OUTLINE OF AM AGRICULTURAL FLAN

FOB AN AVBBAGH PBOVItfCH

vxprswo BY THa supJuuMTiEirDKjrr, AT IXB QOVWUOCCKT PBESS,

PREFACE

THIS memorandum is meant solely for the use of officers who are
called upon to put up schemes for growing more food or for inclu-
sion in the plan of the post-war development of Agriculture. Under
the term Agriculture are included not only Crop Production but
also Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forestry and
Cooperation.

The general lines along which plans have to be prepared are now
well recognised. Land has to be reclaimed and developed, water,
manure and seed have to be provided, pests and diseases have to be
guarded against, the production of milk and fish have to be increa-
sed, village fuel plantations have to be set up, multi-purpose co-
operative societies organised and so on. But these general ideas
have to be translated into concrete and specific schemes. Natu-
rally the precise schemes to be taken up will vary from Province
to Province and the type of work envisaged in each scheme will
also have to vary with local conditions. But it is felt that some
guidance on these points may be helpful.

Accordingly, this memorandum gives in outline the nature of
the scheme to be included under each major head of the plan. Some
of these schemes may be unsuitable for some areas; some schemes
may have to be dropped because they are beyond the resources of
the Province concerned. But the outline may provide a list from
which to pick and choose.

In addition, type schemes for a large number of sub-heads
are appended. They are designed mainly to give an indication as
to the lines on which such schemes should be prepared and the sort
of information that should be given therein. The figures given
are merely for illustration and will vary according to local condi-
tions. The type schemes as such will therefore not be suitable for
any area; but it is hoped that they will help the officers concerned
for preparing schemes suited to their own conditions.

The memorandum has been prepared jointly by a number of
different officers in the Central Department of Agriculture.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

1. The aim of a plan of Agricultural development is to increase
production, improve efficiency and enhance the net income of the
producer, so as to improve his standard of living. Hence the plan
must clearly indicate the extent to which it will help in attaining
this aim.

2. In other words it is not enough to have a collection of
isolated schemes however excellent and necessary they may be. Each
of these schemes must indicate the extent to which it will further
the general plan and it must also be stated as to what the cumulative
effect of all these schemes when integrated together will be for the
province as a whole. Each scheme must show how and to what
extent it will increase production and the plan must show the total
extent to which production will be increased as a result of the various
schemes in each year, so that it may be seen what the total increased
production is likely to be in a specified period.

3. It follows that the appointment of extra staff is not an end
in itself ; it is but the means by which the various schemes can be
put into effect. Hence the staff must be correlated to the scheme
of work. Proposals for increase of staff must indicate clearly how
and to what extent such increase will help directly or indirectly in
increasing production.

4. For the proper framing of a plan, a good deal of preliminary
or preparatory work is essential. It is necessary in the first place
to make enquiries and ascertain the requirements in the shape of
works, goods and services. For instance, before deciding how many
wells to construct, it has to be ascertained by enquiries from tract
to tract how many wells are needed in each area and what the scope
is for the construction of such wells. Next, the availabilities of
material, staff etc.' for such construction have to be looked into.
Thereafter it can be indicated that so many wells can be constructed
at once and so many more after such and such material or staff
can become available. The plan should also provide for obtaining
the requisite goods and training the staff required. The total
increased 'production expected from the wells must also be men-
tioned.

5. It is not suggested that work should be held up while such
enquiries are going on. The construction of works can and should go
on in so 'far as this can be done with the available material and staff
and steps sfrould be taken forthwith to construct such works as are

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known to be required. But the necessity for detailed investigations
for the drawing up of a proper plan must not be lost sight of.

6. Again, in framing a plan it is advisable to avoid a diffusion
of activities by taking up too many small items. The available
resources in men and materials should be concentrated on scheme*
which will give the maximum production in the shortest time at the
least cost per unit of production, the aim being to produce a specific
quantity of more food or other agricultural commodity in a speci-
fic time.

7. For this purpose, special attention has to be paid to schemes
of development or the application of results of research. Research
is undoubtedly essential and adequate provision must be made for it.
But at the pr jsent stage experiment is perhaps of greater practical
value i.e. the taking over of the results of research already carried
out in the province or elsewhere and trying them out under local
conditions of soil and climate. Such experimentation is an essen-
tial preliminary to the giving of sound advice to cultivators as to how
to increase production under their conditions.

8. This has to be followed up by schemes designed to make
the necessary facilities in the shape of works, goods and services,
available to cultivators at a cost which is within their means so that
they may be able to take up the activities which are considered
suitable from the point of view of increasing production.

9. It is in the light of these conditions that the following
suggestions are offered as regards the types of schemes that may
best be included in the provincial post-war development plans.
It is realised that when the provincial plans were prepared, the need
for concentrating attention on increased production had not per-
haps been fully realised. The suggestions now offered may mean
a certain amount of increased work for the Departments concerned.
The only object however is to help each province to make the best
use of the funds available to it in the mutual interests of all.

10. It has to be emphasised that the carrying out of the plan
will neod the full cooperation of the departmental staff with the
agriculturists and the latter must be suitably organised for the
purpose.

11. It may perhaps again be made clear that the type of
schemes appended to this memorandum are not intended to apply
to any province. They have been drawn up on a purely hypothe-
tical basis ani arc intended to serve as specimens for the framing
of provincial schemes, The type schemes will haye to be modified

to suit the local conditions of the province, including in eome
cases the combination of different schemes into a single unitary
scheme or vice versa. It is however necessary that all the relevant
facts should be presented in the blue prints of the schemes ; that
the objectives and the methods by which it is proposed to attain
them should be clearly indicated ; and that the probable increased
production should be mentioned. The Central Department of
Agriculture will be glad to render any assistance that a province
may require for the preparation of its detailed schemes.

OUTLINE OF AN AGRICULTURAL PLAN FOR AN
AVERAGE PROVINCE

The plan for the development of Agriculture in the Province
aims at securing increased production and improving the efficiency
of agricultural operations, so as to increase the net income of pri-
mary producers. For this purpose it is proposed to make the re-
quisite facilities, in the shape of works, goods and services, avail-
able to them, at a cost which is within their means, and to organise
the primary producers to enable them to take advantage of the same.

2. The province has 5 divisions, 25 districts, 100 tehsils,
500 firkas or assessment circles, 2000 zails or union boards and
50,000 villages. Its total area is 50 million acres, so that the average
size of a village is 1000 acres. A zail has 25 villages, a firka has 100
villages, a tehsil has 500 villages and a district 2000 villages.

PLANT HUSBANDRY

3. Out of the total area of 50 million acres in the Province,
6£ million acres are under forest, while 8-| million acres are classed
as not available for cultivation. Out of the remaining 35 million
acres, 10 million acres are shown as culturable waste, 5 million acres
as current fallow and 20 million acres is the net area sown. The
do-fasli area is 3| million acres so that the total area sown is 23£
million acres.

4. The main items included in the programme of increased
crop production are (1) improving minor irrigation facilities by
helping in the construction of surface percolation wells, tube wells,
pumping installations tanks, channels etc., (2) carrying out other
minor works of land improvement and development especially for
the conservation of moisture and the prevention of erosion, (3)
bringing culturable waste and fallow land under cultivation, (4)
supplying manures and fertilisers at subsidised rates, (5) multi-
plying and distributing improved varieties of seed, (6) protecting
crops from pests and diseases, (7) supplying iron, steel and agri-
cultural implements including in some cases tractors, (8) adopting
improved cultural practices such as the right time of sowing, the
correct seed rate, transplanting where required instead of broad-
casting etc., (9) developing vegetable and fruit growing, (10) providing
advisory services for extension work and (11) carrying out research.

5. Land Development Works. — In order to increase the area
under cultivation and obtain higher yields per acre, it is necessary
to construct a number of minor works for the development of the
land. Both the intensive and the extensive system will be adopted
for the purpose,

For intensive work in a particular area, a suitable block of land
such as a watershed will be selected. A project will be prepared
for this area, indicating all the works of land development that are
needed for the reclamation of the land and the measures that have to
be taken for securing its best utilisation. This is known as the
project method.

It is not however proposed to wait for the results of such en-
quiries before taking action. For most areas it is known roughly
what types of works are needed. A separate scheme is put up for
each type of work to be constructed. These works are dealt with
below under two main heads viz. (1) Irrigation Works and (2) Soil
Conservation or other Works.

6. Irrigation Works.— The present position in respect of
irrigation is that only some 5£ million acres are irrigated — 3 million
acres from canals, l£ million acres from wells and one million acres
from tanks.

The extension of the canal system is primarily a matter
for the Irrigation Department but the agricultural staff will be
closely associated with these proposals.

Tube wells will be constructed at places and the scope

for the construction of more tube wells will be ascertained by trial
borings (Scheme 1.1.)

Help will be given to agriculturists for the construction and

equipment (with Persian Wheels) of new masonary surface

wells and for the repair and improvement of existing wells

(Scheme 1.2).

Similar work will be taken up in respect of tanks (Scheme 1.3).

Dams will be constructed at ... .places on streams etc. so as
to utilise the water so conserved for irrigation and provided with
water lifting pumps (Scheme 1.4).

It is hoped by these measures to increase the irrigated area from

5^ to million acres in the next five years and to increase the

double cropped area from 3£ to million acres in the same

period. This is likely to result in an increased production of. . . .ton?
a year.

7. Other minor works. — These include works for the conser-
vation of soil and moisture and the prevention of erosion. They are
best carried out in connection with the execution of projects for selec-
ted blocks .of land. But, for some areas, certain types of work
can be taken up independently of the projects. In particular,

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Forestation with contour trenching will be taken up in

acres (Scheme 2.1).

Pastures grasses will be planted in acres (Scheme 2.2).

Contour bund will be constructed for the protection of ......

acres from erosion (Scheme 2.3).

Agriculturists will be helped to construct field bunds (i.e. watt

bunds or daul bunds) for the conservation of moisture in acres

(Scheme 2.4).

Embankments will be put up for miles to prevent lands

from being flooded by streams (Scheme 2.5). Larger works of this
kind would primarily be the function of the Public Works Depart-
ment.

Masonry check dams or brush dams will be constructed in

places for gully plugging in order to prevent the extension

of erosion (Scheme 2.6), and

To prevent water logging, miles of drainage cuts will be

constructed (Scheme 2.7).

By these means it is hoped to bring extra acres under

cultivation, under grass and under trees.

8. Land Development Project. — Enquiries will be made in
respect of each selected block of land such as a water-shed to ascer-
tain what portions of the area which is not available for cultivation
is fit for being put under fuel trees and grasses, how much of the
culturable waste can be brought under cultivation and how much
of it kept under trees and grasses, and what works and facilities
should be provided for reclaiming these lands and putting them
to the maximum use. Similar enquiries will be made as to the works
and facilities needed in the cultivated areas for improving the effi-
ciency of cultivation. A. Land Development Organisation will be
set up for guiding and directing this work (Scheme 3.1).

The actual preparation of projects will be carried out by special
staff dealing with a selected block of land. This staff will ascer-
tain (where necessary) the nature of the soil, collect the requisite
data, put forward suggestions for works to be undertaken and indi-
cate roughly what goods, equipment and staff are required for the
purpose (Scheme 3.2).

As soon as possible after a project for a block of land has been
prepared, steps will be taken to put it into effect by carrying out the
necessary works and measures. This will entail a great deal of pro-
paganda and some legislation, till people are convinced of the wis-
dom of the measures suggested. Some portions of the projects
will be carried out by the cultivators themselves, with the help of
the normal departmental staff ; other portions will require special
staff.

9. Manures. — In order further to increase production, steps
will be taken to popularise the better preservation and greater use
of manures and fertilisers specially in irrigated tracts.

Farm and milage refuse. — Farmers will be encouraged and helped
to preserve farmyard manure and village refuse in compost pits ;
it is hoped to increase the present production of manure in villages
by about 6 million tons during the next five years (Scheme 4.1).

As an experimental measure, compost "factories " will be star-
ted in selected villages. The refuse will be made over to special
staff who will arrange for proper composting and will hand over
a proportionate quantity of ripe manuie to each individual concerned
in due course. This will it is hoped serve to stimulate increased com-
post manufacture and show to farmers the best methods to be
adopted. It is proposed to establish 1000 such " factories" in the
Province (Scheme 4.2).

The preparation of compost from town refuse will be taken up
at all the towns in the province with a population of 5,000 or more
and it is hoped to produce 400,000 tons of manure from this source.
Adequate steps will be taken to ensure rapid distribution of this
manure by subsidising its transport and use (Scheme 4.3).

The Sewage and Sludge, available at the bigger municipal cen-
tres, will be utilised for increasing agricultural production, under
safeguards so as to ensure hygienic conditions. Fodder crops,
sugarcane and fruit trees will be generally grown under sewage
(Scheme 4.4).

Slaughter house wastes , which are now being buried, will
be converted into useful manure such as dried blood and offal-cake
and subsidies will be offered to popularise their use among culti-
vators (Scheme 4.5).

Arrangements will be made for the collection of bones (estimated
at tons) and their utilisation as manure in the form of bone-
meal or bofte-char (Scheme 4.6).

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Efforts will be made to ensure that every acre of irrigated land
is green manured at least once every five years and arrangements
made for the supply of the necessary seed (Scheme 4.7).,

Fertilizers and Oil-cakes. — Chemical fertilizers and oil-cake

will be supplied at subsidised rates for acres in the first year

working up to acres in the fifth year (Scheme 4.3).

The extension staff will give advice to farmers as to the best
time of application and the type and quantity of manure to be used,
bearing in mind the nature of the land. They will have manurial
tables with them for the purpose.

As a result of these measures, it is hoped to increase production
by tons a year and build up soil fertility.

10. Seed. — With the greater use of water and manure, the
use of better seed will give higher production. Improved seed is
however available only in respect of wheat, paddy and cotton.
The aim is to place half the area under each of these crops under
pure improved seed in the course of 4 years and to keep on renewing
the seed every year to prevent deterioration.

For this purpose it is proposed to produce pure nucleus seed
at the Government seed farm. For purposes of multiplication,
this seed will be given to A grade growers, their produce bought
and stored and given out the following year to B grade growers
whose produce w;ll be similarly bought and stored. The necessary
number of seed stores will be set up. The seed from these stores
will be given out to cooperative or other suitable agencies for
further distribution ; these agencies will have to comply with
certain conditions and will be given concessions especially in respect
of the construction of stores (Scheme 5).

It is anticipated that the annual increased production from the
use of improved seed will be tons.

11. Plant Protection. — Control measures will be adopted against
pests and diseases e.g. removing stubbles, burning trash etc. In-
secticides and fungicides will be made available to farmers on a
subsidised basis. Spraying and dusting machinery will be given
out on hire or sold at subsidised rates. Advice will be given to
farmers and orchard owners as to the exact measures they should
adopt in each case (Scheme 6).

12. Implements. — Iron and steel for the manufacture of agri-
cultural tools by village blacksmiths will be obtained in bulk and
made available to agriculturists (Scheme 7.1).-

Improved implements up to 20% of the total estimated demand
in the province will be obtained, partly by manufacture in a Cen-
tral Workshop and partly by purchase from the trade, and distri-
buted throughout the province at subsidised rates or on hire to
cultivators in order to popularise them (Scheme 7.2).

In selected areas power farming units consisting of tractors
and tractor drawn equipment suited to local conditions will be set
up and utilised for helping to bring culturable waste land under
cultivation They will either work on a contract basis or be given
out on hire (or if necessary free of charge) for carrying out agricul-
tural operations for which adequate bullock power is not available
in time (Scheme 7.3).

13. Depots. — Stores or depots will be established from where
agricultural implements can be either sold if necessary on a subsi-
dised basis or hired out to farmers as may be considered appro-
priate. These depots will also stock and supply fertilisers and will
be run along with seed stores (Scheme 8).

14. Cultural Practices. — The cultural practices which will
result in high production will vary from block to block according
to the nature of the soil and climate. The province will be divided
into blocks on the basis of soil climate differences.

An experimental farm will be established for each such block
and also in every large area where irrigation will be newly introdu-
ced. At each of these farms, suitably planned and designed ex-
periments will be laid down. Their objective is to ascertain as
quickly as possible the relative merits and suitability for the block : —

(a) of the different crops grown, bearing in mind the need
for rotation,

(6) of the different varieties of seed for each of these crops,

(c) of the different types of manures required for these crops,

of their differing doses alone and in combination with each
other and of their economics relative to the prices of the
crops manured,

(d) of the amounts and periodicity of irrigation, and

(e) of the other cultural practices to be adopted e.g. the seed

rate to be used, the optimum time for sowing, the need
for weeding, transplanting etc., the use of the right type
Of implements and so on (Scheme 9.1).

10

The results obtained at those farms will then be tried out on
trial plots belonging to landlords or selected cultivators under theiV
own conditions (Scheme 9.2).

If the results are found to be satisfactory, field demonstrations
will be given on a large scale on the fields of cultivations (Scheme 9.3).

15. Vegetables. — The existing production of vegetables needs
to be increased 2£ times to moot the nutritive needs of the popu-
lation. Steps will therefore be taken to increase the acreage under
vegetables and to supply seed for vegetables at subsidised rates in
the beginning (Scheme 10.1).

Arrangements will be made for the production of potato seed
and its maintenance in cold stores to prevent deterioration (Scheme
10.2) and where this is not feasible for the transport of the type of
potato seed needed for each block from the area producing the same
(Scheme 10.3).

.

16. Fruits. — In order to improve fruit culture, it is necessary
to select bud wood of the right type ; existing orchards will be sur-
veyed! to'-ascertain the kinds and varieties of trees growing success-
fuU^'m each orchard and to locate trees of outstanding merit (Scheme

ir.ij.

These selected trees will be utilised for propagating nursery
plants and Government nurseries will be set up for producing and
distributing plants of good varieties (Scheme 11.2).

Experimental orchards will be set up to ascertain the best va-
rieties to be used and the best methods of cultivation to be adopted
for each block (Scheme 11.3).

Along with them commercial orchards will be established to serve
as demonstrations or models ; they will in course of time supply good
quality bud wood (Scheme 11.4).

Fruit growers will be helped to set up new orchards in

acres and to renovate acres of existing orchards by top work-
ing or otherwise (Scheme 11.5).

The training of mails will be taken up on practical lines so as
to make malis available for fruit growers who wish their orchards
to be properly looked after (Scheme 11.6).

A Fruit Development Board or Fruit Growers Association will
be set up which will encourage the adoption of better methods of hor-
ticulture and hold fruit shows for the purpose (Scheme 11.7).

11

A Fruit Technological Laboratory will be set up where experi-
mental work will be taken up in the preservation of local fruits and
vegetables. This will also be used for testing the quality of fruit
products produced by the industry and will help them in solving
their problems (Scheme 11.8).

Short courses will be arranged in home preservation of fruits
for consumption in the home (Scheme 11.9).

17. Crop Planning. — It will not be feasible to take up .crop
planning as such. But every effort will be made to increase the
acreage under selected crops. The present position is that out of
23£ million acres sown, 18 million are occupied by foodgrains inclu-
ding 7 million acres under rice, 3 million under wheat, 7 million under
millets and one million under pulses. Fibres cover 2 million acrea
and oilseeds another 1^ million acres. The remaining 2 million acres
are shared equally by sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, fodder crops
and miscellaneous crops, each of them covering half a millioja acres
approximately. ,

It is proposed to increase the acreage under rice and under
oilseeds by f million acres each, and under wheat, under fruits and
vegetables and under fodder crops by half a million acrea; each.

The land for this increase of 3 million acres will become available
partly from the additional area that will be brought under cultiva-
tion and irrigation, and partly from an increase in the double cropped
area. Some land will also become available when the yields of non-
food crops increase and their acreage can therefore be reduced without
decreasing their production.

18. Extension. — In order to carry out all this work it will be
necessary to maintain a proper organisation and extension staff. As
there are 25 districts, 100 tahsils and 500 firkas in the Province, the
district staff will consist of 2,000 Kamdars, 500 Fieldmen or Super-
visors ( non-graduates), 100 Inspectors (graduates) and 25 Superin-
tendents (gazetted Class II) and 5 Deputy Directors. Taking into
consideration the existing staff, the extra staff required is ........

(Scheme 12). This staff will be in addition to the special stuff that
will be required for items such as seed farms, experimental farms,
depots, etc. There will also be Inspectors and Superintendents etc.
for work in connection with horticulture plant protection and agricul-
tural engineering.

19. Research. — The provincial research farm will I, e expanded.
Research in Agronomy (cultural practices) will be intensified. P!r nt
breeding work will be carried on, in cooperation with the different

12

commodity committees, institutes or the I.C.A.R., for evolving and
trying out new varieties there will be a separate scheme for each
crop, e.g. for rice, wheat, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugar-
cane, tobacco etc. Research will also be increased in respect of Plant
Chemistry and Soil Science, Plant Physiology, Entomology, Mycology
and other plant diseases, Horticulture and Agricultural Engineering
(Scheme 13).

20. Headquarters. — The additional staff required to help the

Director will be officers. The ministerial and menial staff

will also have to be enhanced. The office accommodation will have
to be increased (Scheme 14).

21. Totll Staff. — A statement is appended showing the number
of persons of each category that will be required in each of the 5 years
starting from 1947-48.

22. Training. — Arrangements will be made for the training of
Kamdars at farms (Scheme 15.1), of mates for agricultural engineering
(Scheme 15.2), of fieldmen, supervisors or non-graduate assistants
(Scheme 15.3), of overseers or non-graduate engineering assistants
(Scheme 15.4), of Inspectors or graduate assistants (Scheme 15.5),
of gazetted staff for post-graduate training in India (Scheme 15.6)
and of higher gazetted staff for post-graduate training abroad (Scheme
15.7).

23. Increased Production. — The total increased production
expected as a result of all these measures, given proper advice and
guidance by the staff, from the 5th year onwards is 800,000 tons a

yeai. The non-recurring cost involved is Rs lakhs; while the

annual recurring expenditure from the 5th year onwards will be of

the order of Rs lakhs, apart from loan money to the extent

of Rs lakhs.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

24. The cattle population of the province consists of 5 million
bullocks, 4 million cows, 3 million young stock and 2 million buffaloes.
In addition there are 3 million sheep, 4 million goats and 5 million
poultry.

25. Disease Control. — There are at present 20 veterinary hos-
pitals (where inpatients are received), and fixed dis-
pensaries in addition to field dispensaries and

first aid centres.

It is proposed to convert dispensaries into hospitals

SQ as to increase facilities fcr treatment (Scheme 16,1).

13

Further, extra dispensaries will be constructed,

from which it will be feasible to look after additional

field dispensaries which will serve firke or thana headquarters.

(Scheme 16.2).

In addition it is advisable to have a first aid centre at the
headquarters of each stockman i.e. at 2000 places (Scheme 16.3).

Steps will be taken to provincialise hospitals, dispensaries etc.
so that difficulties of dual control may be reduced (Scheme 16.4).

All the cattle in the province will be inoculated free of cost
to se3ure immunization against rinderpest. Compensation will be
paid if an animal dies as a result of such inoculation, to the extent of
half its value (Scheme 16.5).

The regular staff will also carry out inoculation against other
contagious diseases e.g. tuberculosis, contagious abortion etc. (Scheme
16.6) and take measures against parasitic diseases e.g. cattle dips
against ticks, (Scheme 16.7), the use of derris powder against warbles
(Scheme 16.8) etc.

To prevent the ingress of diseased animals and inocluate those

which come in quarantine stations will be established

(Scheme 16.9).

To meet the requirements of sera and vaccine their production
will be increased (Scheme 16.10).

23. Feeding. — Advice as to the most suitable cattle feed for
tach locality, based on what is available locally, will be given to
cattle owners by the extension staff.

Airangements will be made fcr the supply of concentrates on a
.subsidised basis to secure their equitable distribution (Scheme 17.1).

The loquirements cf green fcdder will be met by increasing
production along the lines indicatad in pc-ra 17 and fodder trees
^vill te planted along with fuel plantations. The chaffing of green
fodder will be popularised (Scheme 17.2).

The conservation of fodder by making hay and sileage will be
encouraged (Schemo 17.3).

Crazing lands will be improved' by the introduction of
rotat onal grazing and reseeding where necessary (Scheme 17.4).

27. Breeding. — The cattle which arc mostly nondescript will
be gra led up by the use of improved bulls. This is a long terjn

14

programme and will be worked through key villages instead of
establishing a largo number of government farms.

There will be a government bull breeding farm for each division,
depending on the breed it is proposed to propagate most in the division.
Thus it will be posssible to have a separate farm for bulls required
for draught purposes, for bulls required for milk and for buffalo bulls.

The bulls produced at the divisional farm will be given out
to selected or key villages and entrusted to darindas. The male
offspring of the bulls from key villages will be supplied, when they
are of age, to other villages in the vicinity. Thus stud bulls will be
maintained in all villages and the whole of the village stock will be

graded up in the course of years. The organisation so

set up will maintain a supply of better and still better bulls from
generation to generation (Scheme 18.1).

This work will have to be supplemented by legislation to secure
the castration or removal of all other bulls.

Where this system of work is not feasible, cooperative cattle
breeding societies will be set up (Scheme 18.2).

Artificial insemination will be introduced wherever practic-
able ; this will reduce the number of bulls that will have to be main-
tained (Scheme 18.3).

Action will be taken on similar lines for the breeding of better
sheep for improving the wood produced, for breeding goats, for the
breeding of poultry and the production of eggs and for breeding
other forms of livestock (e.g. horses, mules, donkeys, camels, pigs etc.)

28. Dairying. — The present production of milk in the province
is only 1.5 million tons a year. This comes on an average to l£ Ibs
a day per cow and 2 Ibs per day for a buffalo or double these amounts
if only animals in milk are considered. Milk production will be
increased with the better feeding and breeding of the cattle, including
the supply of tested bulls. But further action is called for in order
to increase production to 2 million tons in five years.

Accordingly stops will be taken to secure tho increased produc-
tion of green fodder in villages (Scheme 19.1). At tho same time it
will be necessary to assure to the producers a remunerative market
for their milk. Care will however be taken to ensure that villagers
aro left with some milk for their own consumption. Further action
for the propor maintenance of their animals e.g. shortening the dry
period, will be taken by the cattle owners themselves,

15

In the areas near each important town a survey will be made
of the production of milk and the scope for increasing the same as
well as of the consumption and utilisation of the milk. This will
provide data for a comprehensive scheme of work (Scheme 19.2).

Arrangements will then be made for the supply of milk from
the rural areas to the towns. Cattlo owners will be organised coopera-
tively for milk production and milk recording. A Milk Union will
be set up which will collect the milk from the producing areas,
arrange for its transport, process it and distribute it, providing the
necessary refrigeration and cold storage arrangements (Scheme
19.3).

This will be supplemented by arrangements for the supply of
clean water in villages where necessary (Scheme 19.4).

Dairy farms will be set up for the production of both milk and
bulls ; cows and buffaloes will be maintained on green fodder grown
at the farm, the dry fodder required being purchased from the neigh-
bourhood (Scheme 19.5).

Farms will also be established for the salvage of dry stock from
cities and the rearing of young animals (Scheme 19.6).

Rural creameries will be established for making butter, milk
powder etc. in areas where the milk cannot be utilised as fluid milk;
this will secure the proper utilisation of the milk produced, prevent
wastage and enable the producers to get better value for it (Scheme
19.7).

The village methods of manufacturing ghee will be replaced
by cream separators in selected places ; this will give a higher out-turn
of ghee and have the skim milk for the use of villagers (Scheme
19.7).

Apart from the staff required for the individual schemes men-
tioned above, special staff will be appointed specifically for helping
in dairy development (Scheme 19.9).

23. Gaushalas. — Steps will be taken for the reorganisation
and improvement of Gaushalas so that they may take up the produc-
tion of more milk, the breeding of cattle on scientific lines and the
salvage of dry cattle. For this purpose land will be placed at their
disposal for grazing cattle, and for growing fodder. They will be
supplied on suitable terms with pure bred cows and bulls and helped
to put up cattle sheds and dairy equipment (Scheme 20).

30. By-Products. — The utilisation of the by-productr, of animal
slaughter will also be attended to and the existing slaughter houses
improved (Scheme 21).

31. Extension. — The extension staff will consist of 2,000 stock-
men, 500 livestock supervisors. 100 livestock Inspectors, 25 livestock
superintendents and 5 deputy directors, less such staff as can be
dispensed with owing to the presence of veterinary assistant surgeons.
The necessary buildings for laboratories, officers etc. will also have
to be provided along with the requisite ministerial and menial staff
(Scheme 22.1).

Education in the proper management of livestock will also be
arranged for by means of leaflets, cinema films etc. and by the organi-
sation of livestock shows (Scheme 22.2).

32. Research. — There will be a provincial livestock research
and experiment farm where work will be carried out on animal
genetics and nutrition (Scheme 23.1). In addition there will be
special research officers for studying the diseases of cattle, sheep,
and goats, poultry etc. with the necessary laboratory and office
accommodation and the requisite ministerial and menial staff (Scheme
23.2).

33. Headquarters. — The staff at headquarters will also need
to be strengthened to deal effectively with the various increased
activities, along with the necessary laboratory and office accommoda-
tion and the requisite ministerial and menial staff (Scheme 24).

34. Training. — A statement is appended showing the total
extra staff of different categories required in each of the next five
years. The training of stockmen, compounders, dressers etc. will
be arranged for in the requisite number (Scheme 25.1).

Selection will be made of suitable persons for training as veteri-
nary, livestock, dairy assistants etc. and they will be trained at the
Provincial Animal Husbandry College : the facilities for training
there will be considerably increased for the purpose (Scheme 25.2).
In the alternative the persons selected will be sent to colleges in
neighbouring provinces for training (Scheme 25.3).

The requisite number of gazetted officers will be trained at the
I. V. R. I. (Scheme 25.4) and the higher staff needed sent for training
abroad (Scheme 25.5).

35. Increased Production. — The increased production expected
from the various measures adopted and the action taken by the staff

17

from the 5th year onwards is . . The non-recurring cost

involved is Rs lakhs, while, the annual recurring expenditure

from the fifth year onwards will be of the order of Rs . .lakhs

apart from loan money to the extent of Rs lakhs.

FISHERIES.

36. The present production of fish from rivers, lakes, jhils,
tanks and ponds is 6 lakh maunds a year and from marine waters 2
lakh maunds a year. The plan provides for the increase of these
figures to and maunds respectively.

37. Inland Fisheries. — A survey will be made of the spawning
grounds of the types of fish required for stocking tanks and ponds
(Scheme 26.1).

The spawn will be collected and hatcheries and nurseries set up
for the raising of fry. These fry will be reared into fingerlings in con-
ditioning ponds, where such a course is necessary. The fry or the
fingerlings as the case may be will be taken to the selected ponds and
tanks for stocking. These tanks will usually have to be cleaned and
deepened before they are stocked and in some cases manured as well.
Proper arrangements will also be made to ensure that fishing is not
resorted to before maturity (Scheme 26.2).

38. Marine Fisheries. — It has not been feasible to work out
the proposals in respect of marine fish in detail because of lack of
experience and staff. The work of introducing power boats and gear
will be taken up on an experimental basis.

At the same time a number of better sailing boats will be
constructed and supplied on a subsidised basis (Scheme 27.2).

Carrier launches will be arranged for, adequately equipped with
ice to bring the catch from the fishing boats, harbour facilities
improved (e.g. landing jetties provided) and arrangements made for
transport (Scheme 27.3).

The existing fish curing yards will be improved and new

curing yards established where modern facilities will be provided to
fishermen (Scheme 27.4).

39. Supply Depots. — Steps will also be taken for the supply
to fishermen of the necessary facilities in the shape of the materials
required for making nets maintaining boats, fishing hooks etc. by
setting up cooperative depots for the purpose (Scheme 28).

40. Staff. — The staff for fisheries work is inadequate and will
be enhanced (Scheme 29).

18'

41. Training. — Fishery schools will be set up near the larger
ports, for turning out men who would later become captains of fishing
craft or hold subordinate positions in the fishing industry (Scheme
30.1).

Arrangements will also be made for higher training for the staff
by giving stipends and scholarships for training at tho appropriate
seotion of the Central Fisheries Institute (Scheme 30.2).

A

COOPERATION.

42. There are in the province cooperative credit societies

societies of other types. Aspects of cooperative work

other than credit need to be developed especially the marketing side.
Each village will be suitably organised so as to secure full cooperation
between the villagers and the staff.

43. Multi-purpose Societies. — It is proposed to convert the
existing credit societies into multi-purpose societies and to organise

new multi-purpose societies. These societies will not only

supply credit, but take the lead in introducing improvements, in
supplying the needs of the villagers and in bettering village conditions
(Scheme 31).

44. Marketing Societies. — For every 100 multi-purpose •socie-
ties, there will be one marketing sociotj' situated at a mandi or
firka headquarters. It will arrange for tho cleaning, grading and
bulking of the produce, either directly or through its affiliated village
societies and will maintain a warehouse or godown. It will be pro-
vided that where a majority of the villagers wish to market their
grain through the society, it wiH be binding on all the villagers to do
so. There will be a grain marketing union at each district head-
quarters with its own warehouse and a grain marketing federation
for the province. Those will be linked up with consumers coopera-
tive societies where feasible (Scheme 32).

45. Other special societies. — Cooperative societies for the

consolidation of holdings at present number ...In order to

expedite the work, the staff for the purpose will be increased so that
at least. ...... .additional villages may be consolidated each year

(Scheme 33.1).

Cooperative farming will be taken up in selected villages
and particularly in areas which are newly developed (Scheme 33.2).

Cooperative societies will be established for cottage industries
with a central organisation to assist in the sale of the finished articles
(Scheme 33.3).

19

46. Staff.— The staff of the Cooperative 'Department wilj be.
increased to ena*ble it to'eope'effectively with the additional activities
it will take' up, especially in respect of marketing (Scheme 34.1).

. -IT .,."». £' M ''.

Arrangements will also be made for the 'training of the staff

required (Scheme 34.2).

f , ]• < / 'i -

MARKETING.

47. Measures will be adopted for the use and enforcement
of regulated markets (Scheme 35.2).

A separate Marketing Department will be set up under a Direc-
tor of Marketing with the requisite staff, office accommodation etc.
(Scheme 35.3).

STATISTICS.

48. The random sampling method will be introduced for ascer-
taining crop yields (Scheme 36.1).

Arrangements will be made for the correct estimation of the
acreage under the different crops, in areas where the patwari organisa-
tion does not exist (Scheme 36.2).

The office of the Director of Land Records will be expanded
so as to become a Directorate of Agricultural Statistics (Scheme 36.3).

GENERAL.

49. A suitable area like a Zail (25 villages) or a Firka (100
villages) will be selected where all known agricultural improvements
will be taken up on an intensive scale. One such project will be
started in each division (Scheme 37).

50. The plan outlined above must not be regarded as static ;
it has to be flexible and must be revised from time to time as required.
In practice, it may be found necessary to drop some of the schemes
suggested, on account of lack of men, money or materials or to modify
them considerably. It may equally be necessary, in the light of
experience, to add some other schemes, for the proposals put forward
are by no means comprehensive.

51. Further, the economic aspect has not been touched on in
this plan. For instance, cattle and crop insurance need further
working out before they can be adopted under local conditions.
Matters connected with the land tenure system with special reference

20

to its effeot on agricultural production are being looked into separa-
tely/ The securing of an assured market for agricultural produce
at a remunerative price is an all India problem and will figure
in a separate plan for the province. Again, the agricultural
plan must be integrated with the other development activities parti-
cularly those in respect of health, education etc. The present proposals
are, in short, only, a part of; a larger provincial plan.