

“The first thing to be fully impressed with is that these large Falcons have
exactly the same changes of plumage as Falco Peregrinus or F. Anatum (supposing
they are distinct), ze, the young in their first plumage are marked longitudinally,
and this plumage they keep until their secovd autumn, when the fully adult plumage
is assumed. In saying this I do not mean to declare that the moult is a matter of
a very short time ; on the contrary, I have reason to believe that in most examples
it lasts for some months ; but by the end of their second autumn they are in full
adult plumage. All that has been said about these birds growing whiter and whiter
as they grow older is founded on mere speculation and fancy. ‘The main differences
between immature‘and adult plumage are that the browns become grays and the
longitudinal markings transverse. None of the European dealers understand this ;

* Published in Proc. A. N.S., Phila., 1871: Part II., p. 94.

20 GYR FALCON—“ SPECKLED PARTRIDGE HAWK.”

and if you have skins from Paris, you will find, I am sure, young white birds marked
“ tres adulte,’ and old blue birds “‘jewne.” It is the same with specimens from
Copenhagen and elsewhere. Now it being understood that, as I have said above,
the age of the bird may be detected from the color and, still better, from the
directions of the markings, it will then be evident that in a large series you have
what at first sight appears to be almost every step from the nearly pure white
phase—which some consider, though I do not, to be the F. arcticus of Holboll—to
the dark colored F. labradora of Audubon, and it-is not easy to see how they can
be distinguished. Easy it is, however. Sort out all the specimens with white bills
and claws (white often flesh color), and then you will have / candicans. ‘Then
turn all the other specimens on their bellies, and lay in one heap those that have
the tops of their heads vo/ darker than their backs, and on another those that have
the tops of their heads wot Zzghtcr than their backs. The first of these heaps will
be F. islandicus, and the second F. Gyr-falco. You will perhaps have some five
per cent. that this will not reach, and this remainder will require further comparison ;
but I am much mistaken if the ‘moustache’ will not enable you to distribute the
balance. . . . ‘The adults will be from the countries where each one breeds,
and the young from those to which they wander (generally in the autumn or
winter ).”

Reeks in his notes “On the Birds of Newfoundland,” says,
“This is the ‘White Hawk’ of the Newfoundland settlers. It is
pretty regular in its periodical migrations, especially in the fall of
the year. I was not successful in obtaining specimens; I do not
think it breeds in any part of Newfoundland.”

Mr. Wm. Couper; naturalist, of Montreal, informs me he
obtained one specimen of this bird shot at St. Foy in 1860. It
was in its first year’s plumage. This specimen is now in the
collection of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, D.C. Mr.
Couper says he is convinced that /slandzcus is the adult bird.

The following is a description sent me by Mr. Anderson of
the bird figured on the accompanying plate :

Adult. The ground color white; head and upper part
of neck creamy white, gradually blending into pure white; on
lower part of neck behind, narrow longitudinal pencillings of
brown; along the back feathers and over the wings, elongated
spots of brown, changing into a broader and saggital form towards
the extremities of the primary feathers of the wings, and on the

GYR FALCON—“ SPECKLED PARTRIDGE HAWK.” 21

rump, becoming narrower and more elongated. .The extremities
of the primary quill feathers brown, relieved by a narrow terminal
border of white on each; the shafts of nearly all the feathers
having brown markings of the same color as the other markings ;
under parts entirely white, with a few elongated and very narrow
pencillings along the breast and sides of the abdomen; the leg
feathers pure white; tail rounded; five feathers on each side pure
white, the shafts of the two middle ones brown throughout to
within about one inch of the extremities, beyond which they are
white ; bill light bluish, slightly darker towards the tip of the
upper mandible; claws, bluish white. Total length, about 22
inches ; wing, 15 inches; tail, 9 inches.

Falco Sacer, Foster.
FALCO LABRADORA, Aun. (Dark Stage.)

THE GYR FALCON; DAWSON’S FALCON.

PLATE Iv,

I would draw special attention to the bird figured on this
plate. It has never before appeared in any ornithological work,
and indeed is unknown to most naturalists. There are but two
specimens of it preserved in Canada, and possibly in the whole
of North America. The following is their history :— About
twenty years ago, there was brought into one of our markets
in Montreal a singular and unusually large Hawk or Falcon. This
fortunately was purchased, and eventually found its way into our
Museum of Natural History. For some time this stuffed specimen
attracted a great deal of attention among our naturalists and local
ornithologists, none of whom remembered having ever seen one
altogether like it. After receiving the usual amount of handling,
however, the interest caused by its first appearance subsided, and
the bird was carefully ticketed and placed in—the usual receptacle
for stuffed birds,—an upright glass case. Here it remained for
about five years, attracting but little attention. In the autumn of
1861, however, a relative of Mr. Wm. Hunter's, the taxidermist of
the Society, had the good fortune to shoot at Lachine (near
Montreal), a second specimen of this species, which happened to
be a young male. This was skinned, preserved and beautifully
mounted by Mr. Hunter, and presented by him to the Nat. Hist.
Society of Montreal. The second occurrence of this rare bird
again aroused the attention of our naturalists, and among others
that of the late Dr. Archibald Hall, who for some time had
been engaged on a list of the Mammals and Birds of the
District. After due examination Dr. Hall concluded it to be a
new species, described and added it to his list under the name
of Falco Dawsont (new species Hall !)—* after the esteemed Prin-
cipal of McGill College.” In his description of it, Hall says, “It

24 THE GYR FALCON—DAWSON’S FALCON.

bears some resemblance to Prof. Cassin’s Heerofalco sacer, especially
his description of the young bird, but differs from it in having the
claws black ; and the under part of the claws are not greenish-
yellow, but of the same hue as the tarsus; and the general tint of
the dark parts of the plumage is not brown, but emphatically slate
color. It also somewhat resembles the description given by the
same gentleman of the /. a¢ricapillus or plumbarius, but differs in
having greenish-blue tarsi, and a bluish cere, with black irides.”
From the date of the capture of this last specimen (1861) up to
the present year (1876), no other individuals of this rare bird have
been met with, and the two birds have remained ticketed in our
museum as the Falco Dawsont (new species Hall!) Recently,
however, through the kindness of the Council of the Nat. Hist.
Soc., both of these birds were placed at my disposal for re-examin-
ation and comparison for the present work, and I was enabled
notwithstanding the indefinite colors of their plumage to obtain
two beautiful and truthful photographs of them. Being strongly
impressed with the general likeness of these to the bird figured
and described by Audubon as the Falco labradora, but unable to
satisfy myself as to their identity, I forwarded the photographs to
Baird and Ridgeway of the Smithsonian Institution at Washing-
ton, referring these authorities to Hall’s description of the bird in
the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. Shortly afterwards, under
date of March 11th, 1876, Baird wrote as follows: ‘“ I have sub-
mitted your notes to Mr. Robert Ridgeway for his criticism, and
I give you his replies herewith. Dawson’s Hawk is the younger
plumage of the same bird as that described by Audubon as Falco
labradora, and is one of the local varieties of the Gyr-falcon. I may
perhaps write you more fully on the subject hereafter.” In a post-
cript to this same letter, he adds, probably after a further examina-
tion of the plates, “ There is no doubt that 7. Dawsonz is the
dark stage of Falco Gyr-falco given as F. labradora by Audubon.”

This bird, in one or other of its varieties or stages, it is only
natural to suppose, may again be taken in some portion of our
Dominion. I therefore, to assist in its identification, append Dr.
Hall's original description of it. The portions within brackets are

THE GYR FALCON—DAWSON’S FALCON. . 25

corrections made by myself, the same specimens being before me
from which the description was originally taken.

Sp. Cuar. Bill stout, strongly toothed in upper mandible, the
tooth corresponding with a notch in the lower one, of a bluish color,
terminating in a black tip, which is the color of the cere and irides.
Tarsi feathered half way to the toes, of a dark greenish blue.
Toes long, moderately strong, claws black and much curved.
Eyelids dirty white, this color forming a complete circle round
the eyes.

Dorsal aspect. The prevailing color is a dark slate color,
tipped with cinereous on the back of the neck, interscapulars and
secondaries, and with rufous on the back, the upper tail coverts
tipped with dirty rufous white (in one of the specimens). Many
of the secondaries have a rufous white rounded spot near the end
of their outer vanes. Tint of the upper part of the tail of a
brownish slate color, with about rr to 14 bars of light rufous
terminating in rufous white near the tip, the tail tipped with the
same color. The tail consists of about 11 feathers (12), the ex-
tremities of which are all rounded.

Ventral aspect. Chin and upper part of throat whitish, each
feather having a narrow streak of slate color along its shaft. The
prevailing tint, like that of the back, is slate color, (darker tint),
but differing from the back in that each feather has the outer vane
white, with an irregular long white spot on the inner vane, leaving
the central position of the prevailing color. Femorals as long as
the tarsals, the white on the feathers here assuming almost a
banded or barred appearance, which in the female is distinctly so.
Under tail coverts of alternate rufous white and slate colored bars,
The under surface of the tail exhibits a rufous tint, while the bars
are more distinctly seen.

2nd primary longest; 1st shorter than the 3rd, but longer than
the 4th: inner vanes of the primaries barred with white.
: D

26 THE GYR FALCON—DAWSON’S FALCON.

The female, which resembles the male in every respect except
the bars on the femorals, had its bill a good deal worn, thus indi-
cating it to’ be an old bird. Length of the male (taken from a »
dried mounted specimen) 23% inches. Alar expanse 38 inches.
That of the female (still older specimen) 27% inches, with an
alar expanse of about 42 inches.

Falco Sparverius, LINN xUvs.
THE SPARROW HAWE.

PLATE V.

The species figured on this plate is the smallest, most beauti-
ful, and perhaps the best known of the whole family ; in fact so
universal is its diffusion and so commonly is it met with, that I
need do little but present its photograph. Its habitat is the entire
continent of America, and it nests in every section between the
fur countries and Mexico. Small as this bird is it is nevertheless
a true falcon, and is possessed of great courage and audacity.
In Canada we have met with it everywhere and on every expedi-
tion during each month between April and November. Accord-
ing to Richardson it breeds in considerable numbers on the banks
of the Saskatchewan in the neighbourhood of Carlton House,
arriving there in the month of April, laying its eggs about the
middle of May, and retiring southward on the approach of winter.
It does not appear to be a very northern species, as Ross of the
McKenzie river district gives it as “ North to Lapierre’s House.
Rather rare ;’ and Richardson states that ‘It was not observed
on the route of the expedition beyond the fifty-fourth degree of
latitude.” It has been asserted by more than one writer, that the
Sparrow Hawk seems never to build a nest for itself, but occupies
the holes made by Woodpeckers, abandoned Crows’ nests, and in
some instances a dove-cote. This is simply absurd, as most
of our Canadian /e/d collectors know that it is by no means
an unusual occurrence to find it occupying a nest of its own
construction, to which the same pair of birds return yearly. I
have seen its nest placed in the hollow at the end of a birch
tree, that had been broken off some ten or twelve feet from the
ground, and which also contained the nest of the Red-headed
Woodpecker. The entrance to the Woodpecker’s abode was only
seven or eight inches beneath the base of the Hawk’s nest. This
tree was cut down, and the portion containing both nests kept.
The Hawk’s neSt was constructed of twigs, moss, marsh-grass, and

28 THE SPARROW HAWK.

was lined with feathers. We have also, however, found this bird
occupying the excavations made by Woodpeckers, as well as the
abandoned nests of other Hawks. Mcllwraith, of Hamilton,
states, that there the Sparrow Hawk frequents dry and sandy
places, and breeds in Woodpeckers’ holes. The eggs I have seen
were of various shades of yellowish-brown, with darker dottings
or splashings, chiefly towards and at the larger end; and a few
were met with of a pale yellowish white color, with but few
spots. There is no end to the variety of coloring and marking
displayed in any large collection of eggs of this species. My own
experience has been that the earlier in the season the eggs were
obtained the fewer were the pale or light colored ones, and the
later the rarer the darker colored and blotched ones. In other
words, the first eggs laid by these birds on their arrival in spring
are the freshest and most marked in color; while subsequent
clutches contain a much larger proportion of the paler colors.

It is, I think, pretty well known, that in some instances on
record in which a bird has been repeatedly robbed of its eggs
within a short season, and obliged to lay three or four times its
usual number, that these towards the last became of a very much
lighter and different color from those first laid, and were occasion-
ally even without any of the usual markings. The same diversities
of size, form and color among eggs of the same clutch have been
observed and recorded in the case of nearly every species in this
whole family, and we ‘see how utterly worthless are such dis-
crepancies as a means of deciding a mooted question of specific
identity, or the reverse, in nearly allied birds. Yet some ornithol-
ogists will compare a single egg with another, gravely note the
differences, and thereupon proceed to an argument with still
denser gravity.”"* The eggs of the Sparrow Hawk are nearly
spheroidal, measuring about 1.33 by 1.12; from 5 to 6 eggs
are the usual nest-full, but sometimes one more is added; three
to four birds, however, are the average number hatched. The
Sparrow Hawk is subject to wide variations in the color of its
plumage, but, as has been remarked by Cassin, these “do not

*Coues. Birds of the North-West.

THE SPARROW HAWK. 29

appear to be constant, nor peculiar to any locality.” The sexes
are unlike, the adult female being not only the larger bird, but
differing further in being banded transversely on the upper parts,
much in the same manner as the young birds.

The Sparrow Hawk lives well in confinement, and causes
considerable amusement to his captors by his droll antics. Many
anecdotes are told of this bird in captivity, but most of these have
already appeared in our popular works on ornithology. The
following, however, related by Coues in his “ Birds of the North-
West,” is new. He says: “ While I was at Columbia, in South
Carolina, a neighbor had three Sparrow Hawks for some time.
As they had been taken from the nest when quite young, they
became in a measure reconciled to captivity. They ate any kind
of meat freely, and as they grew up, began to display much of their
natural spirit. When tormented in the various ingenious ways
people have of ‘stirring up’ caged birds, they would resent the
indignity by snapping the bill, beating with the wings, and _ clutch-
ing with their talons at the offending cane or umbrella-tip. One
of them was a cripple, having a broken leg very badly set, and the
other two used to bully him dreadfully. One night, whether from
not having been fed sufficiently, or being in unusually bad humor,
they set upon him, killed him outright, and then almost devoured
him before morning.” Dr. Wood of East Windsor Hill states that
a few years since a pair of Sparrow Hawks attacked and killed
a pair of doves, took possession of their dove-cot and _ laid
four eggs.

This Hawk isa summer migrant to Newfoundland, but Reeks
states that it is not so common a bird as the Pigeon Hawk. It is
a resident and abundant bird in Florida, where it breeds in March.
According to Allen, “ Florida specimens are considerably smaller
than New England ones—the former being intermediate in size
between the latter and the West Indian and South American
representatives of this species, which have been regarded as dis-
tinct species, and to which various names have been applied by
different writers. Audubon observes that he found this species in
the Southern States, and more especially in Florida, so much

30 THE SPARROW HAWK.

smaller than the northern birds, that he was at first inclined to
consider them specifically distinct, but finally felt sure they were
the same. The colors, as usual in other species, are generally
brighter in the more Southern examples.” It also inhabits Cuba,
and has frequently been met with at other points to the southward
as far as the Straits of Magellan. In California, Dr. Cooper
describes this species as a constant resident, “ frequenting chiefly
the plains, and feeding on grasshoppers, mice, gophers, etc.” He
also notices its habit of frequenting the holes of Woodpeckers, in
which it builds a nest.

The Sparrow Hawk arrives in Canada in April, but is most
numerous in the early part of May. It breeds in many parts
of the Island of Montreal.

Sp. CHAr. Adult. Frontal band and space, including eyes and throat, white ; a spot on
the neck behind, two others on each side of neck, and a line running down from before the eye,
black ; spot on the top of the head and upper parts behind neck, light rufous or cinnamon ; under
parts generally, pale rufous, frequently nearly white, with numerous circular oblong black spots ;
quills brownish-black, with white bars on their inner webs ; tail tipped with white, and with a
broad subterminal black band ; back generally with transverse bars of black, but they are frequently
very few or wanting ; rufous spot on the head, variable in size, sometimes wanting.

Younger Male. Similar, but with the wing coverts, and tail ferruginous red, with numerous
transverse bands of brownish-black ; beneath with longitudinal stripes, and on the sides with trans-
verse bands of brownish-black, external tail feathers palest ; the broad subterminal black band
obscure or wanting.

Young. With all the rufous parts of the plumage more widly banded with brownish-black ;
wing coverts dark bluish cincereous, with large circular spots of black ; beneath with longitudinal

stripes and large circular black spots.
Length, 10.00 to 12.00 ; extent, 19.00 to 22.00 ; wing, 7.00 to 8.00; tail, 5.00 to 5.50.

The iris is a dark-brown, xever yellow ; bill, blue, black at tip ; feet, orange ; claws, black.

Susp-Famity ACCIPITRINAZ, Tur Hawks.

Cuar. Form rather long and slender ; tail and legs long ; wings rather short ;
bill short, hooked ; upper mandible with a rounded lobe instead of a tooth.

Forty or fifty species are known, distributed throughout the
globe.

Genus ASTUR, Laceprepe.

GEN. CHAR. Size rather long but slender; wings rather short; tail long; tarsi long,
covered in front with rather wide transverse scalae ; toes and claws moderate, the latter much
curved and sharp ; bill short ; nostrils large, ovate.

About twelve species are known, inhabiting the forests of all

countries. (Cassin.) One only is found in North America.

Astur Atricapillus, (/!’/s.) Jaro.
THE AMERICAN GOSHAWEK.

PLATES VI & VII.

This is undoubtedly the largest, and in mature plumage, the
most beautiful of all our Hawks. It is also known as the “ Ash-
colored” or “ Black-cap Hawk,” and occasionally as the “ Black
Hawk” and “ Partridge Hawk.” It is not an abundant species,
although rather universally distributed over British America
and the northern portions of the United States. In Canada
it is a resident bird, and is met with more or less during every
month of the year. In winter, however, the individuals are
few, and consequently we may conclude that the majority are
migratory, spending their winters not in the Southern, but in the
more favorable portions of the Middle, Northern and Eastern
States. According to numerous local lists which I have examined,
the southern range of the Goshawk is from Maryland to Ohio,
Kentucky, Kansas and California. In the fur countries it is met
with to the shores of the Arctic Sea, but is rare in the extreme
latitudes. Bernard Ross, of the McKenzie River district, gives
it in his list as the “ Black Hawk,” and states that it is found
northward to Fort Good Hope, but that it is rare. On the

32 THE AMERICAN GOSHAWK.

west coast of America, Dall gives it as an abundant resident in
the Yukon region; Drs. Cooper and Suckley, as of frequent
occurrence in Oregon and Washington Territories. In the Mis-
souri region, according to Coues, it is rare, “though doubtless of
regular occurrence.” Numerous observers give it as rare and
only a winter visitant in the southern New England States. In
Massachusetts, Allen states, ‘the Goshawk is a winter visitor, and,
subsisting upon rabbits, partridges, jays, and such other birds and
poultry as fall in his way, is a bird of considerable celebrity for
his strength and boldness.” In another paper, entitled ‘“ Notes
on some of the rarer Birds of Massachusetts,” the same writer
observes—* This species varies most remarkably in the number
of its representatives seen in different years, and also in the same
season, in localities in southern New England not far apart. Some
winters—the only season at which it is seen in Massachusetts—it
is extremely rare, while the next it may be one of the most
numerous species of its family. In years when it is generally
common some of our most careful observers do not meet with it.
Dr. Wood writes me under date of October 22nd 1868, that
with him ‘it has been a very rare winter vistor until the last
winter, when they were more common than any of our rapacious
birds. I mounted five specimens and sent away several for ex-
changes. I think twenty were shot within a radius of five miles.
I have resided at East Windsor Hill twenty-one years, and have
known only three specimens taken here prior to 1867.) At
Springfield, Mass. less than twenty miles in a direct line north of
East Windsor Hill, and at nearly the same elevation above the
sea, I have known them to be quite common during several
winters within the last few years.” Mr. C. J. Maynard is con-
fident that this species sometimes breeds in Massachusetts, which
no doubt is correct, as it is known to nest in northern New York
and the southern New England States. During the winter of
1869 it was particularly abundant in Massachusetts, and the same
season Mr. Samuels received a dozen or fifteen specimens from
near Boston. In Canada the numbers of these birds likewise vary
greatly in different years. During some winters I have obtained
large number of specimens from one or other of our markets,

THE AMERICAN GOSHAWK. 33

while on the other hand sometimes five winters pass over in which
not an individual is exposed for sale. It is now over ten years since
they were at all common around Montreal, and the same has been
the case in the neighborhood of Toronto and Hamilton. MclIlwraith
of the last city gives it in his “List of Birds observed near
Hamilton, C.W.,” as “rather rare ; those procured being mostly in
immature plumage.” In summer, however, and on most of our
expeditions, we have obtained specimens of this bird. It occurs
but sparingly in the high land of eastern Ontario—known as the
“Opionga Mountains,’—between the St. Lawrence and Ottawa
rivers, but more numerously on the slopes of these towards both
rivers. It is rather abundant, and breeds in the section of
country to the northward of the Ottawa, or that traversed'by the
rivers Gatineau, Liévre, and Rouge. I did not notice it on any
of the Manitoulin Islands, Lake Huron, and found it rare through-
out both this lake and Superior. At and around Quebec it
appears to occur rather less frequently than to the westward, and
from that place to the Gulf of the St. Lawrence very few individ-
uals have as yet been met with. In Newfoundland it was not
observed by Reeks, but it is included in his list on the authority
of the settlers, “as the more enlightened in ornithology recognised
the plate of this species in Faun. Bor. Am., where the scientific
name only is given.” This is singular, for the plate is wretched.

I should have mentioned, while referring to Montreal, that
the eggs of this bird were taken on the summit of the mountain
there by Mr. Frothingham. Coues found it breeding in Labrador.
Audubon speaks of its breeding in New York and Pennsylvania ;
but Coues says, “such instances of breeding as this must be, |
think, exceptional.” According to Dr. Brewer the egg of the
Goshawk is 2 5-16 long by 1 15-16 broad, nearly spherical, roughly
granulated, soiled white, with a faint bluish shade “ marked irreg-
ularly with large but quite faint blotches ef drab and yellowish
brown.”

The egg of this species collected by Mr. J. J. Frothingham,
and now in the Museum of the Natural History Society, Montreal,
measures a shade over 2 inches in length, and is barely 15 inches

E

34 THE AMERICAN GOSHAWK.

in breadth ; its ground color is soiled bluish-white, with numerous
but very faint markings. It much resembles the egg of Cooper's
Hawk, but is invariably larger.

The sexes of this species are almost exactly alike in every
thing but in size, the colors of the female, however, being less
definite and paler. The young bird is not only very different in
coloring, but is likewise~considerably larger than either of the ~
parents. In a number of collections in Canada, I have seen
the young male labelled as the female, and it was only recently
that I removed from my own cabinet, an immature female
which had been for some years exhibited as an adult. On this
point Dr. Wood, of East Windsor Hill, Mass., remarks: “ The
young are very unlike the adult both in size and markings; the
young is the largest until after moulting, when the wing and tail
feathers never again acquire their former dimensions. The same
difference is observable in the Bald Eagle between the young and
adult.” Allen likewise observes: “The young are more plainly
colored, and differ for several years so widely from their parents
as to be hardly recognizable as belonging to the same species.”
The figure on Plate vit. is a life-like representation of a second-
year bird; it certainly would hardly be recognized as the Goshawk.

I think I am correct in stating that it is still an open question
whether our American Goshawk, and that of Europe are specifi-
cally distinct birds. Ornithologists of high standing appear on
both the affirmative and negative sides of this question. For my
own part, I must acknowledge that my opportunities of comparing
our own with European birds have not been extensive, but from
what few comparisons I have made, and from such conversations
as I have had with collectors from Britain, I cannot conclude
otherwise than ‘that the differences pointed out by many writers
between them are trivial, as compared with those known to exist
in individuals of some allied species. And further, among
specimens of the Goshawk obtained in North America, there
are some that differ more when compared with one another
than they do alongside a series of European birds. In support
of this statement I would draw attention to the following

THE AMERICAN GOSHAWK. 3D

notice of variations in color presented by some specimens from
Massachusetts and Maine. ‘Ordinarily this species has each
feather below centered with a longitudinal dark shaft-line, with
several transverse, broader but somewhat irregular, dark ashy-
brown bars on a lighter ground. Some specimens, however, as
one from Maine, have the transverse bars so narrow and broken
that the lower surface presents a nearly uniform, minutely mottled
appearance. Another specimen from Springfield, Mass., represents
the opposite extreme, it having the transverse bars broad, regular,
and quite far apart, so that its resemblance to average specimens
of Astur palumbartius (European Goshawk) is very close. The
color in this specimen is much darker throughout than is usual
in this species.”* The general and strong resemblance, however,
between the birds of the two continents is admitted by all our
authorities on both sides of the question; and Wilson, describing
the first specimen seen by him, shot in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
observes: “If this be not the celebrated Goshawk, formerly so
much esteemed in falconry, it is very closely allied to it. I have
never myself seen a specimen of that bird in Europe; and the
descriptions of their best naturalists vary considerably ; but from
a careful examination of the figure and account of the Goshawk
given by the ingenious Mr. Bewick (Brit. Birds, vol. I., page 65),
I have very little doubt that the present will be found to be the
same.” This statement of Wilson’s, considering the advance made
in ornithological investigation since his time, is but of little im-
portance, but the same impression has been and still is made
on the minds of European collectors by their first sight of the
American bird. _Coues in his late work on the “Birds of the
North-West,” in describing the American Goshawk, says :—
“My own comparisons have not been sufficiently extensive,
but careful examination of the materials at my command shows
me decided differences, constant enough to fairly warrant specific
discrimination, although I should not be surprised if larger series
led to a different result.”

Sp. CHar. Adult. Uead above, neck behind, and stripe from behind the eye, black, gener-
ally more or less tinged with ashy ; other upper parts dark ashy bluish or slate color, with the

*jJ. A. Allen in Bullet'n Mus. Comp. Zool., Harv. Coll., Cambridge, Mass. (Vol II., p. 321-)
P.

36 THE AMERICAN GOSHAWK.

shafts of the feathers black, and frequently with the feathers narrowly edged with black, presenting
a squamite or scale-like appearance ; a conspicuous stripe over the eye, and an obscure and partially
concealed occipital and nuchal band, white ; entire under parts mottled with a white and light ashy
brown ; every feather with a longitudinal line of dark brown on its shaft, and with numerous
irregular and imperfect transverse lines or narrow stripes of light ashy brown, more distinct and
regular on the abdomen and tibiz ; quills brown, with bands of a deeper shade of the same color,
and of ashy white on their inner webs ; tail same color as other upper parts ; under surface very
pale, nearly white, having about four obscure bands of a deeper shade of ashy brown, and narrowly
tipped with white ; under tail covert white.

Young. Entire upper parts including head, dark brown, with the feathers, especially on the
head and neck behind, edged and spotted with light reddish or nearly white ; tail light ashy, with
about five wide and conspicuous bands of ashy brown, and narrowly tipped with ashy white ; quills
brown with wide bars of a darker shade of the same color, and wide bands of reddish white on their
inner webs ; under parts white, generally tinged with yellowish and frequently with reddish, every
feather with a longitudinal stripe, terminating in an ovate spot of brown ; sides and tibice frequently
with circular and lanceolate spots, and irregular bands of the same color, the latter (tibize) generally
very conspicuously marked in this manner: under tail coverts white, with a lew large lanceolate
spots of brown.

Total length—Female : 22 to 24 inches ; wings about 14 ; tail 10% to 11 inches.
es —Male: about 20 inches ; wing 12% ; tail 91% inches.
Bill, bluish-black and white ; iris, cere and feet, yellow.

Genus ACCIPITER, Brisson.

GEN. CHAR. Size rather small ; wings short, and tail rather long ; tarsi long and slender,
with the scales in front frequently nearly obsolete.

This genus contains about twenty species, two of which are
found in Canada. They frequent woods and borders of clearings,
and prey upon small birds, squirrels, mice and insects.

Accipiter Cooperi, (4oxaparte) Gray.
COOPER’S HAWK; “CHICKEN HAWKE.”

PLATE VIII.

This elegantly-formed Hawk is considered extremely rare in
Canada, it being perhaps only represented by about half a dozen
specimens altogether in our public and private collections. A
circumstance, however, connected with the individual figured on this
plate, causes me to suspect that it may be of more common occur-
rence than is ordinarily supposed ; this is explained by the follow-
ing extract from my note-book for the year 1866—‘I have been
surprised in my wanderings to observe the general ignorance
which everywhere prevails respecting this class of birds (Hawks
and Owls). The Eagle is a tolerably well known bird with most
of the people we meet, but all Hawks are ‘only common Hen
Hawks’ or ‘ Pigeon Hawks, and all Owls ‘only common Owls.’
But how many a valuable specimen have I rescued from igno-
miny, and secured for my list and our collections, by seeking
out some of these ‘onlys’ which had been either thrown on the
manure heap, or strung up—as was the rare and beautiful Cooper's
Hawk obtained by chance to-day—as a scare-crow.” When Cassin
has admitted that Cooper's Hawk is “rather a difficult species
to the ornithologists on account of the great variations in its colors,
and in size also,” and that “it is, in fact, unusual to find two alike
in a dozen specimens,” we cannot be surprised to find that in
Canada, where but few individuals occur, very little should be

3 COOPER’S HAWK—“ CHICKEN HAWK.”

wm

known about it. This bird is the /. Standeyz of Audubon, and the
Acctipiter Mexicanus of Richardson in Fauna Boreali Americana.
By some ornithologists the 4. JMexecanus is regarded as a dis-
tinct species, but this, as in so many other instances, appears
to be merely founded upon a slight difference in size and
darker coloring of plumage; both of which diversities are
common to the individuals of a great number of species,
as we trace these from Canada through the Northern, Middle
and into the Southern. States. The A. gwundlachi, Lawr. of
Cuba, long considered as specifically distinct from A. Coopers, is
now regarded as merely its Southern variety. Although, as I
have already stated, perhaps only half a dozen specimens of this
Hawk are to be found in collections in Canada, I may add that
I have obtained several from collectors in the United States in
various stages, for the purpose of comparison. These are now on
the table before me, and along side of them I have arranged a
series of male and female Sharp-shinned Hawks (A. fuscus). The
resemblance between the two series of birds is very striking, and
in fact the only difference perceptible to the ordinary observer, is
that of size and proportion. In other words, Cooper’s Hawk is a
moderately larger reproduction of the Sharp-shinned Hawk, with
longer proportionate tail and stouter legs and feet. As one or
two writers have observed, it is just such a difference as we have
between the Downy Wooprecker and the Harry WooprecKeEr.
The dorsal plumage of both Cooper's and the Sharp-shinned
Hawks is of a dark or medium shade of brown, that of the latter
being asa rule the lighter or more ashy. The upper surface of
the tail is in both cases distinctly banded or barred with brown—
these on A. Coopert being much broader than on A. fuscus. On
the former the number of these bars is four, and on the latter five.
The tails of both are terminated with whitish, and the ends of the
feathers are rounded—much more so in the A. Cooper than the
A. fuscus. The under parts of both of these species vary greatly,
but the diversities in the markings are as great among the differ-
ent individuals of the one species as they are among those of the
other. In both A. Coopert and A. fuscus the young birds are
longitudinally streaked beneath, but these streaks, as the birds

COOPER’S HAWK—* CHICKEN HAWK.” 39

mature, become transverse. It is in some of these intermediate
stages of plumage that the two species most resemble one another,
so much so indeed in some of the specimens before me that were
it not for the invariable difference in size, they could hardly be
identified. It is true that the largest females of the /. fuscus
grade up closely to the small males of the 4. Cooperz, but there is
always an easily perceptible difference in size even in the extreme:
forms of these. I have further found a good mark of discrimina-
tion to be the shape of the tails. In A. f/uscus the end of the tail
is even and the outside feathers are as long, if not a shade longer,
than the middle ones; while in A. Cooferz the middle ones are
considerably larger than those outside. None of my specimens
of this last bird are in the adult plumage, and I question very
much whether there is one of this plumage among any of our
Canadian specimens. This, though apparently strange, is not so,
for out of a great number of specimens of A. fuscaus, procured in
many widely separated parts of Canada, I have found only some
four or five mature birds. The adult Coopers Hawk is said by
those who have taken it to be not only bluish-gray on the upper
parts, but of a decided shade of the same color on the breast and
sides. For further particulars respecting the plumages of these
two beautiful Hawks, I must refer the reader to the appended
descriptions under the present and succeeding articles.

Though rare in Canada, the Cooper’s Hawk is resident and
tolerably abundant in the United States. The nest is variously
constructed. Audubon describes it as composed externally of
numerous crooked sticks, lined with grasses and a few feathers.
Brewer describes two, both lined with pieces of bark; one of them
was between one-and-a-half and two feet broad, the external layer
of sticks hardly an inch thick. The interior of this nest was
shallow, “with only a slight depression in the centre, hardly
enough to keep the eggs from rolling out.” I have seen only a
few of the eggs of this bird, and these were not obtained in
Canada, although it undoubtedly breeds here. To assist in their
identification, I give Dr. Coues’ reliable and accurate account of
them. This writer says—‘ The eggs I have examined measured

40 COOPER’S HAWK—“* CHICKEN HAWK.”

from 1.80 by 1.55 to 2.10 by 1.60—figures showing the variation
both in size and shape ; they average about 1.90 by 1.50. They
resemble those of the Marsh Hawk so closely as to be not certainly
distinguishable, but they are usually more globular, and with a
more granulated shell. The greatest diameter is at or very near
the middle; difference in shape of the two ends 1s rarely apprecia-
ble. All were more uniform in color than those of most Hawks,
resembling the pale scarcely marked examples occasionally laid by
most kinds of Hawks; none -were conspicuously dark-marked.
The ground is white, faintly tinted with livid or greenish-gray ; if
marked, it is with faint, sometimes almost obsolete, blotches of
drab, liable to be overlooked without close inspection ; only an
occasional specimen is found with decided, though still dull and
sparse, markings of pale brown. Three or four eggs are the
usual nest complement ; in the Northern and Middle States they
are laid in May.” This species is not found in the fur countries,
but only in the southern portions of Canada and southward. It
is a fierce and courageous bird, preying upon birds much larger
than itself, and hares. Audubon relates an instance in which one
of these birds grappled with and killed a full-grown cock. It has
been occasionally tamed, and Dr. Coues, in his “ Birds of the
North-West,” gives a most interesting and singular account of
this, as observed by himself. In Newfoundland Cooper’s Hawk
is a summer migrant, and is not uncommon. It is rather abundant
on the coast of the Atlantic, but it is comparatively rare in the
western countries of the United States.

Sp. CHar. Adult, Head above brownish black, mixed with white on the occiput, other
upper parts dark ashy brown, with the shafts of the feathers brownish black ; an obscure rufous
collar on the neck behind ; throat and under tail coverts white, the former with lines of dark
brown—other under parts transversely barred with light rufous white ; Quills ashy brown, with
darker bands and white irregular markings on their inner webs ; tail dark cinereous, tipped with
white, and with four wide bands of brownish black.

Young. Head and neck beh’nd yellowish white, tinged with rufous, and with longitudinal
stripes and oblong spots of brown ; other uppe rparts light amber brown, with large, partially
concealed spots and bars of white ; upper tail coverts tipped with white ; under parts white with
narrow longitudinal stripes of light brown ; tail as in adult ; bill bluish horn color ; tarsi yellow.

Female—Total length : 18 to 20 inches ; wing, 10 to 11; tail, 8% inches.
Male— ss “; 16 to 18 inches ; wing, 9% to 10; tail, 8 inches.

Accipiter Fuscus, (Gaelzx) Gray.

SHARP-SHINNED HAWK; PIGEON HAWE.

PLATE IX.

This neat little Hawk, in common with the Falco columbarius,
figured on Plate II., is generally known as the “Pigeon Hawk”
both in Canada and the New England States. But as “ Pigeon
Hawks,” “Chicken Hawks,” and “ Hen Hawks‘ are the names
given by the majority to every species of Hawk which crosses
their path, the sooner these terms are done away with the better
for our ornithologists. As the propert itle of this Hawk implies,
it is a remarkably slender-legged and neat-shanked bird, and in
this respect can easily be distinguished from all others. In
size it corresponds closely to the 7. columéartus, but is consider-
ably shorter in the wing, and consequently less adapted for
prolonged flight. The total length of the adult male sharp-
shin is from ro to 11 inches, and adult female 12 to 14 inches ;
the wings measuring respectively from 6 to 6% inches, and 7% to
8 inches. As we have already seen, Hawks vary greatly in size,
color and arrangement of markings in individuals of the same
species, accérding to their sex and age, and independently of
both these. Our last species (A. Cooper’), however, and the
present one, are particularly marked in this respect, and hence
their synonyms are numerous. Wilson described the Sharp-
shinned Hawk under the two distinct headings of Falco velox and
falco Pennsylvanicus; Audubon ,as Astur fuscus; Gmelin as
Falco Dubuius ; Cuvier as Nesus Pennsylvanicus ; and Swainson
and Richardson, in their Fauna Boreali Americana, as Accépiter
Pennsylvanicus. To all of these authorities I would reter the
reader for interesting particulars.

The Sharp-shinned Hawk inhabits the whole of North
America, from Mexico to the shores of the Arctic Sea. It is,
however, less numerous in the fur countries and high latitudes
than in the more temperate parts—as Richardson observes: “ It

was not seen by any of the members of. the expedition in their
. EF

42 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK—PIGEON HAWK.

several journeys.” One specimen, however, was shot at Moose
Factory in latitude 51°, and deposited by the Hudson’s Bay Com-
pany in the Zoological Museum. Canadian specimens of this
Hawk often differ considerably in size and color from New England
examples, and these again from south-western and western ones ;
the difference, however, is chiefly one of tint of coloring. There
appears to be a rufous western race, as Allen observes, “ corres-
ponding with the Acceprter Mexicanus form of the A. Cooperz ; the
Falco nigriceps form of the /. peregrinus (Duck Hawk) ; the
Archibuteo ferrugineus form of the A. lagopus (Rough-legged
Hawk) ; and the western rufous forms of Azteo borealis (Red-tail
Hawk) ; and Crrcus hudsonius (Marsh Hawk)”.

The Sharp-shinned Hawk is very closely related to .4. nxzsus
or Sparrow Hawk of Britain and Europe, but I believe is by the
majority of our ornithologists still considered as_ specifically
distinct. The distinctive difference, however, is again merely one
of tint of coloring, the general plan of the markings being the
same in both birds. Cassin remarks concerning the Sharp-shinned
Hawk that when in adult plumage it much resembles the 4. zzsus
of Europe ; “ but the young are quite different, as is the case with
nearly all the species of this family inhabiting North America,
which resemble species of the Old World.” Henry Reeks, a British
ornithologist, when alluding to specimens of the Sharp-shinned
Hawk taken in Newfoundland states that the adult birds of this
species were not distinguishable from adult specimens of A. xzsws,
but that he had not had an opportunity of comparing the young
birds. The Sharp-shinned Hawk is abundant throughout Canada,
and numbers of specimens were obtained on each of our expe-
ditions. These, however, in the majority of instances, were
females and young birds, and very few good adult males were
procured. A favorite resort of this species is the skirts of
forests bordering upon our small interior lakes, or the edges of
clearings. In the lumber regions, or the great tracts of pine-
timbered lands between the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, and
westward of the Great Lakes, this Hawk is but sparingly repre-
sented ; but in the hard-wood lands on the course of the Mada-

SHARP-SHINNED HAWK—PIGEON HAWK. 43

waska and Bonnechere rivers they are very abundant. I have
also observed them frequently in the neighborhood of Belleville,
and in many localities between this town and the village of
Madoc twenty-six miles to the northward, where they are the
Hawk most commonly met with. To the northward of the
Ottawa river and Ottawa city I collected many along the valleys
of the rivers Gatineau and Lievre, and found them to be particu-
larly numerous around the edges of burnt clearings and where
logging was going on. They are tolerably abundant in the neigh-
borhood of Montreal, and a considerable number were obtained
some years since on different parts of the mountain. In Hamilton,
Mcllwraith says: “Seen in spring and fall. Not observed to
breed.” The prey of the Sharp-shinned Hawk consists of small
birds, the smaller quadrupeds, and insects. I have observed this
bird sitting motionless for hours during the heat of the day on
the branch of some tall tree on the edge of a clearance ; towards
sundown he rouses up, shakes out his feathers, and is all life
and activity in anticipation of his evening repast. The prey
is captured, whether it be an insect, mouse or bird, by a sudden
and quick dash, and in most cases is carried into some concealed
nook amongst the shrubbery, where it is devoured.

The Sharp-shin nests in trees and, according to some writers,
on rocks, but I have never observed the nest in this last position.
The eggs are four to five in number, of a yellowish or light green-
ish white color, splashed in every conceivable manner with different
shades of brown ; sometimes these markings are nearer one end
than the other, or form a wreath or belt towards the centre ; and
again, are confusedly spread over the whole surface from the one
end to the other; indeed it is extremely difficult to find two or
three exactly alike. The egg measures 1.45 by 1.15, and the
ends are of about equal size. If I am not very much mistaken
this Hawk occasionally makes use of the nests of other Hawks
and Crows to rear its young—a habit common to our little
Sparrow Hawk.

Dr. Cooper says: “On the Sierra Nevada I have seen one
pursuing a striped squirrel, coming down with a zig-zag course

44 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK—PIGEON HAWK.

as if to prevent it from escaping by appearing on all sides of it
at once. They frequently take young chickens, and have been
seen by Nuttall to drive away a Red-tail Hawk from the vicinity
of their nest with all the courage of the king-bird. They oc-
casionally soar upward to a great height, apparently for pleasure,
like other Hawks, and though their wings are short, seem to
ascend with very little effort, while near the earth their flight is
by rapid flappings and short sailings, as if laborious.”

Mr. Wm. Couper informs me that this species is commonly
met with in the vicinity of Quebec in the autumn, but generally
in the young plumage. It is also a common species and _ nests in
Nova Scotia according to Dr. Gilpin.

Sp. CHar. Very similar to A. Cooferi, but smaller ; head bluish black above, back more
brownish ; throat and under tail coverts white ; other under parts fine light rufous, darkest on
the tibiae, spotted and barred transversely with white, chiefly on abdomen; dark central streaks
on breast feathers only ; otherwise as in A. Coofert.

Young. Brown—darker than that of A. Cooferi; beneath with longitudinal, ovate anl
circular spots of reddish brown, becoming transverse bands on flanks and tibice ; under tail coverts
white, otherwise as in preceding.

Length, 10.00 to 14.00 ; extent, 20,00 to 25.00; wing, 6,00 to 6,50; tail, 5.00 to 5.50.

Iris, orange or yellow ; bill, bluish horn color ; cere and feet, yellow.

Sus-Famity BUTEONIN/A, Buzzarp Hawks.

Cuar. General form heavy ; size moderate or large ; wings rather short and
broad ; tail moderate. Flight vigorous, but not swift.

Between twenty-five and thirty species are known, five only
of which belong to Canada.

Genus BUTEO, Cuvier.

GEN. CHAR. Bill short, wide at base, not very acute ; edges of upper mandible with slightly
rounded lobes ; nostrils large, ovate ; wings with fourth and fifth quills usually longest, giving them
a rounded form ; tail moderate, wide ; tarsi moderate, robust, with transverse scales before and
behind, small circular and hexagonal scales on sides ; toes moderate or short, claws strong.

Owing to the great variations in the plumage of the species
constituting this genus, the exact number of species is still un-
determined. Four are known to occur in Canada.*

Buteo Borealis, (G7v.) VieILt.

RED-TAILED BUZZARD; HEN HAWE.

PLATE X,

This and the succeeding species are alike known as “ Hen
Hawks” through the country parts of Canada ; but although much
resembling one another in general habits, nidification, and flight,
they are very differently colored birds. The Red-tail, as this
bird is often called, is met with over the whole of North America
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the borders of the fur

* Few of our birds have caused more confusion among writers or acquired a more involved
synonymy than the Hawks of the genus Buteo, Setting aside Zineatus and Pennsylvanicus as totally
distinct from each other and from the rest ; ignoring for a moment ‘harlani’ and ‘cooperi,’ we
will confine ourselves to consideration of the two species, Jorealis, GM., and Swatnsoni, BP.
These may be immediately distinguished by the emargination of fo” outer primaries in doreales and
only three in Swazzson?. There are other points aside from color which varies so greatly in each.

Borealis (Red-tail) in all its variety of color is much the latgest, the female averaging about
24 inches in length, with a stretch of wings over 50 inches ; it is robust, with a comparatively short
wing, and short, stout legs. In the East it remains comparatively constant in color, aside from the
normal changes with age. In the West it runs from a slightly darker or more ferruginous cast
into a quite fuliginous condition, the several stages being inseparably connected. ‘The slighter

46 RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK.

countries southward to the West Indies. Its variations of plum-
age are almost innumerable, and consequently its list of synonyms
is unusually long.

It is this Hawk that is so often seen by the traveller in Canada
describing its great circles in mid-air over our orchards, groves,
fields, wood-lands and new clearings, and its loud and somewhat
mournful cry—which I cannot describe—is familiar to all. It
comes to us early in the spring, towards the middle or latter part
of April according to the weather, and may be seen flying about
in pairs in search of a nesting place. On one occasion, on the
24th of May, 1864, | watched a pair of Buzzards describing their
circles above a piece of woodland bordering on the St. Lawrence,
near Lachine. When first observed they were crossing one
another's circuits at a comparatively moderate height, or not more
than twenty feet above the tops of the trees. Gradually, however,
they rose higher and higher, at the same time enlarging their
circles, until they must have reached an altitude of a great many
hundred feet. At this they remained for a considerable lapse of
time, when they again commenced to ascend. Even from this
great height their cries could be distinctly heard, but as the birds
grew smaller and smaller and finally could barely be recognized
save by two minute circling specs, these grew fainter and fainter,
and at last ceased to be heard, and at the same instant I lost
sight of both birds. This habit of the Red-tail, common also to
some of the allied species, I have several times observed and
chiefly during the spring of the year. Whether it is for the pur-

departures from the normal Eastern standard are the »onéanus of Cassin, and most later writers,
but probably o¢ of Nuttall ; the climax is reached in ca/urus, Cassin (Red-tailed Black Hawk.)
I adopt this name for the extreme Western variety, ignoring the intermediate stages, which have
been usually designated szontanus. In all of these birds, when adult, the tail becomes chestnut-red
on top, which is never the case with Szvazsonz.

The Falco or Buteo vulgaris of Audubon is uncertain—rather, let us say, it comprehends both
the Western Red-tail and Swainson’s Buzzard, being ostensibly based}upon the latter, but the
description and figure rather indicating the former. The Luteo montanus of Nuttall (1840 ; not in
edition of 1832) is based on Audubon’s ‘‘ Fi/co buteo,” but the description is unmistakably that of

watnsont. I follow Mr. Ridgway in relegating both these names to Swainson, leaving calurus as
the first distinctive name of the Western Red-tail in all its variety.

Swainsoni is the smaller species, perfectly distinct. —(CoUEs. )

RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK. 47

pose of more completely “scanning a region” or merely a little
gambol indulged in during the pairing season it is hard to deter-
mine, but I am inclined to set it down to the latter. The same
trait in the flight of these birds has been observed and recorded
by Dr. W. W. Wood of Massachusetts. He says, ‘“‘ Occasionally
several of them will be seen very high in the air, sailing about in
circles, sometimes rising in spiral turns, and descending rapidly,
uttering a clear shrill cry of Ae, hae, £ae several times, and often
continuing it some minutes. These gyrations occur more com-
monly in the spring ; perhaps it is a nuptial ceremony or a bridal
pilgrimage.”

The adult Red-tail, as the name implies, has a decided red
tail, but only so on its upper surface. It is not, however, until
full grown, and some, time after, that this color appears. In the
fully adult bird the under parts are also fulvous ; but this tint does
not appear so early as the color on the tail—generally long after.
Hence it is not surprising to hear it remarked by some of our
hunters that there are different kinds of Red-tails ; and our amateur
collectors are sorely puzzled. Out of some thirty specimens of
this species procured by us on our expeditions in Ontario between
the years 1866 and 1876, five only have the decided red-tail, and
two the fulvous coloring of the under parts ; the remainder exhibit
innumerable varieties. A few additional specimens procured in
one or other of our markets at Montreal, for the most part during
the months of April and May of the last five years, were likewise,
with but one exception, immature individuals ; this one, however, ~
being the largest and most perfectly colored bird it has been my
fortune to procure. It measured when in the flesh upwards of
25 inches in length, and the stretch of its wings was close upon
53 inches. Unfortunately the bill of this specimen was almost
entirely destroyed by the shot, and its head otherwise sadly in-
jured. One of the young birds obtained in the market was alive,
having been only slightly winged, and was kept so and cared for
by a friend of mine for the greater part of a summer. This bird
was particularly interesting, from the fact that its irides were per-
fectly white, and not as usual hazel or light brownish. This is

48 RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK.”

perhaps a very exceptional form; but I have recently been in-
formed by Mr. Passmore, of the Montreal Nat. Hist. Soc., that
he also observed the same in a young Red-tail kept alive by him
for some time, which he afterwards stuffed and mounted. This
specimen Mr. Passmore yet retains in his collection, and as he
has faithfully perpetuated the true color of its eyes, the singular
spectacle of a whzte-eyed Hawk may be seen by any one who
may so desire.

The Red-tail is a rather large and very rotund or robust
Hawk, with short stout legs and rather short wings. They vary
somewhat in length, some males being only 19 or 20 inches
long—from tip of bill to end of tail; while as we have just seen,
the female sometimes is upwards of 25 inches in length, with
considerable expanse of wing. The specimen figured on the
accompanying plate is a fine adult bird of ‘this species. It was
shot in the Eastern Townships, and was prepared for the present
work by Mr. Wm. Couper, naturalist, of Montreal.

In the western half of the continent the individuals of this
species—as is the case with so many of the Hawks—are more
rufous and much more intensely colored birds than their eastern
congeners, but in all other respects are the same. On this
difference was based the species described as 4. montanus by
Cassin and other writers, which was thought to replace, to the
westward, the Red-tail 2. dorealz’s. This error, however, and
others regarding this species, are fully explained and done away
with in the foot-note appended to this article, from Coues’ “ Birds
of the North-West.” 5

The nest of the Red-tail is generally constructed in a lofty
tree and among the top-most branches. It is large, bulky and
rather flat, and is constructed of small branches, moss, gtass, and
generally, though not always, lined with feathers. I cannot speak
with certainty of the exact.complement of eggs, having found from
one to four in different localities ; but two is the average number
of young hatched. Coues says the eggs are ‘three in number,
about 2.40 long by a little less than 2.00 broad.” Their ground

RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK. 49

color is a dull whitish, thickly marked in all the specimens I have
seen with splashes of brown of various shades. Some, however, are
much more marked than others, and I have seen eggs taken by
farmers, said to be Red-tails’, which were hardly marked at all.
The eggs of our next and succeeding species, the Red-shouldered
Buzzard, are very similar to those of the Red-tail, and as both
species nest in like situations and resemble one other in general
appearance and habits, the one is often taken for the other. I
think, however, it will almost invariably be found that the eggs of
the former are perceptibly smaller than those of the latter.

Mr. Wm. Couper informs me that he met with the nest of
this hawk in the month of August in the mountains near the
Mingan river, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence. The nest
contained two young birds, both of which were captured, and sub-
sequently taken to England by Sir J. Smyth. Mr. Couper further
states that the Red-tail is an uncommon bird in the neighborhood
of Quebec, and that the specimens which have been taken are
mostly in adult plumage. This is singular, because in the vicinity
of Montreal, as we have already shown, the immature birds are
those most commonly met with.

The Red-tailed Buzzard is a difficult bird to get within gun-
shot of when approached on foot, and so indeed are most
Hawks. It, however, is rather thrown off its guard when ap-
proached on horse-back or in a waggon, seeming under these
circumstances to have no suspicion; but the instant the horseman
or waggon driver stops it is off. I have seen one of these birds
remain perched in a tree within an easy stone’s-throw of a road
along which a long line of lumber-teams were driving with tre-
mendous noise; yet when I cautiously attempted to get within
shooting-range of the same bird it at once grew restless, suspicious,
and quitted its stand long before I could get near enough for a
sure shot. Sometimes I have suddenly come upon this bird
in the tall grass of a meadow or clearing, and obtained an easy
shot as it rose from the ground. This habit of frequenting and
hiding in long grass is often indulged in by the Red-tail, and I

G

50 RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK.

am inclined to believe is done for the purpose of obtaining the
young of sparrows, larks, and such other birds as nest on the
ground, but this fact I have not yet actually verified; as the
bird is said to prey largely upon field mice, snakes and frogs—
which are abundant in meadows—the pursuit and capture of these
may lead it to frequent such situations. I have never myself
observed or heard of an instance of its capturing snakes in
Canada, but this fact has been recorded of it by several American
writers. One of these is given by Dr. Wood of Massachusetts
in the “ American Naturalist,” in referring to the winter habits
of the Red-tail in Massachusetts. This writer says: “ A farmer
living in this vicinity, while putting up a fence around his pasture,
noticed a large Hawk on the ground some forty rods from him,
sometimes rising up to two or three feet, then dropping down.
Supposing him to be devouring some game he paid but little
attention to it at first, but from its continuing in the same place
and keeping up the same manceuvring for a long time his curiosity
was excited, and coming nearer the bird he discovered that the
tail of a large black snake was coiled around the hawk’s neck,
and that the head and a part of its body was in a hole in the
ground ; the hawk was nearly exhausted. With a blow of his axe
the farmer severed the snake, and brought the hawk to his barn,
where he kept him alive for some time. The part of the snake
attached to the bird measured three feet, which was probably
about one half of its length. The hawk evidently seized the
snake when he was partly in his hole and was unable to draw
him out, and when found the serpent was endeavoring to convince
his would-be-capturer that ‘it is a poor rule that don’t work
both ways.’ This was the adult Red-tailed Hawk.”

This bird is only a summer visitant in Canada, and is
never seen during the winter. At this season, however, it is very
adundant throughout the New England States, where it preys on
the “ wild game of the woods,” and occasionally makes raids upon
the poultry-yard. Mr. William Brewster of Cambridge, Mass. in
an exceedingly interesting article in “ Forest and Stream,” en-
titled “Winter habits of Buzzard Hawks,” gives some further

RED-TAILED BUZZARD—HEN HAWK. 51

particulars respecting the flight and habits of the Red-tail. This
writer I observe also mentions its habit of squatting on the long
grass. He says: “Sometimes you see one sitting for a long time
motionless and erect in the tall grass, watching like a cat, or
perhaps walking slowly with side-long motion. At this season
(winter) it feeds exclusively on mice and rats; in early spring on
toads, frogs, snakes, and the like. I doubt if it ever attacks birds,
for in about a dozen specimens examined at different seasons |
have never been able to detect any of their remains; nor have
I ever seen it pursue one. Occasionally a wounded quail or snipe
may fall a prey, but such cases must be rare.” This last statement,
however, does not hold good for the Red-tail when with us, for I
have found in the stomachs of several individuals the remains of
sparrows, woodpeckers, grouse, and other birds which I could not
determine ; as well as the remains of small green frogs. Mr.
Brewster also remaiks upon the cry of the Red-tail, comparing it
to the syllables cree-e-e / cree-e-ep / repeated five or six times, and
very different he says from the shrill whe-e-eo / of the Red-should-
ered Hawk, so often mimicked by the Jays.

The Red-tail breeds in a number of localities on the island
of Montreal; alsoon Nun’s Island in the St. Lawrence, near that
city.

Sp. CHar. Adult. Tail bright rufous, narrowly tipped with white, and having a subter-
minal band of black ; entire upper parts dark umber brown, lighter and with fulvous edgings on
the head and neck ; upper tail coverts yellowish-white, with rufous and brown spots and bands ;
throat white, with narrow longitudinal stripes of brown; other under parts pale yellowish white
with longitudinal lines and spots of reddish brown tinged with fulvous, most numerous on the
breast, and forming an irregular band across the abdomen ; under tail coverts and tibize generally
clear yellowish white unspotted, but the latter frequently spotted and transversely barred with
light rufous ; under surface of tail silvery white.

Young. Tail usually ashy brown, with numerous bands of a darker shade of the same color,
narrowly tipped with white ; upper tail coverts white with bands of dark brown ; other upper parts
dark umber brown, many feathers edged with dull white and with partially concealed spots of
white ; entire under parts white, sides of the breast with large ovate spots of brownish-black, and
a wide irregular band on the abdomen composed of spots of the same color ; under tail coverts and
tibiae with irregular transverse stripes and sagittate spots of dark brown.

Total length—Female : 22 to 25 inches ; wing, 15 to 16 inches ; tail, 8% inches.
S Male: 19to20 ‘“‘ ; wing, 14 ‘* 3; tail, 732 to 8 inches.

Iris brown ; bill bluish ; cere and feet yellow. Young, bill horn-black ; feet greenish.

Buteo Lineatus ( G7.) J Arn.

*“RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD; WINTER FALCON.

PLATES XI & XII.

If it is not the Red-tail the traveller in Canada sees during
the spring months circling over our fields and wood-lands, he will
not often be mistaken in setting it down as the bird figured on
one of the accompanying plates, namely, either the adult Red-
shouldered Hawk or its immature form, the Winter Falcon. This
is another of those species in which the young differ greatly from
the adult birds—the former until comparatively recently being
described as specifically distinct by a number of authors under the
name falco hyemalts. This last form, or in other words, the
immature bird, is that most frequently met with throughout
Canada in the summer months, but during April and May I have
collected a great number of fine adult birds of both sexes. The
Red-shouldered Hawk is undoubtedly one of our commonest
species in one or other of its stages, and it is equally so through-
out the Atlantic States. In its habits, manner of flight, and general
appearance it much resembles the Red-tail, but is a slightly smaller
bird—the male generally being from 18 to 20 inches, and the
female 21 to 23 inches in length. Perhaps it is to this species
that the appellation of Hen Hawk is most commonly given in
Canada. The latitudinal range of the Red-shouldered Hawk
appears to be more restricted than that of any other species in the
family. There is no authentic account of its occurrence in high
latitudes, nor yet in any portion of the fur countries. It reaches,
however, across the continent, being found on the Pacific slopes,
where, as might be expected, its tint of coloring is brighter and
more ferruginous. This western plumage was for some time,
indeed until very recently, considered to characterize a bird speci-
fically distinct from the Red-shouldered Hawk of eastern North
America, and was described by Cassin as Luteo elegans. It is,
however, simply another example of the invariably assumed rufous

54 RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD—WINTER FALCON.

or ferruginous plumage of western individuals of our eastern
species, as illustrated also by the western representatives of the
B. borealis (Red-tail), Archibuteo lagopus (Rough-leg) .4ccepzter
Juscus (Sharp-shin), Czvcus cyaneus (Marsh Hawk), Falco communis
or peregrinus (Duck Hawk), and other species of this family, all
of which are ordinarily more rufous than the eastern, though only
some of these have as yet been separated as distinct species. The
so-named Z&. elegans, however, is not confined to the Pacific slopes,
as dark ferruginous plumaged birds have been occasionally met
with as far to the eastward as the neighborhood of Hamilton,
Ontario. One such was shot some years since at Baptiste Creek,
and is now in the collection of Mr. McIlwraith of the city just
named. This specimen only differs from our ordinary form of
Red-shouldered Hawk in more intense coloring, and to give such
a distinct specific name would, it seems to me, be ridiculous.*

In East Florida, according to Allen, the Red-shouldered
Hawk is very abundant, and by far the most numerous species of
the family ; “it is generally smaller and much _brighter-colored
than New England specimens. The dark line along the shaft
of the feathers below, especially on the throat and breast, is very
distinct—in this respect, and in the bright colors, greatly resembl-
ing the so-called Lzteo elegans of Cassin.”

This species nests in nearly every section of Canada. It
usually chooses a lofty tree, and builds a large and shallow nest in
the uppermost branches. This is constructed of branches, grass,
leaves and moss, and is similar in every respect to that of the
Red-tail. The eggs are generally four in number, but it 1s not
unusual to find but three. They are of a dull-whitish color,
marked irregularly with splashes of brown, and are slightly smaller
than those of the Red-tail, measuring 2 inches or a little more in

length by about 134 inches in breadth.

* Since writing the above I have been so fortunate as to procure from the neighborhood of the
Back River, on the Island of Montreal, a remarkably ferruginous colored Hawk of this species.
It is ‘an adult female, and differs very much in tint from any specimens I have ever taken. Indeed
I should not have recognized the bird save for the marked and characteristic red shoulders. This
specimen clearly denotes a passage towards the 4. elegans of the west, which I am now more
convinced than ever is the same species.

RED-SHOULDERED BUZZARD—WINTER FALCON. 55

Some pairs of these Hawks or Buzzards nest regularly at
St. Rose, to the northward of the city of Montreal, and Mr. Couper
informs me that their eggs have been several times taken by

Mr. Dunlop.

The birds figured on the accompanying plates have been
carefully selected from among a great number of specimens, and
are truthful representations of the two forms most generally met
with. The Winter Falcon (the young) on Plate XII. is one of
the most perfectly mounted specimens I have ever met with, and
being in spring plumage, forms a picture that for accuracy and
beauty has never been equalled in any work on ornithology. The
adult bird on Plate XI. is far from being the best of the individ-
uals I have had to select from, but as it is in the plumage most
commonly met with, it will serve better the object of the present
work than would any of the other—perhaps more beautiful, but
certainly less frequently met with—forms of plumage. Were I
to attempt to illustrate the various stages passed through by this
Hawk from the young-of-the-year to its true adult form, twelve
plates would not be sufficient.

The number of individuals of this species taken on our
various expeditions amounts in all to forty-three ; the majority
of these being immature birds.

Sp. CHar. Adult. Wing coverts from its flexure to the body, fine bright rufous ; breast and
other lower parts of the body paler orange rufous, many feathers with transverse bars and spots of
white, which predominate on the abdomen and under tail coverts ; entire upper parts brown ; on
the head mixed with rufous, and with white spots on the wing coyerts and shorter quills and rump ;
guills brownish-black, with white spots on their outer webs ; tail brownish black, with about five
transverse bands of white and tipped with white.

Young. (Winter Falcon). Entire under parts yellowish white, with longitudinal stripes and
oblong spots of dark brown; throat dark brown (this is variable) ; upper parts lighter ashy
brown, with many partially concealed spots and bars of white; quills dark brown, with wide
transverse bars of rufous and white on both webs ; tail ashy brown, with numerous bars of pale
brownish and rufous white ; tail beneath silvery white.

Total length—Female : 21 to 23 inches ; wing, 14 inches ; tail, 9 inches.
es Male: 18 to 20 inches; wing, 12 inches ; tail, 8 inches.

Iris brown ; bill horn-blue ; cere and feet yellow.

Buteo Swainsoni, Bonaparte.
BUTEO INSIGNATUS, Cassrn-

SWAINSON’S BUZZARD; CANADA BUZZARD.

NO PLATE.

This species appears to inhabit chiefly the western portions
of America, and is particularly abundant in the Missouri region,
but it has been taken several times in Canada, once, according to
Coues, in Massachusetts, and was observed by the expeditions
with which Sir John Richardson was connected “as far north as
the fifty-seventh parallel of latitude, and it most probably has a
still higher range.” Dr. Bernard J. Gilpin of Halifax informs me
-that it is common in that Province, but generally confounded—as
it has been nearly everywhere—with the Red-tail (2. dorealzs),
which very closely resembles it. Unfortunately I was not able to
secure a specimen for the present work. There should have been
one at my disposal in the Museum of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Montreal, for on turning up Cassin’s figure and description of his
B. insignatus—this same bird in a melanotic condition—I read as
follows :—*‘ Of this very remarkable little Buzzard one specimen
only has come under our notice, and is that above described. It
belongs to the collection of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Montreal, by
whom it was most kindly sent to Philadelphia for examination at
my request, through the good offices of M. M’Culloch, M.D., a
distinguished physician and naturalist of that city. . . . It was
captured in the vicinity of Montreal.” Considering myself sure
of this specimen I did not think it necessary until recently to
make further inquiries concerning it. On visiting the museum,
however, to get the bird I was greatly surprised and disappointed
to find that it had vanished; neither the present curator nor
taxidermist knew anything about it, and the former gentleman
positively asserts that no such specimen has been in the collection
during his term of office—about thirteen years. Previous to this
term, however, I had myself several times seen this bird, and had

H

58 SWAINSON’S BUZZARD—CANADA BUZZARD.

more than once examined it in the presence of Mr. Wm. Hunter,
late taxidermist to the same Society. Where is this valuable
specimen at present ? Mr. Cassin clearly states that it was sent
to Philadelphia for examination and description, but does not say
what afterwards became of it, nor can I find any record either
of its loan or of its return in the printed proceedings of the Nat.
Hist. Society. This is a matter that should be looked into, and
that without delay by this Society, as if one rare specimen has
thus been permitted to be lost, there is no saying how many
others may have from time to time in like manner been removed.
I allude to this more particularly here, as there 1s little doubt but
that these pages will fall into the hands of nearly all of our Ameri-
can ornithologists, some of whom may yet be able to throw some
light upon the fate of—perhaps return—this stray specimen.

Swainson’s Buzzard has been already figured and described
under several names. Richardson in his Fauna Boreali Ameri-
cana gives it as the Buteo valgarts or Common Buzzard ; Cassin
as already mentioned describes its melanotic condition as a new
Species under the name of &. zzszgnatus, Brown Hawk or Canada
Buzzard; while Hoy’s 4. Bazrdiz is now well known to be the
young bird. It is undoubtedly a rare bird in Canada in any of its
forms, and little is known of its distribution or nidification in our
Provinces. Mr. MclIlwraith of Hamilton says: “ A specimen of
this rare bird was shot in 1860, while in the act of pouncing upon
a tame pigeon in the streets of Oshawa. This is the only instance
I have heard of its occurrence in Canada.” Our Hawks, however,
have been but little investigated, and it is not improbable that not
only this but some other species, now considered as accidental or
rare, will yet be found to frequent regularly certain sections of the
country. For my own part I have never had much faith in the
validity of the 2. Szwaznsont as a distinct species, and have always
considered Cassin’s 2. zzszguatus as a purely fortuitous condition
of the B. dorealzs or Red-tailed Buzzard, having seen very similar
conditions of plumage in a number of specimens of the BP zxcatus
or Red-shouldered Buzzard. But since studying Dr. Coues’ article
on Swainson’s Buzzard, and observing that he had the opportunity

SWAINSON’S BUZZARD—CANADA BUZZARD. 59

of examining “ about forty specimens,” I confess to being inclined
now to agree with him in his decision. He says, “ The species
is thoroughly distinct from its nearest ally, 4. dorealzs ; it never
gains the red tail, so characteristic of the latter, and differs in many
other points of coloration in its several stages of plumage, as noted
beyond. Although its linear dimensions intergrade with those of
the Red-tail, it is neither so heavy nor so large a bird, and its shape
differs in some points. A very tangible and convenient distinction
to which my attention was first called by Mr. Ridgway, and which
I have verified in numerous instances, is found in the emargina-
tion of the primaries. . . . Swainson’s Buzzard has only ¢hree
emarginate primaries, while the Red-tail has fowr ; the fourth quill
of the former, like the fifth of the latter, is variously sinuate-
tapering, but never shows the decided nick or emargination of the
inner web.”

The dimensions of the adult Swainson’s Buzzard are 19.00 to
20.00 long by 49.00 in spread of wing, the latter about 15.00.
Coues says that in both sexes and at all ages, the eye is of
varying shade of brown, and never yellow ; and that in the adult
birds the cere, gape, base of under mandible and feet, “are rich
chrome-yellow ;” the rest of the bill and the claws being bluish-

black.

As this is an exceedingly interesting species, and other speci-
mens of it in one or other of its forms will undoubtedly yet be
taken in Canada, I append full descriptions of it in its adult and
immature stages. The first of these is Cassin’s, and is taken from
the bird which was—and ought now to be—in the Montreal
Museum of Nat. Hist. The second is by Coues, and is very
thorough.

(a)
Var. INSIGNATUS.

Sp. CHAR. Adult Male, Under coverts of the wings and tail white—the former striped
longitudinally with pale rufous, and the latter transversely with reddish brown; edges of wing at
the shoulder nearly pure white ; uibize rufous irregularly barred with brown ; throat and a few
feathers of the forehead white, each feather having a line of dark brown, or nearly black.

60 SWAINSON’S BUZZARD—CANADA BUZZARD.

Entire other plumage above and below dark brown, every feather having a darker, or nearly
black, central line ; quills above brown, with a slight purple lustre ; beneath pale cinereous, with
their shafts white, and with irregular transverse bands of white ; tail above dark brown, with an
ashy or hoary tinge, and haying about ten transverse bands of a darker shade of the same color ;
beneath nearly white, with conspicuous transverse bands of brown, the widest of which is subter-
minal ; tip paler, or nearly white ; bill dark ; cere, tarsi, and toes yellow.

Female. Nearly Adult. Like the preceding, but with the upper plumage darker, and the
entire under parts dark rufous chestnut ; darker on the breast, quite uniform on the flanks and
abdomen, and every feather having the shaft darker brown, nearly black ; throat, forehead, under
wing coverts and under tail coverts white ; tail as in the preceding.—CassIN.

(4)
BuTEO SWAINSONI.

Sp. CHAR. Young-of-the-year (Both sexes). Entire upper parts dark brown, everywhere
varied with tawny edgings of the individual feathers, The younger the bird the more marked is
the variegation ; it corresponds in tints closely with the color of the under parts, being palest in
very young examples. Under parts, including lining of wings, nearly uniform fawn-color (pale,
dull yellowish-brown), thickly and sharply marked with blackish-brown. These large dark spots,
for the most part circular or guttiform, crowd across the fore-breast, scatter on the middle belly,
enlarge to cross-bars on the flanks, become broid arrow-heads on the lower belly and tibize, and
are wanting on the throat, which is only marked with a sharp, narrow, blackish pencilling along
the median line. Quills brownish-black, the outer webs with an ashy shade, the inner webs toward
the base grayish, paler, and marbled with white, and also showing obscure dark cross-bars ; their
shafts black on top, nearly white underneath. Tail feathers like the quills, but more decidedly
shaded with ashy or slate-gray, and tipped with whitish; their numerous dark cross-bars show
more plainly than those of the quills, but are not so evident as they are in the old birds.

Adults (either sex). Upper parts dark brown, very variable in shade, according to season or
wear of feathers, varied with paler brown, or even reddish-brown edgings of the feathers, but
without the clear fawn-color of the young; the feathers of the crown showing whitish When dis-
turbed, and usually sharp, dark shaft-lines ; the upper tail coverts chestnut and white, with blackish
bars. Quills and tail feathers as before, but the inner webs of the former showing more decided
dark cross-bars upon a lighter marbled-whitish ground, and the latter having broader and sharper
dark wavy bars. These large quills, and particularly those of the tail, vary much in shade accord-
ing to wear, the new feathers being strongly slate-colored, the old ones plain dark brown. The
tail, however, never shows any trace of the rich chestnut that obtains in the adult B. dorealis.

Male. Under parts showing a broad pectoral area of the bright chestnut, usually with a
glaucous cast, and displaying sharp, black shaft-lines ; this area contrasting sharply with the pure
white throat. Other under parts white, more or less tinged and varied, in different specimens,
with light chestnut. In some males this chestnut is diminished to traces, chiefly in flank-bars
and arrow-heads, and the white throat is immaculate ; in others the throat shows blackish pencil-
ling, and the rest of the under parts are so much marked with the chestnut, chiefly in cross-bars,
that this color predominates over the white, and appéars in direct continuation of the pectoral area
itself. Some feathers of this area are commonly dark brown.

female. Much darker underneath than the male ; throat pure white, but other under parts
probably never whitening decidedly. Pectoral area form rich, dark chestnut or mahogany-color,
mixed with still darker feathers, to brownish-black ; and other under parts heavily marked with
chestnut, chiefly in cross-bars alternating with whitish, but on the flanks, and sometimes across the
belly, these markings quite blackish. The general tone of the under parts may be quite as dark
as the pectoral area of the male, but it lacks uniformity, and the increased depth of color of the:
pectoral area in this sex suffices to preserve tke strong contrast already mentioned (About forty:
specimens examined.)—COoUuES.

Buteo Pennsylvanicus (/!/7/soz) Bonar.

BROAD-WINGED BUZZARD.

PLATE XII.

Contrary to the general rule among our Birds of Prey—most
of which range across the continent—the longitudinal dispersion
of the present species is quite restricted. It inhabits the temper-
ate parts of eastern North America, and the only instance of its
occurrence in the Missouri region is recorded by Prof. Snow, who
observed it in Kansas. It appears to be particularly numerous
along the Atlantic coast, and in New England, where it is one of
the most abundant species of the family. Further westward it is
met with chiefly in the fall and winter. It has been observed
about Washington, D.C., is given as common in Florida, is known
to reach as far south at least as Ecuador, and to reside in Cuba.
Audubon, however, gives it as rare south of the middle States,
and Dr. Coues does not mention it in his list of the birds of South
Carolina.

In Canada it is not a common species. I have only met
a few individuals, most of these in immature plumage ; but the
bird is tolerably well represented in most of our collections. Mr.
Mellwraith of Hamilton says : “I have noted extensive migrations
of this Hawk in March of different years—as many as twenty or
thirty being in view at one time ; they passed along at a consider-
able height, moving in circles toward the North-West. Those
met with in the woods appeared to be stragglers from the main
body.” It has been taken about London, Ont., and according to
Mr. Passmore a considerable number in the vicinity of Toronto of
both young and adult birds. It occurs also in the neighborhood
of Montreal, frequenting the low grounds, and Mr. Wm. Couper,
naturalist and taxidermist, informs me that the young of this
species occurs commonly in the neighborhood of Quebec in the
autumn, where they frequent the swamps to the northward of that
city. Mr. Couper also states that the adult birds are only seen

62 BROAD-WINGED BUZZARD.

occasionally, and that he has never met with a nest. I have not
myself met with either the nest or eggs of this Broad-winged
Hawk, and Dr. Coues remarks in his ‘‘ Birds of the North-West,”
“ The nest of this species has but seldom fallen under the notice
of naturalists.” Audubon saw and described one. Prof. Adams
took one, which is now in the museum of Middlebury College,
Vermont. Another was seen and examined by Mr. Samuels in
West Roxbury, Massachusetts, in May, 1864. These, so far as I
can learn, are the only records in existence in North America.
Mr. Samuels states that the one examined by him was built in the
fork of a tall pine-tree, near the top, and was constructed of sticks
and twigs, lined with red cedar-bark, leaves, and feathers. It
contained four eggs, measuring from 2.00 to 2 15 inches in length,
by 1.70 to 1.72 in breadth. These were a “ dirty yellowish-white,
covered more or less thickly in the different specimens with spots
and blotches of reddish-brown.” The bird undoubtedly breeds in
Canada, and I take this opportunity of directing the special atten-
tion of our collectors to it. In mature plumag eit is an extremely
handsome little Buzzard, and quite different in its colors from any
other American species.

Sp. CHAR. Smaller than any of the preceding. Adu/t.—Entire upper parts umber brown,
feathers on the occiput and back of the neck white at their bases. Throat white, with longitudinal
lines of brown, and with a patch of brown on each side running from the base of the lower man-
dible ; breast with a wide band composed of large cordate and sagittate spots, and transvere bands
of reddish ferruginous tinged with ashy ; other under parts white, with numerous sagittate spots of
reddish on the flanks, abdomen, and tibize. In some specimens the ferruginous color predominates
on all the under parts, except the under tail coverts, and all the feathers have large circular or ovate
spots of white on both edges, under tail coverts white. Quills brownish-black, widely bordered
with white on their inner webs ; tail dark brown. narrowly tipped with white, and with one wide
band of white and several narrow bands near the base.

Young. Upper parts dull umber brown, many feathers edged with fulvous and ashy white ;
upper tail coverts spotted with white; under parts white, generally tinged with yellowish, and
having longitudinal stripes and oblong and lanceolate spots of brownish-black ; a stripe of dark
brown on each side of the neck from the base of the under mandible. Tail brown, with several
bands of a darker shade of the same color, and of white on the inner webs and narrowly tipped
with white.

Total length—Female : 17 to 18 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 6% to 7 inches.
es Male: 16to 16% ‘‘ CG Sto CO esinoy(apre UG

Archibuteo Lagopus var. Sancti-Johannis (G7. ) Rina.
ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD; BLACK HAWKE.
PLATES XIV & XV.

“ The question, long agitated, of the relationship of our ‘ Black’
and ‘ Rough-legged’ Hawks may be considered settled in favor of
their specific identity, the Black Hawk being simply the melanotic
condition of the Rough-legged. There is nothing either peculiar
or remarkable in this, melanism being an affection common to
many or most Hawks, independent of age, sex, season, or locality,
and analogous to the rusty-red plumage of Owls.”

This quotation from a recent work of Dr. Coues will suffice,
in introducing the Plates of this much talked-and-written-of Buz-
zard, in two of its stages of plumage. These two, as may be seen
at a glance, are very different, and it is no wonder that they have
until quite recently been regarded as belonging to closely allied
specifically distinct birds. Now, however, (1876) our leading
ornithologists seem agreed on this vexed question. Baird and
Ridgway, after long and patient research, end the controversy
by stating—* The Rough-legged Hawk of North America and
the Black Hawk ave the same species, A. SANCTI-JOHANNIS. This
species or race, however, is not the same as that of Europe. (See
Hist. N. Am. Birds, III., pp. 304—306.)” * I am of the opinion,
however, that the Black Hawk is the adult bird. The typical
lagopus belongs to Europe; the variety sanct?-johannts to north-
erly North America; while the melanotic or dark condition or
stage is chiefly observed in the middle Atlantic States, New
England, and some parts of Canada.

The Rough-legged Buzzard in one or other of its forms, is
frequently met with in Canada, and in our various expeditions we
have collected upwards of thirty specimens. These vary greatly,
and were I to write a monograph of this species, fifteen Plates

* Letters from Baird to author, dated March 11th, 1876.

64 ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD—BLACK HAWK.

would be required in order to properly illustrate these thirty
specimens. According to Richardson this Buzzard arrives in the
fur countries in April or May and leaves in October. I have
generally observed it in the central portions of Canada about the
latter part of April and beginning of. May, and have seen but
few individuals later than October. It frequents the same low
watery localities as is chosen by the Marsh Hawk or Harrier, and
both birds are often seen hunting together in the same fields. It
preys largely upon field-mice, frogs, snakes and lizards, and
seldom upon birds. It is a sluggish and inactive bird during the
day, but towards sundown and during the twilight is rather ener-
getic in the search for its evening repast. In this respect as
well as in its general mode of flight and capture of its prey, it
much resembles the Marsh Hawk. Indeed I have seen both
these birds actively engaged in hunting long after dark, and fully
agree with Audubon in considering the Rough-leg the most
Nocturnal of our Fatconip%. These Buzzards are often shot by
the duck hunters, and brought into market for sale, and this
spring (April, 1876) I obtained five specimens from this source.
One of these was in the dark brownish plumage, and was a very
large individual, the others showed indications of a passage to this
stage. I have not met with its nest, and, from the fact of the
individuals being more numerous with us towards the latter part
of September and October, conjecture they nest mainly in the fur
countries and possibly in high latitudes. From their habits we
not unnaturally might expect to find them breeding in the same
positions as the Marsh Hawk, but this I have never observed, nor
have I heard of their eggs being taken in Canada. The nest is
said to be ordinarily built of sticks, etc., in a high tree ; but Dr.
Brewer has met with it on cliffs. The eggs are three or four in
number, and measure about 2% by 134 inches. In color they
vary from a dull whitish, scarcely marked, to drab or creamy,
“Jargely . blotched with different shades of brown, sometimes
mixed with purple slate markings.”

A number of dark individuals have been taken in several
parts of Canada, and the beautiful portrait given on the second

ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD—BLACK HAWK. 65

of the accompanying Plates, was taken from a particularly dark
bird shot near Montreal. These Black Hawks are mentioned
in all of our local lists as “rare.” In Europe this melanism
has not been observed.

Mr. Reeks kept a bird of this species, taken in Newfoundland
alive, for two months, and fed it almost entirely on trout (salmo
Jontinalts), to which it seemed particularly partial. This same
bird, however, “invariably refused smelts, either dead or alive,
and fresh from the water.” The Rough-leg is a summer migrant
to Newfoundland, but, Mr. Reeks says, “as a rule remains later
in the fall than most of the Falconidz.” It occurs likewise in
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and in Labrador. In the
McKenzie River district Ross mentions the Rough-legged Hawk
as common as far north as Lapierre’s House, and the Black Hawk
as rare northward to Salt River. They are said to breed in great
numbers to the northward of Great Slave Lake.

.. Since writing the foregoing, and while this was in press,
I Have received an additional lot of specimens of the Rough-legged
Buzzard. These were all taken in the Province of Ohelias They
show every stage of plumage from the yvoung-of-the-year to ap-
parently the fully adult bird—which is of a uniform dark brown
color. Three of them have a great deal of hoary-white on the
crown and hind head, and these are further remarkable for very
broad, black, abdominal belts, and almost unspotted breasts.
There are five specimens labelled “ Black Hawks,” and these from
the appearance of their bills, feet, claws and wear of feathers, are
evidently birds of many summers. I have now examined twenty-
nine skins of this species, and am fully convinced that the dark
stage is the true adult bird, and not merely “a melanotic condi-
tion.” Iam also informed that this stage is met with yearly and
during every month of the summer in the low lands and boggy
tracts around Lake St. Peter, Sorel, and Three Rivers; in the
neighborhood of the Bay of Quinté, Belleville, Ontario ; and in
the marshes bordering on the Cataraqui river near Kingston.

Consequently it is only natural to suppose that the bird nests in
: I

66 ROUGH-LEGGED BUZZARD—BLACK HAWK.

all these sections. I believe it will yet be discovered that its
nest is built on the ground or in some low bush.

The genus Archibutco, of which this species is the only
representative in Canada, is distinguished by tarsi densely feath-
ered to the toes, but more or less naked and scaly behind; wings
long and wide; toes short, claws moderate. Individuals larger
than in Lz‘eo.

Sp. CHAR. Ordinary Form. Head above yellowish-white, with reddish-brown stripes ; back,
scapulars, and shorter guills, pale ashy, with partly concealed transverse bands of white and dark
brown, the latter frequently prevailing on back ; rump dark umber brown ; primaries edged with
ashy ; a large space on their inner webs at base white ; under parts white; throat with dark
brown stripes ; breast with larger spots and concealed reddish-brown stripes; abdomen with
numerous narrow bars of brownish-black, most conspicuous on flanks, and tinged with ashy ; tibiae
barred transversely with white and dark brown tinged with reddish ; under tail coverts white ;
upper tail coverts white at base, tipped with brownish-black ; tail white at base, with a wide sub-
terminal band of black, and about two other black bands alternating with light cinereous ; under
wing coverts white, with brownish-black spots, and a long patch of asly-brown on the longer ones.

Younger. Light umber-brown above, much edged with yellowish and reddish white ; a wide
band on abdomen brownish-black ; other under parts yellowish-white, with a few lines and spots of
brownish-black ; quills ashy-brown, a large portion of their inner webs white at base, with a sub-
terminal band of light umber-brown, tip white; tibize and tarsi pale reddish-yellow, with stripes
and spots of dark-brown.

Tris pale-brown ; bill slate-color ; cere and feet yellow.

Dark STraGE.

(Probably true Adult.)

Entire plumage brownish-black (rarely glossy-black) ; forehead, throat, and large partly con-
cealed spot on occiput, white ; tail with one transverse band of white, and irregular markings of
the same towards the base ; quills with their inner webs white, conspicuous from below ; head
sometimes more or less striped with yellowish-white and reddish-yellow, and tail sometimes with
several transverse bands of white more or less irregular. Bill blackish ; iris, cere, and feet yellow.

Length in all stages: 19.00 to 20.00; extent, 50.00 to 53-00; wing, 15.00 to 17.00 ; tail,
8.00 to 9.00.

Sus-Famiry MILVINA‘, Tue Kites.

Cuar. Size usually moderate or small; general form rather slender and not
strong ; wings and tail long ; bill short, weak, hooked and acute ; tarsi and toes
slender and weak. Food chiefly reptiles and insects.

This sub-family comprises those birds commonly known
as Kires and Harriers. It is represented in Canada by one
genus and a single species.

Genus CIRCUS, Lacerepe.

GEN CHAR. Face partly encircled by a ruff of short projecting feathers, as in the Owls ;
head rather large ; bill short, compressed, curved from the base ; nostrils large ; wings long,
pointed ; tail long tarsi long and slender ; toes moderate ; claws rather weak.

Circus Cyaneus var, Hudsonius ( Zzxwe.) Scut.
MARSH HAWK; HARRIER; BLUE HAWK.

PLATE XVI.

This commonly met with Hawk frequents our meadows and
lowlands, and more particularly such as are in the vicinity of rivers.
Its partiality for moist, boggy places has earned for it in some
quarters the expressive but not very elegant name of “ Bog-
trotter,” while the adult male bird, being exceedingly unlike the
female and young birds, is pretty universally known as the “ Blue
Hawk.” It is also ordinarily known as the “ Brown Hawk,”
this color of plumage being by far the most common ; indeed
there are few collections in Canada which can boast of a specimen
in the fight bluish plumage. Observing the scarcity of the Blue
Hawk, I long ago revolved in my mind—as many others have
done—the question whether this was not in reality a distinct,
though undoubtedly closely allied, species ; but from the very few
specimens I could find, I was unable to come to any satisfactory
conclusion. Mr. Passmore, who had collected for years in the

68 MARSH HAWK—HARRIER—BLUE HAWK.

neighborhood of Toronto, informed me that he had never seen
a single individual in the blue plumage. The late Mr. Wm.
Hunter, who had collected both around Hamilton and Montreal,
had only taken one or two specimens. Mr. MclIlwraith, also of
Hamilton, by letter informs me that the Blue Hawks are ex-
tremely rare, perhaps occurring as one in fifty. Mr. Wm.
Couper, naturalist, formerly of Quebec now of Montreal, records
the same. In my own expeditions between Montreal and the
western extremity of Lake Superior I have only twice observed
it, and have never been able to secure a specimen. On the other
hand a gentleman has recently informed me that bluish Marsh
Hawks are abundant to the rear of the island of Montreal, in
the vicinity of Riviere des Prairies; and Dr. Bernard Gilpin of
Halifax, N.S., states that the Marsh Hawk in all its stages
between young and blue adult is common ‘in that Province.

The same scarcity, however, of blue Marsh Hawks has been
recorded by observers throughout the United States. One writer
in the American Naturalist cries out, “ Where are the pale-blue
gray male birds? We have yet to see the first specimen this
year. We have never seen a dozen in so many years. Is this
absence of male Harriers as noticeable elsewhere ? Have others
called attention to it? This species (C. Audsonzus) nidificates in
this State (Mass.), yet even in the neighborhood of the nests we
have been unable to find the male bird.” So far as I can ascer-
tain all the individuals yet obtained in the blue plumage have been
males, and should we be disposed to consider these as specifically
distinct from our common brown Marsh Hawk, we have next to
inquire—What of the females? Are they likewise blue ; or do
they resemble the females of the common species? The whole
question is yet very perplexing, but is not without a parallel in
ornithological history. For instance we have already recorded the
dark or black variety of the Rough-legged Buzzard (. lagopus),
which up to as recently—-we may say—as yesterday was believed
to be a valid species; while in the S¢rzgzde@ or Owl family we
have yet to notice red stages of the Screech Owl (Scops aszo)
and Acadian Owl (WVyctale acadica ).

’

MARSH HAWK—HARRIER—BLUE HAWK 69

To say that the Blue Hawk is the true adult male Marsh
Hawk may or may not be correct; but I am rather inclined to
give it as a plumage occasionally assumed by the old male bird.
To state positively, however, that all others are young and imma-
ture birds is simply absurd, for I have examined a number of
specimens of evidently fully mature male individuals which did
not show the slightest indication of the bluish garb. Writers
have been too fond of setting down peculiar and often local con-
ditions of plumage as that of adult or very old individuals of a
particular species, e. g. the white and unspotted stage of the Snow
Owl, which I know to be occasionally assumed as well by the
young birds; and again the red stage of the Screech Owl—as
above referred to —which appears to be independent of either
age or sex. But we cannot enlarge. For the present, therefore,
we may simply state that in Canada the Marsh Hawk is, with
few exceptions, of umber-brown or light rufous colors, and that
occasionally the males assume a lighter and lead-gray hue. It
is also sufficient to state here that our American bird is a_
geographical variety of the European; and further that in Am-
erica there appears to be a northern and southern variety, namely
hudsonius and cinereus. _The species, however, may correctly be
described as diffused over the whole of North America from
Mexico to the Arctic regions. It is equally abundant on the
coasts of the Pacific as on those of the Atlantic, but as in many
of the other species of the family, the western specimens, and
especially the young of these, are much brighter-colored than
the eastern examples. In Europe and Asia the individuals of
this species also vary greatly in plumage ; and Mr. G. R. Gray
in his “Catalogue of British Birds” cites no fewer than twenty
synonyms.

The Marsh Hawk or Harrier is among the “ ignoble ” birds
of the falconers, but, as Mr. Coues remarks, “is neither a weakling
nor a coward, as one may easily satisfy himself by handling a
winged bird.” Though long-winged, its flight is not rapid, but is
accomplished by alternate measured flappings and low sailings,
turning and “quartering” the ground, something in the manner of a

70 MARSH HAWK—HARRIER—BLUE HAWK.

well-trained dog. From this habit has sprung the term “ harrier.”
The bird was a few years ago very abundant in the low meadows
which border on the Lachine railroad on the island of Montreal,
and in the neighborhood of the wheel-house and St. Pierre river
or creek. J have also frequently met with it on the Nuns’ island in
the St. Lawrence, opposite Montreal, where several pairs nested
regularly for many years. Its usual prey consists of field mice and
field-crickets largely, as also frogs and snakes. In this respect, as
well as others, it resembles the Rough-legged Buzzard (B. lagopus.)
I have never observed it prey upon birds of any description,
although it may possibly do so when the former are scarce.
Audubon says that occasionally when impelled by hunger it will
attack patridges, plovers, and even ducks; but such occasions
must be rare. I have examined several whose stomachs were
filled with the fragments of frogs and crickets alone. The Marsh
Hawk hunts largely during twilight and even after dark, and
during the heat of the day is but seldom met with. Its nest has
been variously described by writers as being constructed of moss,
grass, feathers and hair, and placed on the ground or in a low
bush. In Canada, however, such a record would not be correct
nor sufficiently definite. I met with two nests on the Nuns’ island,
near Montreal, both of which contained eggs. One of these was
simply a collection of dried marsh grass, leaves, and a little moss,
deposited on the ground, but close to the roots of a small bush,
the branches of which protected and to a great extent concealed
it. In this there were four eggs of a pale greenish or bluish-
white color, without any definite markings, although I observed
something like obscure markings on two of them. These mea-
sured a little less than 134 inches in length, and in the broadest
part were a little over 1 inch. The other nest was close to the
base of a tall clump of weeds and grass, and was entirely con-
structed of dried grass, loosely gathered together. This was
much trodden down, and looked as if it had been used for a
number of years. I believe these nests are in many instances
returned to regularly year after year by the same pair of birds,
each time being slightly added to and repaired. This last nest

MARSH HAWK—HARRIER—BLUE HAWK. 71

contained three eggs, of similar color and proportions to those
first mentioned; the bluish shade, however, was perhaps more
perceptible in the eggs of the second nest. I have never observed
or heard of a nest being placed in a bush off the Sround in Canada,
but Richardson says in his Fauna Boreali Americana, ‘“ The natives
informed us that these birds build indifferently on the ground or
in the low bushes.” | My experience, however, of the tales told by
Natives is anything but satisfactory; and I know that in many
instances such informants delight to color their stories with some-
thing unusual, and to say the least, unlikely. It is also astonishing
what additional information may be gained by exhibiting a plug
of tobacco or a flask of spirits ; but information so incited is worse
than worthless.

The usual complement of eggs in the nest of the Marsh
Hawk is from three to five, but more have occasionally been
found; three is the average number of young hatched. When
a nest has been robbed the bird lays again once or twice, but if
further molested abandons it. Coues gives as the measure-
ment of a number of eggs the following—“ 1.87 by 1.45, 1.86 by
1.45; 1.82 by 1.44; 1.80 by 1.45; 1.80 by 1.42; they were dull
and white, with the faintest possible greenish shade; there were
no evident spots, but much mechanigal soiling.”

The Marsh Hawk reaches the fur countries towards the latter
end of April and leaves before the end of September. It winters
in the middle and eastern States.

They are particularly abundant during the month of April in
the low lands around Lake St. Peter and in the vicinity of Sorel,
where they are often shot by duck hunters and brought into our
markets. The Rough-legged Buzzard frequents the same situa-
tions, and both birds are seen hunting together.

Sp. CHAR. duit. Entire upper parts, head and breast, pale bluish-cinereous, on the back

of head mixed with dark fulvous ; upper tail coverts white ; beneath white, with small cordate or

> hastate spots of light ferruginous ; quills brownish-black ; their outer webs tinged with ashy, and a

large portion of their inner webs white ; tail light cinereous, nearly white on the inner webs of the

feathers, and with obscure transverse bands of brown ; its under surface silky-white ; under wing
coverts white,

72 MARSH HAWK—HARRIER—BLUE HAWK.

Younger. Entire upper parts dull umber-brown, many feathers edged with dull rufous,
especially on the neck ; beneath dull reddish-white, with longitudinal brown stripes, most numerous
on front of throat and neck ; tibize tinged with reddish ; upper tail coverts white.

Young. Entire upper parts dull umber-brown, except white tail coverts ; beneath rufous with
stripes of brown on breast and sides ; tail reddish-brown, with about three wide bands of dark
fulvous, paler on the inner webs.

Length, 16.00 to 21.00; extent. 37,00 to 45.00; wing, 13.50 to 15.50; tail, 9.c0 to 10-00.
Bill, slate-blue ; iris, cere, and feet, yellow.

Sus-Famity AQUILINA, Tue Eactes.

Car. Size large, and all parts very strongly organized. Bill large, com-
pressed, straight at base, curved and acute at tip ; wings long, pointed ; tail ample,
generally rounded ; tarsi moderate, very strong ; claws much curved, very sharp
and strong.

There are said to be about seventy species of Eac es, of all
countries, but this is probably considerably in excess of the true
number. It has recently been determined that in the United
States and Canada there are—excluding the Osprey—but two
species; the “ Bird of Washington” (77. Washingtonti, Aud.)
being now considered as simply the young of the BaLp or WuiteE-
HEADED EAGLE.

Genus AQUILA, Moernrinc.

GEN. CHAR. General form véry large and strong, and adapted to long continued and swift
flight. Bil large, strong, compressed, and hooked at the tip ; wings long, pointed ; tarsi rather
short, very strong, feathered to the toes ; claws sharp, strong, curved.

This genus is thought to include twenty species, and these
are regarded as the true Eagles.

Aquila Chrysaetus, Linn-tus.

THE GOLDEN EAGLE: RING-TAIL.

PLATE XVII.

This is the Aguzla Canadensis of Cassin, Baird, and most
late local American writers, the American bird having until com-
paratively recently been considered as specifically distinct from
the A. chrysaétos of Europe and Britain.

The Golden Eagle is described in most ornithological works
as rare. Richardson and Swainson in their Fauna Boreali Am-
ericana restrict it to the “recesses of the sub-alpine country which
skirts the Rocky Mountains,” and state that it “is seldom seen

J

74 THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL.

farther to the eastward,” and Pennant and Latham give it as an
inhabitant of Hudson’s Bay. But since these records were written
ornithology has made rapid strides, and our knowledge of the
distribution of this noble species has greatly increased. Although,
perhaps, “more particularly a species of boreal and Alpine dis-
tribution,” it also has an extensive dispersion in the Canadas and
the United States, being met with southward to about 35°.
Northward it ranges to the Arctic coast and beyond. The
Golden Eagle delights in solitude; it universally selects for its
nesting site some almost, if not absolutely, inaccessible situation,
generally far from the dwelling of man. Here, in some towering
ledge of moss-covered rock, it constructs its nest and rears its
eagle-brood, year after year for great—though unknown—periods
of time. We have heard wonderful stories of the great age to
which some pairs of these birds have lived, and nests have been
pointed out to us which were said to have been occupied regularly,
by the same individuals, during upwards of one hundred years.
But who has not heard such stories? Possibly in some such
out-of-the-way situations as the sub-alpine recesses of the Rocky
Mountains, where the foot of man seldom treads, some of these
birds may attain to this age, and return regularly to the same

>

nest. But in Canada and the bordering United States we may
venture to state that to-day there are few places where the Golden
Eagle could retain his eyry, for even the space of a few years,
without being discovered and destroyed. The oldest bird of this
species which has come under my notice is that figured on Plate
XVII. This individual is known to have lived for thirty-five years
in confinement, and was when captured between three and five years
old. Its death was brought about by a gathering in the throat,
and at a time when the bird was in full vigor and had the prospect
before him of a very old age. Throughout his whole captivity he
tamed but little, and there were few besides his keeper, Mr.
Passmore, who could approach him. He evinced a special an-
tipathy to children, and particularly to babes in the arms of nurses.
Mr. Passmore several times attempted to mate him with some
other eagles of the same species in his possession, but without
success, every attempt of this kind resulting in a terrible conflict,

THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL. 75

and once in the death of his would-be mate. On one occasion
a laborer, who had been at work for Passmore, determined to ob-
tain some of the feathers of this Eagle which were lying on the
floor of his large cage, thinking they could be put to some orna-
mental use at home. He therefore boldly entered, and without
more ado commenced to gather the most perfect of these. While
thus engaged, and when stooping, the fierce bird pounced upon
him, and drove his talons through his garments, inflicting a deep
scratch on his back. The man beat a hasty retreat to the door of
the cage, and Mr. Passmore happening to arrive on the scene, the
bird was beaten off, taking with him, however, as a war trophy, a
large portion of the man’s vest and shirt. The memory of this
Eagle was astonishing. He remembered every insult offered to
him for years, and always coupled it with the real offender. Mr.
Passmore informs me that on one occasion his son went out to
feed the Eagle, and when offering the bird the meat, it took it
so quickly from him that his fingers barely escaped injury.
Enraged at this, he seized a stick and struck the bird on the head.
This the bird at once resented and made desperate efforts to
reach him through the bars of his cage, and for weeks after refused
to take food from this man’s hands. Mr. Passmore’s son shortly
after this left for Australia, where he remained three years. On
his return to Montreal he again paid a visit to his old friend the
Eagle, the existence of which he had almost forgotten. But the
bird had not forgotten him, for Mr. Passmore tells me he at once
flew into a terrible paroxysm of rage at the first sight of the
‘offender, refused his meat, and made desperate attempts to break
through the bars of his cage. On several occasions in Toronto
this same Eagle managed to get loose, and would proceed on a
reconnoitring tour through the neighboring grounds. He, however,
invariably returned before evening to his own quarters. Before
rainy weather the Golden Eagle is said to make a singular yelp-
ing or barking noise, which is kept up at short intervals until the
rain sets in. In this way the bird figured foretold in a most
marked manner the approach of storms—so truthfully in fact that
Mr. Passmore and his bird were always consulted by the neighbors
before an excursion into the country was undertaken.

76 THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL.

-I have never yet during any expedition met with this Eagle
in its eyry ; but have examined, and made long journeys on pur-
pose to examine, some of their abandoned nesting sites. One of
these was located on the great Hastings Road in Ontario, and in
proximity to the York branch of the Madawaska river. Here in
a ledge in the face of an abrupt wall-like cliff, known far and near
as the “ Eagles Nest Cliff,” a pair of Eagles had built a large nest
and occupied it regularly for a great number of years. Old settlers
related stories told them by their parents concerning this nesting
site, but all that I could definitely learn was that some thirty years
before my visit to the place (1867) one, or both of the birds, had
been killed, and none had since been seen near it. Another nest-
ing site, but likewise now abandoned, was some miles to the
eastward of that just mentioned, and in a precipice or wall of rock
rising from the waters of Mazinaw Lake in Barrie township. This
we reached by the Addington road, running northward from Nap-
anee, and which skirts the western shore of the lake just named.
The “ Mazinaw Cliff” is also a far-famed object. It rises abruptly
from the water to the height of about 265 feet, and its face is
ornamented with Indian paintings and hieroglyphics. Here also
one or more pairs of these birds had been in the habit of resorting
to raise their young ; but long previous to our visit to the locality
the inroads of the lumber-men had frightened them off to parts
even more rugged and remote. From “ Mazinaw Cliff” the country
on all sides is occupied by high bare hills of red granite and gneiss,
and is of the most rugged and barren description. It must have
at one time been a grand resort for the Golden Eagle, and from
what I have gathered from old settlers in these parts, the birds
had been unusually abundant. The Golden Eagle, however, is yet
occasionally seen hovering over the “ Opeonga Hills,” in eastern
Ontario; and to the northward of the Ottawa river it is of occa-
sional occurrence. I have seen several beautiful specimens brought
into Belleville from the back country, but from what particular
part I could not ascertain. Several have also been taken in the
vicinity of Toronto, Three Rivers, Quebec, and the north shore
of the St. Lawrence. Mr. J. M. Lemoine of Quebec sends me an
account of the capture of four of these magnificent Eagles at St.

THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL. ~* rie

Urbain, county of Charlevoix, near Baie St. Paul, in 1868, They
were caught under figure 4 traps, made out of a crockery crate.
The bait used was a live hen and chickens, tied by the leg to the
crate. The Eagles circling round, swooped to the ground, and
the hen and chickens seeing the spoiler, retreated under the crate,
when, the Eagle pursuing, the person in ambush pulled the string,
and the crate fell over the victim ; meanwhile the hen and chickens
rushed out through the interstices, leaving their would-be ravisher
inside a “ victim of misplaced confidence.” Four fine Eagles were
thus caught in one season, and Mr. Lemoine became the purchaser
of two of them. These he kept in captivity for thirteen months,
and eventually sold them to Capt. Rooke of the 52nd Regt., who
carried them to England. The last Mr. Lemoine heard of them
was through a paragraph in “ The Field” newspaper, extolling
their beauty. Further particulars respecting the capture and bear-
ing of these birds may be found in ‘“‘ Maple Leaves.”

Mr. Wm. Couper, to whom reference has previously been
made, informs me that some fine adult specimens of the Golden
Eagle have been shot near Quebec. The same person also
records its occurrence, from personal observation, on the south
coast of Labrador in June, and remarks that it probably breeds
there.

Mr. Mcllwraith of Hamilton does not mention its occurrence
near that city, but alludes to the individuals obtained near Toronto
by Mr. Passmore, and states, “Its home, however, is in the
mountainous regions of Canada East, and its visits here are few
and uncertain.”

I have myself met with it in the Chateauguay district, amongst
the mountains and lakes bordering on the State of New. York, and
in the vicinity of the Owl Head Mountain, Lake Memphremagog.
In this section it has been tolerably abundant, but of late years
few have been observed. In winter it has been met with as far
south as Washington, D.C., where, according to Coues and Dr.
Prentiss, specimens were obtained for several years running. In
the museum of the Smithsonian Institution are several that were

78 THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL.

procured in the Washington market. In northern New York and
in the mountainous portions of Maine, New Hampshire and Ver-
mont, according to Dr. Brewer, it has been observed to breed, but
so inaccessible is the position or site chosen that but few collectors
have been so fortunate as to procure the eggs. Dr. Bryant met
with a single individual of this species at Bras D’Or in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. In Nova Scotia there are several instances of its
occurrence, but Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin records it-as rare. He
mentions one that was kept in confinement for several years by
the late Dr. VanBuskirk ; a pair trapped in the eastern counties
by Mr. Downs ; two other mounted specimens in St. John, N.B.,
and a very fine bird killed at Pictou by a woman. Dr. Gilpin
further remarks :—“ The adult bird is easily distinguished, and in
the young the feathered tarsi, absence of scutellation on the tarsi,
paler color, and less robust, or, as it were, less fatty look of legs
and toes, distinguished it from the young of the bald. The most
distinguishing mark on those I have seen was the prolongation of
the loose feathers or hackles from the front and sides of the head
to the shoulders. These, tipped with pale golden, and semi-erect,
gave the bird a handsome crest, and added much to the intrepid
look and stern eye, brow, and well curved, well hooked beak. The
other parts were deep liver brown, the primaries black, and the
shoulders rather lighter than the back.” Dr. Gilpin also mentions
some facts relating to this bird in captivity, illustrating its ferocity.
The one we have alluded to as kept by Dr. VanBuskirk was ex-
ceedingly fierce. It attacked anybody approaching it, striking
their legs and ankles with its talons. ‘“ This same bird pounced
upon and seized a large tom-cat that was attracted under his
perch by the fragments of meat dropped about, and immediately
devoured it, paying not the slightest heed to its frantic cries and
desperate contortions.”

The eggs of the Golden Eagle have not to my knowledge
been taken in Canada. Even in 1857 Dr. Brewer had no Amer-
ican specimens for description. There are, however, now in the
Smithsonian Institution at Washington “no less than a dozen
examples,” and of these Coues gives the following notice :—

THE GOLDEN EAGLE—RING-TAIL. 79

“ The eggs are about spherical, the degree of prolation being
slight, and there being usually no appreciable difference in the
shape of the opposite ends. Four selected specimens measure,
respectively, 2.65 by 2.15; 2.90 by 2,40; 3.00 by 2.35; 3.10 by
2.25—figures illustrating both the difference in absolute size and
the variation in shape. None are so large as the one said by
Audubon to have been 3.50 by 2.50; but I can readily believe that
such dimensions are sometimes reached. Among the twelve, only
one is white and unmarked ; this closely resembles a Bald Eagle’s.
The rest are whitish (white shaded just perceptibly with neutral
tint), variously spotted and splashed. without the slightest ap-
proach to uniformity in the size, number, or pattern of the
markings. The color ranges from ‘ bloody-brown,’ or rich sienna,
to bistre and umber. There are many other spots, more or less
obscure, and all apparently below the surface, showing grayish,
drab, purplish, and neutral tint, by overlaying of the whitish cal-
careous matter in different thicknesses. Most of the markings are
sharp edged and distinct, but others shade off gradually, while
many are confluent, making irregular patches. As a rule they are
pretty evenly distributed, but in some specimens are chiefly gath-
ered about one or the other end, where the coloration consequently
becomes continuous.”

Sp. CHAR. Head and neck behind light brownish-fulyous, varying in shade, frequently light
yellowish, generally darker ; tail at base white, often for the greater part of its length ; the ter-
minal portion glossy black ; other parts rich purplish-brown, frequently very dark, nearly clear
black on under parts of body ; primaries shining black ; secondaries purplish-brown ; tibiz and
tarsi brownish fulvous, generally mixed with dark ashy.

Younger. Entire plumage lighter, and mixed with dull fulvous ; under parts of body nearly
uniform with upper.

Length, 30.00 to 40.00 ; wing, 20.00 to 25.00 ; tail, 12.00 to 15.00.

Iris brown. Bill horn-color ; cere and feet yellow.

Genus HALIAETUS, Savicny.

GEN. CHAR. Size large ; tarsi short; naked, or feathered for a short distance below the joint
of the tibize and tarsus, and with the toes covered with scales ; toes rather long ; claws very strong,
curved, very sharp. Bill large, very strong, compressed ; margin of upper mandible slightly lobed ;
wings long, pointed ; tail moderate. General form very robust and powerful ; flight very rapid
and long continued.

This genus contains some ten or eleven species only, inhabit-
ing various parts of the world. These all subsist more or less on
fishes, and hence are designated Fishing or Sea Eagles. One
only inhabits Canada.

Haliaetus Leucocephalis, Savicny.

BALD EAGLE; WHITE-HEADED BAGLE.

PLATE XVIII. (Frontispiece.)

There is no end to the accounts of strange Eagles given by
travellers and naturalists, and had this book been undertaken but
comparatively a few years ago, I should have been sorely puzzled
to have found specimens illustrative of the numerous szpfosed
species and varieties. We now, however, know that in Canada
and the United States there are but fwo species of Eagles, namely,
the Golden Eagle and the White-headed or Bald Eagle, all others
being nothing more than immature individuals of both or either of
these species, or in some rare instances accidental varieties.

The beautiful plate herewith presented of the ‘Bald Eagle is
taken from-one of the finest preserved specimens I have yet met
with in Canada, lent for this work by Dr. John Bell of Montreal.
It is a noble portrait, however, of a “mean” bird, and I regret
exceedingly that its misplaced title of “ Bird of America” obliges
me to place it as a Frontispiece to the present work. Much
rather would I have chosen the intelligent and industrious Fish
Hawk or Osprey, upon whose hard earned booty the Bald Eagle

largely subsists. In making this statement I am not merely re-
K

82 BALD EAGLE—WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

echoing what others have written on the same subject, but am
honestly drawing from my own experience of the habits and gen-
eral disposition of both birds.

The Bald Eagle is numerous throughout the whole of Canada,
and the fur countries, to the shores of the Arctic sea. It likewise
extends across the continent from ocean to ocean, and is known
to breed as far south as Washington, D.C. It is abundant along
the Atlantic sea-board of the Eastern States, and particularly so
along the coast of Maine, where its large nest in some lofty tree
often forms a conspicuous land-mark. It also extends throughout
the coasts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland,
where it is commonly known to the fishermen as the “ Grepe.”
Hence it extends across the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, breeds on
Anticosti, inhabits the coasts of Labrador, and eventually reaches
Greenland and Iceland. In these extreme latitudes it extends
westward along the Arctic coasts, and Ross gives it as common in
the McKenzie River district to the shores of the Arctic sea.
From Great Slave Lake across to Lake Superior and Huron, it
is particularly numerous, and breeds in all suitable places—ledges
of rock and trees alike—throughout this region. It is also a very
frequently met with species along the immediate shore and islands
of the two lakes last named, and its nests are often found by the
hunters, surveyors and natives. Prof. R. Bell informs me that
the young of this Eagle are much esteemed as an article of food
by both natives and hunters, and that he has himself assisted at
such a meal.

The Bald Eagle also occurs throughout the area occupied by
Lake Ontario and across the country again, in the vicinity of all
the large lakes and prominent rivers to the waters of the Ottawa.
I have observed it also near the mouth of the Cataraqui river,
close to Kingston, and northward along this river and chain of
lakes—the Rideau Canal—to Smith’s Falls. In the mountainous
Laurentian country, to the northward of Ottawa city, it occasionally
is met with in the vicinity of the Gatineau, Lievre and Rouge
rivers, as well as some of the larger lakes through the intermediate

BALD EAGLE—WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. 83

country, but throughout this region it is by no means an abundant
bird. From Lake Ontario it is more or less abundant along the
the valley of the St. Lawrence outward to the Gulf, where we
have already noticed its occurrence.

The Bald Eagle feeds largely upon fish—a fact recorded by
every writer —which it obtains partly by plundering the Fish
Hawk, but not to the extent generally supposed. It undoubtedly
fishes for itself ——when hungry and not too lazy—for I have
repeatedly seen it plunge after its finny prey in precisely the same
manner as the Fish Hawk. On one occasion, on Mud Lake, near
the village of Newborough, on the Rideau, a Bald Eagle descended
with terrible velocity and struck the water within half gun-range
of our canoe with a tremendous splash and noise. The bird dis-
appeared entirely from view for the space of two or three seconds,
when he again reappeared with great floundering, and extracted
himself from the water with apparent difficulty. In his talons was
a large fish, I thought a sucker, which was grasped close by the
head. In his upward flight the Eagle several times checked
himself, to shake out his ruffled feathers and remove the water,
and then, with rather labored flight, betook himself to a tree in a
tract of drowned wood-land close by. On another occasion we
witnessed two of these birds fishing, or taking turns at fishing, at
the foot of the High Falls, Calabogie Lake, and observed them
carrying their victims off in the direction of Dixon’s Mountain—
the local name for a high bluff of red gneiss rock, which skirts
the western side of this lake. Several times we have witnessed
and verified for ourselves the pursuit, capture, and plundering of
the Fish Hawk by the Bald Eagle; but so has everyone who
has journeyed by our “forest and stream” in Canada. One
instance of this in particular may be recorded. Two large Eagles
of this species together gave chase to a female Osprey or Fish
Hawk, which but a moment before had succeeded in capturing a
good sized lake trout. On first hearing the shrill screams of its
pursuers, the poor bird made desperate efforts by straight flight
to reach the drowned wood-lands in which its nest and young
were located ; but long before it reached these its course was inter-

84 BALD EAGLE—WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

cepted by one of the Eagles, while the other made repeated and
fierce stoops at it from above. The Fish Hawk, however, still
held on firmly to its prize, and made repeated attempts to baffle
the onsets of the Eagle, in many of which it was successful. Before
long both birds had risen to a great height—the one alternatingly
surmounting the other; but we could still detect every now and
then the gleam of the fish in the sunlight. Suddenly, the Fish
Hawk was seen to descend with great velocity towards the water,
and we thought the poor bird had been struck, and perhaps mor-
tally wounded. It, however, as suddenly checked its downward
course, and the Eagle which had as quickly followed it, shot past
and far below it; and now once more the pursued bird made
straight for its nesting site, but again was intercepted by the
other Eagle, which made desperate by the protractedness of the
chase, struck fiercely at it with piercing screams. Baffled on every
side, wearied and blinded with the repeated buffettings of the
Eagles, the Fish Hawk, with a scream of rage, let go its prize,
which fell head long towards the water. This one of the Eagles
as quickly followed, and, getting below it, turned upon his back
and caught it in mid-air. Both birds then flew off with shrieks of

delight with their ill-gotten booty.

g

Not always, however, is the Bald Eagle thus triumphant in the
chase, and many a time have I seen the Fish Hawk far outstrip
him in flight, and carry her prize off in safety. On, such occasions
the fury of the Eagle has no bounds, and he continues on the
wing for hours, all the while screaming with rage.

Although fond of fish, the Bald Eagle has many other tastes,
and these he satisfies as occasion serves. From what I have seen’
of him myself, and from what I have heard from others, I believe
that he will devour anything which can be eaten, and this whether
living or dead; a tom-cat, however—such as we described in the
preceding article as forming the repast of a Golden Eagle—would
be altogether too much for the Bald Eagle, for he is an arrant
coward. Weak and sickly animals he will at once attack, and
vulture-like, gouge out their eyes. Rotten fish and animals he

BALD EAGLE—WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. 85

will sometimes so gorge himself on as to be incapable of flight ;
and instances are on record in which he has given chase to a
vulture or turkey buzzard, and compelled it to: disgorge its stom-
achful of filth to satisfy his own gross appetite. Truly a noble
bird to choose as the emblem of a great nation! Franklin, while
regretting that this bird had been so chosen, consoled himself
with the reflection that few knew its portrait from that of the
Turkey—he must have meant the Turkey vulture ; and certainly
its heavy build and many of its habits place it rather with these
unsightly birds than with the Eagles.

The adult Bald Eagle, such as figured in the appended plate,
is not the form most commonly met with, but rather the “ Gray
Eagles” and so-called “ Birds of Washington,” which are its young
stages. These, as in the case of the young of the Fish Hawk,
are considerably larger than the adult bird; but after the first
moult the wing and tail feathers never again acquire their former
dimensions. This fact—true also as regards a number of the
Falconida—has led to much controversy respecting the specific
identity of individuals, e¢.g., Audubon’s “ Bird of Washington,” only
recently determined to be the young of the Bald Eagle. Audu-
bon’s figure, however, differs considerably from any specimen since
taken, and as the bird from which his drawing was made does not
seem to have been preserved, nothing more can be gathered
respecting it. Many of the habits, given by Audubon as dis-
tinguishing his “ Bird of Washington” from the Bald Eagle are
now known to belong as well to this last bird; for instance the
habit of clinging to and nesting in cliffs.

The Bald Eagle does not assume his adult plumage until
after his third moult, that is in the fourth year; but the birds of
the second year breed. Thus to the surprise of ornithologists the
“ Brown” turned into “ Bald” Eagles in the fourth year, and these
and the Golden Eagles were at last found to be the only repre-
sentatives of the Aguzlene in Canada and the United States.

Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin of Halifax, N.S., has made the Eagles
of that Province a special study, and has examined a great number
of specimens. , He says, in determining our young specimens, and

86 BALD EAGLE—WHITE-HEADED EAGLE.

preventing them from being confounded together, or even with
the A/biczlla or Sea Eagle of Europe, which occurs in Greenland
—and one might occur here—the scutella or large scales on the
feet and toes are the best tests. The Golden Eagle has none on
the legs, and about three on each toe; the Bald Eagle has usually
five on the leg, five on the inner toe, from eleven to thirteen upon
the middle, eight upon the outside, and five upon the behind toe.
These vary, especially upon the middle toe, and upon the leg ; but
a series of perhaps thirty gives this approximation. The greatest
variation occurs upon the tarsi on the leg, and though nearly every
specimen has five lateral scales upon the front, yet in some they
are so small and obsolete that they have to be looked for, whilst
in others they are very large, and extend nearly to the joints of
the front toes, as in Audubon’s figure. This difference, Dr. Gilpin
says, 1s especially to be noticed, because Audubon makes “ scutel-
lation on tarsi and toes continuous with their length,” a specific
mark of his great Brown Eagle, “7. Washingtontensis, and he
figures it so in his great work.

In fine, in any plumage our two Eagles may be at once dis-
tinguished by the legs, namely, feathered to the toes, Aguzla
chrysaétus ; naked on the whole shank, /7adiéetus leucocephalus.
The nest of the Bald Eagle is large and loosely constructed of
sticks—from three to five feet in length—turf or moss and rank
marsh grass. Sometimes these are five and six feet in diameter,
and being repaired and added to annually, grow to prodigious
proportions. The eggs are from three to four, dull white, and are
unmarked ; they are 3 inches long by 2.50 inches broad; but this
size is subject to the same variations, as shown to belong to those
of the Golden Eagle.

Sp. CHAR. Adult. Head, tail, and its upper and under coverts, white; rest of plumage
brownish-black, generally with the edges of the feathers paler. Bill, feet, and iris yellow.

Younger. Entire plumage dark brown ; paler on the throat, edges of the feathers paler or
fulvous, especially below ; tail more or less mottled with white, which, as age advances, extends
over a large portion of the tail, especially on the inner webs. Bill brownish-black ; iris brown.

Length, 30.00 to 43.00 ; extent, 78.00 to 88.00; wing, 20.00 to 25.00; tail, 13.00 to 15.00.

This bird is accidental in Europe.

Genus PANDION, Savicny.

GEN. CHAR. Wings very long; general form heavy ; bill short, curved from the base, com-
pressed ; tarsi very thick and strong ; covered by small circular scales ; claws large, curved very
sharp ; soles of feet very rough ; tail moderate and rather short ; cere hispid ; nostrils obliquely
curved ; outer toe versatile.

This genus is represented in America by but one species—
the Osprey or Fish Eagle. This is one of the many species of
Raptores which, at one time supposed distinct from their Euro-
pean congeners, are now considered to be the same.

Pandion Haliaetus (/ 277.) Cuvier.

OSPREY ; FISH HAWK.

PLATE XIX.

This intelligent, active, and hard working bird is abundantly
diffused throughout Canada and the whole of North America. In
1826 Bonaparte wrote respecting it: “It inhabits almost every
part of the globe near waters; much more common in North
America than in Europe.” Subsequently, however, the same
writer, in his “ Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds
of Europe and the United States,” appears to have changed his
opinion, as he calls the American Fish Hawk Pazdion Carolinensts,
and gives its habitat as “ America generally.” Other writers have
since established other races, varieties or species, namely, the
West Indian and South American as one, the Asiatic as another,
and the Australian. The Fish Hawk of the whole of America,
however, is to-day again reunited with the Osprey of the Old
World, although for fifteen years these birds have been considered
as distinct by the majority of American authors.

The Fish Hawk arrives on the coasts of New York and New
Jersey towards the latter part of March, and shortly afterwards
appears in Canada and extends rapidly through the fur countries
to the Arctic ocean. It frequents lakes, rivers, cascades, and

88 OSPREY—FISH HAWK.

rapids, and appears to delight particularly in rocky situations.
Immediately upon its arrival in Canada it may be observed in
the neighborhood of our great lakes, actively engaged in selecting
a nesting site. This is almost invariably in a tree, situated in an
open and conspicuous position. An old nest is often re-occupied,
and when necessary, repaired. It is constructed of long sticks,
moss, grass, roots, and wvack collected from the lake shores. |
have met with this bird abundantly on each of our expeditions, not
only in the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, but as
well throughout the intermediate country, and in the mountains to
the north of the last mentioned river. I have already alluded
to this bird in my account of the Bald Eagle, and may here simply
add that it is met with in the same regions as the latter. In the
McKenzie River district it is also common, and extends to the
Arctic coast. It, however, does not appear to breed on the “ Barren
Grounds” north of the Churchill ;.and Richardson did not observe
it during his coasting voyage along the shores of the Arctic sea.
Pennant informs us that it is abundant in Kamtschatka, and it is
probably equally so on the Pacific coast of North America. Thus
being likewise found on the Labrador coast, its range may be
given as across the entire continent, from ocean to ocean. It is
rather a timid and retiring bird, but is able to defend its eyry with
great spirit, and when wounded is anything but an easy bird to
handle. It never feeds on carrion; indeed Wilson goes so far as
.to state—‘ It is singular that the Hawk (Osprey) never descends
to pick up a fish which he happens to drop, either on the land
or on the water. There is a kind of abstemious dignity in this
habit of the Hawk, superior to the gluttonous voracity displayed
by most other birds of prey, particularly the Bald Eagle, whose
piratical robberies committed on the present species have been
sy fully detailed in treating of his history.” But, alas! for this

“abstemious dignity,” it is not supported by fact. The Fish Hawk
will descend after a fish when he has dropped it—which he seldom
does, however—and takes good care that his second grasp is more
secure than the first. He will even condescend to pick up a stray
fish wounded, or dead, which may happen to attract his keen eye,
as it floats, white side uppermost, down the stream. On oné

OSPREY—FISH HAWK. 89

occasion, on cleaning out our canoe after a day’s fishing on Mud
Lake, on the Rideau, we threw out a number of large suckers,
which had been caught early in the day, and started for the village
of Newborough. These fish remained floating on the surface of
the water, and their white bellies and red fins formed conspicuous
objects. Hardly had our canoes got well under way again when
three Fish Hawks flew directly to the spot, reconnoitred the floating
fish for a few minutes, and then without more ado descended, and
each bore away a prize. I have never, however, seen a ¢aznted
fish so taken up, although such were floating for days where Fish
Hawks were numerous.

I further place little faith in the stories told of this bird attack-
ing fish larger than its strength will allow it to carry off. Such
stories certainly help to garnish an illustrated work on Natural
History, but if not supported by fact the sooner they are weeded
out and forgotten the better. My own experience convinces me
that the Fish Hawk only attempts moderate sized captures. |
have seen one hover for a long time over a rather large pike, and
finally fly off without attempting a szoof, although the bird evidently
felt much inclined once or twice to make the attempt. Trout,
suckers and perch, and occasionally cat-fish, are its most usual
prey, and these all of moderate size. Even should the bird
sometimes be impelled by hunger to seize a large and power-
ful fish, I very much doubt the ability of any such fish to drag
under water and drown a fluttering Fish Hawk, whose extent of
wing ranges from sixty-four to sixty-eight inches. I should like
to see the struggle, and note the seconds such a fish could retain
such a bird under water. Besides, why should the Fish Hawk be
obliged to retain his hold. He certainly ought to find no difficulty
in loosing his grasp—for his talons are not barbed—unless indeed
his high spirit and “abstemious dignity” prefers death to the
relinquishing of his prey. Wilson, who records this improbable
occurrence—and other writers have re-produced his story—also
says: “ The bodies of sturgeon and of several other large fish,
with a Fish Hawk grappled in them, have at different times been

found dead on the shore, cast up by the waves.” I would simply
7

90 OSPREY—FISH HAWK.

add that from my knowledge of our Canadian bird, Ze zs xot so
foolish. In seizing a fish the Fish Hawk but seldom disappears
under the water, and then only for an instant, when perhaps his
prey has been deeper than calculated upon. More generally he
barely seems to break the water, nor does he stoop from a great
height, as some writers describe, but stations himself at a very
moderate distance above the water, where, with quickly vibrating
wings, he watches the movements of his “ finny prey.”

Near the villages of Newborough and Westport, on the Rideau
canal, numbers of Fish Hawks breed yearly. I have counted
thirteen of their nests from one stand point. All of these were
built on dead, branchless trees, in a tract of drained wood land
close to the canal. Several of those which we examined—as closely
as the nature of the ground would permit—appeared to be largely
made of bleached branches, dried grass and moss, and were lined
with feathers. In one there was a great deal of paper in the form
of show-bills, which probably had been dropped from a passing
steamer. In another the moss was green, and there appeared to
be inserted between the sticks a considerable quantity of fresh
earth and green, growing grass. The number of eggs in the nest
is from two to four; they are larger than ordinary hens’ eggs, and
vary greatly in color. Some are whitish, others yellowish cream-
color, and others again reddish. They are all more or less marked
with blotches and spots of reddish brown, but some very much
more than others. Indeed it is difficult to find four or even a less
number exactly alike.

In the mountain-Jake region, about 100 miles to the north of
the island of Montreal, according to Mr. Wm. Couper, the Fish
Hawk is very abundant and nests. He says the young are fully
developed by the end of September.

The Fish Hawk is also common in Newfoundland, arriving
in May and retiring in the early part of October. It builds there
“in trees in the extensive woods, either near the sea-coast or on
some inland lake.”

OSPREY—FISH HAWK. 91

Both Wilson and Audubon considered the American and*
European Osprey to be identical.
Sp. CHAR. Adult, Head and entire under parts white ; stripe through the eyes, top of the

head, and upper parts of the body, wings and tail, deep/ er-brown, the tail with eight bands of
blackish-brown ; breast with numerous cordate and circular spots of pale yellowish-brown.

Bill and claws bluish-black ; tarsi and toes greenish-yellow.

Young. Similar, but with the upper plumage edged and tipped with pale brownish, nearly
white. Spots on the breast more numerous and darker colored.

Length, 23.00 to 25.00 ; extent, 64.00 to 68.00 ; wing, 19.00 to 21.00; tail, 9.00 to 10.50.
Tris yellow ; tail black ; feet greenish yellow.

Mr. Sharpe, of the British Museum, remarks that the tail of
the Osprey becomes more uniform brown with age, so that a
strongly barred tail is a sure sign of immaturity.

With this species I terminate my review of the FaLtconip&:
or Diurnat Birps or Prey. In all, some fifteen or perhaps six-
teen species have been enumerated as inhabiting Canada, and I
do not anticipate further additions. Much, however, has yet to
be learned respecting the immature forms of many of these, and
further information on the nidification of nearly all of them, ac-
companied by accurate descriptions of the number, size, color and
general markings of the eggs, is a special desideratum. According

to Mr. Sharpe’s recent “Catalogue of the Birds of the British °

Museum,” the total number of species of Diurnat Brrps or PREY
at present known amounts to 377; of these about 23, he says, are
doubtful or problematical; 326 are represented in the collection
of the museum.

“Sp

NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY.

ee

Famity STRIGIDA, Tuer Ow ts.

Cuar. Form usually short and heavy, with the head disproportionally large,
and frequently furnished with erectile tufts of feathers resembling the ears of quad-
rupeds. General organization adapted to vigorous and noiseless but not rapid
flight, and to the capture of animals in the morning and evening twilight.

Eyes usually very large, directed forwards, and, in the greater number of
species, formed for seeing by twilight, or in the night. Bill rather strong, curved,
nearly concealed by projecting bristle-like feathers; wings generally long ; outer
edges of primary quills fringed ; legs generally rather short, and in all species,
except in one Asiatic genus, (Kefufa,) more or less feathered, generally densely.
Cavity of the ear very large. Face encircled by a more or less perfect disc of short
rigid feathers, which, with the large eyes, gives to those birds an entirely peculiar,
and frequently cat-like, expression. Female generally larger than the male.

According to Cassin there are about one hundred and fifty
species of Owls,* which are found in all parts of the world, of which
about forty are inhabitants of the continent of America and its
islands. Ten are known to occur in Canada.

The larger species subsist on small quadrupeds and birds,
but much the majority prey almost exclusively on insects. A
few of the species are strictly diurnal, and in their general habits
seem to approach the birds of the preceding family,

Sus-Famity BUBONINZ:, Tue Hornep OWwLs.

CuHar. Head large, with erectile and prominent ear-tufts. Eyes large ; facial
disc not complete above the eyes and bill; legs, feet and claws usually very strong.

This division contains numerous species, some of which are
very large, but the greater number are medium sized or small.
They inhabit all parts of the world except Australia.

* According to Sharpe’s “ Catalogue of the Birds of the British Museum,” the total number
of species of Owls is now about 190, The British Museum contains 153, so that 37 are still
wanting to complete the collection ; the specific distinction of perhaps 10 of these is dubious.

94 GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL.

Genus BUBO, Cuvier.

GEN. CHAR. Size large ; general form very robust and powerful. Head large, with con-
spicuous ear tufts ; eyes very large ; wings long ; tail short ; legs and toes very strong ; bill rather
short, strong, curved, covered at base by projecting feathers.

This genus embraces the large Horned Owls, or Cat Owls,
as they are often called in Canada. They are most abundant in
Asia and Africa, and there is thought to be about fifteen species
in all countries. Only one species occurs in Canada, and in fact
in the whole of North America ; this is subject to great variations
in plumage and size.

Bubo Virginianus (Gyzelin) Bonaparte.
GREAT HORNED OWL; CAT OWL.

PLATE XX.

Sometimes called the Eagle Owl by our Old Country settlers,
but not to be confounded with the Budo maximus, or Great Eagle
Owl of Europe, which occasionally pays a visit to the Orkneys
and northern coast of Scotland. The Great Horned Owl belongs
to the Western Hemisphere, and is universally distributed in
America from the Arctic circle to its most southerly extremity ;
as well as from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. It is an ab-
undant and resident bird in Canada, and there is not, perhaps, a
city, town or village in the whole Dominion which cannot boast
of one or more stuffed or living specimens. There is but one
species, but this 1s subject to such variety in size, color, and ar-
rangement of markings, that our ornithologists have long been
puzzled in determining whether in reality there were one, two, or
even more species. In Canada, I may simply remark, we have
three tolerably constant forms or varieties, namely : one in which
the whole ground color is dark, another of a lighter or more ferru-
ginous tint, and a third of an exceedingly light or whitish ground
color, sometimes, though rarely, approaching to almost pure white.
This last form has a general faded-out appearance, and is very

GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL. 95

like some stuffed specimens I have seen that were really bleached
by too strong sun-light. In some of the other species of Owls we
notice a similar diversity in the colors of individuals of the same
species, which really amounts to little more than a gradation from
a very light to a more intense tint. In the majority of instances,
however, the plan of the markings is the same throughout in the
same species.

Cassin has grouped the different colored, and some different
sized Great Horned Owls into four leading varieties, namely :
Atlanticus, Pacificus, Arcticus and Magellanicus, and at one time
attempted to give to each of these a defined geographical distribu-
tion. This, however, he and others soon found to be futile; for
after establishing these four races or varieties in 1854, Cassin
subsequently writes: ‘These varieties are evidently not to be
recognized as at all strictly geographical, nor so much so as
intimated in our notice of them alluded to above.”

In Canada, and in Massachusetts and neighboring States,
specimens have of late years been taken that typically represent
each of these varieties; and in ‘the vicinity of Toronto and west-
ward we find abundant evidences of the occurrence of the very
dark Atlanticus and the very light colored Arctzcus. The last
variety, however, is exceedingly rare at and around Montreal and
Quebec, where, in the greater number of specimens collected, the
colors are either very dark or decidedly ferruginous. Referring
to the pale variety, Dr. Coues remarks that: ‘“ This peculiarity
of coloring seems to mark, in varying degree, Alpine specimens,
even so far south as New Mexico.” The Great Horned Owls,
then, for the present, in all their variations of garb, may be con-
sidered as belonging to but one species—the Budo Virginianus of
authors.

In Canada the great Horned Owl is met with throughout the
year, and is known to breed in a number of localities in both the
Province of Ontario and of Quebec, and is said by Reeks to nest in
Newfoundland. These Owls, however, are particularly numerous,
and are more often met with during the fall and winter months than

96 GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL.

in the summer, from which circumstance I am inclined to believe
that the majority breed in the fur countries, and extend during the
nesting season even to very extreme latitudes. In the McKenzie
River district, Ross speaks of its occurrence to the Arctic coast
and beyond. The same is also true respecting the Long and
Short-eared Owls, the common Grey or Barred Owl, and the
Hawk Owl, although there is not a doubt but that a number of
pairs of each of these species nest regularly in suitable places
throughout the Canadas. It is decidedly an uncommon event to
meet with an Owl’s nest, and I know of but few instances on
record where the eggs of any of the Owls have been taken by
collectors in Canada. This may in a measure be owing to the
nocturnal habits of many of the species, and the out-of-the-way
spots these birds select to nest in, as well as to the smallness of
the number of our field oologists. The Great Horned Owl is not
very often seen abroad during the day, but I have many a time
stumbled upon one or more of them in their cozy retreats, in some
of our cross-country excursions. It is, however, a strictly noctur-
nal bird. During the glare and heat of the mid-day sun it quietly
dozes in some well shaded grove or cedar thicket, but is ever on
the alert, and cannot be surprised, or, as some imagine, taken by
the hand ; but no sooner has the sun lowered and the heat some-
what abated, than, slipping from his perch, he flits noiselessly from
one ledge of rock to another in eager search of some living object.
On several occasions we have drawn this Owl from his retreat in
broad day-light by accidentally burning something in our camp fire,
the smell of which aroused his slumbering appetite. In dark and
rainy weather these Owls are on the move all day long, and just
before a storm I have heard their sepulchral notes from every part
of the surrounding forest. These cries I cannot describe, nor can
I attempt to set them to music, as a writer in the American
Naturalist has done in a very happy manner with the sounds
produced by some of the insect tribes. In my opinion were I
even to succeed in accurately representing by note the night
concerts of these birds, I should find still greater difficulty in pro-
curing a human being able to give utterance to them. In some
of my note-books, however, I find various attempts made to give a

GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL. 97

readable description of their weird music, but none of these satisty
me. A common expression, if I may so term it, or hoot, is an
often repeated O4-hoo, oh-hoo! oh-hoo, oh-hoor-r-r ! This is started
by one individual in a hollow, reed-like note in one part of the
forest, is taken up by another and another in other parts, until the
air resounds with a whirring noise like that made by a gigantic
fanning mill. Suddenly, in the midst of this uproar, an old patri-
arch, evidently in a great rage, and in a harsh, terrible voice,
shouts Waugh-hoo ! waugh-hoo-hoo-hoo / and immediately every
other cry ceases, and for some minutes the silence of the forest is
resumed, Again this is broken by the single hoot of some daring
individual, and again is answered from side to side until the uproar
is at its former height, when once more it is suddenly checked by
the bad tempered individual with the harsh voice. It was not a
bad description of such a concert, that given by one of our men
one night when we had been particularly bothered by the hideous
uproar outside, and the more musical but more terrible song of
the mosquito inside our tent ; he said it seemed to him as if one
of the “noisy critturs” cracked a joke, laughed at it himself,
got the others to laugh, and then suddenly getting in a bad humour,
asked them “ what in thunder they were laughing at.”

The nesting sites of these birds are variously chosen. Some-
times the eggs are laid on the ground, more generally in a bulky
rude nest, not unlike a crow’s, constructed in a lofty tree, or in
the hollow of a decayed stem. Reeks describes a nest he observed
in Newfoundland “ duzdt on the ground, in a tussock of grass in
the centre of a pond,” this same nest having been for some time
previously occupied by a pair of wild geese. For my own part I
believe the birds are simply influenced in their choice of a nesting
place by the advantages this offers in respect to abundance of
food. Old nests of other birds I know to be sometimes used, and
perhaps more generally those of the Crow and Hawk. I have also
heard mention made of the eggs being found amid moss-grown
rocks, on which they had been laid without any intervening
material.

The number of eggs varies from two to five, and even six;
M

98 GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL.

but two or three is the average number observed in most of the
nests met with in Canada, and two the number of young hatched.
They are subspherical, colorless, and measure about 2% inches
in length by about 2 inches in breadth. Mr. MclIlwraith of Ham-
ilton informs me that the Great Horned Owl nests in the vicinity
of that city, and builds a large, coarse nest, composed mostly of
sticks, but warmly lined with wool and feathers. This nest is
usually placed in the hollow of a decaying tree where a limb has
been broken off; but sometimes in the crotch of a pine-tree where
a branch or branches join the main stem. The same gentleman
also informs me he has often seen the young of this species in a
half fledged condition in the hands of country lads, ‘“ from whom
they did not receive the very best treatment.” The feathers at
this age are loose and downy, and the eyes are strangely con-
spicuous ; in fact they have no resemblance whatever to the parent
birds, but rather look like a shapeless bundle of greyish-brown
wool, into which have been stuck, as if for a joke, a great beak and
large pair of eyes. The parent birds are rather inattentive to
their young, and often leave them for long intervals to their own
devices ; and many a nest has been robbed with impunity on such
occasions by some little ragged urchin belonging to the nest-and-
egg-hunting fraternity of the country school. But woe be to that
same little urchin if he miscalculates his opportunity, and is caught
in the act by the enraged female parent. It were better for him—
well, had he remained at school and taken for his lesson the fierce
disposition of the Great Horned Owl when tampered with.

The prey of this Owl consists of rats, squirrels, mice, rabbits,
partridges, pigeons, poultry, and even birds of its own family, such
as the Long and Short-eared Owls. Indeed when hungry it will
pounce upon and devour, or attempt to devour, anything of a
moderate size in living shape. I have known one to destroy a
whole family of kittens, and even attack a large tom-cat ; in this
last, however, he met for once with his match, and parted with
some of his plumage.

Mr. Mcllwraith states that on two occasions he has killed
individuals so thoroughly saturated with the stench of the skunk

GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL. 99

that he was glad to leave them where they fell, shewing clearly
that these birds had recently been in contact with that animal. |
have kept a pair of these Owls in confinement and found them to
be untameable. They were always treacherous, and one could
never feel sure in offering them a tempting piece of meat whether
they would not prefer the ends of the finger and thumb holding
it. They invariably made a loud hissing noise when approached,
and snapped their mandibles fiercely when in any way tormented, or
at the sight of adog. One showed great antipathy to a living Snowy
Owl in my possession, and made desperate attempts to reach him
through the bars of his cage. This White Owl, however, from
what I knew of his disposition and prowess, would have been
rather more than a match for any one of the other species, and
the conflict probably would have ended by his devouring his op-
ponent. j

During the winter months the Great Horned Owl is often
hard-pressed by hunger, and does not hesitate to attack boldly the
farmer's poultry. For this, however, he generally pays the extreme
penalty of the law, for among our Aadztants there is no mercy
shewn to a “Cat Owl.” The bird figured on Plate XX was caught
in a trap by a farmer near Montreal, who had been for some time
missing some of his daintily-fed poultry. He was brought to me
alive and in splendid condition, and I spent some days studying
his varied attitudes before killing him. - Immediately after his
death numerous measurements were taken, and girths of paper
were fastened at regular intervals around his body and subse-
quently slipped off tail-wards. From these measurements and
girths he was stuffed and mounted, and set in one of the positions
he had most generally assumed when living. I consequently can
present this figure of the bird as true to life, and as a portrait of
one of the finest stuffed specimens of the Great Horned Owl to be
met with in any of our collections.

This bird is so well known that space need not be occupied
in giving its specific characters, but I may briefly give a sketch of
the pale or light-colored variety, Arc¢zcus, which is often met with
in Ontario, and respecting which I fully agree with Mr. Cassin in

100 GREAT HORNED OWL—CAT OWL.

his statement, that ‘this variety is better entitled to be regarded
as a distinct species than any other.”

Richardson’s and Swainson’s White Horned Owl, Budo Arc-
ticus, was probably a very white example of this variety, if not a
form due to albinism.

Variety—4ublo Virginianus Arctius, Cassin.

Light-colored, frequently nearly white. General plumage. of a predominating pale yellowish
white, or cream color, of various shades from nearly pure white to nearly the color of the two
preceding varieties ; under parts generally lighter than the upper, and always throughout the
plumage marked and barred with brown, frequently pale and indistinct, but in the same general
manner as in facificus. Tarsi and toes generally very light, frequently nearly pure white ; size
generally about the same as that of variety Aé/anticus, and the plumage with more or less of the
same reddish fulvous at the bases of the feathers ; feathers on the face pale white, or pale cream
color, or sometimes tinged with fulvous and cinereous,

Average Dimensions—Female : 21 to 26 inches ; wing, 14% to 16 ; tail, roto 11 inches.
ue ss ——Males|) 1Sitor2t | 8 Ts iras Csr SQ toMtO wks

Genus SCOPS, Savicny.

GEN. CHAR, Size small; ear-tufts conspicuous ; facial disk imperfect in front. Bill short,
nearly covered by projecting feathers ; wings long ; tail rather short, frequently curved inwards ;
tarsi rather long, more or less fully covered with short feathers ; those on the toes hair-like.

There are said to be aéouwt twenty-five species of Scops, some
of these, however, are exceedingly doubtful, and it is probable
that this number will yet have to be considerably reduced. The
same remark may be said to apply to most of the genera of both
the Falconide and Strigzde.

Scops Asio (Zzxzz.) Bonap.
SCREECH OWL; MOTTLED OWL; RED OWL.

PLATE XXI.

This droll little Owl is the second smallest species in Canada,
and probably the whole of North America. Though represented
in nearly every museum and many of our private collections, it is
but seldom met with by the ordinary traveller, and is generally
regarded as anything but a common bird. This apparent scarcity
of individuals, however, is in a great measure due to its habits,
which are strictly nocturnal, and perhaps the greater number of
the specimens which have been taken have been captured alive
during day-light, when the bird may be said to be almost blind.
It is undoubtedly one of our most nocturnal species.

This Owl has been the subject of much controversy among
American ornithologists, and probably more has been written
upon it than upon all the other species of the family together.
This has arisen from the fact that the individuals of the species
appear in two distinct stages of plumage—a ved and a gray.
These have been described by some naturalists as two distinct
species, and by others as merely different stages of but one ; while
a third class of writers maintained that the ved plumage was due

102 SCREECH OWL—MOTTLED OWL—RED OWL.

to neither age or sex, but was a garb occasionally assumed by
adult and young birds of both sexes. The whole question has
been discussed at great length, but has finally resulted in the
pretty general acceptance of the last—or some closely related—
view. This, however—at any rate as regards the bird in Canada
—TI am not yet by any means disposed to accept. Coues observes,
‘The same rufescent phase occurs in other species of Owls.

and is apparently analogous to the melanotic condition of many
Hawks.” On the other hand Dr. Bachman distinctly states that
the young of the Mottled or Screech Owl are ved for two years,
when they change to gray; and Cassins remarks that the young
become ved when the feathers are fully grown, and afterwards
gray again. These last two statements I at once accept, and
give here as probably the most correct view, as they are strongly
supported by such facts as have come under my own observation
in Canada.

In a very old note-book, which contains some of my ornithol-
ogical observations, made long before I was aware that the Screech
Owl had furnished such a problem to naturalists, I find the follow-
ing note: “In nearly all the young birds which have come under
my notice there are traces of the red plumage, and it is probable
that at one particular period of their lives these assume the entire
red plumage, which they keep even until old enough to raise
broods themselves. The union of ved and gray birds as parents,
sometimes observed, is simply an old or fully adult male choosing
a young mate, or vice versa.” 1 have further taken specimens
shewing clearly the final stage just previous to the entire gray
plumage. In these the rufous portions of the plumage were only
descernable upon close inspection, and by the ruffling of the
feathers. By far the greater number of specimens taken in
Canada up to the present year (1876) are gray, and in my recent
enquiries instituted in connection with the present work, I have
been surprised to learn how sparingly the “ Red Owl” was repre-
sented in either our public or private collections. This fact,
however, does not in any way support the view I am inclined to
take of this most intricate question ; for, as a general rule, in our

RCREECH OWL—MOTTLED OWL—RED OWL. 103

Falconide and Strigtde it is the immature or young individuals
which are most commonly met with in our collections. Conse-
quently we should expect to find more ved—if this be the
young stage—than gvay owls, and particularly so when we know
that the birds remain lon
parents.

g enough in this plumage to become

Being extremely anxious to arrive at something definite and
final on this subject, I this winter (1876) wrote to naturalists,
collectors, and hunters in all parts of the Provinces of Quebec
and Ontario, requesting facts relating to the occurrence of this
species. The replies from these sources, however, only confirmed
still more the rarity of the “ Red Owl,” while they also evinced
that the species was anything but abundant in either of its forms.
Mr. Thos. MclIlwraith, writing from Hamilton, says, “ The Screech
Owl is tolerably common with us, the young being frequently
taken during the early summer. A real good ved bird is not often
met with, perhaps not once out of one hundred captures. I have,
however, heard from other persons living within one hundred
miles of this city that with them the ved was the most common.”

In the neighborhood of Toronto a few ved individuals have
been taken, and one of these obtained in 1857 is preserved in the
museum of the University College. One or two have also been
taken in the vicinity of Belleville. In the museum of the Nat.
Hist. Soc. of Montreal there is one ved specimen unlabelled, pro-
bably taken on the island or near the city. In the neighborhood
of Quebec I can find no records of the occurrence of either ved or
gray, and Mr. Wm. Couper, who resided and collected in this city
for a number of years, tells me he never met with one or had one
brought to him. From Halifax, N.S., Mr. Bernard Gilpin writes
me, “ Neither Mr. Downs or myself have met with this species (in
either plumage) here, though Reeks says it is common in New-
foundland, and I know common in the New England States.”
Turning to Reeks’ “ Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland,” we
find the Mottled Owl described as a summer migrant and ‘‘tol-
erably common.” He further remarks: “As this is one of the

104 SCREECH OWL—MOTTLED OWL—RED OWL.

commonest Owls in North America, it seems strange that Mr.
Downs should not meet it in Nova Scotia, especially as it frequents
the States bordering on the Atlantic more than those inland.”

From the foregoing records we cannot but conclude that the
red stage of the Mottled or Screech Owl is of rare occurrence in
Canada. The ordinary or gray stage, however, may be said to
be pretty generally diffused. It is just possible that the plumages
of these birds “are purely fortuitous, and characteristic of neither
sex, age, nor season,” as remarked by Coues, but I am more
inclined to believe that the ved stage is that occaszonally assumed
by young individuals but xever by really adult birds. Wilson
described the gray Mottled Owl as Strzx nevia, and the red as
Strix asto, and a number of ornithologists still regard these as
specifically distinct birds. This view, however, has long ago
been abandoned by our leading authorities. Color being the only
distinctive difference, is not sufficient grounds for the separation
of the species. It is true that Wilson mentions the Mottled Owl
(z@via) as a native of the northern regions, extending its migra-
tions as far south as Pennsylvania in winter, and states the “ Red
Owl” (aszo) is not migratory. But these distinctions go for naught
when we explain that our extended knowledge now proves that
the species is not by any means a “native of the northern regions,”
not having been met with in the fur countries, being comparatively
rare in Canada, while it is known to be most numerous along the
States on the Atlantic coast, and southward to Georgia, and Florida.
It also occurs in Mexico and Guatemala. In California it is given
by Dr. Cooper as “ quite common in the wooded parts of the
State, and often captured in houses.”

The specimens figured on the accompanying Plate represent
birds in both stages of plumage—the ved being the outside figure.
They were taken in the vicinity of Cote St. Paul, on the Lachine
canal, a short way out of Montreal, where the gray birds are said
to be not unfrequent. I am convinced that it is entirely owing to
its nocturnal habits that this Owl is so seldom met with; but
Reeks goes a long way to the other extreme when he states that
it “is one of the commonest Owls of North America.”

SCREECH OWL—MOTTLED OWL—RED OWL. 105

Sp, CHAR. Above pale ashy-brown, with streaks of brownish-black, and irregular mottlings
of the same mixed with cinereous ; beneath ashy-white with brownish-black stripes, and transverse
lines of the same ; face, throat, and tarsi ashy-white, irregularly lined and mottled with pale
brownish ; quills brown with transverse bands, nearly white on the outer webs ; tail pale ashy-
brown, with about ten transverse narrow bands of pale cinereous ; under wing coverts white, the
larger tipped with black. (Scofs nevia.)

Younger, Entire upper parts pale brownish-red with streaks of brownish-black, especially on
the head and scapulars ; face, throat, under wing coverts, and tarsi, reddish-brown ; tail rufous
with bands of brown, darker on the inner webs. (Scofs asta.)

Young. Entire plumage banded with ashy-white and pale brown ; wings and tail pale rufous,

N

Genus OTUS, Cuvier.

Gen. CHAR. General form longer and more slender than in the preceding genera. Head
moderate ; ear-tufts long, erectile. Bill rather short, curved from the base ; facial disc more
perfect than in the preceding; wings long ; tail moderate; tarsi and toes covered with short
feathers ; claws long, curved. yes rather small, and surrounded by radiating feathers.

This genus contains ten or twelve species of various countries,
all of which are more handsome birds than are usually met with
in this family. Only one occurs in Canada.

Otus Vulgaris var. Wilsonianus (Zess.) ALLEN.

LONG-EARED OWL.

PLATE XXII,

The American Long-eared Owl is now considered by our
leading ornithologists to belong to a different geographical race
from that of Europe or Britain; but I can see no appreciable
difference in the birds. The American birds may be and generally
are somewhat darker in color, but in all specific details and general
habits they resemble their European congeners ; consequently, in
my opinion, it would much simplify matters were the birds of both
continents classed and described under the one name. This has
been done with our next species, the Short-eared Owl, which like-
wise inhabits both continents ; for though ornithologists have tried
hard in its case also to discover sufficient distinctive characters
by which to separate American from European individuals, their
efforts so far have signally failed, and Coues remarks that he is
“unable to appreciate any constant or tangible difference between
the European and American bird, although the latter may average
slightly larger and a shade darker.” But as anything further |
might bring forward on this oft mooted question would only be
a rehearsal of old and threadbare conjectures, I for the present
refrain ; simply adding that, as ornithology in America has now
many zealous and able devotees, the truth must sooner or later
be arrived at. This probably will tend toward a great reduction

108 LONG-EARED OWL.

in the long list of Latin names now applied to supposed geographical
races, local varieties, and even species. For the present, however,
I follow Coues, Allen, and others, in giving the American Long-
eared Owl as var. Wilsonzanus.

This Owl arrives in Canada sometime during the month
of April—early or late, according to the weather — from its
winter quarters in the Atlantic States, and soon extends through-
out our Provinces. It also reaches the fur countries, where
numbers remain during the summer for the purposes of nidification.
Individuals have been met with as high as latitude 60°, but seldom
beyond this, and the bird cannot be said to be a very boreal
species. It nests both throughout the Middle and Atlantic States
and Canada, but this perhaps rather sparingly; and as it is of
retiring habits, it is not commonly met with. During the winter
months it is particularly abundant in the States bordering on the
Atlantic, but at this season is rarely met with in Canada. With
us the bird is decidedly most numerous in spring and autumn,
and there is no doubt that the majority pass their summer in the
fur countries. Indeed from the lists I have examined, the Long-
eared Owl appears to be of rare occurrence in most parts of
Canada during the summer ; but from my knowledge of its habits
I am inclined to think it is more abundant than is generally sup-
posed.

The Long-eared Owl is not particularly fond of man’s society,
and rather shuns the neighborhood of his dwellings. It delights
in the gloomy solitudes of pine forests and dark groves of ever-
greens, where we have often surprised it on some of our short-cuts
or portages from one inland lake to another. It also, however,
during twilight, frequents the skirts of clearings, where it hunts
diligently for its favorite prey—field-mice. Insects also are much
sought after, and some of the birds we killed had their stomachs
filled with grasshoppers, black field-crickets and coleoptera, broken
up into small fragments.

I do not think the Long-eared Owl preys much upon birds
during the summer, as we never found the remains of these in

LONG-EARED OWL. 109

any of the individuals whose stomachs were examined ; but during
the winter months, when insects are scarce, it is said by American
writers to make great havoc among the smaller of the feathered
tribes.

The Long-eared Owl, in the general color of its plumage and
arrangement of markings, much resembles some of the fulvous
individuals of the Great Horned Owl species, and I have met
with more than one person who firmly believed that the first-men-
.tioned was the young of the last. The birds also resemble one
another in some of their habits, such as dozing during the day in
the gloom of the forest, hunting in the twilight and through the
night, making occasional excursions by daylight, and in one or
other of their modes of nidification. Their prey, however, is very
different, for as we have already seen in a preceding article, the
Great Horned Owl boldly attacks large quadrupeds and powerful
birds, and indeed almost anything in moderation that crosses his
path. :

The Long-eared Owl is not by any means a strictly nocturnal
species. It hunts during the day in gloomy weather, and sees
well at all times. It is not one of those species which may be
taken by hand, but is a vigilant, wide-awake bird, and suspicious
at all hours. We have met with it on most of our expeditions in
the Province of Ontario and during nearly every month of the
summer and autumn, and consequently believe it nests somewhat
abundantly. Its nest, however, has but seldom been found, and its
eggs are represented in few of our collections. This is doubtless
partly owing to the retiring habits of the bird—but, as we have
before observed, the nests and eggs of all the Owls are difficult to
discover. A nest of this species was found during the summer of
1870 by Mr. Craig of Montreal, at Hochelaga (near Montreal),
containing four eggs. It was built in the branch of a spruce tree
some 25 feet high, about 18 or 20 feet from the ground. The
nest was like that of a crow, but larger, and made roughly of
twigs and moss. Two of these eggs are now in the collection of

the Montreal Nat. Hist. Society. They measure 1% inches in

110 LONG-EARED OWL.

length, by 1 5-16 inches in breadth; are subrotund and white.

This Owl sometimes nests in the hollows of trees —
like many other species of the family. It also sometimes lays
its eggs on the bare ground—a habit not uncommon in the fur
countries—and has even been known to deposit them in the nests
of other birds, such as the Crow and Night-Heron. I have been
informed by hunters that these Owls generally build rude nests,
something like a Crow’s or Hawk’s, and that the same birds often
return regularly to the nest year after year. The Great Horned
Owl, as we have seen, also sometimes builds a nest for itself, but
more often chooses the hollow of a tree or deposits its eggs on
the ground. I do not think any of the Owls adhere strictly to
one particular course respecting their nidification, but rather vary
their methods to suit circumstances. Buffon remarks that the
].ong-eared Owl rarely constructs a nest of its own, but not un-
frequently occupies that of others, particularly the Magpie. Wilson
describes it as nesting among the branches of trees, and also
records an instance of its using the nest of a Qua-bird or Night-
Heron. Sir John Richardson gives it as nesting on the ground,
and laying from three to four whitish eggs, and states that a nest
was found in this position by Mr. Drummond. He also, however,
adds that it sometimes uses the deserted nests of other birds, but
whether this is from his own observation or is borrowed from
Wilson—whom he often quotes—is not apparent. Gentry says:
“The nests are usually constructed of rude sticks, sometimes of
boughs with the leaves adherent thereto externally, and generally,
but not always, lined with the feathers of birds. The same nest is
made use of for several successive years.” This writer further
remarks that no instance of its laying in nests of other birds came
under his notice. Audubon, however, again ascribes this habit to
the Long-eared Owl. Thus we have authentic accounts of at least
three methods resorted to by this Owl in nesting, namely, on the
ground, in nests of its own construction, and in those of other
birds, such as the Magpie, Crow, and Night-Heron.

Apparently the Long-eared Owl raises two broods at least in
one season, for it is known to lay in the fur countries in April,

LONG-EARED OWL. 111

and have young well grown in May, and nests with eggs almost
hatched have been found in July.

Mr. Mcllwraith gives this Owl as “not common” around
Hamilton. Reeks says it is a summer migrant to Newfoundland.
Dr. Gilpin of Halifax, N.S. writes me that it is a rare winter
visitant in that Province, but does not mention it as occurring in
summer ; and Couper states it is abundant in the dense pine forests
north of the city of Quebec. I have met with it several times
around Montreal, and have taken specimens on our mountain and
on the Nuns’ Island opposite the city, where I know it breeds.
On this island the Qua-birds or Night-Herons also nest regularly,*
and it would be interesting to ascertain whether the Long-eared
Owl ever occupies their nests. I do not think that this Owl is
rare in any part of North America, but there are seasons when it
is more abundant than others.

The sexes, excepting a trifling distinction in size, are not
appreciably different.

Sp. CHAR. FEar-tufts long and conspicuous ; eyes rather small; wings long ; tarsi and toes
densely feathered ; upper parts mottled with brownish-black, fulvous and’ashy white ; the former
predominating ; breast pale fulvous with longitudinal stripes of brownish-black ; abdomen white ;
every feather with a wide longitudinal stripe, and with transverse stripes of brownish-black ;
legs and toes pale fulvous, usually unspotted, but frequently with regular narrow transverse stripes
of dark brown ; eye nearly encircled with black ; other feathers of the face ashy white, with
minute lines of black ; ear-tufts brownish-black, edged with fulvous and ashy white ; quills pale
fulvous at their bases, with irregular transverse bands of brown ; inferior coverts of the wing pale
fulvous, frequently nearly white, the larger widely tipped with black ; tail brown, with several
irregular transverse bands of ashy fulvous, which are mottled, as on the quills. Bill and claws dark ;
irides orange-yellow.

Total length—Female, about 15 inches ; wing, 11 to 11% ; tail, 6 inches.

“cc

—Male, rather smaller.

* See “ Notes on the Night-heron ” by the Author, Canadian Nat. and Geol. New Series, II. p.’53.

Genus BRACHYOTUS, Gou tp.

GeN. CHAR. LEar-tufts very short and inconspicuous. General form rather strong ; wings
long ; tail moderate’; legs rather long, which, with the toes, are fully covered with short feathers ;
claws long, very sharp, and rather slender; head moderate; eyes rather small, surrounded by
radiating feathers ; facial disc imperfect on the forehead and above the eyes ; tail moderate.

This genus contains four or five species only, the best known
of which is the Short-eared Owl (Brachyotus palustris) of Europe
and North America.

Brachyotus palustris (echst.) Goutn.

‘ SHORT-EARED OWL.

PLATE XXIII,

This unassuming but really handsome little Owl is perhaps
the most widely diffused species of the whole family. It inhabits
not only. the whole of America, but also Europe, Asia and Green-
land, the West, Indies and the Gallapagos.. Specimens from all
these countries do not appreciably differ from one another, and
the habits of the bird are the same everywhere. Some ornitholo-
gists—belonging to that class which has done more to complicate
than simplify our nomenclature, but which now happily is in the
minority—have tried hard to distinguish the American individuals
as larger and much darker ; but in the hundreds, if not thousands,
of skins that have now been examined from every part of the
world, the same diversities in size and color alike distinguish the
individuals of each country ; and in Canada and the United States
we have forms ranging from almost albinism to the darkest known
stages.”

*An interesting state of the plumage of this Owl is exhibited by two pairs taken on Muskeget
Island, Massachusetts, about July 1, 1870, by Messrs. C. J. Maynard and William Brewster, in
which the color is so light as to almost suggest their being albinos. They are many shades lighter
than the specimens of this group from the interior, and show clearly, when taken in connection
with the light race of Arvicola riparius (Arvicola Breweri, Baird), also occurring on this small

1)

114 SHORT-EARED OWL.

The specific name of this species—now generally adopted—
palustris is highly appropriate, so frequently is it found in moist
and fenny places. It is but seldom met with in pine forests, in
the gloom of which the Long-eared Owl delights to doze, but
rather in clumps of alder or willow bushes in open and marshy
tracts of country. It has often been observed many miles away
from timbered lands, and on open prairies; but it particularly
delights in the rank herbage bordering on rivers and streams.

The Short-eared Owl arrives in Canada towards the end of
March, or perhaps more generally the beginning of April, in con-
siderable numbers, and settles down in suitable localities every-
where. The majority, however, undoubtedly continue northward to
the fur countries to raise their young. The date of their arrival
amongst us may be always told to a nicety, as many of the early
birds are killed by duck-hunters and brought into our markets.
I have noted twenty-five exposed for sale within one week, and
several of these were living. One of them | kept alive for some
time, and had abundant opportunities of studying its various
attitudes. When sitting easily at rest the unusual length of the
wings was very perceptible. These were generally held in a
slightly drooping position, their extremities decidedly resting upon
the perch on which the bird was sitting, or at other times on the
ground. The “ inconspicuous” ear-tufts were seldom visible. The
whole bearing of this Owl appeared to be unassuming and gentle,
and it does not seem to be possessed of that voracity which is
common to most of the other species of this family. It was only
at times I could coax him to eat raw meat, and unless this was
cut up fine he would not touch it. He drank water freely, and
rather delighted to dabble in it. The flight of this bird was
perfectly noiseless. During the twilight he was particularly active,
and wandered from one corner of his apartment to the other, but
without the slightest sound. Unfortunately for the poor bird, he

sandy island, the effect of the combined influence of an absence of shade and the increased light
caused by reflection from the light-colored sand. The influence of similar circumstances is seen on
a large scale in the birds and mammals of the Colorado desert and the arid peninsula of Lower
California, and in less degree on the open arid plains of the middle region of the continent. (Allen,
Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool. Hary. Colleg., Camb., Mass. II. No. 3, p. 341.)

SHORT-EARED OWL. 115

could never understand the nature of the glazed window which
lighted up his abode; and many a time I have seen him fly with
unabated speed against this, and fall stunned to the floor beneath.
This harsh experience I thought must sooner or later teach him
more wisdom ; but, alas! it did not. One morning on entering
the room in which I kept him, I found my pet stretched breathless
on the floor immediately beneath the window, where he had
evidently fallen after a last and, unfortunately, fatal attempt to
reach the outside world.

The chief prey of the Short-eared Owl is insects and field-
mice, and he rarely attacks birds, and this only when the
former are scarce, namely, during the winter. I have on some
occasions met with this bird in unusual numbers in the fields
and meadows of Eastern Ontario towards the close of harvest
time, when they were very fat. The stomachs of a number which
I examined were filled with field-crickets and grasshoppers, and
nothing else ; but later in the season they appear to feed more
upon the field-mice. Some of these birds remain with us very
late, and long after the first snow-falls ; indeed I have met with
them occasionally throughout the winter. These winter visitants,
however, are exceptions to the general rule, for the majority of
the birds undoubtedly leave us in November for the Middle and
Atlantic States, where they remain until we have passed through
our long, dreary Canadian winter.

According to Richardson the Short-eared Owl reaches the
fur countries as soon as the snow disappears, and. departs again
in September. They have been met with as far north as latitude
67, and may even extend further. This same writer also states
that they are numerous, and hunt frequently for their prey in the
day time. But from what I have seen of this bird I know it to
see but poorly in the day light, and instances have come under
my notice of individuals being captured by hand.

The nest of this Owl is generally placed on the ground, and
consists of dry grass, moss, and feathers placed loosely together.
The eggs, however, are often simply laid in a depression in the

116 SHORT-EARED OWL.

ground without any material intervening. These are generally
four or five in number, and are of a dull white. Coues says they
are “less nearly spherical than usual in this family ;” and those I
have seen resemble the eggs of a Grouse more than those of an Owl.
They could not be mistaken for the eggs of the Long-eared Owl.
According to Mr. Hutchins the Short-eared Owl “lays ¢ex or
twelve small, round white eggs ;” but this for a bird of prey would
be something very extraordinary, and I am more inclined to believe
that this observer mistook the eggs of some of the grouse—which
likewise nest on the ground—for those of this Owl. At any rate,
whatever the bird may have done in Mr. Hutchins’ time, it now is
content to lay four or five eggs, in rare instances szv. These
measure on the average about 1% inches in length by 1% in
breadth.

Like other Owls, however, the Short-eared Owl varies its
mode of nesting to suit circumstances. On the island of Oonal-
ashka Mr. Dahl has found it breeding in duvrows ; he says “the
hole is horizontal, and the inner end usually a little higher than
the aperture ; lined with dry grass and feathers.” There are no
instances on record of its occupying the nest of other birds, and
consequently it is probable that it does not indulge in this habit.

Formerly the Short-eared Owl was conjectured to occur but
rarely south of Pennsylvania ; but it is now known to be abundant
about Washington, D.C., especially in winter. Coues met with
it in the salt-marshes of the North Carolina coast at various
seasons; and Boardman states that it is quite common about
marshes in Florida. According to Dr. Cooper, in California it
has not been found south of the Santa Clara Valley.

The Short-eared Owls undoubtedly sometimes congregate in
large flocks. Mr. Bewick records an instance of twenty-eight
individuals being found in a turnip-field—which Richardson re-
marks is as extraordinary as Mr. Hutchins’ statement respecting
its Zen or twelve eggs. But other similar instances are on record.
Coues says: “On one occasion I observed a gathering of twenty
or thirty individuals on the Colorado River, below Fort Mojave.

SHORT-EARED OWL. alates

Others have noted similar: instances of its sociable disposition.
The birds were sitting quite closely together in the rank herbage
bordering the river; some flapped hurriedly off as the steamboat
came abreast of them, while others stood to their perches as we
passed.” I have myself often met with them in large numbers in
Canada, and more particularly —as already mentioned —in the
autumn. On some of these occasions the meadows really seemed
to swarm with them, but on our approach they betook themselves
to the trees. It is probable such gatherings in the autumn are in
some way or other connected with their southward migration.
This Owl appears to be as abundant on the Pacific as it is on
the Atlantic coast, and no differences can be detected in the
specimens from these widely separated portions of our continent.

Sp. CHar. Ear-tufts very short ; entire plumage buff or pale fulvous ; every feather on the
upper parts with a wide longitudinal stripe of dark brown, which color predominates on the back ;
under parts paler, frequently nearly white on the abdomen, with longitudinal stripes of brownish-
black most numerous on the breast ; very narrow and less numerous on the abdomen and flanks ;
legs and toes usually of a deeper shade of the same color as the abdomen ; quills pale reddish
fulvous at their bases ; brown at their ends, with wide irregular bands and large spots of reddish
fulvous ; tail pale reddish fulvous, with about five irregular transverse bands of dark brown, which
color predominates on the two central feathers ; under tail coverts usually nearly white ; throat

white ; eyes enclosed by large spots of brownish-black ; ear-tufts brown, edged with fulvous. “Bill
and claws dark ; irides orange-yellow.

Total length—Female, about 15 inches ; wing, 12 ; tail, 6 inches.
s —Male, rather smaller.

Sus-Famity SYRNINA, Gray Owl1s.

Cuar. Head large, with very small and concealed ear-tufts, or entirely with-
out. Facial disc nearly perfect ; eyes small for the family of Owls ; wings rather
short, or not so long as in the preceding ; tarsi and toes generally fully feathered.

This group contains some of the largest of the Owls; gener-
ally, however, the size is medium, and frequently small. They
inhabit extremes of latitude. The plumage is generally lax and
soft.

Genus SYRNIUM, Savicny.

GEN. CHAR. Size usually large ; head large, without ear-tufts ; eyes rather small ; bill strong,
curved from the base ; fourth and fifth quills longest ; tail rather long, wide, rounded ; legs mod-
erate or rather long ; claws long, strong, very sharp ; conch of the ear a simple oval cavity, only
half the height of the cranium.

Species of the genus inhabit principally the northern parts of
the world, and are generally characterized by the prevalence of
gray or cinereous of various shades in their plumage. There are
some fifteen or twenty species altogether, two only of which are
met with in Canada.

Syrnium Cinereum (Gye.) Aup.
CINEREOUS OWL; GREAT GRAY OWL.

PLATE XXIV,

The Great Gray or Cinereous Owl is the largest and most
magnificent of the whole Owl family. On the same Plate with it
is figured, by way of contrast, the little Acadian or Saw-whet Owl,
the smallest species found in Canada; and the contrast is indeed
striking.

I wish to begin my description of this truly grand bird by
clearly stating, that although it has been more or less met with
every winter in Canada, it is by no means a common species, and

certainly not a vesedent one. I invite special attention to this

120 CINEREOUS OWL—GREAT GRAY OWL.

fact, for the reason that in several of the leading works on our
North American ornithology, this species is stated to be “resident
in Canada.” For instance, only the other day, on taking up the
very elaborate and comparatively recent work of Dr. Elliott Coues
on the “ Birds of the North-West,” my eye fell on the following,
in his description of the Barred Owl— our next species: “ It
appears to be somewhat a southerly bird, very abundant in the
woods of the South Atlantic and Gulf States ; but although com-
mon in New England, zs rather sparingly represented in British
America, the home of the Great Gray Owl.” I have myself
italicised the latter portion of this: quotation, in which few words
there are two glaring errors which cannot be too speedily cor-
FECEEGs

And first, the Barred Owl instead of being “rather sparingly
represented in British America,” is the most abundantly distri-
buted and most frequently met with of the family in Canada during
the fall, winter and spring months, retiring during the summer to
the more northern portions or to the fur countries to rear its
young. Secondly, Canada cannot be said to be “ the home of the
Great Gray Owl,” when this bird is only a rare winter visitant,
and is never seen inthe summer. Cassin, and other writers of high
standing, have made the same mis-statement respecting the latter
bird ; but in the writings of the first-named author we find the
clue to the whole misunderstanding. Cassin makes his statement
on the authority of the late Dr. Hall, of Montreal, who, a number
of years since, drew out a list, entitled. “ The Mammals and birds
of the District of Montreal,” which was eventually published in our
Canadian Naturalist and Geologist.* In this list the Great Gray
Owl, Snow Owl, and Hawk Owl are mentioned as resident birds,
nesting in the district. This statement, however, must be wholly
conjectural, as up to the present year (1876) no naturalist or
collector has himself taken, or heard of others having taken, the
eggs of either the Snowy or the Cinereous Owl in Canada; and
I think the statement will as truly apply to the Hawk Owl. These

*Vol. VII., page 44, et seg.

CINEREOUS OWL—GREAT GRAY OWL. 121

facts show how extremely careful all observers should be, especially
in Canada, in making out their local lists of Mammals and Birds,
putting nothing down as fact which they have not observed them-
selves, or plainly stating wherein they have drawn from hearsay
er conjecture. While on this subject I may add, that the only
species of Owls which are known to nest in Canada, and of which
the eggs have been obtained, are the Little Screech Owl, the
Great Horned Owl, the Long and Short-eared Owls, and the
Barred Owl.

The Cinereous Owl, as already stated, is rather a rare bird
throughout the greater portion of Canada—East and West—but
a greater number is seen every winter in the Province of Quebec
than in Ontario. Reeks does not mention it in his list of New-
foundland birds, although there can be little doubt but that it
occurs there. At Quebec and Montreal more specimens have
been obtained, perhaps, than at any other points. During the
present winter (1876), mild and open as the weather has been,
there has been an unusual number of these birds exposed for sale
in the Montreal markets, all of which were obtained either on the
island or in close proximity to it; this unusual number, however,
only amounts in all to about six birds. One pair of these I ob-
tained—a male and female—the latter being the largest I have
ever seen. In Canada West this Owl has been taken at Kingston,
Toronto and Hamilton, and probably at other points. It is,
according to Richardson, “by no means a rare bird in the fur
countries, being an inhabitant of all the woody districts lying
between Lake Superior and latitudes 67° and 68°, and between
Hudson’s Bay and the Pacific. It is common on the borders of
Great Bear Lake; and there and in the higher parallels of latitude
it must pursue its prey, during the summer months, by daylight.”
It is not mentioned by Mr. Bernard Ross as occurring in the
McKenzie River district. From Canada it wanders into the
Northern and New England States in winter, and is found as
far south as Massachusetts and New Jersey. Dr. Brewer states
that about the year 1839 he obtained two for Mr. Audubon that

were shot near Boston,—‘a fact which does not appear to have
P

122 CINEREOUS OWL—GREAT GRAY OWL.

been previously recorded.” Another was taken at Salem, Mass.
by Mr. E. S. Waters (1866) and is now in the museum of the
Peabody Academy. Ridgway records it at Illinois. Dr. Cooper
reports it as “common in the dense spruce forests near the Col-
umbia river, and northward.”

Respecting the nidification of the Great Gray Owl, and its
other general habits, very little is known to naturalists. I consider
it to be a strictly boreal bird, breeding in the fur countries and
extremely high latitudes. The majority are resident birds in the
Arctic regions, and those we see are the few stragglers which
perhaps have followed in the track of some of the flights of
Ptarmigan.

This Owl is particularly well provided against cold, but not
to the same degree as the Snowy Owl. Its plumage is loose, soft,
and has a hair-like appearance. The head and face appear to
be unusually large, but the skull, when the skin and feathers are
removed, is comparatively small. Unlike the majority of the
Owl species, the eyes of this bird are unusually small, as are
also the feet. There is considerable difference in size between
the sexes, but in other respects they are alike. The eggs of most
Owls are white, without spots, but according to the list before
referred to of Hall's, those of this species are “ mottled with black-
ish brown ;” which is most improbable. Can any of our collectors
inform us on this point ?

Sp. CHAR. The largest North American Owl. Above smoky or ashy-brown, mottled and
barred with ashy-white, with numerous dark ashy-brown stripes, especially on the breast, and with
bars of the same on the abdomen, legs and lower tail coverts ; quills brown, with about five wide
irregular bands of ashy-white ; tail similar, with five or six bands, and mottled with dark brown ;
feathers of the disk on the neck tipped with white ; eye nearly encircled by a black spot ; radiating
feathers round the eye, with regular transverse narrow bars of dark brown and ash-white.

Length, 25.00 to 30.00; extent, 56.00; wing, 18.00; tail, 12.00 to 15.00. Iris yellow.
Bill and claws faler.

Syrnium Nebulosum (/orszer.) Bote:
BARRED OWL; COMMON GRAY OWL.

PLATE XXV.

The two birds so beautifully and accurately figured on this
Plate by Notman will at once be recognized by all our Canadian
sportsmen and collectors as old camp-fire acquaintances. They
are male and female, and were taken on the Nuns’ Island, in the
St. Lawrence, near the city of Montreal. As this Plate is not my
own handiwork, it will not be considered egotistical in me when |
state that a more natural, accurate and beautiful portrait of the
Barred Owl does not exist in any ornithological work yet pub-
lished in this country. The birds from which it was taken
were in prime condition, or in other words, in perfectly mature
plumage, and natural mates. They were preserved and mounted
by Mr. Wm. Hunter, late taxidermist to the Montreal Natural
History Society, whose skill as a bird-mounter is well known
to the citizens of Montreal and Hamilton, in both of which cities
he for a number of years. resided and collected. The figure of
this Owl as given by Audubon in his “ Birds of America,” is not
recognizable —at least as our bird—and must have been taken
from a form or stage not known in Canada ; this any one may see
by comparing the Plates. I believe, however, that the Southern
individuals of this species (e.g. Florida specimens) are both darker
and a shade smaller than Northern New England or Canadian
ones.

The Barred Owl, or, as it is more generally known in Canada,
the common Gray Owl, has, besides being wretchedly figured, been
most incorrectly described by many writers, and I here gladly
seize the opportunity of correcting some mis-statements made
respecting it. In the comparatively recent work of Dr. Coues, on
the “ Birds of the North-West,” he mentions this Owl as “spar-
ingly represented in British America,” and states that “the sexes
ef this bird are not appreciably different in size, nor otherwise

124 BARRED OWL—COMMON GRAY OWL.

.

distinguishable by external characters.” Both of these statements
are decidedly incorrect. The Barred Owl zs universally diffused
over the greater portion of British America, and is a resident
species in most localities in Canada. They have been met with
from Hamilton, Ontario, to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and
extend northward to the fur countries. Mr. MelIlwraith in his
“List of Hamilton Birds” gives this species as a resident and
common bird; and Dr. Bernard Gilpin writes me that in Nova
Scotia it is the same. I have met with it myself on many of our
geological expeditions in both the Provinces of Ontario and
Quebec, and have taken a number of specimens during winter
on the island of Montreal. Further, in reply to a letter, Mr. Wm.
Couper writes me: “ The Barred Owl is the most common species
throughout the Canadas, where it breeds. I found the young, in
the down, in a wood near the city of Quebec.”

These records of the occurrence and residence of the Barred
Owl in Canada are more than sufficient to overthrow the above-
mentioned rash statement respecting its being “ rather sparingly
represented.” The northern limit of its range, however, does not
appear to extend much beyond the southern portions of the fur
countries. It was not met with by Richardson on any of his ex-
peditions, but is mentioned in his Fauna Boreali Americana from
the circumstance that one specimen taken at Hudson’s Bay was,
in the year , sent by Mr. Graham to the Royal Society.
Hutchins does not give it in his remarks on the birds frequenting
the mouth of Nelson river; nor is it included in Ross’ list of the
birds of the McKenzie River district.

As to Coues’ statement respecting the sameness of size in
the sexes, I can but remark that such is not the general rule in
Canada, where the female is considerably the larger bird. Wilson
also records this fact, but goes to the other extreme in stating that
“the difference of size between the male and female of this Owl
is extraordinary, amounting sometimes to nearly eight inches in
the length.” Thus do hasty naturalists fly from one extreme to
another, while the quiet but more accurate observer strikes the

BARRED OWL—COMMON GRAY OWL. 125

truth midway. Of course in all species there are occasionally
extraordinary individuals ; but putting these aside, I can safely
state that, in the general run of specimens, the female exceeds the
male in length and extent by from two to four, rarely five inches.
Both sexes, however, are much the same in plumage.

One very remarkable feature in this Owl is the color of the eye,
which is wholly bluish black, and not unlike a very large bluish
black glass bead. Yet I have seen innumerable stuffed specimens
throughout Canada, and even in some public museums gazing
fiercely out of their cases with the large orange-yellow colored
eyes of the Great Horned Owl. Doubtless such gave more
expression to the otherwise modest and meek physiognomy of
this bird, but the expression was a most unnatural one, and woe-
fully belied its true character. Where nature is thus ignored in
stuffed specimens, these are worse than worthless.

The Barred Owl is often met with during the winter months
in Canada, and hunts during the day. It preys at this season
largely upon small birds and squirrels, and sometimes frequents
the neighborhood of the out-buildings of a farm house, where,
besides mice and rats, it may occasionally quietly make off with
some poultry or tame pigeons. Its vision is unimpaired by the
sun-light, and I have found it an exceedingly difficult: matter to
get within gun-shot of some of them. Their flight is remarkably
noiseless, and one might pass within a few paces of a person
without his attention being directed towards it, did its shadow on
the white snow not betray it. The Barred Owl seldom makes
long flights, but when disturbed or pursued, flits from one bushy
tree to another, describing a series of short curves. It is often
difficult to tell what part of the tree is reached, as the bird though
entering it below the lowermost branches, afterwards suddenly
ascends to some of the topmost boughs, where it is not easy to
discover it.

In summer these Owls betake themselves to the more heavily
wooded sections of the country, and are but seldom seen in the
vicinity of our towns and cities. They frequently visit the sur-

126 BARRED OWL—COMMON GRAY OWL.

veyors’ or hunters’ camp-fire in the Province of Ontario, and |
have known some to be exceedingly venturesome on such occa-
sions. Strange to say, I have not been able to find any authentic
account of these birds nesting in Canada, although they undoubt-
edly do so, being met with at all seasons. The young, however,
have often been taken “in the down,” proving clearly that their
nesting site was not far distant. According to Coues, they breed
in March, in the Atlantic and Gulf States ; but it would be April
before they could do so in Canada. Their nest is sometimes built
in the branches of a tree, but more generally the eggs are laid in the
hollow of a tree. Occasionally they are said to make use of the
nest of a Hawk or a Crow. The eggs are white and subspherical,
measuring about 2 inches in length by 1% in breadth. They
range from five to six in number.

I should have mentioned that this Owl is not known to occur
west of the Rocky Mountains, ; but Dr. Cooper, in his “ Birds of
California,’ remarks : “As it is, however, exceedingly improbable
that a bird of such wide range in other parts of North America
should not cross the mountains, we introduce it here in anticipation
of the period of its detection in the mountains of California, which
will undoubtedly occur sooner or later.” To the west of the Rocky
Mountains, according to Coues, the Barred Owl “is to some extent
replaced by the allied but perfectly distinct S. occzdentale, dis-
covered by Mr. Xants, at Fort Tejon, California, and subsequently
observed in Arizona by Lieut. Bendire, United States Army.”

Sp. CHAR. Much smaller than the Cinereous Owl. Head large, without ear-tufts ; tail
rather long; upper parts light ashy-brown, frequently tinged with ‘dull yellow, with transverse
narrow bands of white, most numerous on the head and neck behind, broader on the back ; breast
with transverse bands of brown and white ; abdomen ashy-white, with longitudinal stripes of
brown ; tarsi and toes ashy-white, tinged with fulvous, generally without spots, but frequently
mottled and banded with dark brown ; quills brown, with six or seven transverse bars nearly pure
white on the outer webs, and ashy-fulvous on the inner webs ; tail light brown, with about five bands
of white, generally tinged with reddish-yellow ; feathers of disk tipped with white ; face ashy-white,

with lines of brown, and a spot of black in front of the eye ; throat dark brown ; claws horn-color.
Bill pale yellow ; irides bluish black. Sexes alike.

Total length, about 20.00 to 24.00 ; wing, 13.00 to 14.00; tail, 9.00.
Female invariably larger than the male.—H. G, V.
Messrs. Sclater and Salvin’s S. fulvescens is the Mexican
variety of this species.

Genus NYCTALE, Breum.

GEN. CHar. Size small, Head with very small ear-tufts, only seen when erected ; eyes
small ; bill moderate ; facial disk nearly perfect; wings rather lung; tail short ; toes densely
feathered ; conch of ear very large, with an operculum.

Until quite recently this genus was thought to be represented
in North America by some four or five species; these, however,
are now reduced to two, both of which are tolerably abundant in
Canada. They are of diminutive size, and are the most nocturnal
species of the family.

Nyctale Tengmalmi var, Richardsoni (//.) Ripew.
SPARROW OWL; RICHARDSON’S OWL.
PLATE XXVI.

This is an exceedingly interesting little Owl, and the Plate
herewith presented is a truthful portrait of it. It inhabits Great
Britain, the continents of Europe and Asia, northern Africa, and
northern North America. In Europe and Britain it is commonly
known as TreNGMALM’s Ow1, and throughout Canada and the
United States as the SPARROW OwL.

Up to the year 1838 the American bird was considered as
unquestionably identical with its European representative, but was
subsequently, in common with several species, separated as a dis-
tinct species by over-zealous naturalists. Lately, however, and
chiefly through the studies of Mr. Ridgway of Washington the
birds of the two continents have been again re-united under the
name which has priority, namely JV. Tengmalmz ; but the American
bird is still supposed to constitute a variety or a distinct geo-
graphical race which, for convenience, is called var. Richardson.
To my mind, however, as I have elsewhere remarked, such a
multiplication of names is much to be regretted, and appears
needless—not only respecting this, but many other species which

128 SPARROW OWL—RICHARDSON’S OWL.

inhabit alike both continents. For when we come to inquire into
the distinctive marks which characterize such varieties, we find
these to consist in most cases of little more than a difference in
the intensity of coloring; and even this does not appear to be
constant in the individuals composing either race. For instance,
in the case of the Hawk Owl, S. zdula var. Hudsonia, which is
likewise separated into a European and American race, it has
only recently been discovered that it is the American type and
not the European which inhabits Great Britain.

The American Sparrow Owl only differs from the Zexgnzalmz
of Europe in being occaszonally darker colored, the habits of both
birds, and indeed all other specific details, being unquestionably
the same. It is strictly a northern species, ranging with the Hawk
and Snowy Owls to, and probably beyond, the highest latitude
yet reached by travellers, but stopping far short of these birds in
its extension to the southward. It has been met with in Maine,
Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; but in this last State rarely. |
can find no record of it in Pennsylvania or New Jersey, and think
it probable that beyond Massachusetts its occurrence is rare and
fortuitous. Boardmah gives it as resident in Maine; and Downs
as common in Newfoundland. In Canada it is pretty universally
diffused as far west as Hamilton, Ontario, where, however, it is
said by MclIlwraith to be a rare winter visitor. Mr. Wm. Couper,
naturalist, informs me it is particularly abundant to the northward
of the city of Quebec, in fact more so than in any other part of
Canada ; and I have myself met with it in the vicinity of Montreal
every winter for a number of years. This winter (1876) there
have been an unusual number of occurrences of this species as
well as of several other usually rare Owls about Montreal. Dr.
Bernard Gilpin writing from Halifax, N.S., says that the Sparrow
Owl is a rare winter visitor in that Province; but as its habits
are very retiring and strictly nocturnal, it is possible that though
but few are seen the bird may be tolerably abundant. Ac-
cording to Richardson this Owl is very abundant in the region
of the Saskatchewan, and its plaintiff cry may be heard throughout
the night from every quarter. The Cree Indians call it the

SPARROW OWL—RICHARDSON’S OWL. 129

“ Death Bird,” and have a curious custom of answering its cry by a
whistle, which if not replied to by the bird, is thought to bespeak
the early death of one of the number. In the McKenzie River
district Ross says it is found north to Fort Simpson, but is “ rather
rare.

There is no record of the Sparrow Owl breeding in Canada,
but that it does so I am persuaded. We have yet much to learn
respecting the habits and nidification of most of our Owls ; but this
investigation will ever be attended with difficulty until more inter-
est is awakened in the general community in their behalf. When
it is yet uncertain whether the species most commonly met with
nest in any part of our Dominion, what can we expect to learn of
those whose habits keep them aloof from observation—as is the
case with the birds of the present genus.

The food of the Sparrow Owl is mice and small birds, and in
summer largely insects. It is said to build its nest in a pine tree,
and use in the construction of this, sticks, grass, and feathers.
The egg, like that of other Owls, is colorless, and measures 1%
inches in length, by 1 inch in breadth.

There is considerable difference in size between the male and
female of this species—though this fact has not been noticed as
yet by any writer. This winter (1876) I had the good fortune
to obtain three females and two males, and found that the former
measured from 134 to 2 inches in excess of the latter in length,
and close upon the same figures in expanse.

The theory advanced some time since in the “ Ibis” by Mr.
Elliot, giving the S. alécfrons, White-fronted Owl or Kirtland’s
Owl, as the young of the present species, is hardly worth our
consideration, as it will not be for one instant regarded by any of
our field-men in Canada, most of whom have long ere this ascer-
tained that the so-called S. Avrtlandi? is simply a peculiar form
of the Saw-whet or Acadian Owl.

The birds represented on Plate X XVI are male and female.

They were shot close to the city of Montreal.
Q

130 SPARROW OWL—RICHARDSON’'S OWL.

Sp. Cuar. The largest of this genus. Wings long. Upper parts pale reddish-brown tinged
with olive, and with partially concealed spots of white, most numerous on the head and neck
behind, scapulars and rump ; head in front with numerous spots of white ; face white, with a spot
of black in front of the eye ; throat with brown stripes ; under parts ashy-white, with longitudinal
stripes of pale reddish-brown ; legs and toes pale yellowish, nearly white, sometimes barred and
spotted with brown ; quills brown, with small spots of white on their outer edges and large spots
of the same on their inner webs ; tail brown, every feather with about ten pairs of white spots.

Bill, a yellowish white on the ridge and at the tip ; dark-colored on the sides
(never all yellow, as often described) ; irides orange and sometimes lemon-yellow.

Dimensions variable. Length, from 10% to 12 inches ; wing, 7 to 8; tail, 314 to 4% inches.

Several of these Owls have been caught alive on the island
of Montreal this winter (1876).

Nyctale Acadica (Gizelzn.) Bonar.

NYCTALE ALBIFRONS, Cassin.)
; - Immatare.
NYCTALE KIRTLANDII, Hoy. J

ACADIAN OWL; SAW-WHET OWL; LITTLE OWL.

PLATE XXVIII,

. Also known in its immature stages as the “ White-fronted ”
and * Kirtland’s” Owl; and to our French people as “ ¢a chouette.”
Perhaps it is most commonly known as the “ Little Owl,” for it
is decidedly the smallest species of the family in North America.

The Acadian Owl—for this is its proper name—resembles
somewhat in its general color the Sparrow Owl. It is, however,
a very much smaller bird, differs in the relative lengths of its
wings and tail, in its cere and nostrils, and has a black instead of
a yellow bill. Nor is it so boreal a species as the Sparrow Owl,
having as yet been but seldom met with in the fur countries, and
never in any very high degree of latitude. It is given and des-
cribed in Fauna Boreali Americana by Rich. and Swains., but only
from a single specimen taken on Thompson's River, New Cale-
donia, to the westward of the Rocky Mountains. Richardson's
description of it is largely borrowed from Wilson, as he states it
was not met with by “the Expedition.” It, however, is met with
abundantly throughout Canada from one extremity to the other ;
and it probably extends into the southern portions of the fur
countries. It is of rather frequent occurrence in the Northern
and New England States, and has been further traced a long way
into Mexico; but this southward extension, as Coues remarks,
“appears to be mainly along wooded mountain ranges, the altitude
of which compensates, in a faunal sense, for the decrease in lati-
tude.” From what I can gather from the published local lists of
American naturalists, this Owl has but seldom been met with to
the southward of Pennsylvania, and it is not given by Allen or

132 ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL.

Boardman as a Florida species. It, however, extends across the
continent from ocean to ocean ; consequently its habitat may be
given as the whole of the temperate parts of North America.

Audubon found the Acadian Owl in Maryland, and describes
the eggs as being deposited in Crows’ nests or holes in trees ;
these numbered from three to six ; were elliptical and white.

Wilson says but little of the Acadian Owl, and my impression,
after reading his short description, is that he personally met with
but few individuals of this species. He describes it as the * Little
Owl” (Sérzx passerina, Linné), says it is met with as far north as
Nova Scotia, and even Hudson's Bay, that it is frequent in Russia,
and describes its nest, containing two white eggs, as constructed
half-way up a pine tree. His description of the bird is taken from
a single specimen—a female—shot at Great Egg Harbor, in New
Jersey.

In Canada, however, where the Acadian Owl is particularly
abundant at all seasons of the year, we learn further particulars
concerning it, and are enabled to correct a number of mis-state-
ments made respecting it. The two individuals figured on the
accompanying Plate were selected as average representative speci-
mens of this Owl from out of twenty-five, all of which were taken
in Canada; and had I required, I could have procured at least’
as many more. A third individual, evidently an old bird, in
splendid typical plumage, was received after the above two were
photographed, and is figured on Plate XXIV along with the Great
Gray or Cinereous Owl.

As illustrative of the frequency of occurrence of the Acadian
Owl in Canada, I may give the following. Mr. Mecllwraith of
Hamilton writes me that he has had this Owl living and dead by
the dozen; Mr. Passmore has taken numerous specimens in both
Toronto and Montreal ; the late Mr. Wm. Hunter, of the Montreal
Nat. Hist. Soc., had specimens from both Hamilton and Montreal ;
Mr. Wm. Couper, from Montreal and Quebec. Dr. Bernard
Gilpin says it is common around Halifax, N.S.; and I have a

ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL. 133

number of records of its occurrence in Newfoundland. My own
collections show it to be of frequent occurrence through the
counties of Hastings, Addington, Frontenac, Lanark and Renfrew
in the Province of Ontario; in the region to the northward of
the Ottawa river, along the valleys of the Gatineau, Lievre, and
Rouge rivers ; throughout the District of Montreal; and in the
Eastern townships—in the mountainous region bordering on the
State of New York. In all these sections of country it undoubt-
edly breeds ; but, strange to say, its nest and eggs were not found
by us on any of our expeditions, nor have I yet met with one
person who has been more fortunate in this respect. So small,
however, is this bird, and so nocturnal is it in its habits, that I
can readily conceive of its being abundant and perhaps breeding
in our midst without our being cognizant of the fact. The eggs
are said to be pure white, subspherical, and of crystalline clearness.
They measure 1' inches by 178 inches.

The food of this interesting little Owl consists almost entirely
of insects, and it-is very fond of some of the large moths which are
on the wing during the twilight. It is to some extent a resident
species in Canada, and as its plumage is evidently designed to fit
it for extreme cold, it is probable that numbers remain throughout
the winter in the fur countries. According to Dr. Gilpin it is
common and breeds in Nova Scotia. Reeks also describes it as
common in Newfoundland.

The little tawny Owl occasionally met with in Canada of
about the same size as the Acadian Owl, and pretty general known
as Kirtland’s Owl, is now considered by good authorities to be
simply the young or immature form of that first mentioned ; but
so rarely does it occur, and so few have been the specimens at
at our disposal for study and comparison, that I do not think the
question is yet satisfactorily determined. If this ¢awzy form is
in truth the young of the Acadian or Saw-whet Owl, it is another
of those puzzling instances in which, while the mature birds are
plentiful, the young and immature are but rarely met with. We
have already seen a parallel to this in the case of the ved and gray

134 ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL.

stages of the Screech or Mottled Owl, and remarked that among
these the ved were perhaps in the proportion of one to fifty. In
the present instance the small proportion of ¢awzy to the ordinary
found plumage is much more remarkable, and may be given as
but one in a thousand. Are we, then, really to believe that, while
we have such numerous occurrences of typical Acadian Owls, or in
other words, of undoubtedly mature birds, we have only occasional
accidental occurrence of the young and immature form ? We can
hardly conceive of such a case, unless indeed it could be demon-
strated that these young birds remained by themselves .in some
out-of-the-way breeding resort until they had attained their mature
plumage—save, perchance, a stray individual or two which hap-
pened to migrate with the older birds into our borders. On the
other hand, supposing the ¢awxzy form (Kirtland’s Owl) to be a
distinct and valid species, we have still to contend with
the fact of its universal rarity, which again suggests an idea of
improbability, for we can hardly at the present day conceive of
a valid species being so rare as that only some dozen specimens
of it have—all told—been taken. Surely somewhere such a species

must be represented by a greater number of individuals, or it must
be on the verge of extinction. In this last case, however, we
should naturally expect to find in the records of the past some
notice of its era; but such is not the case respecting Kirtland’s
Owl. Indeed most of the specimens we know anything ‘about
have been taken within the last twenty or twenty-five years, and
the larger number of these in Canada. One other view of this
question may be taken, and by me it seems by far the most reason-
able one, namely, that connected with the melanism or melanotic
condition peculiar to several species of both the Falconzde and
Strigide. This would at once seem to give all the explanation
necessary, for we know that such melanism would affect only an
occasional individual of the species,—under, perhaps, peculiar cir-
cumstances,—and hence the very few occurrences of the éawnzy
form known as Kirtland’s Owl. As I have already stated, how-
ever, the whole question is yet involved in much uncertainty, and
until further facts and specimens have been collected, it cannot be
explained satisfactorily.

ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL. 135

There is one circumstance connected with the occurrence of
the Acadian Owl (ordinary form) in Canada which should here be
mentioned, as it has an important bearing on this question. It is
the fact that in a series of some fifty specimens I have examined
there are great diversities in the intensity and general plan of the
colors of the plumage. This is evidently the partial effects of both
season and age; yet none of these individuals approach in the
slightest to the Kirtland Owl form. Surely in such an extensive
series of birds taken at all seasons during a number of years we
might naturally expect one, two, or even more Kirtland’s Owls, if
these are—as is now generally believed — the young of this
species.

The first instance of a capture of the rare little Kirtland Owl
that came under my notice was in the year 1862, in Montreal. The
bird was in the possession of Mr. Wm. Hunter, of the Montreal
Nat. Hist. Society, who stated that some few years previous (to
1862) he had caught it alive in one of the grain stores situated on
the Lachine Canal, not far from the city. On referring to Audu-
bon’s “ Birds of America,” we could find no notice of such a
species ; but Mr. Hunter informed me that he thought he had iden-
tified his bird from a plate in Cassin’s ‘‘ Birds of California, Texas,
etc., etc.,”—a work which I had not seen. We turned up this work
and carefully compared the plate and description of the Kirtland
Owl with our Canadian specimen, when I was satisfied that Mr.
Hunter had not been mistaken. This specimen was therefore
labelled Kirtland’s Owl, and the species was added to our local
lists.

The only other specimens which were then known anything
about were those—four in number—mentioned in Cassin’s work
as having been discovered and first described by Dr. Hoy from
the neighborhood of Racine, in the State of Wisconsin. Shortly
after this, Dr. Archibald Hall in his “ Mammals and Birds of the
Distret of Montreal.” described this specimen of Mr. Hunter’s,
alluded to Mr. Hoy’s Racine specimens, and adds, “I am happy
to have had it in my power to add it to the list of Owls.” Mr.

136 ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL.

Hunter’s specimen formed one of a large case of stuffed birds,
which was subsequently sold to a Mr. Thompson, of Montreal, in
whose possession’ it remained for some years. Upon the decease
of this gentleman his collection was sold and separated, and
as far as I can learn, the case containing the little Kirtland’s
Owl went out of our city. More recently a second specimen of
this rare Owl was obtained—whence I cannot ascertain—and is
now in our Montreal Museum of Natural History. These two
specimens are the only ones to my knowledge taken in the vicinity
of Montreal.

The following notices of the occurrence of this rare Owl in
Canada, contributed by Mr. Thos. MclIlwraith of Hamilton to an
American journal will be read with interest in this connection, and
in these I think I can detect a page further in the history of Mr.
Hunter’s specimen, just referred to. This gentleman, under date
of Hamilton, January 20th, 1873, writes as follows :

“Tn looking over the Naturalist (American) of April, 1871, I observe a notice
of the capture of a specimen of the White-fronted Owl in Maine, and the writer of
the note, Prof. A. E. Verril, says that the only other instance of its occurrence in
the United States, of which he is aware, is the specimen taken by Dr. Hoy at
Racine. I am a little surprised at this, for, though not coming much in contact
with collectors, I have seen or heard of this (supposed) species now and then for
a number of years back. My first knowledge of it was from Cassin’s account, and
the figure given of it in his ‘ Birds of America.’ Shortly afterward I recognized it
in a small case in the possession of the Rey. Professor Ingles, now of the Dutch
Reformed Church, Brooklyn, New York, where it was called ‘ Saw-whet—young.’
The case was brought from Montreal. I next metit in Toronto, where Mr. Passmore,
taxidermist, had two specimens, one of which I obtained, and have now in my
collection. Again I heard from Mr. P. H. Gibbs, of Guelph, that there were
several about his evergreens near the house, one of which he shot. About the -
same time Mr, Booth, naturalist, of Drummondville, told me of a specimen he had
obtained. Dr. Anderson of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, had his alive for a time;
and I heard of still another in the hands of R. K. Winslow, Esq., of Cleveland,
Ohio. From the foregoing it would seem to be more common in Canada than it
is further south. The opinion seems to be generally held by those with whom I
have conversed on the subject, that it is the young of the Saw-whet ; and yet it is
somewhat singular that it is not as often met with as its supposed parents. In the
month of October, a, few years since, I had six in Saw-whet form brought me by a
lad, who got them all near the same place on his father’s farm. The theory recently

ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL. 137

advanced by Mr. Elliott, in the ‘ Ibis,’ of its being the young of the Sparrow Owl
(Nyctale Tengmalmi) 1 don’t think at all probable ; I have the two side by side and
cannot observe any resemblance to warrant such a conclusion, the difference in
size alone being sufficient to show the distinction. My own opinion is that it will
be found to be the young of the Saw-whet ; but is it not possible that they do not
all assume the same garb—that there may be here a freak of nature, so to speak,
such as there is in the case of the Screech Owl, where we find both red and gray.”

One of the specimens of the Kirtland Owl referred to in the
foregoing notes is distinctly said to form one in a case of birds
which came from Montreal. This is undoubtedly the one I have
already described as being in Mr. Hunter's and afterwards in
Mr. Thompson’s collection.

Mr. Anderson’s specimen, also alluded to in Mr. Mellwraith’s
notes, I have seen. It is undoubtedly the WV. Avzrtlandi of Hoy
and Cassin, and is a very fine specimen. In general appearance
it is very unlike the Acadian or Saw-whet Owl, and indeed has
hardly one feature in common with this. This bird was kindly
lent me by Mr. Anderson for the present work, but as I had
previous to its arrival arranged my book for 30 Plates only, I
was obliged to omit it for the present.

In Canada, besides the Acadian and Kirtland Owl forms,
we occasionally hear of another,—the Dalhousie Owl (S. Dal-
houset, Hall). Several specimens of this variety have been
taken in the vicinity of Montreal, but I can detect no difference
between them and a number of my specimens which I know to be
N. Acadica. In describing the S. Dathouser, Dr. Hall says:
“ The whole appearance very much resembling the former species
(Acadica).” He adds, “The spots on the inner vanes of the
primaries, however, differing from those on the S$. Acadica in
being oval, and scarcely presenting the appearance of bars.” And
further, in describing the ventral aspect of Dadhousez, he says :
“ Breast and belly streaked with reddish brown and white, instead
of being wholly brown, as in the former (A cadzca).”. 1 have seen
few specimens of the V. Acadica in which the breast and belly
were wholly brown; and further, have found the spots on the

inner vanes of the primaries altogether too irregular a character-
R

138 ACADIAN OWL—SAW-WHET OWL—LITTLE OWL.

istic to be in any way guided by. There consequently does not
appear to be the slightest grounds for making a distinct species
of the occasional form Dadthouset.

For the purpose of comparison | append descriptions of both
the typical Acadian Owl and that heretofore regarded as Kirtland’s
Owl, simply remarking that concerning the last I can myself yet
come to no satisfactory conclusion.

N. ACADICA.

Sp. CHAR. Small. Wings long; tail short. Upper parts reddish brown, tinged with
olive ; head in front with fine lines of white, and on the back, rump, and scapulars, with large
partially concealed spots of white ; face ashy-white ; throat white; under parts ashy-white, with
longitudinal stripes of pale reddish-brown ; under coverts of wings and tail white ; quills brown,
with small spots of white on their outer edges, and large spots of the same on their inner webs ;
tail brown, every feather with about three pairs of spots of white.

Bill and claws dark ; irides yellow.

Total length, 7% to 10 inches ; wing, 5% to 6; tail, 23¢ to 3 inches.

N. Kirtianpu, Hoy, (Cassin.)

Sp. CHAR. Dorsal asfect. Prevailing tint, chocolate brown, relieved on the scapulars,
secondaries, and primaries by whitish spots, on the latter the spots existing on both the outer and
inner veins, forming three or four imperfect bars ; tail with three bars of white and faintly tipped
with the same color.

Ventral aspect. Chin and throat chocolate-brown, changing on the abdomen, flanks and
inferior tail coverts to an ochrey color ; under wing coverts whitish.

Bill black and nearly concealed by small feathers arising from its base ; irides yellow ; above
eyes and on each side of the bill a dirty white line, remainder of the front composed of chocolate-
Lrown feathers, edged with dirty white, their tips causing at the edge of the front a dirty white line ;
feathers behind eyes darkest ; tarsi feathered to extremities of toes with appressed ochrey-colored
feathers ; toes and claws long.

Third primary longest, second and fourth subequal, first and seventh being about equal ; wings
rounded when expanded ; length from crown of head to tip of tail, 744 inches ; alar expanse, 15
inches. The whole plumage is peculiarly velvety to the feel.—(HALL.)

Sup-Famity NYCTEININ, Tue Day OwtLs.

Cuar. General form compact and robust. Head moderate, without ear-tufts ;
wings and tail rather long; tarsi strong, which, with the toes, are more densely
covered than in any other division of this family.

This division embraces two species only, which inhabit the
Arctic regions of both continents, the majority of the individuals
migrating southward in the winter.

Genus NYCTEA, STEPHENS.

Gen. CHAR. Large; head rather large, without ear-tufts ; no facial disk ; legs rather short,
and with long hair-like feathers, nearly concealing the claws. Bill short, nearly concealed by pro-
jecting feathers, very strong ; wings long ; tail moderate, or rather long, wide ; claws strong, fully
curved,

Only one species of this genus is known, occurring in the
north of both hemispheres. In America during winter it migrates
southward almost to the Gulf of Mexico. Some, however, remain
all the year round in the fur countries.

Nyctea Scandiaca (Zzzx.) Newr.
NYCTEA NIVEA, Gray.

SNOWY OWL; WHITE OWL.

PLATES XXVIII & XXIX,.

Were we required to single out from amongst our birds one
that might be said to be emblematic of a bright, clear, sharp
Canadian winter—not that of 1875~76—we could not select any
more appropriate than the beautiful Snowy Owl of northern North
America. His snow-clad plumage recalls to our memories many
a brilliant, biting day, and many a storm experienced far from the
haunts of civilization in the interminable wild snowy wastes of
Canada. Even during the heat of mid-summer, a glance at our
case of stuffed Snowy Owls is sufficient to cause a feeling of relief
and refreshment in the same manner as the sight of a collection of
green, fresh-growing plants in winter reminds us of a by-gone and
approaching summer.

140 SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL.

This handsome bird—the Wapow-keetho, or Wapohoo, of the
Cree Indians, and the Oopeeguak of the Esquimaux—is rather
common with us between the months of November and April, or
from autumn to spring, being very rarely and only accidentally
met with during the summer months. It is of frequent occurrence
in the Province of Ontario, but a much larger number of specimens
are taken yearly in the neighborhoods of Montreal and Quebec
perhaps than elsewhere. I have a number of these Owls in my
stuffed collection and a number more packed away as skins for
future study and comparison, all of which were killed within a
very short distance of the first-mentioned of these cities. Nor must
I forget one more

a beautiful living bird which I was so fortunate
as to procure this winter (1876) from a hadztant who, by some
means or other, had captured without in any way injuring it.

Of my stuffed birds, one in particular is an old male, a hero
evidently of many winters. His plumage is almost spotless white ;
his bill and claws are blunted and very much worn ; and his body,
when I removed his skin, was remarkably muscular and tough.
Another specimen is of considerably larger. proportions, and a
female. Her plumage is thickly barred or banded with gray,
except the chin, throat, and sides of neck, which are of the purest
white, this being so distributed as to give the appearance of a
rounded apron. Other specimens, doubtless immature birds of
both sexes, are of varied markings, the white ground color being
variously relieved by spots and bars of brown and gray. A pure
white Snowy Owl is of comparatively rare occurrence ; this plum-
age, according to most writers, being only attained by very old
birds. Sir John Richardson, however, judging from the size of
some of these whzte Owls met with by the expedition, thought
differently, and inferred that the old birds of both sexes frequently
became whz¢e. Be this as it may it is a point of very little import-
ance; but it is my opinion that the unspotted form of plumage
belongs only to the males, and this occasionally to young as
well as old birds. Females seem to be of much more frequent
occurrence than males in Canada, the last occurring perhaps in
the proportion of one in ten or fifteen birds, which circumstance

SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL. 141

makes it appear probable that the majority of this sex are resident
in the Arctic regions.

The Snowy Owl abounds throughout the whole year in the
fur countries, and penetrates far into the Arctic circle, having been
observed at the highest northern latitude yet attained by voyagers.
From these northern parts it is often driven by the severity of
the weather or scarcity of food, and visits many portions of
Canada and the northern United States, wandering occasionally
even to the borders of Florida. On such migrations it is invariably
accompanied by flocks of White Grouse or Ptarmigan, and it has
been observed that when either or both of these birds have been
unusually abundant around Montreal or Quebec, the winter has
been more than ordinarily severe to the northward. During
the latter part of December, 1875, and in the midst of singularly
mild and rainy weather, a severe Polar wave swept over the
greater part of the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, closing up
our rivers and causing the thermometer to register between 20°
and 28° below zero for five days. With this arrived large flocks
of Ptarmigan, hundreds of which were exposed for sale in our
markets and groceries; a number of Snowy Owls; a few Great
Gray Cinereous Owls, Bohemian Chatterers or Wax-wings, and
Pine Linnets. The Snowy Owls were brought into the markets
by the adztants who had shot them, and during one week I
examined upwards of a dozen of these birds, the majority of which
were females. The cold snap leaving us as suddenly as it had
arrived, was followed, on Christmas and New Year's day, by open
spring-like weather with heavy rains, and the Owls and Ptarmi-
gans disappeared. It has always seemed unaccountable to me
that the Snowy Owl should be at all influenced by the cold. His
plumage is wonderfully adapted for the most inclement weather
we can conceive of, being thick, elastic and closely matted or
interwoven. Any one who has ever attempted to skin one of these
birds will without hesitation bear me out in this statement. It
seems an endless task to get beyond the feathers ; and even when
we have succeeded in parting the outer and inner portions of the
plumage, we still find a thick matting of white down, which has to

142 SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL.

be plucked off before the skin is finally exposed. Again, when we
remove the skin, we find the whole body encased in a thick coating
of yellow fat, so that, as I have just stated, it is difficult to conceive
of any cold severe enough to penetrate such a covering. Still fur-
ther, when we look at this bird as he sits motionless, looking like a
lump of snow on the limb of some tree, we observe that the only
uncovered or bare portions of his body are the great staring yellow
eyes, the point of the beak, and the very extremities of the hooked
claws, none of which can be sensible to cold. Consequently it is
more natural to attribute the southward migrations of these birds
to scarcity of food in the more northern regions, this scarcity,
being unquestionably caused by extreme weather, which obliges
the grouse and other creatures upon which this Owl preys to seek
more temperate quarters. In the track of these the Snowy Owl
follows, and often himself falls a prey to the gun of the hunter
and figures in our markets.

The Snowy Owl hunts during the day and twilight, and
in this respect resembles the Hawk Owl. “Indeed unless it
could do so,” says Richardson, “it would be unfit to pass the
summer within the Arctic circle.” On the “ Barren grounds” in
these northern parts it squats on the ground, and is said to be
very wary and difficult of approach. This squatting on the ground
does not séem to be so much from the force of circumstance as
natural inclination and habit, for | have again and again surprised
this Owl on the Nuns’ Island, near Montreal, on a snow bank, and
on the ice of the St. Lawrence, on the borders of this island.
When discovered the bird at once betook itself to some distant tree,
and became exceedingly wary, not permitting me again to reach
within anything like gun-shot of it. As an instance of its powers
of sight by day, I may mention the following : A gentleman resid-
ing some years since in Montreal, who was a great observer of
our winter birds, was in the habit of making frequent excursions
across the ice to Nuns’ Island. On several occasions he observed
a Snowy Owl perched on one of the trees adjoining the out-build-
ings connected with the “ Priests’ Farm,” but all attempts to come
within gun-shot of the bird proved unavailing. Thinking that

SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL. 143

the color of his garments might be the obstacle to his success, he,
on a subsequent occasion, shrouded himself wholly in white linen,
and repaired to the same spot. There sat the Owl in pretty much
the same position as when it had been before observed, but as
wary as ever, and evidently even already engaged in considering
the nature of the white object approaching him. The attempt
was unsuccessful, and the hunter returned to town without his
prize, but with a considerable addendum to his knowledge respect-
ing the powers of vision of the Snowy Owl.

When the Snowy Owl is winged and otherwise wounded and
brought to bay, he makes a desperate resistance, and uses his bill
and claws with terrible effect ; and I have seen a dog most griev-
ously torn, and almost entirely disabled, which had incautiously
attempted to retrieve one of these wounded birds. I have
never seen the Snowy Owl snap his mandibles together as most
of the other Owls do when molested, and am satisfied he never
does so; but with head thrown back, mouth open, and head-
feathers closely compressed, he watches every movement of
his tormentor, and cannot be surprised by the most cunningly
devised feint. The only sound made by the bird while thus
pressed is a repeated hissing, like that made by Eagles and the
Great Horned Owl; and occasionally I have heard him scream
like an Eagle when he has been finally secured and powerless.

The living Snowy Owl in my possession was caught in a
trap of some kind on, the island of Montreal, but, as I have just
stated, without being injured in the slightest. It is a beautiful
adult full-grown female, and thus far has thriven well, tamed very
considerably, and is fast becoming reconciled to her imprisonment.
Her abode is a large cellar, moderately light, and always cool,
and from one corner of this to the other she roams as she sees
fit. Her usual and apparently natural habit is to squat for hours
at a time on the floor, and although there are numerous objects
around her on which she might perch, were she so disposed,
she has not yet done so, except when suddenly alarmed. Her food
consists of raw meat of any kind, which is cut up into long strips

144 SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL.

and handed her, and these she éo/¢s, I may say literally by the yard.
Occasionally I have tried her with cooked meat, but though she
eats this, she plainly shows by her manner that she is disappointed.
Contrary to the statements made by many writers, she is very fond
of water, and drinks it in large quantities. I have seen her empty
a pan holding at least three quarts at one time. When she has
satisfied herself, if there is any water left, she uses this for washing,
employing her bill much in the same manner as a duck, picking
out and carefully arranging the upper parts of her plumage. Indeed
there is nothing tries her so much as want of water, and when
occasionally she has been neglected in this respect for an unusual
time, she makes her way to the kitchen and examines tubs, pails,
and pans of all descriptions, in which she knows the water is some-
times brought to her. Recently this bird has permitted me to
stroke her head-feathers, and appears to enjoy the sensation, sitting
quietly with her eyes closed. But this quiet is often deceptive,
for sometimes, when I least expect it, she makes a sudden and
fierce snap at my fingers. For this amiable return I always reward
her with a sound cuff, which sends her sprawling on the cellar
floor, and having now received several of these reminders, she has
become much less treacherous.

I have been much struck with the likeness of my living bird
in general attitude and manners to the Eagle, and her shrill cry is
not what one would expect to hear from an Owl. This cry is
~sometimes a shrill, querulous whistle, and occasionally a loud pierc-
ing scream, not unlike that of the Osprey or Bald Eagle. Fresh
fish are her delight, and either frozen or thawed she makes short
work with them. Audubon graphically describes the piscatorial
exploits of the Snowy Owl, and I can readily conceive the eager-
ness with which he must pursue this pastime.

The Snowy Owl preys upon Grouse, Rabbits, Squirrels and
small birds, and when he comes within the borders of civilization,
often regales himself upon tame pigeons and poultry. Rats he
does not seem to care about—at least judging from the living
bird, which, though constantly surrounded by these vermin in its

SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL. 145

cellar by day and night, yet never attempts to injure one. In
fact my Owl is fast friends with the rats which inhabit the cellar
with her, and on several occasions I have seen the meat carried
off from under her very claws by these hungry creatures without
any demonstration of anger on her part. The Snowy Owl is said to
feed occasionally upon carrion; but this, to my mind, has not been
satisfactorily proved. This fact was, perhaps, first recorded of
this species by Mr. Hutchins, and has since been re-echoed by
other writers without further proof. I am inclined to consider the
Snowy Owl as being a particularly zzce bird as regards his eating
—as he most assuredly is with regard to the cleanliness of his
plumage and surroundings when in captivity. Hunger, however,
may cause him to deviate from his usual rule.

Since penning the immediately preceding lines a circumstance
has occurred which exemplifies the fierceness and voracity which
may be created by hunger. It is this. I had recently procured a
beautiful living specimen of the Short-eared Owl, which was
captured in a barn near Longueuil, Montreal, and thinking that
Owl would surely agree with Owl, I without hesitation let loose
this new capture in the same cellar in which my Snowy Owl was
confined. Hardly had the poor little creature touched the ground
ere, with a plunge, the Snowy Owl was upon it, and with one grasp
of her fearful claws, had extinguished its life. She at once com-
menced to devour her victim, and although I seized the murderer
and raised her aloft by her wings, she still retained her fearful grasp
of her quivering prey, and continued to make desperate efforts to
tear it. I eventually succeeded in forcing her to loosen her hold
and secured the poor bird, but too late to save its life. On
finding her prey gone her fury knew no bounds, and she followed
me to the door of the room with dilated eyes and most threatening
gestures.

The Snowy Owl is common in Newfoundland, and is thought
to remain there throughout the year, although it is very rarely
seen during the summer months. In a paper by Henry Reeks,
published in the “ Zoologist” (London, England) for 1869, and
subsequently reprinted in our Canadian Naturalist and Geologist

s

146 SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL.

(New Series, Vol. V, pp. 38 e seg.) some very interesting traits
in the character of this bird, as observed in Newfoundland, are
recorded, and as these are from actual observation and exemplify
its character truthfully, I extract the following :

“ The ‘White Owl,’ as the settlers term this species, is a bold, rapacious bird,
and not easily driven from its slaughtered prey. One of the specimens which I
obtained at Cow Head was feeding on an eider duck—probably a wounded bird
which it had killed—and was twice knocked over with stones, the last time appar-
ently killed, before it would relinquish the duck ; it had, however, sufficient life and
strength to force its claws into the arm of the man who picked it up, although
protected with all the clothes he usually wore. A large Newfoundland dog, used
for retrieving seals, etc., refused to go near the bird after it was knocked down with
stones. The men who were present assured me that the bird kept making a
‘hissing’ noise, apparently at the sight of the dog. ;

During my residence in Newfoundland I heard amusing anecdotes of the
Snowy Owl, but, although I can vouch for the truth of them, it is scarcely necessary
to reproduce them all in the pages of the ‘Zoologist ;’ I will, however, relate one
or two which I do not think have before appeared in print. William Youngs, of
Codry (Newfoundland), having continually had the bait stolen from one of his fox
traps, determined to watch the trap and shoot the robber ; for this purpose he
selected a fine moonlight night, with snow on the ground, and, with his gun in his
hand, a white swan-skin frock on, and a white handkerchief tied round his cap, he
secreted himself in a small bush about twenty yards from his trap, fully determined
to shoot the first comer ; but his determination proved fruitless, for a large white
Owl—probably the thief—seeing something white sticking up through the centre of
the bush, and evidently mistaking it for a fine plump Willow-grouse, instantly made
a ‘stoop,’ and at the same time sending its claws almost to the man’s brains, sud-
denly disappeared with the cap and white handkerchief. The man was so startled
for the moment that he was unable to shoot at the bird.

The Snowy Owl is a frequent attendant—although generally unnoticed—of
the sportsman, and often succeeds in carrying off a grouse or duck before the
retriever gets to it. On one occasion some men were waiting in ice ‘gazes’ for the
purpose of shooting wild geese (2. Canadensis and B. brenta), when one of them,
named James Carter, left his ‘gaze’ to go and have a chat with his neighbor,
incautiously leaving his new white cuffs and gun behind him. He had scarcely
left his ‘ gaze’ when an unseen enemy, in the shape of a fine Snowy Owl, pounced
in and succeeded in getting clear off again with both of his white cuffs.

A good many Snowy Owlsare annually caught in the fox-traps of the settlers ; and
when very fat, which they frequently are, are considered good eating by many, and
I see no reason why they should not be so, but I could never sufficiently overcome
my repugnance to birds of prey as food to taste one. None of the settlers

OO

SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL. 147

appeared to know anything of the breeding of this bird, although Mr. Downs states
that it ‘breeds in Newfoundland.’ Mr. Cordeaux has kindly examined parasites of
Nyctea nivea from Newfoundland, and informs me that they are identical with
others from European specimens.”

These anecdotes and facts are new and instructive, and as
this paper of Mr. Reeks’ has been seen by comparatively few in
Canada, I have thought well to reproduce this portion of it. It
will be observed that the hunters of Newfoundland speak of the
“hissing” noise made by this Owl—a fact I have myself already
mentioned—and do not speak of the snapping of the mandibles.
I am inclined to believe that in this respect the Snowy Ow! differs
from its confreres the Great Horned Owl, Cinereous Owl, and
Barred Owl, all of which species when brought to bay snap their
mandibles loudly. According to Zemménck, the Snowy Owl
sometimes visits the north of Germany, and is casually seen in
Holland. In Europe it is known to frequent the Shetland
Islands, and is occasionally caught in summer on the moors of
the Orkneys. In Sweden, according to Farrell, the name of
flarfang has been given to this species, which is derived from its
habit of feeding on hares. Mudie says “it very rarely comes to
the Mainland of Britain, and when it does it is always during
violent snow-storms from the north, which also bring the northern
birds not generally visitants of our shores.”

The habits of the Snowy Owl during the breeding season,
such as the construction of its nest, periods of incubation, etc., do
not appear to be well known. Its nest, however, has been found
on the ground, and it is said to lay from two to four white, circular
eggs, two of which only are hatched. As this Owl undoubtedly
lives much on the ground and rocks, it is probable it never builds
a nest in trees.

In Canada I have as yet found no authentic account of its
nesting, although it has been mentioned as a resident bird here by
Cassin, Baird, Coues, and other American writers, all of whom
have probably based their statements on Hall's very erroneous
list of our Mammals and Birds. Mr. Wm. Couper, however,
informs me that the Snowy Owl is a summer resident on the

148 SNOWY OWL—WHITE OWL.

plains north of the Godbout river, north shore of the St. Lawrence,
where it is said to breed. It has been also observed by Dr.
Bernard Gilpin in the month of August (1854) on Sable Island,
sitting watching rabbit burrows in the hot sand; but Mr. Gilpin
adds that he knows that they do not breed there. So few, then,
are the authentic instances of the occurrence of this Owl in Canada
during the summer months that for the present we cannot regard
it as a resident bird, and as I have stated above, there is no record
of its nest or eggs having yet been found within our borders.

Sp. CHAR. Dorsal aspect. Facial disc white ; head, neck, and whole dorsal region, pure
white, with more or less distinct umber brown, in some instances blackish bars; rump and tail
coverts white ; primaries and secondaries white, with bars on the vanes of the former, and black
spots on the inner webs of the latter.

Ventral aspect. Throat, vent, tail coverts, wing linings, and tail, white ; breast and belly
white, and like the back, variously barred.

Nostrils large and oval, obliquely situated at the margin of the cere ; femorals as long as the

tarsi ; tarsus feathered to the talons, the feathers here being long and soiled ; claws black, long,

curved, and very sharp ; plumage of the legs and toes pure snowy white.
‘Bill and claws bluish-black ; irides bright yellow.

Total length, 24.00 to 27.00; wing, 16.00 to 17.00; tail, about 10.00.

The female is invariably larger than the male, and more
regularly barred. Occasionally the old males are nearly altogether
pure white.

Genus SURNIA, Dumerit.

Gen. CHar. General form rather long, but robust ; size medium ; head moderate, without
ear-tults ; facial disk obsolete. Bill moderate, curved from the base, covered with projecting
plumes ; wings long ; tail long, wide graduate1; legs rather short, and with the toes densely
feathered.

This genus contains one species only which inhabits the
northern regions of both continents.

Surnia Ulula var. Hudsonia (Gyve.) Cours.
HAWK OWL; DAY OWL.

PLATE XXX.

Also known as the “ Canada Owl,” but this rather through-
out the northern parts of Europe and Great Britain than in
Canada. The typical UZu/a belongs to Europe, the variety ad-
sonza to America, and, according to the authors of the “ Birds of
Europe,” to Great Britain. This last is a very remarkable fact,
and it is further stated that it is the American form or geographical
race which inhabits the British Islands apparently to the entire
exclusion of the other. Ornithologists long thought, and many yet
do, that the American and European Hawk Owls were absolutely
identical ; these, however, now prove to form two distinguishable
geographical races. The American bird is darker colored, and the
bars of the whole breast and belly are broader, “only a small
gorget being left white.” The Hawk Owl is a strictly boreal
species, inhabiting the fur countries and the Arctic regions to a
very extreme latitude. It is even rare, as a general rule, in
Canada—numbers of winters passing in which few individuals have
been observed or taken. Occasionally, however—a fact already
recorded respecting the Snowy Owl—it appears rather numerously
around Montreal, Quebec, and in the Lower Provinces, whence it
also extends into the northern New England States. Rarely is
it met with as far south as Philadelphia; and Coues says “ from
Massachusetts southward its occurrence is rare and fortuitous.”
One instance is recorded of its appearance in Bermuda (Drum-

150 ; HAWK OWL—DAY OWL.

mond) ; but this individual had undoubtedly lost himself, or was
making a desperate attempt to reach the opposite Pole—just possi-
bly was an exile. Mr. Wheaton mentions this Owl in his catalogue
of the Birds of Ohio; and Ridgway records it as occurring in
Illinois. It has not been met with to the west of the Rocky
Mountains ; but Dr. Cooper, in the ‘“ Ornithology of California,”
says it “will doubtless be met with sooner or later, as it is so
abundant in the regions to the north of it (California).” We
hardly understand what regions Dr. Cooper here refers to, as it
is abundant nowhere, except in the fur countries and northward.
In the McKenzie River district Ross gives it as common to the
Arctic coast.

In Canada the Hawk Owl arrives early in April, and is taken
occasionally by our hunters. Often at this season both it and the
Short-eared Owl are exposed for sale in our markets, and in some
rare instances are brought alive. They soon, however, disappear,
having only “ dropped in” on their journey northward, and are not
again seen until about the months of October and November, as a
few of them pass again to the southward. Rarely are they seen in
summer ; I have never met with one, but have heard of instances
related of stragglers being observed very early in the autumn.
It is just possible that a stray pair may remain and nest with
us ; but this fact has not yet, to my knowledge, been authenticated.
Mr. Passmore and Mr. Couper, naturalists of Montreal, both of
whom have collected largely throughout Canada, inform me that
they know nothing from personal experience of the nest and eggs
of this Owl, and are assured that Dr. Hall in giving it in his list
of resident and breeding birds for the “ District of Montreal,” was
greatly in error. Mr. Couper also further writes me: “The
Hawk Owl is a thoroughly northern bird, but it comes down to
the neighborhood of Quebec in September, and some years is
abundant.’ In Labrador they are said to be abundant throughout
the year. It no doubt follows the Ptarmigan on its migrations.
The nest has not yet been found in Canada.” It is a common
bird in Newfoundland, according to Reeks, who states that it
remains through the year, but is less abundant in the depth of

HAWK OWL—DAY OWI1.. 151

winter than at other seasons. In Nova Scotia the Hawk Owl is
a winter visitant, and has not been met with in summer. Dr.
J. Gilpin of Halifax, N.S, who has kindly sent me a manuscript
list of the Rapacious Birds of that Province, states that during
some winters the Hawk Owls are very common, and then scarce
for a number of years. He has only observed them in the winter
season. Being a day-flying species, this Owl is generally at once
observed, and we consequently cannot conjecture—as we do
respecting some of the nocturnal species—that it may occur more
abundantly than we know of. The bird is undoubtedly rare in
the inhabited and more temperate parts of Canada, and the name
of “Canada Owl” is far more applicable to the Barred Owl
(.S. xebulosum), which, as we have seen, is abundantly and univer-
sally diffused.

Coues states that the Hawk Owl is common during winter in
the northern half of New England, and “known to breed in some
parts of Maine;” and Mr. Samuels affirms that he “has known
several specimens to be taken in Vermont and New Hampshire,”
and expresses his conviction that it breeds occasionally in the
New England States. Neither of these statements, however, as
to its breeding are borne out by records of actual observation, nor
is the name given of one person who has himself seen the eggs
or nest. The fact, if correct, of its being a resident bird in
Newfoundland certainly gives some color to the statement of its
breeding in Maine, but some further evidence is still required.

I have seen several of these birds on the island of Montreal,
and on Nuns’ Island, in the St. Lawrence, opposite this city.
They prey largely upon mice, squirrels, and birds, but occasionally
when in the neighborhood of farm houses, make raids upon poultry
and tame pigeons. On the island last named I have met with
them on some of the coldest days in winter, and on one occasion
observed a pair most grievously tormenting a large Barred Owl.
The vision of the Hawk Owl is adapted to the day-light, and
even the strongest sun-light, and it takes no ordinary sportsman
to circumvent them. They are, however, extremely bold birds,
and in the fur countries are said to follow the hunters, and often

152 HAWK OWL—DAY OWL.

to carry away a fallen bird before it can be secured. This
Owl retires to rest at night like an ordinary bird, and is but seldom
seen hunting during the twilight. It is said to breed in hollow
trees and sometimes to construct a nest among the branches of
sticks, grass, and feathers. The eggs—from such information as
I can gather—are from three to six in number, and measure from
134 to 144 in length, by 11% to 1% in breadth. They are white
and almost spherical. Further information respecting the nidi-
fication of this species and specimens of its eggs are special
desiderata.

Mr. J. G. Wood, in his “ IIlustrated Natural History,” in
alluding to this Owl, says: “Its nest is generally made on the
summit of a tree, contrary to the usual habit of Owls, which usually
take possession of a hollow in some dead branch, and lay their
eggs on the soft, decaying wood, or make their home in a con-
venient crevice of some old building.” But Mr. Wood here must
be drawing entirely upon his imagination or from hearsay, for the
Hawk Owl though sometimes, as we have already observed,
building its nest in the branches of a tree, oftener chooses the
hollows of trees, and deposits its eggs oz the soft decaying wood.

oO
oe

The specimen from which Plate XXX was taken was pur-
chased some years since alive in the Bonsecours market. It is the
second instance only, known to me, in which the Hawk Owl has
been so taken in Canada. This individual was kept alive and in
good condition for upwards of six weeks, and I had abundant
opportunity of studying his general character and various attitudes.
For some time he was very timid and suspicious, would eat noth-
ing, and seemed determined to mope himself to death. After a
little judicious negligence, however, in visiting him, and a short
term of starvation, he came round a point or two, and even showed
some measure of interest and expectancy when food was brought
to him. At the end of a fortnight he ate his meat—cut into small
junks—greedily, and, to my surprise, drank water freely. I say
to my surprise, for the impression conveyed to my mind heretofore
by the writings of authors generally on the Owl family had been
that these birds never drank, and in fact detested water. But

HAWK OWL—DAY OWL. 153

having now myself seen both the Hawk Owl and Snowy Owl
drink water freely and even delight to wash in it, I am convinced
that all other Owls do the same. We thus weed out another
incorrect and “idle tale” from our ornithological biographies. But
to return to our Hawk Owl. He soon became quite at home in
the stable in which he was confined, and amused us greatly by his
cunning and droll antics. He was a great mouser, and was ever
on the watch for these animals. When thus watching he gener-
ally took up a position on the edge or corner of a box immediately
above a mouse or rat-hole, and there remained patiently for
hours at a time. In this position—his most natural one—he was
mounted after death, and the portrait here presented is “ true to
life.” Nevertheless, his attitude has already been found fault with
by a few of my ornithological friends to whom I happened to
show some of the advanced Plates of the work. They assure
me that “the bird will hardly be recognized as the Hawk Owl.”
To these, and all such critics, however, I have simply to say,
a Hawk Owl it is nevertheless, and a very beautiful specimen in
full plumage. It may be unlike the majority of figures extant
and the greater number of stuffed specimens in collections—most
of which have been drawn and mounted by artists and naturalists
who have never set eyes upon the living bird—but I can vouch
for its resemblance to the bird kept alive by myself, and which,
now mounted in my collection, constantly recalls to my memory
many an amusing incident in connection with its short term of
captivity.

Sp. CHAR. Wings rather long, first three quills incis-d on the’r inner webs ; tail long, with
its central feathers about two inches longer than the outer ; tarsi and toes densely feathered ; upper
parts fuliginous brown, with numerous partially concealed circular spots of white on the neck
behind scapulars and wing coverts ; face grayish white ; throat white, with longitudinal stripes of
dark brown ; a large brown spot on each side of the breast ; other under parts with transverse
lines or stripes of pale ashy-brown ; quills and tail brown, with transverse bands of white. Bill

pale yellowish ; irides yellow. Color on the upper parts darker on the head, and the white
markings more or less numerous in different specimens.

Total length—Female: 16.00 to 17.00 inches ; wing, 9.00 ; tail, 7.00.
Ge —Male, a shade smaller.

The difference between the male and female birds of this
species is, as a general rule, hardly perceptible. Both are marked
f

154 HAWK OWL—DAY OWL.

alike, but perhaps the colors of the female are less intense. I
have met two remarkably light or pale-colored individuals, indeed
almost approaching adéznzsm ; but these are probably of extremely
rare occurrence. In nearly all the species of Owls, however,
common to North America, we find the same whitish or pale-
colored individuals. Age may have more to do with these
occasional forms than is at present suspected.

With this Hawk-like Owl I close my review of the Famity
Srricip&. Ten species have been described as occurring in or
inhabiting Canada, and it is not probable that any more will be
discovered. Species in a country so well traversed as ours do not
spring into existence suddenly, and any that could have escaped
the notice of our prying naturalists for so long a time must indeed
be rare and remarkable birds. To such, when discovered, I shall
be happy to devote an entire work. For the present, however,
our young naturalists and the public generally may feel assured
that these ten species represent all the Owls of Canada. But we
have much more to learn about these. We really know but little
respecting the nidification of any them, and there is not a collection
in Canada that can boast of anything like a complete set of their
eggs. We have also much to learn respecting the immature
stages of these birds, and of the peculiar forms at present attributed
to melanism and albznzsm. In conclusion, then, I would direct
the special attention of students and collectors to this retiring
and unobtrusive Family, for although the individuals composing
it are “only Owls,” still these afford one of the most interesting
fields of study to be found in the whole domain of Ornithology.

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