| TIMBERS

NOV 30 1907
~D. uF D.

LOUISIANA STATE COMMISSION

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Oe atts PURCHASE EXPOSITION

ST. LOUIS, MO.

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‘
Governor WILLIAM WRIGHT HEARD, President.
Major JORDAN GRAY LEE, Baton Rouge, La.
Col. CHARLES SCHULER, - - - Keachie, La.
Gen. J. B. LEVERT, - = New Orleans, La.

: = Hon. HENRY L. GUEYDAN, Gueydan, La.
Dr. WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, ROBERT GLENK,
State Commissioner. Assistant to State Commissioner.

Don’t fail to see the Louisiana State Building, a replica of the Cabildo, in which the
transfer of Louisiana took place in 1803.

See also Louisiana’s exhibit in the following buildings: Agriculture, Horticulture,
Education, Forestry, Fish and Game, Mines and Minerals, Liberal —
Transportation and Anthropology.

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THE STATE OF LOUISIANA IS MAKING THE FOLLOWING DISPLAY
AT THE WORLD’S FAIR, ST. LOUIS:

1st. Louisiana State Building—An
exact reproduction of the ‘Cabildo’’ of
New Orleans in which the actual trans-
fer of Louisiana from France to the
United States on December 20th, 1803,
took place. Jt is furnished throughout
with furniture of the Empire and Colo-
nial styles. et

2nd. A grand display of agriculture
in the Agricultural Palace, showing the
products of the field and the machinery
by which they are wrought into mer-
chantable forms, A complete sugar house,
a rice mill, an irrigation plant, cotton
gins and presses, cotton seed oil mill,
ete., are shown in perfect forms on a
reduced scale. Forage and garden crops ;
tobacco (yellow leaf, cigar leaf and
cigars, and the famous Perique in all of
its forms); fibre plants and products;
grains, grasses, clovers, alfalfa, ete., are
“shown in profusion.

3rd. <A fine display of fruits and
plants in the Horticultural Building—

‘on the floor of the main building and in
the conservatory. In this display will
be found the best collection of the finest
pecans grown.

4th. In the Forestry Building will be
found all the trees of her forest, and the
products manufactured from them.

5th. In the Forestry Building, but on
a different space, will also be found all
of the birds, fishes and wild animals of
the State.

6th. In the Education Building will
be found the school exhibits of the
State, from the kindergarten to the uni-
versities.

7th. In the Mines and Minerals Build-
ing, the “Devil in sulphur,” a ‘Pyramid
in sulphur,’’ Lot’s Wife in salt, crude
and refined petroleums, marbles, ‘coal,
ete., fresh from the mines of Louisiana,
are exhibited.

Sth. In the Liberal Arts Building will
be found topographic maps of the levees
of the State (35 ft. by 4 ft.), New Or-

leans of 1803 (2 ft. by 2 ft.), and New
Orleans of 1908 (15 ft. by 15 ft.). Two
hundred maps of the Gulf Coast from
1500 to the present time, some rare old
books, and a working model of the great
United States Dock in New Orleans.

9th. In the Transportation Building
are illustrations of transportation on the
Mississippi River, past and present, be-
ginning with the Indian canoe and end-
ing with the monster ocean liner of to-
day.

10th. In the Anthropological Build-
ing is a fine collection of Indian relics,
including a number of baskets of rare
and beautiful types.

Descriptive pamphlets of each exhibit
may be had on application. For fuller
information of the State, apply at the
Louisiana State Building for “Handbook
of Louisiana.” Louisiana has a fully
equipped Department of Agriculture and
Immigration, which will cheerfully sup-
ply any information desired.

Apply to MAJOR J. G. LEE, Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, Baton Rouge, La.

and your wants will be filled.

Our Forests and the Timbers They Contain.

This pamphlet has been prepared to give information
relative to our immense forests. Further information can
be obtained by application to Prof. W. R. Dodson, in charge
of Forestry exhibit from the State of Louisiana, in Forestry

Building of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.

The Forests of Louisiana and What They Contain.

Description of Pines.

SPECIES.

There are six species of pines growing native in Lou-
isiana. Named in order of their abundance and import-
ance, they are as follows:

ist. Long-leaf Pine (Pinus palustris or P. Australis)
2nd. Short-leaf Pine (Pinus echinata, or ©. mitis).
8rd. Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda).

4th. Cuban Pine (Pinus heterophylla).

5th. Pond Pine (Pinus serotina).

6th. Jersey Pine (Pinus Virginiana).

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

The Long-leaf Pine has three leaves or needles in a
bundle, each nine to ten inches or more in length, with
a cone six to nine inches long, and three to five inches
in diameter, covered with scales seven-eighths to one
inch broad, with wrinkled tops. Color of cones light
chestnut brown, turning grey with age. The buds are
three-quarters of an inch long, and one-half of an inch
in diameter, and are silver white in color. The bark is
moderately thin, broken by longitudinal and cross fis-
sures, scaling off in thin plates. It has thin sap and
very resinous heart wood.

The Short-leaf Pine has two to three needles in a
bundle, one and three-eighths to four inches long, with
cones one and one-half to two inches long, one and one-
half to one and three-quarters of an inch in diameter.
Scales five-sixteenths to three-eighths of an inch broad
with light yellow brown tips. Buds three-eighths to
one-half inch long and one-eighth inch diameter, and of
brownish color. Fissures in the bark not so close to-
gether as in long-leaf pine, and the scaly plates larger
and thinner. The bark is somewhat thicker and lighter
in color.

The Loblolly Pine has three needles in a bundle, four
to six inches in length; cones two and one-half to six
inches long and one and three-quarters to three inches
in diameter. Scales three-eighths to three-fourths inch
broad, with smooth tips, and of a dull yellow brown
color. Buds one-half to three-quarters of an, inch long
and one-quarter of an inch in diameter and of brown-
ish color. The bark on the larger trees is three-quarters.
to one inch in thickness, and nearer a cherry color than
that of any of the other pines. The longitudinal fissures.
are very deep.

The Cuban Pine has two to three needles in a bundle,

seven to twelve inches long, cones four to six and a
half inches long, three to four and three-quarters inches
in diameter, with scales eleven-sixteenths to seven-
eighths of an inch broad, and a deep russet sherry
brown color. Buds one-half inch long, one-quarter inch
in diameter, and of a brownish color. The bark is thick-
er than the preceding species, and the fissures not so
deep.

Pond Pine has three-leaved clusters of slender leaves
from six to eight inches long, giving it much the appear-
ance of the long leaf pine. The cones are two to three
inches long, conical in shape; the scales are armed
with slender ineurved prickles which drop off as the
cones mature. The bark is very similar to that of the
long-leaf pine, but the scales are thinner and larger. The
wood is very resinous.

Jersey Pine has only two leaves in a cluster, stout
gray-green, from an inch and a half to three inches
long. Cones oblong conical, from one to three inches
long, scales armed with slender prickles. Bark is thick,
quite dark in color, broken into smaller segments by
longitudinal and cross fissures than are any of the pre-
ceding.

QUALITY, COMMON NAMES, ETC.

In regard to the common names of these pines, great
‘confusion exists, not only among the denizens of the
forests, but even in the lumber market. Among the

saw-mill men, engineers, architects and carpenters,
Long-leaf and Cuban pines are never distinguished.
Short-leaf and Loblolly pines are mixed indiscriminately.
In building, “Southern Pine” or “Yellow Southern Pine”
frequently satisfies the specifications of the architect
and may come from any of the four species.

Technically, the wood of the four pines differ as fol-
lows: That of the Long-leaf and Cuban are about equal
in strength, the former excelling by its finer grain and
smaller amount of sap wood. As a rule, the same com-
parison may be made with regard to the Loblolly and
Short-leaf pines. They are, however, very variable in
weight and grain, and there will occur numerous excep-
tions to the rule. It is especially apparent that the wood
derived from more southern localities is generally heavi-
er and stronger than that grown further North. Hence
great superiority of Louisiana and Texas Short-leaf Pine
lumber.

There are a number of small mills that saw Loblolly
exclusively, and it makes very satisfactory framing ma-
terial and interior finish that is to be painted. For ex-
terior finish it is not as desirable as the other pines, but
if kept well painted is very durable for all exposed
work also. The growth being rapid the annual layers
are thick and the heart wood is small.

Superiority of Pine Trees.—Pines are the most im-
portant timber trees of the world. They attain this pre-
eminence from a combination of properties. They pos-

sess such qualities of strength, elasticity, combined
with comparatively light weight and ease of working as
to fit them specially for use in construction which re-

quires the largest amount of wood. They occur as for-

ests in the temperate zones, often to the exclusion of

other species, so that their exploitation is made easy
and profitable. They are easily reproduced and are
tolerably quick growers (especially Short-leaf and Lob-
lolly varieties). They occupy the poorest soils, produc-
ing valuable crops from the dry sands, and hence are of
the greatest value from the standpoint of national econ-
omy.

Importance of Pine Forests of Louisiana can scarcely
be properly estimated. The immense development of
the large timberless prairies of the Western States,
whose rapidly increasing population. depends mainly
upon the forests of the Gulf for the supply of the mate-
rial required in building up their homes; the large de-
mands made annually by Central and South American
Republics, for building timber in their port cities; the
acknowledged adaptability of these straight timbers of
Long-leaf Pine in car and bridge building and the con-
sequent demand of large quantities by the different rail-
road companies of the West and South, all proclaim
in distinct tones the present value of our lumber, and
clearly foreshadow the probable enormous future wealth
resident in these forests.

Area of Timber.—Referring to the “forestry” map*
of Louisiana, the territories occupied by the different
timbers can be easily traced.

Eastern Louisiana.—Entering the State from the
east, it is found that “The Long-leaf Pine’’ covers this
section to the extent of 3,880 square miles. Beginning
at Pearl river on the east, it extends westwardly almost
on a line with the Amite river, where it is supplanted
by the short-leaf pine, and oaks and hickories on the
uplands, and by the hardwoods of the Mississippi bot-
toms. Slightly undulating flat woods cover fully one-
fifth of this area and with a somewhat loamy porous
soil, support a better timber growth than is generally
found in the flat pine barrens of the plain. Owing to
the proximity of this section to the Gulf coast and the
numerous streams passing through it, this forest has
been extensively invaded. Also along the lines of Illinois
Central and New Orleans & Northeastern railroads, the
adjacent woods have been depleted, but elsewhere large
areas exist untouched by the ax or the saw.

The saw mills in this section find their market in New
Orleans, and it is estimated that their total annual out-
put is about 20,000,000 feet board measure. In this sec-
tion a considerable quantity of naval stores is produced
which also finds a market in New Orleans.

*Asa part of the exhibit in the Forestry Building will be found
a topographical map of Louisiana, with the distribution of her
forest trees indicated in colors.

West of the Mississippi.i—The forests of “The Long-
leaf Pine” are geographically limited to the sands and
gravels of the latest Tertiary and earliest Post-Tertiary
formations. They make their appearance beyond the
great alluvial plain, and are first seen in the uplands
bordering the Ouachita river, which it follows for over
fifty miles, and then extends west skirting Lake Cata-
houla and the alluvial lands of the Red river. North
of this river, these pine forests cover an area estimated
at 1,625,000 acres, extending northward for a distance
of nearly sixty miles. Toward their northern limit the
forests pass gradually into a mixed growth of deciduous
trees and short-leaf pine. In the center of this region
the pine ridges alternate with tracts of white oak and
hickory. Tending towards the Red river, the pure for-
est of Long-leaf Pine, which covers the undulating up-
lands, is unbroken, and has been, as yet, scarcely
touched by the ax.

On the low hills of this northern division of the pine
belt of northwestern Louisiana the forests are some-
what open and are composed of trees of the first order
as regards their dimensions; the well drained, warm
and deep soil of sandy loam being highly favorable to
their development. This is shown in the six test logs
obtained from this forest by the “Division of Forestry”
at Washington. These trees had on an average height
of 117 feet, with 171 rings on the stumps, a diameter at
breast height of 22 inches, and giving a timber 44 feet

in length and 19 inches in diameter. Upon one acre of
this forest, there was found an average of 38 trees, of
which fourteen were 24 inches in diameter, and giving
a timber 45 feet in length; six were 19 inches in diam-
eter and giving a timber 40 feet in length; nine were
17 inches in diameter and of a timber length of 35
feet, and nine of 13 inches in diameter and a timber
length of 30 feet.

Nowhere, in the opinion of experts, will an average
acre fall below 6,000 feet board measure.

As far back as 1892, the mills of this section shipped
annually 56,000,000 feet to the markets.

South of the Red river bottom the forests of Long-lear
pine continue unbroken to the Sabine river and South
to the treeless prairies of the coast.

Roughly speaking, these forests cover an area of
nearly 3,000,000 of acres.

In the lower pine flats of this section the best mer-
chantable timber has been removed by the mills at
Lake Charles, but beyond on the lands rising gently
above the flat woods will be found immense areas of
Long-leaf pine of an exceedingly fine growth. The trees
are tall and slender, and their timber unequalled by any
in the Southern States. On these low ridges five trees
were cut for test logs, and the average results given by
the “Division of Forestry” are as follows: Height 118
feet, rings on stumps 185, diameter breast high 21 inches,
length of timber 43 feet, diameter 18 inches. Upon one

average acre there were counted 44 trees, of which
three gave timbers 50 feet long and 25 inches at butt;
six 50 feet long and 28 inches at butt; nineteen 40 feet
long and 18 inches at butt, fourteen 386 feet long and 14
inches at butt, or an average of over 15,000 feet board
measure.

On a selected acre, regarded as first-class, there were
counted 72 trees, with an aggregate of 35,000 feet board
measure.

Lake Charles, Louisiana, and Orange, Texas, are the
chief sites of the mills which consume the timber from
this section. It is estimated that at least 500,000,000
feet board measure of Long-leaf pine will be cut during
the present year from the forests of Louisiana.

Short-leaf Pine.—East of the Mississippi, occurs Short-
leaf pine of rather a restricted area, not over 400 square
miles, much of which has been cleared and is now under
cultivation. This pine here, as elsewhere in the South,
is intermixed with oaks and hickories. Again, much of
it at present is second growth, the fields once cleared
having been permitted to grow up with this tree. A few
saw mills can still be found in this section, which covers
the greater part of East Feliciana and parts of West
Feliciana and East Baton Rouge.

West of the Mississippi river, north of the region of
Long-leaf pine, is found an immense area of Short-leaf
pine in the fullest perfection. It is here that this tree
finds its best development and forms pine forests, ex-

F2

tending over many hundreds of square miles with but
little interruption. This forest extends north into Ark-
ansas and west into Texas, and the United States census
for 1880 estimates the amount of merchantable lumber
of this tree, standing in these three States, at 87,000,-
000,000 feet board measure. The area in Louisiana is
a little over 8,000 square miles. The resources of pine
timber in these mixed forests of oaks, hickories and
Short-leaf pine, removed as they have been from the
highways of traffic, have been but slightly drawn upon.
But the number of railroads now penetrating this sec-
tion from the North are bringing with them saw mills
by the hundred and this section is now a theatre of
lumber activities. No less than five railroads have al-
ready entered this section of the State from the North
and are gradually building southward. These forests,
covering the undulating plains and table lands of this
hill country, now rival in timber wealth and economic
importance the great lumber regions of the coast.

Second Growth Pines.—Throughout the Oak, Hickory
and Pine Uplands of this section occur large fields of
second growth pine which have sprung up in fields
(once cultivated) abandoned since the civil war. These
fields are in many instances covered with a dense forest
of trees, 65 feet and over in height, with a diameter of
10 to 18 inches, with no undergrowth whatever. Such
forests, occurring with every stage of growth, afford
highly instructive lessons of nature’s method of re-for-

esting our hillsides. When young, the saplings form a
dense thicket. In time they are thinned by the natural
principle of “the survival of the fittest,” the stronger
trees killing the weaker by shade and an appropriation
of the elements of growth. In time the stand becomes
permanent, growth continues with an equal pace with
each tree, until finally, at a period of fifty to one hun-
dred years from birth, the pine has reached maturity
and is ready for the sawyer’s axe. Thus a rotation of
Short-leaf pine, under favorable circumstances, may be
reckoned at least every century, and of Loblolly every
half century. These trees, therefore, can be relied upon
for the re-forestation of large areas in a comparatively
short time. The Short-leaf pine is sometimes bled for
turpentine.

THE LOBLOLLY PINE

is perhaps the most active tree in taking possession of
abandoned fields, and this faculty gives it a special
economic significance in forestry studies. It is said that
every fifty years will produce trees large enough for
saw logs, three to each tree, averaging 14 feet in length.
The best kind of the original timber from this tree is
called “Rosamary Pine,” now rarely found on the mar-
ket. The oldest and best matured trees of the second
growth are called “Swamp” or “Slash” pine, while the
young and inferior trees are called “Oldfield’’ pine.

In Southwest Louisiana the Loblolly pine is found
frequently scattered in the level woods bordering upon

the grassy marshes of the coast; while in North Louisi-
ana, between Lake Beaudeau and Bayou Dauchite, and
extending to the Arkansas line, this species forms the
principal tree covering.

The original forest furnishes lumber with a fair pro-
portion of heart-wood, free from blemish, and the equal
of timber from Short-leaf, and sometimes even of the
Long-leaf.

The introduction of dry kilns, by which the excess
of moisture is driven off, thus preventing the sap wood

| from turning “blue,” has done much to adapt it to many

10

purposes for which it was once rejected. The tree is
not worked for turpentine.

CUBAN PINE

is not found in West Louisiana, having its western ex-
tremity in the Pearl river valley of East Louisiana,
where it extends, mixed with the Long-leaf pine, from
the coast inland for a distance of 60 miles.
POND PINE

is not abundant in the State. It is found principally on
the hills immediately adjacent to the flats and in the
flats near the alluvial lands of the Red river and Oua-

chita. It is cut and sent to the mills with the Long-leaf
pine.

THE JERSEY PINE
is found only in the alluvial lands and the adjacent

hills. It is quite abundant along many of the narrow
bottoms of small streams and branches, but seldom in-
vades the broad expanse of alluvial deposits along the
principal streams. It is not highly esteemed for lum-
ber purposes even when clear, and is generally knotty.

Uses of the Wood of Pines.

In actual use the wood of all species is much alike.

The coarse grained, heavy, resinous forms are es-
pecially suited for timbers and dimension stuff, while
the fine grained wood, whatever the species, is used for
a great variety of purposes. Formerly these pines were
cut or hewn into timbers, but since “dry kilns’ have
been almost universally adopted, and the simple oil
finish has supplanted paint, the Southern pine is cut
into every form and grade of lumber. However, the
Long-leaf and Cuban pines furnish the ideal lumber for
bridges and supports to buildings, for which they are
eut into sizes above 6x6 and over 20 feet long. These
two pines also furnish large quantities of railway ties.

In naval architecture, for masts and spars, the Long-
leaf pine excels. Large quantities of long and heavy
sticks of square timber, sawn or hewn, are shipped to
British and Continental ports for uses above described,
and the demand is constantly increasing. The fine
grained and “curly’ varieties of Long-leaf pine lumber
are susceptible of a high polish and have recently en-
tered the list of high priced woods for ornamental inside

alal

work. Besides supplying all home demands for build-
ing, for furniture, fuel, and railroad ties, the South ex-
ports annually over 1,500,000,000 feet, board measure, of
Long-leaf pine to domestic and foreign ports.

Naval Stores.—The Long-leaf pine furnishes the bulk
of the naval stores of the world.

The resin exuding from trees specially incised and
shaped to collect it, consists of a volatile oil (spirits of
turpentine) and a solid resin (rosin) held in solution.
The resin yielded by an orchard the first year is usu-
ally styled “Virgin Dip.” It is almost colorless and con-
tains the largest quantity of volatile oil. The second
year the resin has a yellowish color, becoming each suc-
ceeding year darker in color, more viscid and poorer in
volatile oil. By distillation this resin is made to yield

Spirits or Oil of Turpentine,

which has numberless uses in the arts. There remains
in the retort, in a liquid condition, at the end of the dis-
tillation, the non-volatile part of the resin. This is
drawn into barrels and permitted to cool, when it solidi-
fies. It is put on the market and sold as

“Rosin,”

which has varying colors (pale straw to dark brown)
according to the nature of the crude turpentine; depend-
ing upon the number of seasons the trees have been
worked. The market value is regulated by the quality.

Pine Tar is made, as before remarked, by the de-
structive distillation of fat pine, one cord of wood yield-
ing forty to fifty gallons of tar.

Common Pitch is obtained by boiling down tar until
it has lost about one-third or more of its weight. It is
also obtained as a residue in the dry distillation of resin
for resin oil.

Effect of Boxing or Bleeding.—Bleeding pine trees for
their resin, which is practiced mainly upon the Long-
leaf and Cuban species, has generally been regarded
as injurious to timber. Many architects and railroad
men, in their specifications, exclude “bled” timber.

Special investigations, involving mechanical tests,
physical and chemical analyses of the “bled” and “un-
bled,’ have been made by the “Division of Forestry,”
and the results obtained show conclusively, ist, that
“pled” umber is as strong as “unbled,” if of the same
weight} 2nd, that the weight and shrinkage of the wood
is not affected by “bleeding”; 3d, that “bled” trees con-
tain practically neither more nor less resin than “un-
bled” trees, the loss of resin referring only to the sap
wood, and therefore the durability is not affected by
the bleeding process.

However, it is patent to anyone going through a forest
that has been tapped for turpentine and abandoned for
a few years, that great losses have actually occurred. A
considerable quantity of rosin continues to collect on
the scarified surface, and during forest fires this rosin

12

often catches on fire and results in burning the tree
down, or burning it till it is broken off by succeeding
heavy winds. In many instances, three or four sides
of the trees are blazed and only a small strip of living
bark left between the cut portions, and this strip is
killed by the heat from the burning rosin near it, and
the tree soon dies, and in succeeding fires is burned to
the ground. In many instances where the land is leased,
trees no more than six inches in diameter are tapped.
These individuals never become very much older till
they are destroyed by forest fires. The owner of the
tree considers the pittance that he gets as rental and
has little regard for the future of the forest. This is
more especially true remote from the mills, where there
is little or no market for the timber.

Lightwood.—In late years a profitable industry has
been inaugurated, which utilizes the resinous stumps of
pine trees as kindling material. The stumps are cut off
close or into the ground, split into long narrow strips,
which are rolled into small bundles ready for shipment
to the cities. ;

Distilling Pine Knots——The knots, limbs and roots of
particularly “fat” pine are distilled, crudely to make tar,
or carefully and with improved apparatus, Pyroligneous
Acid, Acetone, Tar, etc.

Charcoal Burning.—The small trees and limbs unfit
for lumber are burned for charcoal. Hach neighborhood

burns locally its own charcoal, and in proximity to large
cities, the industry is carried on to a large extent, to
supply on the one hand the blast furnaces for the manu-
facture of charcoal iron, and on the other the demands
of the city. Large quantities of charcoal manufactured
in East Louisiana finds annually a market in New
Orleans.

Product From the Leaves.—The green leaves of the
pine furnish by distillation an essential oil of balsamic
odor closely resembling spirits of turpentine. ‘“Pine-
wool” is made from the cellular tissue of the leaves,
treated with a strong alkaline solution at boiling heat,
the remaining fibre being cleaned and carded. It is used
in upholstery and is said to be a valuable antiseptic in
dressing wounds. It is also manufactured into textile
fabrics—e. 2g., a carpet resembling cocoa matting—but
closely woven, very durable, and a rich brown color.
This is quite a growing industry.

Uses of Dry Pine Straw.—The dead leaves are raked
from the forests and used for mulching the strawbeny
orchards in the truck raising sections and for this pur-
pose they cannot be excelled. It 1s also largely used for
bedding in stables and for storing potatoes.

CYPRESS.

While cypress is not popularly considered as a pine,
botanically it belongs to the pine family. Next to the
pine lumber interests in Louisiana stands the cypress

|

13

lumber industry. While vast areas have had all of the
most easily accessible cypress cut, there are still exten-
sive regions with an abundance of this most valuable
timber unmolested.

There are about 1,000,000 acres of cypress timber in
Louisiana, situated in the alluvial lands and in the
swamps of the uplands. This area contains about 10,-
000,000,000 feet board measure of timber, which a score
or more saw. mills are converting into lumber at the rate
of nearly 300,000,000 feet per annum.

Two varieties are recognized by lumbermen, the wood
of the red or black, heavier than water when green,
rather harder and considered more durable than the
others; the unseasoned wood of the white cypress,
lighter than water, and rather lighter colored than red
or black eypress

The wood is soft but compact, straight grained, and
easily worked. For making doors, sash, blinds and sim-
ilar articles it stands without an equal. It is also the
most desirable wood to be obtained for railroad tanks,
cisterns, some kinds of cooperage, and is the most dur-
able wood we have in abundance when in contact with
the soil or exposed to the weather. It is extensively
used for railroad ties, telegraph posts, bridging material,
piling, fencing, for frame and finish on nice houses, and
in all kinds of work requiring close joints and smooth
finish without showing shrinkage from changes in the
weather.

It makes the finest shingles that are to be secured.

Frequently the centre of the trees are affected with a
fungus disease which results in the breaking away of
portions of the tissue as if worms had been working
through it. This is called “pecky cypress,’ and while
it is disqualified for all uses where a good finish is re-
quired, the wood is more durable than the clear timber,
and is therefore very desirable for many purposes where
it meets all requirements.

COTTON WOOD,
(Populus monilifera.)

The wood is soft and light, compact, not very strong,
does not split easily after drying. It is not very durable
when exposed to the weather unless well painted.

It is quite abundant throughout the alluvial lands,
and is found to some extent in the hill lands not occu-
pied with pine. The growth on the hill lands is but lit-
tle used commercially. In the rich bottoms it often
attains a diameter of three to four feet, and gives sev-
eral saw cuts from each tree. There has been a wonder-
ful development in the past few years in the utilization
of cottonwood lumber. Quite a number of large mills
are sawing it almost exclusively. It is also extensively
used by the veneering establishments for making all
kinds of fruit and vegetable boxes, egg cases and so
forth. It is also used in making boxes for vehicles, and
some farm implements. It is beginning to be used ex-
tensively for making boxes for shipping meat and gro-

14

ceries. The logs are floated on the rivers and bayous
like cypress and pine. Immense quantities of this lum-
ber is shipped to Germany and other continental coun-
tries of Europe, to be used for carriages.

Hard Woods.

The Hard Woods are found in the alluvial and Bluff
lands on which they constitute the lumber growth, ex-
clusive of cypress and cottonwood. They also occur
interspersed with the pines, upon the better localities
and creek bottoms of the “Good Uplands.” Until recent-
ly these woods were scarcely touched. Now they are
being purchased in large areas, saw mills have been
erected and the finished timber is finding its way to
domestic and foreign markets.

The following is a list of the more important hard
woods of the State:

SWEET GUM, RED GUM,
(Liquidamber styraciflua.)

The tree is quite plentiful in the Bluff lands and the
higher portions of the alluvial bottoms, where it reaches
a majestic growth, often attaining a diameter of four
or five feet and a height of a hundred to a hundred and
twenty-five feet. The wood is heavy, hard and difficult
to split. It is close grained and takes a very good finish.
It is used in the construction of houses, cabinet making,
street paving, making wooden vessels, fruit boxes and so
forth. The wood “buckles” badly when exposed to rain

and sunshine and is not desirable for exterior finish.
The logs are exported to a considerable extent and the
sawed lumber to a small extent. For exportation the
logs are hewn with axes to a uniform eight sided figure.
Logs finishing less than thirty inches in diameter are
apt to be rejected.

Logs are sometimes found that present a very beauti-
ful “calico” or clouded stain in the heart wood, and these
logs command a high price in the market. They are
shipped as “Satin Walnut” and are used abroad in cab-
inet making.

The amount of gum entering the market is rapidly in-
creasing. There is opportunity for profitable enterprise
in this line. The logs cannot be rafted unless attached
to lighter woods to keep them from sinking. They are
rafted with cypress and cottonwood.

BLACK GUM,
(Nyssa sylvatica.)

The black gum is much less abundant and less val-
uable than the sweet gum. It is found sparingly almost
everywhere the sweet gum is found, and it invades the
hill lands considerably beyond the limits of the sweet
gum. The heart wood is small. The thick white sap is
difficult to split, quite hard and close grained, and is
difficult to work. It is employed in making hubs for
wheels, rollers, ox-yokes, wharf piles and so forth.

15

TUPELO GUM,
(Nyssa aquatica.)

Grows only in very wet places, in the margins of
ponds, bayous, and low places in overflowed lands. The
trunk of the tree is generally very much swollen at the
base. This portion of the wood is more or less spongy
when green, light, difficult to split, very white but fairly
close grained, when dried. These swollen butts are
used in making bread trays, and kitchen utensils. They
are very light, durable and clean looking as they become
further bleached in use. The wood of the upper portion
of the trunk is much harder and more compact and much
heavier. The wood is also used in making wooden
shoes, broom handles, and woodenware. It is being used
to some extent for fruit and vegetable boxes, and should
be used very much more extensively. Large quantities
of the wood are obtainable, and it can hardly be excelled
for strength and appearance and is comparatively light
in weight.

The green logs can be floated in water when the tree
is cut near the ground, leaving a large portion of the
expanded base of the tree as a part of the log. The up-
per cuts will not float.

OAKS.

The White Oak, (Quercus alba), and Cow Oak, (Quer-
cus Michauxii), are the most important oaks of the
State. Timbermen seldom make a distinction between

them. The last named however is the most abundant,
the largest and most valuable. The stave interests of
Louisiana are very extensive. For many years staves
have formed a part of the cargo of almost every depart-
ing steamer from the waters of the upper portion of
the State. Frequently large barges loaded exclusively
with staves from upper Louisiana pass down the Missis-
sippi to the New Orleans market, where a very large
exporting trade has been built up mainly with Louisiana
staves. All of the railroads through the northern part
of the State find the shipping of staves an important
source of their revenue. A number of factories turning
out the finished products ready to be put together after
shipment are now located in the midst of the best tim-
ber centers, and are doing business to their full capac-
ity. There is room for further development along this
line in many sections. Millions of feet of good timber
are annually being deadened and destroyed by the farm-
ers clearing land because they are not in communication
with a market for the timber. These woods are also
used extensively for making all kinds of agricultural
implements, and wheels, and for fuel and for fencing.
The cow oak is used in making the best quality of farm
baskets, especially cotton baskets.

The smaller trees are used for railroad ties, bridge
work, and sometimes in building houses.

Post Oak, (Q. stellata), is found to some extent and is
used for fuel and fence posts. Sometimes used for rail-

16

road ties. There are two or three other species belong-
ing to the white oaks found in the State but are not of
commercial interest.

Live Oak, (Q. virens), is chiefly valuable as an orna-
mental tree, and the most beautiful specimens of great
size are to be found in southeast and south Louisiana.
They form a characteristic part of the most beautiful
landscape scenes. Formerly the wood was used on ac-
count of its exceeding hardness and strength and dura-
bility, in the construction of water craft, but iron and
steel have supplanted it for these purposes.

Red Oak, (Q. Texana). This tree is confounded with
the red oak proper of more northern latitude. It is su-
perior in quality to the red oak. It is used for some
classes of cooperage for which it is excellently suited.
It makes a good lumber for cabinet making and interior
finish, and for construction work. It exists in moderate
abundance, and grows to be a very large tree, one of
the largest of the forest. It works nicely when green,
and is frequently free from knots for very long cuts.

Black Oaks.—There are several species of black oaks
that make good forest trees. The water oak and black
oak proper are the most common. They make a good
quality of lumber for construction purposes. The laurel
oak is said to be the hardest of the oaks when well
seasoned. Timbermen use the wood of this species to
make wedges used in felling trees, and cutting logs.

A well seasoned wedge of this wood can be driven
into a soft tree like cypress a sufficient distance to hold
one end of a scaffold on which the woodmen stand in
cutting trees that have to be cut some distance from the
ground.

MAGNOLIA,

(Magnolia grandiflora),
is found principally on the Bluff lands of the State, but
to some extent on the high ridges of the alluvial lands
and in the bottoms of the hill lands. It grows to be a
large tree, and is now being used to some extent in fur-
niture making. The wood is soft when green but hard
when dry. The sap is very thick and white, and shows
a very nice finish if dried quickly after being sawed.
It is believed the uses of this wood could be very much
extended.

BEECH.
(Fagus Americana),

ocurs in nearly all portions of the State except the allu-
vial lands. On the Bluffff lands it grows to great per-
fection. The wood is very hard and compact, and has a
decided quarter grain. It is used in the manufacture
of chairs, shoe lasts, tool handles and is frequently sub-
stituted for sugar maple. Kitchen spoons, forks and
many wooden articles of household use are made of
beech wood. Planters use a board of beech wood ior
making slides on which to carry plows from field to field.
It makes good fuel. There is no reason why it should

pz¢

not be used much more extensively for interior finish
and for cabinet making.

ASH,
(Fraxinus Americana, and F. Quadrangulata.)

Some ash is found in almost every portion of the State,
but the growth reaches its finest development in the al-
luvial and Bluff lands, where the first named species
only is of importance. In many places ash is quite abun-
dant. There are two factories in the State converting
this wood into oars, supplying not only the retail trade
of a large territory of the United States, but furnishing
the Federal Government with oars for the navy. Some
foreign governments have for years been receiving large
shipments of oars for use in their navies, from Louis-
iana. It is sawed to some extent for flooring, for which
purpose it is admirably adapted. It is also used for fur-
niture making, for interior finish, for handles of tools,
baseball bats, broom handles, carriage building and so
forth. It is considered the best fuel wood grown in the
forest.

The last named species is less valuable, but often cut
with the former when of sufficient size and good qual-
ity. The water ash does not reach sufficient size to be
of great importance.

HICKORY.

Several species of hickory are found in all parts of
the State where hard woods grow. Hickoria alba, White

Hickory is the most abundant and most valuable species.
From this species are made nearly all high class handles
and carriage materials put on the market from this
State.

A number of factories in the State are doing a prof-
itable business. The scaly bark hickory is sometimes
used for making handles of a cheaper grade. The heart
wood of this tree is much thicker and the wood is more
brittle and less elastic. This species grows also to large
size, but is found only in low wet places.

PECAN.
(Hickoria Pecan.)

This species of hickory is abundant in the alluvial
lands, and its greatest value is in its fruit. It furnishes
food for man, and an important source of food for hogs
that are dependent upon nature’s supply for their sus-
tenance a good portion of the year. The wood makes
good fuel, and is sometimes used as wagon making
material. Many cheap handles are made of it. The
class of axe handles retailing at ten cents are mostly
made of pecan.

Another species called the bitter pecan is a smaller
tree and produces a fruit that is not relished by man or
beast. The wood also is less valuable.

YELLOW POPLAR.
(Liriodendron tulipifera.)
Poplar reaches its highest development on the Bluff
lands and the ridges of the alluvial lands. Except where

18

new railroads are invading new territory, most of the
available poplar, in hauling distance of the railroads,
has been cut. A very large amount has been shipped
out of the State for exportation during the past four or
five years. A few miles from the railroads, consider:
able poplar is still to be found. The lumber is very val-
uable for all kinds of purposes where a moderately soft,
light wood will serve the purpose. It is one of the most
durable woods we have, and is well suited for house build-
ing, though now considered too expensive for that pur-
pose as the market price is much above that of other
lumber that is well suited for building. It is used in the
manufacture of wooden pumps, shingles, boat building,
furniture, interior finish, light parts of farm implements,
wagons, carriages and so forth.

SYCAMORE.
(Platanus occidentalis.)

The wood is very coarse grained with very large
medullary planes giving it a very conspicuous quarter
grain, and a handsome finish can be made of quarter
sawed boards. It is used in furniture and interior fin-
ish. It is largely used for making boxes in which plug
tobacco is packed. Butchers blocks are made of it, and
it is used extensively for clothes pins.

PERSIMMON.
(Diospyros Virginiana.)
In wet localities this species attains the size of one
to two feet in diameter, and from fifty to ninety feet

Ee

high. There is a considerable quantity of logs available
measuring twelve to fifteen inches in diameter. During
the past few years there has been developed a small
trade in the exportation of this timber to foreign ports
where it is used for making shuttles.

The wood is very close grained and hard, taking a
fine polish.

MULBERRY,
(Morus rubra.)

The wood is extensively used for fence posts, and is
considered as one of the most durable woods for this
purpose that can be secured. It is seldom more than
twelve to fourteen inches in diameter.

CEDAR.
(Juniperus Virginiana.)

This tree is found in abundance only in a few local-
ities. Near Pine Ridge, La., is quite an extensive cedar
' break, where some fine specimens of the wood are to
be found. It is used for posts, telegraph poles, railroad
ties, and similar uses, and for making cooperage and
lead pencils. Also planted as an ornamental plant.

WALNUT.
(Juglans nigra.)

The wood of the walnut tree, so valuable for furniture
making, and for service where a durable wood in contact
with soil or exposed to the weather is required, has been
almost exterminated from the State as a commercial

1g

timber. The large trees that remain are left for shade
or for the fruit.

WILD CHERRY,
(Prunus Caroliniana),
is a little more plentiful than the walnut, but there is
not sufficient good material in the State to make it
worth while to undertake to use it commercially except
in a very limited way in connection with other timbers.

HOLLY,
: (Ilex opica.)

While the tree does not ordinarily become very large,
specimens eighteen to twenty-four inches in diameter
are sometimes to be had, and a considerable quantity
twelve to fifteen inches in diameter is available. The
wood is very close grained, all white, there being no
heart wood, and takes a very fine finish. The wood is
adapted to a great variety of purposes.

ELMS,

The American Elm, (Ulmus Americana), is the most
important elm in the State. The wood is hard, difficult
to split, rather porous, and does not take a very good
finish. It is used for wagon hubs, saddle trees, cooper-
age such as cheap barrels, and for veneering for bask-
ets and fruit boxes, trays, and so forth.

The Slippery Elm, (Ulmus fulva), is used medicinally.

The Winged Elm, (U. alata), is used as a shade tree,
as is also the American elm.

BASS-WOOD,
(Tilia Americana.)

The wood is light and close grained. It is sawed into
lumber under the name of white wood, and is used in
wooden ware, cheap furniture, panels, bodies of car-
riages and for paper pulp.

WILLOW.
(Salix nigra.)

The wood is light, soft, weak, close grained. The bark
is used as a tonic in the treatment of fever. The wood
has little value. The wood would probably be well used
for making fruit boxes or similar articles.

Young growth one to three inches in diameter is used
for plaiting willow mats, used by engineers on the Mis-
sissippi river jetties and for stopping caving of banks
at strategical points.

IRON WOOD,
(Ostrya Virginica.)

The wood is heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close
grained, durable in contact with soil. It is used for
fence posts, tool handles, mallets and many small ar-
ticles. The bark is rich in tannin and is used in home-
opathic practice.

HACKBERRY,
(Celtis occidentalis), L.

The wood is heavy, rather soft, not strong, and coarse
grained. It is used fo~ fencing and for making cheap
furniture.

20

OSAGE ORANGE,
(Toxylon pomifera). Ref.

The wood is very heavy, hard and extremely durable
in contact with soil. It is mostly cultivated. The wood
is used for fence posts and for the manufacture of small
articles.

HAW, RED,
(Cratoegus coccinea), and other species, L.

Wood heavy, hard, close grained, compact.

WILD PLUM,
(Prunus Americana), Marshal.

Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close grained, com-
pact, satiny, susceptible of beautiful polish. Used for
handles of tools, ete.

OSAGE ORANGE, BOIS D’ARC.
(Maclura aurantica), Nuttall.

Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible,
ciose grained, compact, very durable in contact with the
ground, satiny, susceptible of beautiful polish. Color
bright orange, turning brown on exposure. Sap wood
yellow. Used largely for bedposts, paving blocks, rail-
way ties, wheel stock. Planted largely for hedges.

THORN-LOCUST.
(Gleditchia triaconthos) L.

The wood is hard, strong, coarse grained, durable in
contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts and for
rails, for hubs of wheels, and to some extent in con-
struction.

LOCUST.
(Gleditchia monosperma.)
Very similar to the above, except in size, as it seldom
Zrows more than twelve inches in diameter.

MAPLE.
(Acer rubrum), L.

The wood is close grained, easily worked, and not very
strong. It is used in the manufacture of chairs and
wooden ware, and to some extent for furniture.

BOX ELDER.

(Acer negundo), L.
The wood is light, soft, close grained, not very strong.

Occasionally it is used for manufacturing cheap furni-
ture, sometimes for interior finish in houses, for wooden
ware, cooperage, and for paper pulp. Small quantities
of maple sugar are sometimes made from this tree.

PRICKLY ASH.
(Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis), L,
Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse grained, not dura-
ble. Bark used in medicine.

CATALPA.
(Catalpa bignonoides.)

Is found sparingly in the State. It makes very excel-
lent posts, but is not large enough to be used for ties, or
other purposes for which the larger growth of more
northern latitudes is used.

21

SASSAFRAS.
(Sassafras officinalis.)

Has very light, tough wood, very durable, does not
work easily unless very dry. The bark of the roots is
used medicinally and for making tea which is sometimes
used at the family table. The wood is used for making
paddles, where lightness and strength and durability are
desired. Sassafras is considered the most desirable
wood there is for making the small water craft called
“dug-out.”” One can easily carry a vessel large enough
to transport several hundred pounds when placed in the
water.

SPANISH MOSS.
(Tillandsia usneoides), L.

A so-called air plant found growing in all humid dis-
tricts upon trees and hanging in festoons from the Live
Oaks and other trees in the alluvial lands of this State,
is of highest economic importance.

It is gathered and subjected to a treatment by which
the outer cuticle is removed and the cellular tissue left,
is carded and baled for market. There are numerous
moss factories in this State, both in the cities and par-
ishes, and the output annually is enormous. It is black
in color, and is used in upholstering, cushions, beds, pil-
lows, mattresses, horse collars, etc. Samples are on ex-
hibition at the Louisiana exhibit.

List of Woods on Exhibition in Louisiana Exhibit in the Forestry
Building, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis,
Arranged in Botanical Sequence:

Common Name— Scientific Name. Common Name— Scientific Name.
MEVefiOhEWn BonoocnddooodsooDnunno. Magnolia grandiflora. lo aWENORInckishinere see eke rate te Crataegus apiifolia
MECN Boatcaddancusaodouauoadoo ge sy Magnolia glanca Witch Fazle sivccietecic peer ee tcclonetapaiers Hamamelis Virginica.
Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar...... Liriodendron tulipifera. Wi'SweetsGumiissccacaecee meee Liquidamber styraciflua.
Papaw, or Custard Apple...........--- Asimina triloba. Tare Blanket ete cre .cicce: crete ots uedaterer starter oyetaters Aralia spinosa.
Linden, or Bass-Wood............+++- Tilia Americana. Dog WOO ere ierateyet-relereletalelareloeiepeheteteteyieetet-teiat= Cornus florida.
Chinasmreesecccteric steele levels erotsiovsiansis\e ite Melia azederah. ETS SCC ingaoatponte.s ooo b Meu oouCoONdS Nyssa sylvatica.
Tooth-ache Tree.......... Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis. | Tupelo Gum..............--+sseeeeeeees Nyssa uniflora.
FHOP-OHO@ io tates tal winie one) wletolesel olelslone cota) sieiein)-ret~ Ptelea trifoliata | Button Bush................ Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Chinknencoscdagonovocn0cogouSUeoUdTOuGdGS Rhus typhina. Fearkle benny cae testers ese sietsvercierNalcioners Vaccinium arboreum.
SUM AC welp etele bie ict-feiolelotelielsievststoleceiisasiererecatels Rhus copalina. Sour Wood, Sorrel Tree......... Oxydendrum arboreum.
Grape sire oct stisiecisteere seteranieleielsseicrelsy ere Vitis srovun Gitolia.wa eS tOnaxctvs eisieloeiers cleletelolmtedclshelel iets iterer= Styrax grandifiora.
Supple Jacks ce rciotee loys eresiisreiele «iei~i- Berchemia volubilis. | Persimmon...............-+++-s+- Diospyros Virginiana.
BLIGE OM ratte tetas oyna enol epee nie le > tee Rhamnus Carolinianus. ESUMIGN Tecate, nis sie ante ser eae On eter, wan) etetePatetals Bumelia lycioides.
BCI Sa conadco cbon cpa cD onan paduaoamon SOK Tlex apaca. Catalpa, Catawhba...............+. Catalpa bignonioides.
FLOM ys sPetatetersns ct-Paporereivcalefelel-teteteisetrierota sieretaneiatels Tex Vdeciaual i) SWiHItecA SH ere rs avec) rele le clete > o)s'elereyelerete Fraxinus Americana.
BuUGK-CYG spiairieie rescuer =ievelo = satire ste)! he)elavslnfele Aesculus glabra. Blew Ashitarctte a resctetenachieersvepecsiete Fraxinus quadrangulata.
Maple, Red. ......... cece cece eecccccons Acer rubrum. Wi ater: TASH in crisielecon cjetesetersretehe wtat tala Fraxinus platycarpa.
Boxt Eldletetir = cicicsrcier esc ope rerio terninios Negundo aceroides. | Sassafras............eeeesceeseees Sassafras officinalis.
Honey Locust............+.+++ Gleditschia triacanthos. | Mulberry...........ccceseeeceescessacnese Morus rubra.
(lids tecdo ban gab oon do 5 Prunus Pennsylvanica. PrechiEl erases Gia 5 eke bittarchehe recente Ulmus Americana.
Pur ranterseatete rescue atlstelei evel) «/elelele ohotsstste'ssuskehe Prunus Americana. | Slippery Elm...........ceeceeeseceeeeeeee Ulmus fulva.
Ha WthOnnnci opotcuseve elo cle setatel ot erssetejatieks Crataegus spathulata. FREGEB UG cietare ate rnisyors cl eluisiaieterelateioreeieint ons Celtis occidentalis.

Common Name—

NV GclNtLONGmeterte lc cleisitielaie. cscs teis'« (el « Platanus occidentalis.
Bickonya (White: FiCKOLY)) sca ccs © cor lo Carya alba.
SAE RUMEN COM Weta foyataie clini eka sr aicsieynieiieis elere ctevel eve Carya glabra.
AIDS L ROBY Sains 6:5. 3.00 doom DunsLaoa ORAS oe Carya tomentosa.
PASSE Ine aa 6 Rdg ert acer Clr O SE ono RENE Carya olivaeformis.
ERCREMRIS CGA cisks a lelais cielelarsic as-eietares,aice cima eve Carya amara.
SCV BARK OEAICKONYicveiereic v, sleveyelaseleVajais’sie 0.5, Carya quatica.
VM CcLAILUL eeteyere te roncrcie(esereystavens: elie eceveveleielek’ tvelayerdreis< Juglans nigra.
IDL OWUIO) cA meray atte ave clistiavce: «laerieeiatauslyejtese-e 6 Quercus Phellos.
REA ENRON A cai Su atta coats ai ayetls aie scyeteisiacwiacatte: « Quercus laurifolia.
High Ground Willow Oak............. Quercus cinerea.
VWEGIe (CEL RAA Sai no aoe Occ ODO GO DOOR Ear Quercus aquatica.
EIAG KS UAC KHOI Gis cic rere tie el ietoiele- si siecle siscene's Quercus nigra.
BTULUT ESV OAR ota ater yeis ava) olletancicyafateie'eisierei s Quercus catesbaeli.
Pea ieNCe ROR et creed feito he wire ots). coe cere ie ef eile eal Quercus tinctoria.
Sse) Celios sdtcecnupcoo Then ade oes Quercus falcata.
POSER A ar ahelals chele cdere ciel tisuciats elec» 0s) a\susvs Quercus stellata.
RIPE EE OAM oie tatay ta: a) etetics wi p.e, aie: svavncara s-clavavare ea Quercus alba.
Mossycup) Oak. no. eee ee ee eee Quercus macrocarpa.
COME TCU OAR see acl feiraieya crv eteral ale o.<r=) sieiere Quercus lyrata.

Scientific Name.

23

Common Name— Scientific Name.

GOWhOAKRnadets he vere evaysisisfenierenerstetere teva Quercus Michauxii.
Peachrirees Oakirracts atetsre areats eyavetnycinta stays stats Quercus (7?)
BOGGIiias, nircctetets uceetciskeieccverotaca choberet ave secur cans Fagus ferruginea.
Honnbeaimbeievsmrcseyasicirelsterccrererararcis Carpinus Americana.
Iakeya) Laehinseilbpogsados sundoctacaons Ostrya Virginica.
BRUCE revo <cevetenavertenvolattasietel ste, cheraleresarstsfaleneievetets Betula nigra.
UCC n lee tec teyesotersicke oketttepaveielsiereletotalscalautelae rere Alnus viridis.
Wil WO Wwisrs reais capers tesetettuslerss = cracislo: Nouteuseerensraneysrs, cree Salix nigra.
COtEOM WOO Scion ce cpeie cc8 srersigrate elelelons cess Populus monolifera.
Cottonwood Siri teccusiecs cots cysslare cuore Populus helerophylla.
Uerseya Pine seni wacttaercrc is cilelecspettielais misters Pinus inops.
Short-leavediy Pine cist jerciicicrsieminie sjacclersieisacretezele Pinus mitis.
PondiPinesecnrcyereristorstehetetore iaieolsycuerelenate Pinus serotina
[Eye liY IeiKo ob cots ancsoAbboouecmbadooce Pinus Taeda
Cuban Pine pers) oy crclerslc tote ctetcianeie lotions Pinus Cubensis
ong -leavied mel tn Grrereteterstet-teietatarslaletatstsiarstere Pinus Australis
Reds Gedar ss cant secac taltecs aiasacratnes Juniperus Virginiana.
COMPS Signo dh GoucomodopaDdoones Taxodium distichum.
GYPRessmNeeSwrenisteletetiey-teienele tate Taxodium distichum.
Pal mention stricter -fepeistete:cfatererete tet epee Sabal palmetto.

List of Articles in the Louisiana Exhibit of Forestry, showing some
of the uses of Louisiana Woods:

Baseball Bats, of ash and cottonwood.
Baskets, of elm.

Boxes, Fruit, etc., of poplar, gum, cottonwood.
Bread Boards, of cottonwood.

Bread Trays, of Tupelo gum, sweet gum.
Butter-molds, of beech.

Butter-plates, of elm.

Butter-paddles, of beech.

Charcoal, of pine, white oak.

Clothes Pins, of beech.

Cooperage, of cypress, cottonwood, poplar, white oak,

cow oak, cedar.

24

Faucets, of cedar, beech.

Handles, Assorted, of hickory, white oak, cow oak.
Laths and Shingles, of cypress.

Oars, of ash.

Paddles, of sassafras, cypress.

Rims, or Felloes, of hickory, white oak, ash.
Spokes, of hickory, white oak.

Shingles, of cypress.

Shoe-lasts, of beech.

Spoons and Kitchen Utensils, of beech.
Horse Collars, and Bales, of Spanish moss.