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OUTLINES OF BOTANY

FOR THE

Hicu ScHoot LABORATORY AND CLASSROOM

(BASED ON GRAY’S LESSONS IN BOTANY)

BY

ROBERT GREENLEAF LEAVITT, A.M.

OF THE AMES BOTANICAL LABORATORY

Prepared at the request of the Botanical Department of

Harvard University

NEW YORK -:. CINCINNATI -:. CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

CopyricuHT, 1901, BY

THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE.

ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL, LONDON.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY
W. P. 4

PREFACE

Tue present text-book has been prepared to meet a specific
demand. ‘There are many schools which, having outgrown certain
now antiquated methods of teaching botany, find the best of the
more recent text-books too difficult and comprehensive for practical
use in an elementary course. The large number of subjects included
in the modern high school course necessarily confines within narrow
time limits the attention which can be devoted to any one branch.
Thus, more than ever before, a careful selection and judicious ar-
rangement as well as great simplicity and definiteness in presentation
are all requisite to the practical success of any one course of study.
This book offers (1) a series of laboratory exercises in the morphology
and physiology of phanerogams, (2) directions for a practicable study
of typical cryptogams, representing the chief groups from the lowest
to the highest, and (3) a substantial body of information regarding
the forms, activities, and relationships of plants and supplementing
the laboratory studies.

The practical exercises and experiments have been so chosen that
schools with compound microscopes and expensive laboratory appa-
ratus may have ample opportunity to employ to advantage their
superior equipment. On the other hand, the needs of less fortunate
schools, which possess as yet only simple microscopes and very limited
apparatus, have been constantly borne in mind. Even when the
cryptogams and certain anatomical features of the phanerogams are
to be dealt with, much may be accomplished with the hand lens, and,
where applicable at all, it is in an elementary course usually a better
aid to clear comprehension of objects examined than the compound
microscope. Furthermore, the experiments covering the fundamental
principles of plant physiology have been so far as possible arranged
in such a manner as to require only simple appliances.

In arranging a scientific text-book it has been a common practice
to interpolate directions for observation and experiment in the body
of the text. In teaching, however, the writer has found this arrange-
ment highly objectionable. Both laboratory work and class-room
exercises suffer from it. Accordingly, in this book instructions for
laboratory study are placed in divisions by themselves, preceding the
related chapters of descriptive text. The pupil with his book open
before him in the laboratory will, therefore, not here be confronted
by pictures and statements constituting keys to the work which he
should carry out independently. Although it is not intended that
each laboratory chapter should of necessity be finished before the
following chapter of text is taken up, the examination of the plants
themselves should naturally be kept somewhat in advance of the
recitations which summarize and complement the information gained
from that study.

3

4 PREFACE

The descriptive text follows in the main the sequence of topics of
Gray’s “ Lessons in Botany,” and certain parts of that book have been
retained, as occasional paragraphs will show. In view of the relation
of the present book to the “ Lessons” as indicated on the title-page,
the writer has felt free to adopt the phraseology of Dr. Gray wherever
desired, without quotation marks. A considerable number of descrip-
tive terms and definitions applied to the leaf and the flower have
been taken from the “ Lessons,” being now placed apart, for the use
of the classes making a somewhat detailed study of phanerogams in
a systematic way. But the greater part of the descriptive text
throughout is new, the chapters on cryptogams and on physiology
being entirely so.

In an endeavor to combine the best features of newer methods
with the lucidity and definiteness which have given Dr. Gray’s text-
books their extraordinary merit, the present book departs from its
predecessor in paying more attention to the life of plants, as con-
trasted with mere form. ‘The writer has aimed to give due promi-
nence to function which underlies form, that is to physiology and the
relations of plants to their surroundings. Yet while seeking properly
to emphasize the ecological aspects of plant life, he believes that ecol-
ogy should not be made the basis of elementary botany. It seems to
him that a course should be built primarily upon a careful study of
form, leading to some power of intelligent discrimination in morphol-
ogy and of accurate description in the technical language of the
science. Equally essential are certain perfectly definite principles of
vegetable physiology. The core of any rational elementary course
is thus believed to be concrete, embodied in precise and more or less
technical language, and measurably endowed with a quality which
some would with disfavor characterize as formalism. The writer be-
lieves that the body of concrete instruction is not likely soon to be
displaced by the less definite and as yet more tentative generalizations
of the latest Ecology.

The Appendix is an essential part of the book, but is primarily
addressed to the teacher. It contains suggestions in regard to equip-
ment, books, materials, experiments, and additional exercises, as well
as pedagogical methods.

The writer appreciates, and here takes occasion to acknowledge,
the care with which Mr. C. E. Faxon and Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews
have made many new drawings for this book. Thanks are due to the
staff of the Gray Herbarium for aid in proof reading, especially to
Miss M. A. Day, Librarian. The writer is deeply indebted for advice
and criticism to Mr. William Orr, Principal of the High School,
Springfield, Massachusetts. Above all, the writer would acknowledge
his great obligation to Dr. B. L. Robinson, Asa Gray Professor of
Systematic Botany in Harvard University.

R. G. LEAVITES

CONTENTS

I. LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. — Outline of the prob-
lem. ‘The seed. Exercise I., The embryo: its form and condition previous
to germination. Exercise II., The store of food. The seedling: germina-
tion. Exercise III., Vital processes in germination: experiments. Exercise
IV., Influence of temperature. Exercise V., Direction of growth of shoot
and root. Exercise VI., Development of the seedling. Supplementary
topics. Divisions of the vegetable kingdom. The course of study. The
members of a complete plant . : : F , ‘ : : . 7-14

II. SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. — Origin of the seed. The embryo. Store of
food. The resting state. Vitality. Conditions of germination. Develop-
ment of seedlings. Root hairs. Chlorophyll : ; : : . 15-23

Ill. LABporatory StupieEs oF Bups.— Exercise VIJI., General structure of
buds. Exercise VIII., Further examples. Exercise 1X., Number and posi-
tion of buds. Exercise X., Wintering of buds. Exercise XI., Development,
or unfolding. Exercise XII., Non-development. Exercise XIII., Compara-
tive vigor. General summary : : ' 23-27

IV. Bups.—Growing buds. Resting buds: formation, resting condition,
protection, storage of food. Non-development. Adventitious buds. Defi-
nite and indefinite annual growth. Forms of trees. Supplementary work:
ecology of buds : : F ; : : ; : : : . 27-34

V. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE Root. — Exercise XIV., General mor-
phology and gross anatomy. Exercise XV., Roots for climbing. Exercise
XVI., Roots for storage. Supplementary subjects. ; : . 84, 39

VI. Tur Root.— Origin. Functions. Action of root hairs. Growing point.
Root cap. Roots of epiphytes. Of parasites. Rootsas holdfasts. Storage.
Duration : é : : : : : : : : 06-45

VII. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM.— Exercise XVII., Characteristic
external features. Exercise XVIII., Internal structure (monocotyledons,
dicotyledons). Exercise XIX., Structure of wood. Exercise XX., Ascent
of sap: experiment. Exercise XXI., Geotropism : experiments. Heliotropism.
Exercise XXII., Special uses and forms. : - é : : . 45-51

VUl. THe Stem.—Composition. Growth. Upright, clambering, climbing
stems. Organs for climbing. Movement of tendrils. Acaulescent plants.
Creeping stems. Vegetative propagation by means of stems. Stems as
foliage. Longevity of trees. Types of adaptation: xerophytes, halophytes,
hydrophytes, mesophytes : : : : 5 5 ; 51-66

IX. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE LEAF. — Exercise XXIII., Activities of
the leaf. Experiments on assimilation, respiration, transpiration, helio-
tropism, sleep movements, sensitiveness. Exercise XXIV., Parts and struc-
ture of the leaf. Experiments on conduction and turgidity. Exercise XXV.,
Leaf of the Pea. Exercise XXVI., Venation. Exercise XXVII., Compound
leaves. Exercise XXVIII., Special uses and modifications : . 66-71

X. Tue Lear.—Offices. Form and qualities. Stipules. The petiole; its
uses and movements. The ‘‘Sensitive Plant.’”’ The blade. Venation.
Shape. Influence of natural surroundings. Compounding. Special uses
of leaves. Storage. Scales. Spines. Leaves for climbing. ‘Tendril leaf
of Cobea. The Sundew. Pitcher Plants. Bladderwort. Duration of
leaves. Defoliation. Phyllotaxy. Technical terms used in mecemeye ég

5

6 CONTENTS

XI. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER. — Exercise XXIX., The ovules
and ovary. Exercise XXX., The pollen and stamen. Exercise XXXI1., The
perianth. Exercise XXXII., Arrangement of floral organs. Exercise
XXXIII., Inflorescence. Exercise XXXIV., The flowers of Conifere.
Further work on the flower : : : 2 : : . 99-103

XII. THe FLrower.— General morphology. Ovules. The pistil. Pistil of
the gymnosperms. Pollen. Stamens. Perianth. Forms of corolla and
calyx. Functions. The receptacle. Floral plan. Morphological nature
of floral organs. Suppression, adnation, coalescence. Processes leading to
formation of seed: pollination, fertilization. Structure of the pollen grain.
Cellular structure of plants. Growth of the pollen grain, penetration of
pollen tube, fertilization. Ecology of the flower. Self- and cross-fertiliza-
tion. The former often prevented. Agencies and adaptations for inter-
crossing. Wind, water, animals. Cypripedium. Salvia. Mitchella.
Opening and closing of the Catchfly. Protection of nectar. Grouping of
flowers. Effect of crossing. Supplementary reading. Supplementary
studies: fieldwork on ecology of the flower. Terminology of the flower.

103-143

XIII. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE Fruit. — Exercise XXXV., Floral
organs involved in the fruit. Exercise XXXVI., The seed. Outgrowths of
the testa. Exercise XXXVII., The fruit in relation to dissemination. 144-147

XIV. THe Fruit.—Nature and origin. The kinds. Simple, aggregate,
accessory, and multiple fruits. Stone and dry fruits. Dehiscent and inde-
hiscent fruits. Berry, pome, drupe, achene, caryopsis, fig. The seed.
Ecology of fruit and seed as regards dissemination... : . 147-156

XV. LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS. — Nostoe. Pleurococcus.
Spirogyra. Vaucheria. Ectocarpus. Rockweed. Polysiphonia. Nema-
lion. Bacteria. Yeast. Rhizopus. Saprolegnacez. Peziza. Micro-
sphera. Toadstool. Lichen. Marchantia. Moss. Fern. Selaginella.
Lycopodium. Equisetum ; : ; : : 157-168

XVI. CryproGAms.—General statement. Blue-green Alge: characters of
the group; Nostoc, Oscillatoria. Green Algz: general characters; Pleuro-
coccus, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Vaucheria. Brown Algz: general characters,
habitat, ete.; Ectocarpus (Cutleria), Rockweed. Red Algz: characteris-
tics, habitat; tetraspores (Polysiphonia), Nemalion. General summary of
reproduction in Algze. Fungi: general statement; Bacteria; Yeasts;
Bread Mold; Water Mold; Sac Fungi, Peziza, Microsphera, Aspergillus;
Rusts; Basidiomycetes, Toadstool, Clavaria, Hydnum, Polyporus. Lichens.
Liverworts and Mosses. Marchantia. Mosses. Ferns and their allies.
Ferns. Selaginella. Other Pteridophytes: Lycopodium, Equisetum. Re-
lationship of Cryptogams and Phanerogams; the transition and ie

168-21

XVII. THe MINuTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS. —Cellular struc-
ture. The cell: protoplasm, nucleus, nuclear division, cytoplasm, chloro-
phyll bodies, vacuoles, sap cavity. Starch. Protein granules. Calcium
oxalate. Multinuclear cells. Cell wall and modifications. Modified cells.
Wood fibers. Bast fibers. Collenchyma. Grit cells. Cell fusion. Latex
tubes. Fibrovascular bundles. Structure of stems. Structure of leaves.
Structure of roots . : : : 2 F ‘ ; : F . 212-229

XVIII. A BrieF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. — Constituents of
the plant body. Sources of constituents. Absorption of water; of nutrient
salts. Transfer of water. Root pressure. Ascent of sap. Transpiration.
Carbon assimilation. Digestion. Formation of albuminous matter. Trans-
location of food. Storage. Respiration. Resting periods. Growth: phases,
grand period, fluctuations, conditions. Movements, spontaneous, induced.
Circumnutation. Geotropism, heliotropism, hydrotropism. Variations of
light and heat. Change of turgidity. Irritability . : : . 229-240

APPENDIX. 5 * P : i , p 4 : ‘ , . 241-259

INDEX AND GLOSSARY . : : : - > > 2 ‘ . 261-272

OUTLINES OF BOTANY

I. LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEEDS AND
SHEDLINGS

A seed comes to the ground, lodges in a crevice of the
earth, is warmed by the sun and wet by the rain, and
after a time a new plant, the seedling, appears.

a. To what extent is the new plant already formed
within the seed before germination begins ?

6. What provision is made in the seed, in the way of
food, for the growth of the seedling and its estab-
lishment as an independent individual ?

e. What internal processes at the time of germination
may be detected by suitable experiments ?

d. By what steps does the nascent plant (embryo) de-
velop and attain to a life of self-support ?

These are the general questions which the student is
asked to answer for himself in the studies outlined in this
chapter. The first exercises deal with the seed before
germination, and the later ones with the seedling, that is,
with the germination of the embryo and _ subsequent
events.

THE SEED

Exercise I. Tue Empryo: its Form Aanp CONDITION PREVIOUS
TO GERMINATION

Castor Bean. — Beginning at the smaller end of the seed, cut away
the hard outer coat, or integument, without injuring the contents, or
kernel. Run the point of a knife around the edge of the kernel, then
split the halves apart.

7

8 STUDIES OF SEEDS AND- SEEDLINGS

Carefully remove for study the structures discovered within. Exam-
ine them with the lens. Describe all parts of the kernel with included
embryo.

The substance surrounding the embryo is the albumen; the leaves
are the cotyledons ; the axis, or stemlet upon which they are borne, is
the caulicle.

Draw: (1) The embryo separated from the albumen (x2).1 (2) A
longitudinal section of the kernel cutting the cotyledons in halves ( x 3).

White Lupine. — The parts all become visible on removing the seed
coats and separating the well-marked halves of the seed. Note caulicle,
cotyledons, and between the latter a third part, the plumule, of several
diminutive members. Compare with the embryo of Castor Bean,
noting striking differences.

Draw the embryo with one cotyledon removed, so as to show the
plumule (x3).

Indian Corn.— Lying just beneath the surface of the grain is a
roughly wedge-shaped body. Remove this, leaving the pasty portion
—the albumen. In one face is a cleft. Pull this apart, exposing
structures within.

Study the embryo now in hand. A longitudinal section will help.
In order to identify more surely the members of the embryo, study
also a sprouted seed, in which root and plumule show plainly. The |
large single cotyledon is one feature to be especially noted.

Compare and correlate all its different portions with the parts of
the embryos of Castor Bean and Lupine.

Draw surface and sectional views of the embryo to show the
structure (x 3).

From the examples above answer the question, To what extent
is the new plant already formed within the seed before germination
begins?

EXERCISE I]. THe Provision oF Foop DESIGNED FOR THE
EARLIEST GROWTH OF THE YOUNG PLANT

1. Where is the nourishment stored? Answer this for Castor Bean,
Lupine, and Indian Corn. In addition, examine seeds of the Four-
o’clock, and others provided by the teacher.

Longitudinal sections will generally show at once the location of the
food store, whether outside the embryo, in which case the seed is said to
be albuminous, or within the much swollen tissues of the nascent plant
itself, when the seed is called exalbuminous, or lacking in albumen.

Classify the seeds studied as albuminous or exalbuminous.

1 This means the drawing is to be two times the size of nature.

STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 9

In the Four-o’clock remove the integuments, and separate embryo
and albumen carefully.

Draw the food mass of Four-o’clock. Indicate by dotted lines the
natural position of the embryo. Use the hand lens (x 3).

2. What substances constitute the food of the seedling? The very
numerous substances of which plants are composed are capable of
being recognized by appropriate tests. A test consists of the treat-
ment of the tissues with certain chemicals. The success of the test
depends upon observing some change of appearance, as of color, known
to be due to the action of the chemical employed upon the substance
for which search is being made.

Test for starch. — Treat a piece of laundry starch with dilute iodine.
Note the color imparted. Starch alone receives this hue from this
reagent. Experiment upon the seeds supplied in order to determine
which contain starch, and in what parts the starch, if found, is lodged.
It may be necessary to pulverize or boil a part of the seed in some
cases.

A second food material, of frequent occurrence in seeds. — Crush a
whole kernel of Castor Bean. If this is done with the fingers, the
characteristic feeling of the expressed liquid when the fingers are
rubbed together shows the nature of the food material in question.
Seeds of Flax and of Cotton may be crushed out with the flat of a
knife blade for the same substance.

Other forms of reserve food matter. — Several of these are not readily
discovered without chemical tests or microscopic examination. But a
form occurring in the seeds of a number of plants of considerable
economic importance is well seen in the date seed. Cut the “stone ”
of a date in halves transversely. Examine with the hand lens the
small embryo lying crosswise of the seed.

Note the toughness of the main bulk of the seed. It is not gritty,
like the stone of a cherry, but hornlike. It is the albumen, dissolved
during germination and used for the support of the seedling.

From the studies in Exercise II answer the question, What provi-
sion is made in the seed, in the way of food, for the growth of the
seedling and its establishment as an independent individual?

THE SEEDLING. GERMINATION

Exercise II]. Wuat INTERNAL PROCESSES ARE DISCOVERABLE
AS THE Empryo Brains TO Grow, AND GrowTH PROGRESSES?

Experiment 1.— Select seedlings of Bean in the first stages of germi-
nation, the caulicles coming into view. Remove the seed coats. Drop
a dozen of the denuded beans into a four-ounce or six-ounce bottle
filled with water which has been recently boiled to drive off dissolved
air, and allowed to cool.

10 STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

The cork, pierced by two glass tubes that penetrate a quarter of an
inch or so beyond the inner surface, should be put in with care to
exclude even the smallest bubbles of air; and the water should rise to
fill the tubes completely as the cork is pushed in. Place the fingers
tightly over the glass tubes and invert the bottle. Stand it mouth
down in a dish of water (e.g.a tumbler). Be sure no air is present in
the bottle.

Displace the water in the bottle by hydrogen gas. Lead the hydro-
gen from the flask into the bottle only after all air has been driven
off in the flask. Allow the apparatus to stand as now adjusted in
some situation favorable to the growth of the beans.

Beside it place a quite similar arrangement, also with sprouted
beans, but let this one contain air in place of hydrogen.

Make full notes of the preparation and conditions of this experi-
ment. Several days may be required for the result to be plainly
seen. Thereafter finish the notes on the experiment.

In this exercise hydrogen, a harmless gas, is used to give an
atmosphere devoid of oxygen. The second jar, filled with air, has of
course a supply of the latter gas. What is your inference concerning
the presence of oxygen?

Experiment 2.— Ina fruit jar one-third full of sprouting corn place
a small beaker of hmewater. Cover the jar tightly. Another beaker
with lke contents is to be placed in an empty jar beside the first, and
this jar likewise closely covered. After an interval of from one to
several hours observe the appearance of the liquid in both beakers.
Note any difference.

Take a small beaker of fresh hmewater. Breathe gently upon it
till a change is produced. This action of one’s breath upon limewater
has what bearing in explaining the effect observed in the jar of sprout-
ing corn? What is the object of the second jar and beaker?

The two foregoing experiments will enable the student to infer —

(1) Whether the atmosphere supplies anything more than moisture
to the germinating plant; (2) Whether the plant gives back anything
into the atmosphere.

What action necessary to the life of animals does this double pro-
cess In growing plants resemble ?

Experiment 3.— Having removed the beaker from the jar of seed-
lings used in the previous experiment, tie a cloth over the mouth of
the jar. Near by lay a thermometer. When the mercury column has
become stationary, note the reading accurately (without handling the
bulb), and passing the instrument through a small hole in the cloth,
insert its bulb amongst the seedlings.

Within five or ten minutes observe with exactness the temperature

of the seedlings. Is it higher or lower than that of the room?

STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 11

The jar must not stand in direct sunlight, the effect of which
would be to render the contents warmer than the room.

It would be well to find by means of another thermometer whether
the temperature outside the jar changes in the same direction equally,
during the time of observation.

Is there any connection between the activity of the seedlings,
detected by Experiments 1 and 2, and their heat condition indicated
by the thermometer in Experiment 3?

EXERCISE IV. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION

Experiment 4.— Take 100 seeds of Bean, 100 grains of Indian Corn,
and 100 grains of Wheat. Soak all the seeds for twenty-four hours in
water. Note the change or changes produced.

The seeds of each kind are then to be divided into two sets of 50
each. Place one set of each kind in a suitable receptacle, where they
will be kept moist, but not covered with water (e.g. place between
layers of wet blotting paper, or in moist cotton, or in wet sphagnum
moss, the receptacle being closed to prevent evaporation). Put the
receptacle in a warm place where the temperature will be as nearly
75° Fahr. as possible. Treat the other sets in ike manner, but expose
to a low temperature — but, of course, above freezing. Each day
record in a table the number of seeds of each kind that have
sprouted. What is your inference concerning the influence of tem-
perature ?

Exercise V. DIRECTION OF GROWTH OF PLUMULE AND ROOTLET

Experiment 5.— By achance position of the seed in the soil the nas-
cent root, or radicle, on emerging may have its tip directed toward any
point but the right one. Ascertain as follows how an inverted seedling
behaves. Fit a double roll of blotting paper into a beaker. Moisten.
Between the paper and the glass place seedlings, well sprouted, with
the roots pointing upward, the plumules downward. They are held
in place by the pressure of the paper. But if some of the seeds are
large, —like the Lupine, — tuck wads of cotton in on either side to
support the radicle, and prevent it from falling or bending over.

Pour a little water into the beaker. This, soaking up on the blot-
ting paper, will keep the seedlings moist. Cover the beaker to pre-
vent drying up. Draw some of the seedlings well enough to record
their positions. After two or three days examine and draw again.

Record the preparation and results of this experiment. Is there
indicated anything which might be termed sensitiveness, together
with active growth toward or away from the direction of gravity?

Or are the affected parts simply bent by their own weight?

1 STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

EXxercisE VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEEDLING

Experiment 6.— An exceedingly important change undergone by
the seedling as it comes out of the soil or the seed into the light,
may easily be overlooked. In order to single out this effect from
others observed in the course of the young plant’s development, next
to be studied, germinate some seeds in the dark, and let the seedlings
develop quite away from the influence of light. Their increase of size
and the succession of parts will be much like that of ordinary seedlings,
and their appearance similar except in the one vital particular —a
characteristic of plants so commonplace that it is hard to realize its
true importance.

In the course of the studies below let the above seedlings, and per-
haps others grown in very dim light, be compared with those grown
in full light.

Turning now to the general development of the seedling, the
student should consider afresh that every buried seed contains a
nascent plant, and that at the start it is confronted by a complicated
problem. In many cases the very first difficulty is how to escape from
the wrappings of the seed itself. After that there is the question how,
through growth from a very limited food supply, on the one hand to
reach the air and spread a small crown of leaves, and on the other to
establish connection with the soil.

Germinate seeds of Squash, Onion, White Lupine, Pea, and Morn-
ing Glory, to various stages. Write notes along the lines indicated
below, and illustrate by drawings.

1. Any special methods of getting free from seed coats.

2. Whether the cotyledons are raised out of the ground or not.

3. The mode of extracting cotyledons or plumule from the soil.

4. Whether the cotyledons serve as food sacs, as foliage leaves, or
as both.

5. In which cases the plumule develops early, in which late;
reasons.

6. In albuminous seeds, what organ of the embryo acts to absorb
the albumen.

On points calling for individual judgment rather than statement of
facts, let the opinion formed by the pupil be expressed distinctly as

uch.

Supplementary Topics for Investigation

1. The rudimentary embryos of orchids. Material, seeds of native
or greenhouse plants. Polyembryony of Spiranthes cernua.

2. Embryos of certain Conifers. Pinus Lambertiana, P. pinea, or
even smaller seeded species for the seeds. Larix Americana (Hack-
matack) and Picea excelsa (Norway Spruce) for germination.

STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS Ve

3. The dependence of seedlings upon the nourishment in the
cotyledons. Compare the growth of entire plantlets with that of
plantlets deprived of one or both cotyledons.

4. To what stage of growth will the food store of the seed, alone,
bring the seedling? Supply water. Exclude light; for in darkness
the seedling can make no new food. Sprout several kinds of seeds,
choosing a variety as regards the amount of albumen or size of the
embryo. Tie mosquito netting loosely over the mouth of a dish, and
fill the dish with water until it touches the netting, upon which place
the sprouted seeds with the radicles going down into the water.
Report the results, and illustrate with the plants grown.

Investigations 3 and 4 may be made at home.

fa

Divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom. The Course of Study

One has but to draw upon his everyday observation to
realize how varied is the plant realm. There are such
diverse types as the trees and herbs that we see every-
where about us, the ferns, the mosses, the molds and
toadstools, and the seaweeds. These differ so widely
from one another that at first sight there seems to be
little upon which one could base any notion of a common
relationship.

Nevertheless, the multitude of forms have been brought
together into comparatively few grand divisions, and close
study has revealed a considerable measure of agreement
running through the whole series. We may reasonably
suppose that all plants are of one stock, and that the
higher groups have sprung from forms resembling the
lower.

In his present work the student is concerned with but
one type, the highest of all, that of the FLOWERING
PLANTS, or PHANEROGAMS. It comprises nearly all
the plants of large size, and by far the greater part
of those which are useful to mankind—the forests,
the grasses, the grains, the fruits, the fiber plants, —
those that at present make the earth green and_hab-
itable.

All the lower plants of diverse sorts, from the ferns
downward, are termed FLOWERLESS PLANTS, or CRYPTO-
GAMS. They are reserved for the latter part of the course.

14 STUDIES OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

Phanerogams and Cryptogams have much in common,
as has just been stated: the highest Cryptogams closely
resemble the lowest Phanerogams. Yet the latter, as a
whole, form a well-marked group by themselves. One
mark of distinction may be stated thus : —

Phanerogamous plants grow from seed and bear flowers
destined to the production of seed. By many recent
authorities they have been termed Seed Plants, or Sper-
matophytes; and this designation is more significant than
the earlier and commoner one of flowering plants.

The reproduction of Cryptogams is carried on by means
of spores, bodies very much smaller and simpler than the
smallest and most rudimentary seed. ‘The spores contain
no ready-formed plants. They go through a series of
changes, quite unlike anything to be observed in the
germination of seeds, before the form of the plant which
gaye rise to them is reproduced. The pollen of flowering
plants, which must be familiar even to those who have
paid little or no attention to plant structure, closely
resembles the spores of the flowerless plants. This may
enable one to see, at a single glance, the wide difference
between spores and seeds.

The Members of a Complete Plant

The seedlings studied in the last Exercise were com-
plete plants. They were provided with all necessary
organs of vegetation. All phanerogamous plants con-
sist of (1) root, and (2) shoot; the shoot consisting of
(a) stem, and (6) leaf. It is true that some excep-
tional plants, in maturity, lack leaves, or lack roots.
These exceptions are few. The parts of the phanerogams
studied are to be assigned to root, stem, or leaf. Let
it be understood that when in the studies on flowering
plants the question is asked, “ What is the morphology,
or nature, of this part?” this is equivalent to asking,
“Ts the part in question of the nature of root, or of
stem, or of leaf?”

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 15

II. SHEDS AND SHEDLINGS

1. The seed carries within it a minute plant. The seed
originates in the flower, within an often globular or pod-
hke structure (Fig. 1), which,
though generally the least
conspicuous of the floral
organs, may have attracted
the student’s attention on
account of its central posi-
tion and pecuhar form. This
receptacle may contain a
very great number of the
rudiments of the future
seeds, or only a few, or even
only one; and may be the

i iy
AUN # Seed vessel

1. Central portion of one
of the flowers of
Hermannia Tex-
ana, showing the 2. Buds, flowers, and ripened seed vessels
seed rudiments. (fruit) of Hermannia Texana.

sole seed-bearing part, or one of several in the same
flower. After the floral leaves with their wide expanse
and bright colors have performed the part they play in
the life of the flower, and have fallen away, this seed
receptacle enters upon a new period of its history. It
grows, often vigorously, and through alteration of form

16 SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

and texture approaches nearer and nearer to its final con-
dition of fruit (Figs. 2, 3).

2. The seed rudiments meanwhile undergo fundamen-
tal changes: the embryonic plants are formed, seed coats

3. a, the fruit, or matured form of the central organ of the flower
(Fig. 1), cut across to show the seeds; 0, a seed, magnified ; c, a
section of the seed; d, the embryo removed from the seed.

develop, fitted to secure the dispersal of the seeds far and
wide, or to protect the embryo, and a store of food for
rearing the young plant to a certain stage is provided

(Fig. 3).

3. At length, when the seed is fully ready for its
mission, the now ripened fruit falls to the ground and
decays, liberating the seeds, or is borne away by currents
of wind or water, or by animals. Or, remaining on its stem,
it either opens (Fig. 3), allowing the seeds to be scattered

4. Seed of an Orchid, with
loose, buoyant coat, and
a rudimentary embryo
(magnified).

by a variety of agencies, or in a
number of cases bursts, forcibly
ejecting the seeds from their
receptacle.

4. The primitive plant, or em-
bryo, inclosed in the seed, may be
so rudimentary that it shows no
distinction of organs. Such a case
is furnished by Orchids, epiphyt-
ic! upon trees in tropical forests.
Their flowers are often large; but
the extremely numerous seeds are
of the smallest size, and of the

1 Epiphytes grow upon, but derive no sustenance from, other plants.
Parasites live at the expense of their hosts.

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS eg

simplest structure throughout (Fig. 4). Floating through
the air like chaff, they are borne to situations suited to
the life habit of these plants. ‘The very much reduced
embryo is a minute rounded body with no sign of leaf
and stem appearing until germination has considerably
advanced.

5. But every well-developed embryo consists essentially
of a nascent axis, or stem, — the caulicle, — bearing at one
end a leaf or leaves,—the cotyledons, — while from the
other end a root is normally to be produced (Fig. 3, d).

6. The number of cotyledons. — Several of the embryos
examined in the laboratory were dicotyledonous, that is,
two-cotyledoned. Plants which are thus similar in the
plan of the embryo, agree likewise in the general struc-
ture of their stems, leaves, and blossoms; and thus form
a class, named from their cotyledons,
the DIcoTYLEDONs.

7. Figure 5 represents the Pine seed
seen in section, together with the young
tree after its cotyledons are fully ex-
panded. Of these there are several, a
case which is much less usual, but con-
stant in the various kinds of Pine, where
in some species the cotyledons number
twelve, or even more. And in some
other Conifere, or cone-bearing trees,
the same peculiarity is found. The em-
bryo is here said to be polycotyledonous. ~ action of a Pine

8. The term monocotyledonous denotes seed; seedling
the possession of but a single cotyle- ere ee
don. This condition goes along with
other peculiarities of external and internal structure, and
is thus characteristic of a class of plants — exemplified by
the true Lilies and the Grasses — called the MONOCOTYLE-
DONS.

9. In addition to the parts already referred to, many
embryos show in miniature one or two lengths of the stem
which is to carry the growth of the plant upward above

OUT. OF BOT. —2

18 SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

the cotyledons, with several of the first leaves which it ©
will bear (Fig. 6). This bud of the ascending axis, already
developed in the seed, is the plumule.
In the Bean and similar strong embryos
the leaves of the plumule are already
perfect as concerns outline, veining,
6. Embryoofthe Yel and so on, and need only to gain green

low Pond Lily eolor and a larger size to become use-

(magnified).

ful to the seedling as foliage. These

plants, therefore, very soon after coming out of the
ground are found actively acquiring the means of further
growth, while still using nourishment
inherited from the parent plant.

10. Food. — Along with the incipient
plant is sent a store of food in a form
easily used, with which its start in
an independent ca- ,
reer will be made. “ SE ees

The amount is as ing the minute

i : embryo and the
variable as the size relatively abun-

of the embryo it- dant albumen
(magnified).

4

8. Seed of the Purslane,
in section, the em- self. It may be

ees ce relatively very large, as seen in the
men (magnified). seed of Actea (Fig. 7). In Fig. 8
the embryo is relatively larger than
the mass of nutrient material. This ;
example prepares us for the condition
seen in the seed of many families of
plants, where a supply of nutriment
separate from the germ itself is never 9 pxalbuminousseed
developed (Fig. 9). of Gynandrop-
11. Food matter external to the fates cc
embryo is termed albumen, or endo-
sperm, and seeds having it are called albwminous seeds.
Those lacking albumen are called exalbuminous.
12. It will readily be seen in most cases that embryos
unfurnished with albumen are not in consequence the
worse off, for they are of larger size and their tissues are

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS 19

swollen out with nutrient substances. This is the arrange-
ment in seeds like the Peanut, Walnut, and Chestnut ;
the edible kernel is really a rudimentary plant.

13. The seed food of embryonic plants consists chiefly
of starch, fat, sugar, and in smaller quantities proteid
substances; that is, substances resembling the white of
egg and the curd of milk. Transformed by the growing
embryo and seedling into living substance and frame-
work, with the addition of water alone, these concentrated
formative matters may enable the young plant to grow to
many times the size of the original seed.

14. The resting state.— The germ may remain long
dormant in the seed. Its condition is then like that of
the buds of trees and the underground bulbs of herbaceous
plants in winter. Life sleeps, so to speak; and the living
parts can endure extremes of dryness, cold, and so on,
which they are unable to bear in their more active periods.
Thus the embryo passes uninjured through change of sea-
sons that would cause the death of a seedling. Dormant
and well protected, it may be carried to great distances.
If at first unfavorably lodged, the seed may long await a
change of circumstances. When a forest is cleared away,
a great variety of field plants at once spring up, doubtless
from seed deposited in the soil long before.

15. Retention of vitality. — De Candolle kept seeds of
many kinds for fifteen years, when those of a few species
germinated. In another case the known age of seeds
which still kept their vitality was forty-three years.! On
the other hand, certain seeds must be planted as soon as
separated from the fruit.

16. The conditions of germination. — When the slow
inward changes of the dormant period have fully pre-
pared the seed, — or when ripeness has come, even without
a resting stage, — germination will begin, if a few neces-
sary conditions are fulfilled. There must be water,
warmth, and oxygen.

1 The stories of the germination of seeds from mummy cases are with-
out foundation.

20 SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

17. Water. —Seeds are usually rather dry on issuing
from the fruit. Dryness makes the seed hardy. In
contact with water therefore, at the time of germination,
they often swell to two or three times their dry volume.
Actual growth in plants, too, always requires much water.

18. Warmth. — Moderate heat has a strong influence in
hastening germination. For Indian Corn and Squash the
most favorable temperature is given as about 81° Fahr.
A few exceptional seeds will sprout at the freezing point
of water. Thus seeds of a Maple have been germinated
on a block of ice, the rootlets penetrating to a depth of
more than two inches into the dense, clear ice, in which
they melted out cylindrical cavities for themselves. The
requisite heat is here generated by the seedling itself.

19. Oxygen is actively inhaled and combines with the
substances of the embryo. This oxidation furnishes energy
which appears in growth and in vital heat ; that is, in heat
in the seedling similar in all respects to the bodily warmth
of animals.

20. Asa result of oxidation carbonic acid gas is formed
and exhaled. The young plant thus breathes in and out.
Respiration is common to all living things. But in plants
the in-take of the one gas and the out-going of the other
are slow, continuous, and imperceptible processes.

21. The development of seedlings. — If one looks under
the White Oak in late autumn, he is likely to find that the
acorns have sprouted. He will then discover that many of
the nuts, if lying on proper surface, for instance on short-
cropped pasture sward, are already fast-bound to the earth,
the radicles, or incipient roots, having penetrated the soil.
It appears, therefore, that seeds may germinate and attach
themselves without being covered up; though a covering
of some sort, as sand, soil, or dead leaves, is advantageous,
and some fruits, or their carpels, are even provided with
mechanical contrivances for partially burying themselves.!

22. Suppose that a seed lies thus, like the acorn, cleanly
upon the surface, and that it has been drenched by rain

1 See Fig. 279.

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS Dat

and dew until germination actually begins. Plainly the
first need in this case is a root developed in the soil,
whence it may suck up the water and other substances
required for the con-
tinued growth of the
plantlet. To achieve
this object the caulicle
is pushed: out of the
shell, and the radicle be-
gins to develop; and at
once it may be seen that
the elongating axis mani- {' |!
fests something very lke )
a rudimentary sense, or \
a number of senses. It |
is affected by outward I
influences. The radicle \ |
of the oak is found, for \
instance, to have been

turned sharply down-

ward; or in many in- |

stances the movement of

curvature has gone still

farther, and the grow-

ing radicle has followed

the under surface of the

shell backward to the

dampest spot in the im-

mediate neighborhood ; namely, the place where the acorn,
resting on the turf, has collected a little of the moisture
exhaling from the earth —or at least preserved a humid-
ity higher than that of the open. Here the root has made
another turn, under the combined influence of gravity
and humidity, and has entered the soil (Fig. 10).

23. The curving movements of the radicle are made a
little way back of the tip, and the growth of the latter is
thereby directed toward the proper surroundings.

24. Seedlings from buried seed come into the air by a

S
CORT phe

Z 4 {if
ZA AY) i (|
PLL A \ ;
aes

mG a= y
carte siacheatle 7 Awan hae Hei 3 sic
: JIT ISA OUT SOR aN
ca reat Gal sven eerste aPenlete te
oa eS Oe en
,

10. Germination of the White Oak.

aD, SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

variety of methods. When the cotyledons are designed
to act in the sunlight as green foliage for a time, they are,
in general, brought out of the
ground by the lengthening of the
caulicle. As it grows, this usually
bends abruptly just below the
cotyledons; and the top of the
loop thus formed is seen when
the cracking of the soil allows
one the first sight of the springing
seedling. The extraction of the
leafy parts is thus managed with

a Sieg a eae the least danger of injury from
left, the seedling as it the resistance of the soil (Fig. 11),
appears when breaking and at the same time the seed

‘ from the soil; at the
right, the same seedling coats are often slipped off.

pee ce pode 25. The main part of the origi-
stem straightened, and yal seed may remain permanently

the cotyledons opened. : : :
buried, while the nutrient con-
tents are gradually absorbed and carried away to the
actively growing regions of the root and the ascending
shoot. This is the case in the Horse-chestnut. The coty-
ledons are mere reservoirs of food.
Their stalks elongate (see Fig. 12),
freeing the caulicle and plumule
from the shell. The radicle develops
strongly, and the plumule rises,

looped, toward the surface.

26. The end of the radicle for a
greater or less length, according to
the size of the plant, is always elon-
gating in growth, and slipping forward |, Gelade oe
between the particles of soil, which it Horse-chestnut.
avoids or pushes aside’ as the occasion
demands. A portion just behind this smooth thrusting
tip, having become fixed in position, throws out a velvety
coating of so-called root hairs. These penetrate sidewise
into the minutest interspaces of the soil, and adhere to

LABORATORY STUDIES OF BUDS Da

the stony particles. Each hair is a microscopic tube
(Fig. 27), out-growing from a surface cell, and serves to
conduct water and draw food materials into the tissues
of the root, whence they are conveyed to the leaves
above.

27. Color.— The embryo in the seed is pale or color-
less. ‘The seedling—except the root—is dark green,
after a short exposure to the light. But if the seedling
is thrown into strong alcohol, this newly acquired green
color is extracted, the coloring matter proving to be sepa-
rable from the leaves and stems, where it is generated.
It is a definite substance, to which the name Chlorophyll
has been given. Without this substance, plants cannot turn
mineral matters of soil and atmosphere into nourishment.

ii HABOLATORY STUDIES-OF BUDS

Buds appear as conspicuous features on most of the
perennial plants of temperate and cool climates, after the
autumnal fall of leaves. Such winter buds are to be
the subjects of the following studies.}

EXxercisE VII. Tue GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BuDs

Buds of the following common species will show what winter buds
usually contain, in what a compact way the parts are pressed together,
and how some parts are shielded by others.

Lilac. — View the bud endwise. What is the arrangement of the
scales? How were the leaves arranged on the twig?

Remove the scales and little leaves one after another, laying them
down in the order of removal. Note a gradual change in the outlines.
From the last-removed members it is easy to see the morphology of
all the parts, including the scales. What are the scales? Cut a longi-
tudinal section. Use the lens. All parts are seen in position and
proper attachment.

Draw: (1) An outer, a transitional, and an inner member, as taken
off (x 3.). (2) A longitudinal section (x 10). Label all parts.

1The parts of the leaf —blade, petiole, and stipules—should be
shown on the board to the class.

24 LABORATORY STUDIES OF BUDS

Horse-chestnut. — Note the arrangement of the scales. Of the leaf
scars on the twig.

Remove the scales by cutting at the base. Separate the wool-
covered members within and remove them, counting and noting down
the number of pairs. Holding one of these parts by its stalk, scrape
off much of the wool, first from the back, then from between the leaf-
lets.

Cut longitudinally down through the bud core, or axis, after remoy-
ing all scales and leaves. With the lens notice the short, narrow,
conical part upon which the leaves proper, not the scales, were inserted.
How many internodes? in this bud axis? (Refer to the number of
pairs of leaves removed.) How many internodes in the last season’s
growth on the same twig? Does the bud contain an ordinary year’s
growth, as to number of internodes and leaves?

Draw: The bud entire (x 2). One of the young leaves, spread
out (x 3).

Witch-hazel.2— Note the surface of the bud leaves. Scrape. Use
the lens. Beneath the exterior coating is the leaf soft, green, and
apparently alive, or leathery and dead? Pull the bud to pieces. Are
any parts different from the outer leaves? The latter, as well as the
inner ones, finally develop into foliage leaves. ‘There are no scales.
Such buds are termed naked buds. Draw the bud entire (x 2).

Exercise VIII.

The Tulip Tree (Liriodendron). — Note the flattish form of the bud ;
the nearly round scar near the base. Separate the two exterior scales
at the tip, and pull them off. Relatively to the little leaf now seen,
in what position does the next pair of scales stand? Examine all re-
maining parts. What is the round scar at the base of the outer pair
of scales? What is the morphology of the scales?

Draw the bud after removal of the outer envelop.

Magnolia. — Does the caplike covering of the bud consist of two
parts fused in growth, or is it single? What is the small scar at one
side of the bud? Examine the contents of the bud. What is the
morphology of the bud cap? Draw the bud, showing the scar.

ADDITIONAL STUDIES

Make a study of several other buds as directed by the teacher.
Among these, the buds of Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana or P.
Aucuparia), Green Brier (Smilax rotundifolia), Mullein, Dandelion, and
some subterranean bud like those of Smilacina, Trillium, Sanguinaria,
or Uvularia, are suggested.

1 Interspaces between leaves. 2¥For alternative material, see Appendix.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF BUDS On

Exercise IX. THrt NUMBER AND POSITION OF THE Bups

The position of buds in general, with reference to the leaves of the
previous season, must have already attracted attention. What is that
position? When two or more buds occur together they have, rela-
tively to one another, one of two characteristic arrangements, as seen
in the following species.

Red Maple.— How many buds in a group? Which ones may be
termed extra, or accessory ?

Draw enough of the twig to show the essential relations of the buds,
both to the leaf scar and to one another.

Pipevine. — Examine the neighborhood of the leaf scar with the
lens. Cut a longitudinal section of the stem through the middle of
the scar. Examine the cut surfaces of the bark. Growing points,
distinguished by superior greenness, can be made out. Note their
number and relative position.

Make a drawing (enlarged) to show the disposition of accessory
buds here found.

ExercIsE X. THE WINTERING OF THE YOUNG SHOOT

Refer to the records and drawings made in the laboratory for the
materials of a comparative account of buds, with reference to their
adaptations to winter conditions. Protection against sudden chilling
is sometimes perfect; in other cases temperature seeins to be disre-
garded. Arrange the various modes of meeting the dangers of cold
in an orderly manner in your account.

_ Are there any other sources of destruction besides low temperature ?
If so, what? And are buds protected against these dangers?

EXERCISE XI. THe DEVELOPMENT OR UNFOLDING OF Bups!

The Lilac, forced to grow indoors, may be studied. Determine
what parts have grown since the bud came out of the typical winter
state. Have all grown equally? Have some not grown?

Draw enough to show what happens to the different members of
the winter bud.

If possible, compare with the Lilac the unfolding buds of two other
species, as the Buttonwood and the Sycamore Maple.

Exercise XII. Tur NONDEVELOPMENT OF Bubs

Select a branch of the Horse-chestnut five years old, or thereabouts.
Count the total number of leaf scars. Of these, how many now sub-
tend buds, or have subtended buds? In how many cases have buds
developed into branches or flower clusters ?

1 This may be a home experiment.

26 LABORATORY STUDIES OF BUDS

Add the ages of all the existing buds, individually. Then divide
this total by the whole number of buds. This gives the average age
of the buds. How old is the oldest bud on the branch? Cut some of
the oldest ones open. Should you judge them to be still capable of
development, in case of need?

Record in your notes all numbers and ages.

EXeERcIseE XIII. COMPARATIVE VIGOR OF DEVELOPMENT

Select a lateral branch of the Maple provided, showing a few years’
growth. Hold the branch in the position in which it grew. Certain
of the leaf scars now look upward, part of them to right or left (hori-
zontally), and part toward the earth. That is, there are two sets,
the vertical (above and below) and the horizontal. In each set count
the whole number of pairs of leaf scars; also the number (pairs)
where the buds have made some growth.

Record in a table like the following : —

HoriIzonTaL VERTICAL

Whole number (pairs) Whole number (pairs)

Number, where buds de-

: Number, with twigs
velop to twigs

Measure roughly the combined length of all the horizontal twigs
developed from lateral buds. Combined length of vertical twigs.
Compare the numbers obtained thus : —

Total length of all horizontal twigs
Total length of all vertical twigs

Count the whole number of present winter buds on all the twigs of
each set separately. This gives a hint as to their comparative vigor.
Record thus : —

Buds on horizontal twigs
Buds on vertical twigs

Is there any advantage to the tree in the superior development of
one system over the other?

This exercise is intended to bring out two facts: first, that certain
buds are more likely to develop than others; second, that certain buds
develop more vigorously than others. The exercise is not intended to
teach — what would not be universally true—that the horizontally
directed buds, for example, are always more vigorous than vertically
- directed buds; or vice versa.

BUDS vA

General summary. — [The pupil should by this time be
self-informed as to —

a. What a bud, as a whole, is.

6. What the reason for its formation is.

e. What rudiments of future growth are present.

d. How nearly these approach the full-grown condition
as to form.

e. What parts are of merely temporary use.

f. What the morphology of these parts is.

Make a brief statement covering these points, by way of
summary of the work on buds.

For Supplementary Work, see the end of Chapter IV., where sugges-
tions for outdoor and indoor observations are made.

IV. BUDS

GROWING BUDS

28. In actively growing herbs the tip of the stem and
the rudiments of the coming leaves — appearing at first as
small prominences close to the apex—are usually pro-
tected from accidents. Bites of insects or other animals,
and extremes of
heat, light, dry-
ness, and cold, are
guarded against by
the maturer leaves
standing together
over the younger
parts (Figs. 13, 14),

or by special ecover- 18. Terminal portion of a shoot of Coleus ; young
leaves shielding the growing tip.

ings. The forming
members of the Begonia shoot are sheathed by a pair
of scalelike appendages — stipules —at the base of the
highest full leaf (Fig. 15). In addition, in this plant,
the hot rays of the sun are in nature fended off by the
leaves themselves, which are raised umbrellalike over the

28 BUDS

growing point; a mode of protection quite perfectly
represented, also, by the Castor Bean plant (Fig. 16).
In the Mullein, protection is assured both in the growing

NAW
] \
a % \ NS)
a h) ) 2 Shia
Le Mai isusvakharbooe™
ae !

aaa

14. End of the stem, and two nas-
cent leaves, in Coleus, after \'\
removal of several pairs of /
the leaves of the growing 15. Protection of the growing bud of
bud. Begonia.

season and in winter by a thick, woolly covering of plant
hairs, or trichomes. ‘These are produced by all the leaves
in their earliest stages when crowded together in the bud,

16. Protection of the terminal bud in the Castor Bean.

and persist when the leaves are mature. The tender
sprouts of many plants are well supplied with trichomes
of a special kind, secreting distasteful liquids which dis-
courage the attacks of herbivorous insects.

BUDS 29

RESTING BUDS

29. The most conspicuous buds are the scaly resting
buds of most trees and shrubs of temperate or cold
climates. When these are formed at the

end of a stem or branch, they are referred
to as terminal buds. In the angle, or azil,

18. The accessory buds
of Pterocarya
Rhoifolia, some-
what above the
axil, and already
partially devel-
oped in the first
summer.

of nearly all the leaves
others are found, termed
axillary or lateral buds
(ings Lt):

30. Accessory or su-
pernumerary buds. —
There are cases where
two, three, or more
buds spring from the
axil of a leaf, instead
of the single one which
is ordinarily found there. Sometimes
they are placed one over the other, as
in the Aristolochia, or Pipevine; and
in Pterocarya (Fig. 18), where the
upper bud is a good way out of the
axil. In other cases three buds stand
side by side in the axil, as in the Red
Maple.

31. Formation of winter buds.
Such plants as prepare for winter by
the production of winter buds form
them early in the foregoing summer.
In many woody plants the axillary
buds do not show themselves until
spring; but if searched for, they may
be detected, though of small size,
hidden under the bark. ‘Sometimes,
though early formed, they may be
concealed all summer long under the
base of the leaf stalk, which is then

iM. -Buds<of the
Hickory.

30 BUDS

hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, as in the Button-
wood, or Plane Tree

Cig. 2ioy.
32. Large and
Y strong buds, lke
those of the Horse-
chestnut and Hick-
ory, contain besides
the scales several
leaves or pairs of
leaves, ready formed,
folded, and packed away in small compass, just as the
seed leaves of a strong embryo are folded away in the
seed ; they may even contain all the blossoms of the ensu-
ing season plainly visible as small buds. Buds containing

Jus

19. Sub-petiolar bud of the Plane Tree.

Wee

20. Underground stem (st), thickened roots (rt), and
resting bud of Bellwort (Uvularia).

both leaves and flowers are termed mixed buds. Under
the surface of the soil, too, or on it, covered with the dead
leaves of autumn, similar strong buds of our perennial
herbs may be found (Fig. 20).

33. The resting state. — Buds, like seeds, remain in a
state of rest, or dormancy, during the winter, although
life is hardly reduced to such low terms in buds as it is in
seeds. Buds are therefore more easily aroused to activity;

BUDS

31

and they are less hardy. Yet in the coldest weather buds
are frozen without injury, providing the freezing and sub-

sequent thawing are not too sudden.
Some buds which will grow and unfold
when placed in water in the latter
part of the winter, refuse to open at
an earlier period, behaving hke those
seeds that. will germinate only after
a definite length of time.

34. Protection. — The means and
the degree of protection are various.
Against sudden changes of tempera-
ture thick, woolly covering is often
provided, growing from the young
leaves and around their bases. To
this several thicknesses of scales —
modified leaves —
may be added. ‘The
scales usually fall
away soon after the
bud bursts open in
spring ; but in many
instances, like the

Buckeye (Fig. 21),

29. Naked bud of ened stalks of the
Pterocarya partly developed out-
Fraxinifolia. E

er ones. When the
latter become, in the spring, the full
leaves of the season, such buds are
termed naked buds, t.e. without spe-
cialized protective scales.

35. The slender, pointed axillary
buds of the Horse Brier, or Green
Brier, lie in the groove of the petiole
of the subtending leaf, and are partly

21. Development of the
parts of the bud
in the Buckeye.

make a little growth toward foliage. In
Pterocarya (Fig. 22) the younger leaves
are shielded only by the somewhat broad-

23. Remains of the
petiole protect-
ing the bud in
Horse Brier.

By-4 BUDS

covered by the margins of the groove. When the leaf
falls off in autumn, the base remains as protection to
the bud (Fig. 25).

36. Store of food. — In trees, the stems which bear the
buds are filled with abundant nourishment deposited the
summer before in the wood and in the bark. Subterranean
buds are supphed from thick roots, root stocks, or tubers,
charged with a great store of nourishment for their use.
(See Figs. 20, 47, 48.)

37. Renewal of growth. — We see that the on-coming
of spring finds plants ready to resume their interrupted
activities, since new shoots are complete in the buds, and
food is at hand for their development. As soon as the
tide of warmth has fairly set in, therefore, vegetation
pushes forth vigorously from such buds, and clothes the
bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the
naked boughs of trees, with a covering of green, and often
with brilliant blossoms. Only a small part, and none of
the earliest, of this vegetation comes from seed.

38. Nondevelopment of buds.—It never
happens that all the buds grow. If they
did, there might be as many branches in
any year as there were leaves the year
before. And of those which do begin to
grow, a large portion perish, sooner or later,
for want of nourishment or for want of
light. In the Hickory (Fig. 17), and most
other trees with large scaly buds, the ter-
minal bud is the strongest, and has the
advantage in growth; and next in strength
are the upper axillary buds; while the for-
mer continues the shoot of the last year,
some of the latter give rise to branches,
and the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac
(Fig. 24), the uppermost axillary buds are
stronger than the lower; but the terminal
bud rarely appears at all; in its place the
uppermost pair of axillary buds grow, and so each stem branches every
year into two, — making a repeatedly two-forked ramification.

39. Latent buds. — Axillary buds that do not grow at the proper
season, and especially those which make no appearance externally,

24. Buds and branching of
Lilac.

BUDS ae

may long remain latent, and at length upon a favorable occasion start
into growth, so forming branches apparently out of place as they are
out of time. The new shoots seen springing directly out of large
stems may sometimes originate from such latent buds, which have
preserved their life for years. But commonly these arise from

40. Adventitious Buds. — These are buds which certain shrubs and
trees produce anywhere on the surface of the stem, especially where
it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often
feather the sides of great branches of our American Elm. They
sometimes form on the root, which naturally is destitute of buds;
they are found even upon some leaves; and they are sure to appear
on the trunks and roots of Willows, Poplars, and Chestnuts, when
these are wounded or mutilated.

41. Definite annual growth from winter buds is marked in most
of the shoots from strong buds, such as those of the Horse-chestnut
and Hickory. Such a bud generally contains, already formed in
miniature, all or a great part of the leaves and joints of stem it is to
produce, makes its whole growth in length in the course of a few
weeks, or sometimes even in a few days, and then forms and ripens
its buds for the next year’s similar growth.

42. Indefinite annual growth, on the other hand, is well marked
in such trees or shrubs as the Sumac, and in sterile shoots of the Rose,
Blackberry, and Raspberry. That is, these shoots are apt to grow all
summer long, until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other
cause. Such stems commonly die back from the top in winter, and
the growth of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower
axillary buds.

43. Forms of trees determined by the development of the buds. —
The main stem of Firs and Spruces, unless destroyed by some injury,
is carried on in a direct line throughout the whole growth of the tree,
by the development year after year of a terminal bud: this forms a
single, uninterrupted shaft,—an ezcurrent trunk, which cannot be
zgonfounded with the branches that proceed from it. Of such spiry or
spire-shaped trees, the Firs or Spruces are characteristic and familiar
examples.

44. On the other hand, when the terminal bud fails to take the
lead regularly, there is no single main stem, but the trunk is soon lost
in its branches. Trees so formed commonly have rounded or spread-
ing tops. The American Elm is a good illustration of this type, in
which the stem is said to be deliquescent.

Supplementary Work. Ecology of Buds

The following outline is meant to suggest some lines of individual research
that may be followed throughout the year in any place where plants grow.
Notes made from nature will not, of course, follow this scheme; for such a

OUT. OF BOT. —3

34 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE ROOT

summary could come only after a good deal of looking into particular cases.
Observations should be numbered in the notebooks; and specimen parts of
the plants whose buds are described should be kept properly numbered, for
determining with certainty what the plants are that have been studied. There
are several popular works from which the names of plants in flower, or of trees
even not in flower, may be made out to some extent. If one learns the use
of the Manual, names may be determined without other help. Assistance
may often be had from a trained botanist through correspondence, if none is
available near at hand.

I. Summer. Growing buds. Protection of the tender tips: against (a) in-
sects, (b) snails (water plants and low under-herbs), (c) any other animals ?
(d) excessive light, heat, and drying; by means of (a) stipules, (b) petioles
of older leaves, (c) trichomes, (d) convergence and overshading by all the
parts generally, (e) other arrangements.

II. Summer, fall, and winter. Resting (or ‘“‘ winter’’) buds. A. When
are they formed, in different plants? B. Sources of danger. Determine some
of these by actual observations on (a) birds—e.g. note the food of flocks of
northern birds that visit your locality in winter—and (0b) other animals.
As to temperature, it may be asked, Do buds freeze? Does freezing kill?
Does prolonged freezing kill? Does thawing kill? C. Methods of offsetting
the dangers by (a) special scales (what is the nature, or morphology, of the
seales?), (b) coatings of the parts (wool, glandular secretions), (c) seclusion
(1) under bark, (2) in hollows, (d) other means.

Ill. Experimental. Earliest date at which buds of different species can be
made to open, within doors. Effects of removing some or all of the scales in
certain species. Do buds grow at all, in diameter or length, between Decem-
ber 1 and March 1, or otherwise change?

V. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE ROOT
EXERCISE XIV. THE GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE Roor

The root suggested is that of Shepherd’s Purse. (Do not remove
the leaves from the plants.)

Note the general habit of the root system, consisting of one main
root (taproot), and numerous lateral roots and rootlets.

What is the direction of growth of the taproot? Of the lateral
roots? Examine the taproot with the lens for contraction wrinkles.
Of what service is contraction of the roots, in the case of such a plant?

Place some of the fine, fibrous rootlets on the stage of the dissecting
microscope in water, and carefully pick apart with needles, so as to see
their length, branching, and relative slenderness. Can root hairs be
made out? Does the branching show regularity? Is the root jointed
where branches spring out? At what angle do the branches spring?

Chip away one side of the main root to show the wood at the center.
(In doing this, save half or more of the upper part uncut, for later
use.) This is the central cylinder. All outside of this is the cortex
(bark). By scraping and stripping, a distinct external layer, like a
skin, may be detached from the taproot. This resembles the external

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE ROOT 30

layer of the leaf and stem in being more or less impermeable by water.
Does the central cylinder of the taproot connect directly with those
of the lateral roots and rootlets ?

Experiment 7.— What part of the root conveys liquids up to the
leaves of the shoot? Determine this by cutting off the lower half of
the main root and the ends of some other roots, and placing the still
leafy plant with these cut surfaces in water colored with eosin. After
a time cut off the cortex on one side of the root, at different levels, to
find whether the eosin water has been taken up; and, if so, what path
it has followed. Save a thin cross section of the taproot for drawing.

Draw: (1) The general habit of the root system, to show the points
already mentioned. Show the rings or wrinkles due to longitudinal
contraction. (2) A piece of the branching fibrous root (as seen with
the dissecting microscope, and therefore much magnified), showing the
points noted above. (5) Longitudinal section of taproot (short piece),
showing the wood, cortex, and coating, and the connections with
branches (x 3-4). (4) Cross section of the taproot (x 4-5).

EXERCISE XV. Roots FOR CLIMBING

Make a drawing of the given stem with its climbing roots, to show
the mode of occurrence of the roots, whether in rows or not, and
whether at or near the nodes of the stem or not. With the lens,
examine the roots for root hairs. Is there any sign that they play a
part in the adhesion of the roots to supporting surfaces ?

EXxercIsE XVI. Roots For STORAGE

Compare the internal structure of the given root with that of Shep-
herd’s Purse. Are all the regions which were observed in that root
found in this one? In what region or regions of the storage root is
thickening most pronounced? In what part or parts is nourishment
stored? How can youtest this? What part does this root play in the
life history of the plant? Will the root grow —i.e. give rise to shoots
—when planted in a pot of earth? (Try it.)

Is any part of the stem of the plant present and closely incorporated
with the root? Distinguish root and stem carefully in such a case.

Draw whatever diagrams are necessary to illustrate your notes.

Supplementary Subjects

1. The roots of epiphytic Orchids. Note their origin and structure, and
behavior toward water. What is the habitat of these plants?
2. Roots of the Dodder.
Contraction of the roots of plants.
Direction of growth of roots under influence of moisture.
The rate of growth of the roots of seedlings.
Root pressure shown by guttation.

Si ec

36 THE ROOT

Vi Tah. ROOT

45. Origin. — Roots ordinarily come from stems, not, as
is generally thought, stems from roots. It is true that in
| springtime flowering herbs
like the Trillium, and the
Bloodroot (Fig. 25), are
seen to break from the
eround as if produced from
a root; but the subter-
ranean stock in all such
cases 1s a true stem.

46. Exceptions to the
general rule are not uncom-
mon, for many roots, espe-
cially if severed from the
stem, have a power of
forming afresh within their
tissues, buds developing
into leafy shoots.1

47. The initial stem of
the embryo produces from

a ie ; its end a root which be-
25. The Bloodroot, producing in spring ;
leaves and flowers from an un- Comes the first or premary

aa stem which is popu- yoo, (ot the planieeeecem
arly mistaken for a root. E :
plants keep this as a main
or taproot throughout the whole of their life, and send out
only small side roots (Fig. 42); but commonly the main
root divides off very soon, and is lost in its branches. A
root system is thus formed with no marked central axis.
In plants of large size, as trees, the roots often extend on
all sides, not far below the surface, sometimes to a con-
siderable distance beyond the limits of the aérial parts.?

1 The reproduction of lacking parts (as buds by roots, roots by stems,
and both roots and stems by cut leaves) is termed regeneration. The
faculty is common to many plants, and to not a few animals, especially
those of the lower types.

2 «Those of an elm have been known to fill up drains fifty yards dis-
tant from the tree.’’ — Goodale, ‘‘ Physiological Botany,”’ p. 235.

THE ROOT yi

48. Every flowering plant, with some rare exceptions,
has thus at the beginning one or more primary roots de-
veloped from the tip of the caulicle; but
when occasion arises, additional roots are
freely produced from other parts of the
stem. The Poison Ivy is a woody vine,
sometimes assuming a_ partially erect,
shrublike habit. Wherever, in clambering
over the rocks, the stem finds shade and
moisture, it produces a thick growth of
fibrous, clinging rootlets (Fig. 26). The
higher shoots, rising well above the under
shrubbery, and thus exposed to sun and
air, are quite devoid of them. In this case
the accessory roots owe their existence to
causes which are in a sense accidental, and
they are accordingly said to be adventi-
tious.

49. Any part of the stem may give rise
to adventitious roots, but they come most
readily from the nodes, as may be seen
upon examining almost any creeping plant

(see Figs. 34, 45).

THE FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS
26. Adventitious
roots of the

50. Roots serve as organs of absorption Poems

and storage, and as holdfasts.

51. Absorption. — They absorb water and dissolved min-
eral matters, and in some cases organic matter left by the
decay of former vegetation, or even the juices of living
plants.

52. Water and salts. — If we uncover the roots of a tree,
we find that they have a bark impermeable by water. This
impermeable covering is thicker or thinner according as it
is older or younger, but is never altogether lacking until
we reach the young rootlets. Even here the surface is
coated with a substance that hinders the free entrance of

38 THE ROOT

water, except for a short distance from the tip backward.
Only the parts most recently formed are active in absorption.

53. The production of new rootlets is thus of high importance.
Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and expands
fresh foliage from which moisture largely escapes into the air, so long
it continues to extend and multiply its roots in the soil beneath, re-
newing and increasing the fresh surface for absorbing moisture in
proportion to the demand from above; and when growth ceases above
ground, and the leaves die and fall or no longer act, then the roots
generally stop growing, and their soft and tender tips harden. From
this period, therefore, until growth begins anew the next spring, is the
best time for transplanting, especially for trees and shrubs.

54. The action of root hairs.— It has already been
noted in the laboratory that the tip of the seedling root is
for a space smooth, but that at a little distance back a
thick covering of root hairs soon arises. ‘These not only
insinuate themselves into the interspaces of the soil along-
side of the root, and suck up whatever water may be
there; but they apply
themselves closely to the
soil particles, the walls
even becoming lobed and
distorted in order to gain
closer contact with the

pay

27. A root hair, much magnified. It is aor
seen to be a tubular outgrowth uneven particles compos-

from an exterior cell of the root, ing the soil (Fig. 21).

in this case much distorted. ;
For adhering to the sur-

faces of the latter are certain substances much needed by
the plant. These substances, mineral salts,! are not re-
moved by the simple flow of soil water,? but remain firmly
bound until acted upon by the root hairs. At the points of
contact, the root hairs excrete an acid which acts to release

1Salts such as potassium nitrate (saltpeter), magnesium sulphate,
calcium phosphate, etc.

2 Fertilizers applied to land and dissolved by the rain are held in the
same manner by the soil, until taken by the roots of the crops. But if
applied when the ground is frozen, the fertilizers do not penetrate the
absorbent soil to the same extent, and much is washed away by surface
drainage, and lost.

THE ROOT 39

the mineral matters in question. These then pass into the
root in solution, and are conveyed to the parts of the
plant where their presence is required.

55. As the food sought becomes exhausted the root
hairs cease to act, and after a short time die and fall away.
Meanwhile further on new hairs have been put forth in
soil lately invaded. ‘These likewise serve their turn and
shrivel. In this manner the root tip in its progress is
followed by a belt of absorptive organs which explore the
soil on every side of the line of advance.

56. Root hairs are the chief organs for the absorption of
water and dissolved mineral salts, in the usual cases.
They are, however, wanting in many aquatics and even in
some terrestrial plants.

57. Protection of the root
tip.—In growth new tissue
is formed close to the end of
the root (see Fig. 28). The

VeLy forefront, subject tO 28. The end of a growing root, tipped

wear and tear by the resist- and protected by the root cap;
; : g, the growing point. (Con-
ance of the soil to the root’s siderably magnified. )

advance, is furnished with a

shield of tissue, somewhat in the form of a thimble, which
is renewed from the growing point within as fast as it is
worn away externally. This is called the root cap.

58. Aérial roots are such as are produced above ground.
Some of the most highly specialized aérial roots are those
adapted to the absorption of rain and dew. piphytes —
that is, plants seated upon other plants, but not living at
their expense —are obliged to depend upon occasional
supplies of water, which the roots take up rapidly at the
time and pass on to the leaves and stem to be stored for
future use. Epiphytic orchids accomplish this by means
of a thick spongy layer covering nearly the entire length of
their numerous aérial roots (Fig. 29).

59. Absorption of organic food. — The waste from decaying vegeta-
tion is made use of by a very large number of plants having no other
means of support. These are saprophytes. They are mainly Crypto-

40 THE ROOT

gams of small size, but among them are several flowering plants. The
Indian Pipe is common in woods, where its short stems push up in

29. An epiphytic Orchid with numerous aérial roots for the
absorption of rain and dew. — SCHIMPER.1

little groups through the leaf mold. The pale hue of its stem, leaves,
and flower remind one of the toadstools in company with which it
grows. The roots are adapted to absorb organic matters in solution
from vegetable mold.

60. Parasitic roots. — Part of the roots of the Yellow Gerardia are,
or may be, transformed by the development of suckers near their
tips, by which they grow fast to the roots of other plants and steal
nourishment (Fig. 30). At the same time the Gerardia, possessing

1A. EF. W. Schimper, ‘‘ Pflanzen-Geographie,’’ 1898. An account of
plants in the world-wide aspects of distribution and adaptation,

THE MROOL 4]

green coloring matter, is able like all green plants to provide for itself ;
and it does carry on the work of forming plant food in a quite normal

A 30. Roots of the Yellow Gerardia, some of
WA them parasitic on the root of a Blue-
Ay berry bush.

way even while taking the sap
of other plants. This is, there-
fore, the case of a partial para-
site.

61. Parasites proper, which
strike their roots into the tissues
of living plants, or form attach-
ments to their surface so as to
suck up their juices, are amongst
the most interesting of all vege-
table forms. Of this sort is the
Mistletoe (Fig. 31),1 the seed
of which germinates on the
bough where it falls or is left
by birds; and the forming root
penetrates the bark and en-
grafts itself into the wood, to
which it becomes united as
firmly as a natural branch to
31. Plants of the Dwarf Mistletoe para- its parent stem; and indeed the

sitic on a branch of the Spruce. parasite lives just as if it were

a branch of the tree it grows

and feeds on. A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder (Fig. 32),
which abounds in low grounds in summer, and coils its long and
slender, leafless, yellowish stems —resembling tangled threads of yarn
—round and round the stocks of other plants; wherever they touch,
piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form
of suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants
laid hold of. Other parasitic plants, like the Beech Drops and Pine-

1 Not the Mistletoe proper of the Old World. The plant represented is
an American relative of the well-known European plant, very much
smaller, and properly denominated the Dwarf Mistletoe.

42 . THE ROOT

sap, fasten their roots underground upon the roots of neighboring
plants, and rob them of their juices.

62. Roots as holdfasts. —This function comes to be
of great importance as
the plants become tall
and have to stand
against the violence of
the winds. And so
the main roots of a
tree, spreading abroad
underground, — corre-
spond in girth with
the largest of the
branch trunks spread
in the air above.
They increase, like the
trunk and limbs, by
the annual formation
of wood. Yet notwith-
standing their great
size and strength,
every heavy wind
storm leaves here and
there a tree over-
turned.

63. Roots for climb-
ing are well shown by
the Trumpet Creeper

32. Dodder parasitic on the stem of anherb. (Fig. 34). Near the
Note the absence of leaves (except a 7 t] haded
few small scales, 7), the development of nodes, on Be

sucking roots, A, and the flowercluster. aqnd moister sides of

The plant has no connection with the cae
ground, except in the seedling stage. the stem, aérial roots
are produced in longi-
tudinal rows, and become matted together like felt by
means of the numerous root hairs that cover them through-
out. As the young stems of the vine push upward close
to the face of a wall or building, these webs of roots grow

out until they strike the stone, when they flatten out and

THE ROOT 43

become firmly glued to the surface. Firm support is thus
afforded to the ascending creeper.

64. Roots used for storage.— he roots
of almost all plants that
persist for more than a
single season serve, in
common with the stem,
as organs of storage, to
some extent. But their
forms are not altered
for the special purpose

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33. A section through
Dodder and host
plant at the
point where the
haustorium, or
sucker, of the
former pene-
trates the bark
of the host; p,
stem of the para-

35. Thickened storage roots in
cultivated plants. On the

site; s, sucker, left Carrot, on the right
piercing to the 354. Rootsof Trum- Radish. In both cases the
wood of the host, pet Creeper, rootisconfluent above with
A (much magni- used in climb- an exceedingly shortened
fied). —SAcHs. ing. stem bearing the leaves.

of storage in ordinary cases. Yet roots are sometimes
much enlarged to hold the nourishment made by the
plant during one growing season for its use in the next.
Among the plants that owe their early appearance in the
spring to food stored up in a somewhat fleshy root is the
Dandelion (Fig. 42). In certain plants the tendency to a
thickening of the root has been fostered by cultivation
and selection until from the original wild stock, not more
promising in the beginning than some of our common
herbs, such useful food plants as the Beet, Turnip, Parsnip,
and Radish have been produced. ‘These make use of

44 THE ROOT

the taproot alone (Fig. 35). The Anemonella (Fig. 36),
flowering in early spring with the more familiar and
closely related Anemone,
draws upon supplies of
food held in a cluster, or
Fascicle, of roots. A fine
example of adventitious
roots, some of which remain
fibrous for absorption, while
a few thicken and store up

) WwW

37. Roots of the Sweet
Potato.

food for the next season’s
growth, is furnished by the
Sweet Potato (Fig. 37).

DURATION OF ROOTS

65. Roots are said to be an-
nual, biennial, or perennial.
These terms apply also to the

whole plant.

36. Anemoneila thalictroides. ‘The 66 a ee
early spring growth supplied notes, live only for one year,
from a fascicle of storage roots. generally for only a part of the

year. They are of course herbs;
they spring from the seed, blossom, mature their fruit and seed,
and then die, root and all. Annuals of our temperate climates with
severe winters start from the seed in spring, and perish at or
before autumn. Where the winter is a moist and growing season
and the summer is dry, winter annuals prevail; their seeds germinate

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM 45

under autumn or winter rains, grow more or less during winter, blos-
som, fructify, and perish in the following spring or summer. Annuals
are fibrous rooted.

67. Biennials, of which the Turnip, Beet, and Carrot are familiar
examples, grow the first season without blossoming, usually thicken
their roots, laying up in them a stock of nourishment, are quiescent
during the winter, but shoot vigorously, blossom, and seed the next
spring or summer, mainly at the expense of the food stored up, and
then die completely.

68. Perennials live and blossom year after year. A perennial
herb, in a temperate or cooler climate, usually dies down to the
ground at the end of the season’s growth. But subterranean portions
of stem, charged with buds, survive to renew the development.
Shrubs and trees are of course perennial; even the stems and branches
above ground live on and grow year after year.

VII. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM

At the beginning of the study of the stem, it is well to
recall the fact that a flowering plant typically consists of
root, stem, and leaf. Stems and leaves may be so dis-
guised as not to be readily recognized in their true charac-
ter. Thus some stems are so modified as very closely to
resemble leaves, while others assume the general appear-
ance of roots. Yet there are, with few exceptions, certain
marks of the stem proper even in these dissembled forms.

The Marks of the True Stem

Ist. The stem is characterized by a general plan of
construction, as viewed externally, differing essentially
from that of either root or leaf.

What is the Plan?

2d. It bears appendages at certain definite places.

What are the Appendages ?

Where inserted upon the stem ?

3d. If the stem in question is an offshoot from an
older one, its point of origin has a certain definite loca-
tion.’ Position determines the fact that a lateral member
is a branch stem, and not a leaf.

46 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM

What is its Position ?
These are the questions to be kept in mind in the fol-
lowing exercise.

EXERCISE XVII. THe CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF STEMS

Red Maple. — Examine with care all marks and features of form
and the position of the branches and buds with respect to certain of
these markings. Examine especially the newest parts. A low power
of the hand lens brings out the desired points well.

Most trees and shrubs upon the approach of cold weather shield the
tender extremities of their stems by numerous scales. When growth
is resumed at the beginning of the next season, the scales fall away,
leaving scars to mark the occurrence of winter. These are to be looked
for on the material in hand, and noted as interesting traces of events
in the recent history of the twigs. But such annual demarkations are
not to be found on all stems. Refer to the questions immediately pre-
ceding this exercise, and answer them in the notes. The sections of
the stem at which leaves are borne are called nodes; the lengths
between leaves are internodes.

Draw the terminal, and one or two adjacent, annual lengths of the
twig — enough to show all the points learned in the study.

ExercisE XVIII. THe INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEMS!

Looking at the plants of the fields about us, we perceive the great-
est variety in the size, proportions, and attitude of stems. In some
the stem is so short as to seem to be quite wanting, the leaves appear-
ing to spring directly from the root. In other cases the stem, elon-
gated, reclines upon the ground, or twines for support upon any object
within reach.

Yet there is a prevailing type. Its erect habit and height most
clearly show the purpose of stems in general. What is this pur-
pose ?

As height from the ground means encounter with winds, the tall
stem must also be strong. Furthermore, the sap has a considerable
distance to travel from the root to the leafy crown, and hence
the conduction of water becomes one of the functions of the stem.

1 See also Chapter XVI. If. compound microscopes are available, the
minute structure may be taken up more in detail than the directions here
given require. In any case use should here be made of figures and ex-
planations from Chapter XVI. The cambium region, especially, should
be located even under the dissecting microscope, and its meaning
explained.

PE

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM 47

These considerations lead us at once to examine the internal struc-
ture. We shall expect to find out whether the internal construction
answers to the uses of the stem or not.

1. A comparison of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous stems. —
Begonia (dicotyledon), Asparagus (monocotyledon).

(1) Even a naked-eye examination of the cross sections, held up
side by side to the window light, shows marked differences. Consider
carefully wherein they are alike and wherein dissimilar, and write a
comparative account of the cross sections as you see them.

(2) Place the Begonia section under the highest power of the dis-
secting microscope. Notice the following points :—

(a) The central space is filled with a more or less irregular and
indistinct network, in which some meshes (cells) of tolerably
regular form may be made out.

(>) Outside of this is an interrupted circle of somewhat wedge-
shaped, denser spots, nearer the circumference than the center
of the section.

(c) Exterior to these is a region filled by a network of large cells.
Toward the margin, however, the cells become gradually
smaller.

The outermost layer of cells, which may not be distinguishable, is

of a distinct nature, and forms the epidermis.

The three regions thus noted are characteristic of dicotyledonous
stems. They are (a) the pith, () the ring of wood, and (c) the bark.
Strictly the bark includes the outer ends of the elongated areas noted
under (/), and only the inner half or two-thirds is wood. (The lens
will probably show the division line.) In this fleshy herbaceous stem
the wood does not form a complete ring in the cross section, it will be
noticed. ‘The Lilac, soon to be studied, will show an apparent differ-
ence in this respect.

Draw a sector of the cross section, showing the character of the
three regions (x 5—10).

(3) Examine in the same manner the section of Asparagus.

Nore:—(a) The large cells composing by far the greater part of
the section. They are replaced by cells of a different char-
acter in two instances; namely, in

(0) The scattered darker parts which much resemble the denser
areas in Begonia; and in |

(c) A distinct dense ring, not far from the edge of the section.
Finally there is

(d) The outermost zone, composed of round cells of uniform size
(the epidermis).

The monocotyledonous stem has no separate region of wood includ-

ing pith and surrounded by bark, such as one finds in dicotyledons.
A cylinder of firm tissue (c), giving a degree of rigidity to the stem,

48 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM

is found at or near the surface. Throughout the loose cellular tissue
(a) the wood is scattered in bundles, or strands (6). The bundles
are tough and add strength to the stem, and, more important still, fur-
nish the means by which water ascends. The sap ducts appear in
the cross section as large circular apertures on the periphery of the
bundles.

Draw a sector (60°) of the monocotyledonous stem ( x 5-10).

2. The woody dicotyledonous stem. — Lilac.

(1) The first cross section examined should be of the end twigs;
that is, of the stem not more than one year old.

Norre:— (a) The pith.

(b) The wood, which seems now to be a solid ring. A high power
of the microscope, however, would show traces of pith tissue
running out to the bark between the wood wedges.

(c) The bark, beginning at the outer edge of the wood. Careful
looking, aided by lenses of even moderate power, will show in
the inner bark region a ring of somewhat glistening bodies,
distantly resembling a string of beads. These are the ends of
bundles of bast fibers. What is a possible use of strong fibers
in this position in the twig?

Immediately under the dark outer line of the bark are
several rows of cork cells, the examination of which may
require the use of a compound microscope. What is the use,
to the plant, of this layer of cork?

Draw a sector of the cross section (90°), to show these parts.

(2) Make smooth cuts across the twig of Lilac where it is one, two,
and three years old respectively. Examine the ends with the lens.
In what part of the stem (what part of the cross section) is new wood
annually formed ?

Draw the three cross sections in diagram (x 3).

ExercisE XIX. Tue Structure oF Woop (OPTIONAL)

First, decide which side of the block furnished for examination was
toward the center of the trunk. Then note:—
(1) The annual additions of wood.
(2) The difference in appearance between spring wood and fall
wood. What makes the difference (use lens) ?
(3) The radiating lines, crossing all the annual layers (medullary
rays).
These features are seen on the cross-sectional face. Look on the
other faces for the ends of the medullary rays and the sap ducts.
Show by drawings the points learned from the study.
Examine also a piece of board containing a knot. Explain the

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM 49

nature and origin of the knot. Are trees grown in the open, or those
grown in a thick forest, more likely to give timber free from knots?

EXERCISE XX. THE ASCENT OF SAP IN THE STEM

Experiment 8.—In order to trace the course followed by the sap
current as it passes from the root to the leaves, make use of water
tinged with eosin. Put the cut end of the given (leafy) stem in the
colored water. After fifteen or twenty minutes examine the stem.
If it is translucent, like the Balsam (Jmpatiens), the course of the
eosin water is readily seen without dissection. Note the branching
of the conducting tissue at the nodes.

If the path of the coloring fluid is not seen from without, dissect.

Having determined the facts, write a statement, and illustrate by a
diagram or diagrams.

EXERCISE XXI. GEOTROPISM OF THE STEM

The manner in which the growing plumule behaves toward the
attraction of gravitation has been seen. It is well to find out whether
the stem retains this power of reaction to the effect of gravity ata
later date.

Experiment 9.— This may be done by turning an upright potted
plant —as a young Sunflower or a young Nasturtium — into a hori-
zontal position, potand all. Make a diagram of pot, stem, and one or
two selected leaves. Leave foraday. Then compare with the diagram.
Indicate any changes by making dotted lines for the new positions.

Alternative. Experiment 10.— The leafy scapes of the Shepherd’s
Purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris), not too old, make excellent subjects for
this experiment. Fit the scape into a small bottle by splitting and
grooving the cork. Fill the bottle quite full of water before inserting
the scape and cork. Fix the bottle to a block with a rubber band, to
keep the bottle from rolling when the arrangement is laid on its side.
After making a diagram of the stem, etc., set it away in a safe place
in a horizontal position until the next day.

Compare with the diagram. Represent any new position by dotted
lines on the original diagram.

Write full notes.

Nore: — The same scape will show the reaction of the stem to light
in a marked manner, at least if taken while still freely growing.
When the reaction to gravity is completely apparent, and the end of
the scape has become vertical, place the scape, still in its bottle, so that
it faces a window. In front and shading it place an opaque object two
or three inches wide. Draw a diagram of the whole arrangement, and

OUT. OF BOT.—4

50 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE STEM

note the time. Observe the scape again later, looking for a change
from the original attitude of the stem.

EXERCISE XXII. Specrat Usts AND Forms oF STEMS

Creeping or underground stem.—Study the rhizome. Look for
stem, leaf, and root. Which are present? What are the marks show-
ing the true nature of stem, if that is present? What is the distribu-
tion of the roots, if present? If thickened, does the rootstock contain
food in store ?

Draw what is needed to illustrate your notes.

Tuber of Potato. — First, try to distinguish between the tip and the
base of the tuber. By base is meant the end by which the Potato was
originally attached to the Potato plant.

Holding the tuber right end up, examine it. With the lens look
at several minute prominences within the depression of each eye.
These are buds.

Below is a ridge, and frequently at its middle point may be seen
a small, erect scale. What is the morphology of this scale (subtend-
ing a bud)? Test the pulp with iodine. Morphologically, what is
the tuber? What is the proof? What is its purpose in the life history
of the potato plant?

Draw an enlarged view of the eye, showing ridge, scale, and
rudimentary buds ( x 5-4).

Houseleek. — (Optional.) Examine: (1) The green heads, with
close-set, thickish leaves.

(2) The dull-colored, rootlike parts connecting them. Precisely
whence do the latter spring? In what do they end, and how? Cut
away leaves enough to determine these questions clearly. Have they
any scars, scales, or appendages? What is their morphology? Proof ?
Cut a longitudinal section of one of the heads. Note the sudden
enlargement of the axis at the point where the leaves begin to be
crowded. Apply dilute iodine.

Compare the stem of Houseleek with the tuber of Potato in all

respects, — as to organs present, the comparative development of these

organs, the purpose of the whole, and any other points.

Draw the longitudinal section of the head.

Asparagus. — Select a sprig which branches several times. At the
base of every branch at least one small, scalelike structure is found.
What is it? Follow up the successive subdivisions of one of the
branches, arriving finally at the smallest members of the ramification.
At each dividing note a similar scale. Is it found at the foot of the
needlelike “leaves”? If so, what is their morphology? Note the
color of all parts of the plant. What is the function of stem in
Asparagus ?

Rls ah tree

THF STEM Dill

Draw enough of the stem or stems to show the points discovered
Cx3)-

Crocus. — Remove the scales. What is the morphology of the
denuded bulb?

Draw the stem, showing nodes, internodes, buds, stolons (under-
ground, propagative branches), if present.

Cut a cross section. Is the plant monocotyledonous or dicoty-
ledonous? Test for starch. What is the life history of this plant?

Flowering Quince (Cydonia Japonica).

Draw a thorn, bearing a lateral bud, with accessory buds at the
base, and the subtending leaf scar ( x 3).

Boston Ivy.(Ampelopsis Veitchii).— Are the tendrils associated in
any way with leaves or leaf scars? Answer in drawing (x3). Ex-
amine the tendril itself with the lens. Are there any indications of
leaf formations at the bases of the branches? Answer in drawing
(x5). What is the use of the flattened ends of the branches? In-
clude these disks in one of the drawings.

VIII. THE STEM

69. The stem is the axis of the plant and the stock from
which spring all the other organs. Side stems, or
branches, spring from just above the axils of the leaves.
Leaves are present on the stem of every flowering plant at
some stage of its existence, though they may often be
reduced to the merest rudiments. ‘This is the case with
stems that run along beneath the surface of the soil, where
leaves would be of no use. But the tendency to produce
leaves never quite disappears, and on underground stems
manifests itself in scales and prominences at more or less
uniform distances ; the joints or nodes thus made, serving
to distinguish such stems from roots, which they otherwise
closely imitate.

70. The stem of an annual herbaceous plant is composed
largely of living tissue, and is commonly seen to be green,
pulpy, more or less translucent, and full of sap. <A few
strands of woody fiber run through it; but the general
mass is succulent, and abounds in living substance. As
age and height and the weight of foliage and fruit in-
crease, woody strengthening tissue may be largely devel-

52, THE STEM

oped even in annual stems. If the plant is a perennial,
especially if it grows to a considerable height, the wood
increases and the living tissue becomes a relatively smaller
part of the whole. In the stems of trees the living por-
tions comprise only the growing tips of branches, the
younger bark, and a film of active tissue just outside the
wood. The bark (except those parts freshly formed), and
the cylinders of wood, are essentially dead, and serve
merely mechanical purposes in the support and protection
of that which is alive.

71. The growth of stems. — Stems increase in length at
or near the young tips. In plants of definite annual
growth the number of internodes — or interspaces between
leaves — is predetermined in the bud. Early in the fol-
lowing season these internodes gain their full extension
and thereafter remain fixed in length. Girth increases
through the formation of wood by the living tissue that sur-
rounds the woody cylinder. Growth is, of course, inter-
rupted as often as severe cold or extreme drought sets in ;
and in those parts of the world where this is a regularly
recurring event, the wood is formed in successive layers.
When cut across, the layers appear asrings. Stems of trees
and shrubs grown in temperate climates show in the cross
section the spring wocd— laid down when growth is par-
ticularly active —differing in color or texture from the
fall wood. The age of trees, therefore, is easily made out
when the trunk is cut off. Sometimes, however, two
rings are formed in a single season, when midsummer
drought interrupts the regular growth. Allowance must
be made for these cases in estimating the age of trees.

72. The direction of growth. — Most stems grow upward;
that is, toward the light; for it is the benefit got by full
exposure of the foliage to the sun that has led to tall
stems. Leaves of tall-stemmed plants are raised out of
the shade cast by crowding neighbors.

73. Upright stems include, besides the ordinary rigid
and self-sustaining type, many climbing forms. Certain
ones gain the advantages of elevation by twining upon the

THE STEM 53

stems of other plants for support (Fig. 38), and often
grow until they spread their own leaves above those of the
plants that they encum-
ber. The way in which
such climbers bend from
side to side until they
strike some vertical sup-
port may be told in the
words of Darwin : —

08. Twining stem of the
Morning Glory.

“ When the shoot of a hop
rises from the ground, the two
or three first-formed joints or
internodes are straight and
remain stationary; but the next-formed, whilst very young, may be
seen to bend to one side and to ¢ravel slowly around towards all
points of the compass, moving like the hands of a clock, with the sun.
The movement very soon acquires its full ordinary velocity. From
seven observations made during August, and on another plant during
April, the average rate during hot weather and during the day is two
hours eight minutes for each revolution; and none of the revolutions
varied much from this rate. The revolving movement continues as
long as the plant continues to grow; but each separate internode,
as it becomes old, ceases to move.”

74. The revolutions are less rapid at night than in the
daytime, but are maintained until some object of support
is met with, when the free extremity still goes on revolv-
ing and the stem shortly encircles the support. The
movement then continues in an upward-winding spiral,
the coils tightening and the twiner steadily ascending.

75. Most species of twining plants wind in a definite
direction. That is, as we look down upon the plant, the
revolving tip moves with the hands of a watch lying face
upward, in some species; opposite to the hands, in other
species.

76. Another class of climbing plants includes those that
simply clamber in a haphazard fashion through and over
the surrounding herbage. The thorns of many Brambles
and the minute backward-pointing hooks studding the
angles of the stems and the margins of the leaves in

54 THE STEM

Galium (Fig. 39), catching on leaves and branches, pre-
vent these climbers from shipping from their supports.
If we attempt to pull
a tangle of Galium away
from the foliage of the
herbs and shrubs over
which it runs, the plant
itself is torn in pieces
before we succeed in
dislodging it.
77. Of special organs
39. The stem and leaves of Galium, or for climbing, the clinging
SRLS REN ARG es backward yootlets of the Trumpet
pointing hooks (magnified).

Creeper have already
been described. Leaves, and parts of leaves serving the
same general purpose, but adapted in a much more
remarkable manner to a climbing habit, will be described
in the next chapter. In the list of specialized climbing
organs there still remain certain stems, modified into
either adherent or twining tendrils.

78. Adhesive disks. — The Virginia Creeper illustrates
the first case. The tips of certain branches are flattened
into disks with an
adhesive face (Fig.
40). This is apphed
to the supporting
object, to which it be-
comes firmly glued.
Then a_ shortening
of the branches by
coiling brings up the
growing shoot close
to the support. This is an adaptation to climbing mural
rocks and walls or the trunks of trees, to which the
vine would not be able to cling by means of twining
tendrils.

_ 79. Twining tendrils. — Some tendrils are leaves or parts
of leaves, as those of Cobwa (Fig. 73). The nature of a

40. Tendrils of Virginia Creeper.

THE STEM ae

tendril is known by its position. A tendril from the axis
of a leaf, like that of the Passion Flower (Fig. 41), is, of
course, a stem, 2.e. a
branch.

80. In the young
stage, when still ex-
tended, tendrils are
endowed with motion
and with sensitive-
ness to contact.
Their movements are
like those of twining
stems, — they _ de-
scribe circles-or el-
lipses until brought
against some object.
When, by the curving of the tip, a hold has been secured
upon this object, the tendril coils in a double spiral.
The coil or spiral itself is of importance in all such
cases, for its elasticity prevents a sudden stress caused,
for example, by a blast of wind, from snapping the
tendril off, as might be the result were the tendril
straight and already tightly drawn at the moment of
onslaught.

41. Tendrils of the Pas-
sion Flower.

“‘T have more than once gone on purpose, during a gale, to watch a
Bryony growing in an exposed hedge, with its tendrils attached to the
surrounding bushes; and as the thick and thin branches were tossed
to and fro by the wind, the tendrils, had they not been excessively
elastic, would instantly have been torn off and the plant thrown pros-
trate. But as it was, the Bryony safely rode out the gale, like a ship
with two anchors down, and with a long range of cable ahead to serve
as a spring as she surges to the storm.” — DarwIn.

81. The tendrils of the Passion Flower are wonderfully sensitive to
slight pressure. In Darwin’s experiments, “A bit of platinum wire, =;
of a grain in weight, gently placed on the concave point, caused a
tendril to become hooked, as did a loop of soft, thin cotton thread J,
of a grain. The point of a tendril of Passiflora gracilis began to move
distinctly in twenty-five seconds after a touch, and in many cases after
thirty seconds.”

56 THE STEM

82. So-called stemless plants. — At the opposite end
of the scale from the plants with tall stems, rising as high
as possible toward the sources of light, are those that, like
the Dandelion (Fig. 42), reduce the leaf-bearing axis to
the shortest possible span. Owing to the extreme brevity
of the stem, and perhaps as well to the difficulty of

1

J at os

t ag
Tai i
1

i\

1
ier ly Ji
(mee it
U Risa

42. Root, shortened stem, buds, and leaves, of the Dandelion.

distinguishing the stem portion from the taproot, these
plants are sometimes spoken of as stemless. A better term
is acaulescent (which literally means becoming stemless).
The summit of the stem—in the Dandelion —is at the
level of the ground, or slightly lower.1 Crowded together
by the shortening of the internodes, the leaves radiate in

1 The roots of some plants, after gaining a firm hold on the earth, con-
tract and gradually draw the stem into the soil.

THE STEM xt

the form of a rosette, and pressing back the grass and
other low herbage, make a way for the inflow of light.
At the same time the stem, with the growing point and
much of the foliage, is safe from the teeth of grazing
animals: though it would be hard to say just how much
this kind of security has had to do with the development
of the shortened stem. For other advantages of the acau-
lescent habit may have played a part in the gradual acquire-
ment of a shortened stem through successive generations
of Dandelionlike plants; such as the increased moistness
of the half-subterranean situation, and the relatively stable
temperature of the soil.

83. Certain stems develop wholly beneath the surface, as we shall
presently see, the leaves alone, with the flowering axis, appearing above
ground. To such forms as these the Dandelion and other acaulescent
plants offer a natural transition from the ordinary aérial type. In the
buried stems the habit of taking refuge in the soil is fully formed. In
the Dandelion it may be in process of formation. At least we may
see in the latter one stage in the change of habit by which the Jack-
in-the-pulpit, for example (Figs. 50, 173), has become, as to its stem,
a confirmed dweller beneath ground.

84. Thus far only vertical stems, or stems of a more or
less upright character, have been considered. There are
all gradations between these and prostrate or horizontal
forms, many species habitually taking a leaning attitude,
between the vertical and the horizontal.

85. Of the creeping, or repent, kinds the Partridge Berry
is a good example. It frequents moderately shaded situ-
ations, especially open woods, where it runs along upon
the ground, striking root at short intervals and spreading
its small, rounded, evergreen leaves quite close to the sur-
face. Each year it is covered by the leaves fallen from
the trees. These accumulate from season to season upon
the older parts of the stem, which thus finally becomes
partly subterranean through burial by the leaf mold,
loses its leaves, and gradually decays at the older extrem-
ity. The young, growing sections of the shoot, not more
than a year or two old, push forward continually, over
the dead leaves, and thus remain subaérial. Such cases

58 THE STEM

as this perhaps represent the first step in the process of
change by which the ancestors of our Bellwort (Fig. 20)
and Bloodroot (Fig. 25) became subterranean in habit.
86. Stems for propagation; that is, for the establish-
ment of new individual plants. Many plants reproduce
their kind without the intervention of seed. Some part
of the original plant is separated from the parent stock
and develops into a new plant. This is termed vegetative
reproduction, to distinguish it from reproduction by seed.
The Potato is regularly propagated by this method, as
also in the tropics are Sugar Cane, the Banana, and the
Pineapple, none of which ordinarily produce seed.

87. A curious mode of vegetative
reproduction is by the bulblets, or small
bulbs, formed in the axils of the leaves
of certain garden Lilies (Fig. 43), and

| ~ often in the flower clusters of the Onion.
43. Bulbletsof the Tiger Lily. They are plainly buds with thickened

scales. ‘They never grow into branches,
but detach themselves when full grown, fall to the ground, and take
root there to form new plants.

88. A stolon is a branch from above ground, which reclines or
becomes prostrate and strikes root (usually from the nodes) wherever
it rests on the soil. Thence it may send up a vigorous shoot, which
has roots of its own, and becomes an
independent plant when the connecting
part dies, as it does after a while.

89. An offset is a short stolon, or
sucker, with a crown of leaves at the end,
as in the Houseleek (Fig. 44), which
propagates abundantly in this way.

90. A runner, of which the Straw- 4, Honselecik) eropauanate
berry presents the most familiar and by offsets.
characteristic example, is a long and
slender, tendril-like stolon, or branch from next the ground, destitute
of conspicuous leaves. Each runner of the Strawberry, after having
grown to its full length, strikes root from the tip becoming fixed
to the ground, then forms a bud there, which develops into a tuft of
leaves, and so gives rise to a new plant, which sends out new runners
to act in the same way. In this manner a single Strawberry plant
will spread over a large space, or produce a great number of plants,
in the course of the summer, all connected at first by the slender

es

THE STEM 59

runners; but these die in the following winter, if not before, and
leave the plants as so many separate individuals.

91. Subterranean stems and branches. — ‘These are very
numerous and various. ‘The vegetation that is carried on

45. Rhizomes of the Peppermint.

underground is hardly less varied
or important than that above
eround. All their forms may be
referred to four principal kinds :
namely, the Rhizome, or Rootstock,
the Tuber, the Corm or solid bulb,
and the true Bulb.

92. The rootstock, or rhizome, in its
simplest form, is merely a creeping stem
or branch growing beneath the surface of the soil, or partly covered
by it (Fig. 45).

93. Rootstocks are commonly thickened by the storing up of con-
siderable nourishing matter in their tissue. The common species of
Tris (Fig. 46) in the gardens have stout rootstocks, which are only
partly covered by the soil, and which bear foli-
age leaves instead of mere scales, closely covering
the upper part, while the lower produces roots.

46. Rhizome of the Iris.

94. A tuber may be understood to be a por-
tion of a rootstock thickened, and with buds
(eyes) on the sides. Of course, there are all
eradations between a tuber
and a rootstock. Helian-
thus tuberosus, the so-called
Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig.
48), and the common
Potato, are typical and fa-
millar ex-
amples of
the tuber.
The stalks by which the tubers
48. Tubers of Helianthus tuberosus. are attached to the parent stem

47. Corm or Caudex,
of Trillium.

60 THE STEM

are at once seen to be different from the roots, both in appearance
and manner of growth. The scales on the tubers are the rudiments
of leaves; the eyes are the buds in their axils. The Potato plant
rears annual stems that bear ordinary leaves expanded in the air, to
digest what they gather from it and what the roots gather from the
soil, and convert these substances into nourishment. A large part of
this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stem, into
the underground branches, and accumulated in the form of starch at
their extremities, which become tubers, or depositories of prepared solid
food, —just as in the Turnip, Carrot, and Anemonella (Figs. 35, 36),
it is deposited in the root. Taking advantage of this, man has trans-
ported the Potato from the cool Andes of Chile to other cool climates,
and made it yield him a copious supply of food, especially important
in countries where the season is too short, or the summer’s heat too
little, for profitable cultivation of the principal grain plants.

49. Cyclamen. 50. Indian Turnip (Arisema).

95. The corm or solid bulb, like that of Cyclamen (Fig. 49), and
of Indian Turnip or Jack-in-the-pulpit (Fig. 50), is a very short and
thick fleshy subterranean stem, often broader than high.

96. The bulb, strictly so-called, is a stem like a reduced corm as to
its solid part (or plate); while the main body consists of thickened
scales, which are leaves or leaf
bases. These are like bud
scales; so that in fact a bulb is
a bud with fleshy scales on an
exceedingly short stem. Com-
pare a White Lily bulb (Fig. 51)
with the strong scaly buds of
the Hickory (Fig. 17), and the
resemblance will appear. In
Si, Bulb of WhiteLily. Thelongitudi. COTS a8 in tubens’gne feats

nal section shows two buds of ‘stocks, the store of food for

the next year. future growth is deposited in the

stem; while in the bulb, the

greater part is deposited in the bases of the leaves, changing them
into thick scales, which closely overlap or inclose one another.

THE STEM 61

97. A-scaly bulb (like that of the Lily, Fig. 51), is one in which
the scales are thick but comparatively narrow.

98. A tunicated or coated bulb is one in which the scales enwrap
each other, forming concentric coats or layers, as in Hyacinth and
Onion.

99. Stems as foliage. — All green parts of the plant,
whether belonging to the leaf or to the stem, serve the
same purpose as the foliage to some extent; for example,
the green twigs of a tree and the green stem of an herb.

52. Flattened leaflike stems of Muhlenbeckia pluty-
clados, bearing flower clusters at the nodes.

A considerable number of plants have come to dispense
with leaves entirely, modified stems doing their work.
Thus, in the Asparagus what appear to be needle-like
leaves are in reality branches springing from the axils of
the true leaves; the leaves themselves being minute, dry
scales. In Muhlenbeckia (Fig. 52) the nodes of the stem

62 THE STEM

are very well marked, but they bear only small temporary -

leaves or none at all. The stems are adapted to function
as leaves by being flattened and by retaining the green
color necessary for active foliage. Thus many desert

a
=

53. Opuntia filipendula. A Prickly Pear Cactus, and
typical desert plant, having a thickened stem with
green rind, numerous protective spines but no
foliage leaves. The roots are partly transformed
by tuberous swellings into organs of storage ; when
planted they grow, like the thickened roots of the
Sweet Potato.

plants like the Cactuses (Fig. 53) have no foliage leaves.
The green rind takes on their function. The total sur-
face of these plants is thus very small compared with
the surface exposed by a leafy plant of the same bulk,
growing in moist climates. The water that the desert
plants are able to obtain through their roots in the wet

THE STEM 63

season is therefore not lost, or lost only with extreme
slowness, in the dry period.

100. To all more or less flattened stems thus modified
to serve as foliage (e.g. Asparagus, Muhlenbeckia, Prickly
Pear) the name phyllocladia (singular phyllocladium) has
been given.

101. The longevity of trees. — The duration of the stem is the
duration of the plant, for the stem is the permanent seat of life in
plants, the part from which new organs arise and new shoots of the
same individual are produced. When the stem dies, the plant as an
individual perishes.t_ In considering stems, therefore, the length of
life of plants is naturally suggested. Annual, biennial, and perennial
are terms already explained in the chapter on the root. Many of the
perennial herbs, such as the acaulescent kinds, live for a comparatively
long time, without forming any considerable quantity of wood or
much increasing the length of the stem, probably for a dozen or a
score of years.2, The continuance of life in shrubs and trees in
these cases is often great compared with that of human life, and in
not a few cases, is exceedingly great, so that single trees still living are
known to have sprung from the seed long before any but the oldest
of existing nations came into being. “The celebrated Lime of Neu-
stadt in Wiirtemberg is between eight hundred and one thousand
years old; the age of the Fir of Béqué is estimated at twelve hundred
years, and a Yew in Braburn (Kent) is at least as old.”? John Muir
cites two cases of Sequoias, the Big Trees of California, determined
by the annual rings as being respectively thirteen hundred and twenty-
two hundred years old; though the latter was “ not a very old-looking
tree.” “Under the most favorable conditions these giants probably
live five thousand years or more, though few of even the larger trees
are more than half as old. I never saw a Big Tree that had died a
natural death; barring accidents they seem to be immortal, being
exempt from all the diseases that afflict and kill other trees. Unless
destroyed by man, they live on indefinitely until burned, smashed by
lightning, or cast down by storms, or by the giving way of the ground
on which they stand... . The colossal scarred monument in the
King’s River forest mentioned above is burned half through, and

1 Though, as has been stated, the roots even when cut away—or when
the stem is removed — may produce new buds. [But these are out of the
ordinary course of events, and in a sense result in new individuals, not
the continuance of the old.

2 The only available data seem to be casual observations. The sub-
ject is an excellent one for definite observations and record.

8 Strasburger, “Text Book of Botany,’’ 1898, p. 259.

64 THE STEM

I spent a day in making an estimate of its age, clearing away the
charred surface with an ax, and carefully counting the annual rings
with the aid of a pocket lens. The wood rings in the section I laid
bare were so involved and contorted in some places that I was not able
to determine its age exactly, but I counted over four thousand rings,
which showed that this tree was in its prime, swaying in the Sierra
winds when Christ walked the earth.” 4

102. Types of adaptation. — Plants are machines fitted to do work
under certain conditions. The work done by the plant is to take cer-
tain materials into itself, move them about, break them up chemically,
recombine them into new compounds, and build up its body, adding
to old parts and organizing new parts. Certain new parts finally
become new individuals. Growth and reproduction, and the moving
of materials for these purposes, are the work of the plant machine.

The conditions under which the work is done are dependent upon
the nature of surrounding materials and the nature of certain forces
affecting the plant. Of materials, there are soil, water, and air;: of
forces, chiefly heat and light. Each of these conditioning factors
varies from place to place. The composition of the soil, the amount
and purity of the water, even the composition and density of the atmos-
phere, change as we go from one part of the earth’s surface to another.
So, also, ight is intense or feeble, and temperature high or low.

Every new condition requires a new adjustment of the running
parts of the machine. It is peculiar to the machines which we call
plants and animals that they have the power of becoming adjusted to
new or changed conditions. Even in the individual plant there is
often seen a certain degree of the capacity for accommodation. When
we regard generations rather than individuals, this capacity becomes
still further apparent. Finally, when we look at the whole history of
plants we see that the plasticity of the plant machine is in the long
run perfect (within certain limits). Thus, plants become accustomed
to extremes of temperature. Arctic plants remain frozen for months
without harm. At a temperature very near the freezing point, arctic
and mountain plants are often active. On the other hand, tropical
plants resist heat. In the Punjab (India), air temperatures of 120°
Fahr. are not uncommon. Schimper states that in a hot spring of
Venezuela certain low Algz thrive at above 176° Fahr. The vegeta-
ble machine, then, has the power of adapting itself in the course of
time to any kind of heat condition within the absolute death limits.
And heat is taken merely for illustration. Adaptation to light and
shade, or to variations of any other of the external factors of plant
existence, might have been given.

Next, it is to be noted that plants of very different kinds often be-
come adapted to like conditions by taking on much the same structural

1 «The Mountains of California,’? by John Muir, p. 181.

THE STEM 65

features. That is, the general type of machinery that serves one
species under given conditions comes to be assumed by all the species
living under the same conditions. As a result we are able to distin-
guish certain types of adaptation prevailing wherever certain sets of
conditions are found. The adaptation is seen in external form and in
internal anatomy. The types are the most marked where the condi-
tions are extreme.

1. The Xerophytic Type is exemplified in desert plants. The ex-
treme condition is scarcity of water. The plant surfaces from which
moisture might be lost (leaf surfaces, particularly) are in these plants
reduced to the smallest limits. See, for example, Opuntia, in § 99,
which at maturity is without foliage leaves. A similar form is
exhibited by certain Spurges (Euphorbia) and Groundsels (Senecio),
quite unrelated plants. The internal anatomy is characterized by the
development of tissue for water reservoirs, and of a thick waterproof
cuticular covering of the epidermis (see § 526).

Between the extreme desert type and that of ordinary plants there
are all gradations. When leaves are present on xerophytic plants
they are likely to be leathery, or thick and succulent, or thickly coy-
ered with hair; the pores (§ 527) are sunken in the thick epidermis
and the leaf is often turned edgewise to light and heat. Xerophytic
characters are found in plants growing in dry situations in ordinary,
moist climates.

Other causes besides dryness of soil and air may lead to scarcity of
water in the plant, at particular times or in particular locations. In
temperate climates, for example, the winter brings frozen soil, and
consequent arrest of absorption at the root. Hence, the plants are
placed temporarily in xerophytic conditions, and most perennials meet
the emergency by the loss of leaves. So, also, the coldness of far
northern and high mountain soils produces a condition of drought,
with the resultant appearance of xerophytic characters in the vegeta-
tion. Root absorption may also be diminished by the presence of
salts dissolved in large quantities in the water about the root. Such
an effect is wrought in salt marshes, and on sea shores above the tide,
where the plants show characteristic xerophytic adaptations. Plants
fitted to life in such conditions are termed Halophytes.

2. The Hydrophytic Type. —Submerged plants, and such as grow
largely submerged in fresh water, are in general characterized by a
thin epidermis, weak development of the framework, and large air
passages traversing the entire plant body. These interspaces allow
the penetration of air for respiration to submerged parts, as well as
give buoyancy to floating parts. For characteristic forms of the leaves
see §§ 150-135.

2. The Mesophytic Type of structure is that of plants living under
ordinary conditions. The common tillage plants are Mesophytes.

OUT. OF BOT. —5

66 STUDIES OF THE LEAF

It must be understood that the terms, Xerophyte, Hydrophyte,
Mesophyte, are merely abstract designations for general types of
adaptation. When we say Xerophyte, we mean any plant showing
adaptation to a dry habitat. The same plant may be at different
periods of the year mesophytic (as the Maple or Elm in summer) and
xerophytic (as the same tree in winter).

IX. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE LEHAF
EXERCISE XXIII. Tue AcTIvVITIES OF THE LEAF

Experiment 11.— Select a healthy green Nasturtium plant. Place
it in darkness for three days. Then cut one or two leaves, boil them in
water, decolorize them in strong alcohol (this may take a day or so),
and then treat with iodine to determine the presence or absence of
starch.

Meanwhile, when the plant is first taken from darkness, cover a part
of one of the leaves in the following manner: Cut disks from a cork
stopper; place them on opposite sides of the leaf; stick two pins through
both corks and leaf, to hold the corks in place. A portion of one leaf
being thus entirely darkened, expose the plant for at least a day in
sunlight. Then test two or three of the leaves, including the partly
darkened one, for the presence or absence of starch, in the same man-
ner as before directed. Compare with the former results.

Where is starch formed in plants? What is one condition of its
production, as determined by this experiment? (There are other con-
ditions. )}1

Experiment 12.— Pour a little water into a fruit jar, enough to
cover the bottom. Put in a few leaves, with their stalks in the water.
Put in, also, a small beaker with limewater. Close the jar tightly.
Place the jar in the dark.

Arrange a second jar, water and limewater, without leaves, and
place it beside the first.

After twenty-four hours examine the limewater in both beakers for
the action of carbon dioxide, as in the experiment on respiration of
germinating seeds.

Experiment 13.— Select a plant with a single stem below, bearing a
good number of leaves. Wrap the pot in sheet rubber, which is to
be brought up around the stem of the plant and securely tied. The
evaporation of water from the pot and soil is thus prevented.

Weigh the plant as thus fixed, and record both weight and time.
In doing this, set the scales in the sun if possible, and having found

1 Experiment6, from Ganong’s ‘‘Teaching Botanist,’?’ may well be
introduced here if the apparatus is available. See also Appendix, where
important experiments are recommended.

STUDIES OF THE LEAF 67

the weight, leave the plant counterbalanced on the scales. In a
relatively short time it will be seen whether the plant gains or
loses.

Set the plant in a sunny or well-lighted place. If possible weigh
again some hours later the same day; if not, the next day. Record
weight and time.

Let the plant now remain in darkness as nearly as possible an equal
length of time. Again weigh, and record weight and time.

What has caused the change of weight? (Before the answer is re-
quired, the next experiment will naturally have been done; there will
be additional reason to assign the change of weight to one particular
cause.) What effect has light upon the rate of change?

Experiment 14.1— Two tumblers, a piece of pasteboard, a piece of
sheet rubber large enough to cover the mouth of the tumbler, and a
leaf, are needed. One tumbler is nearly filled with water. The paste-
board, with a hole in it, is placed on this tumbler. A puncture is
made in the middle of the rubber, the rubber stretched, and the leaf-
stalk put through the puncture. The leaf is now put on the tumbler,
its stalk descends into the water through the hole in the pasteboard.
The blade of the leaf is now covered with the second tumbler, and the
apparatus set in the sun.

Tn a few minutes an effect, due to the activity
of the leaf under the influence of light and heat,
should be seen.

Experiment 15.— Relative activity of the
upper and under sides of the Begonia leaf.—
Two dry watch glasses are to be placed on oppo-
site sides of a Begonia leaf (still on the plant)
and held in place by a clip, or by two wooden
strips and elastic bands, as in the figure. Two
inclosed spaces are thus made, on the under and
upper faces of the leaf respectively. Neither
should be in direct sunlight. Examine the
watch glasses for a deposition of moisture after
fifteen or twenty minutes, or longer. Which side
of the leaf exhales moisture the more rapidly? 54, Method of holding

Experiment 16.— Secure two mature leaves watch — glasses
of the India Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica). (w) upon Begonia
After smearing the under face of one and the eat
upper face of the other with vaseline, as well as the cut end of the leaf
stalk in each case, so as to prevent the escape of moisture from these
surfaces, hang the two leaves side by side to dry. When either one is

1 Experiments 14, 15, and 16 may be given to different pupils, or groups,
simultaneously, as one or two preparations of each experiment will serve
for a whole class or division.

68 STUDIES ‘OF THE EEAF

considerably dried, record the result and the conclusion as to which
surface exhales vapor more freely.

Experiment 17.— A growing plant of Nasturtium, which has been
standing for several hours in one position so that the light has steadily
come from one direction, is to be observed. Do all the leaves face in
one direction? Or several leaves? If so, mark the side of the pot
toward which they incline with some distinctive mark (e.g., A.B. 9.30).
Young leaves, or at least those not declining in vigor, should be chosen
for record. In the notebook record the position of one of these leaves
diagrammatically, as seen from above. The diagram will consist of a
circle, for the pot; a radial line (marked Je), for the petiole of the
selected leaf; a line across the end of this, for the blade; and an
arrow (marked //) outside the circle, for the direction of the principal
body of light.

Note the attitude of the stem, as seen from the marked side of the
pot. Represent it by a diagram: make a straight level line for
the rim of the pot; another rising from this, for the stem. Record
the time. Now expose the plant to strong light from a new direction.
Indicate this on the first diagram by a second arrow (/7’).

Leave till a change is plain. At length indicate the position of the
selected leaf by new lines (/e’) on diagram 1, and the attitude of the
stem, as seen from the original side of observation, by a dotted line on
diagram 2. If any movements of leaf blades are discovered, find how
far they are due to the curvings of the petioles.

Experiment 18. — So-called sleep movements.

Note the position of the leaflets on seedlings of the Sensitive Plant
(Mimosa pudica) when standing in the light. | Now place over the pot
carefully, without jarring the plants, a box or blackened bell jar, so as
to exclude all light. In fifteen minutes or so, uncover carefully.
What change in the position of the leaves? Oxalis may be used for
this experiment. If Lupine or Bean is used, the time will be longer.
They may be left in a dark closet over night.

Experiment 19. — Sensitiveness of Mimosa.

Use the seedlings of the last experiment. Touch one of the leaflets
very gently. Touch others less gently. Note the several effects in any
one leaf, and if they occur, the resulting effects on surrounding leaves.
Are the cotyledons sensitive? Select a plant which is still in the
normally expanded condition. Press a hot needle against one of the
cotyledons, without shaking the plant. Wait for the effect.

If a large plant is available, apply a match flame to the tip of one of
the leaves. Note what parts are affected in succession, and the manner
in which the effect travels over the plant. Measure the greatest distance
to which the effect is transmitted, and the time taken in transmission.

This experiment may be done before the whole laboratory division,
one plant serving for all. If time and facilities permit, it will be of

STUDIES OF THE LEAF 69

interest to determine the effect of low temperature on the sensitiveness
of the plant; temperature between 40° and 50°, for instance, to which
the plant has been exposed for afew hours. The effect of varying the
humidity of the surrounding air may be ascertained by keeping some
well-moistened young plants under a bell jar, and comparing with
others kept in a very dry place.

EXERCISE XXIV

(1) The parts of a typical leaf. — Draw the given leaf in simple
outline to show the blade; the petiole, or stalk; the stipules (a pair of
members at the base of the petiole, like leaflets).

(2) The structure of the blade 1— Examine the blade under the lens
by transmitted light, shielding it from direct light.

Nore:—(a) The translucence.

(b) The distribution of the green color.
(c) The relative thickness of the ribs and the rest of the
blade (use direct light).

Trace the main framework of one half of the leaf, including in the
drawing only the most prominent ribs and their conspicuous connect-
ing veins.

How many ranks or orders of ribs and veins do you distinguish ?
Determine this as follows: Follow the midrib, then one of its large
branches, then one of the main branches from this,—and so on;
counting the number of turns made to arrive at the smallest veinlet’s
end.

Draw a small square to show the veinlets of the two or three lowest
ranks, as seen through the lens.

Experiment 20.— Place a leaf with its stalk in water colored with
eosin, and later trace the water courses of the leaf.

Experiment 21.— Take a wilted leaf, aud after noting with care how
flaccid it is, put it entirely under water for a day. Then note again
the degree of rigidity.

Does contained water play any part in the support and stability of
the leaf blade ?2

EXERCISE XXV

Take a shoot of the Pea three or four weeks old at least, with several
leaves fully formed and a growing bud.

Note the stipules. Where is the growing tip of the shoot, and how
is it protected? What two uses do the stipules here subserve? The

1 For the minute structure see Chapter XVII.

2 To determine whether in this experiment water is taken up readily
through the general surface, use several uninjured leaves, some of which
have the petioles raised above water

70 STUDIES OF THE LEAF

lateral tendrils occupy the same relative positions on the main axis
(or rhachis) of the leaf as what other parts? What is the morphology
of the lateral tendrils? What three very distinct and different offices
does the leaf of the Pea fulfill?

Draw the entire leaf with its parts labeled. Show (by another
drawing if necessary) the mode of protecting the bud; indicate the
position of the bud by dotted lines.

EXERCISE XXVI. TyPpres OF VENATION

Consider the character of the veining, and the arrangement or plan
of the framework, in the given leaves.

Compare and assort the leaves. Divide them into groups according
to the similarities and differences in these respects.

Draw the margins and main structure lines of the several leaves
(half the leaf will show the points wanted).

After the notes covering the above, write a concise description of
each leaf, under the headings (1) Venation, (2) General Shape,
(3) Margin, (4) Apex, (5) Base; referring to pages 77, 78, and 92-96
of this book for the proper terms.

EXERCISE X XVII. Comrpounp LEAVES

To which of the types of frame plan, studied in the last exercise,
does each of the compound leaves correspond, in the arrangement of
its leaflets? Are the leaflets jointed'to the main stalk ?

Draw the given leaves in simple outline. Label each with the
proper descriptive term (see pages 96-99).

EXxercisE XXVIII. SpecraLt Usres or MODIFICATIONS OF THE
LEAF

Barberry. — Study the leaves subtending the lateral buds or leaf
clusters on a shoot of barberry. What is the use of these leaves?

Draw two or three examples to show transition from the foliage to
the spinelike condition.

Onion. — The material suggested is the Onion “set,” or young bulb,
slightly sprouted. Note the outer, thin scales, — for what purpose are
they formed? What are they morphologically? Cut the bulb in half,
lengthwise. Study the parts. Note the stem, producing roots, and
leaves. Some of the outer leaves are thickened, and do not extend
upward. What is their use?

Draw the longitudinal section of the bulb, somewhat enlarged.

Foliage of Acacia (Optional). — What is the morphology of the flat,
green appendages of the stem? Answer after noting (a) their posi-
tion on the stem, (/) direction in which the surfaces look, whether to

|
;
:

a! tay

THE LEAF Ti

sky and earth like normal leaf blades, or to right and left. Do they
belong to the class of leaf formations or that of modified stems? They
represent how much stem? leaf?

Draw the body in question, with enough of the stem to show the
position.

Xx. THH LEAF

103. We have seen that as soon as the seedling comes
up the cotyledons are spread, and the leaves of the plumule,
if already formed, are shortly unfolded to catch the sun-
light; and that even within the first day after emerging
from the soil, the leaves of the seedling take on a deep
green color, the sign of healthy activity in plants. In
buds, leaves have been studied in their early stages and
in the resting condition; and it has been seen how both
above-ground and beneath-ground leaves are prepared long
before they are needed as foliage, and are held in reserve in
order that upon the return of warm weather in the spring
the plants may begin with little delay to make new growth.
The varied developments of the stem, as rigid shafts of
great height, as twining or as climbing stems, have the
object of displaying the leaves to the light to the best
advantage. All these things point to the activity of the
leaf in carrying on vegetable life.

THE OFFICE OF THE LEAF

104. The leaf is doubly active in nourishing the plant.
In the first place, it absorbs, like the root; only, while
the root takes up liquids and solutions, the leaf takes in
gases. Secondly, the leaf is especially the organ in which
solar energy is caught and stored by the formation of
certain substances. These substances are the food of the
plant, —using now the word food in the same sense in
which it was used in the chapter on seeds and seedlings.
The food formed in the leaf contains energy to be used
in growth and motion.

105. The food provided for the seedling by the mother
plant is of small amount. Very soon after germination

(i THE LEAF

the seedling must feed itself. In the soil there is no
supply of starch, oil, sugar, or the like, or, if there is a
small proportion of these matters present through the
decay of former vegetation, yet these would not be enough
to furnish material for all the new plants that grow. If
there is none at all, —if, for example, we grow the seedling
in clear sand watered with distilled water, with the addi-
tion merely of a few mineral salts in very small quantity, —
the young plant grows perfectly well. In other words, it
is able to form its own food. This food it makes largely
through the agency of its leaves.

106. Soil and air furnish the raw materials. These are
water, sucked up by the root, and carbonic acid gas (car-
bon dioxide), absorbed by the leaf from the atmosphere.
These two meet in the soft green tissue of the leaf. By
the power of sunlight, in the presence of chlorophyll (the
green coloring matter), the water and the gas are decom-
posed, and their elements recombined in such a manner
that a solid makes its appearance; namely, starch. Starch
is in its nature very like the living substance itself, and
may be used in growth. It is then food, in the most
appropriate sense of the word. Water, carbon dioxide,
and small quantities of other substances, since they can be
added only indirectly to the living substance, are not food
in the same sense as starch.

107. The formation of organic substance (as starch)
from these raw materials is called carbon assimilation ;
when brought about through the agency of lght, as in
all ordinary cases, it is called photosynthesis.

FORM AND QUALITIES OF THE LEAF

108. The form of the leaf results from its use. Thin-
ness gives full exposure to light and good aération. The
leaf is translucent as well as thin, so that all parts of the
tissue are reached by the energizing rays. It is compara-
tively strong and elastic, — qualities given by the woody
framework of ribs and veins. The strengthening ele-

THE LEAF 73

ments are also conduits of water and of the prepared plant
food when this is drawn away from the leaf in a lquid
form to other parts of the plant. The smallest veinlets
penetrate to every section of the active green tissue, assur-
ing an abundance of water. That water throughout the
whole body of the leaf plays an important part in keeping
the leaf elastic and outspread is seen when, from lack of
watering, the leaves of plants wilt and
droop.

109. The parts of the leaf. — When
most highly developed, the leaf has
three parts,—the petiole, or stalk, a
pair of stipules at the base of the peti-
ole, and the blade, or lamina (Fig. 55).

110. Stipules. —In the majority of
leaves stipules are quite wanting; i 55 reat of the Quince:
produced at all, they are in many cases b, blade; p, peti-
soon lost. In the Pea, however, where oer eee
the terminal part of the blade is converted into a tendril,
the stipules are large and take part in
assimilation. Ordinarily, the stipules
originate when the leaf is very small,
attain their growth early, and overarch
and protect the young and tender blade ;
or, as in Begonia (Fig. 15), the stipules
of each leaf regularly inclose and shield
the younger leaves of the shoot. In very
many winter buds the scales are of the
nature of stipules. The chief use of
stipules is, then, protective.

111. A special modification of stipules to serve
quite other uses is seen in the case of the prickles
of the Locust (Fig. 56).

112. In Acacia spadicigera the stipules are
66. Stipules of the developed as hollow thorns, an inch or more in

Locust tree, de- jenoth, which become the dwelling places of cer-

veloped as pric- ~~. >”? : es ;

kles. tain small and exceedingly warlike ants. At the
ends of the leaflets this Acacia bears small food

bodies, rich in fat, and in special glands secretes nectar. These mate-

74. THE LEAF

rials constitute the food of the thorn-inhabiting ants, for whose sub-
sistence the tree seems thus definitely to provide. In return the
warlike ants defend the Acacia from animal foes, in particular from
leaf-cutting insects.

113. The petiole.— The petiole is sometimes lacking,
and in this case the leaf is said to be sessile. The gen-
eral office of the petiole is to aid in securing the best posi-
tion for the blade in respect to light. This it would do
merely by its length, since the space
available for all the leaves around the
stem is increased in proportion to the
length of the petioles.! But further

58. A prostrate shoot of Galium. The leaves now dis-
pose themselves in horizontal positions, and with-
out much over-shading of one by another.

| than this the petiole, by its own move-
Bi._An erect shoot of iment, so disposes the blade #hanum
Galium. The f , : i é
whorled leaves receives the best illumination possible
spread in radi- aa he a oer
SE noedicatins under any given circumstances (Figs.
about equally 57,58). Ifa potted plant, not too old,
on all sides. . he .
is taken from a position where it has
been lighted from above or on all sides, and placed at a
little distance from the window in a room where the hght
enters only at one side, and the plant is closely watched,
it will shortly be seen that nearly all the leaves are very
slowly moving. ‘The whole plant indeed seems to be
alive to the new direction of light and gradually turns
its leaves in that direction. This result is effected by
the leaf stalks, though young portions of the stem are
pretty sure to take part in the general movement.
1 Strictly the area in any one plane is proportional to the square of the

length of the lines. If the petioles are doubled in length, the space avail-
able for the blades becomes quadrupled.

“le ee we

oD i eR owes

ae

THE LEAF 75)

114. At the junction with the blade and at the base,
next to the stem, portions of the petiole may possess a
special structure by which more or less rapid movements
are secured when the blade is stimulated through con-
tact or injury or by changes in the intensity of light.
These portions, marked off from the rest of the petiole
and often somewhat swollen, are called pulvini (singular,
pulvinus). They are well seen in the Bean and other
plants of the same family.

115. Of periodic movements executed by the action of
the petiole, the “sleep” move-
ments of numerous plants are to
be noted. Figure 59 represents
the leaflets of the White Lupine
at night. The blade is here
divided into five or more parts,
or leaflets. Each has a short
stalk, or petiolule. When day-
light fails, the petiolules bend
more or less sharply downward.
When this action is most vigor-
ous, as in some of the younger
leaves, the leaflets are brought eaemb etn the White
closely together; and they are ps
retained in this position with some force. With the return
of daylight the petiolules are stimulated to elevate the
leaflets again.!

116. When the cotyledons of seedlings exhibit sleep
movements, they usually fold upward, the inner faces
approaching each other more or less closely.

117. It must not be supposed that the lowering of
leaves or leaflets in such cases is an act of resting on the
part of the plant; although Linnzus gave the name

1Try the effect of keeping seedlings of Clover, Oxalis, Bean, or
Lupine in the dark until late in the forenoon, or even all day. Are the
sleep movements habitual or effected only in response to change of illu-
mination ? Is lamp light or electric light bright enough to wake sleeping
plants ?

76 THE LEAF

“ Sleep of Plants” to all such movements from the evident
suggestion of rest. A definite advantage is gained by
the nocturnal position. The surfaces of the blades being
vertical, or nearly so, and the several leaflets brought to-
gether in a cluster (in the case of compound leaves), there
is less likelihood that the leaves will be chilled or, in cool
climates, frost-bitten.

118. The ‘Sensitive Plant.””— The most striking exhibition of
leaf movements after stimulation is perhaps given by the house plant,
known from its peculiar behavior as the Sensitive Plant (Mimosa
pudica). The merest touch on one of the leaflets causes the suc-
cessive closing together of all the neighboring leaflets, or perhaps all
parts of the entire leaf. If the shock is slightly increased, the effect
may not only traverse the entire leaf and cause it to droop on the
stem, but be transmitted to the other leaves as well.!

119. Leaves without blades. — In a few cases the blade of the leaf
is quite lacking, while its place is supplied by the enlarged and flat-
tened petiole. Certain Acacias of Australia normally have no other
foliage. In the seedling,
however, leaves appear
bearing blades. As the
seedling grows older, the
petioles of these bladed
leaves are seen to be flat-
tened. Finally the blades
fail altogether, on leaves

produced at a little later
60. Terminal portion of the shoot of a seed- stage, only phyllodes ( phyl-

ling Acacia: 1, the last of the seedling . tecltnaeeerge
leaves to show true blades; 2 and 3, lodia) appearing (Fig. 60).

pladeless, flattened petioles, or phyl- The flattening is vertical,

lodes. so that the phyllode (phyl-

lodium) presents its edges

to earth and sky. This fact,even in the total absence of blade or
blades, would distinguish these formations from normal leaf blades.

The Blade

120. Framework and venation.— The framework consists of wood,
—a fibrous and tough material which runs from the stem through the

_1The most remarkable effects are produced by applying a flame, as a
match flame, to one of the terminal leaflets. The impulse to contraction
may often be followed from one leaf to another over the whole plant.
Measure the greatest distance to which the stimulus is transmitted.

—=—"---. - - .- —“—- -

a a ne

TILE LEAF th

leaf stalk, when there is one, in the form of parallel threads or bundles
of fibers; and in the blade these spread out in a horizontal direction,
to form the ribs and veins of the leaf. The stout main branches of
the framework are called the ribs. When there is only one, as in
Fig. 62, or a middle one decidedly larger than the rest, it is called the
midrib. ‘The smaller divisions are termed veins; and their still
smaller subdivisions, veinlets. ‘The latter subdivide again and again,
until they become so fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The
fibers of which they are composed are hollow; forming tubes by which
the sap is brought into the leaves and carried to every part.

121. Venation is the name of the mode of veining; that is, of the
way in which the veins are distributed in the blade. This is of two
principal kinds; namely, the parallel-veined, and the netted-veined.

122. In netted-veined (also called reticulated) leaves, the veins
branch off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer vein-
lets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of network.
That is, they anastomose, as anatomists
say of the veins and arteries of the body.
The Willow leaf, in Fig. 61, shows this

nape

|

<
>

Ny
Y)

61. Reticulated venation of a 62. Parallel venation of the
Willow leaf. —Ert1nes- Lily of the Valley leaf.
HAUSEN. — ETTINGSHAUSEN.

kind of veining in a leaf with a single rib. The Maple, Basswood,
and Plane or Buttonwood show it in leaves of several ribs.

123. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework. consists of.
slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly so,
from the base to the point of the leaf, — not dividing and subdividing,
nor forming meshes, except by minute cross veinlets. The leaf of any
grass or that of the Lilly of the Valley (Fig. 62) will furnish a good

78 THE LEAF

illustration. Such parallel veins Linnzus called nerves, and parallel-
veined leaves are still commonly called nerved leaves, while those of
the other kind are said to be veined, —terms which it is convenient to
use, although these “nerves” and “ veins” are all the same thing, and
have no likeness to the nerves and little to the veins of animals.

124. Netted-veined leaves belong, with comparatively few excep-
tions, to the dicotyledonous plants; while parallel-veined or nerved
leaves belong in general to the Monocotyledons. So that a mere glance
at the leaves generally tells what the structure of the embryo is, and
refers the plant to one or the other of these two grand classes. For
when plants differ from each other in some one important respect,
they usually differ correspondingly in other respects also.

125. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts,—one kind, and the
commonest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to
the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given; while in
another kind they run from a midrib to the margin, as in the common
Pickerel weed of our ponds, in the Banana, in Calla, and many similar
plants of warm climates.

126. Netted-veined leaves are also of two sorts, as in the examples
already referred to. In one case the veins all rise from a single rib
(the midrib), as in Fig. 61. Such leaves are called feather-veined or
pinnately veined ; both terms meaning the same thing, namely, that
the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib like the plume of a
feather on each side of the shaft.

127. In the other case (as in Fig. 15), the veins branch off from
three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which spread from the top of the leaf-
stalk, and run through the blade like the toes of a web-footed bird.
Hence these are said to be palmately or digitately veined, or Gates the
ribs diverge like rays from a center) radiate-veined.

128. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-
work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined leaves will incline to
elongated shapes; while in radiate-veined leaves more rounded forms
are to be expected.

129. The shape of the blade. — Infinite variety is ex-
hibited by plants as regards the figure of the blade. Some
of the chief influences to which the forms are owing are
(1) the character of the natural surroundings, (2) the
mode of folding and of growth in the bud, and (8) the
advantage of certain shapes in respect to the equal illumi-
nation of all the leaves.

130. Natural surroundings. — As examples of the influ-
ence of the natural surroundings, or habitat, we may take
aquatic plants with submerged, and again others with

: te ee sm

Oe eee ee ee

THE LEAP 79

floating, leaves. In general, submerged plants possess
long and narrow, or linear, leaves (Kig.
64). Or, they may have leaves of a more
or less rounded form, but much divided,
dissected, into linear parts (Fig. 64).
Since submerged plants of many widely
separated families in common show this
type of leaf, —or these types,—the form
must in some way be due to the circum-
stances of life in water. In exactly what
respect these cir-

cumstances call for

Ny) linear leaf forms

is, however, an

WE, open question.

\ They may be ad-

vantageous from

> any one or all

of the following

64. One of the submerged i
leaves of Cabomba, a CAUSES. Fir st,
near relative of the light diminishes 6 Fresh water
Water Lily. ; Eelgrass.

rapidly as depth

of water increases. It will, therefore, be an advantage
for the blade to reach upward as far as possible in its
growth; that is, to take a linear form.

131. Secondly, the narrow and dissected forms have
been attributed to the scarcity of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in water. The amount of these necessary sub-
stances that will be absorbed by a leaf, other things
being equal, is proportional to the extent of the surface
in contact with the water. The more divisions the leat
has, or the longer and narrower it is, the greater the
surface for any given quantity of tissue; and hence the
more rapid the absorption of the dissolved gases.

132. In the third place, Sir John Lubbock has suggested
that, while the forms under discussion do offer a large
amount of surface relatively to the total mass of the leaf,
we must not forget that the buoyancy of the water favors

80 THE LEAF

the dissected or the slender conformation; in so far as the
water supports the weight, to that extent a compact and
rigid framework is rendered unnecessary. He compares
such leaves as those of Cabomba (Fig. 64) to the gills of
fishes, which while in water float apart, but have not enough
strength to support their own weight, and consequently
collapse in air.

133. Finally, it is evident that in running water and
in waves the slender forms give readily to the movements
of the water, and are therefore less likely to be torn than
broader forms would be.

134. Floating leaves show as pronounced a tendency to
become circular as the submerged ones to become linear.
The circle, or ellipse, may be complete with the leaf stalk

65. Floating leaves: a, of the Water Shield; 0, of the Water Lily.

running to the center, as in the Water Shield (Fig. 65, a).
In this case, the form is said to be peltate. Or the circum-
ference may be interrupted by a cleft, or stnus, leading to
the summit of the petiole (e.g. the Water Lily, Fig. 65, d).
The point of attachment of blade and petiole is the real
base of the blade. The circle is filled out, in fact, by the
growing backward of the blade at each side of the base.
This leaf is described as orbicular, and cordate Cheart-
shaped), or cordate cleft, at the base.

135. We may suppose that the circle is the most advan-
tageous form in leaf building, since the parts are equi-
distant from the petiole, and thus conduction of food

ir wets 4 frov Lp eye

PHE LEAF 81

matters to and from the leaf stalk is most easily per-
formed; and that floating leaves are free to acquire this
shape because they do not overshade one another.

136. Again, the rounded forms are plainly better bal-
anced, ride the waves better, and are less likely to be

tipped and partially
submerged. It is im-
portant that the upper
surface of floating leaves
should be kept free, as
is shown by the fact
that they are coated
with a waxy substance
which prevents wetting,
and which causes water
thrown upon the leaves
to roll away in all direc-
tions. The pores which
admit carbonic acid gas

66. Leaf of the Tulip Tree (Liriodendron).

and oxygen are in this upper surface. The circular blade
with the petiole attached near the center is well adapted

67. Winter bud of
Liriodendron,
with some
of the outer
scales turned
back.

to keeping every part afloat.

137. The influence of the mode of fold-
ing of the blade in the bud on its final
shape is well illustrated by the leaf of the
Tulip tree (Liriodendron, Fig. 66). The
end of the lamina is seen to be cut off, as
it were, or truncate. ‘There are also pro-
jections, or lobes, on either side. Figure
68 shows how the lobes, and recesses, and
the truncation fit the space which the very
young blade occupies between and around
other parts of the developing bud. Fig-
ure 67 shows the blade, with its two
halves flatly folded together, in the win-
ter bud.

138. The benefit of equal illumination
for all the leaves may well be the cause

OUT. OF BOT. —6

Lf

82 THE LEAF

of many leaf shapes. Leaves standing side by side on the
same bough or around the same stem are thus shaped
so that they fit well together with

Aten eae little overshading. Divided and com-
/ d > pound blades (see § 177) seem to be
better than entire forms in the matter

\
'
of allowing sunlight to filter through
/ to foliage on lower parts of the stem.
139. Perhaps enough cases have
been given to make it clear that the
philosophy of leaf forms is to be
ae Ti ett sought in the circumstances of life
larged, showing the of the different sorts of plants.
blade of 2 youre 2140. Division of the blade: the
leaf is shaped inits margin. — ‘lhe margin of the blade
growth by the con- °
figuration of the May be even, or entire, through-
Fes LS Gh leat out. Oftener it is more or less in-
ae dented. If slightly irregular, and
the projections are pretty sharp, the
margin is toothed, or dentate (Fig. 111); or, if the teeth
point forward like those of a ripsaw, the margin is serrate
(Fig. 110). If the depressions are rather deep and sharp,
like cuts, the margin is incised (Fig. 115). Large projec-
tions, especially if somewhat rounded, are termed lobes.
All degrees and kinds of marginal irregularity are similarly
designated by proper terms for the ready description and
recognition of the various species of plants: in two or
three words the botanist may describe any one of the
almost endlessly diversified shapes of leaves so as to give
a definite idea of it.

141. Compound leaves. — The blade is often so deeply
divided that it consists of quite separated parts. The blade
(and the leaf) is then compound (Figs. 59, 124). Each
part often has a stalklet of its own, and the stalklet (or
petiolule) is often jointed with the main leaf stalk just as
this is jointed with the stem.

-
oes Saree SSNS NS

-<-<3re3r-,

-
ae.
7
-
-
a

142. Leaves with no distinction of petiole and blade. — The leaves
of Iris show one form of this. The flat but narrow leaves of

x
N
t
i
y
5

THE LEAF 83

Jonquils, Daffodils, and the cylindrical leaf of Onions are other
instances. Needle-shaped leaves, like those of the Pine, Larch, and
Spruce, are examples.

LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USE

143, Leaves for storage. —A leaf may at the same time serve
both ordinary and special uses. ‘Thus in those leaves of Lilies, such
as the common White Lily, which spring from the bulb, the upper
and green part serves for foliage and elaborates nourishment, while
the thickened portion or bud scale beneath serves
for the storage of this nourishment. The thread-
shaped leaf of the Onion fulfills the same office,
and the nourishing matter it prepares is deposited
in its sheathing base, forming one of the concen-
tric layers of the Onion. When these layers, so
thick and succulent, have given up their store to
the growing parts within, they are left as thin and
dry husks.

144. Leaves as bud scales have already been
studied.

145. Leaves as spines occur in several plants.
A familiar instance is that of the common Bar-
berry (Fig. 69). In almost any summer shoot
most of the gradations may be seen between the
ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth and leaves 69: The common

P : a Barberry.
which are reduced to a branching spine or thorn.

The fact that the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf bud in their
axils also proves them to be leaves.

146. Leaves for climbing. — The
leaves of several common climbing or
clambering plants, one of which has
been figured in another place (page 54),
are roughened on the ribs and margins
like the stem, as an aid to climbing.
Even without roughening, the outstand-
ing leaves and side-stems of plants of
this general habit support the shoots
as they weave their way through the
thickets and latticed herbage. It is but

: cd a step from the mere resting of the leaf
70. Tendril leaves of on chance supports to the habit of hook-

Solanum jas- ,
minoides. ing over them, more or less; and but

84. THE LEAF

another step to winding about them in the fashion of a

tendril.

The complete adoption of the clasping habit,

taken on in this case
by the petiole, is seen
in the Solanum jas-
minoides of the gar-
dens (Fig. 70) and
the common Clem-
atis.

147. Or the ten-
dril habit may orig-
inate in the blade

71. Tendril leaves of Gloriosa superba.

itself. Thus the pro-

longed medium portion of the blade in Gloriosa (Fig. 71)

curves round the supporting object.

leaf. Several compound
leaves, as those of the Pea
and Sweet Pea, have the
extremity of the main
stalk, or rachis, developed

72. Tendril leaves of Lathy-
rus Aphaca, the stipules
performing the duty of
foliage.

into a tendril having all
the qualities of the stem-
tendrils before described.

The leaflets also, in these

This is a simple

cases, may be transformed 73. Tendril leaf of Cobxa macrostemma ;

for the same purpose. In

st, main stem of the plant; //, the
extent of a single leaf.

THE LEAF 85

Lathyrus Aphaca (Fig. 72) only the stipules remain to
perform the offices of the blade.

148. One of the most
remarkable of tendril
leaves is that of the
Cobea figured herewith
(Fig. 73). The tendril
portion branches several
times. Each branch
again divides and_ sub-
divides. ‘The final sub-
divisions are clawed
(Fig. 74).

Owing to the dichot-

. @, mode of attachment of the tendril

tips to a support; b, the clawed ex-
tremity, enlarged.

omous —or two-forked —branching, neighboring claws
codperate in catching slender objects coming into the axils

75. Coiling of the tendril after having

fastened to a support.

of the dichotomy, as the
jaws of a pair of ice tongs
act together in holding the
block of ice. The tendril,
therefore, catches with great
readiness upon anything it
may strike as the leaf is
swayed by the breeze. Yet
the leaf is far from depend-
ent upon the winds for mo-
tion. Like the extremity
of a twining stem, it makes
regular revolutions. The
leaf from which the figure
was drawn made complete
revolutions in one hour and
ten minutes, the end swing-
ing round a circle about one
foot in diameter. The mo-
tion is easy to see, since the

average rate of progress is about one-third the rate at
which the end of the second hand of a watch travels.

86 THE LEAF

The actual motion is often faster than this, since the for-
ward movement is interrupted by retracings of the path
and by up and down or oblique deviations from the
level course.

149. In case a twig or stem of another plant is encoun-
tered, the tendril bends round it and the clawed extremities
catch in the bark (Fig. 74, a). The several divisions of
the tendril, with their numerous hooks, lay hold on the
newly found support, and soon twist about it, while the
rachis shortens by coiling (Fig. 75), in the manner char-
acteristic of tendrils.

150. The leaves of insectivorous plants. — The habitat
of insectivorous plants is chiefly marshes, like peat bogs.
Those that the student will
be most likely to meet are
the Sundews and Pitcher
Plants. The commonest,
Sundew (Drosera rotundi-
folia), is a little plant,
generally acaulescent, with
its five or six rounded

eat leaves spread out horizon-
raw tally in a rosette from two
W)\% to four inches in diameter.
The leaves are thickly set
with hairlike organs (Fig.
76), each tipped with a
glistening drop of sticky
secretion. To judge from |
the number of small insects,
mainly gnats and flies, usually found sticking on the leaves
of the Sundew, it seems not unlikely that the plants exer-
cise upon them some attraction, perhaps through an odor,
perhaps only by the brilliance of the clear secretion drops
shining in the sun, and the color of the purplish glands.

151. The gland-tipped outgrowths are tentacles. The
marginal ones are the longest, and when fully spread out
in all directions, double the total diameter of the leaf. If

76. A leaf of Drosera rotundifolia, or
round-leaved Sundew (x2).

THE LEAF 87

a small fly touches the viscid globule at the extremity
of one of these tentacles, he is at once securely held; the
liquid being extraordinarily sticky, and so tenacious when
drawn out into little strings that considerable motion may
be imparted to the whole leaf through a single filament
before it is broken. In its efforts to free itself, the fly is
likely to strike neighboring tentacles with its legs and
wings. All the tentacles touched begin almost at once to
bend inward, toward the center of the leaf. The fly is, in
fact, finally deposited on the shorter tentacles of the blade.
Then from all sides the tentacles converge toward the cap-
tured insect, and their glands pour upon it secretions of
digestive fluid, which now begins to flow, resembling the
digestive secretions of the animal stomach. The soft parts
of the insect are dissolved and the products of digestion
absorbed by the glands. Subsequently the tentacles re-
expand, and the secretions dry up, so that the remains of
the insect may be blown away or shaken off. The secre-
tions appear again after a time, in readiness for new prey.

152. Bending of the tentacles was distinctly observed
by Darwin ten seconds after excitation. The closing
together of the tentacles takes from one to four or five
hours. The tentacles expand again in from one to seven
days, according to the nature of the exciting object.

153. Pitcher Plants. — Pitcher Plants, of the type repre-
sented by the genus Sarracenia, are also low bog plants.
Their general habit, and the shape of their leaves — the
upward-curving tube, the wing on one side, and the
rounded, more or less arching hood at the apex, — are seen
in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 77). In some
species the hood quite overarches the mouth of the pitcher.
Its surface and that of the throat of the pitcher are set
with stiff downward-pointing bristles. The tube is habitu-
ally half filled with water, in which the fragments of
insects, in all stages of decomposition, may be found in
considerable quantities. In most species these insects
have been lured by secretions of honey to the rim of the
pitcher ; and then slipping on the extraordinarily smooth

88

THE LEAF

surface, their descent aided by the direction of the bristly

77. Sarracenia purpurea, the Pitcher Plant of
the Northern United States.

decay, is not certain.

hairs, they have fall-
en helplessly into the
liquid below. The
liquid exudes from
the tissues of the
leaf itself; though
the spreading hood
of Sarracenia pur-
purea must catch a
certain amount of

rain. To what ex-

tent the dissolution
of the captured
insects is promoted
by digestive ele-
ments produced by
the pitcher, to what
extent by ordinary

It is held, however, that the

organic solutions are absorbed and used by the plant.

154. Insects are caught in another
way, and more expertly, by the most
extraordinary of all the plants of this
country, the Dionea or Venus’s Fly-
trap, which grows in the sandy bogs
around Wilmington, North Carolina.
Here (Fig. 78) each leaf bears at its
summit an appendage which opens and
shuts, in shape something hke a steel
trap, and operating much like one.
For when open, no sooner does a fly
alight on its surface, and brush against
any one of the two or three bristles that
grow there, than the trap suddenly

closes, capturing the intruder. If the fly escapes, the
trap soon slowly opens, and is ready for another cap-
ture. When retained, the insect is after a time moistened

Nae.

rth Oe
My
Stl Ming

78. Dionza, the Ve-
nus’s Flytrap.

yy wees

THE LEAF 89

by a secretion from minute glands of the inner surface,
and is digested.

155. The Bladderwort, one of the most interesting of our car-
nivorous plants, should be sought in still water of ponds and large
pools— where it is common — and examined under the lens. Nepenthes,
the East Indian Pitcher Plant, is not uncommon in greenhouses. In
nature it grows as an epiphyte on trees.

156. The development of devices for entrapping animals, on the
part of the carnivorous plants, has the following significance. These
plants are found in places where nitrogenous compounds are scarce.
If their roots reach soil, it is merely wet sand or mud, poor in com-
bined nitrogen. Often the plants are aquatic or epiphytic. The
animals caught are rich in nitrogenous food, and so supply just that
nutritive element which could not otherwise be obtained.

157. Duration of leaves.— The leaves of such trees as the Elm,
Maple, Chestnut, Linden, and so on, last but a single season and then
fall off. Their leaves are deciduous; and the trees themselves are
spoken of as deciduous trees, meaning trees with deciduous foliage.
Evergreen leaves last more than one season at least. Those of the
Pines and Firs persist for two to five years, or in some cases more.
In the Conifer, Abies Pinsapo, the age of the leaf reaches sixteen or
seventeen years.

158. The fall of deciduous leaves is not caused by their death.
Even before they begin to turn yellow in the autumn, the disarticulation
is begun which, when complete, allows them to drop away, leaving a
clean scar. Before this event, a large part of the useful substances in
the active tissue of the blade is withdrawn and saved to the plant.
The brilliant colors of autumn foliage are the signs that the living
matter is being chemically changed preparatory to this withdrawal.
Frost and cold have only an indirect effect, if any, in bringing about
the high coloration.

The Arrangement of Leaves

159. It has come to the student’s notice in the study of buds and
of the stem that leaves are given off from the stem in somewhat defi-
nite fashion; at least in such cases as that of the Horse-chestnut,
where they occur in pairs, on opposite sides of the stem. The regu-
larity would not be so apparent in the leafy branch of the Apple.
Yet here, too, a little attention shows a pretty definite system in the
disposition of the leaves. The study of leaf arrangement is called
Phyllotaxy.

160. The attachment of the leaf to the stem is the insertion. Leaves
are inserted in three different modes. They are

90 THE LEAF

Alternate, that is one after another; or with only a single leaf to
each node;

Opposite, when there is a pair to each node, the two leaves in this
case being always on opposite sides of the stem ;

Whorled or verticillate, when there are more than two leaves on a
node, in which case they divide the circle equally between them, form-
ing a verticel or whorl. When there are three leaves in the whorl,
the leaves are one-third of the circumference apart; when four, one-
quarter; and so on. So the plan of opposite leaves is merely that of
whorled leaves, with the fewest leaves to the whorl; namely, two.

161. Phyllotaxy of alternate leaves. — Alternate leaves are distrib-
uted along the stem in an order which is tolerably uniform for each
species. The arrangement in all its modifications is said to be spiral,
because, if we draw a line from the insertion (i.e. the point of attach-
ment) of one leaf to that of the next, and so on, this line will wind
spirally around the stem as it rises, and in the same plant will commonly
bear the same number of leaves for each turn
round the stem. That is, any two successive
leaves will always be separated from each
other by an equal portion of the circumfer-
ence of the stem. The distance in height
between any two leaves may vary greatly,
even on the same shoot, for that depends upon
the length of the internodes, or spaces between
the leaves; but the distance as measured
around the circumference (the angular diver-
gence, or angle formed by any two successive
leaves) is practically the same.

162. Two-ranked. — The greatest possible
divergence is, of course, where the second leaf
stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem
from the first, the third on the side opposite
79. ‘Three-ranked ar- the second, and therefore over the first, and

rangement, shown the fourth over the second. This brings
in a piece of the 41) the leaves into two ranks, one on one side
stalk of a Sedge, :
with the leaves cut Of the stem and one on the other, and is

off above their therefore called the two-ranked arrangement.
bases; the leaves Next is the

are numbered in
order, from 1 to 6.

163. Three-ranked arrangement,—that of
all Sedges, and of White Hellebore. Here
the second leaf is placed one-third of the way round the stem, the
third leaf two-thirds of the way round, the fourth leaf accordingly
directly over the first, the fifth over the second, and so on. That is,
three leaves occur in each turn round the stem, and they are separated
from each other by one-third of the circumference (Fig. 79).

THE LEAF 91

164, Five-ranked is the next in series, and the most common. It
is seen in the Apple (Fig. 80), Cherry, Poplar, and the greater number

of trees and shrubs. In this case
the line traced from leaf to leaf
will pass twice round the stem
before it reaches a leaf situated
directly over any below. Here
the sixth leaf is over the first;
the leaves stand in five perpen-
dicular ranks, with equal angular
distance from each other; and
this distance between any two
successive leaves is just two-
fifths of the circumference of the

stem.

165. The above arrangements

of spirally placed leaves are the 80-81. 5-ranked arrangement: 80,
most common. A three-eighths shoot with its leaves 5-ranked,

or five-thirteenths divergence is

the sixth leaf over the first, as
in the Apple Tree; 81, diagram

not uncommon. It will be noted of this arrangement.
that the precise arrangement may
be indicated by a fraction, thus: the two-ranked by 1, the three-ranked

82. Opposite leaves of Eu-
onymus, or Spindle
Tree, showing the
successive pairs
crossing each other
at right angles.

2

by 1, the five-rranked by 2, and so on with
the 3, 3, and other arrangements, the whole
fraction indicating the angular divergence of
the leaves, while the denominator shows the
number of vertical ranks. It will be seen
that, beginning with 2, any one of the frac-
tions may be derived by adding the numera-
tors of the two preceding fractions for the
following numerator, and in like manner
adding the two preceding denominators for
the new denominator.

166. Phyllotaxy of opposite and whorled
leaves. — This is simple and comparatively
uniform. The leaves of each pair or whorl
are placed over the intervals between those
of the preceding, and therefore under the
intervals of the pair or whorl next above.
The whorls or pairs alternate or cross each
other, usually at right angles, that is, they
decussate (Fig. 82). Opposite leaves, that
is, whorls of two leaves only, are far com-
moner than whorls of three or four or more
members.

92 THE LEAF

TERMS USED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF LEAVES

[Inserted for reference use by classes making the determination of
plants a part of their course. |

167. Forms of leaves as to general outline.—It is necessary to
give names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely,
since they afford easy marks for distinguishing species. The same
terms are used for all other flattened parts as well, such as petals; so
that they make up a great part of the descriptive language of Botany.
Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest forms, a
leaf is said to be

Linear (Fig. 83), when narrow, several times longer than wide, and
of the same breadth throughout.

Lanceolate, or Lance-shaped, when conspicuously longer than wide,
and tapering upwards (Fig. 84), or both upwards and downwards.

Oblong (Fig. 85), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad and
of uniform breadth.

Elliptical (Fig. 86), when similar to oblong but with continuously
rounding sides.

Oval, when broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth con-
siderably more than half the length.

Ovate (Fig. 87), when the outline is like a section of a hen’s egg

lengthwise, the broader end toward the stem.
!
a
ss
88 84 85 86 88

83-88. A series of shapes of feathered-veined leaves: 83, linear; 84,
lanceolate; 85, oblong; 86, elliptical; 87, ovate; 88, cordate.

ST

Orbicular, or Rotund (Fig. 97), circular in outline, or nearly so.

A leaf which tapers toward the base instead of toward the apex
may be

Oblanceolate (Fig. 89), when of the lance-shaped form, only more
tapering toward the base than in the opposite direction.

Spatulate (Fig. 90), when more rounded above, but tapering thence
to a narrow base, like an old-fashioned spatula.

Obovate (Fig. 91), when inversely ovate, that is, ovate with the nar-
rower end toward the stem.

Cuneate, or Cuneiform, that is, Wedge-shaped (Fig. 92), broad above
and tapering by nearly straight lines to an acute angle at the base.

THE LEAF 93

168. As to the base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as

Cordate, or Heart-shaped (Figs. 88, 94), when a leaf of an ovate
form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned
in (forming a notch or sinus), where the

Auriculate, or Eared, having a pair of WY
small and blunt projections, or ears, at 92

stalk is attached.

Reniform, or Kidney-shaped (Fig. 96),
the base, as in one species of Magnolia 9-99, Feather-veined leaves:
(Fig. 99). 89, oblanceolate; 90,

like the last, only rounder and broader
spatulate; 91, obovate;

than long.
92, wedge-shaped.

Sagittate, or Arrow-shaped, where such
ears are acute and turned downwards,
while the main body of the blade tapers upwards to a point, as in
the common Sagittaria or Arrowhead, and in the Arrowleaved Poly-
gonum (Fig. 98).

is
Wy
A Sy
00

98 99 1
93-97. Various forms of radiate- 98-100. Feather-veined leaves: 98,
veined leaves: 93, 94, cor- sagittate; 99, auriculate; 100,
date; 95, 96, reniform; halberd-shaped or hastate.

97, peltate.

Hastate, or Halberd-shaped, when such lobes at the base point out-
wards, giving the shape of the halberd of the olden time, as in another
Polygonum (Fig. 100).

Peltate, or Shield-shaped (Fig. 97), is the name applied to a curious
modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where the foot-
stalk is attached to the lower surface instead of the margin, and there-
fore is naturally likened to a shield borne by the outstretched arm.
The common Watershield, the Nelumbo, and the White Water Lily,
and also the Mandrake, exhibit this sort of leaf.

169. As to the apex, the following terms express the principal
variations : —

Acuminate, Pointed, or Taper-pointed, when the summit is more or
less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point; as in Fig. 101.

94 THE LEAF

Acute, ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point; Fig. 102.

Obtuse, with a blunt or rounded apex; as in Fig. 103, ete.

Truncate, with the end as if cut off square; as in Fig. 104.

Retuse, with rounded summit slightly indented, forming a very
shallow notch, as in Fig. 105.

Emarginate, or Notched, indented at the end more decidedly; as in
Fig. 106.

Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf is
more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 107), as in White Clover and
Wood-sorrel; so as to resemble a cordate leaf inverted.

101-109. Forms of the apex of leaves: 101, acuminate; 102, acute; 103, ob-
tuse; 104, truncate; 105, retuse; 106, emarginate; 107, obcordate; 108,
cuspidate, 109, mucronate.

Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point; as in Fig. 108.

Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a
mere projection of the midrib; as in Fig. 109.

Aristate, Awn-pointed, and Bristle-pointed, are terms used when this
mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or slender
appendage.

The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as
to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the
apex only.

170. As to degree and nature of division, there is first of all the
difference between

Simple leaves, those in which the blade 3 is of one piece, however
much it may be cut up, and

Compound leaves, those in which the blade consists of two or more
separate pieces, upon a common leafstalk or support. Yet between
these two kinds every intermediate gradation is to be met with.

171. As to particular outlines of simple leaves (and the same
applies to their separate parts), they are

Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that
the margin is an even line, without teeth or notches.

Serrate, or Saw-toothed, when the margin is cut into sharp teeth, like
those of a ripsaw, that is, pointing forwards; as in Fig. 110.

Dentate, or Toothed, when such teeth point outwards, instead of
forwards; as in Fig. 111.

Crenate, or Scalloped, when the teeth are broad and rounded; as in
Fig. 112.

THE LEAF 95

Repand, Undulate, or Wavy, when the margin of the leaf forms a
wavy line, bending slightly inwards and outwards in succession; as
in Fig. 113.

Sinuate, when the margin is
more strongly sinuous or turned
inwards and outwards; as in
Fig. 114.

Incised, Cut, or Jagged, when r \ i
the margin is cut into sharp, ) NY We
deep, and irregular teeth or in- (de NN \
cisions; as in Fig. 115. i] Ds } | y

Lobed, when deeply cut. AUK, mn nf Nl “

Then the pieces are in a gen- 110-115. Kinds of margin of leaves: 110,

eral way called Lopes. The serrate; oe dentate: 112, cre-
a : nate; 113, repand; 114, sinuate;

number of the lobes is briefly 115, incised.

expressed by the phrases two-

lobed, three-lobed, five-lobed, many-lobed, etc., as the case may be.

When the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par-
ticularly specified, the following terms are employed, viz. :—

Lobed, in a special sense, when the incisions do not extend deeper
than about halfway between the margin and the center of the blade,
if so far, and are
more or less round-
eds. -asi . my ithe
leaves of the Post
Oak, Fig. 116, and
the Hepatica, Fig.
120.

Cleft, when the
incisions extend
halfway down or
more, and especially
when they are sharp;
asin Pigs, 117 e12%"

oon of oe ie And the phrases
116-123. Margins of deeply cut leaves: 116, pinnately two-cleft, or, in the
lobed; 117, pinnately cleft; 118, pinnately Latin form, bifid,
parted; 119, pinnately divided; 120, pal- ¢three-cleft or trifid,
mately three-lobed; 121, palmately three- four-cleft or quadri-
cleft; 122, palmately three-parted; 123, 3
palmately three-divided, or trisected. Jid, five-cleft or quin-
quefid, etc., or many-
cleft, in the Latin form, multifid, express the number of the segments,
or portions.

Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite

reach to the midrib or the base of the blade; as in Figs. 118, 122. And

110 WY 9112. “118 114° 115

M }
\) hay \ . i
id Val AWN ii

J —

116 117

96 THE LEAF

the terms two-parted, three-parted, etc., express the number of such
divisions.

Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the
lower part of Fig. 119, or to the leafstalk, as in Fig. 123; which really
makes the leaf compound.

172. The mode of lobing or division corresponds to that of the
veining, whether pinnately veined or palmately veined. In the former
the notches or incisions, or sinuses, coming between the principal veins
or ribs are directed toward the midrib: in the latter they are directed
toward the apex of the petiole; as the figures show.

173. So degree and mode of division may be tersely expressed in
brief phrases. Thus, in the four upper figures of pinnately veined
leaves, the first is said to be pinnately lobed (in the special sense), the
second pinnately cleft (or pinnatifid in Latin form), the third pinnately
parted, the fourth pinnately divided.

174. Correspondingly in the lower row, of palmately veined leaves,
the first is palmately lobed, the second palmately cleft, the third palmately
parted, the fourth palmately divided. Or, in other language of the
same meaning (but now less commonly employed), they are said to be
digitately lobed, cleft, parted, or divided.

175. The number of the divisions or lobes may come into the
phrase. Thus in the four last named figures the leaves are respectively
palmately three-lobed, three-cleft (or trifid), three-parted, three-divided.
And so for higher numbers, as five-lobed, five-cleft, etc., up to many-lobed,
many-cleft, or multifid, etc. The same mode of expression may be used
for pinnately lobed leaves, as pinnately seven-lobed, -cleft, -parted, ete.

176. The divisions, lobes, etc., may themselves be entire (without
teeth or notches), or serrate, or otherwise toothed or incised; or lobed,
cleft, parted, etc.: in the latter cases making twice pinnatifid, twice
palmately or pinnately lobed, parted or divided leaves, etc. From these
illustrations one will perceive how the botanist, in two or three words,
may describe any one of the almost endlessly diversified shapes of
leaves, so as to give a clear and definite idea of it.

177. Compound leaves.— A compound leaf is one which has its
blade in entirely separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own;
and the stalklet is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-
stalk, just as this is jointed with the stem. When this is the case, there
is no doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no
stalklets, and are not jointed with the main leafstalk, it may be con-
sidered either as a divided simple leaf, or a compound leaf according
to the circumstances. This is a matter of names where all intermedi-
ate forms may be expected.

178. While the pieces or projecting parts of a simple leaf blade are
called lobes, or in deeply cut leaves, etc., segments or divisions, the sepa-
rate pieces or blades of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS.

THE LEAF 97

179. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the
pinnate and the palmate ; answering to the two modes of veining in
reticulated leaves, and to the two sorts of lobed or divided leaves
(Figs. 116, 120).

180. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged on
the sides of a main
leafstalk ; as in
Figs. 124-126. They
answer to the feather- i ee
veined (i.e. pinnately- ee,
veined) simple leaf; Ue,
as will be seen at Se ae
once on comparing —
the forms. The leaf- 2a org
lets of the former WS
answer to the lobes Vi re
or divisions of the 194

latter; and the con- 124-196. Pinnate leaves: the first with an odd leaflet
tinuation of the peti- (odd-pinnate) ; the second with a tendril in
place of uppermost leaflets; the third abruptly
pinnate, or of even pairs.

125 126

ole, along which the

leaflets are arranged,

that is, the leaf rachis answers to the midrib of the simple leaf.

181. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 124 is pin-

nate with an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and the Ash.

Fig. 125 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of the odd leaflet,

as in the Vetches and the Pea. Fig. 126 is evenly or abruptly pinnate,
as in the Honey Locust.

182. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in which the

leaflets are all borne on the tip of the leafstalk, as in the Lupine,

; the common Clover, the Virginia Creeper,

the Horse-chestnut and Buckeye (Fig. 127).

They evidently answer to the radiate veined

or palmately veined simple leaf.

Ay \ 183, Either sort of compound leaf may

AY) have any number of leaflets; yet palmate

—— leaves cannot well have a great many, since

LD AURA they are all crowded together on the end

of the main leafstalk. Some Lupines have

127. Palmate (or digitate) nine or eleven; the Horse-chestnut has
leaf of five leaflets

of the Sweet Buck. Seven, the Sweet Buckeye more commonly

eye. five, the Clover three. A pinnate leaf often

has only seven or five leaflets, or only three,

as in the Beans of the genus Phaseolus, etc.; in some rarer cases only

two; in the Orange and Lemon and also in the common Barberry

there is only one. The joint at the place where the leaflet is united

OUT. OF BOT. —7

98 THE LEAF

with the petiole distinguishes this last case from a simple leaf. In
other species of these genera the lateral leaflets also are present.

184. The leaflets of a compound leaf may be either entire (as in
Figs. 124-126), or serrate, or lobed, cleft, parted, etc.; in fact, may pre-
sent all the variations of simple leaves,
and the same terms equally apply to
them.

185. When the division is carried
so far as to separate what would be
one leaflet into two, three, or several,
the leaf becomes doubly or twice com-
pound, either pinnately or palmately, as
the case may be. For example, while
the clustered leaves of the Honey
Locust are simply pinnate, that is, once
pinnate, those on new shoots are bipin-
nate, or twice pinnate, as in Fig. 128.
When these leaflets are again divided
in the same way, the leaf becomes
thrice pinnate, or tripinnate, as In many
Acacias. The first divisions are called
pinne ; the others, pinnules; and the
last, or little blades themselves,
leaflets.

186. So the palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same way,
becomes twice palmate, or, as we say when the divisions are in threes,
twice ternate (in Latin form Obiternate);. if a
third time compounded, thrice ternate or triter-
nate. But if the division goes still further,
or if the degree is variable, we simply say
that the leaf is decompound ; either palmately
or pinnately decompound, as the case may be.
Thus, Fig. 129 represents a four times ter-
nately compound (in other words a ternately
decompound) leaf of a common Meadow Rue.

187. When the botanist, in describing
uy. Ternately decom- leaves, wishes to express the number of the

i ee eo of leaflets, he may use terms like these : —
Unifoliolate, for a compound leaf of a single
leaflet; from the Latin unwm, one, and foliolum, leaflet.

Bifoliolate, of two leaflets, from the Latin bis, twice, and foliolum,
leaflet.

Trifoliolate (or ternate), of three leaflets, as the Clover, and so on.

Palmately bifoliolate, trifoliolate, quadrifoliolate, plurifoliolate (of
several leaflets), etc.: or else

128. A twice-pinnate (abruptly)
leaf of the Honey Locust.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER 99

Pinnately bi-, tri-, quadri-, or pluri-foliolate (that is, of two, three,
four, or several leaflets), as the case may be: these are terse ways of
denoting in single phrases both the number of leaflets and the kind
of compounding.

XI. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER

The object of the flower is the bearing of seed for the reproduction
of the plant. It is best to examine at once the seed rudiments with
the parts in which they are borne, and those equally important prod-
ucts, the pollen grains, which act upon the seed rudiments to make
them capable of growth into seed, as well as the organs which bear
the pollen. After that the less important, though more showy, parts
of the flower are to be studied.

EXERCISE XXIX. THE RUDIMENTS OF THE SEEDS

Look the flower over as well as possible, without pulling it to
pieces, to see what the various parts are like. Note in a general way,
without drawing, the number, arrangement, and varied shapes of the
parts.

Remove the members at one side in order to get at the central
organ, the pistil. Cut this off at the end gradually until white, seed-
like bodies — the ovules —are brought to view.

Cut down the sides wherever necessary in order to split off the
outer walls, so as to leave the ovules undisturbed and exposed to view
in their natural positions.

Examine with the lens, noting : —

(1) the arrangement;

(2) the number of rows in each compartment;

(3) the attachment of the ovules;

(4) the number of compartments.

The hollow portion of the pistil is the ovary; its compartments
are termed cells. The middle part of the ovary, where the walls of
the cells meet, is the azis. ‘The partitions between the cells are the
dissepiments. The surface where the ovules are attached in a cell is
the placenta; if there are several cells there are several placenta. ‘The
manner in which the ovules are placed, as concerns attachment, is the
placentation. If they are attached to the axis the placentation is
axile; if to the walls of the cell, it is parietal.

Add to your notes a few words describing the pistil in hand as to
the number of cells and the placentation.

Taking up a fresh flower, for the moment, note how the pistil ends
above. The somewhat enlarged end with granular or loose tissue on
the surface is the stigma. Below this the pistil is often narrowed, so

100 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER

that the stigma is raised on a more or less slender column, the style.
When seated on the ovary the stigma is sessile. Draw the pistil and
label the parts.

Draw the ovary with walls removed, side view, to show the ovules
in position (x 4-6); end view, to show placentation and number of
cells of ovary (Xx 3-5).

Examine the ovules, removed, with the highest power of the dis-
secting microscope, or, perhaps, with a compound microscope. Draw a
side view, including the little stalk of attachment to the placenta.

EXERCISE XXX. THE POLLEN

Examine the organs standing next to the pistil—the stamens.
Find one opened and shedding its yellow, mealy contents, the pollen ;
and one not yet opened.

If a high power is available examine and draw the individual
grains.

Cut a thin cross section of the unopened stamen to show the
cavities in which the pollen is produced — the pollen sacs.

Note where the pollen sacs open, or dehisce.

Draw a stamen (x 2-3). The stalk is the filament. The pollen-
bearing terminal portion is the anther. The continuation of the fila-
ment, or the part that connects the pollen sacs, is the connective. Label
all parts. Draw anther, side view, to show dehiscence ( x 38-5); cross
section of anther showing the pollen sacs ( x 5-10).

The really essential parts of the flower have now been seen. The
ovules, acted upon by the pollen, give rise to new plants. Many
flowers have no other parts than pistils or stamens; that is, no pro-
tecting envelopes such as the brightly colored leaves of the flower
which is now being studied. These leaves are of great service in pro-
moting the transfer of pollen from flower to flower and in protecting
the pistil and stamens while they are maturing. But they take only
an indirect, not a strictly necessary, part, in reproduction.

EXERCISE XXXII. THe FLoRAL ENVELOPES

Are there two sets of the floral leaves? Do they differ in any
respect except in position? Draw one member of each set if there is
a difference.

Examine one of the floral leaves under the lens with transmitted
light, shading meanwhile from direct light, to discover any venation.
If any is found indicate this on the drawing.

The leaflike organs together are the perianth. When in two dis-
tinct sets, the outer set is the calyx, the members being the sepals ; the
inner is the corolla, made up of petals.

EEE eee eee Se

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER 101

EXERCISE XXXII. THe PARTS OF THE FLOWER IN RELATION
TO ONE ANOTHER

Cut a new flower neatly in halves lengthwise.

Draw the half flower as seen from the cut side, to show : —

(1) the shape of the pistil;

(2) the relative positions and heights of the other parts.

The summit of the flower stem, generally somewhat enlarged, from
which the organs spring, is the receptacle.

Looking down upon or into the flower, endwise, make out the rela-
tive position of the sepals, petals, stamens, and cells of the ovary.

When these have been made out definitely, make a diagram of the
flower as seen from above, in the following manner : —

1st. Represent the ovary in cross section.

2d. In a circle—if so found in the flower—around the ovary,

roughly indicate the cross sections of the anthers, properly
placed as regards direction from the ovary cells.

3d. Represent petals by ares of a

circle, properly placed; the
arcs may be thickened a
little at the middle to repre-
sent midribs of the petals.
4th. Outside these draw similar
figures for the sepals, in
the proper places with
respect to the other parts.

The diagram thus constructed
shows the ground plan of the flower.
The annexed figure shows the method
of constructing such diagrams.

In case any two parts of the
flower are grown together, as two
petals, or a petal and a sepal, as
sometimes happens, this fact may
easily be indicated in the diagram
by drawing a dotted line between 409, #ower and floral diagram
the conjoined members. of Trillium.

EXERCISE XXXIIJ. THe ARRANGEMENT OF THE FLOWERS ON
THE STEM OR STEMS: OR INFLORESCENCE

When flowers come in clusters they are found in one of two differ-
ent types of inflorescence. Either a flower, early produced, ends the
main stem of the cluster, so that no further growth of the cluster in
the line of the axis is possible; in this case new flowers are produced
only on side branches, and these side flowers are younger than that

no? LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FLOWER

on the central axis of inflorescence; or the cluster goes on growing in
the main axis and putting out new flowers for a time,—so that the
lower flowers are older, the upper ones younger. The first type is
called determinate, or cymose ; the second, indeterminate, or racemose.

Determine the type of inflorescence in the material furnished.

Draw a diagram of the arrangement of the flowers, letting lines rep-
resent the stems, branches, and individual flower stalks (or pedicels),
and putting at the ends dots for the flowers, larger for the older, and
smaller for the younger, flowers.

Turn to the figures of the different sorts of cymose and racemose
inflorescences (page 140 and following), and select the proper term
for the material in hand.

EXERCISE XXXIV. THE FLOWER OF A CONIFEROUS PLANT

1. The Staminate Flower

Cut a longitudinal section. Note the positions of the stamens.
Draw the outline of the whole flower (or cone) and the central axis,
and indicate the position and outline of two or three stamens.

Detach one stamen. Note its general form, and the number of
pollen sacs. Do the sacs lie on the under or the upper side of the
stamen? Find out about the place where the sacs open for the emis-
sion of pollen. Draw one stamen, so as to show the pollen sacs
opened.

Are there any scales or other structures answering to the perianth
of an angiospermous flower ?

Note the size and number of the pollen grains and examine with the
compound microscope if possible.

2. The Pistillate Flower

Before cutting into the flower (or cone), note the arrangement of
the scales.

Note also the outstanding edges of the scales; this feature is related
to the method of pollination.

Draw a simple outline of the cone, and then indicate diagrammati-
cally the arrangement of the scales; that is, draw simple continuous
lines for the boundaries of the rows of scales. Can you see rows in
more than one direction ? If so, draw the diagram accordingly.

Break the cone across. Separate one of the scales. On careful
examination it will be seen that the scale is double, so that there
seem to be two scales with a common base. The under one is the
smaller. The upper one is the placental scale, or ovuliferous scale.

Examine the upper surface of the placental scale for two promi-
nences near the base. Each has a few short filaments projecting
toward the axis of the cone. The prominences are the ovules. The

THE FLOWER 103

filaments serve to catch the pollen when it has fallen upon the cone
and down between the scales to the ovules.
Draw upper and under views, to show the two scales and the ovules.

FuRTHER WorRK ON THE FLOWER

The study of the flower, as far as many of the details are concerned,
depends so much on the available material that specific directions had
best be left to the teacher.

For suggestions as to systematic study of flowering plants, see the
Appendix.

SAIb. THE FLOWER
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER

188. The flower is destined to produce seed; the seed,
to bring forth a plant of the next generation. At the
center of the flower bud, in their proper cavities the
beginnings of the seed rudiments are distinguishable long
before the flower is ready to open. If, after the bud

\HH
130. A flower of the Cherry Tree cut
open to show the single ovule
in its receptacle, the ovary.

finally unfolds and the several 131. The ovary of Mandrake

opened at one side to
envelopes separate, the receptacle show the: oe

seen within is cut open, one or ovules, each contain-
ing the starting point
two, often several, and not uncom- of a new plant.

monly very many, rounded bodies

are discovered, — white, shining, and translucent, spring-
ing in definite and orderly arrangement from the walls
or the central axis. These are the ovules (Figs. 130, 131).
To these small vesicles the life of the species of plants
which bear them is for a time intrusted. Each one car-

104 THE FLOWER

ries within it an inheritance of the racial characteristics:
the forms of the leaves, the colors of the flower, the height
and character of the stem, even the movements of the
parent plant are passed down through the ovule (with the
aid, as will shortly be seen, of the pollen) to the plant
which is to spring from the ovule.

189. The ovule-bearing organ is the pistil (Fig. 132).
Three parts are usually distinguishable: the hollow lower
portion is the ovary; the column sur-
mounting this is the style; and at the
tip of the style—sometimes on its
side —a part of the surface without
epidermis and moist or even sticky,
is termed the stigma. The style may
be lacking; the stigma is then sessile
on the ovary (Fig. 131).

190. The flower commonly contains
132. Pistil of Wild Ge. but one pistil. Such flowers as those
ranium;ov,ova- of the Pea and Bean illustrate the
ry; stl, style; : neo
stg, stigma. simplest case of all, when the pistil is
solitary and has but one cavity with
ovules borne on but one side of it. In the Buttercup
(Fig. 155) there are many pistils, each simple, with a
single cavity, containing but a
single ovule. In the majority
of plants, however, the two or
more original pistils grow up
from a very early stage in their
development united throughout i
the greater part of their length. — 133. Flower of the Buttereup.
Compound pistils are thus
formed. The several combined pistils are then termed
carpels.

191. The portion of the ovary to which the ovules are
attached is the placenta, and the manner in which the
ovules are distributed on the interior surfaces of the ovary
is the placentation. When the ovules are numerous, the
placenta is apt to be a well-developed cushion or prdjection

THE FLOWER sO}

of some sort (see Fig. 138). But the name applies even
when no special outgrowth
is to be seen,

192. Types of ovary and
placentation.— When the pis-
tils are separate and the ovaries,
therefore, one-celled, the typical
arrangement of the ovules in
each ovary is in a double verti-
cal row on the side nearest the
center of the flower (Fig. 134). 154. The several distinct pistils of a
A solitary ovule may be sus- single flower. One cut across,

and one cut lengthwise, to show
pended from the top of the es placentation. ;
cell, or spring from the side
toward the flower axis, or rise from the bottom.

193. When the pistil is compounded of several carpels, various
arrangements of. the parts are possible. The common one is that

axile, or all brought together in

194. With two or more cells
and axile placentation (Figs. 135-
137).— Such a pistil is just what
would be formed if simple pis-
@ i tils, like those of the Larkspur,
CS.
eS
SS
the axis or center. The ovary
135 156 187 has as many internal partitions,
135-137. Pistils: 135, a Saxifrage, the oy dissepiments, as there are car-
carpels or simple pistils united
below, free above; 136, common

pressed together in the center
of the flower, were to cohere by
St. Johnswort, the styles of the Such pistils ripen into pods
carpels distinct ; 137, another St. they often separate along these

their contiguous faces. In such

a case the placentz are naturally
Johnswort, the carpels united ]jnes into their elementary car-
throughout.

pels in the composition. When

pels.

195. One-celled, with parietal placente (Figs. 138, 139).— In this
not uncommon case it is conceived that the several original carpellary
cavities are thrown into one as the organ grows. The ovules now
spring from the lines of junction of the different carpels. A placenta
belongs here half to one carpel, half to another. At each placenta a
double row of ovules is apt to be found; but the two rows originate
from distinct carpels. The number of carpels is still to be told from
the number of placentz. The placentation is here termed parietal.

106 THE FLOWER

196. One-celled, with free central placenta.— The free central
placenta of the Pink (compare Fig. 140) may have come about by the
dissepiments having been suppressed in growth.
Indeed, traces of the original partitions are often to
be detected. On the other
hand, it is equally supposable

138. Placentation 139. Placentation 140. Pistil of Spergularia rubra,
of Parnas- of Drosera one of the Pink family, with
sia. filiformis. free central"placentation.

that in the Primrose (Fig. 160) the free central placenta has been
derived from parietal placentation by the united carpels bearing ovules
only at the base. . Now, however, the placenta arises directly from the
end of the floral axis, not from the carpels.

197. To the great majority of flowers with which one meets, one
or another of the above types will apply. These types exhibit most
clearly the structural principles of the
pistil. Occasionally, some different
mode of disposing the ovules or of
separating the ovary into chambers
will be discovered.

198. Pistils of the Gymno-
sperms. — These are so distinct
and the group cf plants which
produce them is so important
that they need a separate de-
scription.

199. The fertile flowers of the
Pine! and other trees of the
vi same group appear in early spring
141. The flower of a Gymno- 2 Small richly colored comes

sperm. At the right a (Fig. 141). ‘The scalesare sara,

single carpellary scale :
bearing two ovules. and though not very thin are

1 What is here designated a single female flower is also spoken of as
an inflorescence.

THE FLOWER 107

rather leaflike. Each fertile scale bears on its upper sur-
face near the base a pair of ovules. In such flowers the
pistils, therefore, are not closed, and the seed throughout
its history is naked, 7.e. exposed. Accordingly, the cone-
bearing trees and their relatives are designated as GyMNo-
SPERMS (naked seeded).

200. he corresponding term for plants with closed
ovaries is ANGIOSPERMS. Angiospermous flowers will be
meant in this chapter unless otherwise stated.

201. The stigma has been described as a definite portion
of the surface of the style, or, when the style is lacking,
of the ovary. When the tip of the style is enlarged in
a knob, or branched, or finely dissected in a plume (Fig.
166), it is convenient to speak of the whole organ — and
not merely the surface —as the stigma.

Under the lens and even to the naked eye the stigmatic
surface is distinguished by a granular texture and often
by a viscid secretion, designed to secure the pollen grains
which fall upon it or are brought to it.

202. For the ovules are not the sole conceptacles of
racial life as it is passed onward from one generation to
the next. Other and simpler bodies produced in the
flower are equally freighted with inheritance, namely, the
individual pollen grains, emitted in multitudes as yellow
dust by the floral or-
gans standing around
the pistil or pistils.
Each “grain” viewed . er

: 142. Various forms of pollen, magnified,
through the microscope illustrating the manner in which the
is seen to be a spherical wall is sculptured in different species
body (Fig. 166) —in Gas
many cases, however, elongated or otherwise modified —
of the simplest description as regards structure. It con-
sists of a minute portion of living substance of jellylike
consistency, surrounded by a tough elastic coat or wall.
As will shortly be seen, this body is capable of growth,
and plays an equally important part with the ovule in the
reproduction of plants.

108 THE FLOWER

203. The pollen-bearing organ is the stamen (ig. 143).
Its parts are the stalk, called
the filament, and the anther,
containing the pollen in pollen
sacs. In the young condition
of the stamen four longitudi-
nal pollen sacs are found.
The whole mass of tissue
filling these sacs is finally con-
verted to pollen. At matu-
rity, if not before, the wall
a h between the two cavities on
143. a,astamen; p, pollensac: c, the same side of the anther
connective; /, filament; b, : :
a stamen with the anther COmmonly disappears, leaving
cut through at the time of a single pollen sac in either
maturity. :

ae half-anther. The middle part
or axis of the anther between the two pouches thus formed
is the connective.

204. The pollen sacs open for the liberation of the pollen
usually by a slit along the groove running down each side
of the anther; in Pyrola and other members of the Heath
family, by terminal pores (lig. 144);
and in the Barberry by uplifting
valves (Fig. 145). And other modes
of dehiscence occur, suited to the
various means by which the pollen
is to reach its destination.

205. The number of stamens is |
often large, as in the wild Rose, the 144

Buttercup, the Magnolia, and the 1441”. Stamens: 144, of
Pyrola, the anther

W ater Lily. In a few species there opening by terminal

is AG rally speaking, th pores; a a

is but one Generally speaking, the be ee

number is small, not more than ten; opening by uplifting
valves.

and, when small, usually definite for
each species. For example, most grasses have three sta-
mens, most Mints four, the Violets five, and the true
Lilies commonly six. Each pollen sac produces a vast
number of pollen grains. And when the flowers borne

THE FLOWER 109

by the plant, or the stamens in the individual flowers, are

very numerous, the pollen may be exceedingly

abundant.

206. In a few families the stamens are regularly
united, either by the anthers —as in the Composite,
of which the Daisy is an example; or by the fila-

ments, as in the Mallows and
the Leguminose (e.g. the Sweet-
pea, Bean, etc., Figs. 146-148).

207. The pistils collectively are
known as the gynecium; the
stamens as the andrecium. It
is well to hold clearly in mind
that these two groups of organs,
though often concealed or ren-
dered inconspicuous by the vi-
cinity of highly colored floral
envelopes, are essentially the
flower. That is to say, pistils

146 147

146-148. United stamens: 146, ofa
plant of the Pulse family ;
147, in the Mallow family ;
148, stamens united by
anthers in the Composite
family.

and stamens perform the essential function of the flower ;

149

149-152. Flowers of a Willow: 149, staminate
catkin; 150, one of the flowers; 151, pis-
tillate catkin ; 152, a pistillate flower.

and the floral leaves
act a subordinate
part. Not very
rarely flowers con-
sist of pistils or
stamens” alone.
This is practically
the case in the
Willows. The familiar
catkins are of two kinds.
The more showy ones
are made up of numer-

150

ous flowers, each com-
prising stamens, usually
two, with a scale at the
base. In catkins of the
other sort each minute
flower is composed of

110 THE FLOWER

a single pistil with the basal scale (Figs. 149-152). The
seed-bearing flowers of the Pine and other Conifere, as
already described, contain only pistils; their pollen-
bearing flowers, only stamens. When a flower lacks
both gynecium and andrecium, it either becomes merely
tributary to other, fertile flowers —as in the case of the
marginal florets in the heads of the Sunflower— or it
lacks altogether the essential character of a flower proper,
as regards purpose, either directly or indirectly ; as in the
double Rose and other flowers transformed by cultivation.

208. The floral leaves together are called the perianth,
meaning about the flower — a term not far from appropriate
if what has just been said is allowed. Commonly, two
distinct sets of these leaves are present: the inner called
petals, together forming the corolla; the outer termed
sepals, composing the calyz.

209. The number of sepals and petals in particular
species is generally constant. Ina majority of the Dicotyle-
_ dons the sepals are five, and the petals five, though four is
common number; in Monocotyledons the members of
the perianth are prevailingly in
threes. As the stamens are apt
to be as many or twice as many
as the petals or sepals, a numerical
plan is often prominent in the
parts of the flower. We say that
the flowers of the Dicotyledons
are often on the plan of five, those
of the Monocotyledons on the plan
of three.

210. Forms of the corolla. — As
an example of the regular corolla
—i.e. with petals all alike —the

153. Flower of the Colum- flowers of any of the Rose family

one may be recalled ; but the Colum-
bine (Fig. 153) as well, since all the petals are spurred,
presents a regular corolla. In the Violet (Fig. 154), on
the contrary, only one petal is spurred, and the petals

THE FLOWER Lif

are of unequal size: such corollas, and all in which the
petals are not entirely uniform, are
erregular.

211. A second important respect in
which corollas differ is in the sepa-
ration or union of the petals. The

trumpet-shaped corolla of the Morn- (\b
ing Glory (Fig. 155) furnishes an WEHZ,

extreme instance of union, where the omen (y ee
original petals are IN
not easily distin-

guishable. Fre-

154. Flower of the Violet:

quently the limé, below, the parts of
or border, is so the perianth sepa-
rated.

lobed that the
number of component parts is evident.
Another familiar form is the two-
lipped, dabzate, corolla (Fig. 169).
155. Calyx and corolla 212. In case the petals remain quite
of Morning Glory. : ;

separate, the corolla is said to be poly-
petalous; but if they grow up united when the floral
organs are in process of formation, the corolla becomes
gamopetalous. When the petals are all wanting, the
flower is apetalous.

213. The calyx presents features very similar to the
corolla as regards union of sepals and other modifications.
It is usually inferior to the corolla in size and coloration,
since its service is chiefly to protect the bud, of which it
forms the coat. But in numerous plants the calyx shares
with the corolla in another duty.

214. Functions of the perianth. — The role of the perianth
in the natural history of the flower is chiefly twofold :
(1) it protects the developing organs within while the bud
is coming to maturity ; and (2) at the time of blooming
it aids in the proper distribution of the pollen. Without
anticipating the subject of fertilization, it may be said that
it is of advantage to plants to secure the dusting of the
stigma of each flower by the pollen of some other flower of

At? THE FLOWER

the same kind, and that this is most commonly accom-
plished by the aid of insects. ‘The various forms of the »
perianth are, as a rule, very definitely related to the work
of attracting the attention of insects, or of receiving and
supporting them when they alight, or of guiding them to
the “honey” or nectar secreted by special glands at the
base of the flower. In view of such offices the labiate
corolla of the Mints, the tubular or funnelform corolla of
the Morning Glory, the spurred (nectariferous) petals of
the Columbine, and the irregular flower of the Violet, are
readily understood. ‘This subject will be treated more fully
under The Ecology of the Flower.

215. The receptacle of the flower is that part which be-
longs to the stem. It is commonly short, and some-
what enlarged or knoblike. Flowers
with very numerous pistils generally
have the receptacle enlarged so as to
give them room; it sometimes becomes
broad and flat, as in the Flowering
if Raspberry ; sometimes
156. Section through elongated, as in the

scenery Blackberry i(Fig. 956),
the Magnolia, etc. It is the receptacle in
the Strawberry (Fig. 156), much enlarged
and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eata-
ble part of the fruit, and bears the small
seedlike pistils on its surface. Inthe Rose __ Sth
(Fig. 157), instead of being convex or *™ Longitudinal
conical, the receptacle is deeply concave, Rose.
or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose hip may be likened to
a strawberry turned inside out.

216. In Nelumbo, of the Water Lily family, the singu-
lar and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top,
and bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of
its flat upper surface (Fig. 158).

217. Arrangement of the parts of the flower.— This is
most easily studied in those flowers, in which all parts
are present — calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils; in

THE FLOWER 113

which all the organs of each kind are separate from one
another; and each set comprises a
small number, as three or five. In
such a case! it is the rule to find
the organs in whorls,? and the whorls
arranged so that the organs of one
whorl stand above the spaces of
the whorl below, just as is the case
with whorled foliage leaves. The

158. The top-shaped recep-

petals thus stand over the spaces tacle of Nelumbo,
i + 7 .

between the sepals, the first row he aye ror sehindue
; pin, ripening into a

of stamens alternates with the float for the dissemi-

nation of the seeds.
petals, the second row of stamens sac ea

(Gf present) with the first, and the pistils alternate with
the stamens. When the various members of the flower
are more numerous and the receptacle somewhat elon-
gated, as in the Magnolia, the parts are spirally placed.
In short, the organs of the flower are arranged like
leaves.

218. Morphology of the floral parts. — Sepals and petals
are evident leaves, as they are commonly and_ properly
called. There are numerous
cases where green forms, func-
tioning as folage, pass over
by easy gradations to the
white or bright-colored forms
subserving the purposes of
the flower. In shape, in fun-
damental structure (in pos-
159. Transition from green outer Se een ae tea ete. ), and in

floral leaves (sepals), through arrangement on the axis, the
Pea cas ci unliyot parts of the perianth show
nature of sepals, petals, and the morphology of leaves.
pvamen®: Stamens and pistils, also, agree
with leaves in the order of insertion on the axis, as well

1 Sometimes called a pattern flower.
2 A whorl is a circular group of several organs standing at the same
level on the axis.
OUT. OF BOT. —8

114 THE FLOWER

as in possessing what answer to the veins or ribs of leaves,
—fibrous elements coming out from the flower stem.
Occasionally stamens and pistils are found which have
failed to develop in their proper character. ‘They then
take the shape of foliage leaves, more or less exactly.
The conclusion is inevitable, from all these considerations,
that the essential organs of the flower, as well as the floral
envelopes, are morphologically leaves.}

219. The carpels, in this conception, become leaves rolled inward,
bearing on the inrolled edges rows of ovules. When the pistil is
simple (of one carpel or leaf), a seam, the ventral suture, marks the
closing together of the ovuliferous leaf on the side toward the center
of the flower; while a ridge up and down the opposite side of the pis-
til evidently stands for a midrib.

220. Departures from a simple floral plan. — If one were to examine
the first score of different flowers that he should meet on going into
the field, he would probably find among them few or none that display
the regularity, simplicity, and completeness spoken of in § 217. The
fandamental plan — that is, the order and mode of growth, num-
ber of parts, ete. — would be found in many cases to be obscured
by a variety of adaptations to the special functions of the flower.
Some of the commonest modifications to be discovered are the
following :—

221. Absence of some of the organs.?— Occasionally the gradual dis-
appearance of some of the organs may be directly noted, as in stamens
lacking the anther, or reduced to a mere ridge or rudiment; or in the
reduction of one whorl of the perianth to an inconspicuous ring. In
many of the trees and shrubs the perianth will be found to consist of
only the calyx (e.g. in the Elm), or it may even be wanting (e.g. in the
Buttonwood). And two cases have already been mentioned (the Wil-
low and the Pine) where each flower contains but one kind of essen-
tial organ.

222, Union of like parts, or coalescence, of which examples have
been given above.

1 This is not to be construed to mean that what were once merely
foliage leaves have in the course of time been modified so as to become
carpels, stamens, ete. All that is to be inferred here is that both foliage
leaves and floral organs have a common morphological nature, as foliar
appendages of the stem.

2It is possible to suppose in some cases that the fewness of parts, or
the absence of certain organs, has come about, not by reduction from
more highly organized forms, but by inheritance from ancestry charac-
terized by simple flowers from the first.

THE FLOWER ot

223, Union of unlike parts, or adnation. — Frequently the stamens
seem to grow from the corolla, because the filaments have grown
to the petals (Figs. 160, 161). Again, in the flower of Cuphea, for
example, calyx, corolla, and stamens adhere in a cup around the pistil,

160. Flower of a Primrose laid open; 161. Flower of Cuphea laid open;
co, corolla; ca, calyx. ct, calyx tube; pt, petals.
’

in such a manner that both stamens and petals seem to be inserted on
the margin of the calyx tube (Fig. 161). Finally, in the Purslane
(Fig. 162) all the different members are united, with the ovary in the
center. The ovary is in such cases said to be inferior. When free
from the organs, it is superior (Fig. 160). The adherence of unlike
members is termed adnation. In the Purslane, for example, the calyx
is said.to be adnate to the ovary.

Coalescence and adnation come about in the following manner.
The rudiments of the carpels, stamens, petals, and sepals appear at
first as minute elevations on the young receptacle. As these increase
the surface of the receptacle between them may be involved in the
growth. Thus, if the tissue between
the nascent petals is affected, a cir-
cular ridge arises, upon the edge of
which the position of the original
petal rudiments is indicated by prom-
inences. The ridge, or ring, grows up
into a longer or shorter tube (the
corolla tube), the original prominences 1¢2" Plowemotithe Burslaies
becoming lobes or divisions. By a
similar process, in the Primrose (Fig. 160) the rudiments of the
stamens become united to the corolla ring at an early stage. In
the Purslane (Fig. 162) a single ring arising from the receptacle,
and bearing all the floral organs on its summit, comes to form the
so-called “calyx tube.”

146 THE FLOWER

PROCESSES LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF SEED

224. The student is already aware that the pollen is
destined to reach the stigmatic surface of the pistil; and
he probably also understands in a general way that the
result of the pollination of a flower is the production of
seed; that if pollination fails to be brought about, the
ovules of the unpollinated pistil do not develop into fertile
seed. The history of the pollen from its deposition on
the stigma (pollination) onward and the resulting effect
on the ovule (fertilization) are now to be followed.

225. The pollen grain has been briefly described as a
simple vesicle filled with hying matter, capable of growth.
The wall is relatively strong, though thin and transparent,
and often beset with projections. ‘The living substance
within, termed protoplasm, is more or less jellylike in
consistency and _ clearness,
but is far from. being a
simple mass of jelly. The
protoplasmic body is in fact
very definitely and highly
organized, with permanent
parts or organs performing
definite functions in har-
mony with one another.

n
163. A pollen grain highly magnified. These members may be

It contains two nuclei (x,”') dimly made out in the living

at the stage here represented. E
- protoplasm with the com-

pound microscope. But when killed and stained with
proper dyes, the structure stands out with distinctness and
its great complication is then seen. <A constant com-
ponent is a rounded central body of especially dense proto-
plasm, known as the nucleus (Fig. 163). In the earlier
stages of the pollen grain there is but one nucleus. The
pollen grain is then an excellent example of the typical
vegetable cell.

226. Cellular structure of plants. — Every plant is made
of minute members, or cells, essentially similar to the

THE FLOWER TL

pollen grain in internal constitution, though of course
not as to form and external appearance. The cells of

vegetable tissue
take on various
shapes. Generally
their duration as
living elements is
limited. The walls
become thickened
and hardened and
remain, after the
death of the cells,
as components of
the plant’s frame-
work (e.g. the fibers
of wood). ‘The
simplest plants
among the crypto-
gams consist of but
a single cell.

227. The pollen
grain a _ plant. —
In truth the pollen
erain itself behaves
lke a simple plant.
For it absorbs water
and nutriment
from the pistil
upon which it is
deposited, and uses
these materials in
growth.

228. Growth is
manifested in two
ways: (1) in the
formation of new
nuclei in the proto-

164. Fertilization of the ovule. The pollen tubes
traverse the loose tissue of the stigma and
style, finally emerging in the cavity of the
ovary. In the figure a tube is represented
as applying itself to the micropyle of an
ovule. This ovule is seen in section, and
shows at the micropylar end the embryo-
sac with several nuclei, one of which takes
part in the formation of the embryo.

plasm ; and (2) in the extension of the wall in a tube

118 THE FLOWER

(Fig. 164). The tube penetrates the tissue of the stigma
and style, and at length reaches the cavity of the ovary,
through which it descends until one of the ovules is
reached. Penetrating the ovule at a certain spot, the
tube comes in contact with the large cell, termed embryo
sac, in which the embryo is to be formed (Fig. 164).

Before this time the original pollen nucleus has given
rise, by division, to several nuclei. One of these nuclei,
which has followed the tube in its descent, now passes
over into the embyro sac and fuses with one of the sev-
eral nuclei to be found there. From the united body so
formed the new plant takes its start. New cells begin
to appear in the embryo sac and the embryo gradually
assumes form. At the same time the whole ovule, and
in fact the entire ovary, begins courses of development
resulting in seed and fruit respectively.

229. While every step of this process—which can be
followed only by aid of the microscope and numerous dis-
sections—may not be entirely clear to the beginner, the
brief account here given should serve to fix in mind the fact
that the pollen and the ovule play very definite and neces-
sary parts in the life of plants; and the conception gained
of the method and results of fertilization, even if some-
what incomplete, will give the flower and its varied forms
an added meaning.

ECOLOGY OF THE FLOWER

230. Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization. — Self-fer-
tilization is the action of a flower’s pollen on its own ovules;
cross- fertilization, on the ovules of some other flower of the
same species.

231. A limited number of plants bear in addition to the
ordinary flowers certain specialized flowers which are fer-
tilized by their own pollen alone. The Violet is one of
these. The vernal flowers are cross-fertilized. Later on
another set, of a different appearance, are produced. The
calyx remains permanently closed, while the corolla is un-
developed. Only two stamens reach maturity, and their

THE FLOWER 119

anthers are pressed against the end of the style. The
pollen grains are few and unusually small. Fertilization
is effected in the closed flowers, and abundant seed results,
the pods seeding far more freely indeed than those of the
ordinary flowers. In some species of Violet, these cleistog-
amous flowers are concealed under the leaves, or are borne
on runners underground.

232. Self-fertilization prevented. — Many flowers are
habitually fertilized either (1) by their own, or (2) by
foreign pollen, — sometimes in one way, sometimes in the
other, as chance decides. In the great majority of flower-
ing plants, however, cross-fertilization is the rule. Self-
fertilization may be absolutely prevented. This must be
the case when the flower bears only pistils (is pistillate),
or stamens (is staminate). Sometimes the staminate and
pistillate flowers are produced on separate individual plants
(when the plants are said to be diwctous) ; sometimes on
the same plant (when the species is moncecious). An
equally sure mode of preventing self-fertilization is seen
where the pistils and stamens, though both present, are
active at different times. This may well be illustrated
by the common Plantain. | The flowers are borne on long
spikes. The unfolding of the flowers “proceeds from
base to apex of the spike in regular order, and rather
slowly. While the anthers are still in the unopened
corolla and on short filaments, the long and slender hairy
stigma projects from the tip and is receiving pollen blown
to it from neighboring plants or spikes: a day or two after-
wards, the corolla opens, the filaments greatly lengthen,
and the four anthers now pendent from them give their
light pollen to the wind; but the stigmas of that flower
and of all below it on that spike are withered or past
receiving pollen.” !

233. When the stamens mature first, as in many flowers,
the condition is termed proterandry. In the opposite case,
proterogyny, which is less usual, the pistils have been fertil-
ized or are no longer receptive by the time the anthers open.

1 Asa Gray, ‘‘ Structural Botany,’’ p. 219.

120

THE FLOWER

234. Agencies and adaptations for intercrossing. — The
agents serving to transport pollen from flower to flower
are wind, water, and small animals (mainly insects).

235. Pollination by wind.— Among the adaptations
displayed by wind-pollinated flowers are to be mentioned
the character and quantity of the pollen produced. Thus

165. A pollen grain of the
Pine, provided with
two air-filled vesi-
cles to give buoyancy
in the air.

the pollen grain of the Pine con-
sists of three compartments, the
two lateral ones empty and serving
as wings. (Fig. 165)2) Phe same
mense abundance of pollen, its
lightness, and its free and far diffu-
sion through the air in Pines, Firs,
and other Conifer, are familiar.
Their pollen fills the air of a forest
during anthesis; and the ‘ showers

of sulphur,’ popularly so-called, the yellow powder which

after a transient shower accumulates as
a scum on the surface of water several
or many miles from the nearest source,
testifies to these particulars.”! All cat-
kin-bearing trees—except Willows —
and most grasses and sedges are wind-
pollinated. The flowers are mostly
dull-colored, odorless, and
destitute of honey. The
stigmas are relatively
prominent and apt to be
plumose (Fig. 166). The
anthers are often poised
on the tip of the filament
167. A versatile (Fig. 167), so that they

soa are shaken by the wind.
As they turn readily in all directions
they are said to be versatile.

236. The pollen of aquatic plants is
sometimes carried from one flower to

166. Plumelike | stig-
mas of a grass.

1 Gray, ‘‘Structural Botany,’’ p. 217.

THE FLOWER 121.

another by the water, or water and wind together ; the
staminate flowers of the fresh-water Eel-grass, for instance,
after being detached from the submerged heads, are driven
like minute rafts before the wind, and collect about the
much larger pistillate flowers on the surface.!

237. A few species of plants are regularly cross-polli-
nated by snails, and
others by birds.

238. Pollination by
insects. — Cross-fertili-
zation in flowering
plants is brought about
_by aid of insects far more
frequently than by all
otheragencies combined:
A few cases will be de-
scribed in some detail.

239. Lady’s Slipper a
(Cypripedium) and the
South American Selent-
pedium, Fig. 168, show
a very perfect mode of
compelling the insects
that visit them to serve
as pollen bearers. One
of the petals is shaped
into a sac, or labellum,
open above and on either 168. Flower of South American Seleni-

ay: - a pedium Schlimii. The dotted lines
side near the base (¢). with arrow tips show the course fol-

The bee alighting on lowed by a visiting bee. In b, the

this labell . aot flower is seen from the side, the

ee OCR Tie scar cn labellum, or saceate petal, being cut

of the honey secreted by open; p, a pollen mass; s, the stigma ;
e, exits.

glandular hairs within,
and entering through the main opening, is prevented by
the incurved edges of the latter, as well as by the depth
of the labellum, from escaping except by one of the two

1 See Kerner and Oliver, ‘‘ Natural History of Plants,’’ Vol. II., p. 132.

122, THE FLOWER

posterior openings, or exits (e). As it emerges through |

this rather narrow portal, it brushes against one of the
pollen masses (p), which adheres to its head or shoulder.
In the next flower visited, the bee in leaving encounters
the stigma (s), and leaves on the surface some of the pollen
brought from the former flower. Finally succeeding in
crawling past this obstacle, it brushes a pollen mass from
this flower, to be carried to the next; and so passes about,
always taking away pollen, but not depositing it upon
the stigma of the same flower.

240. Sage (Salvia, Fig. 1691).— The corolla is two-
lipped, as nearly always in the Mint family, the lower lip
serving as a convenient landing stage for insects, while the
upper, erect and arched, incloses the two anthers (a). The
floweris proterandrous,
and at the period rep-
resented in the figure
the stigma is seen pro-
truding from the upper
lip, its two branches
folded together. The
stamens are inserted
on the sides of the
narrow throat and
are hinged near the
insertion.

169. Mechanism of the flower of Salvia; a,
pollen sacs of the anthers, hidden :
under the upper lip of the corolla; a’, point of
their position when dusting the back

or sides of a bee; c, lobes against
which the bee pushes in thrusting its
head into the throat of the corolla;
Ss, Stigma, immature; s’, stigma when
mature. In A the stamens are seen,
removed from the corolla; /, filament
on which the anther turns.

Each bears a_ projec-
tion (¢) standing out
and partly blocking
the throat. When a
bee pushes its head

into the corolla tube,
these projections are pushed back, and the whole upper
parts of the stamens are rotated on the hinges. The
pollen sacs, heretofore concealed under the hood, are

1 From Miiller’s ‘‘ Fertilization of Flowers,’’ by courtesy of the Macmil-
lan Company, publishers, New York. The book is a valuable reference
work.

THE FLOWER a 43)

brought down into the position a’ and dust the bee’s back
with pollen. When the bee withdraws its head, the
anthers resume their former station. At a later stage,
after the pollen is exhausted or the anther withered, the
stigma becomes receptive. It then occupies the position
s’, and its branches
spread to brush pollen
from the back of a
subsequent visitor.
241. Partridge Ber-
Pye Muirehelia,; hic.
170). — The plant
aon Oil ole i 170. Partridge Berry, with two forms of
a small trailing herb flowers.
with evergreen leaves,
in open woods. The blossoms are of two forms ; namely,
one form (a) with long style and low stamens, the other
(6) with short style and high
stamens (Fig. 171). The sta-
mens of form a are at about
the same level as the stigma
of form 6; and the stamens
of 6 are level with the stigma
of a. An insect brushing the
stamens of 6 with its sides
will subsequently bring these
pollen-dusted sides in contact
171. a, long-styled form; }, short- with the stigma of a. The
styled form, of flowerinthe proboscis of the insect, smeared
Partridge Berry. :
with pollen from the stamens
of a, will leave some of it on the stigma of 6. When
a species of plants bears two sorts of flowers, as regards
the relative lengths of stamens and style, the flowers are
said to be dimorphic. In many dimorphic flowers the pol-
len of a differs in size from that of 6; and neither kind of
pollen is capable of fertilizing the flower that produces it.
242. The opening and closing of flowers, according to
the habits of the insects that pollinate them, — opening by

124 THE FLOWER

day when pollinated by diurnal, at night when by nocturnal,
insects, —may be illustrated from a flower described by
Sir John Lubbock.! It is the Nottingham Catchfly, a
British and European plant related to our Chickweeds
and Pinks. ‘ Each flower lasts three days, or rather three
nights. The stamens are ten in number, arranged in two
sets; the one set standing in front of the sepals, the other
in front of the petals. Like other night flowers, it is
white, and opens toward evening, when it also becomes
very fragrant. ‘The first evening, toward dusk, the five
stamens in front of the sepals grow very rapidly for about
two hours, so that they emerge from the flower; the pollen
ripens, and is exposed by the bursting of the anther. So
the flower remains through the night, very attractive to,
and much visited by, moths. ‘Toward three in the morn-
ing the scent ceases, the anthers begin to shrivel up or
drop off, the filaments turn themselves outward, so as to
be out of the way, while the petals, on the contrary, begin
to roll themselves up, so that by daylight they close the
aperture of the flower, and present only their brownish
green under sides to view; which, moreover, are thrown
into numerous wrinkles. Thus, by the morning’s lght,
the flower has all the appearance of being faded. It has
no smell, and the honey is covered over by the petals.
So it remains all day. Toward evening, however, every-
thing is changed. The petals unfold themselves; by eight
o'clock the flower is as fragrant as before, the second set
of stamens have rapidly grown, their anthers are open,
and the pollen again exposed. By morning the flower is
again ‘asleep,’ the anthers are shriveled, the scent has
ceased, and the petals rolled up as before. The third
evening, again the same process occurs, but this time it
is the pistil which grows: the long spiral stigmas on the
third evening take the position which on the previous
two had been occupied by anthers, and can hardly fail to
be dusted by moths with pollen brought from another
flower.”
1 Lubbock, ‘‘ Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves,’’ Macmillan, 1894, p. 40.

a

THE FLOWER 135

243. The object of the insects’ visits is usually a
sweetish liquid, the nectar secreted by glands — commonly
in the forms of swellings of the tissue of the receptacle —
at the base of the flower. These are the nectaries. In
flowers with spurred petals, ike the Columbine, the nectar
is secreted at the end of the spur, whence it can be sucked
up only by the long-tongued insects, which are the most
effective in transferring the pollen of these plants.

244. In addition to nectar, the pollen itself, a highly
nutritious product, is sought by many insects.

245. Protection of the nectar. —Such a desirable food
as the nectar is sure to be attractive to insects which, by
reason of their size or habits, are not hkely to make any
return of service to the plant. Ants, for instance, travel
all over the herbage in the vicinity of their nests in search
of food. Happening upon the wells of honey within the
flower, they would drink their fill, and perhaps bring their
fellow-ants to the place, as their custom is, with the result
that the flower would be drained of its nectar; but these
visitors would be too small, in the case of many flowers,
to brush the pollen from the tall stalked stamens, or de-
posit it on the stigma at the summit of the lengthened style.
And, further, even were it possible for transference to be
made by the adherence of the pollen to the bodies of the ants,
the slow movements of these insects, their short-sightedness
and blind wanderings, and their indiscriminate visiting of
all sorts of plants would make them unprofitable carriers,
as regards any one vegetable species, when compared with
swift-flying, long-sighted, and often times discriminating
insects like the various bees, butterflies, and moths.

246. Consequently, very many flowers are fortified
against the invasions of the ants—and other undesirable
visitors. One of the common and effective methods of
defense is a coating of downward-pointing, or in cases
sticky, hairs on the flower stalk or on the calyx. In
some instances the secretion from the hairs not only pre-
vents insects from going farther up the stalk, but holds
any trespasser firmly, so causing its death.

126 THE FLOWER

247. The protection of the nectar from rain is effected
sometimes by the habitually drooping attitude of the

172. Two of the florets in a head of Dandelion
(diagrammatic).

flower, sometimes
by the bending or
bowing of the
flower stalk on the
approach of rain,
sometimes by some
special construc-
tion of the flower.

248. The group-
ing of flowers in a
specialized part of
the shoot in a man-

ner likely to secure the attention of insects, and so lead
to the process of cross-fertilization, should be noted. The
Dandelion (Fig. 172) and the Jack-in-the-pulpit (Fig. 173)

may be taken as illustrations. In
both these cases clusters of flowers
are commonly mistaken for single
flowers. The apparent “petals” of
the Dandelion head are the several
separate corollas of as many small
flowers or florets. On close examina-
tion each of these florets is seen to
possess its own two-parted stigma,
and andreecium of five stamens united
around the style. What might pass
at a casual glance for a calyx, sur-
rounding the whole head, is a collec-
tion of subtending leaves (bracts)
serving to protect the bud.

249. In the Jack -in-the- pulpit
(Fig. 173), a fleshy spike of small
flowers (termed a spadix) is sur-
rounded and overarched by a single

173. Inflorescence of the
Jack-in-the-pulpit.
The bract (spathe)
partly cut away
below to show the
fleshy spike (spa-
dix) of flowers
which it surrounds.

more or less striped or colored bract (termed in such

a case a spathe).

——————— a ite

THE FLOWER T37

250. In both these cases, and countless others, the inflo-
rescence — mode of arrangement of the flowers — is deter-
mined by the need of cross-fertilization.

EFFECT OF CROSSING

251. The arrangements for cross-fertilization are ex-
tremely varied and in many cases extraordinarily compli-
cated. It could not well be doubted that such elaboration
has been evolved because some important benefit is derived
from intercrossing. And experiment goes to show that
this is actually the case. When seeds derived from both
self-fertilization and cross-fertilization of the same plant are
grown side by side, the offspring of cross-fertilization gen-
erally outstrips that produced by self-fertilization. In
spite of the fact that a small number of species are propa-
gated indefinitely without intercrossing (seedless plants,
reproduced vegetatively), and as far as is known without
harmful results, the important truth remains that dnter-
crossing is a means of giving increased vigor to seedlings.

Supplementary Reading

1. Adaptations for Securing Intercrossing. Gray’s “Structural
Botany,” p. 220 and following.

2. The Pollination of Orchids. C. M. Weed’s “Ten New England
Blossoms,” Nos. VI. and VII.

3. “The Mayflower.” Same source, No. II.

4. The Industriousness of Bees, and the Perception of Color by
Insects. Sir John Lubbock’s “ Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves,” pp. 11-14.

Supplementary Studies: Fieldwork on the Ecology
of the Flower

252. The account of adaptations to secure cross-fertilization given in
this chapter is necessarily brief, hardly more than suggesting some general
principles. Subjects not touched, but well worth study in the field, are:
Attraction of Insects () by colors, (b) by grouping flowers, (c) by scent ;
Opening of Flowers at special times to receive special classes of insects ;
Guides to Honey, (a) spots and streaks, (b) conformation of floral parts ;
Reward to Insects, (a) honey and sap (with distribution and form of
secreting organs), (b) pollen, (¢) edible tissue, (d} shelter; Dusting the
Insect, (a) by irritable stamens (Barberry), (6) by springing stamens

128 THE FLOWER

(Mountain Laurel), (c) by explosion ; Movement of Stamens and Style,
(a) to avoid, (b) to secure self-fertilization ; Protection of Pollen and
Honey, (a) against unwelcome visitors, (b) against weather, (1) by shape
and position of the flower, (2) by bowing of the flower stem at times.
This outline will serve as a working basis, which may be extended to
include cases that arise in actual observation.

TERMINOLOGY OF THE FLOWER

[Inserted for the use of classes that are to take up the determination of
flowering plants. |

For the student who is preparing to study Systematic Botany, a
knowledge of the descriptive terms applied to the parts of the flower
and the inflorescence is indispensable. The relationships of plants
are more easily studied in their flowers than in the vegetative parts,
because in the flower there are brought together in small compass so
many sharply marked and readily described characteristics, varying
slowly, for the most part, through wide ranges of related plants.
Descriptions written to enable one to determine the names of the
plants that he collects are accordingly based very largely on the
flower. Many of the more usual terms —not already given— are now
to be explained.

253. Terms relating to the general plan of the flower. Flowers
are said to be: —

Perfect (hermaphrodite) when provided with both kinds of essential
organs, 7.e., with both stamens and pistils.

Complete, when, besides, they have the two sets of floral envelopes ;
namely, calyx and corolla. Such are completely furnished with all
that belongs to a flower.

Regular or actinomorphic, when all the parts of each set are alike in
shape and size. Flowers of this type can be divided by at least two
planes into equal and symmetrical
parts.

Imperfect, or better, unisexual,
SS= flowers, in which some flowers lack
the stamens, others the pistils.
Taking hermaphrodite flowers as
the pattern, it is natural to say that
the missing organs are suppressed.
This expression is justified in the
very numerous cases in which the
missing parts are abortive, that is,
are represented by rudiments or
6 vestiges, which serve to exemplify
174. Unisexual flowers of the Castor B

Oil plant ; p, pistillate, s, stam- the plan, although useless as to
inate flowers. office. Unisexual flowers are : —

———

El ——————

THE FLOWER 129

Monecious (i.e., of one household), when flowers of both sorts or
sexes are produced by the same individual plant, as in the Ricinus or
Castor Oil plant (Fig. 174).

Diecious (i.e., of separate households),
when the two kinds are borne on different
plants; as in Willows, Poplars, and Moon-
seed (Fig. 175).

Polygamous, when the flowers are some of
them perfect, and some staminate or pistil-
late only.

254. A blossom having stamens and no
pistil is a staminate or male flower. Sometimes it is called a sterile
flower, not appropriately, for other flowers may equally be sterile.
One having pistil but no stamens is a pistillate or female flower.

255. Incomplete flowers are so named in con-
tradistinction to complete: they
want either one or both of the
floral envelopes. Those of the
Anemone (Fig. 176) are incom-
plete, having calyx but no corolla.
The sepals, however, are highly col-
ored and petal-like. The flowers
of Saururus or Lizard’s tail, although perfect,
have neither calyx nor corolla (Fig. 177). Incomplete flowers, accord-
ingly, are: —

Naked or achlamydeous, destitute of both floral envelopes, as in
Fig. 177, or—

Apetalous, when wanting only
the corolla. The case of corolla
present and calyx wholly wanting
is extremely rare, although there
are seeming instances. In fact, a
single or simple perianth is taken
to be a calyx, unless the absence
or abortion of a calyx can be
made evident.

256. In contradistinction to
regular and symmetrical, very
many flowers are :—

Trregular, that is, with the mem-
bers of some or all of the floral
circles unequal or dissimilar. <A
special and important case of floral

175. Unisexual flowers of
Moonseed, borne on
different plants.

177

181

178, 179. Mustard: 178, flower; 179,
its stamens and pistil separate
and enlarged.

180, 181. Violet: 180, flower; 181, its
calyx and corolla displayed; the
five smaller parts are the sepals;

the five intervening larger ones
are the petals.

OUT. OF BOT. —9

irregularity is shown by —
Zygomorphic flowers which, like

130 THE FLOWER

most of those in the Pulse and Mint families, can be divided by one
and only one plane into two equal parts.

257. The relation of the perianth and stamens to the pistil is ex-
pressed by the terms hypogynous (i.e. under the pistil), when they are
all free, that is, not adnate to pistil or united with each other, as in
Fig. 182.

Perigynous (around the pistil), when adnate to each other, that
is, when petals and stamens are inserted or borne on the calyx, whether

157

as in Cherry flowers (Fig. 183) they are free from the pistil, or as in
Purslane and Hawthorn (Figs. 184, 185) they are also adnate below to
the ovary.

Epigynous (on the ovary), when so adnate that all these parts appear
to arise from the very summit of the ovary, as in Fig. 186. The last
two terms are not very definitely distinguished.

258. Position of the parts of the flower.— The terms superior and
inferior, or upper and lower, are also used to indicate the relative
position of the parts of a flower in reference to the axis of inflores-
cence. An axillary flower stands between the bract or leaf which
subtends it and the axis or stem which bears this bract or leaf. This
is represented in sectional diagrams (as in Figs. 187, 188) by a trans-
verse line for the bract, and a small circle for the axis of inflorescence.

THE FLOWER Tot

Now the side of the blossom which faces the bract is the anterior, or
inferior, or lower side; while the side next the axis is the posterior,
or superior, or upper side of the flower.

259. So, in the labiate corolla (Figs. 198, 200),
the lip which is composed of three of the five
petals is the anterior, or inferior, or lower lip; the
other is the posterior, or superior, or upper lip.

260. Terms applicable to corolla and calyx. —
Gamopetalous, said of a corolla the petals of which
are coalescent into one body, whether only at base
or higher. The union may extend to the very
summit as in Morning Glory, the Datura (Fig.
189), and the like, so that the number of petals
in it may not be apparent. The old name for
this was monopetalous, but that means “one-
petaled”; while gamopetalous means “ petals |
united,” and therefore is the proper term. 189

Polypetalous is the counterpart term, to denote
a corolla of distinct, that is, separate petals. As it means “ many-
petaled,” it is not the best possible name, but it is the old one and
in almost universal use.

Gamosepalous applies to the calyx when the sepals are in this way
united.

Polysepalous, to the calyx when of separate sepals.

261. Degree of union or of separation in descriptive botany is ex-
pressed in the same way as is the lobing of leaves. See Figs. 116-123,
and the explanations.

262. A corolla when
gamopetalous commonly
shows a distinction (well
marked in Figs. 191-
193) between a_con-
tracted tubular portion
below, the TuBE, and the
spreading part above,
the Borper or Lims. The junction between tube and limb, or a
more or less enlarged upper portion of the tube between the two,
is the THroat. The same is true of the calyx.

263. Some names are given to particular forms of the gamopeta-
lous corolla, applicable also to a gamosepalous calyx. such as

Wheel-shaped, or rotate, when spreading
out at once, without a tube or with a very short
one, something in the shape of a wheel or of
its diverging spokes (Figs. 194, 195).

Salver-shaped, or salver-formed, when a flat-

132 THE FLOWER

spreading border is raised on a narrow tube, from which it diverges
at right angles, like the
salver represented in old
pictures, with a slender
handle beneath (Figs.
191-195, 197).
Bell-shaped, or cam-
panulate, where a short
and broad tube widens
upward, in the shape of a

196 197
196-200. Corollas : 196, a Campanula or Hare- bell, as in Fig. 196.
bell, with a campanulate or bell-shaped
corolla; 197, a Phlox, with salver-shaped
corolla; 198, Dead Nettle (Lamium), with Sunnel-form, gradually
labiate ringent (or gaping) corolla; 199, spreading at the summit

Funnel - shaped, or

Snapdragon, with labiate _bersonate Lo: of a tube which is narrow
rolla; 200, Toadflax, with a similar :
corolla spurred at the base. below, in the shape of

a funnel or tunnel, as
in the corolla of the common Morning Glory and of the Datura
(Fig. 189).

Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, with
little or no spreading at the border, as in the
calyx of Datura (Fig. 189).

264. Although sepals and petals are
usually all blade or lamina, like a sessile
leaf, yet they may have a contracted and
stalklike base, answering to petiole. This is
called CLaw, in Latin unguis. Unguiculate
petals are universal and strongly marked
in the Pink tribe, as in Soapwort (Fig.
190).

265. Such petals, and various others, may 991 999 Crowns: 201, un-

have an outgrowth of the inner face into an euiculate (clawed)
appendage or fringe, as in Soapwort, and in petal of a Silene;
Silene (Fig. 201), where it is at the junction with a two-parted
ey This ; Tedeonc crown; 202, a small
of claw and blade. is is called a CRown, Passion Floweél
or corona. In Passion Flowers (Fig. 202) with crown of slen-
the crown consists of numerous threads on der threads.

the base of each petal.

266. Papilionaceous corolla (Figs. 203, 204).— This is polypetalous,
except that two of the petals cohere, usually but slightly. It belongs
only to the Leguminous or Pulse family. The name means butter-
flylike; but the likeness is hardly obvious. The names of the five petals
of the papilionaceous corolla are curiously incongruous. They are,

The STANDARD or banner (vexillum), the large upper petal which is
external in the bud and wrapped around the others.

THE FLOWER

133

The WriNGs (ale), the pair of side petals, of quite different shape

from the standard.

The KEEL (carina), the two lower and
usually smallest petals; these are lightly coa-
lescent into a body which bears some likeness,
not to the keel, but to the prow of a boat; and
this incloses the stamens and pistil. A Pea
blossom is a typical example.

267. Labiate corolla (Figs. 198-200), which
would more properly have been called bilabiate,
that is, two-lipped. This is a common form
of gamopetalous corolla; and the calyx is
often bilabiate also. These flowers are all on
the plan of five; and the irregularity in the
corolla is owing to unequal union of the petals
as well as to diversity of form. The two
petals of the upper or posterior side of the
flower unite with each other higher up than
with the lateral petals (in Fig. 198, quite to
the top), forming the upper lip; the lateral
and the lower similarly unite to form the lower
lip. The single notch which is generally found
at the summit of the upper lip, and the two
notches of the lower lip, or in other words the
two lobes of the upper and the three of the
lower lip, reveal the real composition. So also

204

203, 204. A papilionace-
ous corolla: 203,
front view; 204, the
parts of the same
displayed: s, stand-
ard, or vexillum;
w, wings, or ale;
k, keel, or carina.

does the alternation of these five parts with those of the calyx outside.
When the calyx is also bilabiate, as in the Sage, this alternation gives
three lobes or sepals to the upper and two to the lower lip. Two
forms of the labiate corolla have been designated, viz. : —
Ringent or gaping, when the orifice is wide open (Fig. 198).
Personate or masked, when a protuberance or intrusion of the base
of the lower lip (called a palate) projects over or closes the orifice,
as in Snapdragon and Toadflax (Figs.

199-200).

268. Ligulate corolla.— The ligu-
late or strap-shaped corolla mainly

belongs to the family of Composite,
in which numerous small flowers are
gathered into a head, within an involucre
that imitates a calyx. It is well exem-
plified in the Dandelion and in Chiccory
(Fig. 205). Each one of these straps or
ligules, looking like so many petals, is

the corolla of a distinct flower: the base is a short tube, which opens

134 THE FLOWER

out into the ligule; the five minute teeth at the end indicate the
number of constituent petals. So this is a kind of gamopetalous
corolla, which is open along one side nearly to the base, and outspread.

269. In Asters, Daisies, Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 206), and the
like, only the marginal (or ray) co-
rollas are ligulate; the rest (those
of the disk) are regularly gamo-
petalous, tubular, and five-lobed
at summit; but they are small
and individually inconspicuous, —
206. A slice of the Coreopsis head only the ray flowers making a

enlarged, with one tubular per- © show. In fact, those of Coreopsis
fect flower (a) left standing

on the receptacle, with its 04 of Sunflower are simply for
bractlet or chaff (b), one ligu- show, these ray flowers being not
late and neutral ray flower, only sterile, but neutral, that is,
and part of another (cc); dd, yoving neither stamens nor pistil.
section of bracts or leaves of 2
the anvolucre. But in Asters, Daisies, Golden-
rods, and the like, these ray flowers
are pistillate and fertile, serving therefore for seed bearing as well
as for show.

270. The Stamens. — First as regards their insertion, or place of
attachment.

The stamens usually go with the petals rather than with the pistil,
when adherent to either. Not rarely they are

Epipetalous, that is, inserted on (or adnate to) the corolla, as
in Fig. 171. When free from the corolla, they may be

Hypogynous, inserted on the receptacle under
the pistil or gyncecium.

Perigynous, inserted on the calyx, that is,
with the lower part of filament adnate to the
calyx tube.

Epigynous, borne apparently on the top of the
ovary; all which is shown in Figs. 182-186.

Gynandrous is another term relating to inser- 997, Style of a Lady’s

tion of rarer occurrence, that is, where the sta-
mens are inserted on (in other words, adnate to)
the style, as in Lady’s Slipper (Fig. 207), and in
the Orchis family generally.

271. In relation to each other, stamens are
more commonly

Distinct, that is, without any union with each
other. But when united, the following tech-
nical terms of long use indicate their modes of
mutual connection :—

Monadelphous (from two Greek words, mean-

Slipper Cypri-
pedium), and
stamens united
with it: @,.@,
the anthers of
the two good
stamens; sf,an
abortive sta-
men, what
should be _ its
anther changed
into a petal-like
body; stig, the
stigma.

THE FLOWER t30

ing “in one brotherhood’), when united by their filaments into one
set, usually into a ring or cup below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow
family (Fig. 208), the Passion Flower (Fig. 202), and the Lupine
(Fig. 210).

Diadelphous (meaning in two brother-
hoods), when united by the filaments into
two sets, as in the Pea and most of its near
relatives (Fig. 209), usually nine in one set,
and one in the other.

Triadelphous (three brotherhoods), when }
the filaments are united in three sets or 49 506
clusters, as in most species of Hypericum.

Pentadelphous (five brotherhoods), when in five sets, as in some
species of Hypericum and in American Linden.

Polyadelphous (many or several brotherhoods) is the term generally
employed when these sets are several, or even more than two, and the
particular number is left unspecified. These terms all relate to the
filaments,

Syngenesious is the term to denote that stamens have their anthers
united, coalescent into a ring or tube; as in Lobelia, in Violets, and
in all of the great family of Composite (Fig. 211).

272. Their number in a flower is commonly expressed directly, but
sometimes adjectively, by a series of terms which were the names of
classes in the Linnean artificial system, of which the following names,
as also the preceding, are a survival :—

Monandrous, i.e. solitary-stamened, when the flower has only
one stamen,

Diandrous, when it has two stamens only,

Triandrous, when it has three stamens; and so on.

O11 Didynamous, when, being only four, they form two pairs,
one pair longer than the other, as in the Trumpet Creeper,
in Gerardia, ete.

Tetradynamous, when, being only six, four of them surpass the other
two, as in the Mustard flower and most of the Cruciferous Family
Clie. 179).

273. The Anther is said to be

Innate (as in Fig. 212), when it is attached
by its base to the very apex of the filament,
turning neither inward nor outward;

Adnate (as in Fig. 215), when attached as
it were by one face, usually for its whole length,
to the side of a continuation of the filament; and

Versatile (as in Fig. 214), when fixed by or
near its middle only to the very point of the filament, so as to swing
loosely, as in the Lily, in Grasses, etc. Versatile or adnate anthers are

212 213

136 THE FLOWER

Introrse, or incumbent, when facing inward, that is, toward the
center of the flower, as in Magnolia, Water Lily,
ete. .

Extrorse, when facing outward, as in the
Tulip Tree.

274. Anthers may become one-celled either by
confluence or by suppression.

275. By confluence, when the two cells run
together into one, as they nearly do in most
species of Pentstemon (Fig. 216), more so in Monarda (Fig. 219),
and completely in the Mallow (Fig. 217) and all the Mallow family.

276. By suppression in certain cases the anther may be reduced to
one cell or halved. In Globe Amaranth (Fig. 218) there is a
single cell without vestige of any other. Different species
of Sage and of the White Sages of California show various
grades of abortion of one of the anther cells, along with a
singular lengthening of the connective (Figs. 220-224).

215 216 217 218

nt
Bees

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LO
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Q

Ny
MI

yee?
142
aD
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e,

219 220 921 9299 293 294 Pig

225, 226. Pollinia: 225, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed (Asclepias) attached
by stalks to a gland; moderately magnified; 226, pollinium of an
Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalk attached to a sticky gland, mag-
nified ; each of the packets or partial pollinia of which it is made up
is composed of a large number of pollen grains.

Pollinia. — In Milkweeds and in most Orchids all the pollen of an
anther cell is compacted or coherent into one mass, called a pollen
mass, or PoLLinium, plural PoLuinta (Figs. 225, 226).

The Ovule

277. Ovule (from the Latin, meaning a little egg) is the technical
name of that which in the flower answers to and becomes the seed.

278. Ovules are naked in gymnospermous plants (as above de-
scribed); in all others they are inclosed in the ovary. They may be
produced along the whole length of the cell or cells of the ovary, and
then they are apt to be numerous; or only from some part of it, gen-
erally the top or the bottom. In this case they are usually few
single (solitary, as in Figs. 228-230). They may be sessile, Le. without

THE FLOWER sha

stalk, or they may be attached by a distinct stalk, the FunrcLE or
Funicutus (Fig. 227).

230

227-230. Ovules: 227, a cluster of ovules, pendulous on their funicles; 228,
section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending
ovule; 229, section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule;
230, section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule.

279. In structure an ovule is a pulpy mass of tissue, usually with
one or two coats or coverings. The following parts are to be noted;
Viz. : —

KERNEL or NuceE.tuvus, the body of the
ovule. In the Mistletoe and some related
plants, there is only this nucellus, the coats
being wanting.

TEGUMENTS, or coats, sometimes only one,
more commonly two, an outer and an inner

one. 231. Longitudinal section of
ORIFICE, or FORAMEN, an_ opening an ovule enlarged,
through the coats at the organic apex of the showing the parts:
1 Teh ae Ne ei Aete a, outer coat; 0,
ovule. n tne seed it 18 micropyle. inner coat; ¢c, nu-
CHALAZA, the place where the coats and cellus ; d, raphe.
the kernel of the ovule blend.
Hitvm, the place of junction of the funiculus with the body of the
ovule.
280. The Kinds of Ovules.— The ovules in their growth develop in

three or four different ways, and thereby are distinguished into

ores A h cate ee

232 233 254 235

232-235. Ovules: 232, orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat: c, hilum and cha-
laza; f, orifice; 233, campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed: c, hilum
and chalaza; /, orifice; 234, amphitropous ovule of Mallow: f, orifice ;
h, hilum; 7, raphe; c, chalaza; 235, anatropous ovule of a Violet; the
parts lettered as in the last.

Orthotropous, or straight, those which develop without curving or
turning, as in Fig. 232. The chalaza is at the insertion or base; the

138 THE FLOWER

foramen or orifice is at the apex. This is the simplest, but the least
common, kind of ovule.

Campylotropous, or incurved, in which, by the greater growth of one
side, the ovule curves into a kidney-shaped outline, so bringing the
orifice down close to the base or chalaza; as in Fig. 233.

Amphitropous, or half-inverted, Fig. 234. Here the forming ovule,
instead of curving perceptibly, keeps its axis nearly straight, and, as
it grows, turns round upon its base so far as to become transverse to
its funiculus, and adnate to its upper part for some distance. There-
fore in this case the attachment of the funiculus or stalk is about the
middle, the chalaza is at one end, the orifice at the other.

Anatropous, or inverted, as in Fig. 235, the commonest kind, so
called because in its growth it has as it were turned over upon its
stalk, to which it has continued adnate, the attached portions of the
stalk being known as the raphe. The organic base, or chalaza, thus
becomes the apparent summit.

Arrangement of Parts in the Bud

281. Zstivation was the fanciful name given by Linneus to denote
the disposition of the parts, especially the leaves of the flower, before
anthesis, i.e. before the blossom opens. Preefloration, a better term, is
sometimes used. This is of importance in distinguishing different
families or genera of plants, being generally uniform in each. The
eestivation is best seen by making a slice across the flower bud ; and
it may be expressed in diagrams, as in the accompanying figures.

a
:@

236 237 238 239

282. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each
other in the bud, or they do not. When they do not overlap, the
zstivation is

Valvate, when the pieces meet each other by their abrupt edges,
without any infolding or overlapping, as in the calyx of the Linden or
Basswood (Fig. 236). ©

Induplicate, which is valvate with the margins of each piece project-
ing inwards, as in the calyx of acommon Virgin’s-bower (Fig. 238), or

Involute, which is the same, but with the margins rolled inward,
as in most of the large-flowered species of Clematis (Fig. 239).

Reduplicate, a rarer modification of valvate, is similar, but with
margins projecting outward.

Open, the parts not touching in the bud, as the calyx of Mignonette.

THE FLOWER 139

283. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it is in one of two ways;
either every piece has one edge in and one edge out, or some pieces
are wholly outside and others wholly inside. In the first case the
estivation is

Convolute, also named contorted or twisted, as in Fig. 240, a cross
section of a corolla very strongly thus convolute or rolled up to-
gether. Here one edge of every petal covers the next before it, while
its other edge is covered by the next behind it. The other mode
is the

Imbricate, or imbricated, in which the outer parts cover or overlap
the inner so as to “break joints,” like tiles or shingles on a roof;
whence the name (Fig. 237).

284. The imbricate and the convolute modes sometimes vary one
into the other, especially in the corolla. |

285. In a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalous calyx, the shape
of the tube in the bud may sometimes be noticeable. It may be

Plicate, or plaited, that is, folded lengthwise; and the plaits may
either be turned outward, forming projecting ridges, as in the
corolla of Campanula; or turned inward, as in that of Gentian
or of Belladonna.

Position and Arrangement of Flowers, or Inflorescence

286. Inflorescence, which is the name used by Linnzus to sig-
nify mode of flower arrangement, is of three classes; namely, inde-
terminate, when the flowers are in the axils of the leaves, that is,
are from axillary buds; determinate, when they are from terminal
buds, and so terminate a stem or branch; and mized, when these two
are combined.

287. Indeterminate, or indefinite,
Inflorescence is so named because, as
the flowers all come from axillary buds,
the terminal bud may keep on grow-
ing and prolong the stem indefinitely.
This is so in Moneywort (Fig. 241).

288. When flowers thus arise singly from the axils of ordinary
leaves, they are azillary and solitary, not collected into flower clusters.

289. But when several or many flowers are produced near each
other, the accompanying leaves are apt to be of smaller size, or of
different shape or character: then they are called Bracts, and the
flowers thus brought together form a cluster. The kinds of flower
clusters of the indeterminate class have received distinct names, ac-
cording to their form and disposition. They are principally raceme,
corymb, umbel, spike, head, spadix, catkin, and panicle.

290. In defining these it will be necessary to use some of the fol-
lowing terms of descriptive botany which relate to inflorescence. If a

140 THE FLOWER

flower is stalkless, i.e. sits directly in the axil or other support, it is said
to be sessile. If raised on a naked stalk of its own (as in Fig. 241), it
is pedunculate, and the stalk is a PEDUNCLE.

291. A peduncle on which a flower cluster is raised is a common
peduncle. That which supports each separate flower of the cluster is a
partial peduncle, and is generally called the PepiceL. The portion
of the general stalk along which flowers are disposed is called the
axis of inflorescence, or, when covered with sessile flowers, the rachis
(backbone), and sometimes the receptacle. The leaves of a flower
cluster generally are termed Bracts. But when bracts of different
orders are to be distinguished, those on the common peduncle or axis,
and with a flower in their axil, keep the name of bracts; and those
on the pedicels or partial flower stalks, if any, that of BRACTLETS.

292. A Raceme (Fig. 242) is that form of flower cluster in which
the flowers, each on its own foot stalk or pedicel, are arranged along
the sides of a common stalk or axis of inflorescence; as in the Lily
of the Valley, Currant,
Barberry, one section of
Cherry, etc. Each flower
comes from the axil of a
small leaf, or bract, which,
however, is often so small
that it might escape notice,
244 and even sometimes (as in

the Mustard family) dis-
appears altogether. The lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course
the oldest, and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is
ascending. The summit never being stopped by a terminal flower,
may go on to grow, and often does so (as in the common Shep-
herd’s Purse), producing lateral flowers one after another for many
weeks.

293. A Corymb (Fig. 243) is the same as a raceme, except that it
is flat and broad, either convex, or level-topped. That is, a raceme
becomes a corymb by lengthening the lower pedicels, while the upper-
most remain shorter. The axis of a corymb is short in proportion to
the lower pedicels. By extreme shortening of the axis the corymb
may be converted into

294. An Umbel (Fig. 244), as in the Milkweed, a sort of flower
cluster where the pedicels all spring apparently from the same point,
from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble, when spreading, the
rays of an umbrella; whence the name. Here the pedicels are some-
times called the rays of the umbel. And the bracts, when brought
in this way into a cluster or circle, form what is called an INVOLUCRE.

295. The corymb and the umbel being more or less level-topped,
bringing the flowers into a horizontal plane or a convex form, the

POV NO were
Ww WV

Wo x a y Nyy YY
\ \ S é \

|

—

THE FLOWER rahi

ascending order of development appears as centripetal. That is, the
flowering proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly toward
the center; the lower flowers of the former answering to the outer

ones of the latter.

296. In these three kinds of flower clusters, the flowers &
are raised on conspicuous pedicels or stalks of their own. ‘
The shortening of these pedicels, so as to render the flowers
sessile or nearly so, converts a raceme into a spike, and a
corymb or an umbel into a head.

297. A Spike is a flower cluster with a more or less
lengthened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or nearly
so; as in the Plantain (Fig. 245).

246

298. A Head is a round or round-
ish cluster of flowers, which are sessile
on a very short axis or receptacle, as
in the Buttonball, Buttonbush (Fig.
246), and Red Clover. It is just what a spike
would become if its axis were shortened ; or an
umbel, if its pedicels were all shortened until
the flowers became sessile. The head of the
Buttonbush is naked; but that of the Thistle,
of the Dandelion, and the like, is surrounded
by empty bracts, which form an involucre. Two

particular forms of the spike and the head have received particular
names; namely, the spadiz and the catkin.

299. A Spadix is a fleshy spike or head, with small

and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, Indian Tur-
nip (Fig. 173), Sweet Flag, ete. It is commonly sur-
rounded or embraced by a peculiar enveloping leaf,
called a SPATHE. .«

300. A Catkin, or ament, is the name given to the
scaly sort of spike of the Birch (Fig. 247) and Alder,
the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of flower clusters
of the Oak, Hickory, and the lke,—the so-called amen-
taceous trees.

301. Compound flower clusters
of these kinds are not uncommon.
When the stalks which in the
simple umbel are the pedicels of

247

single flowers themselves branch into an umbel,
a compound umbel is formed. This is the inflor-
escence of Caraway (Fig. 248), Parsnip, and

almost all of the great family of umbelliferous (umbel-bearing)

plants.

The secondary or partial umbels of a compound umbel are

142 THE FLOWER

Umpewiets. When the umbellets are subtended by an involucre,
this secondary involucre is called an INVOLUCEL.

302. A compound raceme is a cluster of racemes racemosely ar-
ranged, as in Smilacina racemosa. A compound corymb is a corymb,
some branches of which branch again in the same way,
as in Mountain Ash. <A compound spike is a spicately
disposed cluster of spikes.

303. A Panicle, such as that of Oats and many
Grasses, is a compound flower cluster of a more or less
open sort which branches with apparent irregularity,
neither into corymbs nor racemes. Figure 249 repre-
sents the simplest panicle. It is, as it were, a raceme
of which some of the pedicels have branched so as to
bear a few flowers on pedicels of their own, while
others remain simple. A compound panicle is one that
branches in this way again and again.

304. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the
flowers are from terminal buds. The simplest case is
that of a solitary terminal flower, as in Fig. 250. ‘This
stops the growth of the stem; for its terminal bud,
becoming a blossom, can no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf
bud. Any further growth must be from axillary buds developing
into branches. If such branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated
by single blossoms, the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at
the summit of stem and branches. But if the flowermg branches
bear only bracts in place of ordinary leaves, the result is the kind of
flower cluster called

305. A Cyme. — This is commonly a flat-topped or convex flower
cluster, like a corymb, except that the blossoms are from terminal
buds. Figure 251 illustrates the simplest cyme in a plant with opposite
leaves; namely, with three flowers. The middle flower, a, terminates
the stem; the two others, bb, terminate branches, one from the axil
of each of the uppermost ee

ye) )

6 Cc

leaves; and being later than i)
the middle one, the flowering
proceeds from the center out-

ward, or is centrifugal. This ¥
is the opposite of the indeter- SI
minate mode, or that where all
the flower buds are axillary.
If flowering branches appear from the axils below, the lower ones are
the later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrifugal or,
which is the same thing, descending, as in Fig. 253, making a sort
of reversed raceme or false raceme,—a kind of cluster which is to
the true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb.

252

THE FLOWER 143

306. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced
from their axils and appear as flowers. Figure 252 represents the case
where the branches, bb, of Fig. 251, each with a pair of small leaves
or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and produced the
branchlets and flowers, cc,on each side. It is the continued repetition
of this which forms the full or compound cyme,
such as that of the Hobblebush, Dogwood, and Dh »,
Hydrangea. i

307. A Fascicle (meaning a bundle), like that
of the Sweet William and Lychnis of the gardens,
is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded
together.

308. A Glomerule is a cyme still more com-
pacted, so as to imitate a head. It may be known
from a true head by the flowers not expanding
centripetally; that is, not from the circumfercnce
toward the center.

Y
\

>

253. Diagram of a
simple cyme

309. Scorpioid or Helicoid Cymes, of various in which the
sorts, are forms of determinate inflorescence (often AXIS aa
i: Dee : ens, so as to
puzzling to the student) in which one-half of the inkothetoue
ramification fails to appear. So that they may of a raceme.

be called incomplete cymes. The commoner forms

may be understood by comparing a complete cyme, like that of
Fig. 252, with Fig. 254, the diagram of a cyme of an opposite-leaved
plant, having a series of terminal flowers
and the axis continued by the development
of a branch in the axil of only one of the
leaves at each node. The dotted lines on
the left indicate the place of the wanting
branches, which if present would convert
this scorpioid cyme into the complete one
of Fig. 252. Figure 254a is a diagram

O54 954 a of similar inflorescence with alternate

leaves. An axis made up in this way of a
succession of branches is termed a sympodium.

310. Mixed Inflorescence is that in which the two plans are mixed
or combined in compound clusters. A mized panicle is one in which,
while the primary ramification is of the indeterminate order, the
secondary or ultimate is wholly or partly of the determinate order. A
contracted or elongated inflorescence of this sort is called a THyrsus.
Lilac and Horse-chestnut afford common examples of mixed inflores-
cence of this Sort. When loose and open such flower clusters are called
by the general name of panicles. The heads of Composite are cen-
tripetal ; but the branches or peduncles which bear the heads are
usually of centrifugal order.

144 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FRUIT

XIII. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FRUIT

The whole purpose of the fruit is embodied in the seed.
The portion external to the seed is important in the hfe
history of the plant only as it ministers to the maturing,
preservation, transporting, or planting of the germ. The
ways in which the character of the exterior parts of the
fruit affects the destiny of the seed will be studied after
the general structure of fruits has been examined.

The studies of the first Exercise have to do with the
parts of the fruit external to the seed; the second
Exercise is concerned with the seed itself ; and the third,
with dissemination.

EXERCISE XXXV. FLORAL ORGANS INVOLVED IN THE FRUIT

Wild Indigo. — Notice the base and the slender termination of the
pod. What was this termination in the flower? What still surrounds
the pod stalk? Can you discover any marks of other organs, now
fallen away? Open the pod: where are the seeds attached? Pod and
seeds are the ripened forms of what members of the flower? How
many carpels in this fruit? The ripened ovary is termed the pericarp.

Violet. — After examining all exterior features, cut a cross section.
With the lens, and by trying the seeds with a needle, find the places
of attachment. How many placente? Of how many carpels is the
pod composed? From dried and opened specimens determine whether
the pod bursts between the carpels or along the carpellary midribs.
Of what floral organ does the fruit consist ?

Cranberry. — Opposite the stem end is a slight hollow, roughly
square, edged and often nearly covered in by four projections. Cut
these projections away. Observe the bottom of the depression. At
the center is a single scar, marking the position of what member of
the flower? Around this, within the crater, notice two circles of scars.
What are they? Finally, what is the nature of the four projections
first noticed and then cut away? Parts of what organs of the original
flower now compose the berry ?

Cut the fruit transversely. How many carpels compose it? The
size of the cavities in which the seeds lie is striking when compared
with the minute size of the seeds themselves. Will the berry float ?
Try it. Count and record the number of seeds.

Draw: Wild Indigo. The pod, with persistent calyx. This sort of
fruit is termed a legume. ;

Violet. Cross section, to show the seeds attached ( x 5). The
dehiscent fruit (x 2). The fruit is termed a capsule.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FRUIT pees,

Cranberry. Cross section, showing cavities and attachment of seeds
(x 2). The terminal depression showing remains of the flowers
(x10). Soft, fleshy fruits of this sort are termed berries.

Checkerberry. — Dissect the fruit. What is the morphological
nature of the lower, fleshy part ?

Draw a longitudinal section to show all parts — including the seeds
in one of the cavities — and their arrangement (x 5).

The Rose hip. — Examine the fruit to discover, if possible, where
the floral parts were situated. Cut the hip open. Are seeds seen?
Are seeds of Angiosperms produced in an open receptacle or cavity, as
these seedlike bodies are? Are they seeds or fruits? The hollow,
pulpy portion bearing them on its inner surface is an enlarged
receptacle.

Draw a diagram representing a longitudinal section (x 2-3).

EXERCISE XXXVI. THE SEED

The student is already familiar with the interior of the seed — with
embryo and albumen. The integuments need to be looked at more
particularly thafi has been done heretofore.

Squash. — Notice the place at which the seed was broken from its
connection with the placenta. It is called the hilum. Beside this there
is a distinct aperture leading into the interior, the micropyle. Cut
away the shell. How many seed coats? This is the characteristic
number. The outer is the testa; the inner, the tegmen.

Draw a cross section of the Squash seed (diagrammatic).

Castor Bean.— On one side observe a straight, dark line, running
three quarters the length of the seed (the raphe). At one end is a
very slight elevation, the point at which the coats are organically
connected with the kernel; this point is the chalaza. At the other
end is the hilum, nearly covered by a structure called the caruncle.

Bean. — At one side of the hilum is the micropyle, more easily made
out if the material has been properly soaked. On the other side of
the hilum, running to the end of the bean, is a ridge, more or less
indistinct —the raphe. Overlying its inner extremity, next the hilum,
is a heart-shaped, purple excrescence, called the strophiole.

Draw the bean, showing the features indicated (x 3).

Outgrowths of the testa.— By the aid of the hand lens make
enlarged drawings of the seeds of Milkweed and of the Trumpet
Creeper. Cut the seed of the Cotton Plant in half. Draw the
section, so as to show the length of the Cotton fibers relatively to the
diameter of the seed proper. What is the use of these outgrowths ?

Exercise XXXVII. Tue Fruit in RetatTion TO DISSEMINATION

The need of dissemination will be most keenly realized by a rough
computation of the number of seeds produced by a single plant, all
OUT. OF BOT. — 10

146 LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE FRUIT

of which would have a chance of germinating upon the plot of ground
occupied by the parent, unless carried elsewhere. Take as an example
the Cranberry, studied in Exercise XXXY. Allow fifty berries to a
single bush, and multiply by the number of seeds actually observed
in one berry. The resulting product represents the possible number
of seedlings upon less than a square yard of ground.

That even one seedling should occupy part of the soil held by the
parent plant would evidently be disadvantageous to both. Accord-
ingly, plants exhibit a great variety of devices by which the service ~
of various agencies is secured for the dispersal of the seeds. The
means of dissemination may be (1) some feature of the coat of the
seed itself, (2) some special character, construction, or outgrowth of
the pericarp. The first case has been seen in the Milkweed; the
second remains to be studied in more detail.

Bladder Nut. — Examine the bladdery fruit before dehiscence, not-,
ing (1) the morphology of the pericarp, (2) the number of carpels,
and (3) the relative size of the pericarp and the seeds. Place the
fruit on the table. Blow it about. The object of the inflated peri-
carp becomes apparent. 4

Draw the fruit, natural size. Indicate in dotted line the position
and size of the seed.

Curled Dock. — With a lens examine the three-winged and coarsely
veined parts, each bearing at its base a granule resembling a seed.
They are persistent sepals, and are closely appressed. Hidden between
them is the three-angled achene (dry pericarp, containing a single
seed). The dispersal apparatus here comes from the calyx. Note
how readily the fruit is driven by a mere breath.

Draw the fruit, with one sepal removed to show achene, magnified
about eight diameters.

Bur Marigold. — The barbed bristles, well seen with the lens, are
morphologically the border of the calyx, the lower part of which is
adherent to the pericarp. What is the mode of dissemination ?

Draw the fruit, magnified about four diameters.

Witch-hazel. — Notice : —

(1) The pericarp proper, with the old calyx surrounding the lower
half. (2) The partial splitting at the tips of unopened fruits. (3) The
number of cells (Joculi) in the opened capsules. (4) The mode of
dehiscence. The Joculi are split open along the median line in each
case. This is loculicidal dehiscence. (5) The backward curving of the
open jaws. (6) The very hard, smooth inner surface of the loculi, and
the similar surface of the seeds, which indeed makes it rather difficult
to hold them securely between finger and thumb. (7) Cut away the
calyx and the outer, softer layer of the pericarp. It will be seen that
the inner and immediate receptacle of the seeds is a bony and rather
thick-walled double case. There was originally one seed in each

THE FRUIT 147

compartment. (8) The halves (valves) of the seed case are separated
nearly to the middle, cohering only by their basal portions. (9) The
edges of the inner, bony seed cases curve in somewhat, as if com-
pressed. (10) Try to fit the seeds back into the cases. Are the cases
large enough to cover the seeds ?

The fruit of Witch-hazel is a projectile apparatus. As the vaives
open wider and wider, in the process of drying, the seeds are squeezed
more and more by the shrinkage of the bony layer and the incurving
of the valve edges. At a certain point, the intensity and direction of
pressure become such that the seed is shot out with much force —
enough force, under the most favorable conditions, to carry the seed
to a distance of forty or fifty feet.

Draw whatever is necessary to illustrate your notes on this fruit.

XIV. THE FRUIT

311. Nature of the fruit. — ‘The mature ovary is the
Fruit. In the strictest sense the fruit is the seed vessel,
technically named the PERICARP. But practically it may
include other parts organically connected with the peri-
carp. The calyx especially, or a part of it, is often in-
corporated with the ovary, so as to be indistinguishably
a portion of the pericarp. The receptacle forms, along
with the calyx, the whole bulk of such edible fruits as
Apples and Pears. The receptacle is an obvious part in
Blackberries (see Fig. 256), and is the whole edible por-
tion in the strawberry.

312. A cluster of distinct carpels may, also, in ripening,
be consolidated or compacted, so as practically to be taken
for one fruit. Such are Raspberries, Blackberries, etc.
Moreover, the ripened product of many flowers may be
compacted or grown together so as to form a single com-
pound fruit.

THE KINDS OF FRUITS

313. In respect to composition, fruits may be classified
into

Simple, those which result from the ripening of a single
pistil, and consist only of the matured ovary, either by
itself, as in a Peach (Fig. 255), or with the receptacle and

148 THE FRUIT

calyx tube completely incorporated with it, as in the Goose-
berry and Pear (Fig. 209).

Aggregate, when a cluster of carpels of the same flower
are crowded into a mass; as in
Raspberries and Blackberries (Fig.
206).

Accessory, when the surroundings
or supports of the pistil make up
a part of the mass. In an accessory
fruit such as the Strawberry the great
mass is receptacle (Fig. 156).

Multiple or collective, when formed
from several flowers consolidated into one mass, of which
the common receptacle or axis of
inflorescence, the floral enve-
lopes, and even the bracts, etc.,
make a part. A Mulberry (Fig.
257, which superficially much
resembles a Blackberry) is of
this multiple sort. A Pineapple

255. Section of a Peach.

256. Aggregate fruit of the

is another example. Blackberry: consisting
Stone fruits, or drupaceous of a eee
ai Onn pistils crowded on a
(Fig. 255), the outer part fleshy fleshy receptacle. At
like a berry, the inner hard or the ight, 2s as

; dividual fruits (a drupe)
stony, likea nut; and further enlarged.

Dry fruits (Fig. 266), those 2°: cee fruit of the Mul-
which have no flesh or pulp.

314. In reference to the splitting apart of the pericarp
for the liberation of the seeds, fruits are said to be

Dehiscent, when they open regularly along certain lines.
A dehiscent fruit almost always contains many or several
seeds, or at least more than one seed (Fig. 267).

Indehiscent, when they do not open at maturity. Fleshy
fruits and stone fruits are of course indehiscent. The
seed becomes free only through decay or by being fed
upon by animals. Of dry fruits also many are indehiscent.

315. The principal kinds of fruits which have received
distinctive names are the following : —

THE FRUIT 149

316. The berry, such as the Gooseberry and Currant, the Blueberry
and Cranberry (Fig. 258), the Tomato, and the Grape.
Here the whole flesh is soft throughout. The Orange
is a berry with a leathery rind.

317. The pome, a name applied
to the Apple, Pear (Fig. 259), and
Quince. These are fleshy fruits,
like a berry, but the principal
thickness is the enlarged receptacle,
only the papery pods arranged like
a star in the core really belonging
to the carpels.

318. The drupe, or stone fruit,
of which the Cherry, Plum, and
Peach (Fig. 255) are familiar exam-
ples. In these the outer part of the
thickness of the pericarp becomes
fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the inner hardens like a nut.
Two portions of the drupe are thus distinguishable, named respec-
tively exocarp—the outer, fleshy layer;
and the endocarp—the innermost layer,
the stone.

319. Of dry fruits there is a great
diversity of kinds having distinct names.

320. The achene is a small, dry, and

ee indehiscent one-seeded fruit, often so
260. Achene of Buttercup; at seedlike in ap-

the right, opened to act
show the seed. pearance that it is

popularly taken
for anaked seed. The fruit of the Buttercup
is a good example (Fig. 260). Its nature, as
a ripened pistil (in this case a simple carpel),
is apparent by its bearing the remains of a
style or stigma, or a scar from which this has
fallen. It may retain the style and use it in

various ways for dissemination (Fig. 261).
3821. The fruit of Composite (though not
of a single carpel) is also an achene. In this
case the pericarp is invested by an adherent
calyx tube, the limb of which, when it has 96) scheneof Clematis,
any, is called the Pappus. This name was the style retained
first given to the down like that of the Thistle, as a plume for
but is applied to the limb of the calyx, in dan ceaes of gis
; persal by winds.

whatever form it appears, of the “compound

flower.” In Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 263), and the like, the achene

258. Fruit of the 259. Sections of
Cranberry. Pear.

150

THE FRUIT

as it matures tapers upwards into a slender beak, like a stalk to the

pappus.

322. A caryopsis, or grain, is like an achene
with the seed adhering to the thin pericarp
throughout, so that both are incorporated into
one body; as in Wheat, Indian Corn.

323. A nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit,
commonly one-celled and one-seeded, with a
hard, crustaceous, or bony wall, such as the
Cocoanut, Hazelnut, Chestnut, and the Acorn

262 263 (Fig. 264). Here the involucre, in the form of

262, 265. Achenes: 262,
of a Thistle, pro-
vided with a pap-

a cup at the base, is called the Cupute. In
the Chestnut, near relative of the Oak, the

pus for wind-dis- cupule forms the bur; in the Hazel, another

semination; 263, relative, a leafy husk.

of a Dandelion, 324. A samara, or
the pappus borne

onalong beak. key fruit, is either a

nut or an achene, or any

other indehiscent fruit, furnished with a wing,

like that of Ash, and Elm (Fig. 265). The
Maple fruit is a pair of keys (Fig. 266).

325. Dehiscent fruits, or pods, are of two

classes, viz., those of a simple pistil or carpel,

265. Samara

An Acorn. of the Elm.

and those of a compound pistil. Two common sorts of the first are

named as follows : —

326. The follicle, a fruit of a simple carpel,
which dehisces down one side only, i.e. by
the inner or ventral suture. The fruits of
Marsh Marigold (Fig. 267)
are of this kind.

327. The leg-
ume or true pod,
such as the Pea
pod (Fig. 268),
and the fruit of
the Leguminous
or Pulse family
generally, which
opens along the
dorsal as well as
the ventral suture.
The two pieces into which it splits are called
Vatves. <A LoMENT is a legume which is con-
stricted between the seeds, and at length breaks
up crosswise into distinct joints, as in Fig. 269.

266. Fruit of the Maple.
267. Follicle of the Marsh Mari-
gold.

268. A Legume.
269. A Loment.

THE FRUIT Tol

328. The pods or dehiscent fruits belonging to a compound ovary
have several technical names: but they all may be regarded as
kinds of

329. The capsule, the dry and dehiscent fruit of any
compound pistil. The capsule may discharge its seeds
through chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregu-
larly in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon;
but commonly it splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise
into regular pieces, called VALVEs.

330. Regular dehiscence in a capsule takes place in
two ways, which are best illustrated :
in pods of two or three cells. It is 970. Capsule
either of Iris.

Loculicidal, or, splitting directly
into the locwli or cells, that is, down the back (or
the dorsal suture) of each cell or carpel, as in
Iris (Fig. 270); or

Septicidal, that is, splitting through the parti-
A ee ee tions or septa, as in St. John’s-wort (Fig. 271),
a aaa Rhododendron, etc. This divides the capsule
into its component carpels, which then open
by their ventral suture.

331. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear the parti-
tions on their middle; in the septicidal, half the partition is borne on
the margin of each valve. See the annexed diagrams, Fig. 272. A

oe

ae <S,

(ACD

(wee ees

272. Diagrams of the various modes 273, 274. Fruit of the Fig: 273, fruit

of dehiscence: a, loculicidal ; laid open ; 274, a part magnitied
b, septicidal ; c, d, septifragal. to show the minute, interior
flowers.

variation of either mode occurs when the valves break away from the
partitions, these remaining attached in the axis of the fruit. This is
called septifragal dehiscence.

332. The syconium, or fig fruit (Fig. 273), is a fleshy axis or
summit of stem, hollowed out, and lined within by a multitude of
minute flowers, the whole becoming pulpy, and, in the common fig,
luscious.

152 THE FRUIT

THE SEED

doo. Seeds are the final product of the flower, to which all its parts
and offices are subservient. Like the ovule from which it originates,
a seed consists of coats and kernel.

334. The seed coats are commonly two,
the outer and the inner. Fig. 275 shows the
two, in a seed cut through lengthwise. The
outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, whence
275. a, hilum; b, testa; it is called the testa, or shell of the seed; the

c, inner coat; d, inner is almost always thin and delicate.
eee e,em- «335. The shape and the markings, so vari-
oh ous in different seeds, depend mostly on the
outer coat. Sometimes this fits the kernel closely; sometimes it is
expanded into a wing, as in the Trumpet Creeper (Fig. 276, a), and
occasionally this wing is cut up into shreds or tufts, as in the Catalpa
(Fig. 276, b); or instead of a wing the seed may bear a coma, or tuft
of long and soft hairs, as in the Milkweed or Silkweed
(Fig. 276, c). The use of wings or downy tufts is to render
the seeds buoyant for dispersion by the winds. ‘This is
clear, not only from their evident adaptation to this pur-

276. Seeds fitted by outgrowths of the testa for dispersion by the winds:
a, Trumpet Creeper; 0, Catalpa; c, Milkweed.

pose, but also from the fact that winged and tufted seeds are found
only in fruits that split open at maturity, never in those that remain
closed. The coat of some seeds is beset with long hairs or wool.
Cotton, one of the most important vegetable products, since it forms
the principal clothing of the larger part of the human race, consists
of the long and woolly hairs which thickly cover the whole surface *
of the seed. There are also crests or other appendages of various ~
sorts on certain seeds. A few seeds have an additional, but
more or less intomplete, covering outside of the real seed
coats, called an

336. Aril, or arillus.— The loose and transparent bag
which incloses the seed of the White Water Lily (Fig. 277)
is of this kind. So is the mace of the Nutmeg. The aril is
a growth from the extremity of the seed stalk, or from the
placenta when there is no seed stalk.

A short and thickish appendage or outgrowth around the micropyle
in certain seeds is called a CARUNCLE (Fig. 278).

THE FRUIT 153

The various terms which define the position or direction of the
ovule (erect, ascending, etc.) apply equally to the seed: so also the
terms anatropous, orthotropous, campylotropous,! ete., as
already defined, and such terms as

Hitvm, or scar left where the seed stalk or funiculus
has fallen away, or where the seed was attached directly
to the placenta if there was no seed stalk.

RapweE, the line or ridge which runs from the hilum
to the chalaza in anatropous and amphitropous seeds.

CHALAZA, the place where the seed coats and the kernel
or nucellus are organically connected, — at the hilum in orthotropous
and campylotropous seeds, at the extremity of the raphe or tip of
the seed in other kinds.

MicropyLe, answering to the foramen or orifice of the ovule.

ECOLOGY OF THE FRUIT AND SEED AS REGARDS DIS-
SEMINATION

337. The word dissemination here signifies the scatter-
ing of the seeds. In a vast number of cases not only the
seeds, but the entire fruits, are dispersed, the pericarp fur-
nishing the same protection to the seed that it provided
during the period of ripening, and furthermore aiding
directly by its construction in the transportation or even
in the planting of the seed. |

338. The need of seed dispersal is plain, both for the
parent plant —which should not be crowded by its own
offspring —and for the interests of the seedlings them-
selves. That an advantage is to be won through wide dis-
tribution of seed is shown by the fact that the seed or
the fruit is, in most species, adapted to the special work
of dissemination.

339. The agents of dissemination are wind, water, and
animals. Buta considerable number of plants are quite
independent of external aid, being provided with special
mechanisms for throwing their seeds to a distance.

340. Structures to accomplish dissemination through the
agency of the winds are exemplified by the wings of the
Elm and Maple fruits (Figs. 265, 266), the plume of

1 For these terms see the section on the ovule, § 280.

154 THE FRUIT

the Clematis achene (Fig. 261), and the tufted pappus
in the case of the Dandelion (Fig. 263). The wing of
the Maple key does not avail to carry the seed very far
from the source, on the average, as may be seen if we
examine the neighborhood of a Maple tree when the seed-
lings are coming up in the spring. The seedlings are
very numerous near the parent, very few at a distance of
two or three times the height of the tree. But one can-
not fail to be struck with the successful planting of the
seeds. Although not originally covered by the soil, they
stand in multitudes, rooted and growing, in spots where
the grass was beaten down and matted before the fruits
fell. Though bulky, the keys find their way into the
grass through the action of the winds in driving the
wings this way and that, until the seed ends have been
worked well toward the moist sur-
face of the soil. This example
illustrates the fact, of common
occurrence, that appendages of
the fruit may serve both in dis-
semination and in placing the seed
in the position most likely to
secure germination.

341. In connection with this
subject, the mechanism of Ero-
dium (Fig. 279) for burying the
fruit may be mentioned. The

P elongated extremity of the fruit
gh eel aN see is hygroscopic ; that is, it absorbs

in damp weather; at Vapor of water rapidly in damp
the right, several car- weather, and exhales it in dry,
pels in the ealys, iY the changes being accompanied
weather. 5
by twistings and untwistings.
As the fruit naturally falls with its weightier or seed
end toward the earth, these hygroscopic movements, aided
by backward-pointing hairs, enable it to work its way
through grass or other impediments toward the soil, and
finally even partially to bury itself.

THE FRUIT £55

342. The appendages of seeds securing dissemination by
wind are very similar to those of fruits in many cases.
Compare, for instance, the seed of the Trumpet Creeper
(Fig. 276, a) with the fruit of the Elm (Fig. 265); and
the seed of the Milkweed (Fig. 276, ¢), possessing a coma,
or tuft of hairs, with the pappus-bearing achene of the
Thistle (Fig. 262).

343. Water. — The fruits of the Cocoanut Palm are
originally covered with husks impermeable to sea water.
They sometimes fall into the ocean, and being carried
to distant strands are cast up by the waves and ‘there
germinate. In a like manner the achenes of the Arrow-
head (Sagittaria) —a plant which is common along the
margins of ponds— buoyed up by the air-filled cells of
the pericarp, are floated to a distance. In a number of
species they float for a definite length of time; then,
when germination is about to begin, they sink to the
bottom.

344. Animals. — The fruits of many plants are thickly
set with hooks suited to catch in the fur of animals
(Fig. 280). The fruits are thus
separated from the plant and car-
ried away, to be subsequently re-
moved by the animals themselves
or brushed off accidentally. Nuts
hidden away in the ground by squir-
rels must occasionally be left to
grow, either through oversight or
on occasion of the death of the de- 280. The fruit of Agri-

. : ‘ mony.
positor. Then again, edible fruits
like the Cherry, the Apple, and the berries offer to
animals a substantial reward in return for the service
of dispersal.

345. Ejection of the seeds is not uncommon. The most
familiar example is that of the Jewelweed, or Touch-me-
not, the ripe pods of which, when touched, burst and
throw the seed in all directions. The bursting is due
to the sudden splitting asunder and coiling up of the

156 THE FRUIT

several valves, already in a high state of tension, the
_ touch which
“produces the
ex plosi om
merely in-
creasing the
stress along the lines
of dehiscence. The
opened valves of the Vio-
let fruit, constricting,
cause the forcible expul-
sion of the seeds one after
: another. The hard, bony
eed capsules of the Witch-
281. Fruit of Witch-hazel discharging hazel (Fig. 281), contract-
fsa ing, squeeze the smooth,
-hard seeds with much force ; and the seeds are shot to a
distance of many feet.}

pal 285

Supplementary Reading

1. Plants that bury their Seeds. Lubbock’s “ Flowers, Fruits, and
Leaves,” pp. 85-88.

2. The Fruits and Seeds of Plants Parasitic on Trees. Same
source, pp. 83, 84.

3. Dispersal of various Fruits and Seeds. Same source, Chap. III.

4, Dissemination of Plants by Ocean Currents and by Migrating
Birds. Darwin’s “ Origin of Species,” Chap. XI, Dispersal.

1Tf a bough with the ripe but unopened fruits is hung on the wall of
one’s room, the force with which the seeds are ejected and the distance
to which they fly are likely to be observed.

Distances to which seeds are ejected by several plants are given by
Kerner and Oliver (‘‘ Natural History of Plants,’’ II, 839) as follows : —

Cardamnenmipatiens’ © 5 : s. wi.) 2.) eukegee eee eae
Viola Gaminameg ea 28 osc 3k coy. el) Loire ae Oete
Geraninmpalustlewess 5 6) a hs
FUpIMUS MIPIbaMUS Pols wet de 5 2 3) eee
ACantHUs aMOllignhswe: 22.9. 2. «css #e ues eeenedene
Hura crepitans; 2 2. = « o Bet Pees Aout

Bauhinia purpurediy ay <)> 5.) SAL iene aes nero ents

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS Pon

XV. LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

[Nore:— Many of the following types may be studied without
compound microscopes, if good hand lenses or, better, dissecting
microscopes, are provided. In the suggestions for study which fol-
low, (simple) following the number of a paragraph indicates that the
simple microscope is to be used; similarly, (compound) indicates that
a compound microscope is to be used; and (compound or simple)
indicates that the simple microscope may be used, but the compound
is to be used if available. ]

346 (Compound). Nostoc. Make a note of the general character
—form, consistency, color, etc.—of the masses in which the plant
occurs. Mount a bit of the mass in a drop of water on a glass slide,
cover with a cover glass, pressing the latter down gently, and examine
first with a low, then with a higher power of the compound micro-
scope.

What constitutes one single individual plant? How are the indi-
viduals grouped? What is the color? Are any cells distinguished
by size or other character? What holds the cells and chains (colonies)
together? Draw oné chain by aid of the highest power you have.

347 (Compound). Unicellular Green Alge: Pleurococcus, or the
like. Upon what do the plants provided grow? Examine this sub-
stratum with the hand lens, to see if the individual plants causing the
green tinge on the surface can be distinguished. Then scrape a bit
of the green film into a drop of water on a glass slide, cover, and
examine with different powers of the compound microscope, the lowest
first. Do you find the plants single? In groups? If in both ways,
draw both. Is there anything in the number of plants in a group, or
in the position of the members of a group, or any other circumstance,
to suggest to you the way in which these plants multiply ?

348 (Simple). Spirogyra. Use the simple lens to obtain an idea
of the actual size of the plants. Do the filaments branch? Are there
cross partitions? Do any parts of the filaments differ markedly from
others? How does the color differ from that of Nostoc, if at all?
What portion of any cell bears the color? What is the arrangement
of the color-bearing bands (chromatophores) ?

349 (Compound). Is there more than one chromatophore in each
cell? Draw a short portion of one filament, using a moderate power.
Indicate, without drawing all of them, the arrangement of the chro-
matophores.

350 (Compound). Select a cell (for example a terminal cell) in
which the spirals are rather loose. Look for the nucleus, near the
center, a colorless body from which colorless strings radiate. If this
is not distinguishable, delay search until after the following treatment.

158 ‘LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

Place a small drop of dilute (30 per cent) eosin glycerine at the edge
of the cover glass so that it will run under. If the glycerine reaches
the Spirogyra, many of the cells will now be found with their contents
much distorted. Does it appear that the contents are separable from
the walls on all sides? Select a cell slightly affected. Is there a
definite layer of substance in which the chromatophores are imbedded ?
The nucleus, stained by the eosin, will now be readily made out.
Draw a cell highly magnified, showing a part of one chromatophore,
the nucleus, and the layer of living substance (protoplasm) where
separated from the wall.

351 (Compound). If material is provided, make drawings of con-
jugating cells, showing stages in the process. Label the rounded
bodies found where conjugation has been effected zygospores.

302 (Compound). Vaucheria.— Use the hand lens to gain an idea
of size and general habit. If the feltlike mass is growing on earth,
pick off a little with needles, using care to get rid of soil in the
preparation. Mount in water under the compound microscope. Are
the filaments septate (partitioned), or not? Focus on the upper sur-
face. What is the shape and size of the chromatophores here?
Focus down until the side walls stand out sharply. Do the chromato-
phores occur only near the walls, or are they scattered throughout the
interior of the tubes? Do the filaments branch ?

393 (Compound). Do you find lateral club-shaped (not globular)
branches, or somewhat swollen tips of filaments, of a very dark green
color (sporangia)? Are they cut off by partitions (septa)?

304 (Compound). Look for short, nearly globular branches, in
company with others more slender, lighter green, and somewhat coiled.
If any of these can be made out clearly in all parts, draw them
(odgonia and antheridia). If the form and attachment are not clear,
turn to the figure given by the teacher, and with its help decide
whether the odgonia and antheridia are found on the material you
have. The species studied and that represented in the figure may
not be the same, in which case exact similarity of organs will not be
expected.

399 (Compound). Ectocarpus, exemplifying the Brown Alga.—
View with the hand lens, then with higher magnifications. Are the
main trunks more than one cell in thickness? The branches? Draw
a small, branching portion. Are there any very short branches dis-
tinguished by greater thickness? If so, are they more than one cell
in thickness, or does each branch consist chiefly of one large terminal
cell, or sac, with granular contents? Draw both sorts of branches, if
found, labeling the many-celled ones gametangia, and the saclike ones
sporangia.

396 (Simple). Rockweed.— Make a life-size drawing from a
branching portion, to show the habit of the plant. With the hand

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 159

lens examine the thickened tips. Have the minute raised spots
openings ?

357 (Compound or Simple). With a wet razor make a good many
sections, as thin as possible, across the tips where the raised spots are
thickest, and mount them in water. Have the cavities seen in the
sections, and more or less lined with dark bodies (odgonia), any rela-
tion to the little prominences before seen? Have the cavities (concep-
tacles) openings? Make a diagram two or more inches in diameter,
showing the cavity of a conceptacle as seen in section, with opening
if any, and adjacent external surface of the thallus (or general body
of the plant). Show a few oégonia in proper proportion and form,
with some of the long filaments that spring from the walls of the con-
ceptacle.

398 (Compound). Examine the odgonia with the compound micro-
scope and draw if additional details are found. Look in the same
conceptacles (or in others from different plants, according to the
teacher’s directions) for swollen cells borne on short filaments, much
smaller than the odgonia, and distinguished by coarsely granular
contents and orange color. These are the antheridia. If necessary
pick one of the sections apart with needles—or merely squeeze it
enough under the cover glass to break it up—in order to see how
these antheridia are borne. Make a drawing to show this. Also
indicate on the diagram before made the relative size and the posi-
tion of the antheridia in the conceptacle. (But if antheridia and
odgonia are not found together, use two diagrams. )

359 (Simple). Polysiphonia,! one of the Red Alge.— Draw the
habit of the plant, enlarged, as seen with the lens. Look for dark
round bodies embedded in some of the branches — the tetrasporangia.
Do they seem to be somewhat eccentrically placed, or are they situ-
ated centrally so as to occupy the whole diameter of the branch where
they occur? Draw a portion very much enlarged to show the facts.

360 (Compound). Are the filaments of the thallus (or plant
body) composed of more than single rows of cells? How do the
branches end? Into how many separate parts (te(raspores) is the
contents of each tetrasporangium divided? (It should be said that
the tetraspores are so arranged that one of them is always hidden
from view.) Draw a tetrasporangium with a short portion of the
thallus adjoining.

3861 (Compound). Nemalion, a Red Alga.— Draw a short branch-
ing portion to show the filamentous habit. If possible select a piece
bearing the small, rounded antheridia at the tips. If so directed by
the teacher, seek to identify carpogonia and cystocarps by aid of the
figures provided.

1 Material bearing tetrasporangia is to be provided.

160 LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

362 (Compound). Bacteria. — With a needle transfer to a slide a
bit of the scum that gathers on water in which vegetable matter is
decaying. Cover with a cover glass and examine with a high power.
The Bacteria are glistening white (i.e. colorless) bodies of small size
often occurring in broad patches of gelatinous matter (the matter
which holds the “scum” together) in which they are more or less
evenly spaced; or occurring in chains or threads. Some may be spiral
in form and exhibit very active motion. Having found the Bacteria,
remove the cover glass, spread the scum out thin on the slide, and
dry this preparation by holding it at some distance above a flame.
When the last bits of the spread scum are about to become dry,
remove from the heat and add drops of gentian violet stain.1 After
a moment wash this off with a little water, cover, and reéxamine.
The various forms, now more plainly seen, are to be drawn.

For suggestions as to the biological study of Bacteria see Appendix.

363 (Compound). Yeast.— Mount in water a small bit of yeast
cake, spreading the material out thin, and examine with a high power.
Are the yeast plants of uniform size? Have they any peculiarity of
form, common to all, or nearly all (i.e. are they uniformly spherical,
or elliptical, or ovate, etc.)? Have they any common features of
internal structure? Having determined these points in your own
mind, make a drawing of a typical yeast plant of the species you have,
the drawing to be large enough to show easily any internal features.?

364 (Compound). From material that has been growing for a few
hours in sweetened water (a teaspoonful of sugar to a half glass of
water), study the method of multiplication. Do the buds —the new
individuals growing out from the bodies of the old plants—spring
from any particular region, as a rule? Draw in outline three stages
in the budding process.

365. Is any action of the yeast upon or in the sugar solution
to be seen? To test this, drop small pieces of yeast cake into tum-
blers of (1) sugar solution, (2) water alone. In fifteen minutes or
so the result should be observable, and within an hour very marked.
What bearing has the action observed upon the utility of yeast plants
in bread making? Answer this question in your notes on this
experiment. .

366 (Simple). Bread Mold (Rhizopus nigricans).— Use the hand
lens to examine the moldy bread without disturbing it, so as to see

1 Strong eosin solution may be used, and it leaves the Bacteria with a
more lifelike appearance, though not so sharply defined. If the prepara-
tion is stained with gentian violet, washed, and thoroughly dried, Canada
balsam may be used upon it and the preparation thus be made permanent.

2 The teacher should draw upon the board the characteristic form and
striations of starch grains to be found in the yeast cake, so tnat they may
not be mistaken for the yeast plants.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 161

how the mold grows. Especially notice the growth on the bottom of
the dish where the fungus is spreading away from the bread. Make
a much enlarged drawing to show the groups of stalked sporangia as
seen from the side. Are these groups connected in any way? Are
there any special organs for attachment to the substratum? Is the
number of sporangia in a group constant? Estimate the height of
the sporangial stalks in inches. State the magnification which your
drawing represents.

367 (Compound). With a needle carefully remove a bit of the
plant, selected from a spot where both white (young) and black (old)
fruiting heads (sporangia) can be seen, and mount in water, or better
in alcohol followed by a drop of water. Use first a low power, after-
wards a higher power. Have the threads partitions? What is the
color and appearance of the contents? Compare an unopened spor-
angium with one where the external membrane has given way.
What portion of a whole head is occupied by spores? Answer by
drawings; show one of the spores separately, more enlarged.

368 (Compound). If material is furnished, draw two or three
stages to illustrate zygospore formation.

369 (Compound). Water Molds: Saprolegnacee.— Upon what is
the given plant growing? Remove a bit with forceps and needle to a
drop of water on a slide. Examine with the hand lens, to get an idea
of the actual size. Then use low and high powers of the microscope.
Are the hyphe of even diameter? Is the protoplasm dense or thin?
What is the shape of the ends of the hyphae? Answer these questions
in drawing.

Do you find certain branches filled with denser protoplasm, and
somewhat enlarged or club-shaped? Can you find stages leading
to this condition? Are the swollen extremities (zodsporangia) sepa-
rated by a partition from the rest of the hyphae? Find zodsporangia
in which the protoplasm seems gathered into many definite masses ;
others empty, with these masses (zodspores) escaped, but still near
by. From what point do the zodspores escape? Draw an unopened
zoosporangium, and one ruptured, together with a mass of the spores.

370 (Compound). Short-stalked, globular organs (slightly re-
sembling the sporangia of Bread Mold) will probably be found in
abundance in both old and young stages. Are the youngest ones cut
off by a wall? The oldest? What difference in the contents at the
two different stages? You may find gradations from one condition to
the other. The organs are the oégonia, and when mature contain a
number of odspores. How many? Have the oédspores walls? If so,
are they thicker or thinner than walls (if any) of the zoospores
before noted ?

371 (Compound). Look for slender branches with ends applied
to the odgonia, and somewhat swollen at the point of contact. In

OUT. OF BOT. — 11

162 LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

some cases these branches (antheridia) may send tubes into the
odgonia. The antheridia may grow from the stalks of the odgonia
themselves, or from the main hyphe close by.

Draw old and young oégonia, with contents, and antheridia (if
found).}

372 (Simple). Peziza. Upon what as a substratum does the spe-
cies of Peziza furnished grow? If the Peziza is small, use the hand
lens in examination. What is the general shape? Is the external
surface entirely smooth? Is the color the same on inner and outer
surfaces? Represent all features of form in a drawing considerably
larger than nature, if necessary.

373 (Compound). Cut sections perpendicular to the inner sur-
face. Mount in water. Do you find, with a high power, elongated
sacs containing a definite number of rounded bodies (spores)? Do
you find many or few such sacs? (lf the sections are not very thin,
press the cover glass down cautiously with a needle to spread them out
thinner.) How are they situated relatively to one another and to the
surface of the plant? They are near which surface, inner or outer?
How many spores in each sac, or ascus? Draw a diagram of the Peziza
in section, showing the region of the sacs, and indicate some of the
sacs in position. Draw a sac (ascus) highly magnified, with spores,
and the threads that grow up between the sacs.

3874 (Compound). Pulling off with forceps bits of the substratum
at the point where the cup of the Peziza was attached, and spreading
these bits out with needles in water on a slide, you may find the
threads of the fungus, which gather nourishment from decayed vege-
table matter. These threads together form the mycelium; the sau-
cer-shaped or cup-shaped sac-bearing body first examined is the
apothecium. ‘That layer of the apothecium in which the sacs are
found is the hymenium. Label drawings according to the terms given.

375 (Simple). Microsphera.2 With the lens examine the whit-
ened patches of the fungus-infested leaf. Is the whitening external
or internal? To decide this, wet the leaf with a drop of alcohol, and
scrape gently with a knife point. The black, rounded bodies are
perithecia. Indicate by drawing the size of the leaf and of the peri-
thecia. Wet a bit of the fungus with alcohol, and remove with a
knife to water on a slide. If the material has been dried, add strong
potash solution to the preparation. Is the white film composed of
granules or of threads? Examine the perithecia by transmitted
light. Have they appendages? Draw a perithecium much magni-

1In the same mount more than one kind of Water Mold may be
found, the species differing in position and character of o6gonia, and in
antheridia and sporangia.

2 Or any genus of the group Erysiphee ; perhaps the commonest form
being Microsphera alni, the cause of mildew on Lilac leaves.

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 163

fied. (But if the compound microscope is to be used, delay drawing
until further examination has been made.)

376 (Compound). With a moderate power reéxamine the ma-
terial noting the composition of the white coating and the details
of the perithecia. Draw a perithecium, showing one or two appen-
dages with care, and indicating the rest. Press down the cover glass
so as to rupture some of the perithecia. Draw one of the spore-con-
taining organs. In what essential respect, if any, does it differ from
the ascus of Peziza?

377. Toadstool, illustrative of Basidiomycetes. — Draw the habit.
Cut smoothly down through the middle of the umbrella, so as to split
the stem at the junction with the umbrella. Draw the section of the
umbrella and summit of stem as now seen. Label the radial folds
gills (lamelle) ; the part from which they are suspended, the pileus.
Do all the gills extend from the margin of the pileus to the stem or
stipe? Are the inner ends of the gills attached to the stipe? Draw
a diagram of a sector of the umbrella as seen from below, to show
arrangement of gills.

378 (Compound). With a wet razor section a portion of the
umbrella so as to get cross sections of the gills. Carefully wash the
sections from the razor to a slide, cover, and examine with low and
high powers. If small and thin-gilled species are used, sections need
not be made; simply mount a piece of the gill flatwise, when the
spores will be seen, grouped in a particular way, and at the edge of
the piece the manner in which the spores are borne will probably be
seen. How many spores are borne upon the same swollen hypha tip
(basidium)? How are they attached to the basidium? Draw a basid-
ium with spores. Make a diagram of the cross section of a gill,
showing where the spores are borne. Label the layer in which the
basidia are found hymenium.

With needles dissect small pieces of the stipe and pileus, and
examine with the high power. Of what microscopic elements is the
toadstool made up?

379 (Simple). Lichen.— Examine the lichen with the hand lens.
Is there stem or leaf, or an appearance of a main axis of growth? Is
there indication of green (chlorophyllous) color? Are there struc-
tures resembling the spore-bearing portion of any fungus heretofore
studied? Draw one of the “fruit” bodies (apothecia) as seen from
above, much magnified. The deeper-colored layer nearly filling the
saucer is the hymenium. Draw the apothecium in outline as seen
from the side.

380 (Compound or Simple). Detach an apothecium, place it in a
piece of pith split to hold it, and section it as thin as possible with a
wet razor. Mount the sections in water, and examine with the lens
or a low power of the microscope. Draw the section of the apothe-

164 LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

cium, with the attached portion of the thallus. Where is the green
color distributed? (Show in drawing.) Distinguish small brown
bodies (spore sacs) standing in large numbers perpendicularly to the
inner surface of the apothecium, and indicate these in the drawing.
The layer in which they occur is the hymenium. If possible, examine
this with a higher power, and draw an ascus (spore sac) with the (how
many?) spores. Also determine further the exact location of the
green color, and draw the green bodies.

381 (Simple). Marchantia: a Liverwort.— Draw the outline of a
single plant, as seen from above, about twice the natural diameter.
Distinguish the growing tip and the base of the plant. Represent
the position and outline of any structures produced from the upper
surface. Is there a midrib? Examine the upper surface with the
hand lens. What do the cup-shaped structures contain? Draw,
much magnified, labeling the receptacle cupule, and the small bodies
within gemme. Are the gemme easily detached? Puta drop of water
into one of the cupules and note the behavior of the gmme? (The
gemme are best seen on living plants; in other material they may be
absent.) What are the purpose and nature of the gmmez? By what
means are they likely to be disseminated ?

382 (Simple). Examine the upper surface of the thallus (plant
body) with the lens. Have the minute prominences pores at their
summits? It will be well to use also a low power of the compound
microscope to settle this question definitely. Do the same promi-
nences occur on the under side of the thallus? By what means is the
plant attached to the ground? Draw a little portion of the upper
surface as seen by the hand lens, making the drawing large enough to
show all discernible details clearly. = SE

383 (Simple). Turn your attention now to certain slend@pibranches
of the thallus, ending in umbrellalike portions. Do you find more
than one kind, as regards the shapeof the.“ umbrella”? If so, repre-
sent one sort in side view, “stalk” an@\al . Draw both of the “um-
brellas” as seen from above. The brane Sending in free rays is to
be labelled archegonial branch, that ending in a lobed disk, antheridial
branch.

384 (Simple). Select a branch bearing well-matured sporogonia.
Remove the stalk. Lay the head, under side upward, on the dissect-
ing stage, and study the position of the sporangia. How are they
arranged, and to what are they attached? Note the fringed sheaths
that partly inclose them. Detach a sporogonium. Draw it to show.
the form, the method of dehiscence (press the sporogonium slightly), ~
the relative length of the stalk, ete. What does the sporogonium
contain besides spores (use a high power) ?

385 (Compéund). The antheridial heads may be sectioned with
comparative ease, and the antheridia studied under the teacher’s direc-

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 165

tion. Good preparations of the archegonia, from which the sporogonia
originate, are more difficult to make. If time allows, vertical sections
of the young archegonial heads may be made by the pupils; or better,
the archegonia may be drawn from preparations provided by the
teacher. Distinguish the central egg cell, the neck and canal.

386 (Simple). Moss.— Select a single plant, in fruit. Draw the
habit as seen with the hand lens. Examine with the highest power
of the dissecting microscope. Is there distinction of leaf and stem?
Are the leaves petioled? Have they midribs? With needles clear
away the leaves at the point where the stalk of the spore capsule
(sporogonium) originates. Does this stalk spring from the end of a
shoot of the moss, or is it a branch springing directly from the side of
a shoot? Is there any appearance of a joint or any mark around the
base of the stalk? Are the shoot and stalk separable?

387 (Simple). Look for a capsule which still bears on its summit
a loose cap, the calyptra. Draw the capsule, much enlarged. Remove
the calyptra. Examine the now exposed end of the capsule with a
strong lens. Do you find any appearance of a lid, or cover, by the
removal of which the capsule may be opened? Draw the outlines of
this part of the capsule, labeling the lid operculum. Slight pressure
may force the latter off. Teeth standing within the edge of the open-
ing may be seen. Note the quantity and appearance of the spores.

3888 (Compound). With the compound microscope examine the
protonema of the moss, if this is provided, and draw a portion. Look
for buds, or beginnings of new leafy shoots.

389 (Simple or Compound). If ready mounted sections of the
flower, so called, are provided, the archegonia and antheridia may be
studied under the teacher’s direction. At least, the shoot tips bearing
these organs should be examined with a lens, and then dissected care-
fully with needles in a little water under the dissecting lens. By
skillfully removing the leaves that form more or less of a rosette
around the desired parts, and by further separation if necessary,
archegonia and antheridia may be distinctly seen, together with the
sterile filaments, or paraphyses, that grow up with them on the end of
the stem.

390 (Simple). Fern. —1. The prothallium. Place a young prothal-
lium on the stage of the dissecting microscope, without water. Ex-
amine rapidly with the lens. Are the upper and under surfaces alike?
Is the prothallium of equal thickness throughout? By what means is
the plant attached to the soil? Add water. If soil particles still ad-
here, remove carefully with a small wet brush or with needles. The
general form reminds you of what cryptogamous plant before studied?
In what respects (refer to former drawings)? Which is the younger
extremity of the prothallium ?

Turn it under side upwards and view by transmitted light. Draw

166 LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS

the outline (x 3-5); mark the margin at the bottom of the chief notch
as the growing point. Indicate by shading in the proper place any
thickened portion, and mark this cushion. Show the root hairs, or
rhizoids. .

391 (Compound or Simple). Antheridia. Small prothallia should
show the antheridia plainly under the simple lens, especially if the
(living) material is first treated with aqueous iodine for two or three
minutes and then washed. The antheridia are seen as small round,
brown bodies. Indicate their position and relative size on the draw-
ing already made. With the compound microscope the general
structure of these organs can be made out probably without section-
ing, and a drawing may be made.

392 (Compound or Simple). Archegonia. Older prothallia may be
required. ‘Treat with iodine, as before. With a low power the pres-
ence and distribution of the archegonia (appearing as numerous short
columns of cells projecting from the cushion) may be made out. In
many of the older and over-ripe archegonia a central cell, embedded
in the prothallium at the base of the projecting neck, is seen as an
opaque, brownish sphere. Indicate the position and number of the
archegonia on the diagram before drawn.

The details of structure will require higher powers and sections of
the prothallium, either provided already mounted, or made under the
teacher’s directions.

393 (Simple). 2. Origin of the spore-bearing plant. From the ma-
terial provided find out from what part of the prothallium the leafy
shoot springs. Is there a root? and if so, does it originate from the
tissue of the prothallium or from the new shoot? Answer these ques-
tions in a drawing (x 2-4).

394 (Simple). 3. The spores. Examine a “fruiting” leaf of the
mature plant. Are the “fruit spots” (sori, sing. sorus) on the upper
or under side? Have they a definite location upon the divisions of
the leaf? Indicate the facts in an outline sketch. Pick off a leaf
segment and placing it on the dissecting stage under the lens, with
needles carefuliy raise the covering (indusium) of a sorus. Estimate
the number of spore cases (sporangia) found beneath. Have they
stalks? If you have no high-power instrument, draw, highly magni-
fied, all the details you can discern with the simple microscope.
Much can be made out in this way. Draw (1) the sorus covered by
the indusium (if present), (2) the group of sporangia uncovered.

395 (Compound). If high powers are at hand, further examine
sporangia and spores, after removing from the leaf with a knife point
and mounting in water in the usual way.

396 (Simple). Selaginella.— With hand lens examine the arrange-
ment and shapes of the leaves, and draw a short section of the shoot
(x 3-4) to show these points. Do the shoots of Selaginella grow

LABORATORY STUDIES OF CRYPTOGAMS 167

upright or more or less prostrate? Has the leaf arrangement any
relation to the habit of growth? Look for special leafless, root-bearing
branches.

397 (Simple). Do you find the tips of some of the shoots modi-
fied (fruiting spikes)? The leaves of these spikes differ in what ways
from those of the rest of the plant? In their axils are the rounded
sporangia. On the stage of the dissecting microscope, in a few drops
of water, dissect a fruiting spike with needles. Pull off some of the
leaves. Do the sporangia come away with them? Make a drawing
to show the facts. Let the drawing be large enough to show the form
of the sporangium clearly.

398 (Simple or Compound). Crush some of the sporangia; what
do they contain? If possible, see these very numerous bodies (spores)
with a good power of the compound microscope. Do they resemble
anything you have seen in flowering plants?

399 (Simple). Look over the fruiting spikes for sporangia con-
siderably larger than those already seen. Determine from a number
of cases whether they occur with the lower or the upper leaves of the
spike; on one side of the spike only, or on all sides. Draw one of
these sporangia (how many protuberances)? Open it; how many
bodies (spores) contained ?

Having now seen the two sorts of sporangia, label the one produc-
ing small spores, microsporangium; the other, macrosporangium.
Indicate roughly the relative size of small spores (microspores) and
large spores (macrospores) in drawing.

400 (Simple). Club Moss, Lycopodium.—Sketch the general habit,
to show the attitude of the main and branch stems. Are there dis-
tinct fruiting spikes in the species studied? If so, are they raised on
stalks, or not? Show these points in the habit drawing. Compare
herbarium specimens of a few different species with regard to the
same features. Does the material furnished show any roots? If so,
show them in the habit drawing. Are the leaves petioled? Are they
evenly distributed around the stem?

401 (Simple). Dissect under the lens a fruiting spike. Do you
find sporangia? How many to each leaf? Draw one of the leaves to
show the facts. On which surface of the leaves are the sporangia
borne, upper or under? Press one of the sporangia; what does it
contain? Look at the bodies emitted with the compound instrument.
Have they any resemblance to any bodies produced by Phanerogams?
Do you find more than one size of sporangium and of the spores?
Would the number of spores in any sporangium be represented in
10’s, in 100’s, or in 1000's ?

402 (Simple). Horsetail, Equisetum.— Find the leaves. If the main
axis bears offshoots of any sort, determine whether these are leaves, or
stems, or both. Make a drawing to show the facts, and another of

168 CRYPTOGAMS

the cone terminating the fertile shoot. Dissect the cone under the
lens. Note the peculiarly modified leaves: how many saclike folds
has each? Is the number constant? What is the nature of these
“folds ” as determined by the contents? Draw a diagrammatic longi-
tudinal section of one of the cone leaves, much enlarged.

403 (Compound). With the compound microscope examine the
contents of the sacs. Draw. Allow some of the spores to dry on a slide,
and then, while viewing them through the microscope with a low
power, breathe out gently so that the moisture from the breath will
strike the spores. Describe the action seen, illustrating by diagrams.

XVI. CRYPTOGAMS

404. The plants to be described in the present chapter
are a few chosen from a very great number of forms,
making up a series which differs in many important re-
spects from the group of Phanerogams. Cryptogams on
the whole are smalier than Phanerogams. It is true that
the Ferns (cryptogamous plants) are a conspicuous element
of land vegetation almost everywhere, and in the warmer
regions attain to the stature of trees; and that Seaweeds,
some of them of great size, hold exclusive possession of
the littoral rocks and the borders of the ocean bed. But
the great majority of cryptogamic forms are too small to
attract attention, and many are even too minute to be seen
by the naked eye. Aithough many of the Cryptogams,
both great and small, have a very varied life history and a
structure that is by no means very easy to understand, yet
as a group the Cryptogams are structurally simpler than
the Phanerogams.

405. Viewing all cryptogamic plants together, we find
that they fall into a kind of series, which, if followed in
one direction, leads toward the general type of organization
found in Flowering Plants; or, in the other direction, leads
toward the simplest microscopic forms. ‘The series is,
however, a very imperfect one, broken by many gaps.
Next to the Phanerogams stand Selaginella (Fig. 353),
Lycopodium (Fig. 557), and similar plants, with stem,
leaf, root, and even structures answering to rudimentary
flowers. A little further removed come the true Ferns

CRYPTOGAMS 169

(Fig. 345). Still less like Flowering Plants, but closely
allied to the Ferns, stand the Mosses and Liverworts
(Figs. 340, 334). In the groups named — found at what
we speak of as the upper end of the cryptogamic series —
the stem-and-leaf type of structure prevails. In the lower
groups a contrast in this respect will be noted.

406. Going below the Liverworts —7.e. away from the
Phanerogams— we come to the Algz (Seaweeds and the
like Figs. 291, 298), between which and the Liverworts
the similarity is not marked. The Alge include all green
(chlorophyllous) plants below the Liverworts, down to the
smallest and simplest (Fig. 282). Along with them, and
often resembling them in many respects, are the Fungi, of
which ordinary molds and toadstools are examples. Fungi
lack chlorophyll.

407. In the Alge and Fungi the plant body is not
distinguished as in Flowering Plants and higher Crypto-
gams into axis or stem, and leaves. It is a simpler
structure, and is termed a thallus. In the simplest
Cryptogams the thallus is the single cell constituting
the individual; in higher forms it becomes a filament,
membrane, or solid mass. Algve and Fungi together are
termed Thallophytes.

408. The Algve fall into four grand divisions, conven-
iently distinguished in most cases by the color. In the
lowest group the green due to chlorophyll is more or less
modified by the presence of a blue pigment; in the second
group the chlorophyll gives its true hue; in the third,
green is masked by brown; and in the fourth, a red pig-
ment is usually present to obscure the green more or less
effectually. The description of typical Cryptogams will
begin with the simplest Alge.

Throughout the present chapter merely the structures
and processes most commonly found in the groups selected
will be described. Let it be understood that a full
account of even the few forms brought forward would
involve many qualifying additions to the general state-
ments now made.

170 CRYPTOGAMS

BLUE-GREEN ALGZ

409. On wet walls of stone and on undisturbed moist
earth may often be found small, rounded, jellylike masses
of a greenish or bluish color. A bit placed under the
microscope shows a great number of chains of rounded
cells (Fig. 282), embedded in the
gelatinous matter. Certain cells
of each chain are somewhat
larger and lighter colored than
the rest. When a chain breaks
282. A chain of Nostoc cells: in pieces, as occasionally happens,

h, heterocyst; d, recent .
ov a separation usually takes place
next to one of these enlarged
cells, or heterocysts. The fragments finally develop into
chains of the original character. The cells increase in

number by transverse division (Fig. 282, d). Cell divi-
sion is, in fact, the ordinary process by which the plants
of this group multiply.

410. If the substratum on which the plants are grow-
ing dries up, the investing mass of gelatinous substance
hardens in proportion as it parts with water, and so be-
comes a protective coating which enables the plant to
withstand extreme drought.

411. The plant here described and figured (Nostoc) is
representative of the Blue-green Algae in color, in the
‘filamentous arrangement of the cells, in the method of
multiplication by transverse fission, and in throwing off
mucilaginous matter from the walls to form sheaths and
embedding masses. In some species, however, the cells
are found in small groups, not filamentous ; and in others
the gelatinous coating is either very thin or entirely
wanting.

412. Oscillatoria (Fig. 283) is, like many of the group, often
aquatic, either floating freely or gathered in small tufts. The filaments
have a characteristic motion of bending slowly from side to side —
whence the name Oscillatoria. They also possess some means of
locomotion, by which they slip along over the substratum, while at the
same time slowly revolving upon the longer axes of the filaments.

CRYPTOGAMS We)

New filaments arise from short portions (hormogonia) with rounded
ends (Fig. 283, h), when these portions have been set free from the old
filaments.

283. Oscillatoria: a, part of a filament showing hormogonia (h, h); c,
filaments, less magnified.

413. The Blue-green Algze comprise a large number of species,
many of which differ considerably in general habit from the forms
just described.

GREEN ALGZ

414. The Green Alge (so called from their pure
chlorophyll green color) are mainly small aquatic plants,
and chiefly inhabit fresh waters; though some of them
are sub-aérial. The smallest members are distinguishable
only with the microscope; the largest form growths
several inches in diameter. The exceedingly numerous
species vary widely in structure and mode of life. The
few here described will give some idea of the chief types.
It should be understood at the outset that only the most
important facts of life history are given; and that in
many of the forms modes of reproduction, not here de-
seribed, exist.

415. Pleurococcus. — Almost all surfaces that are occa- ~
sionally wet and are not too much exposed to heat and
drying — as shaded sides of tree trunks, rough posts, and
rocks —after a time become
green by the growth of mi-
nute unicellular plants of vari-
ous kinds. They thrive and
multiply in rain and dew, and
resist ordinary drying. One
of the commonest of these unicellular forms is Pleuro-
coccus (Fig. 284). The plant is simply a microscopic

284. Pleurocoecus.

1 For example, the familiar Sea Lettuce of the seashore.

172 CRY PTOGAMS

sphere. Its only known mode of reproduction is by
division. That is, each individual divides by a cross
wall, and the two new individuals so produced increase in
size. Before they separate they may each again divide ;
and in fact the plants are commonly found cohering in
small colonies (lig. 284, B).

416. Ulothrix.— The fine unbranched filaments of Ulo-
thrix are abundant in fresh water, where they grow
attached to stones, sticks, etc. (Fig. 285, a). The fila-
ments increase in length by the division and elongation of
any or all of the cells. When Ulothrix is about to repro-
duce, its cells divide internally, so that within
each one are produced several cells; but the
latter have no cell wall formed about them.
When these naked cells escape, by the rupture
of the mother cell wall, it is seen that they are

285. Ulothrix: a, a young filament; b, larger zodspore; c, escape of these
spores; d,e, escape and conjugation of smaller zoospores. — DODEL-PorT.

provided with hairlike organs called cilia, by means of
which they swim energetically about (Fig. 285, 6, d).
The motile cells (called, from their animal-like power
of locomotion, zoéspores) are of two kinds, large and
small. The larger have four cilia (Fig. 285, 6). After
a short active period they settle down, lose their cilia,
invest themselves with cell walls, and germinate by
growing out into new filaments. The smaller zodspores
are provided with but two cilia. After swarming they
fuse (Fig. 285, e), generally in pairs. This process,
wherein two cells unite to form the germ of a new plant,
is called conjugation. The body formed by the conjuga-
tion of two similar cells is a zygospore. In the case of

CRYPTOGAMS ihyi3

Ulothrix the zygospore forms a wall about itself, rests for
a time, then makes some growth by elongating and
enlarging, and finally its contents break up into several
zoospores which are like the larger ones described above
and develop in a similar fashion.

417. Spirogyra.— Spirogyra may be found floating in
unattached masses at the surface of almost any sunny
pool or spring in warm weather. It is often known as
Frog slime or Frog spittle. Under the microscope a bit
of the mass becomes a tangle of beautiful green filaments,

286. Spirogyra: 7, nucleus; s, chromatophores.

unbranched, and consisting of elongated cylindrical cells
(Fig. 286) placed end to end. In the cells of Spirogyra
the essential parts of the typical vegetable cell are well
seen. The wall is lined with a thin layer of living
matter (protoplasm), embedded in which are several
spiral bands of denser composition, the chromatophores, or
color-bearing organs (s), containing the chlorophyll.
Near the center of the cell is found the rounded nucleus
(7), from which strands of protoplasm run to the peripheral
layer. The remaining space is filled with cell sap—
water with dissolved substances.

418. The cells of the filament lve in apparent inde-
pendence of one another, each forming its own food
supplies, and every one capable of dividing transversely
to form two daughter cells ; by which process the plant
increases rapidly under favorable conditions.

1 Refer here to §§ 494-498 ; a full discussion of the cell should be had
at this point. Emphasize the relative unimportance of the wall; the
idea of the living unit having the nucleus as the center and conservator of
vital activity ; the rdle of the nucleus in cell division (briefly); and the
occurrence of many cells (represented by nuclei) in a common wall, as in
Vaucheria next to be described.

174 CRYPTOGAMS

419. Growth and reproduction should now be clearly
distinguished. Growth is the increase in size of an
already existing individual; reproduction is the forma-
tion of a new individual, or new individuals. In the
case of Pleurococcus cell division results in the produc-
tion of two new individuals, which separate sooner or
later. In the growing root tip of a Flowering Plant,
on the other hand, cell division is merely a step in the
formation of more root, and is therefore only a growth
process. In the case of Spirogyra, if we consider the
whole filament to be the individual, then division of the
several cells is to be regarded as growth. But if the cells
of the filaments are considered to be the individuals, 7.e.
essentially independent organisms, their division must
then be regarded as reproduction. ‘The two processes here
run together, since it is not easy to say how much of the
plant may be termed the individual.

420. Reproduction. — Under certain
conditions, however, the cells of Spi-
rogyra take part in a distinctly repro-
ductive process. The cells of a filament
send out lateral processes which meet
similar processes from cells of another
filament (Fig. 287). Cells thus become
united in pairs. Openings are then
made in the conjoined outgrowths, by
which the contents of all the cells on
one side pass over into those on the
other. The contents of each pair of
cells unite to make up a single body,
287. Conjugation of or zygospore (zs), which becomes invested

Spirogyra: Zs, F ;
zygospore; f, Dy a thick wall preparatory to a resting
fusion in pro- period. In this form the plant endures
oihie periods of drought, when the pools
where it grows dry up; and thus it also passes the winter.

421. Here, as in Ulothrix, two similar cells unite in
reproduction. In plants soon to be described the fusing
cells differ largely in size and other characteristics.

CRYPTOGAMS LTS

422. Conjugation of similar unciliated reproductive
cells is characteristic of a considerable group of Green
Algee. Fresh water preparations very often contain
unicellular forms belonging to this group, more
or less resembling the species represented in Fig.
288. Sometimes they cohere in chains. Usually
they are capable of slow locomotion. ‘They are
Desmids.

423. Vaucheria.— The green filaments
of Vaucheria are large enough to be dis-
tinguished by the naked eye. By repeated

branching they form upon moist soil
matted growths which may be several
inches in diameter. The plant also grows
‘submerged in water. ‘The filaments are continuous tubes,
ordinarily without cross partitions (7.e. unseptate), and
are lined with a protoplasmic layer in which numerous
nuclei and small rounded chromatophores are held; the
main cavity of the tubes being filled with cell sap as in
the case of Spirogyra cells. In fact the thallus of Vau-
cheria is to a certain degree such as would be produced
if the cells of Spirogyra were not separated by end walls,
the chief differences in this respect being
the greater number of nuclei, the shape
of the chlorophyll bodies, and the
branching habit of Vaucheria.

424. Reproduction. — Zodspores are
produced in the ends of side branches
atter these portions have been cut off
by septa and thus converted into zodspo-
eee rangia. Vhe whole contents of each

zoosporangium ZOOSporangium escapes by the rupture

: : ze
of Vaucheria. of the wall at the apex (Fig. 289), and
— Murray. =

288. Desmids.

constitutes a single large zodspore pro-
vided with numerous pairs of cilia distributed over its
surface. The motile period may last for several hours,
after which time the cilia are lost, a wall is formed around
the zodspore, and germination very soon takes place by

175 CRYPTOGAMS

the protrusion of one or two tubular filaments, which
grow directly to new plants.

425. Zoodspores are apt to be formed when the plant is
growing in a submerged situation. In places where it is
exposed to the air and moistened only occasionally, as by
the dew, a second method of repro-
duction prevails. Swellings arise
on the thallus, which develop into
short, thick branches of pecular
form. When cut off by septa
below they become the oégonia
(Fig. 290, og). The contents of
the odgonium contracts somewhat
to form the egg cell, and an open-
ing makes its appearance in the
290. Vaucheria: 4, the un- ojgonium wall. Near by, short,

opened antheridium ;
(a) and odgonium Slender, often coiled branches grow
COs See pa up. Their extremities are cut off
and formation of to form the antheridia (Hig. 290; a),
the odspore (08).— from which antherozoids, bodies
PRINGSHEIM. E
resembling small zodspores, are
finally liberated. The latter make their way through
water to the opening of the odgonium, and one, enter-
ing, fuses with the egg cell. The resulting body, or
odspore, now surrounds itself with a cell wall and enters
a resting state. It is ultimately set free by the rupture
of the o6gonium wall, and germinates.

426. In Vaucheria we have essentially the same reproductive pro-
cesses as in Ulothrix, but now appearing in a much modified form.
The single large zodspore of Vaucheria, with its many cilia, performs
the same office as the numerous small zoéspores of Ulothrix. The pro-
duction of the odspore in Vaucheria may be likened to the union of
reproductive cells in Ulothrix, with the important difference that now
the fusing cells differ greatly in size, and only one of them is motile.

427. Cells designed for reproductive union are called gametes.
When they are of unequal size, the larger is termed egg cell or simply
egg; the smaller, if motile, is an antherozoid. The egg is said to be
fertilized by the antherozoid. The body directly resulting from the
union of unequal gametes is an odspore.

CRYPTOGAMS wae

BROWN ALG

428. The Brown Alge (Fig. 291) are almost exclusively
salt-water plants. They are in most cases attached. In size
they range from microscopic, unicellular forms, through
the fine filamentous species (Fig. 291, D), to thalloid
forms of immense length. “Of these, Macrocystis pyrifera

Rs

&
BRISA TO,

S

OMIOSoaIIrMAse

A.
at
F

2.
SDI
te

y
.) )
:
aaa é
a 0
; AY,
Ss aS)
A
SS s
95 ay
FS 9 S
ESO sia
ky * BACT,
J ig Nie
Va

C

291. Brown Alge: A, the Sea Colander (much reduced): B, Laminaria (much
reduced) ; C, the Gulf Weed with floats (a); D, Ectocarpus (magni-
fied), s being sporangia.

is noted for its gigantic size: rising obliquely upward to
the surface of the water from the sloping sides of eleva-
tions in the ocean bed, its floating thallus has a length of
600 to 900 feet. The stalk below is naked, but at the
surface, where it streams out horizontally, it bears many
long pendent segments, each provided at the base with a

OUT. OF BOT. — 12

178 CRYPTOGAMS

large bladderlike float filled with air.”! The Gulf Weed
(Fig. 291, C), which collects in such quantities in the so-
called Sargasso seas, belongs to this group. On certain
coasts it grows as an attached plant. Portions which have
been detached and carried off by currents continue to grow
and multiply vegetatively as they float in the quieter areas
of the ocean.

429. The brownish color of the Brown Alge is due to
a pigment in the cells, which probably aids the chlorophyll
present in the work of assimilation.

430. Reproduction. — Reproductive cells are of several
sorts in this group. rst and simplest are the zodspores
borne in Zodsporangia (Fig. 292, A), found in most
members of this

g group. Their his-

19 we tory is lke that

Fo of the larger z06-

C spores of Ulo-

thrix >- that as;

they germinate

292. as zoosporangium, and B, gametangium, of directly after

eo ecae 2 see swum
out fusion.

431. Secondly. We find processes of cell fusion, not
unlike those already seen in the reproductive bodies
of Green Alge. We may select three representative
cases. (1) In Ectocarpus and allied plants, zodspores
(gametes) are produced, which are indistinguishable from
the zodspores intended for direct germination, except that
the bodies now in mind arise in sporangia of a different
character (Fig. 292, B). They may conjugate in pairs (C),
like the small zodspores of Ulothrix. (2) In some forms
(Cutleria), the fusing zodspores (gametes) differ in size.
The larger come to rest before fusion. This is a step
intermediate between the condition in Ectocarpus and that
next to be described. (3) In the common Rockweed of
the shores, the gametes are egg cells and antherozoids

1Strasburger, ‘‘ Text Book of Botany,”’’ p. 330.

CRYPTOGAMS 179

(Fig. 297). The egg cells are produced in oégonia
(Fig. 295), found in cavities or conceptacles (Fig. 294),
which make their appearance at cer-
tain seasons in special portions of the
branching thallus (Fig. 293). The
antherozoids originate in antheridia

aot
293. A Branch of Rock- 294. Section of a conceptacle. — THURET.
weed: /f, afertile
PornOn urer, (ig. 296), enlarged cells produced

on branching filaments. The anther-

idial filaments grow from the walls of conceptacles, either
with the odgonia, or in other conceptacles upon separate
plants, according to the species of
Rockweed considered. At maturity
both egg cells and antherozoids escape
from the concepta-
cles and float about.
The antherozoids
swarm about the
naked egg cell ener-
getically (Fig. 297),
and one of them
finally penetrates and ei Tae
fuses with it. At theridia, —
295. An odgonium.— once a wall begins Beas

oo to form about the fertilized egg, or
odspore, which now settles to the bottom, and upon ger-
mination gives rise to a new plant.

180 CRYPTOGAMS

432. Irom the series given
above (Ectocarpus, Cutleria,
Rockweed) it is apparent
that the antherozoids in
Rockweed are in the nature
of reduced zoéspores ; while
the egg cell also answers to
a zoospore, only in this case
the cell is of increased size,
and being from the first—
297. Antherozoids swarming about devoid of cilia, 1s entirely

the egg cell. — THURET. passive.

RED ALG
433. The Red Alge (Fig. 298) are, with few excep-
tions, marine.! While many forms may be found in very
shallow water, many are found in deep water where,
owing to the feeble hght, no other alge can exist. In

298. Red Alge: A, Delesseria sinuosa;
B, the so-called Irish Moss; C, a
fresh-water species, Batrachosper-
mum cerulescens; D, two fila-

: ments of the last, showing the

' cells.

oD

some of the smallest and simplest species the thallus con-
sists of loose branched filaments (Fig. 298, D); in others,
as in the Irish Moss (Fig. 298, B), the flattened thallus is
divided into narrow segments; while in many others, the

1Of fresh-water species. Batrachospermum, Fig. 298, C, is very common
on stones in brooks.

CRY PTOGAMS

181

plant body is very thin and much expanded, and reaches a
length of several feet. In most cases the plants are
attached by more or less rootlike holdfasts. The often
beautiful color is due to the presence of a red pigment,
which more or less completely masks the chlorophyll.

434. Reproduction. — A characteristic method of bearing
spores is in groups of four (Fig. 299), each group result-

ing from the division of the contents of
an original mother cell. Such spores are
termed tetraspores. ‘They are bright red
bodies without cell walls, and being un-
provided with cilia, are dependent upon
water currents for dissemination.

435. Reproduction, with fusion of the
reproductive cells, may be illustrated by
the case of Nemalion; this being taken
as a simple instance of a process which

in some members

300. Nemalion: A, showing the carpogonium (c),
trichogyne (¢) with pollinoids near, and
antheridia (a); #B, after fertilization, the
carpogonium beginning to branch; C, the
nearly mature spore-bearing body (cysto-
carp, cy). — THURET.

which is known as the trichogyne (¢).
brought by circulation of the water,

of 299. Tetraspores (f)
in a filament

the group becomes of Polysipho-
highly complicated. nia.

The reproductive cells of Nemalion are
pollinoids, naked spherical cells pro-
duced singly in rounded antheridia

(Fig. 300, a), and
differing from an-
therozoids only in
being unciliated ;
and egg cells formed
within elongated
cells termed carpo-
gonia (Fig. 300, ¢).
The egg occupies
the enlarged basal
portion of the car-
pogonium, the hair-
like extremity of
Several pollinoids,
may adhere to the

182 CRYPTOGAMS

trichogyne ; they surround themselves by membranes, and
the contents of one of them passes through the trichogyne
wall and makes its way to the egg cell. After fertilization
the fertilized egg (odspore), remaining in position, divides
and, on all sides, sends out branches (Fig. 300, c), from
which separable cells, called carpospores, are finally formed.
These spores serve the same purpose as the tetraspores,
growing directly to new plants.

436. It is to be noted that while in Vaucheria and Rockweed the
odspore is set free from the parent plant before germination and
grows directly to a new plant, in Nemalion the corresponding body
(fused egg cell and pollinoid) is not liberated from the carpogonium,
but, as we may say, germinates in position. The free spores are pro-
duced only after an interval of growth.

437. We summarize reproduction in the types of Green, Brown,
and Red Algz as they have here been described, as follows : —

(1) Reproductive cells give rise to new plants without conjugating.
A single cell, set free from the parent, germinates without having to
fuse with another cell. This single cell is a spore: in Ulothrix and
Brown Alge, a zodspore; in Red Algez, a tetraspore or a carpo-
spore.

(2) Reproductive cells conjugate before giving rise to new plants.
Two cells unite to make up a body which is the starting point of
a new plant. The uniting cells are gametes. Gametes may be:
(a) zoospores (zodgametes), indistinguishable in some cases from the
zoospores which germinate without conjugating; (4) pairs of similar
unciliated cells (Spirogyra); (¢) egg cells and antherozoids or polli-
noids (Vaucheria, Rockweed, Nemalion). The egg cell may be
fertilized in position (Vaucheria, Nemalion), or after liberation (Rock-
weed). The immediate result of conjugation is a zygospore when the
uniting cells are alike; an odspore, when they are unlike. The odspore
may be freed from the odgonium before it germinates (Vaucheria,
Rockweed), in which case the reproduction is described as odsporic ;
or may develop in position (Nemalion), carpospores being the indirect
result, in which case the reproduction is said to be carposporic. In
Vaucheria and Rockweed the germination of the odspore gives a new
plant; we may properly, therefore, think of the structure resulting
from the fertilization of the egg in Nemalion (namely, the branches
of the carpogonium and the carpospores while forming) as a new
plant parasitic upon the parent.

(3) Reproduction without conjugation serves for rapid propagation ;
and at the same time for dispersion, since the spores are often motile,
and when unciliated float easily in the water.

CRYPTOGAMS 183

(4) Reproduction with conjugation: in. the Algee and other low
plants, is often associated with exposure of the plant to adverse con-
ditions, such as the approach of winter or drought or the old age of
the plant. It seems to be a mode of reinvigorating the species at the -
moment when the production of a new plant is to be provided for.
It is clearly of the same nature as the fertilization of the egg cell in
the ovule of the Flowering Plants.

Reproduction with conjugation (sexual reproduction) in the Thallo-
phytes is of three types, as indicated above; viz., 1) zygosporic,
2) oésporic, 3) carposporic. An important system of classification of
both Alge and Fungi (in which essentially the same reproductive pro-
cesses occur as in Algez) is founded upon these types.

FUNGI

438. Fungi may conveniently be defined as Thallo-
phytes lacking chlorophyll. In structure and life habit
many of them closely resemble certain Alge. In some
instances the resemblance is so striking that we may with
assurance regard the fungal forms, in these cases, as having
been derived from Algz, chlorophyll having been lost
through the adoption of a parasitic or saprophytic mode
of life. Parallel cases in Flowering Plants are furnished
by the Dodder (a parasite, Fig. 832) and the Indian Pipe
(a saprophyte, § 59).

439. Many of the species are unicellular and very
minute. When of more than one cell, the plant body is
generally filamentous. Even in the compact, fleshy forms,
lke the Toadstools, the solid structures are built up of
an immense number of essentially independent threads.
The vegetative filaments of Fungi are termed hyphe ;
and the plant body composed of hyphz (aside from special
spore-bearing parts) is the mycelium.

440. The number of species of Fungi is very great,
and the types are extremely various. A few common
forms will be described in order, thereby, to present sev-
eral of the most important groups.

1 These two methods of reproduction are also termed the asexual and
the sexual modes, respectively.

184 CRYPTOGAMS

Bacteria

441. The Bacteria (Fig. 501) include the smallest of
all living organisms. Even the highest powers of the
microscope fail to show much of their inner structure ;
so that at present very little is known of their relation-
ship to other groups. Our knowledge is confined to their
external forms, methods of multiplication, and modes of
life, with their effects, good and bad; but this knowledge
is of the highest practical importance, since the Bacteria
affect the lives of other living beings, including man, in
very direct ways.

442. Size. A common spherical form is => 9/999 inch in
diameter ; the rod-shaped germ of consumption is from
three to nine times as long as this ; many species, however,
are considerably larger. Form. The
principal forms are (1) spherical,
(2) straight cylindrical, (38) spiral.
Movements. Many Bacteria exhibit
very lively movements. Locomotion
is usually accomphshed by means of
extremely fine cilia (Fig. 301). Mul-
tiplication commonly takes place by
fission. Each individual divides into
two parts, by transverse division,
each part becoming a new individual.
Under favorable conditions — abun-

301. Bacteria, highly mag-

nified: a, the germ
of typhoid fever,
stained to show the
cilia; 6b, a spiral
ciliated form; c, a
rod-shaped form, in
chains ; d,a spheri-
cal form. — a, Jb,
from ENGLER and
PRANTL.

dance of food and _ considerable
warmth—the Bacteria may double
in numbers about every half hour.
In this way enormous multitudes may
result even from one original indi-
vidual in a comparatively short time.
Low temperatures retard growth and

division: hence the utility of ice in preserving foods in
warm weather. Under certain conditions Bacteria pass
into a spore condition, in which they become highly
resistant to destruction by heat or drying. In a dry

CRYPTOGAMS 185

state the spores of some species may live for years. They
are not necessarily killed by boiling. Only repeated or
greatly prolonged boiling will sterilize liquids, z.e. free
them from all Bacteria; though a single boiling will kill
all active Bacteria present. Prevalence. Bacteria are
present in considerable numbers in ordinary air and in
most fresh waters. They are very abundant in most
soils. They abound in many milk supphes and are present
in butter, cheese, and other foods. Subsistence. Bacteria
are (1) saprophytic and (2) parasitic. The parasitic
species may cause deadly diseases in animals (including
man ).

443. Effects. Bacteria bring about chemical changes
in the substances in which they live. Such changes are:
the decay of the dead bodies of animals and plants ; the
fermentation (souring) of milk; the “ripening” of cream
and of cheese ; and the conversion of the alcohol in cider
into the acid of vinegar. In the manufacture of butter,
cheese, and vinegar, therefore, Bacteria play an important
part. Other instances of their usefulness in the arts
might be given.

Among diseases known to be due to Bacteria are influ-
enza, erysipelas, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, consumption,
leprosy, lockjaw, and cholera. The principal source of
harm is the production of virulent poisons in the blood.
In spite, however, of the dangerous character of the para-
sitic species, the Bacteria are on the whole a highly bene-
ficial group of organisms. The dissolution of dead organic
bodies, and the enrichment and preparation of soils for
the uses of higher plants, effected by Bacteria, are very
important services.

Yeasts

444. If one examines microscopically a small portion of
yeast cake sold for raising bread, he finds (along with
starch grains from the potato used in making the cake)
numbers of small, colorless, unicellular plants, broadly
elliptical or somewhat ovate in outline, and of various

186 CRYPTOGAMS

sizes (Fig. 302). Though very small plants, the Yeasts
are larger than most Bacteria, averaging perhaps 35455
inch in length. Each cell consists of
wall and protoplasmic body, generally
including refractive granules and a
large sap cavity.
Reproduction. — New individuals are
formed not by division into two equal
2 { parts, as in the Bacteria, but by a pro-
302. Yeast plants: 1 CeSS of “budding.” The cell wall is
and 2 repre- pushed out at some point in a small
sent successive . . :
stages in the Lounded swelling, which receives pro-
process of bud- toplasmic contents from the parent cell.
Sos It increases in size and is finally cut off
by a new cell wall ; though it may long remain attached
to the parent cell. Before its separation it may itself bud
in one or more directions, and thus irregular colonial
gerowths arise. Yeasts may multiply very rapidly, an
entire new generation appearing in a couple of hours.
There are many different sorts of Yeast. The usefulness
of all Yeasts, however, depends upon their power of
decomposing certain sugars, with the resultant formation
of aleohol and carbonic acid gas (that is, their power of
exciting alcoholic fermentation). In beer and wine
making, alcohol is the product sought; in bread raising,
on the contrary, carbonic acid gas is the useful product,
its bubbles giving the bread its hghtness.

Bread Mold (Rhizopus)

445. If fresh moist bread is placed in a tightly closed
dish in a warm place, within a few days a thick growth
of fine white mold will probably make its appearance,
unless special precautions have been taken to prevent such
aresult. That the plant may be secured without failure
by such means of course demonstrates the prevalence of
its minute spores in the air, or in the dust which has
settled on the bread or on the dishes used. If we were to

CRY PTOGAMS 187

follow a spore to its destination and observe its develop-
ment, we should find that after soaking up some of the
juices of the bread it germinates by putting out a trans-
parent hypha (Fig. 306). The hypha grows by further
absorption of food matter, increases rapidly in length,

pat
303. Bread Mold: S, a sporangium; 7, rootlike organs.

branches repeatedly, and thus ultimately develops into a
complex mycelium running over the bread and sending
hyphe into the interior. All portions of this mycehum
may be in communication internally, for there are no
cross walls, or septa. In this respect Rhizopus is like
Vaucheria.

446. Reproduction. — Special erect filaments are soon
sent up, at the summits of which white globular sporangia

304. A, young sporangium; B, section of a mature 305. A spore of Bread
sporangium; C, sporangium after rupture of Mold, more high-
the exterior membrane (2). ly magnified.

are formed (Figs. 303, 304). At maturity both turn
black. The numerous spores are ovate bodies (Fig.
305), covered with cell walls which protect them from

188 CRYPTOGAMS

the chief danger which besets all very small organisms
exposed in the air, namely, drying. Where the Fungus
spreads away from the bread along the bottom of the
dish, it is seen that the sporangial stalks arise in groups
at points where the hyphze touch the dish, at which
points also rootlike organs appear (whence the. name
Rhizopus, root footed). The whole has very much the
habit of a Strawberry plant propagating by runners
(Fig. 303). .

A B

306. Germination of 307. Conjugation of Rhizopus: A, B, C, D, suc-
the spore. cessive stages in the production of the
zygospore.

447. Under certain conditions short lateral branches
spring out near one another from neighboring hyphe and
grow until their tips are in contact (Fig. 307). The
end parts of the branches become cut off by septa. _ They
are the gametes, which fuse after the walls have been
absorbed at the point of contact. The result is the
formation of a thick-walled resting spore, or zygospore

(Fig. 307, z).

Water Molds (Saprolegnacee)

448. The best way to secure material for the study of
these plants is to bring in a large handful of decaying
leaves from some pond hole or bog where water stands,
throw them into a jar of water, and after them throw in
either dead insects or succulent shoots of seedlings killed
by heat. Upon these food materials the spores of the
Water Molds from the dead leaves will fasten and ger-

CRYPTOGAMS 189

minate. The short floating filaments, often much stouter
than those of the Bread Mold, may be distinguished by
the naked eye. Under the microscope they are seen to
compose an unseptate branching mycelium, which pene-
trates the object upon which it grows.

449. Reproduction. — The more or less swollen ends of
some branches are seen to be filled with dense protoplasm
and to be cut off by
septa to form the
zodsporangia (Fig.
308, A). The con-
tents finally breaks
up into numerous
rounded bodies which
finally escape from a
terminal opening in
the zodsporangium.
These bodies, the zoé-
spores, in some spe-
cies are motile from
the time they are set
free ; in other species
just after ejection
they surround them-
selves by a delicate
eell wall, from which
they soon escape and
swim away, soon to
germinate.

450. Resting 0é-

308. Water Mold: A, zoosporangium; B, es-

spores are formed caped zodspores, before becoming motile;
from ego cells, pro- C’, zoospores in the active stage; D,

oi - oogonia and antheridia (a). The lower
duced in spherical odgonium contains an unfertilized egg
odgonia (Fig. 308, cell (e), and two young oospores (0) ; the

ay upper shows four mature oospores (sp).
7) eetertilized. sirem

antheridial tubes (Fig. 309), which penetrate the odgonial
wall in order to reach the egg cells. After fertilization
the odspore surrounds itself with a thick wall.

190 CRYPTOGAMS

451. This process differs from odspore formation in
Vaucheria chiefly in the usual presence of several egg
cells in each odgonium, and in the con-
duction of the fertilizing cells (or nuclei)
to the egg cells by means of tubes. In
Vaucheria, it will be remembered, the
fertilizing cells are an-

cs. therozoids. Irequently

ote. eee a. in Water Molds there
a, antheridial is this further pecular-

ioe ity, that wethout fertili-
zation egg cells become oodspores capable

310. Germination of

of germination. the odspore:

452. It is from resting odspores in the a, ZoOsporan-
dead leaves that the plant is obtained mane ane
for study, as recommended above. The — Dr Bary.

odspores on germinating shortly give rise to zodspores
(Fig. 810), and these infect the dead flies, etc., thrown
into the water.

Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)

453. The name Sac Fungi or Ascomycetes (ascus,
‘sac, and mycetes, fungi) is given from the fact that
spores are borne in more or less oval, club-shaped, or
elongated sacs at the ends of hyphe (Fig. 313). The
sacs may be present in large numbers and are generally
erouped in special structures, or ‘“ fructifications,” built
up from the mycelium around the sac-bearing hyphie.
The following common forms will serve to familiarize the
student with prevailing types of fructification, for it is
by the forms of these structures that the different Sac
Fungi are chiefly distinguished.

454. Peziza.— Common species of Peziza are most readily
found growing on rotting logs and sticks, though many
spring from the soil. The mycelium of septate threads
spreads through the substratum for absorption of decaying
organic matter. The fructification, known as apothecium,
is in many species saucer-shaped (Fig. 311), in others

CRYPTOGAMS 191

bowl-shaped, or even club-shaped. The largest have
apothecia several inches across, but the commoner kinds

3811. Peziza on wood.

312. Section of apothecium;
h, hymenium.

are a quarter inch or less in diameter. The interior of
the saucer is lined by a layer (hymenium, Fig. 312) made
up of spore sacs (Fig. 313) and sterile filaments that
grow up between them. When ripe,
the (eight) spores escape by the rupture
of the sac (ascus). On germinating, the
spores give rise to mycelia, the apothe-

313. A part of the hy-
menium, great-
ly magnified: a,
an ascus; /;. a
sterile filament.

cla not ap-
pearing for a
considerable
time.

455. Micro-
sphera Alni,
one of the
Powdery Mil-
dews, is par-
asitic, often
on the leaves
of Lilac (Fig.
314). The

Inve eliwm

spreads over the surface of the
leaf and sends haustoria (suck-
ing hyphe) into the interior.
In the earlier part of the season
simple erect filaments arise, at
the ends of which spores are
formed (somewhat as in Penicillium). Later, fructifica-

314. Lilac leaf, infected by Micro-
sphera.

192

CRY PTOGAMS

tions are produced on the leaf surface, appearing to the
naked eye as minute rounded black bodies. These are

015. A perithecium brok-
en open to show

the perithecia (Fig. 315) which in-
close the spore sacs. ‘The perithecia
bear radial appendages.

456. Aspergillus, a very common
fine mold on dry bread, cake, cheese,
preserved fruits, etc., should be men-
tioned here, since, though it is really
an Ascomycete, it would not be rec-
ognized as such at one stage of its

the asci.

OO LE

bX)

pee
ee

016. Section of the
sporophore of
Aspergillus.—
Kny.

existence. On first appearing upon
the given substratum the mycelium sends up great num-
bers of erect branches ending in globular heads, from
which are produced spores in chains

radially arranged (Fig.
316). Ata later stage
of its history the myce-
hum gives rise to small
rounded fructifications
inclosing the character-
istic spore sacs of an
Ascomycete. In hke
manner other members
of this group are known

317. Fruit of Asper-
gillus, with

asci (a).
— Kny.

to pass through two stages of develop-_

ment differing in the
method of spore bear-
ing. Penicillium, a very
common blue mold (Fig.

318), is an example.

457. The Rusts. — Many Fungi un-
dergo remarkable transformations in the
course of their life history. This is very
marked in the case of the Rusts, of which
the common Rust of Wheat (Puceinia
graminis) may be taken for description.
It infests the leaves and stems of Wheat,

318. Sporophore of
Penicillium.

CRYPTOGAMS

193

Rye, Oats, and various other grasses. The first appear-
ance of this Fungus in the spring that one is at all likely

to see, however, is not upon a grass,
but on the leaves of the common
Barberry, in the form of thick-
ened red patches. On the under
side of these areas, embedded in
the leaf tissues, are then found the
so-called cluster cups, or fructifica-

filed with chains
of rounded spores.
New spores are
formed at the base
of the chains while
the terminal ones

fall off and are

of the new host,
where it increases
largely, working

320. A stalk of grass damage to the

with spores of Wheat, and form-
Pucciniabreak- . erat ack
ing through the Ing a 1e Ssurlace

epidermis in masses of spores

Car patches: for the further
spread of the disease. The spores
produced on the Wheat are differ-
ent both in shape and in the manner
in which they are borne from the
‘spores of the cluster-cup stage on

(oi)! ¥ r) } on
. - Py ibd ie Naw y a8, 22 S235
tions (Fig. 319), Sey aw AB SRE

319. Section through a clus-
ter cup of Puccinia in
the leaf of Barberry.

carried by the winds to the Wheat (or
other grass). The mycelium produced
from these spores penetrates the body

Barberry. Moreover, on Wheat 391 wredospores and a te

the spores are of two sorts (Fig.
321): (1) unicellular wredospores,

leutospore (¢) of Puc-
cinia. — DE BARY.

prevailing until late summer or fall, the office of which is to
spread the Rust by immediate germination on being blown

OUT. OF BOT. — 13

194 CRYPTOGAMS

to uninfected plants ; (2) two-celled teleutospores, charac-
teristic of the latter part of the season, thick-walled, and
fitted to survive the winter. While still
remaining on the dead stalks of the grain
in the following spring, the teleutospores
germinate. Each cell puts out a short
filament (Fig. 322); and on the sides of
these filaments small spores called spo-
ridia are formed. Finally, by these spo-
ridia the Barberry leaves are infected,
and the life cycle is brought to the point
at which this description was begun.
458. Puccinia graminis is one of many
Fungi adapted to different hosts at dif-
392. Germination of erent periods of their life history, and
the teleuto- failing to develop if the proper hosts are
ne aoe not met with at the particular stages
ridia. when they are required. ‘The sporidia
— De BaRy. of this Rust germinate only on Barberry;
while the cluster-cup spores and uredospores of the same
Fungus refuse to develop except on certain grasses
(Wheat, Oats, Rye, etc.).

Basidiomycetes

459. The Basidiomycetes include the Toadstools and
Putfballs and théu relatives. The myceha usually live
saprophytically in sol, leaf mold, decaying wood, ete.!
The fructifications which arise may be simple layers of
tissue, coating the surface of the substratum, as in the
whitish or brownish incrustirg growths found every where
on the under sides of rotting sticks ; but in the majority
of cases they are stalked structures.

In the common Toadstool (Fig. 323) the stalk (stzpes, s)
Supports a cap ( pileus, p) from which depend radial gills (la-
melle,l). Upon the surfaces of these gills the sporiferous

1 Some Basidiomycetes are parasitic ; for example, the Fungus which
causes on Azalea and allied plants the growths known as ‘‘ May Apples.”

CRY PTOGAMS

195

layer (hymenium) lies. Figure 825 shows part of the cross
section of agill. The spores (8) are borne, usually in fours,

323. Fructification of a toadstool
(Amanita phalloides): p,
pileus, or cap; /, lamella, or
gills.

on enlarged hy-
pha tips called
bastdea (B).
This character
—namely, bear-
ing spores on
basidia — has
given the group
(Basidiomycetes)
its name.

460. Other types
of fructification. —
The Basidiomyce-
tes furnish the col-
lector a great vari-
ety of curious and
interesting forms.

324. A part of
the myce-
lium.

A little search

in almost any woods will bring
some of them to light. The hyme-
nial layer is variously disposed.
In some incrusting forms men-
tioned above (Corlicium) it is sim-
ple (not folded) ; in Clavaria (Fig.
326) it covers the coral-like branches; in Hydnum (Fig. 327) the hy-

325. Section of a gill, highly magnified: B, basidia; S, spores.

196 CRYPTOGAMS

menial surface is thrown into teeth; in the Poly-
porus sub group (Fig. 328) the arrangement is
exactly the reverse, for the hymenium lines the
“y numerous pores. Branches, teeth, pores, and gills
i{¥» are all devices for increasing the extent of spo-
riferous surface.

TTT
\ FWWIN

: “| \

327. Hydnum. 328. Polyporus: p, pores of the
under surface.

LICHENS (Figs. 329, 330)

461. Lichens form gray or yellowish patches on rocks
and trees, festoons on the branches, and incrusting sheets
and spongy mats on barren soil. They are commonly
known as “Moss” —a wholly
wrong name, as will be seen when

=

329. A lichen (Physcia stellaris) : 330. Usnea barbata.
a, apothecia.

CRYPTOGAMS 197

we come to the real Mosses. A section through a Lichen
thallus (Fig. 331) shows large numbers of green cells
having much the appearance of such unicellular Alge as
Pleurococcus and Nostoc, held in the
meshes of a tissue made up of filaments
resembling Fungus hyphe. These
appearances represent the truth of
the matter. Lichens are composite
growths in which certain unicellular
Alge and certain Fungi take part.
Figure 332 shows how this union be-
gins. The spore of a Fungus has
fallen near a cell of Pleurococcus.
The young mycelium is already ADH. 2 Oo fae eee ieee
phed to the Alga, which has divided. thallus.
Further development consists in the

extension and branching of
the mycelium, and the multi-
pleation of the algal cells; the
construction, by these means,

=o

©

O

332. First stages in the formation of a thallus having certain
of the lichen thallus. — distinguishing peculiarities of
BORNET. :

structure, according to the
kind of Fungus and the kind of Alga concerned; and
finally, the production of a spore-bearing body. In many

Lichens this fructification is an apo-

thecium (Fig. 329, a) very like that

of Peziza, with a hymenium con-
taining spore sacs or asc? (Fig. 333). : oe

Most of the Lichen Fungi are Sac 333. Section of an apothe-
: ae ‘lum.

Fungi. They are parasitic upon :

the Algz and cannot exist without them. The Alge,

however, are known to be able to exist perfectly well

without the Fungi.!

THE OLE a

et

1Symbiosis (as the word is understood among English-speaking
botanists) is the living together of unlike organisms for mutual advan-
tage. Many botanists regard Lichens as examples of symbiotic accom-
modation.

198 CRYPTOGAMS

LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES (BRYOPHYTES)

462. The account of Chlorophyllous plants was inter-
rupted at the end of the section on Red Seaweeds. A
series of colorless forms (Fungi) was then introduced, in
general structure and often in detail closely resembling
Algz. We return to chlorophyll-bearing plants at a point
where the ascending line of vegetable life leaves the
waters to become henceforward very largely terrestrial.

463. The words “line” and “series” are not to be understood in
too restricted a sense. For example, in Algz several seeming lines of
progressive development, running more or less side by side, are to be
discerned; and the same may be said of any large group of plants.
Moreover the “line ” or “series” is never continuous,— is in fact
merely a succession of considerably separated groups, through which
run certain general principles of structure. In the grand series begin-
ning with unicellular Algz and ending with Flowering Plants, many
breaks occur. That is, at certain points new features appear in the
plant body, not matched by anything in any known lower form. It is
not to be imagined that the whole organization is new—that the
break in the series is absolute. The nature of the cells upon which
the whole character of all vegetable life depends is always the same,
and certain reproductive processes are always essentially the same.
By the interruption of the series, we mean that in considering the ori-
gin of certain plants we are unable to find anything which we can
regard as their near ancestry in the lower grades. ‘This is the con-
dition in the Liverworts. We may suppose they sprung from an
algal stock ; for the plant body is an expanded thallus, the habitat is
often damp earth or even water, and reproduction is brought about
through fertilization of an egg cell by antherozoids, as in many Alge.
But there is nothing by which we can fix the Liverworts as near rela-
tives of any particular one of the existing algal groups.

464. Marchantia (Fig. 354), one of the commonest of
the Liverworts, is found growing prostrate upon the
ground in damp situations. The ordinary length is an
inch or two. The thallus forks frequently, and the
branches grow forward while the oldest portion of the
thallus continually dies away ; so that finally the branches

1 By some authorities the Liverworts have been regarded as related
to the Stoneworts (Characee) or the like; by others to be descendants of
Alge resembling Coleocheie, the Water Shield.

CRYPTOGAMS 199

become separate individuals. The plant is attached to the
ground by absorptive hairs, or rhizoids. Above, the sur-

334. Marchantia: A, thallus with rhizoids (r), cupules (c), and archegonial.
branch (b); B, section of archegonium, the fertilized egg (e) having
divided once; C, disk of fruiting branch cut to show sporogonia
(m, n, 0); D, opened sporogonium with enveloping sheath (pe), and
remains of old archegonium (ar).

face is seen on close inspection to be divided into small,
slightly raised areas, each with a pore at the summit.
The pore leads into a chamber (Fig. 335), from the floor of
which rise short fila-
ments or rows of richly
chlorophyllous cells —
the chief assimilatory
tissue. This arrange-
ment has the same ef-

fect as that of the loose 335, section in upper part of thallus to

tissues in the leaf of show pore (p) and assimilating cells
(ac).

Flowering Plants (see
Fig. 382), where pores (stomates) give free passage to gases,
while the epidermal covering retains moisture.

200 CRYPTOGAMS

465. Reproduction. — Upon the upper surface, over the
axes of growth, or midribs, small cup-shaped structures
called cupules (Fig. 334, A,¢) are found. From the bottom
of each, several small lens-shaped bodies, composed of a con-
siderable number of cells, arise ; they are known as gemme
(literally buds). When set free and scattered by rains and
running water they develop directly into new plants.
This is vegetative propagation much resembling the propa-
gation of Lilies by bulblets and various other Flowering
Plants by offsets. Gemme serve the same purpose as
zoospores in the Alge, namely, rapid multiplication.

466. A second reproductive process is now to be de-
scribed, in which gametes much like the equivalent bod-
ies in Algee
take part. In
late spring
and in ear-
ly summer 3037. Section of the disk; a, an-
ss theridia.
erect, more
or less umbrellalike, branches are
found. They are of two kinds. In
one case (antheridial branches, Fig.
336) the termination is a disk with
scalloped margin. In the other the
stalks end in a disk from which
fingerlike rays
project (Fig.

334); these are
the archegonial
branches. In
depressions of the scalloped disks
stand the short-stalked antheridia.

The large cell of the anther- as
idium (Fig. 338) becomes divided
into a great number of smaller
cells, in each of which a single 338. Antheridium: anther-
antherozoid is formed. ‘The an- ozs (22)

; ; magnified.
therozoids are like those of Rock- — SACHs.

336. Antheridial branch.

CRYPTOGAMS 201

weed —and like the zodspores of many Alge —in hay-
ing two cilia for locomotion.

467. The archegonial branches bear on the under side
at the base of the rays rows of flask-shaped organs called
archegona (Fig. 334, B). In the archegonium an egg cell
(e) is situated at the center of the enlarged basal part.
When ready for fertilization the egg may be reached
through the canal in the slender portion, or neck, of the
archegonium. When the dew is on the plants the anthero-
zoids make their way to the archegonial branches (which
at the season of fertilization are not much grown), and
swarm to the mouth of the archegonia. One of them
passes through the canal and fuses with the egg cell.

468. In most cases of odsporic reproduction in Alge
and Fungi, it will be remembered, the odspore falls from
the parent plant before it germinates. In Nemalion,
however, fertilization of the egg gives rise to a structure
organically united to the original plant; this structure
ultimately bears spores (carpospores), serving to dis-
seminate the species. Marchantia is like Nemalion in
the noteworthy fact that the odspore germinates in posi-
tion, and gives rise to spores only after an interval of
growth upon the parent plant. For after fertilization the
odspore divides into two, then into four, then into eight
parts, and so on. The mass of cells thus originating
grows and finally forms a stalked spore capsule (Fig.
334, C, D), or sporogonium. The foot of the sporogonium
is embedded in the tissue at the base of the old arche-
gonium (ar).

469. ‘The spores are numerous, free, rounded or some-
what angular, walled cells. When the capsule bursts, one
sees that it contains a great number of fine threads mixed
with the spores. ‘They have the property of twisting and
untwisting with changes of atmospheric moisture, and so
serve to give the spores to the winds from time to time.
From the spores new plants develop.

470. The archegonium is a structure that is found in
no plant lower than the Liverworts. As we go upward,

202 CRYPTOGAMS

however, the archegonium appears in all the cryptogamic
forms, and even in the Gymnosperms among Flowering
Plants. In Liverworts and all plants higher in the vege-
table series the fertilized egg cell germinates im position,
and develops to a spore-bearing body.

471. Other Liverworts. —Some of the Liverworts are simpler than
Marchantia. The archegonia and antheridia are borne by the thallus
without the forma-
tion of special erect
branches. The
structure of the spo-
rogonium (spore-
bearing body) dif-
fers widely in other

339. A foliose Liverwort. members of the

group also. Many

of the species —e.g. many small forms found on tree trunks—show a

distinction of stem and leaf (Fig. 339). Between thalloid and leafy

forms gradations are found. The essential structure of archegonium
and antheridium is the same throughout the group.

472. Mosses are closely related to the Liverworts. The
foliose (leafy) Liverworts might indeed at a casual glance
be mistaken for Mosses. In the latter, however, the
leaves are generally arranged
radially about the stem (Fig.
340); while in the foliose Liver-
worts, as seen from Fig. 359,
the leaves are so disposed that
the whole shoot has a flattened
character in accordance with
the creeping habit.

473. The Mosses live in
very diverse situations. Some
common species grow wholly
submerged = geo uEDEe 340. A Moss shoot after the pro-
lke Alge. Again, many com- duction of a sporogonium:
mon species inhabit extremely re fee a
‘dry places, like the bare face
of rocks, where there is no soil but dust and débris col-
lected by the Mosses themselves, and where the plants can

CRY PTOGAMS 203

have water only when dew or rain falls. Other kinds live
in the crevices of bark on tree trunks; others on soil. The
Sphagnum Mosses live in bogs, of which they sometimes
form the chief vegetation. Peat from
these bogs (used for fuel in some coun-
tries) is to a considerable extent made
up of the dead stems and leaves of these
Mosses.

474. Reproduction is essentially the same
in Mosses as in Liverworts. On the end
of the stem, usually,
at the proper sea-
son archegonia (Fig.
341) are found. An-
theridia (Fig. 342)
arise in a similar ee
position; but in e, egg cell;

most species the ei
lid (opening

342. Group of antheridia: (a)

and sterile filaments two kinds of or- before fertil-
(f) on the end of a gans occur on dif- eee
Moss stem. — SACHS.

ferent shoots. The
antherozoid is motile by means of two cilia, and reaches
the archegonium and finally the egg cell when the plants
are wet. Fertilization
results, as in Liverworts,
in the production of a
(usually long - stalked)
sporogonium (Fig. 540).
The upper part of the old
archegonium may be car-
ried up on the growing
sporogonium as a cap
PATA oF ieee a 343. Protonema of Moss: 6, bud of Moss
capsule opens for libera- shoot. — FRANK.
tion of the spores by the
displacement of a ld (operculum, 0) in most Mosses.
475. When the spore germinates it gives rise, not to the
Moss shoot directly, but to a many-branched filamentous

204 CRYPTOGAMS

growth called the protonema, which spreads over the soil
and resembles a filamentous Green Alga. Finally shoots
appear as buds on the protonema (Fig. 343).

476. It will be noticed that in the Bryophytes (Liver-
worts and Mosses) the fertilization of the egg cell does
not, as in most Algve, produce an odspore which separates
from the parent and develops into a new and distinct
plant. The fertilized egg remains in position in the
archegonium and gives rise to the spore-producing organ,
or sporogonium.

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES (PTERIDOPHYTES)

477. Most of the Ferns and Fern allies of to-day are
comparatively small plants, frequently with a creeping
habit; some grow partly or wholly submerged; while
several small species are floating plants. All this is in
strong contrast with conditions in former geological times.
In the Coal period Tree Ferns (now confined to the
tropics) were widely distributed.
Certain relatives of the modern
slender, creeping Club Mosses (Fig.
397) were trees from 60 to 80 feet
in height. Similarly some Equise-
tumlike plants, now represented
mainly by species from 1 to 4 or 5
feet tall (Fig. 358) were tolerably
stout trees 50 feet high. Forests
largely composed of these Crypto-
gams formed the immense coal de-
posits of that period.

478. Ferns are still numerous, and
in some places are predominant fea-
) tures of the vegetation. In the

a ett tropics they are especially abundant
344. sky ae Fern. and large (Fig. 344). In most com-

mon species the stem is a creeping
rhizome (Fig. 345), wholly or partly buried, so that all
that one sees is the foliage rising from the ground. Ferns

CRYPTOGAMS 205

have true roots,— unlike Mosses and Liverworts, which
are attached only by hairs, or rhizoids.

346. Under side of a segment of Fern
leaf, showing sori.

347. Section of sorus: s, sporangia;
7, indusium; 0, blade of the
leaf. — WosSIDLO.

Ale Orion -

LORE RN
"345. Rhizome and leaves of the 479. Spores are borne in
Rock Fern. small sporangia (Fig. 548),
clustered in groups on the
under sides of the leaves (Fig. 347). Each cluster, or
“fruit spot” (sorus), is in many species shielded by a
membrane (indusium, 7). At maturity, and on the occa-
sion of certain conditions of moisture in
the atmosphere, the sporangium = splits
at one side. The top is slowly thrown
far back, and then suddenly resumes its
former place. The
spores are ejected by
the violence of the
motion.

480. The germination of the spore
results in the formation of a small,
thin, heart-shaped body called the ME ican:
prothallium (Fig. 349), in shape and ar, archegonia ;
habit of growth much resembling a la i cb B
small thalloid Liverwort. Prothallia of common species
are from a quarter to a half inch in diameter, and may

348. A sporangium.

206 CRYPTOGAMS

be found on bare, moist earth under Ferns; or, better,
in greenhouses. They are attached to the soil by rhi-
zoids, most of which spring from a median thickening, the
cushion. On the under surface, mainly nearer the more
pointed end of the prothallium, hemispherical antheridia
are borne (Fig. 3850, B), in which the spiral, ciliated
antherozoids (Fig. 350, C’) have their origin. Archegonia
(Fig. 350, A) may be found on the same prothallia, nearer
the notched (younger)
extremity. Ln some spe-
cles, however, antheridia
and archegonia are always
borne on different prothal-
a; though the spores
from which the two sorts
of prothalla arise are
indistinguishable.
481. Fertilization of the '
350. A, the archegonium with egg (e), and ‘
canal (c); B, antheridium; C, an- ese cell takes place when
therozoid, very highly magnified.— the prothallia are wet
STRASBURGER. , ,
with dew or rain, by the
entrance of an antherozoid into the archegonium and the
conjugation of antherozoid and egg cell.

482. The result is the division of the egg and the for-
mation of an embryonic Fern plant (Fig. 351), in which
the beginnings of leaf, stem, and root
can soon be made out. Commonly
only one of the several archegonia which
may be fertilized gives rise to a per-
fected Fern plant. After the establish-
ment of the latter, the prothallium dies.

483. The entire life history of the
Fern thus comprises two stages, that
of the prothallium (bearing archegonia
and antheridia), and that of the leafy, 351, Prothallium with
spore-bearing plant. It will be recalled YOURS: : Bed

: bearing plant.
that in some of the lowest Alge (e.g.
Vaucheria) the same individual plant gives rise to spores

CRYPTOGAMS DALTE

(zodspores) germinating without fusion, and gametes
destined to conjugate. In Ferns it is plainly seen that
the two sorts of reproductive cells
(spores and gametes) are not borne
at the same period, but at very dif-
ferent stages of the life cycle. ‘The
two stages regularly alternate. This
phenomenon is known as the Alter-

nation of Generations. That form *2- Section through a
very young Fern

(stage or generation) of the plant plant: s, stem; J,

that bears gametes (ege cell, anther- ah eee

; ; . ; prothallium; a, a,

ozoid) is called the gametophyte ; in remains of arche-

Ferns the prothallium is the gameto- iar nh
MEISTER.

phyte. That form (stage or gen-
eration) which bears spores is the sporophyte; in Ferns
the leafy plant is the sporophyte.

484. The Fern prothallium corresponds to the thallus
of a Liverwort and the protonema and shoot of a Moss ;
for these structures all bear archegonia and antheridia.
The final result of fertilization in Liverworts and Mosses
is a sporogonium, ?¢.e. a spore-bearing body. ‘The final
result of fertilization in Ferns is also a spore-bearing
body —the Fern “ plant.” Sporogonium and Fern “ plant”
have the same origin; they are therefore of the same
nature: both are sporophytes. The sporophyte of Liver-
worts and Mosses (the sporogonium) has no root, but is,
so to speak, parasitic on the parent plant, or gametophyte.
The sporophyte of Ferns has a root, as well as leaves, and
after the very first is self-supporting.}

485. Selaginella (Fig. 353) is usually a creeping plant
(a common species is ascending), with leaves dorsiventrally
arranged ; ¢.e. so placed that the shoot shows an upper and
anunder side. Special branches are often given off below,
from which roots are sent out. The sporangia spring from

1 Alternation of generations is not confined to Bryophytes and Pterido-
phytes, though in the Pteridophytes it is easier to see than elsewhere in
the vegetable kingdom. It is foreshadowed in the Thallophytes and occurs
in all plants above them.

208 CRYPTOGAMS

leaf axils in the terminal “fruiting spikes ” (Fig. 354).
They are of two kinds as concerns contents, and often as

353. Selaginella.

concerns size and color. The larger (macrosporangia, ma,
Fig. 354) each contain four large spores, or macrospores ;
the smaller (merosporangia, mi) con-
tain large numbers of very much
smaller microspores. Macrosporangia
are found only in lower axils, or else
only in axils on one side of the spike.
Leaves with which
sporangia occur, as
here, are termed
sporophylls. P
486. In the af- 355. Section of micro-

; : spore: s, cells
ter development of in. sphici ae

s

the spores Selagi- therozoids ori-
irs ginate; p, pro-
nella departs in a thallercaltt

354. Fruiting spike of remarkable man-
Selaginella (/), ea
nnd’ the same i, mer from the Ferns. The spores of
section magni- Ferns give rise to distinct structures
fied: ma, macro- halls aia sl
ppomanciic ae (prothallia) upon which archegonia
microsporangium. and antheridia are produced. In
— GOEBEL. ‘ : .
Selaginella the germination of the
spore goes no farther than the formation of a number of
cells within the original spore walls. Moreover, the nature

of these internal formations is different in the two kinds

CRYPTOGAMS 209

of Selaginella spores. In the microspore these cells,
filing the whole interior, compose an antheridium, with
only the shghtest rudiment of a prothallium; and
within this antheridial body are formed antherozoids.
In the macrospore a reduced prothallium appears. This
finally increases sufficiently to burst
open the spore at one end (Fig. 356);
and on the exposed surface several
archegonia_ develop. Fertilization
takes place after the spores have
fallen to the ground, when water is
present to allow the antherozoids to
make their way to the archegonia.
Then, as in Ferns, an embryonic plant
is formed, which soon develops stem,

306. The | macrospore
with prothallium

root, and leaves. (p) bearing ar-
rm = : 7 S i t t
487. ‘I'wo points are to be particu- unger a
5 time of fertiliza-
larly noted with regard to the repro- tion.
— CAMPBELL.

duction of Selaginella :

(1) Spores are of two kinds as regards (a) origin, (4) size,
(c) ultimate development. For they originate in different
kinds of sporangia, are very unequal in size, and give
rise to antheridia and archegonia, respectively. This con-
dition is foreshadowed in the Ferns, of which some species
have two sorts of prothallia (§ 480). Here (in Selaginella )
the differentiation extends to the spores and sporangia.

(2) The gametophyte (prothallial structure) is reduced
so much that it is held in the original spore walls, and has
lost all independence, possessing neither chlorophyll nor
rhizoids.

488. Other Pteridophytes which one will frequently
see are Lycopodium, the Club Moss, and Kquisetum, the
Scouring Rush or Horsetail.

489. Lycopodium (Fig. 357), to be met with in woods
and old pastures and in partly shaded situations, resem-
bles Selaginella in general habit, except that the leaves are
usually arranged radially. The rhizome runs close to the
ground or in the soil, and sends up erect branches. Spo-

OUT. OF BOT. —14

210 CRYPTOGAMS

rangia, all of one sort, are borne in leaf axils (s, Fig. 357).
The sporangial leaves are usually grouped apart in a “ fruit-
ing” spike. Spores are of one
kind, and give rise to prothallia
which in many species are fleshy,
tuberculate bodies, leading a more
or less subterranean existence.
Fertilization and the growth of
the sporophyte have much the
same history as in Ferns.

490. Equisetum, the Horsetail,
or Scouring Rush (Fig. 358),
grows preferably in
sandy soil, and often
in moist situations.
One of the common-
est species is to be
found along railroad
banks.” The north-
ern species are, in
general, a foot or so
tall, though in the

357. Lycopodium: /f, fruiting portion; s, spo- tropics Hquisetum

rangium in axil of a sporophyll. gi ganteum, a slen-

der, clambering species, reaches a height of thirty feet.

491. The upright shoots spring from a running base.
The stem is clothed at the nodes by short sheaths of con-
joined scaly leaves. When branches arise they spring
from the nodes and display the same arrangement of
reduced foliage (Fig. 358).

492. ‘The terminal portion of fertile shoots is converted
into a spore-bearing region (f), in which the leaves are
peculiarly modified (Fig. 358, B,C). They are peltate in
form, and bear on the under (or inner) side pocketlike
sporangia projecting toward the stem. The spores are
very numerous. Each one is provided with two narrow
strips of membrane (called elaters, Fig. 358, D), fastened
to the spore at their middle points, the four extremities

CRYPTOGAMS DALI

extending lke arms when dry, but curling up suddenly
when moistened by water or damp air. If a lot of the
dry spores under the microscope
is gently breathed upon, it is seen
that the elaters almost instantl
curl; and in doing so the fe
of neighboring spores become en-
tangled, so that the hitherto dust-
like heap becomes a coherent fluffy
mass. This entanglement of the
spores is of importance in the
economy of the plant, from the
fact that the prothallia to which
they give rise are of two kinds.
One kind bears archegonia alone,
the other only antheridia. If
archegonial and antheridial pro-
thallia were separated, evidently 355 fonisetum: A, a shoot
fertilization of the ege cells by bearing a fruiting cone
: : (f); Bb, axis and spo-
the antherozoids could not take rophylla- of the: cone
place, and new Equisetum plants ey Ba
would not be produced. The pro-
thallium and its organs are so much like corresponding
structures in Ferns that no separate description need be
given here.

Relationship of Cryptogams and Phanerogams.— Suppose in the ma-
crosporangium of Selaginella only one macrospore were to mature;
that this macrospore were to remain permanently in the sporangium ;
that the prothallium were to be still further reduced, so as not to burst
the macrospore wall; that the microspore should be brought to the
macrosporangium, and put out a tube, which, penetrating into the
macrospore, should conduct the antherozoids to the archegonia; and
that the resulting Selaginella plant should develop and form its first
pair of leaves quite within the macrospore,—then we should have
an arrangement very like what actually exists in ovule, pollen, and
seed in Flowering Plants. The embryo sac of Phanerogams is
regarded as a macrospore remaining in its sporangium (nucellus of
ovule, the integuments representing the indusia of some Pterido-
phytes). The several nuclei of the sac probably represent cells of a
reduced prothallium, the egg cell standing for the egg cell of an arche-

212 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

gonium. In the embryo sac of Gymnosperms (Conifers, etc.) a defi-
nite prothallial tissue is formed with rudimentary archegonia at the
sumunit.

The pollen grain of Phanerogams corresponds to the microspore
of Selaginella. At the time of fertilization there are three or more
cells in the pollen grain and tube. These cells—like those in the
developed microspore of Selaginella— are regarded as prothallial in
character, two of them (those which pass through the pollen tube to
the embryo sac) being equivalent to antherozoids. In some Gymno-
sperms the fertilizing bodies from the pollen are motile, like the an-
therozoids of Pteridophytes.

Thus the gametophyte of Flowering Plants is wholly within embryo
sac and pollen grain. In Liverworts the gametophyte (vegetative
thallus) is larger than the sporophyte (sporogonium). In Ferns the
proportions of the alternating generations are reversed, the gameto-
phyte being much the smaller. In Flowering Plants reduction of
gametophyte and increase of sporophyte have been carried to an
extreme. The carpels and stamens of Phanerogams are the spore-
bearing leaves, ovules (or their nucelli) and pollen sacs being spo-
rangia; carpels and stamens are therefore often termed sporophylls.

XVII. THE MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING
PLANTS

493. Cellular structure. — Attention has already been
called, incidentally, in several places, to the fact that plants
are made up of definite members of small size, called cells.
All new cells are formed from preéxisting cells. Com-
monly this comes about by division: the original cell
divides to form two or more, each of which may increase
by independent growth, and in turn give rise by division
to new cells. The very first cell of the embryo has a
different origin, however. In fertilization, a nucleus from
the pollen tube, entering the embryo sac of the ovule,
fuses with a nucleus there found (see Fig. 164). As the
result of this union the initial cell of the new plant is
formed within the embryo sac. All future increase pro-
ceeds by division and independent growth.

494. The cell, then, is the unit of plant structure. —
It is the unit also of plant activity. Whatever activities
the plant as a whole manifests—such as growth, move-

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 213

ment, absorption of food material, assimilation — these

activities are

carried on by the codperation of the cells

composing the plant. This being the case, it is important
to know something of the structure of the typical vege-

table cell.

495. Structure of the cell.—In illustration of the
typical vegetable cell, we might select cells from the apex

of a growing stem or root,
or from a leaf rudiment, or
from the young, growing

Pui. ~ L hin

from any of these regions
would show, under the com-

360. Stinging hair
of a Nettle.
In the large
terminal
cell the cir-
culation of
protoplasm
is indicated
by arrows.

sections cut

pound micro-
scope, the

cells aS SeV- 9359. Sectional view of young cells from
eral angled, the root tip.

thin - walled components of the tissue
(Fig. 359).

496. The living substance of the cell is
protoplasm. It has been described as being
of a jellylike consistency. <A better illus-
tration of the semifluid, yet cohesive, prop-
erties of protoplasm is afforded by the raw
white of egg. The fluidity varies in differ-
ent portions of the protoplasmic body of the
cell, some parts being relatively firm, oth-
ers containing a very large percentage of
water, and being, therefore, capable of
more or less rapid movement in circulating
currents. In some cells in which the nu-
cleus is suspended near the center by
threads of protoplasm (Fig. 360), the cur-
rents may be seen in the threads, passing
toward and away from the nucleus. ‘T’wo
opposite currents may often be observed in

the same thread. In cells like the largest one of Fig.
362 the whole body of protoplasm, except that part

914. MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

directly in contact with the walls, may be in slow rota-
tion, dragging with it the nucleus.?

497. The term protoplasm includes all the living constit-
uents of the cell. ‘The word protoplasm is a morpho-
logical term. . . . Protoplasm is not a single chemical
substance, however complex in composition, but is com-
posed of a large number of different chemical substances,
which we have to picture to ourselves as most minute
particles, united together to form a wonderfully complex
structure. ... In this mixture of substances, the wonder-
ful vital phenomena may very frequently be observed
(contractility, irritability, etc.).” ?

Of the protoplasmic cell contents we have to distinguish
a rounded central body, the nucleus (Figs. 359, 362, 2), in
many young cells occupying a
considerable portion of the cell
space; and the general mass,
aside from the nucleus, called
the eytoplasm.

The nucleus is denser than -
the cytoplasm. It is made up
of definite parts, differing in
chemical constitution, definitely
arranged. Although actually

f se of extremely small size, the nu-

361. Nuclear and cell division: : : ;
AB. C.successivestazes: Cleus is a highly ongameed
= see ee i sears ; body. It is the controlling part
nings-of daughter nuclei, OL the cell. It is the trsiqpank
sees ene to divide when new cells are to
intotwo,eachwithalarge be formed, and im division
ae oe Gates oS nepasses through a complicated
series of changes (Fig. 361), by

which equal shares in all the essential constituents of the

1 Stamen hairs of Tradescantia, cells of the leaf of Elodea canadensis
or of Vallisneria spiralis, and cells of Stonewort (Chara), are objects in
which movements of protoplasm may be studied. See Goodale, Ch. VI. ;
Strasburger, p. 244.

20. Hertwig, ‘* The Cell,” p. 13.

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 215

parent nucleus are assured to the two resulting nuclei.
Only after the nucleus of a cell has finished its division,
is the surrounding cytoplasm separated into two portions.
The production of two cells from one is completed by the
formation of a new transverse wall.

498. Many cells possess, in addition to the nucleus, pro-
toplasmic organs performing special offices in the general
work of the cell. Cells from the interior of the leaf, for
example Fig. 382, contain numerous rounded or lens-
shaped bodies, lying in the cytoplasm near the walls.
These bodies, colored green by the chlorophyll pigment
which they contain, are the
chlorophyll granules or ehlo-
roplastids. ‘They give plants
their characteristic green
color. They are active in
carbon assimilation. Simi-
lar cell organs, with red
or yellow pigment instead
of green, give color to
fruits and flowers. They
are called chromoplastids.

A thin external layer of
the cytoplasm next the cell
wall may be distinguished
by its superior clearness and
the absence of granulation.
It is very probable that this
really constitutes a sort of
membrane, possessing a closeness of structure and tenacity
above that of the rest of the cytoplasm. The remainder
of the cytoplasm is highly granular in appearance, owing
chiefly to the varying density of the protoplasm itself.
Except in their earliest stages active cells contain inter-
spaces, or vacuoles, filled with water and dissolved sub-
stances (Fig. 362). One large vacuole may fill the
greater part of the cell, the protoplasm forming a layer
next the wall. The watery contents of the vacuole or

216 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

vacuoles is the cell sap. It is sometimes colored. The
red and yellow colors of healthy leaves are generally due
to colored cell sap in some of the cells, masking the
green of the chlorophyll granules. Bright colors of fruits
and flowers also are generally due partly to colored cell
sap. The cell sap may contain sugar in storage, as it does
in the root of the sugar beet and in the stem of the sugar
cane.

Certain substances belonging to the class of formed mat-
ters (non-protoplasmic) are of such frequent occurrence
and are produced in masses of such
size in the cell that they should be
briefly described.

499. Starch. —Starch is the form
in which elaborated plant food is most
commonly stored. It is laid down in
the cells of storage organs, e.g. tubers,

in rounded granules (Fig. 363). When
a Bh ae ae these are considerably magnified they

are seen to be stratified, in evidence of °
the mode of deposition of the starch in successive layers.
If the granules are
closely packed to-
gether, they may
become angular in-
stead of rounded. ———

500. Protein! gran- } 3) seqe aie
ules and crystals. ®#&g Gey we
The external stor-
age cells of wheat
grains afford exam-
ples of protein gran-
ules (Fig. 364). The

contents of these 364. Transverse section near the outside of a Wheat

Se

SSS

cells make up the grain: a, the husk (pericarp, integuments) ;
b, cells with protein granules; c, starch
so-called gluten of cells. — TSCHIRCH.

1 Protein is the name given to organic substance, whether of animal or
of vegetable origin, containing nitrogen and a small proportion of other

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 217

wheat, which is, or should be, a highly nutritious element
of wheat flour. In the cells of the potato tuber are to be
found examples of proteid matter formed
into cubical crystals. ‘These granules and
crystals are storage forms of protein.

501. Crystals of calcium compounds —
calcic carbonate and oxalate —are of very
common occurrence (lig. 365). These are
generally considered to be waste products
of the chemical changes going on in the
celis.1 Other substances also occur in
crystalline form, but less frequently.

502. The account here given of the typi-
cal vegetable cell, as regards protoplasmic
structures and cell contents, is of course
brief and incomplete; it is meant to be 365. cells contain-

suggestive of the extent of the subject. He aaa

. ike crystals
The nature of the cell has been, and will (raphides) of
long continue to be, the object of the eit

investigations of numerous workers.

503. Certain cells of certain plants regularly contain
more than one nucleus each. And in not a few of the
lower cryptogams great numbers of nuclei exist within
a common wall. The many-branched plant body may
in such cases consist of one continuous chamber without
internal division walls. Each nucleus represents a single
cell, but there is no corresponding division of the cyto-
plasm.

504. The cell wall.— Early investigators assigned to
the cell wall the chief importance; but we now know that
life resides in the protoplasm, and that the wall is of
secondary importance. In many of the lower plants the
contents of certain reproductive cells break from their
walls, and swim freely forth (Fig. 285). Only after a

matters in addition to the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which compose
starch and sugar. Proteid substances enter directly, and as such, into
the composition of protoplasm.

1 It is quite possible that calcium oxalate is a storage form of food.

918 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

period of active locomotion do they settle down and
become invested with a membrane. This fact, among
others, shows the essential independence of protoplasm in
cells, and the subordinate role of the wall.

The wall is a product of the protoplasm. New walls
are formed by the conversion of a portion of the proto-
plasm into the substance of the wall. In
young cells, and many old cells, this sub-
stance is cellulose, chemically resembling
starch. It is a regular occurrence that
in certain of the cells of the plant body,
the protoplasm becomes at length wholly
converted into wall, when, of course, the
life of these particular cells is at an end.
In the later phases of this process, the
depositions may take a form differing
chemically from cellulose. We have, for
instance, in wood cells, hgnified walls; in
cork cells, walls containing a fatty sub-
» stance called suberin. Modified walls of
these sorts have physical properties differ-
ing from those of cellulose. For exam-
ple, the suberized walls of cork resist the
entrance of water, whereas the cellulose
of pith and the lignified walls of wood

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366. Wood fibers in

longitudinal
section: a,
part of the
wall showing
face view of

take water into their pores readily.
Walls are seldom, or never, evenly
thickened when the depositions are con-

siderable, but certain areas remain thin,
even after the completion of the thicken-
ing process. Or the greater part of the cell wall may fail
to thicken, and then the depositions take the form of
raised markings on the interior of the walls. Examples
are the annular and spiral ducts (Fig. 371).

505. Changes in the shape of the cell.— The cells of the
crowing tips of the stem and root, and young and actively
dividing cells elsewhere, are, in general, nearly isodiamet-
rical. Subsequently, many of these cells become greatly

pits; 6, the
pits in section.

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 219

changed in shape. Cells of the external layer are in
many instances flattened, in accordance with their protec-
tive function. Cells of strengthening and conducting
tissues, on the other hand, are frequently greatly elon-
gated. In the conducting tissues, elongated cells placed
end to end in rows become united into tubes or ducts,
the end walls being absorbed, wholly or in part, to allow
the passage of liquids.

506. Several of the principal modifications of cells should
now be described. We may begin with
wood fibers. &

507. Wood, whether occurring in so- NaS
called woody stems, or in succulent herba-
ceous stems, consists largely of fibrous
cells, associated, in most cases, with ducts, ak
or vessels. The fibrous cells are of a great
variety of form and appearance in differ-
ent plants ; but those which are termed, |
in rather an indefinite way, wood fibers,
are pointed cells, several times longer
than broad, having thickened and lhenified
walls, and characteristically showing in
these walls numerous pits, 7.e. spots where
the walls have remained thin or become
perforated in such a way as to allow com-
munication between the cells (Fig. 366).

508. Bast fibers. — These are found in
strands in the bark. They are generally
of considerable length, compared with their diameters.
Their walls are generally much thickened, so that the
internal space, or lumen, is small, as seen in cross section
(Fig. 367). Bast fibers give strength to the inner, stringy
bark of the Basswood, the Grapevine, the Leatherwood,
and so on. They constitute the fiber of Flax, from which
linen fabric is woven.

509. Collenchyma. — The name collenchyma is given to

masses of cylindrical or prismatic cells, having walls
thickened at the corners in a peculiar manner (Figs. 368,

367. Bast fibers. —
TSCHIRCH.

'

220 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

369). These walls, when seen in cross section, have a

distinctive glistening ap-
pearance. Collenchyma
— tissue composed of
such collenchymatous cells
— is one kind of strength-
ening tissue. It is to be
found near the surface
of herbaceous stems, of
petioles, and of leaves, along the midribs.

510. Grit cells, or sclerotic cells, with very
much thickened hard walls, are exemplified
in the rind and external flesh of the pear,
where they occur in groups. The walls
are traversed by canals, of the same nature
as the pits spoken of above (Fig. 370).

368. Cross section of
collenchyma.

Shells of nuts also - poe
: : 369. Longitudinal
give good illus- section of
trations of cells BBA
; ae ihe lens-
with walls simi- shaped bod-
larly thickened, jes ES eee
. rophyll gran-
and affording pro- ules.

370. Grit cells from a pear.

illustrated in the case of many ducts, in which
it is impossible to distinguish the original cells,
placed end to end. The ducts of the wood are
tubes giving unbroken communication between
the absorbent roots and the leaves. The walls
may remain relatively thin; in this case they are
braced internally by rings or spiral thickenings
(Fig. 371). The ducts take their names from
their markings, being designated as annular, spi-
ral, or pitted ducts, ete.

512. Milk tubes, or, in more technical lan-

tection by consequent firmness.
511. Cell union, or fusion, is

371. Spiral
duct.

guage, later tubes, holding the milky juice of Poppies,
Dandelions, and allied plants, are formed from originally
distinct cells by the breaking down of intervening walls

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 221

(Fig. 372). The cell fusions may take place mainly in
longitudinal directions, giving the
semblance of jointed tubes, or in all
directions, producing a dense net-
work. In the Milkweeds and the
Euphorbias the milky juice (ater)
is held in elongated, branching,
tubular sacs originating as single
cells in the embryo, and growing
with the growth of the plant until
they have pushed their way into
every part of the plant body. The
latex itself is a mixture of a con-
siderable variety of substances;
sometimes some of the ingredients 372. Latex tubes (/).
are poisonous, as, for example, mor- ge

phia, the active principle of opium, found in the latex
of the Poppy.

513. Tissues. — The word tisswe has been frequently
used above without exact definition, yet probably without
misapprehension. Technically the term ¢t¢sswe means a
mass or collection of cells of the same kind. Any num-
ber of cells of a certain kind constitute a particular kind
of tissue. Thus collenchyma, a particular kind of tissue,
was described above.

514. Fibrovascular bundles are so called from the fact
that they are made up largely of fibrous cells and vessels
(ducts). In a translucent herbaceous stem like that of
the Balsam, the bundles may be seen without dissection,
as strands lying not far beneath the surface, traversing the
entire length of the stem, and giving off branches to the
leaves. In the cross section of such a stem these bundles
would be seen as several— perhaps five — areas more
opaque than the surrounding parenchyma, arranged ap-
proximately in a circle (compare Fig. 376). Upon exami-
nation with a proper power of the microscope each bundle
would be seen to consist of three parts (Fig. 373). The
inner of these consists largely of wood fibers and ducts.

/

922 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

It is called the zylem or wood portion. ‘The outer con-
tains more rounded cells, but typically possesses bast
fibers in groups, and scat-
tered tubes. It is called
the phloém. Between xylem
and phloem is a region occu-
pied by thin-walled formative
tissue, from which, by cell
division, growth, and modi-
fication, all the elements of
both xylem and phloém are
derived. It is called the cam-
373. Fibrovascular bundle of a Di- EUain Lae ePualo Te Bee
cotyledon: ph, phloém; c, the active growth of the stem,
ee joe see and fe continuously forms xylem on
one side, phloém on the other.
The outside of the xylem is thus the newest, while the
innermost parts of phloém are the newest. In old, woody
stems, where the number of bundles is increased, and they
are crowded together, the cambiums of the several bundles
are continuous around the
stem, forming a thin sheath
outside the wood. It is at
the cambium that the bark
of twigs, especially in spring
when growth is most active,
may easily be separated from
the wood. The phloém is
then, of course, removed with
the bark, of which it forms
the inner part.
§15. Fibrovascular bun- P
dles of the sort described in- 374. Monocotyledonous fibrovascu-
crease in thickness from year eee es Be ee, ®
to year, if the plant is a
perennial. ‘They are found in dicotyledons. The charac-
teristic bundle of the monocotyledons lacks the cambium
(Fig. 374). The xylem also is much reduced. Each

= Fie XO
ECO
AY ag) TY HUY ¢@
PLA eG %
I / _
\ 8 ey
fe poe G
KY WN
VS,

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 223

bundle is surrounded by a sheath of thick-walled lignified
tissue, to which it largely owes its tensile strength. Once
formed from the general formative tissue of the stem,
the bundle shows no further growth, no annual increase
of xylem and phloém.

STRUCTURE OF STEMS

516. On one or the other of two types the stems of
phanerogamous plants are constructed. In one, the wood
is made up of separate bundles, scattered here and there
throughout the whole diameter of the stem. In the other,
the wood is all collected to form a layer between a central
cellular part which has none in it, the pith, and an outer
cellular part, the bark.

517. An Asparagus shoot and a Cornstalk for herbs,
and a Rattan for a woody kind, represent the first.
To it belong all monocotyledons. A
Beanstalk and the stem of any common
shrub or tree represent the second; and
to it belong all plants with dicotyledon-
ous or polycotyledonous embryo. The
first has been called, not very properly,
endogenous, which means inside grow-
ing; the second, properly enough, ezo-
genous, or outside growing.

518. Endogenous stems, those of mono-
cotyledons, attain their greatest size and 375. Structure of a

most characteristic development in Palms pada
and Dragon trees. A typical endoge-
nous stem has no clear distinction of pith,
bark, and wood, concentrically arranged,
no silver grain, no annual layers, no bark
that peels off clean from the wood.

519. Exogenous stems, those of plants

transverse
and longitu-
dinal section.
The dots on
the cross sec-
tion repre-
sent cut ends
of the woody
bundles.

coming from dicotyledonous and also polycotyledonous
embryos, have a structure which is familiar in the wood of
our ordinary trees and shrubs. It is the same in an herba-

224 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

ceous shoot as in a Maple stem of the first year’s growth
(Fig. 376), except that the woody layer is commonly thin-
ner, or perhaps reduced to a circle of bundles. The wood

076. Diagram of a cross section of a very young exogenous stem, showing six
fibro-vascular bundles. 377. Same later, with bundles increased to
twelve. 378. Still later, the wood of the bundles in the form of wedges
filling the space, separated only by thin lines, or medullary rays, run-
ning from pith to bark.

all forms in a cylinder — in cross section a ring — around
a central cellular part, dividing the cellular core within,
the pith, from a cellular bark without. As the wood

s

wood: 8; Ss;
spring wood;
J, fall wood.

bundles increase in number and in size,
they press upon each other and become
wedge-shaped in the cross section; and
they continue to grow from the outside,
next the bark, so that they become very
thin wedges. Between the wedges are
still thinner plates (in cross section lines)
of much compressed cellular tissue, called
medullary rays, which connect the pith
with the bark. The plan of a one-year-
old woody stem of this kind is exhibited
in the diagrams.

520. When such a stem grows on from
year to year, it adds annually a layer of
wood outside the preceding one, between
that and the bark (Fig. 379). This is

exogenous growth, or outside growing, as the name denotes.

521. Some new bark is formed every year, as well as
new wood, the former inside, as the latter is outside of
that of the year preceding.

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 225

522. The Bark of a year-old stem consists of three parts,
more or less distinct, namely, — beginning next the
wood, —

1. The liber, or fibrous bark, the inner bark (Fig. 380,
1). ‘This contains the bast fibers, the walls of which are
commonly lgnified, and other ele-
ments, as already briefly described.
In woody stems, whenever a new
layer of wood is formed, some new
liber or inner bark is also formed
outside of it.

2. The green or middle Bark (Fig.
380, 2). This consists mainly of
rounded parenchyma cells, contain-
ing chlorophyll granules like the
cells of the leaf. The green bark
of twigs functions as assimilating
tissue in the same way as the leaf
parenchyma.

3. The corky layer or outer bark
(Fig. 380, 3), consisting of empty,
angular cells, closely coherent, the
walls of which are suberized, or
chemically altered in such a man-
ner as to be impermeable to water.
It is this which gives to the stems

380. Cross section through
bark into the wood of

or twigs of shrubs and trees the a Lilac twig: e, epi-
1 tl lor li: dermis; c, cork} p,

aspect and the color peculiar to collenchyma; g, green
each, —lght gray in the Ash, pur- rounded cells ; f, bast
: : fibers; ca, cambium ;

ple in the Red Maple, red in several ot cree: 13. ee
Dogwoods, ete. ner,middle,and outer

: bark.
Sometimes the corky layer grows

and forms ‘new layers inside the old for years, as in the
Cork Oak, which produces the cork of commerce, the
Sweet Gum Tree, and the White and the Paper Birch.
This growth proceeds from a formative layer, called the
cork cambium, lying on the inner boundary of the cork.
The old cork, being dead and therefore incapable of

OUT. OF BOT. — 15

2296 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

growth, is stretched, and finally rent by the continual
enlargement of the wood within; it is weathered and
worn, and thrown off in fragments, in some trees rapidly,
in others more slowly, so that the bark of old trunks
“may acquire great thickness. Similarly in Honeysuckles
and Grapevines, the layers of the inner bark or liber
loosen and die, and come off in strips when only a year
or two old.

523. The epidermis, consisting of a single layer of close-
fitting, tabular cells, with outer walls much thickened and
coated with a layer of matter impermeable by water, per-
sists only for the first year or two. It is found, therefore,
in the case of stems, only on herbaceous plants, and on the
twigs and young parts of perennials, as a rule.

ANATOMY OF LEAVES

524. In the framework of leaves — ribs, veins, and vein-
lets —all the usual elements of vascular tissue are repre-
sented. The midrib, for instance, possesses a typical
fibro-vascular bundle, with phloém and xylem portions,
derived from the branching of the fibro-vascular system
of the stem. In the veinlets, however, the conducting
elements become reduced to simple series of hollow cells
and fibers. The woody framework serves not only to
strengthen the leaves, but also to bring in sap and to
distribute it throughout every part.

525. The living cells of the leaf, making up the green
pulp, are of various forms, usually loosely arranged, so as
to give copious intercéllular spaces or air passages commu-
nicating throughout the whole interior (Figs. 381, 382).
The green color is given by the chlorophyll grains, seen
through the transparent walls of the cells and through the
translucent epidermis of the leaf.

In ordinary leaves, having an upper and under surface,
the green cells form two distinct strata, of different arrange-
ment. Those of the upper stratum are oblong or cylindri-
cal, and stand endwise to the surface of the leaf, usually

MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 227

rather close together, leaving scanty vacant spaces; those
of the lower are commonly irregular in shape, most of them
with their long diameter parallel to the face of the leaf,
and are very loosely arranged, leaving many and wide air
chambers. The green color of the lower is therefore

381. Magnified section of a leaf of White Lily, to exhibit the cellular struc-
ture, both of upper and lower stratum, the air passages of the lower,
and the epidermis in section; also a little of the lower face, with
some of its stomates.

diluted, and paler than that of the upper face of the leaf.
The upper part of the leaf is so constructed as to bear the
direct action of the sunshine; the lower so as to afford
freer circulation of air, and to facilitate the escape of mois-
ture. It communicates more freely than the upper with
the external air by means of pores in the epidermis.

526. The upper cylindrical cells are known as the pali-
sade cells. The lower, irregular, or sometimes slightly
branching cells make up the spongy parenchyma, so called.

527. The epidermis is usually composed of a single layer
of more or less flattened cells, devoid of chlorophyll, and
mostly of irregular outline (Figs. 382, 383).

The walls of the epidermis are commonly thickened
externally by the addition of a layer of a waterproof sub-
stance. This layer is easily distinguished in the cross
section from the original exterior walls of the cells. It
is termed the cuticle. The several walls of each epider-
mal cell are impregnated with the same waxy or fatty

228 MINUTE ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

matters which give the cuticle its resistance to water.
These walls are said to be cutinized.

528. The pores of the epidermis are called stomates or
stomata (t.e. mouths). Each stomate (stoma) is guarded,
so to speak, by two cells of
pecuhar conformation, called
guard cells (Figs. 382, 383, g).

§ g

382. Section ofa leaf: e, epidermis; 883. Surface view of epidermis of
c, assimilating cells contain- the leaf: e, ordinary epider-
3

ing chlorophyll granules; mal cell; g, guard cell. —
p, intercellular passages; TSCHIRCH.

9,9, guard cells of stomate.

The guard cells, unlike the rest of the epidermis, contain
chlorophyll. They are so constructed that as the quantity
of water they contain varies the sht
between them is either opened wider,
or narrowed, —or, it may be, quite
closed. The guard cells are closed
together when flaccid on account of
the wilting of the leaf.

Stomates are found on most of the
green surfaces of the plant, but most
abundantly on the leaf. Here they
are generally more numerous on the
under side.

529. Trichomes are outgrowths of
the epidermis, consisting in the sim-
ens plest cases of single cells, but in many

the leaf.—Sacus. Cases of several cells in a more or less

BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 229

complicated arrangement. Several different kinds may
spring even from the same leaf (Fig. 384). Stinging
hairs (Fig. 560) and hairs with bitter secretions are an
important means of defense to many plants.

530. The anatomy of the root resembles, in a general
way, that of the stem. There is a central conducting
and strengthening strand of wood. In the older roots of
perennial exogenous plants this becomes a cylinder of
wood surrounded by a cambium zone, from which wood
is formed annually just as in the stem. The cortex of
the older parts of many roots is bounded externally by
several layers of cork cells, preventing the passage of
water into or out of the root. Formation of new tissue
for growth in length takes place at the growing point
(Fig. 28, 7) under the root cap. New lateral roots
originate from cells lying near the wood, and push their
way through the cortex to the surface. They arise in
longitudinal rows.

XVIII A BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE
PHYSIOLOGY

531. Vegetable physiology deals with the processes by which the
life of plants is carried on. Such processes are the absorption of
materials; the transfer of raw and elaborated food matters from one
part of the plant body to another; the conversion of inorganic matters
into organic substance; the storage of elaborated products; respira-
tion and the consumption of food for the production of vital energy ;
growth; and movement.

532. Constituents of the plant body.— The chief constituent, as
concerns quantity, is water, since even in woody parts the solid por-
tions amount at most only to fifty per cent of the total weight, and
in herbaceous parts to but twenty or thirty per cent.

533. We may distinguish three ways in which water is useful to
the plant: (1) it furnishes part of the raw material out of which

1 A number of experiments in vegetable physiology and some informa-
tion as to the general function of plants have already been given in this
book. The present chapter is added for the purpose of gathering together
in coherent form the results of these previous studies. As discussions of
the most important matters will be held in the class room, following
experimentation in the laboratory, the chapter may be used for reference
rather than for ordinary assignment in lessons.

230 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

substances like starch and cellulose are formed; (2) it is the solvent
in which all the vital chemical changes, like assimilation, are carried
on; (3) its presence is an important factor in preserving the rigidity
of the plant body. The first of these offices has been touched upon
in the brief statement of assimilation made in the chapter on the
Leaf. The second need not be further dwelt upon. The third may
now be more fully considered, since it concerns a first essential to the
existence of the plant, namely : —

534. The stability of the plant body. — By stability is meant the
power of the plant to keep its form, — the power, if it is an erect
plant, of keeping itself erect and outspread in proper position in all
its parts. It is a matter of common observation that plants suffering
from drought wilt and droop, sometimes even fall flat to the ground.
Wilted plants have partly or wholly lost their stability.

535. Stability is secured in part by the properties of the tissues
themselves; the thick-walled, strengthening fibers are so disposed in
the stem as to secure the greatest rigidity. But in herbaceous and
succulent organs, firmness depends oftentimes as much, or more, upon
the condition of the living cells in regard to their supply of water.
When one of these cells has a full supply of water, the expansive sub-
stances held in solution by the cell sap (for example, sugar and acids)
are enabled to distend the cell to its full limits.1. The cell is then said
to be turgid.

In such a condition it resists the distorting stresses brought upon it
by the pulls of neighboring cells. And when all the cells of a tissue
are fully turgid, they resist, collectively, all distorting stresses. That
member of the plant body which is well watered, therefore, retains its
form and proper attitude.

536. The turgidity of cellular tissues gives rise to tensions between
different masses of tissue lying side by side in the plant body. A good
illustration of these tissue tensions is furnished by the succulent stalk
of a Rhubarb leaf. Let a portion of the fresh stalk be cut squarely

1 Dissolved substances have an expansive force, comparable in a gen-
eral way to the expansive force of gases. Sugar dissolved in cell sap presses
against the protoplasm that holds it in, just as hydrogen presses against
the walls of a balloon. The cell, in such a case, has a constant tendency
to expand. If water is at hand that can come in to occupy the additional
space to be made by expansion, then the cell expands until the outward
push of the solutions equals the resistance of the cell wall to being stretched.
The entrance of water, therefore, is the result of the expansive tendency of
the cell sap solutions. Water does not cause the swelling, only allows it.
Absorption of water by such action is called osmotic absorption.

For a clear statement of the theory of osmotic pressure, see Oswald’s
‘¢ Solutions,’’ Eng. trans. The theory, however, has received important
additions since the work named was published.

‘BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 231

off at the ends, and its length be exactly measured. Let the stringy
external sheath then be stripped off, and at once let both the central
cellular column and one or two of the external strips be measured. It
will be found that the pith has considerably lengthened, while the
fibrous strips are somewhat shorter than the piece of leaf stalk origi-
nally measured. Before separation, then, the pith must have been
compressed, the external tissues stretched. Tissue tensions add rigid-
ity to stems, petioles, etc. Variations in tissue tensions give rise to
curvatures of organs, such as the bending of the stem toward the
light.

537. Solid components of the plant body. — By solid components
is meant here all the matter left when water has been entirely driven
off by heat at somewhat above the boiling temperature of water.
This includes cell walls, dried living substance (protoplasm), starch,
sugar, and other formed matters in the cells, and small amounts of
mineral matters ordinarily held in solution in the juices of the plant
or deposited in the tissues in crystalline form.

538. Amongst these, the organic constituents are composed almost
solely of the four chemical elements — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. Organic matters belonging to the class carbohydrates — as
sugar, starch, cellulose — and fats, include in their composition only
the first three of these elements; they lack nitrogen. Nitrogenous
organic compounds — as those that make up protoplasm — contain all
the four elements named, and in addition, usually a small amount of
sulphur and phosphorus.

539. The nature of the mineral matters held in the plant is found
when the dried plant has been burned and the ash has been chemically
analyzed. In burning, carbon and hydrogen are united with oxygen
from the atmosphere and pass away in a gaseous form. Organic com-
ponents of the plant body are therefore broken up. The ash that is left
is entirely inorganic. In such ash, from various plants, has been
found a large part of all the known chemical elements, including even
the rarer metals. Most of these elements occur accidentally, being
absorbed with soil water. But certain of the chemical elements are
absolutely necessary to the healthy growth of every green plant. These
are six in number; viz., sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, iron.

540. Source of the elements. — Thus there are, including the
four elements before named as chiefly making up organic substance,
in all ten elements which must be furnished the growing plant. Each
of these is received by the plant in a combined form. Carbon comes
from the atmosphere, combined with oxygen, as carbonic acid gas.
All the other needful substances come from the soil. Hydrogen and
oxygen come together, as water. Nitrogen is brought in under the
form of a soluble nitrate, or one of the ammonia salts, in the absorbed

932 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

soil water. Sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, etc., are obtained in the
form of salts from the soil.

541. As regards the number of elements supplied, the root is
therefore the chief organ of absorption; the leaf absorbs only carbonic
acid gas.1 Absorption at the root may be considered under two
heads : absorption of water, and absorption of nutrient salts.

542. Absorption of water. — The manner in which the root sends
out root hairs, which become applied to the soil particles for the
purpose of absorption, has been described in an earlier chapter. What
force acts to draw water into the root hairs is not known with
certainty. It is believed by most physiologists to be the osmotic force
of the root hair cells (see page 230, footnote).

548. Aside from the scarcity or abundance of water in the soil,
the chief external circumstance affecting the rate of absorption is that
of temperature. Warmth increases absorptive activity, while cold
decreases, or even prohibits it. Sachs found that at a temperature of
from 38° to 41° F. absorption of water ceased, in spite of the fact
that the soil was saturated.

544. Absorption of nutrient salts.— The salts needed for perfect
nutrition may be swept into the plant in the absorption current. In
case the salts are bound by adhesive force to the soil particles, they
must first be loosened by the action of acids excreted by the root
hairs. When they exist in free solution in the soil water, or have
been brought into this condition by the secretions, they may pass into
the root hair quite independently of any current, by the process
known as diffusion. The dissolved particles of the salt wander
throughout the body of water in which they find themselves, through
the root-hair walls, and so on through the tissues of the plant body,
unless they meet membranes possessing pores too minute to allow
of their entrance. Those salts that are most used by the active cells
and are therefore scarcest in the general sap of the plant, diffuse
from the soil into the plant more rapidly than those that are little
used and that therefore tend to become concentrated in the sap.
Each kind of plant, according to its nature, by internally appropri-
ating more or less of this or that salt, thus controls the absorp-
tion of the different soil salts at the root. Some kinds of plants
tend to exhaust one constituent of the soil, some kinds another con-
stituent. Plants are therefore said to show selective absorption of
nutrient salts.

545. The transfer of water through the root and stem to the leaf
is accomplished by a number of forces. In the case of deciduous trees

1 Like all other parts of the plant, the leaf absorbs oxygen for respira-
tion. But we are here considering the raw materials from which food is
formed.

BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 2383

in spring, before the leaves appear, the sap may press up into the
trunk and on toward the buds with considerable force. Or again, if
in an herbaceous plant evaporation of water from the leaves is checked,
the sap may press into the leaves so strongly that drops exude from
the leaf tips or from the marginal teeth — usually in those cases from
definite water pores. The drops seen at the tips of grass blades after
a warm, damp night, are of this sort. In all these cases the rise of
water in the plant is due to what is termed root pressure.

546. The phenomenon of root pressure may be observed when the
stem of a plant, such as the Sunflower, is cut off near the ground.
After a time water (sap) begins to run from the cut. If now an effort
is made to stop the outflow, a considerable force must be used before
the pressure of the sap—the so-called root pressure — is neutralized.
Hales, the earliest of exact physiological botanists, who, about 1731,
made some measurements of the root pressure of the Grapevine, found
it to be equal to the downward pressure of a column of water forty-
three feet high. A pressure of sap, equal to the pressure of eighty-five
feet of water, has been observed in a Birch. ‘Root pressure falls to
nothing, however, when the loss of water at the leaf is going on with
any rapidity. Root pressure, therefore, cannot continuously supply
the leaves with the water they need.

547. The ascent of water in the stem has been the subject of many
investigations and much discussion. The path followed by the cur-
rent is the cavities of the ducts and fibers of the wood. The force
working to raise the water in these cavities is not, to any considerable
extent, capillarity, as was once supposed. The ultimate cause is
doubtless the evaporation of water from the leaves; but how this
works to raise water through the stem is still a disputed question.

548. Evaporation of water from the shoot; transpiration. — Land
plants are perpetually giving off water vapor from their parts above
ground, in greater or smaller quantities according to external circum-
stances or internal peculiarities. Even in winter the twigs of trees
transpire a little. In desert plants transpiration is reduced to almost
nothing in the dry season. |

549. Leaves are the especial organs of transpiration in ordinary
eases. Though their surfaces are covered with an epidermis that pre-
vents too great loss of water, the pores or stomates allow a regulated
escape of vapor which is of great importance to the plant. The inter-
cellular passages of the spongy tissue furnish communication between
the leaf cells, saturated with water, and the atmosphere without. As
long as the stomates remain open, therefore, vapor given off by the
moist walls of the cells escapes from the leaf. When the stomates
close from any cause, the exit of vapor is checked. Even then, how-
ever, some evaporation takes place through the cuticle, which is
imperfectly waterproof in most plants.

234 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

550. The amount of water lost by transpiration varies very greatly
with the character of the plant and the conditions under which it is
placed. The early experimenter Hales, by weighing, determined the
loss from a potted Sunflower plant, three feet and a half high, to be
on the average one pound four ounces every twelve hours. From this
some idea may be formed of the very large weight of water transpired
by a full-grown tree on a warm day. It has been estimated that the
amount of aqueous vapor given off by an acre of Beech forest between
June 1 and December 1 is between 1000 and 1500 tons.

551. The object of the transpiratory activity is the acquirement of
nutrient salts from the soil and their transportation to the leaves,
where they are left by the evaporation of the water.

552. The rate of transpiration is regulated in part by the action of
the stomates. When the guard cells of a stomate are turgid the slit
between them stands wide open. If the guard cells become flaccid,
either through undue wilting of the leaf or from any other cause, the
stomatal opening becomes narrowed or closed. The guard cells are
sensitive to the influence of light; in bright sunshine the stomates
stand wider open than in diffused light, and they close on dark, stormy
days even in summer. Artificial darkness closes them — more quickly
in the afternoon than in the morning. At night the majority of plants
close their stomates, but not so as to prohibit all transpiration. The
stomatal cells are sensitive also to dryness. A draught of dry air
causes them to close, even though the leaves show no signs of
wilting.

553. Aside from stomatic regulation, the rate of transpiration for
any given plant depends largely upon the external circumstances of
heat, light, dampness, or dryness of the atmosphere and supply of
water at the root. Heat furnishes the energy for all evaporation ;
consequently, rise of temperature in the leaf accelerates transpiration.
Light also has a stimulating effect. Dampness of the air around the
leaf, on the contrary, retards transpiration, just as it checks ordinary
evaporation. And of course dryness of the soil acts finally to reduce
the amount of transpiration. :

554, Assimilation of carbon.— Carbon is the most important of the
elements going to make up the solid parts of the plant body. How
great a proportion of the framework it forms is seen when wood is
subjected to great heat in the absence of air. Everything volatile
is then driven off; but the form remains, even the microscopic
details of structure being preserved by the carbon. Carbon con-
stitutes, by weight, about one-half of the dry substance of ordinary
plants.

555. Carbon dioxide, the source of this important element, enters
the leaf through the stomates, passes along the intercellular spaces
of the spongy tissue, becomes dissolved in the water that saturates

BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 235

the walls of the cells, and then diffuses throughout the green tissue.
Its goal is the chlorophyll granules.! Here, in sunlight, its particles
are torn apart, and the carbon atoms are combined with the atoms of
hydrogen and oxygen derived from the decomposition of water, to
form a carbohydrate. This carbohydrate, if not starch, is shortly
turned to starch as a rule, appearing as minute granules in the chloro-
plastids sometimes within five minutes after exposure of the plant to
light. These granules increase in size while assimilation continues;
but when assimilation ceases, as at night, the starch begins to be
dissolved, and is finally conveyed away in the form of a soluble
carbohydrate. Assimilation of carbon by aid of light is termed photo-
synthetic assimilation.

556. The conditions that must be fulfilled before assimilation will
take place are these: Carbonic acid gas must be present in the atmos-
phere, there must be light and a certain amount of heat, and the
chloroplastids must contain chlorophyll.

557. The atmosphere normally contains about .04 of one per cent
of carbonic acid gas, by weight. Increasing this proportion hastens
the rate of assimilation slightly; but if the gas is increased two
hundred fold, the formation of starch becomes only four or five times
greater. Ordinary variations in the amount of carbon dioxide would,
therefore, not perceptibly aid assimilation.

558, Light furnishes the energy of assimilation. Of the different
components of white light, the red, orange, and yellow rays are the
most effective.

559. Liberation of oxygen.—In the act of assimilation, when
carbon is taken into the material of the plant, the oxygen of the
carbon dioxide is given off. In the case of water plants this may be
seen. Let a cut branch of such a plant be exposed to light under
water. Bubbles of oxygen will be seen escaping from the cut end.
The rapidity with which these bubbles are given off may be taken as
a convenient measure of the activity of assimilation in the given plant
under the given circumstances. If, for example, the plant is exposed
to one sort or one intensity of light for a period, and the number of
bubbles rising from it per minute is found, the conditions as to light
may then be varied, and the number of bubbles per minute ascer-
tained anew; compared with the former result, the later count will
show whether the assimilative activity of the plant is greater, or less,
under the new conditions. ?

560. The action by which substances like starch and protein gran-
ules, insoluble in the sap, are converted into soluble compounds is
digestion. In digestion, starch is changed to sugar. In the latter

1 See Fig. 382, Chap. XVII.

2 See Goodale, ‘‘ Physiological Botany,”’ p. 805, for more explicit direc-
tions. The experiments are most interesting.

236 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

form the newly made plant food in the cells of the leaf can pass out
through the petiole to the stem, and travel to points of active growth,
or to storage cells. Digestion is accomplished by means of the so-
called ferments, or enzymes, of which diastase is a common example.
The enzymes are not consumed in the process; their mere presence
seems to be enough to induce digestion. Diastase is extracted from
germinating seeds (e.g. barley). If a solution is appled to a bit of
starch on a glass slide under the microscope, the disintegration of the
starch granules may be observed.}

561. The formation of albuminous substances.— Assimilation is
only the first step toward the formation of living substance, or proto-
plasm. The albuminous substances which compose protoplasm differ
from the carbohydrates produced by assimilation, in containing a con-
siderable proportion of nitrogen often with some sulphur and phos-
phorus. It is in the formation of these nitrogenous, or albuminous,
matters that the nutrient mineral salts are put to use. Where this
final step in the production of proteid matter is taken is not definitely
known. It may be that it is in the green tissue of the leaf, or it may
_ be at all growing points.

562. The transfer of organic substance, whether of carbohydrates
or of nitrogenous compounds, is largely accomplished by the diffusion
of solutions of these substances. Albuminous matters not diffusible,
as well as solutions, are carried by the so-called sieve tubes in the bark,
when the transfer takes place in a dicotyledonous stem.? This is the
route by which nourishment designed for the root system is brought
from the leaves. If a ring of bark is removed from the trunk of a
tree, the bark above the cut grows and swells out, because of the
arrest and accumulation of nourishment in transit toward the root.

563. Storage. — Such a part of the elaborated food as is not at once
needed for growth passes into the store of reserve material.

564. Living cells perform the office of storage. In stems and roots
these cells would be those of the bark, the medullary rays, and the
living pith. In tubers and other special organs of storage, the storage
cells are particularly numerous and often of large size.

565. Carbohydrates are stored most commonly in the form of
starch, but also in the form of sugar. Reserve cellulose is another
storage condition of the carbohydrates; in this case, the walls of the
storage cells become greatly thickened by the depositions. Food may
be stored in the form of oil and fat; also in protein granules and
crystals.

566. Respiration. — All plants, like all animals, take in oxygen.
As plants are less active than animals, they need less oxygen; and

1 See Enzymes, Strasburger, p. 203.
2In the phloém of the fibrovascular bundles. For sieve tubes see
Goodale, p. 91.

BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 237

they have no special organs of respiration comparable to the lungs of
animals. Yet special contrivances exist which facilitate the passage
of oxygen from the atmosphere to every part of the plant. Inter-
cellular passages penetrating the tissues communicate externally with
the stomates, and with larger pores in the bark, called lenticels. Len-
ticels are slight outgrowths of the cork, in which the cells lie loosely
upon one another, and over which the epidermis is broken away. They
may be seen upon almost any twig. ‘The intercellular spaces of water
plants are particularly large in order to convey to submerged parts the
oxygen taken in through the stomates of the leaf; or at least in order
to retain the oxygen given off by assimilating cells. Oxygen also
travels through the tissues dissolved in the liquids of the cells,
by ordinary diffusion. In solution it enters the cell where it is
needed.

567. All living cells require oxygen. The effect of excluding oxy-
gen may best be seen in those cells! in which the protoplasm streams,
—that is, circulates in the cell more or less rapidly (Fig. 360). If
arrangements are made to supply some other gas—as carbon di-
oxide — to the cell while the circulation of the protoplasm is being
watched under the microscope, the movement is seen to lessen within
a few seconds after oxygen is driven off, and shortly to stop altogether.
If, after not too long a time, oxygen is once more admitted, the stream-
ing of the protoplasm begins again. But if the suspense is too long,
the protoplasm will be found to be dead.

568. In respiration, the oxygen absorbed by the protoplasm slowly
oxidizes it. There is, in other words, a slow burning. Of course the
protoplasm is slowly destroyed, and has to be renewed through nutri-
tion. The result of oxidation, however, is the generation of heat and
other forms of energy, which enable the cells to do their work. The
process is essentially like that by which energy is “set free” in the
burning of coal for the driving of an engine. All engines, whether
organic or inorganic, consume fuel.

569. By the oxidizing process carbonic acid gas is formed. This
gas is easy to detect experimentally,? and when given off by the plant
furnishes the best evidence that respiration is going on. Plants respire
continuously, as long as they live. But in daytime respiration is not
easy to show, since the carbon dioxide given up by the respiring cells
is taken in by the assimilatory tissues. At night or in darkness, on
the other hand, respiration is clearly indicated by the escape of the
telltale gas.

1 Such as the new root hairs of some aquatics, the cells of the leaf of
the fresh-water Eelerass, and cells of the alga called Chara, and young
trichomes of many plants.

2 See Experiment 12, p. 66.

238 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

570. “The contrast between assimilation and respiration } is very
marked: one is substantially the opposite of the other. The follow-
ing tabular view displays the essential differences between them : —

ASSIMILATION PROPER RESPIRATION

Takes place only in cells contain- | Takes place in all active cells.
ing chlorophyll. :

Requires light. Can proceed in darkness.

Carbonic acid absorbed, oxygen | Oxygen absorbed, carbonic acid
set free. set free.

Carbohydrates formed. Carbohydrates consumed.

[Energy is stored. ] [Energy is brought into use. ]

The plant gains in dry weight. The plant loses dry weight.”

571. Resting periods. — The dormant condition of seeds and buds
has already been described. In the periods of suspended animation
respiration is reduced to its lowest limits. Some seeds may be kept
for years without loss of vitality. We must suppose that all the while
the protoplasm is to a very slight extent active, and that feeble respi-
ration is going on.

572. Growth. — Were we to trace the inner and outer changes that
lead to the formation of a complete leaf,—taking the leaf as an
example of the organs in general,— we should find the following
course of events. First a slight prominence is to be seen close to the
tip of the stem. This elevation is caused by the rapid multiplication
of the cells at the point where the new leaf is to appear. All the cells
at this point are capable of dividing; the tissue is said to be embry-
onic. Of course division is accompanied by the increase in size of the
cells produced. As the protuberance grows, it soon shows some signs
of external shaping. Lobes appear, if the mature leaf is to be lobed
or compound. But the whole mass of cells remains embryonic in
character, and the cells are still relatively small, until the new organ
has been formed and shaped into something like a miniature of its
mature condition. Then another phase of growth sets in. Few new
cells, or none, are made, but all the cells begin to elongate and enlarge.
As a result the whole leaf expands, and it may do so very rapidly.
This phase —the phase of elongation in growth —is seen in the swift
expansion of foliage from winter buds in spring. Finally, as full size
is being attained, a third phase appears. The cells of the leaf indi-
vidually take on their characteristic forms, by final changes in shape
and in the nature of the cell walls.

573, Three phases are thus to be made out in the growth of any
organ: (1) the formative, or embryonic phase; (2) the phase of elonga-
tion; and (3) the phase of internal development. But it is not to be

1 From Goodale’s ‘‘ Physiological Botany,’’ p. 556.

BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY 239

supposed that one phase ceases altogether before another begins. We
distinguish the phases in a general way.

574. Grand period of growth. —If the elongation of a short section
of a very young growing part, as for instance a section very near the
tip of a growing root, is marked off and measured from time to time
through several days, it will be found that at first the rate of elon-
gation in the given section is low, then gradually increases to a
grand maximum, and finally declines until growth disappears. The
whole time of growth of an organ, characterized by such a general
rise and ultimate fall of the rate of growth, is termed the grand period
of growth. Within this there are minor variations, chief among which
are the daily fluctuations.

575. Daily fluctuations. —If the length of a growing stem were to
be measured at frequent intervals during the twenty-four hours, it
would be found that elongation does not go on uniformly. It is
periodic, being less rapid in the daytime than at night. The diur-
nal minimum is usually reached sometime in the afternoon; the
maximum, commonly after midnight. This is due to the nature of
the plants themselves, not directly to the working of external causes.
For if a well-nourished growing plant is kept for several days in the
dark, the periodic changes in growth rate still continue. All this has,
however, been induced in plant nature, in the past, by alternation of
day and night.

576. The chief external influences affecting growth are temperature
and light.

577. Temperature. — Favorable temperatures vary greatly, accord-
ing to the plant in question. Thus, in northern latitudes and on high
mountains certain species are found growing vigorously in early spring,
even through a covering of snow, at a temperature very slightly above
freezing ; while most plants of warm climates altogether cease to grow
at a temperature several degrees higher. For many common plants
the most favorable (optimum) temperature is between 70° and 85° F.

578. Light. — In general, light acts against growth. Too great
light may quite prevent growth. In nature, accordingly, the rate of
elongation increases during the night, especially after midnight, and
decreases during most of the day. |

579. Movement. — Transfer of substances in the plant, as of water
or food substances, and circulation of living protoplasm in cells have
been mentioned. In the descriptive chapters movements of particular
organs have been noted in detail, as the movements of roots of seed-
lings, stems, leaves, tendrils, tentacles, and floral organs. These activi-
ties have now to be briefly considered together.

580. Most movements of bending are due to unequal growth on
different sides of the organs in question. Curvatures of mature
organs, like bending of pulvini of leaves, and sudden movements like

240 BRIEF OUTLINE OF VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY

those of tentacles, some stamens, and leaves of the Sensitive Plant are
due to alteratious in tissue tensions independent of growth.

581. Movements may be due: (1) to internal causes, or (2) to ex-
ternal influences. The first are spontaneous, the second induced.

582. Spontaneous growth movements. — Darwin showed that the
tips of growing parts of plants—stems, leaves, roots — perpetually
move in irregular elliptical curves. Since the motion is one of bow-
ing toward all points of the compass in turn, he called it circwmnutation.

583. Induced growth movements. — These are much the more strik-
ing. The exciting causes (stimuli) are chiefly: gravity, light, mois-
ture, mechanical contact, and variations of light and heat.

584. Gravity. —It has been observed froin actual experiment in
the laboratory that roots of seedlings turn toward the center of the
earth, while the plumule turns toward the zenith. All turnings under
influence of gravitative force are manifestations of Geotropism. The
root is said to be positively, the shoot negatively, geotropic.

585. Light. — Plants turn, as we say, instinctively toward the light.
If one could observe the root, however, it would be found to turn away
from light. These actions are instances of Heliotropism. The shoot
is, in general, positively heliotropic, the root negatively heliotropic.

586. Moisture. — The root seeking moisture displays Hydrotropism.

587. Contact.— When the revolving end of a tendril or a twining
stem strikes an object of support, growth on the touched side is re-
tarded. The effect of this stimulus is, therefore, to make the tendril
or stem encircle the support.

588. Variations of light and heat modify the rate of growth on oppo-
site sides of leaves. If the upper surface of blade and petiole grows
faster than the lower, the whole leaf is depressed; if the lower side
grows faster, the leaf is raised. Movements of this sort are especially
noticeable in floral leaves. In warm sunshine, for example, the leaves
of the Dandelion head unfold for the visits of insects; but when, in
the afternoon, the light and warmth fall off somewhat, the bracts and
corollas of the inflorescence close up tightly. In other cases the effects
of illumination are just the reverse, for the flowers open at night,
when the nightfliers that pollinate them are abroad.

589. Movements due to change of turgidity.— These have been
described in the chapter on the leaf (sleep movements, behavior of
the Sensitive Plant, action of insectivorous leaves). Such movements,
due to changes of turgidity (apart from growth), are confined to leaves
(vegetative and floral); and they result from the sudden escape of
water from the swollen tissues of the pulvinus or other motile organ,
into the internal ducts or intercellular spaces.

590. Irritability. — All the movements and changes of movement
referred to in §§ 583-589, occasioned by external exciting causes
(stimuli), are manifestations of the irritability inherent in protoplasm.

APPENDIX

I. PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES!

Laboratory outfit.— Each pupil needs a simple microscope. This
may be an inexpensive lens, or combination of lenses, mounted over
a glass stage, and supplied with light from below by a mirror. Dis-
secting microscopes of this sort, of various degrees of excellence, are
offered by dealers. (Bausch & Lomb, manufacturers, Rochester, N.Y.;
Queen & Co., manufacturers, Philadelphia; Franklin Educational Com-
pany, and L. E. Knott Apparatus Company, Boston; Cambridge
Botanical Supply Company, Cambridge, Mass.; and others.) Those
forms in which the lens is easily removed from the holder, so as to be
used as a hand lens, have a decided advantage in examining material
that is not readily manipulated on the stage. Lenses that screw into
the holder, or frame, are not easily got out for hand use. The
best that the school can afford in the way of a dissecting microscope
is not too good. On the other hand, even a cheap lens, unmounted,
will help one to learn much.

The outfit for each pupil comprises also a pair of dissecting needles
(which may be homemade, from No. 10 cambric needles and pine
handles) ; a well-sharpened knife or scalpel; and a pair of steel forceps
with slender, roughened points. At hand should be a glass of water
and a small bottle of iodine solution (see Exercise II., 2, p. 246). The
laboratory should have glass slides and cover glasses, and one or two
sharp razors, with means of keeping the latter in good cutting condition.
_ The experiments call for various utensils which need not be men-
tioned here.

Notebooks should be of good size (about 8 x 10 inches), so bound as
to lie flat when open on the table, and made of a good quality of
paper. J. H. Schaffner, of Ohio State University (Columbus), has
described (Jour. Appl. Micros., June, 1900) what appears to be a con-
venient notebook. Covers, sheets for notes, and sheets for drawings
are separate, of the same size, and punched alike. The whole is held
together by shoestrings. Dr. Ganong also has designed a notebook.
It may be had of the Cambridge Botanical Supply Company. The
paper on which drawings are to be made should be a rag paper, at

1For Cryptogamic studies, see IL, p. 258. Additional implements are
there described.

242 APPENDIX

least as good as the grade known as ledger 17x22 — 382. The J. L.
Hammett Company (educational supply), Boston, can furnish books
of this paper, 8x10, 100 pages, with flexible covers, at 40 cents each,
more or less, if ordered in lots. I mention this to give some notion
of the probable cost of such books.

The Laboratory Studies have been written with a view to the use
of the dissecting microscope, or hand lens, solely. But it is evident
that one or two compound microscopes may be the means of adding
greatly to the interest of the pupils. Demonstrations of the minute
structure of the higher plants, in the course of the study of the chap-
ter on that subject, demand the compound instrument. How far one
may profitably go into the study of cellular structure depends upon
circumstances, such as the age of the pupils and the time at their dis-
posal. Personally, I believe that, especially if the teacher has used
the compound microscope much, he will be likely to underestimate
the difficulties of gaining true impressions of the structure as it exists
in three dimensions, from sections necessarily showing but one plane
at a time. .

Material. — The material for study, when not named and described
in the exercises themselves, is specified in the Appendix.

Material in stock. — Dried and pressed specimens, supplementary to
the laboratory and the text, should be mounted on stiff board of con-
venient size. Herbarium paper is too flexible and too large for hand-
ing around. The collecting instinct is strong, and the successive
classes in botany may be called upon to build up such a collection as
is desired, in the case of schools in or near the open country. Valu-
able suggestions as to collecting and mounting illustrative material
is given by Dr. Ganong in the “ Teaching Botanist.”

Material not dried may be preserved in formaline (formaldehyde)
of 4%. As sold, this preservative is of 40%. It is cheaper, when
dilute, than alcohol, but the fumes are disagreeable and harmful, so
that material to be worked over should be well soaked and freed from
formaline. Alcohol is the best preservative. Fifty per cent may be
strong enough to keep material for general morphological work; but
70% is better.

Study and drawing. — The aim of laboratory work in botany is to
win an insight into the life of plants as revealed in structure, or as
manifested by living plants under observation in the experiments.
Structure is the record of past and present natural history. It repays
thoughtful consideration. The simple drawing of the material pre-
sented is by no means an adequate method of dealing with it. It is
common to see students draw assiduously and well, while passing on
from one subject to the next, with little or no comprehension of the
meaning of the forms. It is not unusual to see careful drawings, on
which much time has een put, which illustrate accidental, abnormal,

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 243

or inconsequential features merely. Such drawing is, of course, a
waste of time. The corrective is such study of the material as will
insure an understanding of its meaning before the drawing is begun.
When the essential points have been grasped, they are fixed in the
memory by drawing.

It is true that drawing is a help in studying objects; for the strict
heed one must pay to their forms in order to represent them exactly
leads to the discovery of facts that would otherwise escape notice.
The work of the pencil serves as a score by which we keep account of
the degree to which the eye has exhausted the details of the object.
The practice of drawing thus acts as a means of increasing the power
of attention to the manifold separable aspects of anything we wish to
examine, — that is, the analytical power. Yet, in general, in order that
the drawing may be done intelligently, a certain amount of prelimi-
nary study is necessary. This requires time; but the time so spent
is likely to be well employed.

The attempt has been made in this book, by brief discussions pre-
ceding the exercises and by suggestive questions, to direct the pupil’s
mind toward the quarter where the most essential points are to be
looked for in many cases. When questions are asked they are in-
tended to be answered, sooner or later, in the written notes of study.

For the record of laboratory work should consist of notes illustrated by
properly labeled drawings. ‘The notes should be as full as is con-
sistent with time limitations.

In examining the material, even when the desired observations may
be fairly well made with the naked eye, pupils should be reminded to
make free use of the hand lens, or the microscope lens used as such.
Very many things are thus rendered striking and memorable that
otherwise would fail of making much impression. For example, the
delicacy of the veining of the cotyledons of Ricinus in the embryo is
far better seen by aid of the lens than with the eye alone, though the
cotyledons themselves are well above the microscopic range. And
this delicate veining suggests more forcibly than the mere external
form of the embryo how highly organized and perfected the young
plant already is.

Drawings should be in outline with little or no shading as a rule.
Every line should be distinct and definite, and represent an exact
observation made upon the object. General impressions are not
sought. Artistic “effects” are out of place in scientific drawings.
Every part should be labelled.

Experiments. — The best general manual of experiments in vege-
table physiology is probably that of Detmer (“Practical Plant Physi-
ology’), translated by Moor, published by The Macmillan Company,
New York, 1898. List price, $3.00. From this source the teacher
will gain ideas for additions to the experiments suggested in this

244 APPENDIX

book; and, further, will there find clear and authoritative statements
of physiological theory. The book is more than a manual of experi-
mental procedure.

Experiments sometimes fail to convince the pupil of the truth
which it is sought to illustrate. Doubts should not be put aside or
left unsatisfied when it is possible that some further test — which,
oftentimes, the pupil himself is able to suggest — may settle the ques-
tion without recourse to the statements of the authorities. A little
experimenting along an original line, that is, a line original as far as
the pupil is concerned, is often of very great value: it awakens and
stimulates the scientific spirit strongly in some cases.

Books of reference.— The following will be useful to the teacher
who wishes to extend, by reading, a scanty knowledge of botany:
“ Gray’s Structural Botany”; American Book Company, New York.
“ Goodale’s Physiological Botany”; American Book Company, New
York. Strasburger (and others), “'Text-book of Botany,” translated
by Porter; The Macmillan Company, New York.

This list might, of course, be indefinitely extended.

Ganong’s “ The Teaching Botanist” is a manual for the teacher,
contain‘ng outlines of a course of study, pedagogical suggestions,
a list of books of reference, etc., etc.; the book is highly recom-
mended to teachers in secondary schools. Published by Macmillan,
New York.

Chapter I.— In approaching a series of studies on a given topic we
may adopt either of two courses. First, we may, without delay or
preliminary consideration, proceed to the actual study of the material,
leaving all general views aside until the laboratory work has been
completed and the summarization is to be made. Or, secondly, we
may seek to gain at least some general idea of the direction and aim
of our investigations before they are actually begun. If the teacher
chooses the former method he will pass over the questions asked at the
beginning of Chapter I., and will not necessarily emphasize the head-
ings of the several exercises. If the second method is pursued, then
ihe teacher will talk over the proposed work on the subject of seeds
with the class before the first exercise. It will probably be found that
amongst them the pupils already know a good deal of the natural his-
tory of seeds. And this knowledge may be made the basis of inter-
esting suggestions of study. There may be a doubt on the part of
some pupils as to whether the seed has a complete plant init. This
may then be left for investigation. But all will doubtless admit that
the seed contains at least the starting-point of a new plant, if no
more. Assuming this, the idea of the resting state (see text on
Seeds, Chapter II.) may perhaps be hinted at. This conception,
together with the idea of the feebleness of the young plantlet at the
start as opposed to the dangers and difficulties that surround it, and

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 945

the need of rapid development, may suggest certain of the structural
features which might be expected in the seed. Questions at least may
be raised, growing out of the general conceptions already formed from
incidental observation, which will unify and illuminate the whole
series of studies on the seed.

Because I have found that this second method, that of approaching
laboratory work with an idea to work out, adds to interest and intel-
ligent appreciation, I have prefaced the chapter with several questions
which it is the aim of the exercises to answer. While the teacher
may make use of them by requiring the pupils to read them in
advance, it would be much better to draw from the class the princi-
ples of the subject, using a recitation period for the purpose, and
formulating some general scheme of work to cover the subject of
seeds and their germination. Of course under the guidance of the
teacher the resulting outline will assume the general form in which
the laboratory studies have been cast by the writer, providing Chap-
ter I. is to be used for laboratory directions to the pupil.

I would suggest that, similarly, at the beginning of each of the
chapters of laboratory studies, time enough be taken to gain an out-
look over the whole of the field about to be entered. In the prepara-
tory conferences interesting points may sometimes be introduced by
illustrative material, even in cases where closer, more detailed study
is later to be given to similar material.

Exercise I.— Castor Bean. Material from seedsmen. The Castor
Bean should not be eaten, as it contains poisonous principles which
may do harm. Let the seeds be boiled in water for five minutes for
softening, after removing a little of the testa to allow the water to
penetrate. — White Lupine. Lupinus albus, of the seedsmen. Soak 1
day in water.—Indian Corn. The flat-fruited Southern or Western
variety of Indian Corn, soaked for a day or two. For the sprouted
condition sow in soil, damp sawdust, wet sphagnum, or between sheets
of wet blotting paper, after soaking in water. Allow from a week to
10 days. If the proper stage of development is reached before the
class is ready for the study, keep the material back by placing in a
cool room (above 32° Fahr.). In estimating the time required to
grow material for class use, one should remember that, in general,
moderately high temperatures (70°-80°) accelerate, while low temper-
atures retard, germination and growth.

A teacher writes: ‘<In the summer I boil some corn on the ear. I
carefully remove the kernels and preserve them in about 60% alcohol.
They can be used at any time.”

In the directions for drawing, the numbers in parentheses indicate
magnification in diameters.

Exercise II.—1. Soak the Four-o’clock seeds 1 day. The Sun-
flower and the Peanut are suggested as having large exalbuminous

246 APPENDIX

seeds. The exalbuminous seed of the Norway Maple is interesting on
account of the very small store of food in the embryo. ‘The “grain”
of Indian Corn, the “seeds” of Four-o’clock and Sunflower, the “pea-
nut” (including shell), and the key of the Maple are fruits. This
fact need not be brought forward, as the distinction between fruit and
seed will be made plain in the chapter on fruit. In the case of the
Peanut the question will arise, how much is a single seed? Refer to
the like case of peas in a Pea pod. —2. The iodine used may be pre-
pared by dissolving the crystals in alcohol, or, better, in a strong
aqueous solution of iodide of potassium, which may be had from supply
companies and probably from druggists. In testing for starch, if the
iodine is too strong, the characteristic blue tint will be obscured.
Use the reagent diluted. In the Castor Bean, Flax, and Cotton, a con-
siderable part of the food takes the form of oil. In this connection it
will be well to present facts concerning the uses of oily seeds, and of
seeds in general. Or, better, the subject may be assigned, as a whole
or in parts, to one or more pupils for special reports. In the Date, the
reserve matter is in the form of “reserve cellulose.”

A test for proteid matters in seeds may be made as follows: Crush
the kernel of the given seed on a glass slide. Add a few drops of
concentrated nitric acid, and allow to act for a few minutes. If pro-
teid matter is present in quantity, a yellow or orange color appears,
which becomes more intense after the acid has been washed off and
strong ammonia water added. Contrast the color reaction in the
kernel of Sunflower seed with that in pulp of Potato, when treated
with nitric acid and ammonia; also again when treated with iodine.
The compound microscope may be used in tests with iodine, and for
detection of oil.

Exercise III.— Experiment 1. This may well be a demonstration
largely prepared by the teacher. The Beans should be ready after 2
days’ soaking. The department of physics or of chemistry will sup-
ply some sort of simple hydrogen generator. One may be made of
flask, cork, and glass tubing, in the way described by elementary
chemistries. Fill the generator flask pretty well up with the acid
solution, in order to have as little air in the generator as possible.
(For the physiology of seeds and germination, see Goodale’s “ Physi-
ological Botany,” Ch. XV.) — Experiment 2. Several pupils may work
together on such experiments as this. The gas given off by the
sprouting Corn is the same as that from the human lungs, namely
carbonic acid gas. Respiration is the same in both plants and ani-
mals, as regards the intake (oxygen) and the exhaled product (carbon
dioxide). (See “Respiration” Goodale, p. 367.) — Experiment 3. The
thermometer used should be graduated in half degrees or finer; or, at
least, the degree divisions should be long. Subdivisions of the spaces
may with care be estimated down to tenths by the eye. Of course, the

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 747,

rise of temperature found in this experiment is the direct result of the
respiratory activity (oxidation) detected in Experiment 2. This ex-
periment also is suitable for a group of three or four students.

Exercise IV. — For pupils in groups. Of course this exercise may
be extended somewhat, at the option of the teacher— perhaps as
supplementary work for fast working and interested individuals. It
is likely that several different temperatures may be obtained in differ-
ent parts of the building. And if steam heat is used, it may be
possible to arrange matters so that minimum, maximum, and optimum
temperatures of germination can be approximately determined.

Exercise V.— For the facts and theory of the response of growing
parts to various external stimuli, see the text-books under Geotropism,
Heliotropism, etc.; Goodale, pp. 392-396, Strasburger’s “Text-book of
Botany ” (Porter), 1898, pp. 251 et seq.

Exercise VI.— Experiment 6. For an account of the green coloring
matter (chlorophyll) see Goodale, pp. 286 et seg. It would be inter-
esting to compare the behavior of Pine seedlings with those of com-
mon garden plants in respect to the development of chlorophyll in
darkness. It may take a month to get the pine started.

When the results of the experiments on germination are in, the
teacher will, of course, discuss the teachings of the experiments with
the class, making them points of departure for the giving of a greater
or less amount of related information. The time taken by the seeds
mentioned to germinate and come to the various desired stages of
development will depend on the temperature of the room. The fol-
lowing data will give some idea of the time required. Squash, 1 inch
deep, came up in 6 days in a warmish place. Onion, } in. deep, was
looping up well in 9 days in warmth. White Lupine, 14 in. deep, came
up in 7 days in arather cool place. The plants were erect and had
spread leaves in 14 days. Pea, 1 in. deep, was coming up freely in 6
days. Morning Glory was up and had cotyledons spread in 5 days.
The seeds may be sown at intervals during two weeks or so in boxes
of soil or wet sphagnum. Several pots may be sown to show the
manner in which the young plants come out of the ground.

Supplementary Topics.—1. This will require the compound micro-
scope. Spiranthes cernua, or Maiden’s Tress, is markedly poly-
embryonic. The embryos are produced without fertilization. (See
Rhodora, December, 1900.) The embryos are seen at a glance, the seed-
coats being transparent. Spiranthes cernua blooms in September and
October. Mount seeds first in aleohol.—2. The Larch and Spruce
seeds named germinate readily in 10 or 12 days.

Chapter III. — Discuss the subject of winter buds. Some such line
of thought as the following is suggested: Why do trees like the
Maple, Elm, ete., lose their leaves in winter? (Two reasons, at least.
For xerophytic conditions in winter, see p. 65.) When does preparation

248 APPENDIX

for the new leaves, to replace the fallen ones, begin? Of what advan-
tage would it be to have the new ones ready for unfolding at the first
moment of warm spring weather? If leaf rudiments were formed in
the fall, what arrangements would be made for their protection? A
number of different devices for shielding the tender young leaves or
leaf rudiments will probably come to mind. Later, in the laboratory,
it will be seen whether in nature these devices have, in effect, been
realized. A cursory examination of twigs bearing buds may be made
in class at the time of this discussion.

Exercise VII.—TIllustration 3. Alternatives are the Hobblebush
(Viburnum lantanoides), V. Lantana, V. cotinifolium, V. furcatum, and
the Butternut (Juglans cinerea).

Exercise IX. —Illustration 2. “ Dutchman’s Pipevine ” (Aristolochia
Sipho).

Exercise X. may be a written exercise to be handed in.

Exercise XI. — The development of buds is a very interesting subject
for study. The chief difficulty is to get buds to grow well indoors.
Many buds refuse to develop at all in the early winter, but make some
- growth later in the year. If the subject is taken up in the spring,
material may be got from the trees, and cut branches may be forced.
A damp atmosphere favors development. In March I have forced
Lilac, Rose, and Am. Larch to unfold enough for study, in 8 days;
Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) —excellent example of scale de-
velopment —in about 20 days; and Buttonwood (Platanus occiden-
talis) in 14 days. The latter gives a good illustration of the stipular
nature of some bud scales, as its scales grow.

Exercise XIII.— The White or Silver Maple and the Rock or Sugar
Maple, both illustrate the superior development of the horizontal buds
and branchlets. The material should be selected for the purpose.
Sometimes the vertical shoots will be decidedly the stronger; such
examples would be interesting.

Chapter V. Exercise XIV.— The Shepherd’s Purse is a common
weed, widely distributed, appearing very early in spring in yards and
by roadsides. Its root is much better for general morphology than
the fleshy roots of vegetables. Dandelion is fairly good. If root hairs
do not show well, grow a few seeds of any kind in sand, and call
especial attention to their manner of clinging to the sand, even when
the plantlet is pulled up.

Exercise XV.— The Trumpet Flower (Tecoma radicans) is best.
English Ivy (Hedera Helix) may be used.

Exercise XVI.— Sweet Potato is suggested. Carrot includes short-
ened stem. Dahlia will serve.

Supplementary Subjects. —1. Material may probably be obtained
from some greenhouse. The function of the roots is commonly mis-
understood. Vapor of water is not condensed by them, except as dew.

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 249

(See Rhodora, March and April, 1900; American Gardening, March 17
and 24,1900.) —2. The material is best preserved in aleohol.—3. Many
herbaceous, geophilous plants show contraction. Examples must be
sought in the teacher’s own locality. — 4. Grow seedlings in barely
moist sphagnum, in which saturated pieces of sponge are buried.
First sprout the seeds in water. Place them above and at one side of
the sponge or sponges, at varying distances and in different directions.
This experiment is suggested by Dr. R. H. True. —5. With a fine
brush and India ink mark across the tip of the growing primary root
of a lately sprouted Bean, at intervals of 1 mm., for a distance of
1.5cm. Put the seedling into a thistle tube, or glass funnel, with the
root running down into the tube. Over it place wet cotton, and cover
the top of thistle tube or funnel. Rest this apparatus in the mouth of
a jar or other receptacle containing a little water, the supporting jar
or bottle to be closed after the tube or funnel is admitted, so that the
water will not be lost by evaporation. In 24 hours, note the region
where elongation has taken place: measure the spaces. Repeat this
observation after 24 hours more.—6. Place a young Tropeolum
plant under a bell jar, and leave for a day or two in a fairly warm
place. Drops of sap are seen on the margin of the leaf. . These are
forced up by “root pressure.” (See Goodale, pp. 264-268, also
Chapter XVIII. of this book.)

Chapter VII. Exercise XVIII. — Balsam (/mpatiens) is better than
Begonia, though the latter is commoner in cultivation. Young shoots
of the Pipevine (Aristolochia Sipho) may be got at the proper season
and preserved for use. The Asparagus meant is the garden species,
the young shoots of which may be had from the market and preserved.
Indian Corn is equally good, or better. Permanently mounted cross
sections of both stems may be used. If the pupils cut their own, the
scalpels must be very sharp, and should be wet when cutting.

Exercise XIX.— This exercise may be omitted at the discretion of
the teacher. If taken, the block of wood may be of Oak, about 14 inch
in each dimension, cut so that two faces are at right angles to the
grain, two are vertical-radial, and two vertical-tangential in the tree.
The surfaces should be accurately cut in the given planes, and
smoothly finished.

Exercise XX.— The Balsam is the best stem for this exercise; it
may be had from greenhouses, or grown in the schoolroom from seed.
Other growing plants may be used. A solution of red ink may be
used, but is inferior to eosin (from supply companies). One ounce
eosin will color three quarts of water.

Exercise XXI.— Experiment 9. The more freely the plant used is
growing, the better for this experiment. “Nasturtium” = T’ropeolum.
On geotropism see Goodale and Strasburger, as before cited. —
Experiment 10. Other growing flower scapes may be found. The

250 APPENDIX

Dandelion will answer, if young. Shepherd’s Purse I have found
especially sensitive to light. Discuss geotropism and heliotropism
with class after these experiments.

_ Exercise XXII.— Illustration 1. Grass rhizomes will do. Iris is ex-
cellent, as it shows how the plant is propagated by lateral as well as ter-
minal buds. Useful examples of rhizomes will be found in any piece of
woods, under or in the leaf mold. Subterranean stems (Uvularia,
Smilacina, Polygonatum, Sanguinaria, etc.) are particularly interesting.
Keep in alcohol, rather than dry. For comparison with rhizomes intro-
duce such a caudex as Plantain. Also subterranean things like Trillium,
Jack-in-the-pulpit (beware of tasting).— Potato tuber. Artichoke
(from seedsmen or the market) may be substituted with advantage.
New potatoes from the garden have scales; others may not have. —
Houseleek. May be ordered several months in advance from com-
mercial growers. As an alternative, Strawberry (pressed or alco-
holic) is suggested. — Asparagus. From florists: the large decorative
species known as Asparagus Sprengeri is the best.— Crocus. From
seedsmen, at about 1 cent each. Gladiolus and Montbretia are as
_ good but cost about 2 cents each. — Flowering Quince. The common
Thorn, or the Honey Locust (Gleditschia) may be used. — Boston
Ivy. Or the Grape; in which case the tendrils coil, without disks.
The Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolia) is figured in the text;
otherwise it would do for the present study. In all these cases the
tendril is, originally, the termination of the main stem, but is finally
turned aside by the growth of a lateral bud, which carries on the
growth of the vine. The effect is to make the tendril seem to spring
laterally, from opposite a leaf. The twisting of tendrils involves an
interesting question. (See the text.) Why the double twist, often
seen? Hold both ends of a string fast then twist it by rolling at its
middle; is the twist of entire string single or double?

ChapterIX. Exercise XXIII. — Experiment 11. Tropceolum is meant.
Several pupils may work together. Chlorophyll is extracted more
rapidly by alcohol in a test tube immersed in hot water. Then, to
swell starch grains, boil the bleached leaf in water. For carbon
assimilation, or photosynthesis, see Goodale, Ch. X., also the con-
cluding chapter in this book. For the liberation of oxygen as a
measure of assimilation, and directions for a most valuable experi-
ment (easy to perform if material is available), see Goodale, p. 305.

In connection with the given experiments on assimilation in the
leaf, the observation of starch may be made if compound microscopes
are to be had. Use starch from potato, and perhaps from the pea
also. Starch being insoluble in water, the question arises how the
food which takes the form of starch can pass from one part of the
plant to another through the membranes cf the plant body. (See
Digestion, § 560.) Observe digestion with the compound microscope.

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES rate

Use potato starch. Apply a solution of } teaspoonful diastase (drug-
gists or supply companies) in 1 teaspoonful water —a few drops on a
slide. Observe, after 15 minutes, the erosion and disintegration of
many of the grains.

Experiment 12. Respiration takes place in all living members of
the plant. (See the final chapter of the text, this book.) — Experi-
ment 13. A Geranium (Pelargonium), a Sunflower seedling, or a
Fuchsia, is easily got. The experiments on transpiration (which sub-
ject see in Goodale, Strasburger, and this book) are easily extended,
so as to test the effect of a number of conditions. (See Ganong for
further suggestions.) Convenient balances are the “Harvard trip
scales” (apparatus dealers). The sheet rubber is a grade or two
heavier than that used by dentists.

Experiments 13, 14, 15, and 16 are all on the same activity of the
leaf, transpiration. It will be well to have only one or two prepara-
tions of each experiment, and have all the experiments going on at
once, prepared simultaneously by different groups of pupils. The
essential features of manipulation are seen at sight, and the results
are obvious, so that the whole class may take notes from apparatus
prepared by two or three pupils solely. The importance of transpira-
tion in drawing water from the soil, and with water the nutrient
soil salts, should be discussed when the results are all in. Stomatal
regulation may be brought up in connection with the results of Ex-
periments 13 and 14, in which it is seen that the vapor escapes from
the under surface largely. — Experiment 17. Young potted Trope-
olums, a month or two old. On heliotropism, or turning occasioned
by light, see Goodale, p. 392, or Strasburger, p. 251. The chapter on
physiology, in this book, may be referred to. — Experiment 18. Seed-
lings of Mimosa pudica may be grown to suitable size in 3 or 4 weeks.
Seeds from seedsmen. Oxalis seeds also from seedsmen, or plants
from growers. On “sleep” movements, see Goodale, p. 409, and
Strasburger, p. 270. The irritability of plants is a most interesting
subject of study.

Exercise XXIV.— Of greenhouse material, Hibiscus or Abutilon is
very good for all points in this exercise. Geranium (Pelargonium)
and German Ivy (Senecio scandens) have stipules. The veining does
not show so well. Of outdoor things, Apple and Quince have stipules.
Selections of the best leaves to illustrate types of venation, compound-
ing, ete., should be made in the summer, and the leaves pressed. But
for Exercise XXIV. fresh material is needed.

Exercises XXVI. and XXVII.— The assortment of leaves given the
pupil will include parallel- and net-veined examples ; and of the latter,
some pinnate, some palmate. Several examples of each category
should be provided. Let some be lobed, divided, etc., so as to suggest
the origin of compounding. Pinnately lobed, palmately lobed forms,

752 APPENDIX

etc., suggest corresponding compound forms. ‘This is meant to be an
exercise in systematic grouping on lines of possible evolution of leaf
forms. Can transitional forms between pinnate and palmate be
found? The material will be selected by the teacher from the flora
of the particular locality.

Exercise XXVIII.— Onion. Onion “sets” from the seedsman;
inexpensive. — Acacia. This is interesting in connection with the
natural conditions under which the phyllodineous Acacias grow.
Pressed material may be used, derived, of course, from some green-
house. Phyllodia with leaflets may be found on some species, even in
the adult condition (e.g. A. melanozylon). See phyllodes, Ch. X.

Chapter X. The special uses of the leaf, treated in §§ 146-153,
may with great advantage be illustrated by living material. Seeds
of Cobea macrostemma may be bought and the plant raised in the
schoolroom, if the temperature is favorable. Drosera binata may
perhaps be obtained from florists or from a botanic garden. OD.
rotundifolia rests in winter. A Wardian case will keep Droseras,
Sarracenias, and Dionzas in good condition for observation.

Chapter XI. Exercises XXIX-XXXII. — Scilla siberica is good for
these exercises. Order in the fall, for spring use, from florists. Cost
small. Tulips can be had from Christmas onward. At wholesale
from commercial growers they cost about 2 cents each, though more at
times. Hyacinths, not so good, 5-10 cents a spike, November to May.
The above are mentioned as available for city schools. Scilla is common
everywhere in gardens in early spring. Bulbs, $1 per 100. Of wild
material for the first flower studied, Dogtooth Violet (Erythronium)
and Trilliwm are also good. The Liliacee, in general, are excellent.

Exercise XXXIII.— The principles of anthotaxy had best be taken
up in the course of the general study of the flower, for the sake of
economy of material, rather than as the subject of a separate study.
For the benefit of city schools, some information as to kinds, prices,
etc., of flowers may be proffered. Azaleas, Christmas to Easter, cheap.
Swainsonia (leguminous, racemose), all year, 50 cents dozen spikes.
Candytuft (cruciferous, racemose), all year, 25 cents dozen spikes.
Nasturtium, all year, 25 cents dozen. Begonia (cymose, unisexual),
any time, cheap. Primula, 25 cents pot. Bouvardia (umbellate), 25
cents dozen heads, all year. Crassula quadrifida, compound cymose.
Oxalis, good, cymose. Eupatorium, Stevia, and Chrysanthemum frute-
scens, composite heads. The above are suggested in case winter
material must be used. Buy of wholesale dealers, or growers.

Exercise XXXIV. — The material must be gathered at the flowering
season of the tree chosen (Larch, Spruce, Fir, Pine), in spring, and
preserved in alcohol, unless used at once. The fresh, fertile cone
(here for convenience called a “flower,” but also spoken of as an
inflorescence) is very beautiful in form and color.

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 5

Further work on the flower will be directed toward illustration of
the principles of floral structure and biology, given in the following
chapter of text. The extent and exact character of this study are left
to the discretion of the teacher in view of the material obtainable.

Systematic Botany.— With regard to the study of Systematic
Botany, when this forms a part of the school course, the following
suggestions may prove helpful.

In many schools it has been the custom to require each pupil to
determine or ‘analyze’ a certain number of plants, perhaps a hun-
dred or more. While this exercise has value, it may be doubted
whether the pupil ordinarily receives from it information or training
commensurate with the time it requires. Through the recognition in
recent years of a greater and greater number of species the accurate
identification of plants has become a matter so technical as to require
a degree of attention and precision rarely possessed by elementary
pupils. Nevertheless, the teacher should spare no effort to impart by
direct instruction or incidental suggestions as clear an idea as possible
of the general classification and relationships of the plants studied in
the laboratory. Experience shows that pupils grasp without difficulty
the more obvious features which distinguish the larger families. Thus
it requires but a few moments to show that nearly all grasslike plants
may be divided into three great families, the true grasses with round
stems and split leaf sheaths, the sedges with triangular stems, and the
rushes with regular 6-parted flowers. Copious illustrative material
(readily obtained even by city teachers) should be given to the pupils
to exercise their discriminative powers after or during any such instruc-
tion as this. Similarly, it requires but a few moments to show how
most of the remaining monocotyledons may be divided into Liliaceae
with superior ovary and six stamens, A maryllidacee with inferior ovary
and six stamens, Jridacee with inferior ovary and three stamens, and
Orchidacee with inferior ovary and one or two stamens. In like
manner the leading families of dicotyledons will be found to possess
such characteristic features as the peculiar inflorescence of the Umbel-
lifere, the dense heads of the Composite, the square stems, opposite
leaves, and aromatic qualities of the Labiate, or sheathing stipules of
the Polygonacee. Indeed a very few exercises, in which the pupil is
encouraged to sort for himself, along such simple lines as these, great
piles of mixed flowering plants (including the commonest dooryard
weeds), will enable him to determine at sight the twelve to twenty
more important families, which include four fifths of the flowering
plants he is likely to meet in after life. A similar discrimination of
plants in fields and woods should, whenever practicable, supplement
laboratory exercises. The pupil will, naturally, make many mistakes
at first, being inclined, perhaps, to place a Potentilla in the Ranun-
culacee, a1 Datura in the Convolvulacee, or even a clover in the Com-

254 APPENDIX

posite; but such errors may be turned to good account by a tactful
teacher, since they lead very naturally to the consideration of impor-
tant floral differences.

When a general knowledge of plant families has been obtained,
the pupil’s attention may well be directed to such large and well-
marked genera as Lilium, Ranunculus, Delphinium, Lepidium,
Prunus, and the like, and he should be led to contrast these with
others of the same families. Similarly, species of two or three simple
genera should be considered as such.

After this introduction to classification, the use of keys and the
manual will be readily grasped by pupils who are to pursue the sub-
ject further, and it may be suggested to teachers that greater enthu-
siasm in the study of local flora can be stimulated if the subject is
optional than if it is made obligatory. Special care should be exer-
cised to direct the attention of the pupil to those plants which, owing
to their inconspicuous flowers, are likely to be overlooked or thought
too difficult for study. Many small flowers, such as those of Mollugo,
Acer, Galium, etc., will be found relatively simple and instructive, while
those of the far more showy Fringed Polygala, Lady’s Slipper, Canna,
and the like, are, from their irregularity, perplexing and discouraging
to the beginner. The successful examination of the flower of a plan-
tain, rush, or grass, obtained in the neighborhood of the schoolhouse
will train the pupil’s powers of observation far more effectively than
the dissection of many showy greenhouse flowers.

The teacher’s success in this work will be in a general way pro-
portionate to his own knowledge of plants, their names, and relation-
ships. He is, therefore, urged to acquaint himself so far as possible
with the plants of his region by the use of the manual. While a
knowledge of his local flora will help him greatly, an ignorance of the
names and affinities of common plants will expose him to frequent
mortifying experiences when questioned by his pupils and others.

The importance of a school herbarium, even if it be small and
comprise but a few hundred of the commonest plants, can scarcely be
overestimated. Explicit directions for the collecting, labeling, and
caring for the herbarium specimens will be found in Gray’s “ Struc-
tural Botany,” pp. 370-381, or W. W. Bailey’s “ Botanizing ” (Preston
& Rounds Co., Providence). Until the teacher has gained some ex-
perience in identifying species, he will do well to send to some large
botanical establishment for determination, duplicates of such plants
as he is placing in the herbarium. ‘There are several botanical estab-
lishments (for example the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass.) where well-prepared dried specimens of native
plants will ordinarily be identified free of charge, provided the speci-
mens may be retained. Each specimen must show, in the case of small
species, the whole plant, of larger ones, 10 or 12 inches of stem bearing

PHANEROGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES A515)

leaves and flowers or fruit. Kach must also be accompanied by a label
stating the place and date of collection and the name of the collector.
The labels should, furthermore, bear distinctive numbers by means of
which the specialist, who examines the specimens, can report to the
teacher their scientific names in such a manner that they can be readily
applied to the duplicating specimens which the teacher has retained
under the same numbers.

Chapter XIII. — Fruits make most interesting material for compara-
tive studies. Preface the laboratory work by a classroom discussion.

Exercise XXXV.— Wild Indigo. Any leguminous pod is suitable.
Wild Indigo (Laptisia tinctoria) is common on dry, sandy soil. Even
Pea pods and Bean pods will do. A teacher offers the following sug-
gestion. “By collecting pods just as they are about to open, and
preserving in formaline, one may keep them indefinitely. When the
class is ready for the study of seed dispersal, the pods may be taken
from the liquid, when they will open just as naturally as in the fall.”
— Violet. Alcoholic material, if fruit is out of season. — Checkerberry.
The fleshy part is calyx and receptacle. — Rose Hip. The cup is hol-
lowed receptacle. The “seeds” are the several achenes.

Exercise XXXVI.— Outgrowth of the Testa. Put the Milkweed
and ‘Trumpet Creeper seeds in glass “sample” tubes or small vials,
and seal them up for class study.

Exercise XXXVII. — Illustration 1. Staphylea. — Illustration 2.
Rumex crispus, though any Rumex will do.— Illustration 3. Bidens,
known as “ Beggar’s Ticks.” The subject of this exercise is one that
may well be studied further, either in the laboratory from materials
which the fields supply in greatest variety, or in the field itself.

If the course in botany begins in the fall and extends throughout
the year, the fruits studied in the field, or at least collected for study
by the pupils, will in an interesting way introduce the work on seeds.

256 APPENDIX

II. CRYPTOGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES

The following additional utensils and reagents will be needed : —

Compound microscopes. — Many of the studies in Cryptogams may
be profitably carried out with good hand lenses, supplemented by the
figures of the descriptive text. But compound instruments will, of
course, be provided when possible. Even a single instrument will be
a great gain. The aim should be to have one for each pupil in the
laboratory division. The following makes are recommended as trust-
worthy; there are others: Bausch & Lomb (Rochester, N. Y., New
York, Chicago) ; Leitz (William Krafft, 411 West 59th St., New York) ;
Reichert (Richards & Co., 46 Park Place, New York); Zeiss (of
dealers, e.g. Franklin Educational Co., Boston, and Eimer & Amend,
New York).

Two eye pieces (2-inch and 1-inch) and two objectives (3 and } inch),
with double nose piece, should be had, at least. For many details in the
arrangement of the laboratory and equipment, the teacher should see
some laboratory where these matters have been worked out. For the
theory and use of the microscope, see “ The Microscope,” Gage, Com-
stock Pub. Co., Ithaca, N. Y. Practical rules for pupils are given by
Peabody (see under Bacteria, p. 257).

Razors, flat on one side, are needed if pupils make sections them-
selves; together with strops for sharpening (get a barber to hone
razors), pith for holding objects sectioned, and cheap camel’s-hair
brushes for removing sections from razor to slide.

Alcohol (commercial, diluted one half) may be kept on the table in
2-ounce bottles with pipettes fitted into the corks. Bottles for potash,
glycerine, and iodine, are made with ground glass stoppers drawn out
into droppers (1-ounce “ dropping bottles” of dealers), for 15-20 cents
each. Put two l-inch pieces of stick potash into bottle, and fill up
with water. Use glycerine one third strength, and tinge with eosin.
Prepare aqueous iodine as before directed (with KI).

Plants for study. — Material may be bought of supply companies
(Cambridge Botanical Supply Co., Cambridge, Mass.; Geo. M. Gray,
Wood’s Holl, Mass.; Ithaca Botanical Supply Co., Ithaca, N. Y.).
Slides may be bought of dealers in microscopical accessories. Material
collected by the teacher is best preserved in 70% alcohol. When the
habitats of plants recommended for study are not mentioned in the
descriptive text, they are given below, together with the times for col-
lecting, the dates given being applicable to New England.

Books. — Strasburger’s text-book will give the main facts on
Cryptogams. Bennett and Murray’s “Handbook of Cryptogamic
Botany ” (Longmans, Green & Co., New York, $5.00) gives fuller de-
tails. On Algz, see George Murray’s “Introduction to the Study of

CRYPTOGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES DASE

Seaweeds.” For a full treatment of Fungi, see De Bary’s “ Compara-
tive Morphology and Biology of the Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria”
(Clarendon Press, 1887). For names of many common fleshy Fungi,
refer to W. H. Gibson’s “ Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms ”
(Harper Bros.) ; for Lichens, to Snider’s “Guide to the Lichens ”
(Bradlee Whidden, Boston); for Mosses, to A. J. Grout’s “ Mosses
with a Hand Lens” (Grout, 360 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, N. Y.); for
Ferns, Lycopodiums, etc., Gray’s “ Manual.”

346. Nostoc. — Alternative, Oscillatoria, found on surface of mud
where covered with (especially foul) water, also on the surface of
pools, also as a slippery coating on rocks in rapidly flowing streams.
Easier to find than Nostoc. The former (as well as Nostoc) often in
greenhouses. It is.an open question whether the cell or the chain is
the “ individual.”

347. Pleurococcus. — See descriptive text.

348. Spirogyra.— Conjugating material may be sought in late April
and May. Examine with the lens floating masses turning yellowish. —
The cells treated with glycerine are plasmolyzed, when the protoplasmic
contents is driven away from the walls. Emphasize the separability
of wall and protoplasm.

352. Vaucheria.— On pots in greenhouses. It is said that material
showing both kinds of reproduction mentioned in text, may be
obtained by throwing mats of the plant into jars half full of water
about six weeks before use, and placing the jar in strong light.

355. Ectocarpus. — Sporangia may be found intercalated in the fila-
ments, as well as at the ends of branches. Gametangia = pleurilocular
sporangia.

356. Rockweed (/ucus).— Abundant on rocks between tide marks;
in “fruit” more or less throughout the year. At its best, perhaps, in
summer and autumn. Break open the fruiting portions and examine
with hand lens.— Wet the razor with alcohol. Make many sections
before removing any from razor, then, on the slide, select the thinnest
for study.

359. Polysiphonia may be found epiphytic on Ascophyllum. The
latter is the dark (almost black) Rockweed, with thick narrow fronds
without midrib, in which are elongated, bean-shaped bladders. In
buying Polysiphonia specify tetraspores.

361. Nemalion.— The fronds are made up of essentially independent
filaments.— Batrachospermum may be used as alternative. It grows
on stones in running brooks. The carpogonia and antheridia are
found early in the season (April).

362. Bacteria. — This subject is of the highest practical importance,
and, if possible, should be treated with considerable fullness. Dwell
on the relation of cleanliness, in household and person, to health.
The laboratory studies should, if possible, be extended in some such

OUT. OF BOT. — 17

258 APPENDIX

lines as those drawn by J. E. Peabody in “ Laboratory Exercises in
Anatomy and Physiology” (Holt & Co., New York; 60 cents). The
study of Bacteria given by Peabody is highly to be recommended. By
all means see also Journal of Applied Microscopy for February, 1891
(Vol. 1V.; p. 1164).

363. Yeast. — Use fresh yeast cake.

366. Rhizopus.— Use fresh, moist bread. Let each pupil place a
piece 1 inch square or so on the bottom of a plain tumbler, or, better,
a small crystallizing dish, covering to keep moist, two or three days in
advance of use. — For zygospores — hard to get in Rhizopus — Sporo-
dinia may be used. It is found growing as yellowish, smoky tufts of
mold on fleshy fungi in woods. Zygospores may be found on the
under side of the pileus of the fleshy fungus. Preserve in alcohol.

369. Saprolegnacee.— Allow from four days to a week, according
to temperature, for the molds to develop. Or, better, throw in some
of the killed seedlings (Tomato, or other small things) and insects on
several successive days, beginning a week in advance of use. Zodspo-
rangia are more abundant on young material. The zodspores swim
"away at once in some species, and will not be found near by in a
quiescent state.

372. Peziza, on logs and sticks in woods in summer.

375. Microsphera alni, in late summer and in September. Press
the leaves. Uncinula, another fungus of the same group, is common
on Willow leaves; another form is on the under side of Horse-chestnut
leaves (August, September).— The asci are essentially like those of
Peziza.

377. Toadstool. — Fresh horse dung in bowls, under cake covers (to
keep moist), will give Coprinus in about two weeks. Make several
lots to be sure of material. Various molds will come up before
Coprinus. Wash these down by sprinkling with water after a week.
Take the young heads of Coprinus before they open out, in order to
section across gills. Or get other material in summer and keep in
alcohol.

379. Lichen. — Physcia stellaris, or any expanded form found on tree
trunks. For comparison of habit show such a form as Cladonia
eristatella, common in pastures, distinguished by bright scarlet apo-
thecia. If time and microscopes permit, study the structure of the
thallus further. What are the “ green bodies,” and what is the nature
of the other elements ?

381. Marchantia. — In fruit (spores) in early summer. Lunularia,
known by its crescent-shaped cupules, will serve for the living habit
and the gemme of this kind of Liverwort. It is common in green-
houses.

386. Moss. — Polytrichum commune may be found in good condition
(sex organs) in May. The fertile shoots are known by the flowerlike

CRYPTOGAMIC LABORATORY STUDIES 259

arrangement of the leaves at the summit. The sporogonia are mature
later. Preserve in alcohol, if necessary. Other mosses (¢.g. Mnium)
will serve. The protonema may be found in greenhouses and on soil
where moss is growing.

390. Fern. — Prothallia are easiest got in greenhouses. They may
best be grown (by the florist) on potsherds. The smaller prothallia
are likely to have antheridia alone. For the spores, use preferably
some Aspidium, taken when the sori are youngish. If necessary
preserve this material in alcohol. In the Maidenhair Fern the sori
are covered by the recurved leaf margin — not an indusium. — If
smallish prothallia, which have not been wet for some time, are placed
in a drop of water on a slide, the antherozoids are likely to be seen ;
use a low power of the compound microscope.

396. Selaginella, from greenhouses, in fruit in early spring (some
species at other times). |S. rupestris is found in dry situations (as
bare hilltops) at the edge of ledges in poor soil. It looks at a
distance like a stiff, coarse moss.

400. Lycopodium is the “ground pine” used for Christmas decora-
tions. In fruit in late summer.

402. Equisetum arvense is common on railroad banks, the fertile
shoots appearing in early May, the vegetative shoots later.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Abortive. Imperfectly developed. 128.

Absorption, by root, 232; selective, 232.

Acaulescent. Stemless, or apparently so. 56.

Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges
against the radicle.

Achene. A small, dry, hard, 1-celled, 1-
seeded, indehiscent fruit. 149.

Acicular. Slender, needle-shaped.

Actinomorphie, 128.

Aculeate. Prickly, beset with prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering at the end. 94.

Acute. Terminating in a sharp or well-de-
fined angle. 94.

Adaptation, types of, 64.

Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with
the calyx tube. Adnate anther, one at-
tached for its whole length to the inner or
outer face of the filament. 135.

Adnation, 115.

Adventive.
ized.

Aistivation. Arrangement of parts of peri-
anth in bud. 138.

Alate. Winged.

Albumen, 18.

Albuminous seeds, 18.

Albuminous substances, formation of, 236.

Alge, blue-green, 170; brown, 177; green,
171; red, 1803; unicellular, 157.

Alternate. Not opposite to each other, as se-
pals and petals, or as leaves on stem. 90.

Alternation of generations, 207.

Alveolate. Honeycombed; having angular
depressions separated by thin partitions.
Ament. A catkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual

spike. 141.

Amphitropous (ovule or seed).
and straight, with the hilum lateral.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem.

Anastomosing. Connecting by cross veins
and forming a network.

Anatomy of phanerogams (ch. xvii.), 212.

Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight,
with micropyle next the hilum, 13s.

Andrecium, 109.

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of
both staminate and pistillate flowers.

Angiospermous. Having seeds borne within
a pericarp.

Angiosperms, 107,

Annual. Of only one year’s duration.

Anther, 108.

Antheridial tubes, 189.

Antheridium, 176, 179, 203.

Antherozoids, 176, 178, 179, 200, 206.

Anthesis. Time of expansion of a flower.

Half inverted
138.

44,

Recently or imperfectly natural- |

Apetalous. Without petals. 129.

Apiculate. Ending in a short, pointed tip.

Apothecium, 190.

Arachnoid. Cobwebby ; of slender entangled
hairs.

Archegonium, 201, 203, 206.

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Areolate. Marked out into small spaces;
reticulate.

Aril, 152. Arilate, having an aril.

Aristate. Having an awn, or slender, bristle-
like termination. 94.

Articulate. Jointed; having a node or joint.

Ascent of sap, 233.

Ascomycetes, 190.

Ascus, 190, 191.

Aspergillus, 192.

Assimilation, 234; carbon, 72; (Exp. 11),
66.

Assurgent. Ascending.

Attenuate. Slenderly tapering; becoming
very narrow.

Auriculate. Having an ear-shaped append-
age. 93.

Awl-shaped. Narrowed upward from the
base to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.

Axil, 29.

Axile placentation, 105.

Axillary. Situated in an axil. 29.

Baccate. Berrylike; pulpy throughout.

Bacteria, 160, 184; practical study, 256.

Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or
bristles, usually reflexed like the barb of
a fishhook,

Barbellate. Finely barbed.

Bark, anatomy of, 225; falling of old layers,
226.

Basidiomycetes, 163, 194.

Basidium, 195.

Bast fibers, 219.

Batrachospermum, 180.

Berry, 149.

Bidentate. Two-toothed.

Biennial. Of two years’ duration.

Bifid. Two-cleft.

Big Trees, 63.

45,

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.
Bilocellate. Having two secondary cells.
Biloculate. Two-celled.

Bladderwort, 89.

Blade, 73.

Blue-green Alge, 170.

Books of reference, 244, 255.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf sub-

261

62

tx

tending a flower, or belonging to an in-
florescence. 126, 140.

Bracteate. Having bracts.
Bracteolate. Having bractlets.
Bractlets. Secondary bracts, as on a pedicel

of a flower.

Bread Mold, 160, 168.

Brown Alge, 158.

Buds, accessory, 29; adventitious, 33; ax-
illary, 29; comparative vigor, 26; discus-
sion introducing study of, 247; dormant
condition, 30; general structure, 23; grow-
ing, 27; laboratory studies, 23; latent, 82;
mixed, 30; naked, 31; nondevelopment, 25,
32; protection, 27, 28, 31; time taken to
unfold, 248; unfolding, 25; winter, 29.

Bulb, 60.

3ulbiferous.

Bulblets, 58.

Bryophytes, 198.

Bearing bulbs.

Caduceous. Falling off early.

Calcarate. Produced into, or having, a spur.

Calcium oxalate, 217.

Callus. A hard protuberance, or callosity.

Calyculate. Having bracts around calyx, imi-
tating an outer calyx.

Calyptra, 203.

Calyx, 100, 110.

Cambium, 222; of cork, 225,

Campanulate. __ Bell-shaped ;
with a broad base. 132.

Campylotropous (oyule or seed). So curved
as to bring apex and base nearly together.
138.

Canaliculate.

cup-shaped ;

Longitudinally channeled.

Canescent. Hoary, with gray pubescence.

Capitate. Shaped like a head; collected into
a head or dense cluster.

Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit composed of
more than one carpel. 151.

Carbon assimilation, 234.

Carbon dioxide, source of, 234.

Carinate. Having a keel or a projecting longi-
tudinal medial line on the lower surface.
Carpel. A simple pistil, or one member of a

compound pistil. 104.

Carpogonium, 181.

Carpospore, 182.

Caruncle, 152.

Carunculate. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsis. A grain, as of grasses; a seed-
like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the
contained seed. 150.

Catkin. Anament. 141.

Caudate. Having a slender taillike appendage.

Candex. The persistent base of an otherwise
annual herbaceous stem.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem.
Caulicle, 17.
Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Cell, 212; changes in shape, 218; of ovary,
105; of stamens, 136; typical, 173.

Oell fusion, 220.

Cell sap, 216.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Cellular structure of plants, 116.

Cellulose, 218.

Cell wall, 217.

Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming mats
or turf.

Chaff. A small, thin scale or bract, becoming
dry and membranous.

Chaffy. Having or resembling chaff.

Chaloza, 137, 153.

Chlorophyll, 23, 72.

Chlorophyll granules, 215.

Chloroplastids, 215.

Chromatophore, 173.

Cilium, 172.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cinereous. Ash color.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward, as
the young frond ofa fern.

Cireumscissile. Dehiscing by aregular trans-
verse circular line of division.

Clavaria, 195.

Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thickened
upward.

Claw, 132.

Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, with-
out the opening of the flower. 119.

Cleft. Cut about to the middle. 95.

Climbers, 53.

Club Moss, 167.

Coalescence. The union of parts or organs
of the same kind. 114.

Cochleate. Spiral like a snail shell.

Collenchyma, 219.

Columella. The persistent axis of some
capsules, spore cases, ete.

Coma. A tuft of hairs. 152.

Comose. Furnished with a coma.

Commissure. The surface by which one
carpel joins another, as in the Umbellifere.

Complete (flower), 128.

Components of plant body, 231.

Compound. Composed of two or more simi-
lar parts united into one whole. Compound
leaf: one divided into separate leaflets. 82,
96.

Compressed. Flattened laterally.

Conceptacle, 179.

Conduction of sap in leaf, 69.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.

Confluent. Running into each other;
blended into one.

Coniferous. Cone bearing.

Coniferous flower, 102.

Conjugation, 172, 182.

Connate. United congenitally.

Connective. The portion of a stamen which

connects the two cells of the anther. 108.
Connivent. Coming into contact; con-
verging.
Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.
Cordate. Heart-shaped, with the point up-
ward. 93.
Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Cork, 225.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem,
bulblike, but solid. 60.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or
connate petals. 100, 110.

Coroniform. Shaped like a crown.

Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds.

Corticium, 195.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower
cluster, in the stricter use of the word,
equivalent to a contracted raceme, and
progressing in. its flowering from the
margin inward. 140.

Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymblike.

Costate. Ribbed; having one or more longi-
tudinal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves
(one, two, or more) of the embryo as found
in the seed. 17.

Cotyledons, sleep of, 75.

Crateriform. Having the form of a shallow
bowl.

Creepers, 57.

Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much
rounded. 95.

Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Cristate. Bearing an elevated appendage re-

sembling a crest.

Cross-fertilization, 118; agencies for, 120.

Crossing, effect of, 127.

Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or to
the throat ofa corolla. 132.

Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture.

Cryptogams, 13; laboratory studies, 157;
(ch. xvi.), 168; relationship to phanero-
gams, 211.

Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped ; cowled.

Culm. The peculiar stem of sedges and
grasses.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular, with
the acute angle downward. 93.

Cupules, 200.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, or sharp
and rigid point. 94.

Cuticle, 227.

Cutleria, 178.

Cyme. A usually broad and flattish deter-
minate inflorescence, ¢.e. with its central
or terminal flowers blooming earliest. 142.

Cymose. Bearing cymes, or cymelike.

Cytoplasm. General mass of the protoplasmic
cell, aside from the nucleus. 214.

Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen.

Decompound. More than once compound
or divided. 98.

Decumbent. Reclining, but with the sum-
mit ascending.

Decurrent (leaf), Extending down the stem
below the insertion.

Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right
angles. 91.

Definite. Ofa constant number, not exceed-
ing twenty.

Deflexed. Bent or turned abruptly down-
ward.

263

Dehiscent, Dehiscence, 151. Opening regu-
larly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or
anther. 151.

Deliquescent trunks, 33.

Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A.

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth
directed outward. 82, 94.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Determinate (inflorescence), 139, 142.

Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two

sets, 155.
Diandrous. Having two stamens. 185.
Dicarpellary. Composed of two carpels.
Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.

Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.

Dicotyledons, 17; fibrovascular bundles of,
222; plan of flower, 110; stem structure,
47; stem, anatomy of, 223.

Didymous. Twin; found in pairs.

Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of
unequal length. 159.

Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.

Digestion, 235; (Exp.), 250.

Digitate. Componnd, with the members
borne in a whorl at the apex of the sup-
port.

Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts in

twos.
Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. 123.
Diecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds

of flowers on separate plants. 119, 129.
Discoid. Resembling a disk. Discoid head,
in Composite, one without ray flowers.
Disk. A development of the receptacle at or
around the base of the pistil. In Com-
posite, the tubular flowers of the head as
distinct from the ray.

Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous
segments. 79.

Dissemination, 145, 153; agents of, 153; by
animals, 155; by ejection, 156; by water,
155: by wind, 153.

Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or
fruit.

Distichous. In two vertical ranks.

Distinct. Separate; not united; evident.

Divaricate. Widely divergent.

Divided. Lobed to the base. 96.

Dodder, 41.

Dormant condition, seeds, 19.

Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or
outer surface of an organ.

Drawing, 242.

Drupaceous. Resembling or of the nature
of a drupe. :
Drupe.. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the in-

ner portion of the pericarp (1-celled and
1-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard
or stony. 149.

Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.
Echinate. Beset with prickles.
Ecology. That part of botany which treats

of plants in their relations to their sur-

264

roundings. Of buds, 33; of flowers, 118,
127; of fruits, 153.

Ectocarpus, 158, 178.

Effuse. Very loosely spreading.

Egg cell, 176, 178, 179, 181, 189, 201.

Elater, 210.

Elements composing plants, 231.

Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the
extremity. 94.

Embryo, 7,16; food for, 19; of conifers, 12;
origin of, 118.

Embryo sac, 118, 211.

Endocarp. The inner layer ofa pericarp. 149.

Endogens, 223.

Endosperm, 18.

Entire. Without toothing or division.

Enzymes, ferments, 236,

Ephemeral. Lasting only for one day.
Epidermis, 226, 227.
Epigynous. Growing on the summit of the

130, 134.
134.

ovary or apparently so.

Epipetalous. Upon the petals.

Epiphytes, 16; roots of, 39, 40.

Equisetum, 167, 210.

Erose. As if gnawed.

Exalbuminous. Without albumen. 18.

Excurrent. Running out, as a nerve of a
leaf projecting beyond the margin. Ex-
current trunks, 33.

Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.

Exocarp. The outer of two layers of peri-
carp. 149.

Exogenous. Growing by annular layers near
the surface; belonging to the Exogens.
223.

Experiments, manual of, 248.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope,
as stamens from a corolla.

Extrorse. Facing outward. 136.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped; curved and _ flat,
tapering gradually.

Farinaceous. Containing starch; starchlike.

Farinose. Covered with a meallike powder.

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. 143.

Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near to-
gether.

Fat, in seeds, 19.

Fermentation by Yeasts, 186.

Ferments, 236.

Fern (laboratory study), 165.

Ferns, 204.

Ferruginous. Rust color.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit, or pro-
ductive, as a flower having a pistil, or an
anther with pollen.

Fertilization, in Vaucheria, 176; of the ovule,
118.

Fibrillose. Furnished or abounding with
fine fibers.
Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers.

Fibrous tissue: a tissue formed of elon-
gated thick-walled cells.

Fibro-vascular. Composed of woody fibers
and ducts. 221.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Filament. The part of a stamen which sup-
ports the anther ; any threadlike body. 108.

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Filiferous. Thread bearing.

Filiform. Thread shaped; long, slender, and
terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fimbrillate. Having a minute fringe.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindrical.

Flaccid. Without rigidity ; lax and weak.

Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alternately in
opposite directions.

Floccose. Clothed with locks of soft hair or
wool.

Floret, 126.

Flower (ch. xii.), 103; arrangement of or-
gans, 101; coniferous, 102; ecology, 118;
general morphology, 103; laboratory stud-
ies, 99; terminology, 128; winter study, 252.

Foliaceous. Leaflike in texture or appear-
ance,
Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single car-

pel, dehiscing by the ventral suture. 150.

Follicular. Like a follicle.

Food, for buds, 32; of young plant, 8; stored
in seed, 18; translocation, 236; supply
(exp. study), 13.

Foramen, 137.

Forests, seeds in soil of, 19.

Formaline, 242.

Fornicate. Arched over, as the corona of
some Borraginacez, closing the throat.

Free. Not adnate to other organs.

Frond. The leaf of Ferns and some other
Cryptogams,

Fruit, ecology of, 153; laboratory studies,
144; nature of, 147; origin, 144.

Fruits, aggregate, 148; drupaceous, 148; in
relation to dissemination, 145; kinds, 147;
multiple, 148; self-burying, 154; stone,
148.

Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.

Fungi, 183; Sac Fungi, 190.

Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.
137.

Funnel-form, 182.

Fuscous. Grayish brown.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the
middle and narrowing toward each end.

Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion
of a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconi-
tum, and the upper lip of some bilabiate
corollas,

Galeate. Helmet-shaped ; having a galea.

Gamete, 176, 179, 188, 207.

Gametophyte, 207.

Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the
corolla more or less united. 111, 131.
Gamophyllous. Composed of coalescent

leaves, sepals, or petals.
Gemma, 200.
Gemmiparous. Producing gemme.
Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee,
Geotropism (Exp. 5), 11, 49, 240.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

'

Germination, 9; conditions, 19; heat of
(Exp. 3), 10; influence of temperature, 11;
of Horse-chestnut, 22; time required, 247.

Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one
side.

Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming
glabrous.

Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent,
or hairy.

Gland. A secreting surface or structure;

any protuberance or appendage having the
appearance of such a structure.

Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature
of a gland.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a
bloom.

Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.

Glomerate. Compactly clustered.

Glomerule. A cymose head. 143.

Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling
glumes.

Glume. One of the chaffy bracts of the in-
florescence of Grasses.

Granular. Composed of small grains.

Grit cells, 220.

Growth and reproduction, 174; annual, 33;
conditions, 239; fluctuations, 239; grand
period, 239; of stems, 52; phases, 258;
of root (Exp.), 35.

Guard cells, 228.

Guttation (Exp.), 35, 249.

Gymnospermous. Bearing
without an ovary.

Gymmnosperms (Conifer@), 102; pistils of,
106,

Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne
upon the pistil, as in Orchidacee. 154.

Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation
of the receptacle bearing the ovary.

Gynecium, 109.

naked seeds,

Habit. The general appearance of a plant.

Halophytes, 65.

Hastate. Like an arrow head, but with the
basal lobes pointing outward nearly at
right angles, 93.

Heliotropism, 240; (Exp.), 49, 68.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody
stem above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an
herb; leaflike in color and texture.

Herbaria, 253.

Heterocyst, 170.

Heterogamous. Bearing two kinds of flowers.

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of
the seed. 137, 153.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or
stiff hairs.

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or
with bristles.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.
Homogamous. Bearing but one kind of
flowers.

Hormogonia, 171.
Horsetail (Zquisetwm), 167.

265

Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.
Hybrid. A crossbreed of two species.
Hydnum, 195.

Hydrophytes, 65.

Hydrotropism (Exp.), 35, 240, 249.

Hymenium, 191, 195.

Hypha, 185.

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle be-
neath the ovary and free from it and from
the calyx; having the petals and stamens
so situated. 1380, 134.

Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or
spirally, where the lower piece covers the
base of the next higher, or laterally, as in
the estivation of a calyx or corolla, where
at least one piece must be wholly external
and one internal. 159.

Immersed. Growing wholly under water ;
wholly covered by the involucral leaves, as
sometimes the capsule in Hepatice.

Imperfect (flower), 128.

Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly, more
or less deeply. 90.

Included. Not at all protruded from the
surrounding envelope.

Incomplete (flowers), 129.

Incubous (leaf). Having the tip or upper
margin overlapping the lower margin of
the leaf above.

Incumbent (cotyledons). Lying with the
back of one against the radicle.

Indefinite (stamens). Inconstant in number
or very numerous.

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, ete. ;
remaining persistently closed. 148.

Indigenous. Native and original to the
country.

Induplicate. Valvate with margins project-
ing inwards. 188.

Indurated. Hardened.

Indusium, 205.

Inequilateral. Unequal-sided.

Inferior. Lower or below; outer or ante-
rior. Inferior ovary: one that is adnate
to the calyx, 130.

Inflated. Hollow and distended.

Inflorescence. The flowering part ofa plant,
and especially the mode of its arrange-
ment. 101, 139.

Innate (anther), 135.

Insectivorous plants, 86.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Integuments (teguments), 137.

Intercrossing, agencies, 120.

Internode. The portion of a stem between
two nodes.

Intramarginal. Within and near the margin.

Introrse. Turned inward or toward the
axis. 136.

Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of
an umbellet in Umbellifere, 142.

Involucellate. Having an involucel.

Involucral. Belonging to an involucre.

Involucrate. Having an involucre.

266

Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts
surrounding a flower cluster or head, or a
single flower.

Involute. Rolled inward. 188.

Iodine, in test for starch, 9; preparation, 246.

Irregular (flower). Showing inequality in
the size, form, or union of its similar parts.
129.

Irritability, 240.

Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of
a boat; the two anterior united petals ofa
papilionaceous flower. 133.

Kidney-shaped. Crescentic with the ends
broad and rounded ; reniform.

Labiate.
133.
Laboratory outfit, 241, 255.

Lipped ; belonging to the Labiate,

Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.

Laciniate. Slashed; cut into narrow pointed
lobes.

Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flat-
tened ridge. 194.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance head, broad-

est above the base and narrowed to the
apex. 92.

Lateral. Belonging to or borne on the side.

Latex tubes, 220.

Leaf, 71; activities of (Exps.), 66; anatomy,
266; assimilation in (Exp. 11), 66, 72; con-
duction in (Exp. 20), 69; form and quali-
ties, 72; heliotropism (Exp. 17), 68; labora-
tory studies, 66; office, 71; parts, 73; res-
piration (Exp. 12), 66; sleep movements
(Exp. 18), 68; special uses, 70; stability
(Exp. 21), 69; structure, 69; tendril, of
Cobea, 84; venation, 70.

Leaflet. A single division of a compound
leaf.

Leaves, aquatic, 79, 80; arrangement, 89;
bladeless, 76; climbing, 83 ; compound, 70,
82, 96; disposition in relation to light, 74;
division, 96; duration, 89; equal illumina-
tion, $1; for storage, 83 ; insectivorous, 86;
lobing, 96; metamorphosed, 70; netted
veined, 78; palmately veined, 78; parallel
veined, 77; pinnately veined, 78; shapes,
78; shedding of, 89; special conformation,
83; special uses, 83; spinelike, 838; terms
used in description, 92.

Legume. The fruit of the Leguminosae,
formed of a simple pistil and usually dehis-
cent by both sutures. 150.

Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to
the Leguminose.

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.

Liber, 225.

Lichens, 163, 196.

Ligulate. Furnished witha ligule. 133.

Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the
ray flowers of Composite ; a thin scarious
projection from the summit of the sheath
in Grasses.

Limb. The expanded portion of a gamo-

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

petalous corolla, above the throat; the ex-
panded portion of any petal, or of a leaf,
131,

Linear. Long and narrow, with parallel
margins.
Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions

of a bilabiate corolla or calyx ; the peculiar
upper petal in Orchids.

Liverworts, 164, 198.

Lobe. Any segment of an organ, especially
ifrounded. 96.

Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a
cell through the dorsal suture. 151.

Loment. A legume constricted, and at
length breaking, between the seeds. 150.

Longevity of trees, 63.

Lunate. Of the shape of a half moon or
crescent.

Lycopodium, 167, 209.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded
terminal lobe, and the lower lobes small.

Macrosporangium, 208.

Macrospore, 208.

Marcescent. Withering, but persistent.

Marchantia, 164, 198.

Material, illustrative, 242, 252.

Medullary rays, 224. 3

Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and
rather soft and more or less translucent.

Meniscoid. Concayvo-convex.

Mericarp. One of the achenelike carpels of
Umbellifere.

Merous. In composition, having parts; as,
2-merous, having two parts of each kind.

Mesophytes, 60.

Micropyle. The point upon the seed at
which was the orifice of the ovule. 153.
Microscopes, compound, 242, 255; dealers

in, 241; simple, 241.

Microsphera, 162, 191.

Microsporangium, 208.

Microspore, 208.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Mildews, powdery, 191.

Mistletoe, 41.

Monadelphous (stamens). United by their
filaments into a tube or column. 134.

Monandrous, 135.

Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads;
cylindrical with contractions at intervals.
Monocotyledonous. Having but one coty-

ledon.

Monocotyledons, 17; fibrovascular bundles
of, 222; floral plan, 110; stem structure,
47, 223.

Moneecious. With stamens and pistils in
separate flowers on the same plant. 119,
129.

Morphology, 14.

Mosses, 202.

Movements, 239 ; due to change of turgidity,
240; induced, 240; spontaneous, 240s

Mucilaginous, Slimy; containing mucilage.

Mucro. A short and small, abrupt tip.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Mucronate.

Multifid.
ments.

Mummy cases, seeds from, 19.

Muricate. Rough, with short, hard points.

Muriculate. Very finely muricate.

Mycelium, 183.

Tipped witha mucro. 94.
Cleft into many lobes or seg-

Naked. Bare; without the usual covering
or appendages. 129.

Nectar glands, 125.

Nectar, protection of, 125.

Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar
is secreted. 120.

Nectariferous. Producing nectar.

Nemalion, 159.

Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or
slender rib. 78.

Node. The place upon a stem which nor-
mally bears a leaf or whorl of leaves.

Nodose. Knotty or knobby.

Nostoe, 157, 170.

Notebooks, 241.

Nucellus, 137.

Nucleus, 116, 173, 214.

Nut. <A _ hard, indehiscent, 1-celled, and
1-seeded fruit, though usually resulting
from a compound ovary. 150.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut.

Nutrient salts absorbed, 232.

Obcompressed. Compressed dorsiventrally
instead of laterally.

Obconically. Inversely conical, having the
attachment at the apex.

Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped, 94.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the broadest
part toward the apex, 92.

Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.
Oblong. Considerably longer than broad,

and with nearly parallel sides. 92.
Obovate. Inverted ovate. 93.

Obovoid. Having the form of an inverted
egg,
Obsolete.
Obtuse.

Ocrea.

Not evident; rudimentary.
Blunt or rounded at the end. 94.
A legging-shaped or tubular stipule.
Ocreate. Having sheathing stipules.
Ochroleucous. Yellowish white.
Officinal. Of the shcps; used in medicine or
the arts.
Offsets, 58.
Oil in seeds, 9.
Odgonium, 176, 179, 189.
Odspore, 176, 179, 189.
Odsporic reproduction, 182.
Opaque. Dull; not smooth and shining.
Operculate. Furnished with a lid.
Operculum. A lid; the upper portion of a
circumscissile capsule. 203.
Orbicular. Circular. 92.
Orchids, roots of, 40.
Orthotropous (ovule or seed).
the orifice or micropyle at the apex.
Oscillatoria, 170, 256.

Erect, with
137.

267

Osmosis, 230.

Oval, 92.

Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains
the ovules. 104.

Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like
that of an egg, with the broader end down-
ward. 92.

Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.

Ovule, 136; fertilization of, 118.

Ovules, 103; study of, 99.

Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Oxidation, source of vital heat, 20.

Oxygen, in germination (Exp. 1), 10, 19;
liberated, 235; required by cells, 287;
taken up by embryo, 20.

Palate. A rounded projection of the lower
lip of a personate corolla, closing the throat.

Paleaceous. Chaffy.

Palet. The upper thin chaffy or hyaline bract
which, with the glume, incloses the flower
in Grasses.

Palisade cells, 227.

Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.
78.

Palmately. In a palmate’ manner...

Panicle. A loose,-irregularly compound in-
florescence. With “pedicellate flowers. 142,
148, — Sigpeeet oS

Panicled, Paniculate. Borne in a panicle;
resembling a panicle. 142, 1438.

Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a stand-
ard, wings, and keel, as in the peculiar
corolla of many Leguminose. 132.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped
projections.

Pappus. The modified calyx limb in Com-
posite, forming a crown of very various
character at the summit of the achene. 149.

Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nour-
ishment from another plant. 16, 41.

Parenchyma, spongy, 227.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall
or inner surface of a capsule. 105.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the
base. 95.

Partial. Of secondary rank,

Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow, closely
set segments ; comblike.

Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with
the lateral segments 2-cleft.

Pedicel. The support ofa single flower. 140.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Pedunele. A primary flowerstalk, support-
ing either a cluster ora solitary flower. 140.

Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.

Peltate. Shield-formed and attached to the
support by the lower surface. 80, 93.

Penicillium, 192.

Pentadelphous. Of10stamens. 135.

Perennial. Lasting year after year.

Perfect (flower).
stamens. 128.

Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem appar-
ently passing through it.

45,
Having both pistil and

268

Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of
the calyx and corolla (when present), what-
ever their form. 100, 110.

Pericarp. The matured ovary. 147.

Perigynium. The inflated sac which incloses
the ovary in Carex.

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and
therefore around the ovary and not at its
base. 150, 134.

Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx
upon the fruit, leaves through winter, ete.

Personate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat
closed by a prominent palate. 133.

Petal. A division of the corolla. 110.

Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole, the footstalk of a leaf, 73; move-
ments of, 75; sleep movements, 75; uses,
74,

Petiolule, 75.

Peziza, 162, 190.

Phenogamous. Having flowers withstamens
and pistils and producing seeds. 13.

Phloém, 222.

Photosynthesis (Exp. 11), 66, 72.

Photosynthetic assimilation, 235,

Phyllocladium, 63.

Phyllodium. A somewhat dilated petiole
having the form of and serving as a leaf-
blade. 76.

Phyllotaxy, 89.

Physiology (ch. xviii.), 229.

Pileus, 194.

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.

Pinna (pl. Pinne). One of the primary di-
visions of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate
frond or leaf.

Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets
arranged on each side of a common petiole.
78, 97.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft. 96.

Pinnule. A secondary pinna; one of the pin-
nately disposed divisions of a pinna.

Pistil, 99, 104.

Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its
more proper sense, without stamens. 129.

Pitcher Plants, 87.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or
pits.

Placenta, 104.

Placentation, types of, 105.

Plasmolysis (§ 350), 158, 256.

Pleurococcus, 157, 171.

Plicate. Folded into plaits, usually length-
wise.

Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side,
like the plume of a feather, as the pappus-
bristles of Thistles.

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the
embryo. 18,

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pollen, 100; grain, 116, 212; growth of, 117;
of Pines, 120; tube, 117.

Pollination by insects, 121; by water, 120;
by wind, 120.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.

Pollinium (pl. Pollinia), A mass of waxy
pollen or of coherent pollen grains, as in
Asclepias and Orchids. 136.

Pollinoid, 181.

Polyadelphous. Having many stamens. 185.

Polycotyledonous embryo, 17.

Polygamous. Having flowers, some of them
perfect, some staminate or pistillate only.
129.

Polypetalous.
131.

Polyporus, 196.

Polysiphonia, 159.

Pome. A kind of fleshy fruit, of which the
apple is the type. 149.

Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side
nearest to the axis of inflorescence.

Premorse. Appearing as if bitten off.

Preserving material, 242, 255.

Prickle. A small spine or more or less slen-
der sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.

Procumbent. Lying on the ground.

Proliferous. Producing offshoots.

Propagation, by gemme, 200; vegetative (by
stems), 58.

Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.

Proteid matter, in seeds, 19; test for, 246.

Protein granules, 216.

Proterandry, 119.

Proterogynous. Having the stigma ripe for
the pollen before the maturity of the an-
thers of the same flower. 119.

Prothallium, 205, 208, 209.

Protonema, 204.

Protoplasm, 116, 173, 213, 214.

Pseudaxillary. Terminal, but becoming ap-
parently axillary by the growth of a lateral
branch.

Pseudo-costate. False ribbed, as when a
marginal vein or rib is formed by the con-
fluence of the true veins.

Pteridophytes, 204.

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if
short, soft, and downy.

Pulvinus, 75; action of, 240.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with
translucent internal glands or colored dots.

Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp
point; acrid.

Putamen. The shell of a nut; the bony part
of a stone fruit.

Having separate petals. 111,

Quadrate. Nearly square in form.

Raceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled
flowers upon a common, more or less elon-

gated axis.

Racemose. In racemes, or resembling a
raceme.

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged around

a common center; bearing ray flowers.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from
the root or base of the stem near the
ground.

Radicle. The initial root of the embryo.
Less properly, the stem of the embryo;
below the cotyledons (caulicle). 20.

Rameal. Belonging to a branch.

Ramification. Branching.

Raphe, 153.

Ray. The branch of an umbel; the marginal
flowers of an inflorescence when distinct
from the disk.

Receptacle. The more or less expanded or
produced portion of an axis which bears
the organs of a flower (the forws), or the
collected flowers ofa head. 112.

Recurved. Curved downward or backward.

Red Alge, 159.

Reduplicate, 138,

Reflexed. Abruptly bent or turned down-
ward.

Regular. Uniform in shape or structure.
128.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped. 93,

Repand. With a slightly uneven and some-

what sinuate margin. 95.

Reproduction, 174; asexual, 183; carpospo-
ric, 182; odsporic, 182; sexual, 183; zygo-
sporic, 182.

Resiniferous. Producing resin.

Respiration (Exp. 2), 10, 236; in leaves, (Exp.
12), 66; in germination, 20.

Resting periods, 288; in buds, 30; seeds, 19.

Reticulate. In the form of network; net-
veined. TT.
Retrorse. Directed back or downward.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded
apex. 94,
Revolute. Rolled backward from the mar-

gins or apex.

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a com-
pound leaf. 70.
Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean

stem, usually rooting at the nodes and be-
coming erect at the apex. 50, 59.

Rhizopus, 160, 186.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal. Somewhat lozenge-
shaped ; obliquely four-sided.

Rib. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.
Ges

Ringent.
bilabiate corolla.

Rockweed, 158, 178.

Root, anatomy, 229; conduction (Exp. 7), 35;
geotropism, 11; gross anatomy, 34; grow-
ing point, 39; laboratory studies, 34; pri-
mary, 36; origin, 36.

Root cap, 39.

Root hairs, 22 ; action of, 38.

Root pressure, 233; (Exp.), 35; (Exp.), 249.

Roots, absorption, 37; adventitious, 37;
aérial, 39; as holdfasts, 42; climbing, 35,
42; duration of, 44: for storage, 43; func-
tions, 37; growth (Exp.), 249; origin of
new, 229; parasitic, 40; storage, 35.

Gaping, as the mouth of an open
133.

269

Rootstock. Same as Rhizome.

Rostrate. Having a beak or spur.

Rosulate. In the form of a rosette.

Rotate (corolla). Wheel-shaped;
circular in outline. 131.

Rotund. Rounded in outline.

Rudiment, A very partially developed or-
gan; a vestige.

tudimentary. But slightly developed.

Lufous. Reddish brown.

tugose, Wrinkled. Fe

Runcinate. Sharply incised, with the seg-
ments directed backward.

tunner. A filiform or very slender stolon.
58.

Rusts, 192.

59.

flat and

Saccate. Sac-shaped.

Sac, embryo, 118; pollen, 108; fungi, 190.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead, the
basal lobes directed downward. 93.

Salver-shaped (corolla). Having a slender
tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb.
131.

Samara. An indehiscent, winged fruit.

Sap, ascent of (Exp. 8), 49, 233.

Saprolegnacew, 188.

Saprophytes, 39.

150.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch.
Seape. A peduncle rising from the ground,

naked or without proper foliage.

Scapose. Beuring or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous,
not green.

Sclerotic cells, 220.

Scorpioid (inflorescence).
while in the bud. 148.

Seed, 152; appendages, 155; ecology, 153;
origin, 15; processes leading to formation
of, 116; study of, 7, 145.

Seed coats, how removed by seedling, 22.

Seedlings, development, 12, 20.

Seed plants, 14.

Seed rudiments (ovules), 15.

Seeds, dispersal, 153; ejected, 155; from
mummy cases, 19; in forest soil, 19; rest-
ing state, 19; store of food, 19; vitality,
19:

Segment. One of the parts ofa leaf or other
like organ that is cleft or divided, 96.

Selaginella, 166, 207.

Self-fertilization, 118; prevented, 119.

Sensitive Plant (Exp. 19), 68.

Sepal. A division ofacalyx. 110.

Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the
partitions and between the cells. 151.

Septifragal. The valves breaking from the
septa in dehiscence. 151.

Septum. Any kind of partition.

Sequoias, 63.

Serrate. Having teeth pointing forward. 94.

Serrulate. Finely serrate.

Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.

Setaceous. Bristlelike.

Setose. Beset with bristles.

Circinately coiled

270

Setulose. Having minute bristles.

Sexual reproduction. 188.

Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower
part of the leaf in Grasses.

Sheathing. Inclosing as by a sheath.

Shoot, 14; metamorphosed (§§ 87-99), 58.

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a
tree.

Sieve tubes, 238.

Silicle. A short silique.

Silique. yThe peculiar pod of Crucifere.

Silky. Covered with close-pressed, soft, and
straight pubescence.

Simple. Of one piece; not compound.

Sinuate. With the outline of the margin
strongly wavy. 90.

Sinus. The cleft or recess between two
lobes. 80.

**Sleep of Plants,”’ 76.

Sleep movements, 75; of leaf (Exp. 1S), 68.

Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.

Sorus (pl. Sori). A heap or cluster, applied
to the fruit dots of Ferns. 200.

Spadix. A spike with a fleshy axis. 126,
141.
Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts in-

closing an inflorescence. 126.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward
from a rounded summit. 95.

Spermatophytes, 14.

Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a spike.

Spiciform. Spikelike.

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with
the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more
or less elongated common axis. 141.

Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.

Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth
from the stem.

Spinose. Spinelike, or having spines.

Spirogyra, 157, 173.

Spongy parenchyma, 227.

Sporangium. A spore case. 205.

Spores, 181, 182, 187, 191, 201, 205.

Sporidia, 194.

Sporocarp. The fruit cases of certain Cryp-
togams containing sporangia or spores.

Sporogonium, 201.

Sporophylls, 212.

Sporophyte, 207.

Spur. A hollow saclike or tubular extension
of some part of a blossom, usually nectar-
iferous.

Squamula, A reduced scale, as the hypogy-
nous scales in Grasses.

Squarrose. Having spreading and_ project-
ing processes, such as the tips of inyolucral
scales.

Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.

Stability of plant body, 230.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fer-
tilizing organs of the flower. 108.

Stamens, study of, 100.

Staminate (flower). Possessing stamens and
no pistil. 12).

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or any

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

structure without anther corresponding to
a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a pa-
pilionaceous corolla.

Starch, 216; formation (Exp. 11), 66; in
seeds, 19; observation, in laboratory, 250;
test, 9.

Stellate, Stelliform. Star-shaped.

Stem, 51; anatomy, 223; ascent of sap (Exp.
8), 49; characteristic features, 46; endog-
enous, 228; exogenous, 223; geotropism
(Exp. 9), 49; growth in, 48; heliotropism,
49 (note); internal structure, 46; labora-
tory studies, 45.

‘*Stemless”’ plants, 56.

Stems, as foliage, 61; creeping, 57; for prop-

agation, 58; growth of, 52; twining,
55.
Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without

pistil, or stamen without an anther.

Stigma, 104, 107.

Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of
the stigma.

Stimulus, 240.

Stipe. The stalklike support of a pistil;
the leaf stalk ofa Fern ; the stalk of a Toad-
stool. 194.

Stipitate. Having a stipe.
Stipular. Belonging to stipules.
Stipulate. Having stipules.

Stipules, 73; as thorns, 73; of Acacias, 73;
of the Pea, 69. ;

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that
is disposed to root. 58.

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stomates, 199, 228; action, 233.

Storage, 236; in leaves, 70.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines
or ridges.

Strict. Very straight and upright.

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp straight
and stiff hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by im-
bricated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and
the Pine cone.

Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of
certain seeds.

Style, 104.

Stylopodium. A disklike expansion at the
base of a style, as in Umbellifere.

Sub-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying
somewhat or slightly.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Juicy, fleshy.

Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby.

Suffruticose. Very low and woody; diminu-
tively shrubby.

Sugar, in seeds, 19.

Suleate. Grooved or furrowed.

Sundew, 86.

Superior (ovary).

Suspended (ovule).
of the cell.

Suture. A line of dehiscence.

Syconium, 151.

Free from the calyx, 130.
Hanging from the apex

INDEX AND GLOSSARY

Symbiosis, 197.

Symmetry, deviations from, through light
adjustment (§ 113), 74.

Sympodium, 145.

Syngenesions, 135.

Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Systematic botany, 263.

Teguments, 137.

Teleutospore, 194.

Temperature, influence on germination, 11.

Tendrils, 54; sensitiveness, 55.

Tension of tissues, 230.

Terete. Cylindrical.

Terminal. At or belonging to the apex.

Ternate. Inthrees. 98.

Testa, 152; outgrowths of, 145.

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two
shorter stamens. 150.

Tetraspore, 181.

Tetragonal. . Four-angled.

Text-books, 244, 255,

Thallophytes, 169.

Thallus. In Cryptogams, acellular expansion
taking the place of stem and foliage. 169.

Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous co-
rolla.

_Thyrse. A contracted or ovate, and usually
compact, panicle. 143.

Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrse.

Tissues, 221.

Tissue tension, 230.

Topics, supplementary, 12, 33, 35,

Tomentose. Densely pubescent, with matted
wool.

Torose. Cylindrical, with contractions at
intervals.

Torulose. Diminutive of Torose.

Torus. The receptacle ofa flower.

Transfer of plant food, 236.

Transfer of water in plant, 232.

Translocation of organic substances (trans-
fer), 233, 236.

Transpiration (Exps. 15, 14, 15, 16), 66, 67.

Trees, Big, of California, 63 ; longevity of, 63.

Triandrous. Having three stamens. 135.

Trichogyne, 181,

Trichomes, 28, 229.

Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.

Trigonous. Three-angled.

Trimorphous. Occurring under three forms.

Triquetrous. Having three salient angles,
the sides concave or channeled.

98.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off
transversely. 94.
Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean

branch, having numerous buds or eyes. 50,
59.

Tubercle. A small tuber or tuberlike body.

Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers.

Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber;
tuberlike in appearance.

Tumid. Swollen.

Tunicated. Having concentric coats, as an
onion.

271

Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical.
Turgidity (§ 108), 73, 230; changes of, 240. .
Twiners, 53.

Ulothrix, 172.

Umbel. An inflorescence in which a cluster
of peduncles or pedicels spring from the
same point. 140,

Umbellate. In or like an umbel.
Umbonate. Bearing a stout projection in

the center; bossed.
Undulate. With a wavy surface; repand.

9D;

Unguiculate. Contracted at base into a
claw.

Unifoliolate, 98.

Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or
pistillate only. 128.

Urceolate. Hollow and cylindrical or ovoid,

and contracted at or below the mouth, like
an urn.

Uredospore, 193.

Utricle. A small, bladdery, 1-seeded fruit ;
any small, bladderlike body.

Vacuoles, 215.

Valyate. Opening by valves, as a capsule;
in estivation, meeting by the edges without
overlapping. 138.

Valve. One of the pieces into which a cap
sule splits. 151.

Vascular. Furnished
ducts.

Vaucheria, 158, 175.

Vegetative propagation, 58, 200.

Veinlets, (7.

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a
leaf or other organ, especially those which
branch (as distinguished from nerves).

aed
st.

with vessels or

Venation, 70; of leaf, 76.

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner
face of an organ; the opposite of dorsal.

Ventral suture, 114.

Venus’s Flytrap, 88.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in the
bud.

Verrucose. Covered with wartlike eleva-
tions.

Attached near the mid-

135.

Versatile (anther).
dle, and turning freely on its support.

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl. 90.

Vesicle. A small bladder or an air cavity.

Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or
covered with vesicles.

Villous.. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Virgate. Wand-shaped; slender, straight,
and erect.

Vitality of seeds, 19.

Water, in germination, 20.

Water Mold, 161, 188.

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, ete., in
a circle round the stem, 90.

Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion

af A INDEX AND GLOSSARY

bordering or surrounding an organ; the | Yeast, 160.

lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla. Yeasts, 185.
Wood, annual layers, 224; structure of, 48,
219. Zodsporangia, 178.
Woolly. Clothed with long tortuous or Zoésporangium, 189.
matted hairs. Zodspores, 172, 175, 179, 189.
Zygomorphie, 129.
Xerophytes, 65. Zygospores, 172, 174, 188; of Sporodinia,

Xylene, 222. 257.

BOTANY

OF

tie NORTHERN UNITED SVATES

st

an

Vex N OAL

Pte DOTANY

NORTHERN UNITED STATES,

INCLUDING: THE DISTRICT EAST-OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND
NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE.

By o A. 1G RAY

LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

Sixth Lvition.

REVISED AND EXTENDED WESTWARD TO THE 1t00th MERIDIAN
BY
SFRENO WATSON,

CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
AND

JOHN M. COULTER,

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN WABASH COLLEGE,

ASSISTED BY SPECIALISTS IN “CERTAIN GROUPS.

WITH TWENTY-FIVE PLATES,

ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC.

NEWYORK <3 - CINCINNADD -7- CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1889, by THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE

GRAY’S MANUAL

W.P. 9

CONTENTS.

Page

PREFACE ; ! : ; ‘ : : : s : : 1
SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS . 3 ‘ : : , : 5
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDE&S . ; : ; ; oo
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES . 30
EXPLANATION OF SIGNS . : ; ‘ ‘ ‘ Fs ee
FLORA. — PHZNOGAMOUS OK FLOWERING PLANTS . ; Be
Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants lass

Angiospermous, Polypetalous. : ; 33

Gamopetalous : ; ,> Mele

Apetalous . ae z 425

Gymnospermous Plants . . . . . 489

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants ; 495
CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS , s6%5

Vascular Acrogens, or Pteridophytes 675

Cellular Acrogens, or Bryophytes (Hepatic) . 702

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS ‘ : : : : ‘ 133
TABLE OF ORDERS . ; : - . : ° ‘ ~ *438
GLOSSARY ; : : : : ‘ ‘ ‘ A 738
INDEX . ; ; ; ‘ ‘ : ° : ° : a Ag

-PLATES, WITH EXPLANATIONS : . e ° . : 761

N’O TE:

{nw this second issue of the Manuat are given all such
needed emendaticns of every kind as have come to our no-
tice. Wherever it could be conveniently done, these altera-
tions have been made in the plates. The remainder will be
found in supplementary “Additions and Corrections,” near

the end of the volume.

Phe ft A CE;

Tue first edition of Gray’s Manual was published in 1848.
It was to a great extent rewritten and its range extended in
1856, and it was again largely rewritten in 1867. The great
advances that have since been made in systematic botany and
in the knowledge of our flora have for several years past made
another revision desirable, which Dr. Gray before his death
was purposing to undertake.

The present editors, acting to the best of their ability in
his stead, have endeavored throughout to follow his methods
and views. The original plan, so long retained by Dr. Gray
and so generally approved, has been closely adhered to, the
characters and descriptions of the last edition have been left
essentially unchanged so far as possible, and in the numerous
alterations and additions that have been considered necessary
or advisable, his conclusions and principles have governed in
every matter of importance, so far as they could be known.
The effort especially has been to maintain that high standard
of excellence which has always made the Manual an authority
among botanists.

In the treatment of the genera and species, Gray’s Synoptical
Flora has been made the basis in the revision of the Gamopet-
alous Orders, and his manuscript in continuation of that work,
so far as prepared, for the Polypetalous Orders which precede
Leguminose (excepting Nuphar, the Crucifere, Caryophyllacee,
Vitis, and the small Orders numbered 18, 22, 23, 25-27, and
29). The genus Salix has been rewritten for this edition by
M. 8. Bess, Esq., the genus Carex by Prof. L. H. Barney, and
the Ferns and allied orders by Prof. D.C. Eaton. For the
rest, all known available sources of information have been
made use of, and much willing help has been received from

botanists in all parts of our territory.
1

2 PREFACE.

The increasing interest that is taken in the study of the
Cellular Cryptogams, and the desire to encourage it, have led
to the inclusion again of the Hepatice, which were omitted
in the last edition. These have been prepared through the
kindness of Prof. L. M. UNpERWwoop, though the lmits of
the volume have necessitated somewhat briefer descriptions
than he considered desirable. The three fine plates illustrat-
ing the genera of these Orders, which were used in the early
editions, are also added, with a supplementary one, as well as
an additional one in illustration of the Grasses, thus increasing
the number of plates to twenty-five. A Glossary of botanical
terms is appended, to meet an expressed need of those who
use the Manual alone, and a Synopsis of the Orders in their
sequence is given, to contrast more clearly their characters, and
to show the general principles which have determined their
present arrangement. This should be a useful adjunct to the
more artificially arranged Analytical Key.

GEOGRAPHICAL Limits, AND DistrinuTIon.— The southern
limit of the territory covered by the present work is the same
as in the later previous editions, viz. the southern boundary of
Virginia and Kentucky. ‘This coincides better than any other
geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-
temperate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the Atlantic
States. The rapid increase of population west of the Missis-
sippi River, and the growing need of a Manual covering the
flora of that section, have seemed a sufficient reason for the
extension of the limits of the work westward to the 100th
meridian, thus connecting with the Manual of the Flora of the
Rocky Mountain Region by Prof. Coulter. These limits, as
well as that upon the north, have been in general strictly
observed, very few species being admitted that are not known
with some degree of certainty to occur within them. The ex-
treme western flora is no doubt imperfectly represented.

The distribution of the individual species is indicated some-
what more definitely than heretofore in many cases, so far as
it could be satisfactorily ascertained. The extralimital range
is also sometimes given, but the terms “northward,” “south-
ward,” and “westward” are more frequently employed, signi-
fying an indefinite range in those directions beyond the limits
of the Manual. Where no definite habitat is specified, the spe-

PREFACE. 2

cies may be understood as found more or less generally through:
out the whole area, or at least to near the western limits.

NOMENCLATURE, ACCENTUATION OF Names, etc.—JIn case
cf question respecting the proper name to be adopted for any
species, Dr. Gray’s known and expressed views have been fel-
lowed, it is beheved, throughout the work. While reasonable
regard has been paid to the claims of priority, the purpose has
been to avoid unnecessary changes, in the belief that such
changes are in most cases an unmitigated evil, Synonyms are
rarely given except where changes have been made. Asa guide
to correct pronunciation, the long sound of the accented vowel
(modified often in personal names) is indicated, as heretofore,
by the grave accent (*), and the short sound by the acute (’).
In regard to the derivations of generic names, many valuable
suggestions have been due to W. R. Gerard, Esq., of New York.

PROMINENT CHARACTERS are indicated by the use of Jtalic
type for the leading distinctions of the Orders, and generally
in the specific descriptions for those points by which two or
more nearly allied species may be most readily distinguished.
The ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a
Synopsis of their leading characters under each order. When-
ever a genus comprises several species, pains have been taken
to render important differences conspicuous by proper group-
ing, and when needed by a series of subordinate divisions and
subdivisions. The headings of these various groups are to be
considered as belonging to and forming a part of the specific
characters of the several species under them, —a fact which
the student should always bear in mind.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ORDERS. — The Natural Orders are
disposed in very close accordance with the method followed
by Bentham and Hooker in the Genera Plantarum, the princi-
ples of which are concisely shown in the Synopsis of Orders
which precedes the Analytical Key. The Gymnosperme are
retained as a Subclass following the Angiospermous Dicotyle-
dons, with which they have an obvious relationship, in pref-
erence to placing them, as some authorities would do, next
before the Pteridophytes, to which their affinity, if no less
certain, is nevertheless obscure. A more natural arranges
ment than either would be the withdrawal of the Endogens,
placing them at the beginning, in perhaps an inverse order.

4 PREFACE.

AnaxtyticaL Kry To THE OrpErs.— As stated in Dr. Gray’s |
Preface to the last edition, this is designed to enable the stu-
dent to refer readily to its proper Order any of our plants,
upon taking the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers,
and sometimes of the fruit, and by following out a series of
easy steps in the analysis. It is founded upon the most ob-
vious distinctions which will answer the purpose, and is so
contrived as to provide for all or nearly all exceptional in-
stances and variant cases. Referring to the Order which the
Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive
points brought together and printed in Italics in the first sen-
tence of the ordinal description, and thus can verify his results.
The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus,
to be verified in turn by the full generic description in its
place; and the progress thence to the species is facilitated,
when there are several to choose from, by the arrangement
under divisions and subdivisions, as already explained.

It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascer-
tain, first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which,
even without the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the
stem, as seen in a cross-section, and usually by the veining of
the leaves, and is commonly confirmed by the numerical plan
of the flower ;— then, if of the first Class, the Subclass is at
once determined by the pistil, whether of the ordinary kind,
or an open scale bearing naked ovules. If the former, then
the choice between the three Divisions is determined by the
presence or absence of the petals, and whether separate or
united. Each Division is subdivided by equally obvious char-
acters, and, finally, a series of successively subordinated prop-
ositions, — each set more indented upon the page than the
preceding, —leads to the name of the Order sought for, fol-
lowed by the number of the page upon which it is described
in the body of the work.

The book is now submitted to those for whose benefit it has
been prepared, in the trust that its shortcomings will meet
with friendly indulgence, and with the earnest request that
information be kindly given of any corrections or additions that
may appear to be necessary.

SERENO WATSON

CamBrimpce. Mass., Dec. 26, 1889.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS OF PLANTS

DESCRIBED IN THIS WORK.

Series I. PHAENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLAN'S: those

producing real flowers and seeds.

Ciass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming a zone be-
tween the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year
to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the
bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons,
or in Subclass II. often three or more in a whorl. Parts of the flower
mostly in fours or fives.

Suscitass I. ANGIOSPERMX. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
which contains the ovules and becomes the fruit. Cotyledons only two.

Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present;
the latter of separate petals. (Apetalous flowers occur in various
Orders, as noted under the subdivisions.)

A. THALAMIFLOR. Stamens and petals hypogynous (free both from
the calyx and from the superior ovary), upon a usually narrow receptacle
(not glandular nor discoid, except in Reseda, sometimes stipe-like). (Sta
mens and petals upon the partly inferior ovary in some Nymphezacee. !
Apetalous flowers occur in the Ranunculacez and Caryophyllacee.

. Carpels solitary or distinct (or coherent in Magnoliacez); sepals and
petals deciduous (except in Nympheacez); leaves alternate or radical,
without stipules (sometimes opposite or whorled and rarely stipular in
Ranunculacezx) ; embryo (except in Nelumbo) small, in fleshy albumen

cd
_

1. Ranunculacee (p. 34). Sepals (3 or more), petals (as many, in regular
flowers, or none), stamens (usually many), and carpels (1 - many) all dis-
tinct. Fruit achenes, follicles, or berries. Mostly herbs.

2. Magnoliacee (p. 49). Sepals and petals colored alike, in three or more
rows of three, imbricate. Fruit cone-like, formed of the numerous coher-
ing pistils. Trees.

8. Anonacee (p. 50). Sepals (3) and petals (6, in two rows) valvate. Fruit
pulpy. Shrubs or small trees.

4. Menispermacez (p.51). Sepals and petals in twos or threes, imbricate.
Pistils becoming l-seeded drupes. Dicecious woody climbers, with pal
mate or peltate leaves.

6 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS-

5. Berberidacee (p. 52). Sepals and petals imbricate, each in two rows of
three (rarely in twos or fours). Stamens opposite the petals. Pistil
solitary, becoming a berry or pod. Shrubs or low herbs.

6. Nymphezacee, in part (p. 54). Sepals and petals each 3, or many in
several rows. VPistils becoming coriaceous and indehiscent. Aquatics:
floating leaves peltate.

* 2. Carpels (2 or more) united into a compound ovary with parietal, often
nerve-like placentz (or the seeds covering the inner surface in Nymphez-
acez, and the placentz axile in Sarraceniacex). Herbs (some Cistacezx
somewhat shrubby).

+ Fruit 5-many-celled; calyx or whole perianth persistent; embryo small,
at the base of fleshy albumen.

6. Nymphzacee proper (p. 54). Sepals 2-6. Petals and stamens nu-
merous, on a thick hypogynous receptacle or inserted upon the ovary.
Capsule 8-30-celled. Aquatics, with peltate or cordate leaves. :

7. Sarraceniacee (p.57). Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 5-celled. Marsh
plants, with pitcher-shaped leaves.

+ + Fruit 1-celled, or spuriously 2-more-celled by partitions connecting the

placentz.

++ Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen; perianth deciduous; sepals 2.

8. Papaveracee (p. 57.) Flowers regular. Sepals fugacious. Petals 4-
12. Stamens and seeds numerous. Capsule 2-several-valved. Juice
milky or colored.

9. Fumariacee (p. 59.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4, in dissimilar pairs.
Stamens 6, diadelphous. Fruit 2-valved (indehiscent and 1-seeded in
Fumaria). Juice watery; leaves dissected.

«+ ++ Albumen none; embryo curved or folded; perianth deciduous (sepals
persistent in Resedacez).

10 Cruciferze (p.61). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens mostly 6, tetradyna-
mous (two inserted lower and shorter). Pod 2-celled by a transverse par-
tition, 2-valved, or sometimes indehiscent or transversely jointed. Bracts
and stipules none.

11. Capparidacee (p.74). Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6 or more, nearly
equal. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved. Embryo coiled. Leaves often palmately
divided; bracts and stipules often present.

(2 Resedaceze (p. 75). Sepals and petals 4-7, irregular. Stamens indefi-
nite on an hypogynous disk, not covered in the bud. Pod 1-celled, 3-6-
lobed, opening at the top.

«+++ ++ Embryo rather large in fleshy albumen; placentz on the middle of

the valves; calyx persistent.

13. Cistaceze (p. 76). Flowers regular; sepals and petals 5, the two outer
sepals minute. Stamens indefinite. Pod 1-celled, 3—5-valved. Ovules
orthotropous. Embryo curved. Leaves entire, the lower often opposite.

14. Violacez (p. 78). Flowers irregular; sepals and petals 5. Stamens 5,
with connivent introrse anthers. Style clavate. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved.
Ovules anatropous. Embryo straight. Stipules present.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. | 7

» 8. Ovary compound, 1-celled, with central placentz ; embryo curved around
mealy albumen (except in Dianthus) ; leaves entire ; stipules mostly none.
15. Caryophyllacez (p. 82). Sepals (5, rarely 4) distinct or united, per-
sistent. Petals as many, rarely none. Stamens as many or twice as many,
rarely fewer. Styles 2-5. Leaves opposite.

16. Portulacacee (p. 90). Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5-20. Capsule
3-valved or circumscissile. Fleshy herbs; leaves mostly alternate.

* 4, Calyx imbricate; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or
often indefinite; ovary compound, 1-celled with parietal placentz or sev-
eral-celled with the placentz united in the axis; embryo straight or
slightly curved; albumen none or scanty.

17. Blatinacee (p.91). Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membra-
nous stipules, minute axillary flowers, few stamens, and pod 2—5-celled.

18. Hypericacez (p. 92). Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted
leaves and no stipules. Flowers cymose or panicled. Stamens few or
many, usually in 3 or more clusters. Pod 1-celled or 3 —5-celled.

19. Ternstrcemiacee (p. 95). Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and
no stipules. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Stamens numerous, more
or less united together and with the base of the petals. Pod 3—5-celled.

* 5. Calyx valvate; stamens numerous, usually more or less united together
and with the base of the petals; ovary 3- many-celled with the placentx
united in the axis (becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded in Tilia).

20. Malvacez (p. 96). Stamens monadelphous; anthers I-celled. Calyx
persistent. Seeds kidney-shaped, with curved embryo and little albumen.
Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately veined stipular leaves.

21. Tiliaceze (p. 101). Stamens polyadelphous or nearly distinct; anthers
2-celled. Calyx deciduous. Embryo nearly straight. ‘Trees, with aiter-
nate leaves and deciduous stipules.

B. DISCIFLOR®. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many or
fewer, inserted upon or at the outer or inner base of a more or less tumid
hypogynous or perigynous disk, which is cushion-like or annular or di-
vided into glands, sometimes obscure or minute (or none in Linum, Tex,
some Geraniacez and Polygala) ; ovary superior (or half-inferior in some
Rhamnacex); sepals more usually distinct. Petals wanting in some
Rutacex, Rhamnacee, and Sapindacez.

x 1. Ovules (mostly 1 or 2 in each cell) pendulous, with the rhaphe toward
the axis of the ovary; disk often reduced to glands alternate with the
petals or none; ovary often lobed or the carpels nearly distinct.

22. Linaceze (p.101). Flowers regular, usually 5-merous. Capsule not
loped, mostly 5-valved, spuriously 10-celled, 10-seeded. Stamens united
at base. Disk none or 5 minute glands. Herbs, with entire alternate or
opposite leaves; stipules gland-like or none.

23. Geraniacez (p. 102). Flowers regular or irregular, 5-merous or 3
merous as to the stamens and pistils. Ovary 3~5-lobed, the cells 1 -few
ovuled, and axis persistent. Disk of 5 glands or none. Herbs, with often
lobed or divided mostly alternate leaves, with or without stipules.

§ SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

24. Rutacez (p. 106). Flowers mostly regular, 3-5-merous, dicecions 07
polygamous in our genera. Ovary 2—5-lobed or the carpels nearly dis-
tinct, upon a glandular disk; cells 2-ovuled. Mostly shrubs or trees,
with glandular-punctate compound leaves, without stipules.

* 2. Ovules (1 or 2) pendulous, the rhaphe away from the axis; disk none
and ovary not lobed.
25. Tlicineze (p. 107). Flowers small, diceciously polygamous, axillary, 4-
8-merous. Fruit a 4—8-seeded berry-like drupe. Shrubs or trees, with
simple alternate leaves and no stipules.

* 8. Ovules (1 or 2 in each cell) erect, the rhaphe toward the axis; disk fleshy,
covering the base of the calyx; stamens as many as the petals, at the
margin of the disk ; flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious ; albumen fleshy;
shrubs or trees, with simple leaves (compound in some Vitacee).

26. Celastracez (p. 109). Sepals and petals imbricated, the stamens alter-
nate with the petals. Fruit 2—5-celled; seeds arilled.

27. Hinamnacee (p. 111). Calyx valvate. Petals small or none. Stamens
alternate with the sepals. Fruit 2—5-celled; seeds solitary, not arilled.

28. Vitacez (p. 112). Calyx minute. Stamens opposite the valvate cadu
cous petals. Climbing by tendrils opposite the alternate leaves.

* 4. Ovules (1 or 2) ascending or horizontal, or pendulous from a basal funicle;
fleshy disk entire or lobed; stamens 5-10; shrubs or trees, with com-
pound leaves (simple in Acer) and mostly polygamo-dicecious and often
irregular flowers; petals imbricate (sometimes none in Sapindacez).

29. Sapindacee (p. 115). Flowers mostly unsymmetrical or irregular.
Ovary 2-3-celled and -lobed.

30. Anacardiacee (p. 118). Flowers regular, 5-androus. Ovary 1-celled,
becoming a small dry drupe. Leaves alternate; Juice milky or resinous.

* 5. Ovules solitary, pendulous from the summit of the 2-celled ovary; disk
none; flowers irregular (subpapilionaceous), hypogynous; stamens mon-
adelphous or diadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, opening by an apical pore.

31. Polygalacez (p. 120). Herbs, with perfect flowers and alternate or
opposite or whorled entire leaves. Stamens 6-8. Seed carunculate.

C. CALYCIFLORZ. Sepals rarely distinct; disk adnate to the base of
the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous; petals and stamens on the calyx,
perigynous or epigynous, the ovary being often inferior (hypogynous in
Drosera and Parnassia, nearly so in some Leguminosz and Crassulacez).
Apetalous flowers in Orders 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, and 50.

* 1. Ovary usually superior, the pistils solitary, or several and distinct (some-
times more or less united but at least the styles distinct except in some
Saxifragacez).

32. Leguminose (p. 122). Flowers papilionaceous or regular. Stamens
usually 10, and mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pistil one, free,
becoming a legume; style terminal. Albumen none. Leaves mostly
compound, alternate, stipular.

83. Rosaceez (p. 150). Flowers regular, with usually numerous distinct
stamens, and 1 —- many pistils, distinct or (in Pomez) united and combined

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 8)

with the calyx-tube; style often lateral or basal. Calyx-lobes and petals
mostly 5. Ovules mostly 1 or 2. Albumen mostly none. Trees, shrubs,
or herbs; leaves usually alternate and stipulate, simple or compound.

84. Calycanthacez (p. 167). Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens indefinite.
Pistils numerous, becoming achenes in a hollow receptacle. Albumen
none. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules.

35. Saxifragacee (p. 168). Flowers regular, with 5-10 stamens (numer-
ous in Philadelphus), few (mostly 2) more or less united, free or partially
adnate carpels, and few~ many ovules on axile or sometimes parietal pla-
centz. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate
leaves, with or without stipules.

36. Crassulacee (p.170). Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers,
the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled; stipules none.

37. Droseracez (p. 178). Glandular-haired scapose marsh herbs, with
regular 5-merous hypogynous flowers. Capsule 1-celled, with 3-5 many-
seeded parietal placentw. Anthersextrorse. Leaves circinate in vernation.

38. Hamamelidez (p. 179). Shrubs or trees; flowers often polygamo-
moneecious, in clusters, heads, or spikes; petals often none. Seeds 2 or
more, bony, in a 2-beaked woody pod opening above, the base adnate to
the calyx-tube. Stamens few or many. Leaves alternate, simple.

39. Haloragez (p. 180). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or po-
lygamo-diecious, small, axillary or spicate; petals often none. Stamens
1-8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-limb obsolete or very short. Fruit small,
indehiscent, 1-—4-celled, 1-4-seeded. Leaves alternate or opposite, the
submersed often dissected.

# 2. Ovary inferior (except in Lythracez), 1-several-celled; style entire;
flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly 4-merous; herbs, with simple
and mostly entire leaves without stipules.

40. Melastomaceze (p. 183). Calyx open. Stamens definite; anthers
opening by an apical pore. Leaves opposite, 3 -7-nerved ; “flowers cymose

41. Lythracez (p. 184). Calyx-lobes valvate. Pod free, but enclosed in the
calyx, membranous, 1 —4-celled, many-seeded with axile placentz. Leaves
mostly opposite; flowers axillary or whorled; petals crumpled, or none.

42. Onagracez (p. 186). Calyx-lobes valvate. Ovary 1 -4-celled, the cells
1-many-ovuled. Stamens 2, 4, or 8 Petals 2 or 4, convolute, or none
Leaves opposite or alternate.

* 8. Ovary inferior (except in Passifloraceze and Ficoidez), 1-celled with pari-
etal placentz or several-celled by the intrusion of the placentz; flowers
regular, perfect or unisexual; styles free or united; herbs.

+ Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; leaves alternate, often lobed.

43. Loasaceze (p. 193). Flowers perfect. Stamens indefinite. Style entire
or 2-3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 or 3 many-seeded placentz. Pu-
bescence of hooked hairs.

44. Passifloracee (p. 194). Climbing by tendrils. Flowers perfect. Sta
mens 5, monadelphous. Ovary stalked, superior, becoming a 1-celle¢
many-seeded berry with 3 or 4 placentz. Styles 3, clavate.

a0) SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

45. Cucurbitacez (p. 194). Tendril-bearing vines, with dicecious or mone
cious flowers. Corolla 5-lobed, often confluent with the calyx. Stamens
3 or 5, usually more or less united and the anthers often tortuous. Fruit
fleshy or membranous, 1—5-celled, the placentz often produced to the
axis and revolute. Seeds exalbuminous.

4 + Embryo curved or coiled about central albumen ; leaves entire.

46. Cactaceze (p. 196). Fleshy and mostly leafless prickly plants, with sol.
itary sessile perfect flowers. Calyx-lobes and petals indefinite, imbricated,
the numerous stamens on the tube. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry.

47, Ficoidez (p. 198). Calyx-lobes or sepals 5 and petals none in our gen-
era. Capsule 3-5-celled with axile placent, loculicidal or circumscissile,
many-seeded. Often fleshy ; leaves mostly opposite or verticillate.

« 4. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous; calyx-limb minute or ob-
solete; ovary inferior, 2-several-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules;
petals and stamens mostly 4 or 5, on the margin of an epigynous disk
surrounding the styles; albumen copious.

48. Umbelliferze (p. 198). Flowers in umbels or heads. Petals (inflexed)
and stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, the pericarp
usually with oil-ttubes. Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.

49. Araliaceze (p. 212). Flowers mostly in umbels and nearly as in Umbel-
lifer; petals not inflexed and styles 2 or more. Fruit a 2-several-celled
drupe. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.

50. Cornaceee (p. 213). Flowers not in umbels; petals (valvate, or none)
and stamens 4 or 5. Stylel. Fruit a1-2-seededdrupe ‘Trees, shrubs,
or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate simple and mostly entire leaves.

Division II. GAMOPETALOUS: calyx and corolla both present,
the latter of united petals (excepting some Ericacex, Styracacee,
and Oleacee, Galax, Statice, and Lysimachia). Apetalous flowers
occur in Glaux and some Oleacee. Stipules present only in Rubi-
acer and Loganiacex, or rarely in Caprifoliacez.

« 1. Ovary inferior; stamens borne upon the corolla, alternate with its lobes.

+ Stamens distinct; leaves opposite or whorled; seed albuminous except in
Valerianacez.

51. Caprifoliacez (p. 216). Corolla mostly 5-lobed, regular or irregular,
the stamens as many (one fewer in Linnza, doubled in Adoxa) Ovary 1-
several-celled ; fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 -several-seeded. Shrubs or
herbs; leaves opposite, rarely stipular, not turning black in drying

52. Rubiacee (p. 222). Flowers regular, 4-5-merous, the corolla mostly
valvate. Ovary 2-4-celled. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, entire, op-
posite with stipules, or verticillate, usually turning black in drying.

53. Valerianacee (p. 228). Stamens (1-4) fewer than the lobes of the
somewhat irregular corolla. Ovary with two abortive or empty cells and
one containing a suspended ovule. Fruit dry and indehiscent. Herbs.

54. Dipsacee (p. 229). Flowers mostly 4-merous and with 4 (rarely 2) sta
mens, involucellate in involucrate heads; corolla-lobes imbricate Ovary
simple, l-celled, with a suspended ovule Herbs

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 1]

a + Anthers connate into a tube.

55. Compositz (p. 230). Stamens as many as the valvate corolla-lobes.
Ovary with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an achene. Albumen none.
Calyx-limb reduced to a pappus or none. Flowers in involucrate heads.

* 2. Ovary inferior (or superior in most Ericacex and in Diapensiacez) ; sta-
mens free from the corolla or nearly so (adnate in some Diapensiacez),
as many as the lobes and alternate with them, or twice as many ; leaves
alternate (upposite in some Ericacez) ; style 1.

+ Juice milky; capsule 2—5-celled, many-seeded; herbs.

56. Lobeliacee (p. 305). Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens uuited, at
least by the anthers. Capsule 2-celled or with two placente.

57 Campanulacee (p. 307). Corolla regular, 5-lobed, valvate. Stamens
usually distinct. Capsule 2-several-celled.

+ + Juice not milky nor acrid; capsule 3-10-celled.

58. Ericacezee (p. 309). Flowers mostly regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens
distinct, more usually twice as many as the corolla-lobes or petals. Ovary
inferior or superior. Herbs or shrubs.

59. Diapensiacez (p. 326). Flowers regular. Stamens 5, on the corolla,
or monadelphous with 5 petaloid staminodia. Ovary superior, 3-celled.

* 3. Ovary superior; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them.

60. Plumbaginaceez (p. 327). Stamens 5, on the base of the petals.
Styles 5. Fruit an achene or l-seeded utricle. Herbs; leaves radical.

61. Primulacee (p. 328). Stamens 4-8, perigynous. Style 1. Fruit a
capsule with several seeds on a central placenta. Herbs; leaves radical
or opposite or alternate.

62 Sapotaceze (p. 332). Flowers small, 4-5-merous. Style 1. Ovary
few-several-celled; fruit fleshy, bearing a single bony-coated seed.
Shrubs or trees, with milky juice and alternate entire leaves.

* 4, Ovary superior or more or less adnate to the calyx, few —several-celled,
the cells l-ovuled; stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes or more;
trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves.

63. Hbenacee (p. 333). Flowers diccious or polygamous Stamens on
the corolla. Ovary superior. Styles distinct. Fruit fleshy, few-seeded.

64. Styracacez (p.333). Flowers perfect. Stamenssubhypogynous. Ovary
more or less inferior. Style 1. Fruit dry or nearly so, 1 —4-seeded.

* 5. Ovary superior, of two carpels (sometimes by division apparently 4-car-
pellary, sometimes of 3-5 in Polemoniacex, Conyolvulacex, and Sola-
nacezx); stamens on the corolla (except in apetalous Oleacez), alternate
with its lobes, as many or fewer.

4+— Corolla not scarious and nerveless.

++ Corolla none, or regular and 4-cleft or -parted, the stamens fewer than its
lobes; style 1; seeds 1-3.
65. Oleacez (p. 335). Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple
leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamo-diecious, Stamens mostly 2, alter
nate with the usually 2-ovuled carpels.

12 SYNOPSIS Of THE ORDERS.

++ ++ Corolla regular, its lobes 4-5 or rarely more; stamens as many.
= Ovaries 2, becoming follicles; stigmas and sometimes the styles united,
herbs with milky juice, perfect 5-merous flowers, and simple entire leaves.

66. Apocynacee (p. 337). Stamens distinct or the anthers merely conni-
vent, with ordinary pollen. Style 1.

67. Asclepiadacee (p. 338). Stamens monadelphous, the anthers perma-
nently attached to a large stigmatic body ; pollen mostly in waxy masses.
Styles distinct below the stigma.

= = Ovary compound (ovaries two in Dichondra), with 2 or 3 (rarely 4 or 5)

cells or placentz ; stamens distinct; mostly herbs.

a. Leaves opposite; corolla-lobes 4 or 5 or more.

68. Loganiacez (p. 345). Leaves entire, with stipules or a stipular line
joining their bases. Capsule 2-celled, few-many-seeded. Herbs or
woody twiners (our species).

69. Gentianacee (p. 346). Glabrous herbs; leaves entire, sessile and sim-
ple (except in Menyanthes). Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placentz
or the whole inner surface ovuliferous, many-seeded.

b. Leaves alternate (sometimes opposite in Polemoniacee and Hydrophyl-
lacez) ; corolla-lobes always 5 in our species.

70. Polemoniacez (p. 354). Capsule usually 3-celled, loculicidal; seeds
1-many in each cell on the stout placental axis. Style 3-cleft or -lobed.
Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound.

71. Hydrophyllacee (p. 357). Leaves often lobed or divided, and the in-
florescence frequently scorpioid. Style 2-parted or 2-lobed. Capsule
1-celled, 2-valved with two parietal or introflexed placentz, or sometimes
2-celled. Seeds 2 or more on each placenta.

72 Borraginacee (p. 360). Leaves mostly entire and plants often rough-
hispid ; inflorescence commonly scorpioid. Style 1. Ovary 4-ovulate,
usually 4-lobed and maturing as 4 separate or separable nutlets, or not
lobed, 2-4-celled and separating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets.

73. Convolvulacee (p. 367). Usually twining or trailing; flowers on ax-
illary peduncles or cymose-glomerate. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-plaited,
twisted in the bud. Styles 1 or 2. Ovary 2- (sometimes 3- or spuriously
4-) celled, becoming a globular 4—6-seeded capsule (or ovaries two and
distinct in Dichondra). Cotyledons broad-foliaceous.

74. Solanacee (p.373). Style 1. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled), with
numerous ovules on axillary placente, becoming a pod or berry. Cotyle-
dons narrow.

++ ++ ++ Corolla more or less bilabiately irregular (sometimes nearly regular),
5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4 and didynamous, ot 2. Style 1. Ovary
always of two carpels.
a. Ovules several or many.

75. Scrophulariacez (p. 377). Capsule 2-celled, with central placente.
Seeds small, usually numerous. Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite.

76. Orobanchacee (p. 393). Root-parasites with no green foliage. Cap-
sule 1-celled, with 2 simple or double parietal placenta. Seeds many.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 13

77. Lentibulariacez (p. 395). Aquatic or marsh herbs, with scapes or
scape-like peduncles, sometimes nearly leafless. Corolla personate and
spurred. Capsule globular, l-celled ; placentz central, free, many-seeded.

78. Bignoniacee (p. 398). Large-flowered trees or often climbing shrubs,
with usually opposite simple or compound leaves. Capsule 2-celled by a
partition between the 2 parietal placentz. Seeds numerous, large, mostly
winged.

79. Pedaiiac. 2 (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Ovary 1-
celled with two bilamellar parietal placente, or 2—4-celled by their union,
becoming drupaceous or capsular. Seeds few or many, wingless.

80. Acanthacee (p. 399). Herbs, with opposite simple leaves. Capsule
2-celled, loculicidal, with each axile placenta bearing 2-10 flattish seeds.

6. Cells of the ovary 1—2-ovuled; herbs or low shrubs, with opposite leaves

81. Verbenacce (p. 401). Ovary 2-4-celled, not lobed, the dry or drupa-
ceous fruit separating into 2 or 4 1-seeded nutlets (fruit 1-celled and 1-
seeded in Phryma). Style terminal.

82. Labiate (p. 403). Ovary dceply 4-lobed around the style, the lobes be-
coming dry seed-like nutlets. Stems square; aromatic.

+ + Coroila scarious and nerveless; flowers regular, 4-merous; style 1.

83. Plantaginacez (p. 422). Scapose herbs, with perfect or polygamo-
dicecious or moncecious flowers in 1-many-flowered spikes. Fruit a cir-
cumscissile 2-celled capsule, with one or more peltate seeds in each cell,
or an achene.

Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENS. The corolla wanting

(except in some Euphorbiacex), and sometimes also the calyx.

* 1. Ovary superior (though sometimes enclosed within the calyx), 1-celled
with a solitary basal ovule (several-celled in Phytolaccacex) ; embryo
coiled or curved (nearly straight in Polygonacez) in or about mealy albu-
men (albumen none in some Chenopodiacezx) ; herbs.

— Fruit the hardened or mc-nbranous closed base of the corolla-like perianth
enclosing a utricle.

84. Nyctaginaceze (p. 425). Perianth tubular or funnelform. Stamens
hypogynous. Fruit ribbed or winged. Leaves opposite; stipules none.

- « Fruit a utricle; perianth mostly persistent, small, 4-5-lobed or -parted,

or none.

85 Illecebracez (p. 426). Perianth herbaceous. Stamens perigynous.
Leaves opposite ; stipules scarious (none in Scleranthus).

86. Amarantacez (p. 427). Flowers sessile, bracteate, the bracts (usually
3) more or less dry and scarious, as wc.i <s the 3-5 distinct sepals. Sta-
mens 1-5, hypogynous. Utricle indehiscent or circumscissile. Embryo
annular. Leaves mostly alternate, entire; stipules none.

87. Chenopodiacee (p. 430). Flowers sessile, not scarious-bracteate.
Sepals greenish or succulent, 5 or fewer, or none. Stamens 5 or fewer,
perigynous or hypogynous. Embryo annular or spiral or conduplicate.
Leaves alternate; stipules none.

14 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

+ 4 4 Ovary of several 1-ovuled carpels, in fruit a berry (in our genera).

88. Phytolaccaceze (p. 435)., Sepals 4-5, petaloid or herbaceous. Sta-
mens 5-30, hypogynous. Carpels 5-12. Embryo annular. Leaves
alternate, entire; stipules none.

a + + + Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene.

89. Polygonacee (p. 436). Flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx 3-6-lobed
or -parted, more or less corolla-like. Stamens 4-12, on the calyx. Em-
bryo nearly straight. Leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules or none.

* 2. Ovary compound, the cells many-ovuled (or 1-ovuled in Piperacez) ; em-
bryo minute in copious albumen; flowers perfect.

90. Podostemacez (p. 444). Aquatic, with the aspect of sea-weeds or
mosses, with minute naked flowers from a spathe-like involucre. Ovary
superior; pod 2—3-celled.

91. Aristolochiaceze (p. 444). Terrestrial herbs or climbing shrubs.
Calyx valvate, adnate at least at base to the 6-celled many-seeded ovary.
Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style. Leaves alternate,
mostly cordate; stipules none.

92. Piperacez (§ Saururez), (p. 446). Marsh herb (our species). Perianth
none. Carpels 3-4, distinct, with usually a single ascending seed.
Leaves alternate, entire.

* 3. Ovary superior, simple, 1-celled, l-ovuled, forming a berry or drupe;

trees or shrubs, with mostly entire leaves and no stipules.

93. Lauracee (p. 446). Flowers perfect or dicecious. Sepals 4 or 6, in 2
rows. Stamens 9-12; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted valves. Seed
suspended; albumen none. Aromatic; leaves alternate.

94. Thymeleacez (p. 448). Flowers perfect. Calyx corolla-like, 4-5-
cleft. Stamens twice as many. Seed suspended, with little or no albu-
men. Acrid shrubs with very tough bark; leaves alternate.

95. Bleeagnaceee (p.448). Flowers mostly dicecious. Calyx-tube becoming
berry-like and enclosing the achene. Seed erect, albuminous. Leaves
silvery-scurfy, opposite.

* 4. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 1-3-ovuled (but 1l-seeded); albumen without
testa, bearing the embryo in a cavity at the apex; calyx-lobes valvate.

96. Loranthacee (p. 449). Parasitic on trees, with jointed stems and op-
posite leaves. Flowers dicecious. Ovule solitary, erect. Fruit a berry.

97. Santalaceze (p. 450). Flowers perfect. Ovules 2-4, suspended from
the apex of acentral placenta. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Leaves alternate.

* 5. Flowers all unisexual (polygamous in some Urticaceex and Empetracee,
apparently perfect in Euphorbia); cells 1-2-ovuled; embryo nearly as
long as the albumen or filling the seed; calyx often wanting, corolla-like
only in some Euphorbiacex and Empetracez ; stipules often present.

+ 1. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in Crotonopsis) with 1 or 2 pendulous

ovules in each cell; herbs.

98. Huphorbiacez (p. 451). Flowers moneecious or dicecious (involucrate
and apparently perfect in Euphorbia). Mostly with milky juice, and
usually alternate often stipulate leaves.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 15

°
+ 2. Ovary i-celled, 1-seeded; trees or shrubs (except some Urticacez).
++ Calyx regular, the stamens as many as the lobes and opposite them or
fewer; ovary superior.
99. Urticacez (p.461). Flowers moneecious, dicecious, or (in Ulmez) per-
fect. Seeds exalbuminous or nearly so. Inflorescence very various.

++ ++ Perianth mostly none; at least the staminate flowers in aments or spikes
or dense heads; albumen none.

100. Platanacee (p. 466). Trees, with alternate palmately lobed leaves,
sheathing stipules, and moncecious flowers in separate globose heauas.
Ovary superior; fruit a club-shaped nutlet.

:01. Juglandacee (p. 467). Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stip-
ules, and moneecious flowers, the staminate in aments. Ovary inferior;
fruit a nut.

102. Myricacee (p.469). Shrubs, with resinous-dotted leaves, with or with-
out stipules, and moncecious or dicecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly
aments. Ovary superior, becoming a small drupe-like nut.

+ 3. Ovary 2-7-celled, with 1 or 2 suspended ovules in each cell, becoming
1-celled and 1-seeded ; calyx mostly none or adherent to the ovary; trees
or shrubs with simple leaves.

103. Cupuliferee (p. 470). Flowers moneecious. Fruit a nut surrounded by
an involucre, or (in Betulez) a small winged or angled naked nutlet in
the axils of the scales of an ament.

+ 4. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a 2-valved pod with two parietal or basal pla-

cent bearing numerous small comose seeds; perianth noue.

104. Salicaceze (p. 480). Diccious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of
flowers in aments, and simple alternate stipulate leaves.

+ 5. Ovary several-celled, becoming a drupe containing 3-9 1-seeded nutlets ;

seed erect ; low shrubby heath-like evergreens.

105. Empetraceze (p.487). Flowers polygamous or dicecious, scaly-bracted.
Sepals somewhat petaloid or none. Embryo axile in copious albumen.

+ 6. Ovary 1-celled with a suspended ovule, becoming an achene; calyx none;

aquatic herbs, with finely dissected whorled leaves.

106. Ceratophyllacez (p. 488). Flowers moncecious, minute, axillary and
sessile. Albumen none; the seed filled with a highly developed embryo.

Susciass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS. Ovules naked
upon a scale, bract, or disk. Cotyledons two or more.
107. Coniferze (p. 489). Resiniferous trees or shrubs, with mostly awl

shaped or needle-shaped and evergreen leaves, and moncecious or dicecious
flowers.

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Stems without ecntral pith or annular layers, but having the woody
fibres distributed irregularly through them (a transverse slice showing
the fibres as dots scattered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a
single cotyledon and the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the

~

16 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

flower usually in threes (never in fives), and the leaves mostly parallet-
veined. Our species herbaceous, excepting Smilax.

* Ovary inferior (superior in Bromeliacex, nearly so in some Hemodorace2) ;
at least the inner lobes of the perianth petal-like.

+ 1. Seeds without albumen, very numerous and minute.

108. Hydrocharidacee (p. 495). Aquatics, with dicecious or polygamous
flowers from a spathe; outer perianth calyx-like, the inner sometimes
wanting. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentz or
6-9-celled with axile placente.

109. Burmanniacee (p. 496). Terrestrial, with scale-like cauline leaves and
regular perfect triandrous flowers. Perianth corolla-like.

110. Orchidacee (p. 497). Terrestrial, with very irregular perfect flowers.
Stamens and style connate; anthers 1 or 2. Capsule 1-celled; placentz
3, parietal. Perianth corolla-like.

+ 2. Seeds albuminous. (Ovary 3-celled and flowers regular in our genera.)

111. Bromeliacez (p. 511). Mostly epiphytes, with dry persistent scurfy
leaves. Flowers 6-androus; outer perianth calyx-like.

112. Hemodoracee (p. 512). Fibrous-rooted, with equitant leaves and per-
fect 3- or 6-androus flowers. Perianth persistent, woolly or scurfy outside.
(Ovary sometimes nearly free; leaves flat in Aletris.)

113. Iridacez (p. 513). Root not bulbous; leaves equitant in two ranks.
Flowers from a spathe. Stamens 3, opposite the outer lobes of the co-
rolla-like perianth; anthers extrorse.

114. Amaryllidaceez (p. 515). Often bulbous-rooted and scapose. Peri-
anth corolla-like. Stamens 6; anthers introrse.

115. Dioscoreacez (p. 517). Climbing, with net-veined leaves. Flowers
dicecious, small, 6-androus ; perianth calyx-like. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell

x * Ovary superior (very rarely partially adnate to the calyx in Liliacee).
+ 1. At least the inner perianth corolla-like; ovary compound; seeds with
copious albumen.

116. Liliaceze (p. 517). Flowers perfect, 6-androus, the regular perianth
corolla-like (dicecious in Smilax, dimerous in Maianthemum, the outer
divisions herbaceous in Trillium). Fruit a 3-celled capsule or berry.

117. Pontederiacez (p. 535). Aquatic, with more or less irregular perfect
flowers from a spathe; perianth corolla-like. Stamens 3 or 6, mostly un-
equal or dissimilar. Capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled.

118. Xyridacez (p. 536). Rush-like, scapose. Flowers capitate, perfect,
3-androus, the calyx glumaceous. Capsule 1-celled.

119. Mayacez (p. 537). Moss-like aquatic. Flowers perfect, axillary, soli-
tary, 3-androus; calyx herbaceous. Capsule 1-celled.

120. Commelinacez (p. 538). Flowers perfect, regular or somewhat irreg-
ular, with 3 more or less herbaceous persistent sepals and 3 fugacious
petals. Stamens 6 or some sterile. Capsule 2—3-celled.

127. Briocaulez (p. 566). Scapose aquatic or marsh plants, with linear
leaves and dense heads of moncecious (rarely dicecious) minute flowers.
Corolla tubular or none. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2—3-seeded.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS. 17

2. Perianth small, of 6 equal persistent glumaceous segments; flowers

perfect ; ovary compound.

121. Juncacez (p. 539). Rush-like. Stamens 3 or 6. Capsule 1- or 3-
celled, 3-valved.

4- 3. Flowers without chaffy glumes, the perianth none or reduced to bristles
or sepal-like scales ; flowers often moncecious or dicecious ; carpels solitary
or united.

++ Flowers capitate or upon a spike or spadix, with or without a spathe.

122. Typhaceze (p. 547). Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves, ana
moneecious flowers without proper perianth, in heads or a naked spike.

123. Araceze (p. 548). Flowers perfect or moncecious upon the same spadix,
rarely dicecious, with 4 or 6 scale-like sepals or none.

+ ++ Flowers very minute, one or few from the margin of a floating disk-

like frond.

.24. Lemnacee (p. 551). Plants very small, green, mostly lenticular or
globose.

~ 4. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments, the inner often petaloid, or none; carpels
solitary or distinct (coherent in Triglochin); seeds without albumen;
aquatic or marsh plants, often moncecious or dicecious.

425. Alismacee (p. 553). Perianth of 6 segments, the inner petal-like.

126. Naiadacee (p. 557). Perianth-segments herbaceous or none.

+ 5. Flowers in the axils of chaffy scales or glumes arranged in spikes or
spikelets, without evident perianth ; stamens 1 - 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
seed albuminous.

128. Cyperacee (p. 567). Scales single. Perianth none or replaced by
bristles. Anthers basifixed. Fruit a triangular or lenticular achene.
Stem solid, often triangular, with closed sheaths.

129. Graminez (p. 623). Glumes in pairs. Perianth replaced by minute
scales. Anthers versatile. Fruit a caryopsis. Culm usually hollow,
terete ; sheaths split to the base.

Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS;
destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores in-
stead of seeds.

Crass III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and branches), grow-
ing from the apex only, and furnished for the most part with distinct
leaves (sometimes taking the form of an expanded leaf-like usually pros-
trate thallus); reproduction by means of antheridia and archegonia,
sometimes also by gemmation.

Susciass I. VASCULAR ACROGENS, or PTERIDOPHYTES.
Stems (and foliage when present) containing both woody fibre and ves-
sels; antheridia or archegonia, or both, borne on a minute prothallus,
which is developed from the spore on germination.

18 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

* Spores of only one kind; prothallus bearing antheridia and archegonia.

130. Equisetaceze (p. 675). Cylindric jointed hollow-stemmed plants, with
toothed sheaths. Fructification in a terminal spike.

131. Filices (p. 678). Ferns, with fronds circinate in vernation, bearing the
fructification on the under surface or beneath the margin.

132. Ophioglossaceze (p. 693). Fronds often fern-like, erect in vernation
Sporangia globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, in special spikes or panicles.

133. Lycopodiacee (p. 695). Low moss-like plants with elongated stems
and small persistent entire several-ranked leaves. Sporangia solitary,
axillary, 1 -3-celled, 2—3-valved.

x * Spores of two kinds, the macrospore producing a prothallus with arche-

gonia, the microspore smaller and developing antheridia.

134. Selaginellacez (p. 697). Low leafy moss-like or marsh plants, with
branching stems, and small 4-6-ranked leaves, or with a corm-like stem
and basal linear-subulate leaves, the two kinds of spores in distinct solitary
axillary 1-celled sporangia.

135. Marsiliacee (p. 700). The two kinds of spores in the same or differ-
ent sporangia which are borne in a coriaceous peduncled sporocarp arising
from a slender creeping rhizome. Fronds digitately 4-foliolate or filiform.

136. Salviniacez (p. 701). The two kinds of spores in separate thin-walled
l-celled sporocarps or conceptacles clustered beneath the small floating
fronds; macrospores solitary.

SuscLtass II. CELLULAR ACROGENS, or BRYOPHYTES.
Plants with cellular tissue only; both antheridia and archegonia borne
upon the plant itself. — Including the Musc1, or Mosses (which are not
treated of here), never thallose, and bearing capsules which usually de-
hisce by a lid and contain spores only, and the HEPATICa, which bear
capsules which dehisce by valves or irregularly and usually have elaters
mingled with the spores. The latter division comprises the following
Orders.

* Capsule 4-valved; plant a leafy axis or sometimes a branching thallus.
137. Jungermanniacee (p. 702). Leaves, when present, without a midrib,

2-ranked, with often a third row beneath; pedicels slender.

* * Capsule 2-valved, or dehiscing irregularly, or indehiscent ; plant a thallus

or thalloid stem.

138. Anthocerotacez (p. 726). Thallus without epidermis, irregularly
branching ; pedicels stout or none. Capsule with a columella. Elaters
mostly without fibres.

139. Marchantiacez (p. 727). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epi
dermis usually porose. Capsules borne on the under side of a pedunculate
receptacle, irregularly dehiscent. Elaters 2-spiral.

140. Ricciacez (p. 730). Thallus radiate or dichotomous, the epidermis
eporose. Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent
Elaters none.

|

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Crass I, DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 5.)

Susctass I. ANGIOSPERMZ. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary.
Cotyledons only two.

Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present:
the latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals
or lobes of the calyx.

1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.

Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on PaGE
an elongated receptacle. . : : . MAGNOLIACEs, 49
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a Alor receptacle.
Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. . = . CALYCANTEACEA, 167
Leaves alternate, with stipules. . : : : Rosa, in Rosacea, 162
Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a
large top-shaped receptacle. - Nelumbo, in NympHaacEa, 55
Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.
Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. ; - Rosacez, 150

Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. MatLvace», 96
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. . . ANONACEZ, 50
Filaments longer than the anther.
Flowers dicecious ; twiners with alternate leaves. MrNISPERMACE®, 51
Flowers perfect ; if climbers, the leaves opposite.
Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. ; RANUNCULACEA, 34
Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in Ny MPH®ACE®, 55
Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. RESEDACE#, 75
Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around anaxis. MALvacEe®, 96
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary ; the styles or stigmas may be several.

Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. HYPERICACE, 92
Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.
Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. ; ; ; : RosacEs, 156
Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta.
Leaves 2—3-ternately compound or dissected. RANUNCULACES, 34
Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in BERBERIDACE®, 52

Ovary compound, I-celled, with a central placenta. PORTULACACE®, 90

20 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentz.

Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. . . PAPAVERACES, 57
Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals... : : . CAPPARIDACE®, 74
Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. 2 3 : . CisTacEs, 76

Ovary compound, several-celled.
Calyx valvate in the bud, and
Persistent ; stamens monadelphous; anthers l-celled. Matvace, 96
Deciduous; anthers 2-celled : : TILIACE2, 101
Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals. TERNSTR@MIACES®, 95
Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovaries many,
On 5 placentz intheaxis. . . : SARRACENIACES, 57
On the 8-30 partitions. P és : NYMPHZACEA, 54

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary.

Ovary 8-30-celled ; ovules many, on the partitions ; aquatic. Ny MPH& ACE, 54

Ovary 10-celled; cells l-ovuled. . . - Amelanchier, in Rosace#, 166
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. : 5 . Pomee, in RosacEs#, 151
Leaves opposite, without stipules. : - Some SaxIFRAGACEA, 168
Leaves alternate, without stipules. . : : ; STYRACACEA, 333
Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal.
Fleshy plants with no true foliage; petals many. , CACTACE®, 186
Rough-leaved plants ; petals 5 or 10. : - : - Loasace®, 193

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. PorTuLACACEs, 90

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Pistils 8-6, separate; flowers dicecious; woody vines. MENISPERMACE2, 51
Pistil only one.
Ovary one-celled ; anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE, 52
Ovary one-celled; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Style and stigma one; ovules more than one. . PRIMULACES, 328
Style 1; stigmas 3; sepals 2; ovules several. PORTULACACES, 90
Style twice or thrice forked; flowers moncecious.
Crotonopsis, in EUPHORBIACE, 458
Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. . . «. #$™PLUMBAGINACES, 327
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. - « V¥TacEm, 112
Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute. RHAMNACE4, 111

C. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number
of the petals then alternate with them.
1. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. the ovary wholly supertor.
* Ovaries 2 or more, separate.

Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick

stigma common to the two ovaries. : . ASCLEPIADACES, 338
Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . - : . . RutTaces, 106

ANALYTICAL KEY. 2}

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Tree, with pinnate leaves. . Ailanthus, in SimarvuBacEs, 107
Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. |§ Xanthorrhiza, in RANUNCULACES, 48
Herbs, not fleshy. : 2 : ; : ; RANUNCULACE®, 34
Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. . : : . CRASSULACES, 176

Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx.
Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). CrassuLAcE®, 176
Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils.
Leaves without stipules. . 3 : : : SAXIFRAGACE®, 168
Leaves with stipules. . : : : : : - Rosacea, 150

* * Ovaries 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . : 4 : - Ruracea, 106
Leaves not pellucid-punctate.
Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. ‘ A : SAPINDACE®, 115

Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. SAxirraGace®, 168

* * * Ovaries or lobes of ovary 8 to 5, witha common style. GERANIACER, 102
* * * * Ovary only one, and
+ Simple, with one parietal placenta. Lrecumrinos», 222
+ 4- Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placenta, styles, or stigmas.

vary one-celled.

Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. . : ‘ FUMARIACE®, 59
Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5... - ; . VIOLACE, 78
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary ; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. ANACARDIACE®, 118
Ovules solitary or few; herbs. . . Some anomalous CruciFrer&, 61
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.
Petals not inserted on the calyx. . : . CARYOPHYLLACES, 82

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. LyTHRAcem, 184
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentzx.

Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. HYPERICACE, 92
Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. DROSERACES, 178
Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. ° : ‘ CIsTACEs, 76
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. . . Anomalous CRUCIFER, 61
Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10.
Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. PASSIFLORACE®, 194
Ovary sessile. . : d ; : . SAXIFRAGACES, 168

Ovary 2-several-celled.
Flowers irregular.

Anthers opening at the top,
Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-cvuled. PoLyGaLacE®, 120
Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in ErRIcAcE#, 286

Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated

or gibbous calyx. . : ; Cuphea, in LyTHRACE#, 186

Oe
22 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Stamens 5-8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.
Ovary 3-celled. . : - . SAPINDACES, 11h
Ovary 5 celled. : Peepanens: &c., in GERANIACES, 105
Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals,

Triadelphous ; petals 5... ; : . HYPERICACE®, 93
Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 9 petals 4; pun-

gent herbs. : : ; CRUCIFER, 61
Distinct and fewer than tlie 4 pepe ‘ : . OLEACEA, 335
Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . SaprnpAcE#, 115

Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs; flowers moneecicus or dicecious. EUPHORBIACE®, 45]
Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. GERANIACER, 102
Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as
the styles, sepals, &c. ‘ ; ‘ . LINACEs, 101
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in RuTacem, 107
Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or
pinnate and fruita berry. . . . SAPINDACES, 115
Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.
Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent ;
seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. CELASTRACES, 109
Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe. ILIcINEs, 107
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.
Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. ELATINACES, 91
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves
(but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPINDACEA, 118
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-soothed tube or cup ;
leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in DIAPENSIACE®, 326
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3,

inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, in GERANIACEA, 105
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx. ~

Style 1, undivided. . ; : ; : ERICACES, 309

Styles 2-5, separate. . : : CARYOPHYLLACES, 82

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2in fruit. SAXIFRAGACES, 168
Style 1; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. LYTHRACE, 184

2. alyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Fendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. . —.- . CUCURBITACES, 194
Not tendril-bearing.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base... . PORTULACACES, 90
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placenta. = SaXIFRAGACES, 168
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. MrrLastomacr#, 183

ANALYTICAL KEY. 23

Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. CELASTRACER, 109
Stamens inserted on the calyx.
Eight or four (rarely five) ; style 1. : - ONAGRACEA, 186
Five or ten; styles 2-3, distinct. ° . SAXIFRAGACES, 168
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crategus, in Rosacr™, 165
Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2—4-lobed; herbs. ONAGRACE, 186
Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics; styles or sessile stigmas 4. HAaLoracrem, 180
Perfect stamens 4; styles 2; shrub. : ; HAMAMELIDE®, 179
Stamens 4; style and stigme.1; chiefly shrubs. . . CoRNACE, 213
Stamens 5; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. UMBELLIFER«, 198
Fruit berry-like ; styles 2-5, separate or united. ARALIACE®, 212

Division II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present;

the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. : ; - LEeGuminos#, 129
Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentw. Adlumia, &c., in FumArtAcr»®, 60
Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. - STYRACACEA, 333
Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. . -. POLYGALACES, 120
Ovary 3-many-celled
Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla; style single. Ericacrem, 309
Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. Oxalis, in GERANIACES, 105
Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.
Filaments monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. MaLvacr®, 96
Filaments 1 -—5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled.

Calyx free from the ovary. . ; : . ‘TERNSTRGMIACER, 95
Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. STYRACACEA, 333
Filaments wholly distinct ; calyx free, persistent. EBENACER, 333

Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers l-celled. CaprrroLiAces, 216

B. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled ; corolla appendaged with scales inside. SAPOTACE®, 332
Ovary 1-celled; pod several — many-seeded ; style 1. PRIMULACES, 328
Ovary l-celled ; utricle 1-seeded; styles 5. : . PLUMBAGINACE, 327

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.

1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).

Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united. ; CUCURBITACE®, 194
Tendrils none.
Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.
Flowers in an involucrate head. 2 : : Compos!T&, 230
Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular. LOBELIACE®, 305
Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as
many as its lobes: stipules none: juice milky. CAMPANULACE, 307

24 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla,
One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. VALERIANACER, 228
Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. Dipsacres, 229
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves whorled and without stipules.
Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules.
Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles some-
times with stipule-like appendages). . CAPRIFOLIACES, 216

: RUBIACEH, 222

2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior).
* Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LaBIAT#&, 403
Overy not lobed, the style from its apex. : VERBENACES, 401
Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell
Ovary and pod 1-celled,
With a free central placenta; stamens 2. : LENTIBULACEZ, 895
With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placente ;
stamens 4. . : , : ; : : OROBANCHACEA, 393
Ovary and fruit more or less 4—5-celled. . : : PEDALIACES, 899
Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentz parietal. BIGNONIACES, 398
Ovary and pod 2-celled ; placentz in the axis.
Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. ScROPHULARIACEA, 377
Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections
of the placentz : no albumen. ° . . ACANTHACEZ, 399

* * Corolla somewhat irregular : stamens (with anthers) 5.

Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by
a hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in Ericacea, 320
Stamens inserted on the corolla.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. | Echium, in BorraGinace&, 367
Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded.
Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, ScROPHULARIACEZ, 37$
Filaments not woolly. : : ; Hyoscyamus, SOLANACE, 376

x * * Corolla regular.
+ Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Ovaries 2, separate; their

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, ConvOLVULACE2, 368
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct ; pollen in ordinary grains. . APOCYNACES, 337
Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. . . ASCLEPIADACES, 338
Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium).
Leaves alternate. : : R = 5 « . BoRRAGINACEA, 860
Leaves opposite. . Sia ° : ° Mentha, in LaBiaTa#, 407
Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. LOGANIACEA, 345

Ovary one; not deeply lobed,
One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. PLANTAGINACE®, 422

ANALYTICAL KEY, 25

One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placente.
Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. GENTIANACES, 346
Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. HypropuyLiace®, 357
Two- to ten-celled.

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACEA, 370
Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected
by stipules or a stipular line. . : . LOGANIACEs, 345

Leaves when opposite without stipules.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; stylel. Ericacem, 309

Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. ILICINES, 107
Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. DIAPENSIACES, 326
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,
Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. . ; PLANTAGINACES, 422
Four; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules solitary. . VERBENACEZ, 401
Five or rarely more.
Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . BorRAGINACES, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.
Calyx 5-cleft ; style 3-lobed or -cleft. . Portemon1acE&, 354
Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds
large, only one or two inacell. CONVOLVULACEA, 367
Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.
Styles2. . . - Hydrolea, in HypropHyLiaces, 360
Style single. . : sf esd En...) SOLANACE A O(G

+ + Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. . ° . ACANTHACEZ, 399
Ovary 2—4-celled; the cells l-seeded. : ; VERBENACE, 401
Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. . Lycopus, in Lapiaraz, 408
Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled.
Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. PLANTAGINACES, 422
Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and
slightly irregular. . : Veronica, in SCROPHULARIACE, 386
Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. . . : » OLEACES, 335

Division III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

A. Flowers not in catkins.
1. Ovary or its cells containing any ovules.

Ovary and pod inferior (i. e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),
Six-celled; stamens 6-12. . ° 7 : . ARISTOLOCHIACEA, 444
Four-celled; stamens 4. . : . Ludwigia, in ONAGRACEA, 187
One-celled, with parietal placents. Chrysosplenium, in SAx1rRAGACES, 172
Ovary and ped wholly naked (there being no calyx),
Two-celled, 2-beaked ; flowers capitate; tree. ; HAMAMELIDEA, 179
Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. . 2 . PoposTEMACEA, 444

26 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx.
Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which
fall off at maturity; stamens 10. Penthorum, in CRASSULACES, 176
Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3 -5-celled and circumscissile. F1co1pez, 198
Two-celled or one-celled ; placentz central.
Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. LyTHRACEs, 184
Stamens inserted 01 the receptacle or the base of the calyx,
Alternate with the 5 sepals. . : . Glaux, in PRIMULACE, 331
Opposite the sepals when of the samenumber. CARYOPHYLLACE®, 82
One-celled, with one parietal placenta.

. ; . RANUNCULACES, 34
Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple.

2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.

x Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules... . Rosacea, 150
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Xanthoxylum, in Rutacea, 106
Leaves not dotted.
Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. RANUNCULACE®, 34

Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. PIPERACEm, 446
ea « Pistil one, either simple or compound.

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half,
2-celled; styles 2; stamens many. : : HAMAMELIDE#, 179
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).
Aquatic herbs; ovary 3 -4-celled, or (Hippuris) I-celled. HatLoracea, 180
Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire ; ovary 1-celled.
Stigma running down one side of the style. | Nyssa, in Cornacea, 215
Stigma terminal, with or without a style.
Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile. LORANTHACES, 449
Not parasitic above ground ; anthers on filaments. SANTALACEA, 450
Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its
tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.
Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly dicecious. ELHAGNACER, 448
Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.
Leaves opposite, simple. . : : : - NYCTAGINACES, 425
Leaves alternate, pinnate. . : , Poterium, in Rosace®, 161
Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.
Stipules (ocrez) sheathing the stem at the nodes.
Tree; calyx none; flowers monecious, in heads. PLATANACES, 466
Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. POLYGONACES, 436
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.
Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so.
Leaves whorled and dissected; style single. CERATOPHYLLACEA, 488

Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled. Hatoraces, 180
Not aquatics, herbs.
Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. : . PHYTOLACCACE, 435

Ovary 3- (rarely 1-2-) celled; juice usually milky. EuPHoRBIACE”, 45]

ANALYTICAL KEY. 27

Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky.
Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple;
no scarious bracts around the flowers. - Urticaces, 461
Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate.
Eriogonum, in PoLYGoNACcE&, 436
Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved.
Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or
palmately compound. . - Cannabinee, in UrTIcAcEs, 461
Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. ILLECEBRACE®, 426
Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. AMARANTACE®, 427
Stipules and scarious bracts none . . CHENOPODIACEA, 430
Shrubs or trees.
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerinex, in SAPINDACE®, 115
Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. OLEACED, 335

Ovules single in each cell of the
Three - nine-celled ovary ; leaves heath-like. . EmMPpreTRACE®, 487
Three-celled ovary ; leaves broad. . : : RHAMNACE®, 111
One - two-celled ovary ; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urricace®, 461
One-celled ovary ; style and stigma single and entire.
Anthers opening longitudinally. . : THYMELZACE®, 448
Anthers opening by uplifted valves. . , - LAvuRACEs, 446

B. Flowers monecious or diecious, one or both sorts in catkins.

1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . UrtTiIcaces, 461
Fertile flowers single or clustered ; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus).
Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. JUGLANDACE®, 467

Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in an involucre or cup. CuPULIFER®, 470

2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in HamamELipE&, 180
Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded ; seeds furnished with

a downy tuft at one end. ‘ : A . SALIcAcez, 480
Ovary 1-2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. : : . LORANTHACEA, 449

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.
Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. Urricacn, 461
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.
Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. PLATANACE®, 466
Styles or long stigmas 2
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. CuUPULIFER®, 470
Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets
naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like. . 7 . Myricace2, 469

Suspciass II. GYMNOSPERMZ. Pistil an open scale or altered
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus
entirely wanting. Flowers monecious or diccious. CONIFER, 489

28 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p.15.}

A. Spapiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis,
or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Aracez
and Naiadacex, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without
glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins.

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. LEMNACE®, 551

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. ° : - Natrapaces#, 557

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile
nerved leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.

Flowers monecious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. TyPpHAcE®, 547

Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. Acorus, in ARACE&, 550
Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct
netted-veined blade, petioled. . . , : : . ARACER, 548

B. Peratoreovs Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished
with floral envelopes ( perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and
corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in
Juncacez).

1, Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.

Kiowers dicecious (or rarely perfect), regular.

Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. HyDROCHARIDACE®, 495
Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. DioscorEAcem, 517

Flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds usually numerous.

Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. ORCHIDACER, 497
Stamens three.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. . . BURMANNIACER, 496
Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. HaMmMoporacEes®, 512
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. : : : IrRIDACER, 513

Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape froma bulb. AMARYLLIDACE#, 515

2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. HamMopORACEs, 512
Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in LIL1aAcEs, 517

8. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.

Pistils numerous or few inaheadorring. . . . #$ALISMACER, 553
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentz mostly 3).
Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy ; flowers not in dense heads.
Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.
Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. . BROMELIACE#, 51i
Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from
the axis; seed without albumen. Juncaginex,in NAIADACES, 557
Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.
Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored.
Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 ot LILIACcEas, 517
ored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in
Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 epheme-
tal deliquescent petals. 3 . ; . COMMELINACEZ, 538

ANALYTICAL KEY. 29

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.
Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal.
CoMMELINACE®, 538

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. . : : . PONTEDERIACER, 535
Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Ve) « MAYACE A, 537,
Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. . JUNCACER, 539

Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very
dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic.
Flowers perfect ; inner perianth of three yellow petals;
nerfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each
3; pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placenta. XYRIDACE®, 536
Flowers moneecious or dicecious, whitish-bearded;_ sta-
mens 4 or 3; pod 2—3-celled, 2-3-seeded. . ErtocauLem, 566

C. Giumaceous Division, Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . CypERACEm®, 567
Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. : , ’ ‘ GRAMINE®, 623

Cuass IIT. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.)
Susctass J. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels.

Spores of only one kind; spore-cases
Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems
naked, sheathed at the nodes. . ‘ 5 - EQUISETACEA, 675
On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILices, 678
Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles ; fronds erect in vernation,
from short erect rootstocks. , E . OPHIOGLOSSACE®, 693
Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2-3-valved; low long-stemmed moss-
like evergreens; leaves small, in 4-16 ranks. LycopopiacEs®, 695
Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases
Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of
linear radical leaves. 5 ; . . SELAGINELLACES, 697
Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate. MarsiLiace®, 700
Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately
branched, with minute imbricate leaves. . SALVINIACEA, 701

Suscitass II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Cap-
sules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the fol-
lowing Orders. ]

Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate ; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose.
J UNGERMANNIACES, 702
Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.
Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedi-
celled or sessile on the thallus. : ANTHOCEROTACES, 726
Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. MAaRrCHANTIACER, 727
Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent.
RIccIACcEs, 730

ABBREVIATIONS

OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.

Adans. — Adanson, Michel.

Ait. — Aiton, William.

Ait. f. — Aiton, William Townsend.

All, — Allioni, Carlo.

Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan.

Arn. — Arnott, George A. Walker.

Aust. — Austin, Coe Finch.

Baldw.— Baldwin, William.

Bart. — Barton, William P. C.

Beauv.—Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J.

Benth. — Bentham, George.

Benth. § Hook. — G. Bentham and J. D.
Hooker.

Bernh.— Bernhardi, Johann Jacob.

Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von.

Bieb. —Bieberstein, F. A. M. von.

Bigel. — Bigelow, Jacob.

Bisch. — Bischoff, Gottlieb Wilhelm.

Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto.

Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond.

Borkh.—Borkhausen, M. B.

Br., R. Br.— Brown, Robert.

Britt. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord.

Carr. —Carriére, Elie Abel.

Carring. —Carrington, Benjamin.

Cass. — Cassini, Henri.

Cav. —Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.

Cerv. — Cervantes, Vicente.

Cham. —Chamisso, Adalbert von.

Chapm. —Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.

Chois. — Choisy, Jacques Denis.

Clayt.—Clayton, John.

Cogn. —Cogniaux, Alfred.

Coult. — Coulter, John Merle.

Darl., Darling. — Darlington, William.

DC.—DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus.

A. DC.— DeCandolle, Alphonse.

Decsne. — Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. — Desfontaines, Réné Louiche.

Desv. —Desvaux, Nicaise Augustin.

Dicks. — Dickson, James.

Dill. — Dillenius, Johan Jacob.

Dougl.— Douglas, David.

Dufr.— Dufresne, Pierre.

Dumort.— Dumortier, Barthélemy C.

Eat. — Eaton, Amos.

Ehrh. —Ebrhart, Friedrich.

Fill, — Elliott, Stephen.

Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan L.

Engelm. — Engelmann, George.

Esch. — Eschscholtz, J. F.

Fisch. — Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von.

Foug. — Fougeroux, Auguste Denis.

Forst. —Forster, J. R. and George.

Froel. —Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph.

Gaertn. f. — Gaertner, Carl Friedrich.

Gal. — Galeotti, Henri.

Gaud.— Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.

Gey. — Geyer, Charles (Carl Andreas).

Ging. — Gingins de Lassaraz, F. C. J.

Glox. — Gloxin, Benjamin Peter.

Gmel. —Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

Gooden. — Goodenough, Samuel.

Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. —Grisebach, Heinrich R. A.

Gronov. —Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.

Guss. —Gussone, Giovanni.

Hack. —Hackel, Eduard.

Hartm.— Hartman, Carl Johann.

Hassk. —Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

Hausskn. — Haussknecht, Carl.

Haw. — Haworth, Adrian Hardy.

ABK.—Humboldt, F. Alexander von,
Aimé Bonpland, and C. S. Kunth.

Hegelm. — Hegelmaier, Friedrich.

Herb. — Herbert, William.

Hochst. — Hochstetter, Christian F.

Hoffm. -—— Hoffman, Georg Franz.

Holi. — Hollick, Arthur.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson.

Hook. f.— Hooker, Joseph Dalton.

Hornem. —Hornemann, Jens Wilken.

Huds. — Hudson, William.

Huebn. — Huebener, J. W. P.

Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.

Juss. —Jussieu, Antoine Laurent.

A, Juss. —Jussieu, Adrien de.

L., Linn.— Linneus, Carolus, or Carl
von Linné.

L, f. —Linné, Carl von (the son).

L’ Her. —\’Heritier de Brutelle, C. L.

Lag. —Lagasea, Mariano.

Lam.— Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet.

Ledeb. — Ledebour, Car! F. von.

Lehm.—Lehmann, J. G. C.

Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich.

Light. —Lightfoct, John.

Lindb. — Lindberg, Sextus Otto.

Lindenb. — Lindenberg, Johann B. W.

Lindl. — Lindley, John.

Loisel, —Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J.

Lour.— Loureiro, Juan. pi Ae

Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey.

Mart. — Martens, Martin.

Maxim. —Maximowicz, Car] Johann.

Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.

Meisn. — Meisner, Car] Friedrich.

Mey.— Meyer, Ernst (Heinrich F.).

Mich. — Micheli, Pier’ Antonio.

Michx, — Michaux, André.

Miche. f. — Michaux, Francois André.

Mill. — Miller, Philip.

Mitch. — Mitchell, J.

Mitt. — Mitten, William.

Mont. — Montagne, (J. F.) Camille.

Mog. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.

Muell. — Mueller, Jean (of Aargau).

Muhl. — Muhlenberg, Henry (H. Ernst).

Murr.— Murray, Johann Andreas.

Neck. —Necker, Noel Joseph de.

Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas.

Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon.

Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik.

Planch.—Planchon, Jules Emile.

Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.

Poll. —Pollich, Johann Adam.

R. g S.—Roemer, J. J., and Joseph

August Schultes.

Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S.

Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H. G. L.

hichards. — Richardson, John.

31

Roem. —Roemer, Johann Jacob.

Rostk. — Rostkovius, F. W. G.

Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries.

St. Hil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de.

Salish, — Salisbury, Richard Anthony.

Sartw. —Sartwell, Henry P.

Sav. —Savi, Gaetano.

Schlecht. —Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.

Schleich. —Schleicher, J. C.

Schleid. —Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.

Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich A.

Schreb, — Schreber, Johann C. D.

Schum. —Schumacher, Christian F.

Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de.

Scop. —Scopoli, Johann Anton.

Scribn. — Scribner, F. Lamson.

Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert.

Sibth. — Sibthorp, John.

Sieb. g Zucc. —Siebold, P. F. von, and
J. G. Zuccarini.

Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt.

Steph. — Stephani, F.

Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.

Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling.

Tayl. —Taylor, Thomas.

Thuill. — Thuillier, Jean Louis.

Thunb. — Thunberg, Carl Peter.

Thurb. — Thurber, George.

Torr. — Torrey, John.

Tourn. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.

Tratt. — Trattenick, Leopold.

Tuckerm. — Tuckerman, Edward.

Turcz. —Turezaninow, Nicolaus.

Underw. — Underwood, Lucien M.

Vaill. — Vaillant, Sébastien.

Vent. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Vill. — Villars, Dominique.

Wahl. — Wahlenberg, George.

Wahlb. —Wahlberg, Pehr Fredrik.

Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.

Walt. — Walter, Thomas.

Wang. — Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.

Web. — Weber, Friedrich.

Wigg. — Wiggers, F. H.

Wilid. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.

Wils. — Wilson, William.

Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich.

With. — Withering, William.

Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von.

Wr. (Eat. 6 Wr.) — Wright, John

Wulf. — Wulfen, Franz Xaver.

SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

°.’,%. The sign of degrees (°) is used for feet; of minutes (’), for inches,

of seconds (”), for lines, —the line being the twelfth part of an inch, and very
nearly equivalent to two millimetres.

#. In microscopic measurements, the conventional sign for the micromilli-
metre or the one-thousandth part of a millimetre = one two-thousandth part of
a line.

& Bearing only stamens or antheridia.

? Pistillate or bearing archegonia

@ A mark of doubt.

! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

Figures or words separated by a short dash (-) indicate the extremes of
variation, as “5-10” long, few-many-flowered,” i. e. varying from 5 to 10
lines in length, and with from few to many flowers.

BOW ANY

OF THE

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

SERIES I.
PHANOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS.

VEGETABLES bearing proper flowers, that is, having sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, which contain an
embryo.

Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS
PLANTS:

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith; the wood forming
a layer between the other two, increasing, when the stem
continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a
new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-
veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or
rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fives or fours.

Scsctass I. ANGIOSPERM A.

Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules
and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.

34 RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; ths
petals not united with each other. (Several genera or species
belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals, or
have them more or less united.)

Orper 1. RANUNCULACEZ. (Crowroor Famity.)

Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and usually acrid juice,
polypetalous, or upetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogys
nous; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few (rarely sin-
gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular.
Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely
few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes), or berries. Seeds
anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with hard
albumen and a minute embryo. — Leaves often dissected, their stalks
dilated at the base, sometimes with stipule-like appendages. (A large
family, including some acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Tribe I CLEMATIDEZ. Sepals normally 4, petal-like, valvate in the bud, or with
the edges bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with the
feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended.— Leaves all opposite.

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe Il ANEMONE. Sepals 3-20, often petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Sta-
mens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike. — Herbs,
never climbing; leaves alternate, or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled.

* Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.
+ All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled Peduncles 1-flowered.

2. Anemone. Involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dis-

sected. Pistils very many.

3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracts, calyx-like. Leaves radical,

simple and lobed. Pistils several.

4. Anemonella. Stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre com-

pound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed.
+ + Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often dicecious.

Thalictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few.

* * Petals none. Sepals 3-5, caducous. Seed erect. Leaves alternate.
6. Trautvetteria. Achenes numerous, inflated, 4-angled. Flowers corymbose. Fila-
ments white, clavate.
* * * Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.

7. Adonis. Sepals and petals (5-16, crimson or scarlet) flat, unappendaged. Seed

suspended.

8. Myosurus. Sepals spurred. Petals 5, white. Achenes in a long spike. Scapes

1-flowered. Seed suspended.

9. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow or white. with a seale or gland at base. Achenes

capitate. Seed erect.

oy

RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 35

Tribe 11. HELLEBORE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-
like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles) or
berries (in n. 20, 21) few, rarely single, few - many-seeded. — Leaves alternate.

* Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs.
+ Flowers regular, not racemose, Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none. Sepals
; tardily deciduous.

10. Fsopyrum. Petals none. Sepals broad, white. Pods few. Leaves compound.

11 Caltha. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.

12. Trollius. Petals 5-20, narrow, pitted above the base. Pods sessile. Leaves pal-

mately lobed.-

13. Coptis. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stalked. Leaves

radical, trifoliolate.

14. Helleborus. Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals 5, broad, persistent and turning
green. Pods sessile.

15. Eranthis. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Sepals 5-8, narrow, deciduous. Flower

solitary, involucrate.
+ + Sepals and large spur-shaped petals regular, each 5.

16. Aquilegia. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Leaves ternately compound.

+ + + Flowers unsymmetrical and irregular. Sepals 5.

17. Delphinium. Uppei sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with

long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the calyx.

18. Aconitum. Upper sepal hooded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.

+ + + + Flowers regular, racemose. Sepals caducous. Petals very small, stamen-like, or

none. Leaves decompound.

19. Cimicifuga. Flowers in long often paniculate racemes. Pistils 1-8, becoming

many-seeded pods.

20. Actzea. Flowers in a single short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded

berry.
* * Ovules a single pair. Flowers regular. Roots yellow and bitter.

21. Hydrastis. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, caducous. Petals none. Sta-

mens numerous. Pistils several, becoming 2-seeded berries. Leaves simple, lobed.

22, Xanthorrhiza. Flowers in compound racemes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed,

with claws. Stamens 5-10. Pods l-seeded. Shrub with pinnate leaves,

1 CLEMATI Se als: VirGin’s-BowER.

Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvate margins turned inward in the
bud. Petals none or small. Achenes numerous in a head, bearing the per-
sistent styles as naked, hairy, or plumose tails. — Perennial herbs or vines,
mostly a little woody, and climbing by the bending or clasping of the leaf-
stalks, rarely low and erect. Leaves opposite. (KAnuaris, a name of Diosco-
rides for a climbing plant with long and lithe branches.)

Sal: FLAMMULA. Flowers cymose-paniculate, rather small, in our species
diecious. Sepals petaloid, whitish, spreading, thin. Petals none. Anthers
short, blunt.

1. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Vrrery’s-Bower.) Smooth; leaves
bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-
shaped at the base; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, etc., common ,
climbing over shrubs. July, August.

2. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Very similar, but the leaves 5-foliolate or
quinate-ternate. — Long Pine, Neb., and west to the Pacific.

36 RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWEFOOT FAMILY.)

§2. VIORNA. Flowers large, solitary on long peduncles, usually nodding.
Sepals thick, erect and connivent at base, mostly dull purple. Petals none.
Anthers linear.

« Stems climbing ; leaves pinnate ; calyx (and foliage) glabrous or puberulent.

3. G. Vidrna, L. (LeatHer-FLower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-
shaped; the purplish sepals (1’ long) very thick and leathery, wholly connivent
or only the tips recurved; long tails of the fruit very plumose ; leaflets 3-7,
ovate or oblong, sometimes slightly cordate, 2-3-lobed or entire; uppermost
leaves often simple. — Rich soil, Penn. to Mo., and southward. May - Aug.

4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyx bell-shaped; the dull purplish
sepals with narrow and slightly margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit fili-
form and naked or shortly villous; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate,
entire or 3-lobed, much reticulated ; uppermost leaves often simple. —S. Ind.
to Kan., and Tex. June.

5. C. erispa, L. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of the bluish-
purple sepals (1-2 long) dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wary
thin margins; tails of the fruit silky or glabrate; leaflets 5-9, thin, varying
from ovate or cordate to lanceolate, entire or 3-—5-parted. (C. cylindrica,
Sims.) — Va. near Norfolk, and southward. May-Aug.

+ + Low and erect, mostly simple ; flowers solitary, terminal ; leaves sessile or
nearly so, undivided, strongly reticulated.

6. C. ochroletica, Ait. Leaves ovate, entire or sometimes 3-lobed, silky
beneath; peduncles long; tails of the fruit very plumose.— Copses, Long
island to Penn. and Ga.; rare. May.

7. C. Fremoénti, Watson. Leaves crowded, thick, often coarsely toothed,
sparingly villous-tomentose; peduncles very short; tails villous or glabrate,
not plumose.— Mo. and Kan.

§ 3. ATRAGENE. Some of the outer filaments enlarged and more or less
petaloid ; peduncles bearing single large flowers; the thin sepals widely
spreading.

8.-C. verticillaris, DC. Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous;
leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed; flower
bluish-purple, 2-3’ across; tails of the fruit plumose.— Rocky places in
mountainous districts, Maine and W. New Eng. to Va., Minn., and northwest-
ward; rare. May.—A pair of leaves with a peduncle between them, devel-
oped in spring from each of the opposite buds, gives the appearance of a whorl,
whence the specific name.

2. ANEMONE, Tourn. Awnémone. Wryp-FLoweEr.

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in n.1 resembling abortive
stamens. Achenes pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended.
— Perennial herbs with radical leaves; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo-
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower; peduncles
1-flowered, solitary or umbellate. (The ancient Greek and Latin name. from
dveudw, to be shaken by the wind.)

RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 37

§1. PULSATILLA. Carpels numerous in a head, with long hairy styles
which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis; flower large, usually with
some minute or indistinct gland-like abortive stamens answering to petals.

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. (PasquE-FLower.) Villous
with long silky hairs; peduncle solitary; flower erect, developed before the
leaves, which are ternately divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle
one stalked and 3-parted, the segments deeply once or twice cleft into nar.
rowly linear and acute lobes; lobes of the sessile involucre like those of the
leaves, at the base all united into a shallow cup; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish
(1 - 14’ long), spreading when in full anthesis. — Prairies, I]. and Mo., thence
northward and westward. March-April.— A span high. ‘Tail of carpels 2’
long. (Eu., Siberia.)

§ 2, ANEMONE proper. Styles short, not plumose. Staminodia none.

* Achenes densely long-woolly, compressed ; involucre far below the flower.

+ Stem single, from a small tuber ; sepals 10-20; style filiform.

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3-6’ high; root-leaves once or twice
3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divisions 3-cleft ; sepals
10-20, oblong-linear, purple or whitish; head of fruit oblong.— Ill. to Neb.
and southward. May.

+ + Stems several; sepals 5-8; style filiform.

3. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3-12’ high from a slender rootstock,
1-flowered ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divisious crenate-
incised or lobed; involucre 2-—3-leaved; sepals 5 or 6, oval, white; head of
fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June.

4. A. multifida, Poir. Stems from a branching caudex, silky-hairy
(6-12’ high); principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or
two 2-leaved peduncles; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the
root-leaves, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear; sepals
obtuse, red, sometimes greenish-yellow or whitish; head of fruit spherical or
oval. — Rocks, etc., N. E. Maine to Lake Superior, north and westward; rare.
June.

+ + + Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles ;
involucral leaves long-petioled ; sepals 5-8, silky or downy beneath (4-6 long),
oval or oblong; style subulate.

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Lone-rrvitep A.) Slender (2° high), silky-
pubescent; flowers 2-6, on very long upright naked peduncles; involucral
leaves twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, 3-divided; their divisions
wedge-lanceolate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed
at the apex; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish-white; head of fruit cylindrical
(1’ long). — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Mo., and northwestward. May.— Pedun-
cles 7-12’ long all from the same involucre and naked throughout, or one
involucellate in the middle.

6. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate; involucral
leaves 3, 3-parted; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed, «”t-serrate, the lat-
eral 2-parted, the middle 3-cleft ; peduncles elongated, the earliest naked, the
others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle, repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5,

38 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

acute, greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong.

— Woods and meadows; common. June-August. — Plant 2—3° high; the

upright peduncles 6-12’ long.

* * Achenes naked, orbicular, compressed, wing-margined ; sepals 5, obovate ;
involucre sessile.

7. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Hairy, rataer low; primary involucre 3-
leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon a pair of branches or peduncles
with a 2-leaved involucre at the middle, which branch similarly in turn; their
leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and toothed; radical leaves 5-7-
parted or cleft; sepals white (6-9” long) ; head of fruit spherical. — W. New
Eng. to Penn., Ill., and northwestward. June- Aug.

x * * Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender, 1-flowered ;
leaves radical.

8. A. nemordsa, L. (Winxp-FLoweR. Woop A.) Low, smoothish;
stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock ; involucre of 3 long-petioled tri-
foliolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong, and toothed or cut, or
the lateral ones (var. QUINQUEFOLIA) 2-parted ; a similar radical leaf in sterile
plants solitary from the rootstock; peduncle not longer than the involucre ;
sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels
only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak.— Margin of woods. April, May.—
A delicate vernal species; the flower 1’ broad. (Eu.)

9. A. nudicatlis, Gray. Glabrous, rootstock filiform; radical leaves
reniform, 3-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate with rounded crenate-incised
or -lobed summit; involucre of a single similar petiolate leaf or wanting;
achenes glabrous, tipped with a slender-subulate hooked style. — North shore
of Lake Superior near Sand Bay, Minn.,in bogs. (Joseph C. Jones.) Imper-
fectly known.

3. HEPATICA, Dill. LIvER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a
calyx; otherwise as in Anemone.— Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and
3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing
later than the flowers, which are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a
fancied resemblance to the liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. H. triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded lobes;
those of the involucre also obtuse ; sepals 6 — 12, blue, purplish, or nearly white ;
achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. — Woods;
common from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward, flowering soon
after the snow leaves the ground in spring. (Eu.)

2. H. acutiloba, IDC. Leaves with 3 ovate and pointed \obes, or some-
times 5-lobed; those of the involucre acute or acutish. — Passes into the other
and has the same range.

4. ANEMONELLA, Spach.

Involucre compound, at the base of an umbel of flowers. Sepals 5- 10,
white and conspicuous. Petals none. Achenes 4-15, ovoid, terete, strongly
8—10-ribbed, sessile. Stigma terminal, broad and depressed. — Low glabrous
perennial ; leaves all radical, compound.

RANUNCULACEEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 39

1. A. thalictroides, Spach. (Rur-ANEMone.) Stem and slender pe-
tiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened tuberous
roots; leaves 2-3-ternately compound; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed
at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2—3-leaved 1 —2-
ternate involucre similar; flowers several in an umbel; sepals oval (4’ long,
rarely pinkish), not early deciduous. (Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx.) —
Woods, common, flowering in early spring with Anemone nemorosa, and
considerably resembling it. Rarely the sepals are 3-lobed like the leaflets.

5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meapow-Rvr.

Sepals 4-5, petal-like or greenish, usually caducous. Petals none. Achenes
4-15, grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Stigma unilateral. Seed suspended.
— Perennials, with alternate 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the divisions and
the leaflets stalked; petioles dilated at base. Flowers in corymbs or panicles,
often polygamous or dicecious. (Derivation obscure.)

* Flowers diecious or sometimes polyyamous, in ample panicles ; filaments slen-
der; stigmas elongated, linear or subulate ; achenes sessile or short-stipitate,
ovoid, pointed, strongly several-angled and grooved.

1. T. didicum, L. (Earty Mreapow-kve.) Smooth and pale or glau-
cous, 1-2° high; leaves (2-3) all with general petioles; leaflets drooping,
rounded and 3-—7-lobed; flowers purplish and greenish, dicecious; the yel-
lowish anthers linear, mucronate, drooping on fine capillary tilaments. —
Rocky woods, etec.; common. April, May. .

2. T. polygamum, Muhl. (Tart M.) Smooth, not glandular, 4-8°
high; stem-leaves sessile; leaflets rather firm, roundish to oblong, commonly
with mucronate lobes or tips, sometimes puberulent beneath; panicles very
compound ; flowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens; anthers not
drooping, small, oblong, blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened
upwards. (T. Cornuti, J/an., not L.)— Wet meadows and along rivulets, N.
Eng. to Ohio and southward; common. July -Sept.

3. T. purpurascens, L. (Purpiisu M.) Stem (2-4° high) usually
purplish; stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets more veiny and reticulated
beneath, with or without gland-tipped or glandless hairs or waxy atoms;
panicles compound; flowers (sepals, filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish,
dicecious ; anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary
filaments occasionally broadened at the summit. — Dry uplands and rocky hills,
S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. May, June.

* * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; the filaments strongly club-shaped or inflated
under the small and short anther ; stigma short ; achenes gibbous, long-stipitate.
4. T, clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of n. 1; leaves only twice

ternate; flowers white, fewer; achenes 5-10, flat, somewhat crescent-shaped,

tapering into the slender stipe. — Mountains of Va. and southward. June.

6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch.& Mey. Fatsre Bucpane.

Sepals 3-5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.
Achenes numerous, capitate, membranaceous, compressed-4-angled and in-
flated. Seed erect.— A perennial herb, with alternate palmately-lobed leaves,
and corymbose white flowers. (For Prof. Trautvetter, a Russian botanist.)

40 _ RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 2-3° high; root-leaves large,
5-—11-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. — Moist ground along streamlets, Md.
to S. Ind., and south to Ga.

7. ADONIS, ik

Sepals and petals (5-16) flat, unappendaged, deciduous. Achenes numer '
ous, in a head, rugose-reticulated. Seed suspended. — Herbs with finely dis-
sected alternate leaves and showy flowers. (“Adwms, a favorite of Venus, aftez
his death changed into a flower.)

A. Aautumna.is, L. <A low leafy annual, with scarlet or crimson flowers,
darker in the centre. — Sparingly naturalized from Europe.

8. MYOSURUS, Dill. Movsr-ram.

Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20.
Achenes numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from pis, a mouse, and odpa, a tuil),
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulate
root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus, L. Fruiting spike 1-2’ long; achenes quadrate, blunt.
— Alluvial ground, I]. and Ky., thence south and west. (Eu.)

9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. Crowroor. Burrercer.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenes
numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed; the seed erect.— Annuals or
perennials; stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than 5. Stamens occasionally few.) — (A Latin name for a little frog ; applied
by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.)

R. Ficartra, L. (representing the § Ficaria), which has tuberous-thickened
roots, Caltha-like leaves, and scape-like peduncles bearing a 3-sepalous and
8 -9-petalous yellow flower, has been found as an escape from gardens about
New York and Philadelphia.

§1. BATRACHIUM. Petals with a spot or naked pit at base, white, or only
the claw yellow; achenes marginless, transversely wrinkled ; aquatic or sub-
aquatic perennials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by
threes) into capillary divisions ; peduncles 1-flowered, opposite the leaves.

x Receptacle hairy.

1. R. circinatus, Sibth. (StrrFF Water-Crowroor.) Leaves all under
water and sessile, with broad conspicuous stipules, the divisions and subdi-
visions short, spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, not collapsing when with-
drawn from the water. (R. divaricatus, Man., not Schrank.) — Ponds and slow
streams, Maine and Vt., to Iowa, north and westward, much rarer than the
next. June-Aug. (Eu.)

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Gray. (Common WuiTe
Water-Crowroor.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil-
lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or
less when withdrawn from the water; petiole rather narrowly dilated. —Com-

RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 41

mon, especially in slow-flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and
flaccid leaves. June-Aug. (Eu.)

Var. ceespitosus, DC. A dwarf terrestrial form, rooting at the nodes,
the small leaves somewhat fleshy, with broader rigid divisions. —S. Ili.
(Schneck), and westward.

* * Receptacle glabrous ; no submersed leaves.

R. HEDERACEUS, L. Rooting freely in shallow water; leaves all reniform
angulate-lobed. — Fresh-water marshes at Norfolk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. HALODES. Petals yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale; carpels

thin-walled, striate, in an oblong head ; scapose, spreading by runners.

3. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. (Sea-stp—E Crowroor.) Glabrous; scapes
1-6’ high, 1-7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the joints of the
long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, crenate, rather
fleshy, long-petioled ; petals 5-8.— Sandy shores, from New Jersey northward,
and along the Great Lakes to Ill, Kan. and westward; also at salt springs.
June - Aug.

§ 3. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base, yellow ;

achenes nerveless.
* Achenes smooth ; mostly perennial.
+ Aquatic; immersed leaves filiformly dissected, as in § Batrachium.

4. R. multifidus, Pursh. (YeLttow Water-Crowroor.) Stems float-
ing or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform
divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial by rooting from the
nodes, if at all); emersed leaves with shorter and linear or wedge-shaped di-
visions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly lobed or toothed; petals 5-8,
deep bright yellow, 4-6” long, much larger than the calyx; carpels in a
round head, pointed with a straight beak.— E. New Eng. to 8. Penn., Mo.,
and northward. May-July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in

Var. terréstris, Gray. Stem rooting in the mud or ascending from the
base ; leaves all smaller, coarsely dissected, round-reniform in outline; flowers
and fruit twice or thrice smaller. — N. Ohio to N. Il., Minn., and westward.
+ + Terrestrial but growing in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so; leaves

entire or barely toothed, all or else all but the lowest lanceolate or linear ;
carpels forming a globular head. (SPEARWORT.)

5. R. €ambigens, Watson. (Water PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.) Stems
ascending (1-2° high), often rooting from the lower joints; leaves lanceolate
or the lowest oblong, mostly denticulate (3-5’ long), contracted into a mar-
gined half-clasping petiole; petals 5-7, bright yellow, oblong (2-—38” long) ,
carpels flattened, large (1” long), pointed with a long narrow-subulate beak. (R.
alismefolius, J/an., not Gey.) —N. Eng. to Ont., Minn. and southward ; com-
mon, especially at the north. June- Aug.

6. R. Flammula, L. (Smarter Spearwort.) Stem reclining or
ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest ovate.
oblong to lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (1-2’ long), petals
5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright yellow, carpels small, flattish but
turgid, mucronate with a short abrupt point. — Only a small form (var INTER:

42 RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

MEDIUS) met with in this country (shore of L. Ontario, and northward), a
span high, with flowers 3-5” in diameter, passing into

Var. réptans, E. Meyer. (Crerepine S.) Small, slender, the jiliform
creeping stems rooting at all the joints ; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (¢-1’
long); flowers small.— Gravelly or sandy banks; Newf. to Penn., north and
westward. June-Sept. (Eu.)

7. R. oblongifolius, Ell. Usually annual; stem erect or ascending,
often pubescent below, slender (1-2° high), diffusely branched above and
many-flowered ; leaves serrate or denticulate, lower long-petioled, ovate or
oblong ($-1%' long), uppermost linear; flowers 3-5” broad ; petals 5, bright
yellow, 1-3” long; carpe/s minute, almost globular, the small style deciduous.
— Wet prairies, I1]., Mo., and in S. States. June.

8. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (6-18
long) ; leaves entire or obscurely denticulate, the lowest round-oyate or heart.
shaped (4’ long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1 —13’ long) ;
flowers very small; petals 1-5, yellowish ; stamens 3-10; carpels very turgid,
smooth or slightly papillose, tipped with a minute sessile stigma. — Wet places,
S. New York, and southward along the coast. June- Aug.

+ + + Terrestrial, but often in wet places; leaves mostly cleft or divided.

++ Root-leaves not divided to the very base ; achenes marginiess.

9. R.affinis, R. Br. Somewhat hairy or glabrous; low or slender, 1° high
or less; leaves pedately cleft, the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate
divisions; petals light yellow, 3-4” long or smaller; heads oblong ; achenes
turgid, with small and mostly recurved style, pubescent or glabrous. — And
var. VALIDUS, Gray, stouter and with more fleshy leaves, the lower mostly
undivided and roundish, cordate, truncate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenate
or more or less cleft. — Minn., Iowa, north and westward.

10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Low (3-8 high), hairy; root-leaves
roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate; lowest stem-
leaves similar or 3-—5-lobed, the upper 3-5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes
linear; carpels orbicular with a minute beak, in a globose head; petals large,
deep yellow. — Prairies, Mich. to N. Ill, Minn., and northward. April,
May.

1l. R. abortivus, L. (SmaLi-FLowerep C.) Biennial, g/abrous, branch-
ing, 6’—2° high; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely
crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or 3-parted; those of the stem and
branches 3-5-parted or divided, subsessile, the divisions oblong or narrowly
wedge-form, mostly toothed; head globose; carpels mucronate, with a minute
curved beak; petals pale yellow, shorter than the small reflexed calyx. — Shady
hillsides and along brooks, common. April-June.

Var. micranthus, Gray. Pubescent, roots often fusiform-thickened ;
root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or 3-divided; peduncles
more slender and carpels fewer. — E. Mass. to I]]., Minn., and westward.

12. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursep C.) Annual, glabrous; root-leaves
3-lobed, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and
toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly
entire; carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical

RANUNCULACEE. (CROWFOO1 FAMILY.) 43

heads; petals scarcely exceeding the calyxr.— Wet ditches; appearing as if
introduced. June-Aug.—Stem thick and hollow, 1° high; juice acrid and
blistering ; leaves thickish; flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu.)

++ ++ Leaves variously cleft or divided ; achenes in globular heads (except n. 17),
compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or pubescent.

= Achenes with long recurved beak ; root-leaves rarely divided.

13. R. recurvatus, Poir. (Hookep C.) Hirsute, 1-2° high; leaves
of the root and stem nearly alike, long-petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large; the lobes
broadly wedge-shaped, 2-3-cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex; petals
shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June.

= = Style long and attenuate, stigmatose at the tip, persistent or the upper part
usually deciduous ; early root-leaves only 3-parted, the later 3-5-foliolate ;
petals bright yellow,

14. R. fascicularis, Muhl. (Earty C.) Low, ascending, 5-9’ high,
pubescent with close-pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibres ;
radical leaves appearing pinnate, the long-stalked terminal division remote from
the sessile lateral ones, itself 3-—5-divided or parted and 3-5-cleft, the lobes
oblong or linear; petals often 6 or 7, spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the
spreading calyx; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or
rather curved beak.— Dry or moist hills. April, May.

15. R. septentrionalis, Poir. Low, hairy or nearly glabrous; stems
ascending, or in wet ground some of them procumbent or forming long runners ;
leaves 3-divided, the divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly
wedge-shaped or ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut, never
pinnately compound ; petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx;
carpels strongly margined, pointed by a stout straightish beak. (R. repens, of
Manual, mainly.) — Moist or shady places, etc., May - Aug.— Extremely
variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by upright stems in spring
before any long runners are formed.

= = = Style subulate, stigmatose along the inner margin, mostly persistent.

16. R. repens, L. In habit and foliage closely similar to the last spe-
cies; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted; commencing to flower
somewhat later.— In low grounds; generally in waste grounds near the coast
and probably introduced from Europe, but indigenous westward.

17. R. Pennsylvanicus, L.f. (Brisrry C.) Stout and erect froma
usually annual root, hirsute with widely spreading bristly hairs, leafy to
the top, 1-2° high; leaves all ternately divided or compound, the stalked
leaflets unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute; flowers inconspicu-
ous; calyx refiexed; head of carpels obiong.— Wet places, common. June-
Aug.

18. R. hispidus, Hook. (not Michx. or DC.). Resembling the last, but
the ascending or reclining stems few-leaved, rarely if ever rooting, not always
hirsute ; petals (about 3” long) surpassing the hardly reflexed and soon decid-
uous calyx; achenes with a stout straight beak, in a globose or oval head. —
On the northern shore of Lake Superior, and north and westward; probably

in N. Minn. g

44 RANUNCULACEZ. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

R. surposus, L. (Bursous C. or Burrercurs.) Hairy; stem erect from
a bulb-like base, 1° high; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile,
the terminal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed; pedun-
cles furrowed; petals round, wedge-shaped at base; calyx reflexed; carpels
tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in E. New Eng-
land; rare westward. May -July.— Leaves appearing as if pinnate. Petals
often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla more than an inch broad. (Nat.
from Ku.)

R. Acris, L. {Tatu C.or Buttercvurs.) Hairy; stem erect (2—3° high) ,
leaves 3-divided ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their segments
cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes; peduncles not furrowed; petals
obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common, especially
eastward. June-Aug.— Flower nearly as large as the last, but not so deep
yellow.— The Buttercups are avoided by cattle, on account of their very acrid
or even blistering juice, which property, however, is dissipated in drying when
these plants are cut with hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Achenes beset with rough points or small prickles; annuals.

R. mvrica7vs, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reniform,
3-lobed, coarsely crenate; the upper 3-cleft, wedge-form at the base; petals
longer than the calyx; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin.— Eastern Vir-
ginia and southward. (Nat. froin Eu.)

R. parviriores, L. Hairy, slender and diffuse; lower leaves roundish-
cordate, 3-cleft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-parted; petals not
longer than the calyx; carpels minutely hispid and rough, beaked, narrowly
margined.— Norfolk, Va., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. ISOPYRUM, L.

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2-several-seeded.— Slender smooth perennial herbs, with
2-—3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and
terminal, white. (From icorupoy, the ancient name of a Fumaria.)

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; filaments white, club-
shaped; pistils 3-6 (commonly 4), divaricate in fruit, 2—3-seeded; seeds
smooth. — Moist shady places, Ohio to Minn. and southward. May.— Fibres
of the root thickened here and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the
plant much as in Anemonella.

ll, CALTHA, L. Marsn Mariconp.

Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Glabrous perennials,
with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (An
ancient Latin name for the common Marigold.)

1. C. palustris, L. Stem hollow, furrowed; leaves round or kidney-
shaped, either crenate or dentate or nearly entire; sepals broadly oval (bright
yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April, May.—
Often called incorrectly Cowslips ; used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming
into flower. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pursh, is a weak slender form, with open-
reniform leaves and smaller flowers (1’ broad or less), occurring in cold moun-
tain springs, N. Y.to Md. (Enj

RANUNCULACEX. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 45

Ife ObdsL US, iL. GLOBE-FLOWER.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity
near the base. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded.— Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra-
nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived
from the old German word tro//, a globe, or something round.)

1. T. laxus, Salisb. (SPREADING GLOBE-FLOWER.) Leaves 5 -7-parted ;
sepals 5-6, spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the
stamens. — Deep swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. May.— Flowers twice
the size of the common Buttercup; the sepals spreading, so that the name is
not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe-flower of the gardens, nor is the
blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white.

13. COPTIS, Salisb. GOLDTHREAD.

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shaped, hollow
at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pistils 3-7, on slender stalks. Pods diver-
gent, membranaceous, pointed with the style, 4-8-seeded.— Low smooth
perennials, with ternately divided root-leaves, and small white flowers on
scapes. (Name from kémta, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.)

1 C. trifolia, Salisb (THREE-LEAVED GOLDTHREAD.) Leaflets 3,
obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape 1-flowered. —
Bogs, abundant northward; extending south to Maryland along the moun-
tains, and west to Iowa. May.— Root of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres.
Leaves evergreen, shining Scape naked, slender, 3-5’ high. (Eu.)

14. HELLEBORUS, Toum. Herresore.

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, very small, tubu-
lar, 2-lipped. Pistils 3-10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. —
Perennial herbs, with ample palmate or pedate leaves, and large, solitary,
nodding, early vernal flowers. (An ancient name of unknown meaning.)

H. viripis, L. (GreeN HELiepore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedate ;
calyx spreading, greenish. — Has been found wild on Long Island, in Penn.,
and W. Va. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. ERANTHIS, Salish WintER ACONITE.

Sepals 5- 8, petal-like, deciduous. Petals small 2-lipped nectaries. Carpels
few, stipitate, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palmately multifid radi-
cal leaves, the scape bearing a single large yellow flower surrounded by an
involucre of a single leaf. (Name from 7p, spring, and &y@os, flower.)

KE. HYEMALISs, Salisb. Dwarf; flowers cup-shaped, 13’ in diameter; petal
shorter than the stamens. — Near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. CoLUMBINE.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Per.
ennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers
large and showy. terminating the branches. (Name from aquilegus, water-
drawing.)

46 RANUNCULACEH. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. A. Canadénsis, L. (W1rp Cotumsrne.) Spurs nearly straight;
stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April-
June.—- Flowers 2’ long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding,
so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit.

2. A. brevistyla, Hook. Flowers small, blue or purplish or nearly
white; spurs incurved. — Red River valley, N. D.; Rocky Mts., northward.

A. vuLGAris, L., the common GARDEN COLUMBINE, of Europe, with
hooked spurs, is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

17. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur.

Sepals 5, irregular, petal-like; the upper one prolonged into a spur at. the
base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backward into long spurs
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws;
rarely only 2, united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-seeded pods in fruit.
— Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in terminal racemes. (Name
from Delphin, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not
unlike the classical figures of the dolphin.)

* Perennials, indigenous ; pistils 3.

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. (Tati Larkspur.) Stem slender, 2—5° high;
leaves deeply 3-5-cleft, the divisions narrow wedge-form, diverging, 3-cleft
at the apex, acute; racemes wand-like, panicled, many-flowered ; flowers pur-
plish-blue, downy ; spur straight; pods erect. — Rich soil, Penn. to Minn. and
southward. July.

2. D. tricodrne, Michx. (Dwarr L.) Leaves deeply 5-parted, their
divisions unequally 3-5-cleft; the lobes linear, acutish; raceme few-flowered,
loose; spur straightish, ascending; pods strongly diverging — W. Penn. to
Minn. and southward. April, May.— Root a tuberous cluster. Stem simple,
6’-3° high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white, occasionally numerous.

3. D. azureum, Michx. Leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the divisions 2-3
times cleft; the lobes all narrowly linear; raceme strict: spur ascending,
usually curved upward ; pods erect.— Wisc. to the Dakotas and southward.
May, June. — Stem 1 - 2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flowers sky-
blue or whitish.

* %* Annual, introduced ; petals 2, united into one body ; pistil single.

D. Conséuipa, L. (Frerp L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear lobes ;
inflorescence loosely paniculate; pedicels shorter than the bracts; pod gla-
Lrous. —Old grain-fields, Penn. and Va.; also sparingly along roadsides
farther north. (Nat. from Eu.)

D, AsAcis, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose; pods
pubescent. — Sparingly escaped from gardens in K. Atlantic States. (Nat.
from Eu.)

is. ACONITUM, Tourn. Aconite. Monxsnoop. Wo .rsBAneE.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel-
met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or
very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped
bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3—5.
Pods seyeral-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with

RANUNCULACEX. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 47

palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles.
(The ancient Greek and Latin name, of uncertain origin.)

1. A. Noveboracénse, Gray. Erect from tuberous-thickened roots.
2° high, leafy, the summit and strict loosely flowered raceme pubescent; leaves
rather deeply parted, the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft and incised ; flowers
blue, the helmet gibbous-obovate with broad rounded summit and short descend-
ing beak. — Chenango and Orange Cos., N. Y.

2. A. uncinatum, L. (Witp MonxksHoop.) Glabrous; stem slender,
from tuberous-th ickened roots, erect, but weak and disposed to climb; leaves firm.
deeply 3—5-lobed, petioled, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; flowers
blue; helmet erect, obtusely conical, compressed, slightly beaked in front. — Rich
shady soil along streams, Penn., and southward in the mountains; Wisc.
June- Aug.

3. A. reclinatum, Gray. (Traminc Worrspane.) Glabrous; stems
trailing (8-8° long); leaves deeply 3-7-cleft, petioled, the lower orbicular in
outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2—3-lobed; flowers white, in
very loose panicles; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-conical, with a straight
beak in front.— Cheat Mountain, Va., and southward in the Alleghanies.
Aug.— Lower leaves 5-6’ wide. Flowers 9” long, nearly glabrous.

1D: CIMICIFUGA, L. BuGBane.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens
as in Actza. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit.— Perennials,
with 2-—3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers
in elongated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimez, a bug, and fugo, to drive
away.)

§ 1. CIMICIFUGA proper. Pistils 3-8, stipitate ; seeds flattened laterally,
covered with chaffy scales, in one row in the membranaceous pods ; style
awl-shaped ; stigma minute.

1. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bucrane.) Stem 2-4° high;
racemes slender, panicled, ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods flattened, veiny,
6 — 8-seeded. — Mountains of 8. Penn. and southward. Aug. —Sept.

82. MACROTYS. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3, sessile; seeds smooth,
flattened and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actxa;
stigma broad and flat.

2. C, racemosa, Nutt. (Brack SNakERoot. Brack Conosn.) Stem
3-—8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; racemes in fruit becoming 1-38°
long; pods ovoid.— Rich woods, Maine to Wisc., and southward. July.—
Var. pissEcTA, Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound, the rather
small leaflets incised. — Centreville, Del. (Commons.)

202A CT An eT, BANEBERRY. COHOSH.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4-10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white filaments
Pistil single ; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry

48 RANUNCULACE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, with
ample 2-—3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (From d«réa,
actea, ancient names of the elder, transferred by Linnzus.)

1. A. spicata, L., var. ribra, Ait. (Rep BaneBerry.) Raceme ovate ;
petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; pedicels slender ;
berries cherry-red, or sometimes white, oval. — Rich woods, common, especially
northward. April, May — Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

2. A. alba, Bigel. (Wnirre BaNneperry.) Leaflets more incised and
sharply toothed; raceme oblong; petals slender, mostly truncate at the end,
appearing to be transformed stamens; pedicels thickened in fruit, as large as
the peduncle and red, the globular-oval berries white. — Rich woods, flowering
a week or two later than the other, and more common westward and south-
ward. — White berries rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries
with thick pedicels; but these are perhaps the result of crossing.

21 HYDRASTIS, Ellis. Orance-roor. YELLOw Puccoon.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pis-
tils 12 or more in a head, 2-ovuled; stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a
head of crimson | - 2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial herb, sending
tp in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical
leaf and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit and termi-
nated by a single greenish-white flower. (Name unmeaning.)

1. H. Canadénsis, L. (Goipen Seat, etc.) Leaves rounded, heart-
shaped at the base, 5-7-lobed, doubly serrate, veiny, when full grown in sum-
mer 4~—9’ wide. — Rich woods, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

22, XANTHORRHIZ A, Marshall. Surup YELLOw-RooT.

Sepals 5, regular, spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, much smaller than the
sepals, concave and obscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10.
Pistils 5-15, with 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-seeded, oblong, the short style
becoming dorsal. — A low shrubby plant; the bark and long roots deep yellow
and bitter. Flowers polygamous, brown purple, in compound drooping ra-
cemes, appearing along with the 1-2-pinnate leaves from large terminal
buds in early spring. (Name compounded of tav@0ds, yellow, and pi(a, root.)

1. X. apiifolia, L’Her. Stems clustered, 1-2° high; leaflets cleft and
toothed. — Shady banks of streams, Penn. to S. W. New York and Ky., and
south in the mountains. The rootstocks of this, and also of the last plant,
were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

Nicéitia Damascrna, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remarkable
exception in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as te
form a several-celled capsule, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.

MAGNOLIACE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 49

OrpeR 2. MAGNOLIACEZS. (Macnoria Famity.)

Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous; the calyx and corolla
colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con-
volute) in the bud.—Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate.
Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re-
ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy
or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous; albumen fleshy ;
embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute
transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic
and bitter.

1 MAGNOLIA, L.

Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens imbricated, with very short filaments, and
long anthers opening inward. Pistils coherent, forming a fleshy and rather
woody conelike red fruit; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from
which the 1 or 2 berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of
unrolled spiral vessels. Inner seed-coat bony.— Buds conical, the coverings
formed of the successive pairs of stipules, each pair enveloping the leaf next
above, which is folded lengthwise and applied straight against the side of the
next stipular sheath, and so on. (Named after J/agno/, Professor of Botany
at Montpellier in the 17th century.)

*x Leaves all scattered along the branches ; leaf-buds silky.

1. M. glatica, L. (Smarty or Laure, Macnouia. Sweet Bay.)
Leaves oval to broadly lanceolate, 3-6’ long, obtuse, glaucous beneath ; flower
globular, white, 2’ long, very fragrant; petals broad; cone of fruit small, ob-
long. — Swamps, from near Cape Ann and N. Y. southward, near the coast ;
in Penn. as far west as Cumberland Co. June—-Aug.— Shrub 4-—20° high,
with thickish leaves, which farther south are evergreen.

2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumper-rree.) Leaves thin, oblong, pointed,
green and a little pubescent beneath, 5-10’ long; flower oblong bell-shaped,
glaucous-green tinged with yellow, 2’ long; cone of fruit 2-3’ long, cylindri-
cal.— Rich woods, western N. Y. to Ill, and southward. May, June.— Tree
60-90° high. Fruit when young slightly resembling a small cucumber,
whence the common name.

3. M. macrophylla, Michx (Great-Leavep Macnoria.) Leaves
obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, pubescent and white beneath ;
flower open bell-shaped, white, with a purple spot at base ; petals ovate, 6’ long;
cone of fruit ovoid. —S. E. Ky. and southward. May, June.— Tree 20-—40°
high. Leaves 1-3° long, somewhat clustered on the flowering branches.

* * Leaves crowded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle ; leaf-buds glabrous ; flowers white, slightly scented.

4. M. Umbrélla, Lam. (Umsretua-rree.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, 1-2° long; petals obovate-oblong, 4—5°
long. —S. Penn. to Ky. and southward. May.— A small tree. Fruit rose-
color, 4-5’ long, ovoid-oblong.

D0 MAGNOLIACEE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.)

5. M. Fraseri, Walt. (Ear-LeEavep UMBRELLA-TREE.) Leaves oblong
obovate or spatulate, auriculate at the base, glabrous, 8-20’ long ; petals obovate.
spatulate, with narrow claws, 4’ long. — Va. and Ky., along the Alleghanies,
and southward. April, May. —A slender tree 30-50° high. Flower more
graceful and cone of fruit smaller than in the preceding.

2, LIRIODENDRON, L. TULIP-TREE.

Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, in two rows, making a bell-shaped corolla
Anthers linear, opening outward. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and nar-
row, imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating
from each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away
whole, like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded in the small cavity at the
base. Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined
at their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that the apex points
to the base of the bud. (Name from Aipioy, lily or tulip, and d€vépoy, tree.)

1. L. Tulipifera, L.— Rich soil, S. New Eng. to Mich., Wisc., and
southward. May, June.— A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140° high and
8-—9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called WHITE
Portar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals
2’ long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3° long.

OrpEeR 3. ANONACEZB. (Custarp-AppLe FamILy.)

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals,
and a corolla of 6 petals in two rows, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, poly-
androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outward; fila-
ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a
mass, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta-
ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminazed
albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary,
solitary. — A tropical family, excepting the following genus : —

1 ASIMINA, Adans. NortH AMERICAN Papaw.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and
vblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy
aril.— Shrubs or small trees with unpleasant odor when bruised; the lurid
flowers solitary from the axils of last year’s leaves. (Name from Asiminier,
of the French colonists, from the Indian name assimin.)

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan.
ceolate, pointed; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, western N. Y. and
Penn. to Ill., S. E. Neb., and southward. April, May.— Tree 10-—20° high,
the young shoots and expanding leaves clothed with a rusty down, soon gla-
brous. Flowers appearing with the leaves, 13’ wide. Fruits 3-4’ long, yel
lowish, sweet and edible in autumn.

MENISPERMACEZ. (MOONSEED FAMILY.) o1

Orper 4. MENISPERMACEZ. (Moonserp FaMILyY.)

Woody climbers, with palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules, the
sepals and petals similar, in three or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hy-
pogynous, diecious, 3-6-gynous : fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a large or
long curved embryo in scanty albumen.— Flowers small. Stamens sey-
eral. Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often
incurved in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a cres-
cent or ring. — Chiefly a tropical family.

* Sepals and petals present. Anthers 4-celled. Seed incurved.
1. Cocculus. Stamens, petals, and sepals each 6.
2. Menispermum. Stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-8.

* * Petals none. Anthers 2-celled. Seed saucer-shaped.
3. Calycocarpum. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.

LCOCCULES.. DC:

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, alternating in threes, the two latter short.
Anthers 4-celled. Pistils 3-6 in the fertile flowers; style pointed. Drupe
and seed as in Menispermum. — Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. (An
old name, a diminutive of coccus, kéxkos, a berry.) .

1. C. Cavolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent; leaves downy beneath,
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuately or hastately lobed, variable in shape;
flowers greenish, the petals in the sterile ones auriculate-inflexed below around
the filaments; drupe red (as large as a small pea). — River-banks, Va. to S.
lll., Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

2. MENISPERMUM, LL. Moovserp.

Sepals 4-8. Petals 6-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile flowers, as
long as the sepals; anthers 4-celled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised
on a short common receptacle; stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its growth after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone
takes the form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore
is horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in small and loose
axillary panicles. (Name from yhyn, moon, and omépya, seed.)

1. M. Canadénse, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-angled or
lobed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July.—Drupes black with a
bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

38. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Curszep.

Sepals 6, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short;
anthers 2-celled. Pistils 3, spindle-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-cleft
stigma. Drupe globular; the thin crustaceous putamen hollowed out like a
cup on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white,
in long racemose panicles. (Name from kdAvé, a cup, and kapros, fruit.)

1. C, Lyoni, Nutt. Leaves large, thin, deeply 3-—5-lobed, cordate at the
base; the lobes acuminate; drupe an inch long, black when ripe; the shell

a2 BERBERIDACEX. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

crested-toothed on the edge of the cavity. — Rich soil, Ky. to S. Il. and Kan.,
and southward. May.— Stems climbing to the tops of trees.

OrpER 5. BERBERIDACEZE. (BarBerry Famiy.)

Shrubs or herbs, with the sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, usu-
ally in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) cach; the hypogynous stamens as many
as the petals and opposite to them ; anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged
at the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jeffersonia as respects
the sepals in one row.) Pistil single. Filaments short. Style soort or
none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with
albumen. Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate, with
dilated bases or stipulate.

* Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded.

1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow tlowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the base
of each petal. Fruit a berry.

2. Caulophyllum. Herb, with greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter than the
sepals. Ovary soon bursting; the two seeds left naked.

3. Diphylleia. Herb with white flowers ; petals much longer than the sepals. Berry 2-
4-seeded,

* * Petals 6-9. Stamens 8-18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs.

-4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod
opening by a lid.

5. Podophyllum. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18; anthers not opening by uplifted valves
Fruit a large berry

i BERBERIS,; 3: BarBERRY.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlets outside. Petals 6, obovate, concave,
with two glandular spots inside above the short claw. Stamens 6. Stigma
circular, depressed. Fruit a 1—few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta-
eeous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers
in drooping racemes, sour berries, and 1 —9-foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable.
(Derived from Berbérys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

1. B. Canadénsis, Pursh. (American BarBeRRY.) Leaves repandly
toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed; racemes few-flowered ; petals notched
at the apex; berries oval; otherwise as in the next.— Alleghanies of Va. and
southward ; not in Canada. June.— Shrub 1-3° high.

B. vurcaris, L. (Common Barperry.) Leaves scattered on the fresh
shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines, from
the axils of which the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate
oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed !), and drooping
many-flowered racemes; petals entire; berries oblong, scarlet.— Thickets and
waste grounds in E. New Eng., where it has become thoroughly wild; elsewhere
vecasionally spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Brive Conosn.

Sepals 6, with 3 or 4 small bractlets at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick
ind gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws,
much smaller than the sepals, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6;
anthers oblong. Pistil gibbous; style short; stigma minute and unilateral ;

BERBERIDACEA:. (BARBERRY FAMILY. ) 53

ovary bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging
seeds, and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks,
looking like drupes, the fleshy integument turning blue; albumen horny. —
A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending up in early
spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or panicle of
yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately com-
pound sessile leaf (whence the name, from kavads, stem, and pvAAoy, leaf’, the
stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf.)

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called Pappoosr-root.) Stems
1-24° high; leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2—3-lobed, a smaller biternate leaf
often at the base of the panicle; flowers appearing while the leaf is yet small.
— Deep rich woods ; common westward. April, May. — Whole plant glaucous
when young, as also the seeds, which are as large as peas.

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Uneretta-Lear

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6;
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong; style hardly any; stigma depressed. Ovules
5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry globose, few-
seeded. Seeds oblong, with no aril.— A perennial glabrous herb, with thick

horizontal rootstocks, sending up each year either a huge centrally peltate and

cut-lobed, rounded, umbrella-like radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering
stem bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which
are peltate near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers.
(Name composed of d/s, double, and @vAAoy, leaf)

1. D. cymosa, Michx. Root-leaves 1-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each di-
vision 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed; berries blue. — Wet or springy places,
mountains of Va. and southward. May.

4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton, Twry-rear.

Sepals 4, fugacious. Petals 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8, anthers oblong-
linear, on slende. filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed, stigma 2-
lobed. . Pod pear-shaped, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part
making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, with a
fleshy lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted
fibrous roots, long-petioled root-leaves, parted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and
simple naked 1-flowered scapes. (Named in honor of Thomas Jefferson.)

1. J. diphylla, Pers. Low; flower white, l’ broad, the parts rarely in
threes or fives. — Woods, western N, Y. to Wisc. and southward. April,
May.— Called Rheumatism-root in some places.

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-ApreLe. MANDRAKE.

Flower-bud with three green bractlets, which early fall away Sepals 6,
fugacious. Petals 6 or 9, obovate. Stamens twice as many as the petals m
our species; anthers linear-oblong, not opening by uplifted valves Ovary
ovoid ; stigma sessile, large, thick and undulate. Fruit a large fleshy berry.
Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many rows, each seed en
closed in a pulpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cavity of the fruit. —
Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrous roots. Stems

54 BERBERIDACEE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.)

2-leaved, 1-flowered. (Name from mois, a foot, and @vAdov, a leaf, probably
referring to the stout petioles.)

1. P. peltatum, L. Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-parted, the lobes ob-
long, rather wedge-shaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex.— Rich
woods, common. May.— Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7 -9-
lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing
two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge; the nodding
white flower from the fork nearly 2’ broad. Fruit ovoid, 1-2’ long, ripe in
July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and
poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 carpels!

Orver 6. NYMPHZEACEA. (Warer-Liry Famiry.)

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks and peltate or some-
times only cordate leaves floating or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides
or back (or when solitary hanging from the summit) of the cells, not on the
ventral suture ; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of the albu-
men next the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Rad-
icle hardly any; cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed
plumule. — Flowers axillary, solitary. Vernation involute. Rootstocks’
apparently endogenous. — The few genera differ so much in the flower
and fruit that they are separated into the three following suborders.

SusorpER I. Cabémbeze. Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes
4, hypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (8-18). Pistils 2-18,
free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent, 1 —3-seeded on the dorsal
suture. — Stems slender, leafy, coated with mucilage. Flowers small.

l. Cabomba. Stamens 3-4. Carpels 2-3. Submersed ieaves capillary-muitifid.
2. Braseniae Stamens 12-18. Carpels 4-18. Leaves all peltate.

SusporpDER Il. Nelumbéneze. Sepals and petals numerous in
several rows, passing gradually into each other, and with the indefinitely
numerous stamens hypogynous and deciduous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled,
separately immersed in the obconical receptacle, which is much enlarged
and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the imbedded nut-like fruits resem-
bling small acorns. Embryo large; no albumen.— Petioles and pedun-
sles all from the tuberous rootstock, the centrally peltate leaves and the
flowers large.

3. Nelumbo. Character of the Suborder.

SUBORDER III. Nymphzeaceze proper. Sepals 4-6, and petals
numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either hypogynous
or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8—30-celled ovary,
which is formed by the union of as many carpels; the numerous ovules
inserted over the whole inner face of the cells, except at the ventral
suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit baccate, with a firm rind.
Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock.

4. Nymphzea. Petals adnate to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.
5. Nuphar. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the ovary.

NYMPHHACEH. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.) 5d

1 CABOMBA, Aublet.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, oval, bi-auriculate above the very short claw. Stamens
3-6; anthers short, extrorse. Pistils 2-4, with small terminal stigmas.
Seeds 3, pendulous. — Slender, mainly submersed, with opposite or verticillate
capillary-dissected leaves, a few floating, alternate and centrally peltate.
Flowers single on long axillary peduncles. (Probably an aboriginal name.)

1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves linear-oblong or -oboyate,
often with a-basal notch; flowers 6-8” broad, white with yellow spots at
hase: stamens 6.— Vonds, S. Ill. (May - Sept., Schneck) to Fla. and Tex.

2. BRASENIA, Schreber. WATER-SHIELD.

Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18; filameuts fili-
form; anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little club-shaped indehiscent
pods; stigmas linear. Seeds 1-2, pendulous on the dorsal suture !— Root-
stock creeping. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, float-
ing. Flowers axillary, small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves entire, 1-4’ across.— Ponds and slow
streams. June-Aug. (Asia, Africa and Australia.)

3. NELUMBO, Tourn. SacRED BBrAN.

The only genus of the suborder. (Nelumbo is the Ceylonese name of the
East Indian species, the pink-flowered N. speciosa.)

1. N. lutea, Pers. (YeLrLtow NetumsBo, or WaTeR CHInQuaPin.)
Leaves usually raised high out of the water, circular, with the centre depressed
or cupped, 1 — 2° in diameter ; flower pale yellow, 5-10’ broad; anthers tipped
with a slender hooked appendage. (Nelumbium luteum, Wv//d.) —S. Conn.
(probably of Indian introduction) to Lake Ontario, Mich., Minn., E. Neb., and
southward; rare in the Middle States. — Tubers farinaceous and edible. Seeds
also eatable. Embryo like that of Nymphea on a large scale; cotyledons thick
and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-formed young leaves, enclosed
in a delicate stipule-like sheath.

4. NYMPHAA, Tourn. Water-NymMpH. WaArTER-LILY.

Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbricately inserted all over the
ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer with dilated fila-
ments. Ovary 12-35-celled, the concave summit tipped with a globular pro-
jection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas; these project at the
margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit
depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals, maturing
under water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers white, pink, yel-
low, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water-Nymphs.)

1. N. odorata, Ait. (SwEET-SCENTED WarTeEr-Lity.) Ltootstock with
few and persistent branches; leaves orbicular, cordate-cleft at the base to the
petiole (5-9’ wide), the margin entire; stipules broadly triangular or almost
kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, appressed to the rootstock ; flower white,
very sweet scented (often as much as 5} in diameter when fully expanded,
opening early in the morning, closing in the afternoon) ; petals obtuse ; anthers

06 NYMPHZACEH. (WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

blunt; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblong seeds (these about
14” long). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing water; common. June-—Sept.—
Varies with pinkish-tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially
at Barnstable, Mass.), the leaves often crimson underneath, —and in size by
gradations into

Var. minor, Sims, with leaves only 2-5’ and flowers 2-3’ broad. — Shal-
low water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil.

2. N. reniformis, DC. (Tusper-seartnc W.) Leaves reniform-orbic-
ular, mostly larger (8- 15’ wide) and more prominently ribbed than the last,
rarely purplish beneath; rootstock bearing numerous spontaneously detaching
often compound tubers; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of apples),
white, never pinkish, 44-9’ in diameter, the petals proportionally broader
and blunter than in n. 1; the fruit more depressed, and with fewer but much
larger (i.e. twice as broad) globular-ovoid seeds, which when mature are barely
enclosed by the aril and not stipitate. (N. tuberosa, Paine.) — Lakes, slow
rivers, etc., western N. Y. (from Oneida Lake, Paine) and near Meadville, Penn.,
to Mich., E. Neb., and probably in the Southern States. July —Sept.

5. NUPHAR, Swith. YELLOW Ponp-Lity. Spatrtrer-Dock.

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish,
‘eoneave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, in-

serted with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the
ovary, not surpassing the disk-like 8-24-rayed sessile stigma, persistent and
at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water. Aril
none. — Rootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the
base. Flowers yetlow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer.
(Name said to be of Arabic origin.)

1. N. advena, Ait. f. Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the stamens
and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate ; stigma nearly entire, 12 - 24-
rayed, pale red; ovary and fruit (14’ long) ovate, not contracted above into a
narrow neck; thin submersed leaves seldom present ; floating or emersed and
erect leaves thick (6-12’ long), from roundish to ovate or, almost oblong, the
sinus open, or closed or narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water ;
stout and coarse; flower often partly purplish (var. variecATum, Engelm.).

Var. minus, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3-8'
long) ; flowers usually smaller (sepals 12-15” long) ; petals spatulate ; stigmas
9 — 13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson ; fruit 1’ long, contracted
above. (N. rubrodiscum, Morong. N. luteum, Man.; not Smith.) —N. Vt. to
Mich. and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this and the next species.

2. N. Kalmianum, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock ;
submersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a
deep narrow sinus, 2-4’ long; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or
less; petals spatulate or obovate; stigmas 7 -10-rayed, dark red; fruit globu-
jar with a short neck (6-9” in diameter). (N. luteum, var. pumilum, Wan.)
— Maine to Penn. and Minn., and northward.

3. N. sagittifolium, Pursh. Rootstock stout; leaves narrowly oblong
to oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6-15’ long; flowers small (1’ broad). -
—§. Ind. and Il. (Schneck), and southward.

SARRACENIACEA. (PITCHER-PLANTS. ) 5

OrpveR 7. SARRACENIACE. (Pitcuer-Piants.)

Povyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or
trumpet-shaped leaves, —comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui-
ana, another (Darlingtonia, 7'or7.) in California, and the following genus
in the Atlantic United States.

1. SARRACENI A, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped
body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentz
in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at
the base of fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the
hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood
at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered ; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort
in honor of Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a
botanical account of it, to Europe.)

1. S. purpurea, L. (Srme-sappLe Flower. Pircurr-Piant. Hvnts-
mMAN’s Cup.) Leaves pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the
hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; flower deep purple; the fiddle-shaped
petals arched over the greenish-yellow style.— Varies rarely with greenish-
yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage. — Peat-bogs ; common
from N Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies.
June. — The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned in-
sects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing down-
ward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high, it is difficult to fancy
any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike
a pillion.

2. §. flava, L. (Trumpers.) Leaves long (1-3°) and trumpet-shaped,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing
almost none; flower yellow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs,
Va and southward. April.

Orper 8. PAPAVERACEZ. (Porry Famiry.)

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos
or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with
two or more parietal placente. — Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4—12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the
bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry
1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled).
Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the
base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

58 PAPAVERACE. (POPPY FAMILY. )

* Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved.
1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock.
* * Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more.

+ Pod 2-4-vulved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately
parted. Flowers yellow.

2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly; style distinct ; stigmas and placentas 3-4.
. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth; style almost none; stigmas and placentas 2.
4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy partition ; style none.

eo

+ + Pod 4-20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.
5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile
crown.
6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4-6. Pod and leaves prickly.

1 SANGUINARIA, Dill. Buroop-roor.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-
valved. Seeds with a large crest.— A low perennial, with thick prostrate
premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in
earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape.
Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name
from the color of the juice.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L.— Open rich woods; common. April, May.

2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE Poppy.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2-4-lobed.
Pods bristly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren-
nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes
1 -3-leaved, and umbellately 1-few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds
and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow.
(From otvaos, style, and Pepa, to bear, one of the distinctive characters.)

1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish,
deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves
often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the
petioles; flower deep yellow (2’ broad); stigmas 3 or 4; pod oval. — Damp
woods, W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May.— Foliage and flower resembling
Celandine. ;

3. CHELIDONIUM, L._ Ceranpine.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16-24. Style nearly none; stigma 2-lobed.
Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
ward. Seeds crested. — Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid
juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and smali
yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name
from yediddéy, the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)

C. mAsus, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May - Aug.
(Ady. from Eu.)

4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. Hory-Porpy.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds crest

FUMARIACEA. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 59

less. — Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and
solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, yAavKiov, from the glaucous
foliage.) a

G. Lureum, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-lobed and
toothed, cordate-clasping ; pods rough (6-10 long). — Waste places S. E.
New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. PAPAVER, Tour. Poppy.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-rayed
crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short
and turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placente projecting like imperfect par-
titions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. —
Herbs with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.) —
Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive ; viz.:

P. somnfrerum, L. (Common Poppy.) Smooth, glaucous; leaves clasp-
ing, wavy, incised and toothed; pod globose ; corolla mostly white or purple.
— Near dwellings in some places. (Ady. from Eu.)

P. ptzium, L. (SmMooru-FRuITED Corn-Porpy.) Pinnatifid leaves and
the long stalks bristly ; pods club-shaped, smooth ; corolla light scarlet.— Cult.
grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

P. ArGemoOneE, L. (RovuGH-FRUITED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves
and paler flowers than the last ; pods club-shaped and bristly.— Waste grounds,
near Philadelphia. (Ady. from Eu.)

6. ARGEMONE, L. PRICKLY Poppy.

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4-6. Style almost none; stigmas
3-6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3-6 valves at the top. Seeds
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickly bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobed. and with prickly teeth, often blotched with white.
Flower-buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from &pyeua, a disease of the eve,
for which the juice of a plant so called by the Greeks was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. platyceras, Link & Otto. Setose-hispid all over; petals white,
15-2’ long; capsule armed with stout spines. — Central Kan. and Neb., south
and westward.

A. Mexicana, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. — Waste
places, southward. July—Oct. (Ady. from trop. Amer.)

Orver 9. FUMARIACEZ. (Fumirory Famtty.)

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves,
irregular flowers, with 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens,
and 2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2,
small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the 4 petals in two pairs;
the outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate
at the base; inner pair narrower, and their callous crested tips united
over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the
larger petals, hypogynous; their filaments often united; middle anther
of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded
and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placente and deciduous
valves. — Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stipules. Slightly
bitter, innocent plants.

60 FUMARIACE#. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

* Corolla bigibbous or 2-spurred, the 2 outer petals alike. Pod several-seeded.

1 Adlumia. Petals united into a spongy persistent subcordate corolla, Seeds crestless.
2. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base, less united. Seeds crested.

* * Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.

oo

. Corydalis. Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds.
Fumaria. Fruit a globular 1-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.

Cs

1 ADLUMIA, Raf. CiimMBiInG FumiTory.

Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becoming spongy-
cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested.
Stigma 2-crested. Filaments monadelphous below in a tube which is adherent
to the corolla, diadelphous at the summit. — A climbing biennial, with thrice-
pinnate leaves, cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white
or purplish flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Ad/um.)

1 A. cirrhodsa, Raf. — Wet woods; N. Eng. to Wisc., E. Kan.,and south-
ward. June-(ct.— A handsome vine, with delicate foliage, climbing by the
slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes; often cultivated.

2. DICENTRA, Borkh Durtcuman’s BREECHES.

Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla, either de-
ciduous or withering-persistent.. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned.
Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. —
Low, stemless perennials (as to our wild species) with ternately compound and
dissected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name
from 8is, twice, and Kévtpov, a spur ;—accidentally printed DicLyTRa in the
first instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into
DI£LYTRA.)

* Raceme simple, few-flowered.

1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dtrcuman’s Breecues.) Scape and slen-
der-petioled leaves from a sort of granulate bulb ; lobes of leaves linear; corolla
with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel; crest of the inner petals minute.
— Rich woods, especially westward. — A very delicate plant, sending up in
early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers crowded together in the
form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slender scape, bearing 4-10
pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream-color.

2, D. Canadénsis, DC. (Squrrret Corn.) Subterranean shoots bear-
ing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ;
leaves as in n.1; corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs very short and rounded ;
crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting, — Rich woods, especially north-
ward. April, May.— Flowers greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fra-
grance of Hyacinths.

* * Racemes compound, clustered.

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of
the leaves broadly oblong; corolla oblong, 2-saccate at the base; crest of the
inner petals projecting. — Rocks, western N. Y., rare, and Alleghanies of Va.
May - Aug — Coarser-leaved than the others; scapes 6-10’ high.

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 61

3. CORYDALIS, Vent.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style per-
sistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers in racemes.
Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and pale or glaucous. (The ancient
Greek name for the crested lark.)

* Stem strict; flowers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips.

1. C. glatiea, Pursh. (PALE Corypatis.) Racemes panicled; spur of
the corolla very short and rounded; pods erect, slender, elongated. — Rocky
places; common; 6’-2° high. May -Aug.

* * Low, ascending; flowers yellow.
+ Outer petals wing-crested on the back.

2. C. flavula, DC. Pedicels slender, conspicuously bracted ; corolla pale
yellow, 3-4” long, spur very short; tips of the outer petals pointed, longer
than the inner; crest 3-4-toothed; pods torulose, pendulous or spreading ;
seeds acutely margined, rugose-reticulated ; aril loose. — Penn. to Minn., and
southward.

3. C. micrantha, Gray. Pedicels short and bracts small; corolla pale
yellow, 4” long, with short spur and entire crest, or flowers often cleistogamous
and much smaller, without spur or crest, pods ascending, torulose; seeds
obtuse-margined, smooth and shining. —N. Car., Il., Minn., and southward.

4. C. erystallina, Engelm. Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yel-
low, 8” long, the spur nearly as long as the body; crest very broad, usually
toothed; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles, seeds
acutely margined, tuberculate.—S. W. Mo. and southward.

+ + Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not crested.

5. C. atrrea, Willd. (Gotpen C.) Corolla golden-yellow, }’ long, the
slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than the pedicel; pods
spreading or pendulous, becoming torulose; seeds obtuse-margined. — Rocky
banks, Vt. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and westward.

Var. occidentalis, Engelm. Flowers rather larger, the spur nearly as
long as the body; pods less torulose, on short pedicels; seeds acutish on the
margin. — Neb. and Kan. to W. Tex. and westward.

4. FUMARIA, Tourn. Fumirory.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehiscent, small,
globular, l-seeded. Seeds crestless. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals,
with finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or
spikes. (Name from fuwmus, smoke.)

F. orricixAuis, L. (Common Fumirory.) Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-color
tipped with crimson) ; fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about dwellings.
(Ady. from Eu.)

Orper 10. CRUCIFERAE. (Mustarp Famity.)

Herbs, with a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynamous flowers ;
fruit a silique or silicle.— Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous,
regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form-

62 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

ing across. Stamens 6, two of them inserted lower down and shorter
(rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-celled by a thin partition stretched
between the two marginal placentz, from which when ripe the valves
separate, either much longer than broad (a silique), or short (a silicle),
sometimes indehiscent and nut-like (nwcumentaceous), or separating across
into 1-seeded joints (/omentaceous). Seeds campylotropous, without albu-
men, filled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various
ways: i.e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz., their margins on one side applied
to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o=; or
else incumbent, viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle.
thus o||. In these cases the cotyledons are plane; but they may be
folded upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, where they
are conduplicate, thus o>>. In Leavenworthia alone the whole embryo
is straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes
or corymbs; pedicels rarely bracted. — A large and very natural family,
of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the
genera are taken almost wholly from the pods and seeds; the flowers
being nearly alike in all.)

SERIES I. Pod 2-celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves.

* Pod compressed parallel to the broad partition. Seeds flat or flattish, orbicular or oval ;
cotyledons accumbent or nearly so.

+ Pod large, oblong-elliptical , valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow.
1. Selenia. Leaves pinnatisect. Raceme leafy-bracteate. Seeds winged.
+ + Pod linear; valves nerveless. Seedsin one row. Flowers yellow only in n. 2.

2. Leavenworthia. Seed winged; embryo straight or nearly so. Annual; stem often
scapose, 1-few-flowered.

8. Dentaria. Stem naked below, 2-3-leaved. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas,
long-styled. Seeds wingless ; cotyledons thick, very unequal.

4. Cardamine. Stem leafy. Pod coriaceous, with thick placentas. Seeds wingless,
cotyledons flattened, equal.

+ + + Pod linear, or oblong, or orbicular; valves 1-nerved or nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows
(except in species of n. 5).

5. Arabis. Pod long-linear, the flat or flattish valves more or less l-nerved Seeds
winged or wingless. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at least below.

6. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate; valves flat or flattish, faintly
nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous.

7. Alyssum. Pod orbicular; valves veinless, somewhat convex with flattened margin
Seeds wingless, 2- 4.

* * Pod terete or turgid, or 4-angled by the prominent midnerves. Seeds wingless, more or
less turgid.

+ Pods short. (See alson. 11.)

8. Lesquerella. Pod globular-inflated, about 4-seeded ; valves nerveless. Cotyledons
accumbent. Flowers yellow.

9. Camelina. Pod obovoid, many-seeded valves l-nerved, style slender. Cotyledons
incumbent. Flowers yellow.

10 Subularia. Pod ovoid or globular, few-seeded . valves t-nerved style none. Coty-
ledons long. folded transversely. Flowers white. Dwarf stemless aquatic.

CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 63

+ + Pod linear (or oblong or even globular in n. 11).
++ Cotyledons accumbent.

11. Nasturtium. Pod often short; valves strongly convex, uerveless. Seeds small, in
2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white.
12. Barbarea. Pod somewhat 4-sided ; valves strongly l-nerved. Seedsin l row. Flowers
yellow.
++ ++ Cotyledons incumbent or partially so.

13. Hesperis. Pod terete, elongated ; stigma-lobes narrow, erect. Flowers large, purple.

14. Erysimum._ Pod 4-sided; valves strongly l-nerved; stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pu
bescence of appressed 2-3-parted hairs. Flowers yellow.

15. Sisymbrium. Pod angled or teretish; valves 1-3-nerved; stigma small. Flowers
yellow or white, small.

16. Thelypodium. Pod teretish; valves l-nerved; stigma entire. Cotyledons ob-
liquely incumbent. Flowers rose-color. Leaves auricled.

++ ++ ++ Cotyledons conduplicate.
17. Brassica. Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves, or tipped with a
rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish.
« * Pod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattened contrary to the
narrow partition. Flowers white.
18. Capsella. Pod many-seeded, obcordate-triangular, wingless. Cotyledons incumbent.
19. Thlaspi. Pod several-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbent.
20. Lepidium. Pod 2-seeded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.
21. Senebiera. Pod 2-seeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from
the little partition as 2 closed 1-seeded nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.
SERIES II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed; joints
l-celled.
22. Cakile. Pod short, 2-jointed ; joints 1-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.
23 Raphanus. Pod elongated, several-seeded, continuous, or constricted between the
seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate.

1 SELENIA, Nutt.

Pod large, oblong-elliptical, flat; the valves nerveless. Seeds in 2 rows in
each cell, rounded, broadly winged; cotyledons accumbent; radicle short. —
A low annual, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves and leafy-bracteate racemes
of yellow flowers. (Name from ceAnyn, the moon, with allusion to Lunaria,
which it somewhat resembles in its pods.)

1. S. alirea, Nutt. Lobes of the simply pinnatifid leaves entire or toothed ;
pod 3’ long, on elongated spreading pedicels, beaked by the long slender style.
— Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr.

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely re-
ticulate-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a thick
wing. Embryo straight! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direc-
tion which if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. —
Little winter annuals, glabrous and often stemless, with lyrate leaves and short
i -few-flowered scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of the late J/. C.
Leavenworth.)

1. L. Michatxii, Torr. Scapes 2-6’ high; leaf-lobes usually numer-
aus (7-15); petals purplish or nearly white with a yellowish base, obtuse:

64 CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

pods not torulose, oblong to linear (6-15” long); style short.—S. Ind. to
Tenn. and Mo.

2. L. torulosa, Gray. Similar, but pods torulose even when young,
linear; style 1-2” long; seeds acutely margined rather than winged ; petals
emarginate. —~ Rarrens of Ky. and Tenn.

3. DENTARI A, ‘Tourn. TooTHWwoRT. PEPPER-ROOT.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds in one row,
wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons petioled, thick and very une-
qual, their margins somewhat infolding each other.— Perennials, of damp
woodlands, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or
toothed rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste; the simple stems leafless be-
low, bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound Jeaves about or above the middle, and
terminated by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flow-
ers. Flowers larger, pods broader, and seeds larger than is usual in Carda-
mine. (Name from dens, a tooth.)

* Rootstock elongated ; leaves 3-foliolate.

1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched,
toothed; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close together; leaflets
rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate, coarsely crenate, the teeth
abruptly acute; petals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Minn. and Ky. May.
— Rootstocks 5-10’ long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress.

x * Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform ; leaves 3-foliolate or 3-parted.

2. D. laciniata, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated, usually not jointed nor
prominently tubercled; root-leaves often none; stem-leaves 3-parted, the lat-
eral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong to linear, more or less gash-
toothed; flowers white or rose-color.— N. Eng. to Minn., Kan., and southward.
April, May. — Var. muttfripa, a slender form with the narrowly linear seg-
ments usually more or less divided into linear lobes. (D. multifida, J/uhl.)
Southward, scarcely if at all within our limits.

3. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Tubers near the surface, jointed, narrowly
oblong or thick-clavate, prominently tubercled; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets
distinctly petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire to rather deeply crenate,
rarely laciniate or lobed; root-leaves with ovate or lanceolate and usually lobed
leaflets. — Penn. to Ky. and southward. Blooming a little later than the last.

4. D. maxima, Nutt. Tubers jointed, strongly tubercled; stem-leaves
usually alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed
and somewhat cleft or lobed. — Vt. to western N. Y. and Penn. May.

4, CARDAMINE, Toum. Brrter Cress.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically from the base; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so; placentas and partition thick. Seeds in
a single row in each cell, wingless; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accum-
bent, flattened, equal or nearly so, petiolate.— Mostly glabrous perennials,
teafy-stemmed, growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers
white or purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its
cordial or cardiacal qualities.)

CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 6A

* Root perennial ; leaves simple.

1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (Sprine Cress.) Stems upright from a tu-
berous base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple ; root-leaves round
and often heart-shaped; lower stem-leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat
petioled, the upper almost lanceolate, sessile, all often sparingly toothed ; pods
linear-lanceolate, pointed with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ;
seeds round-oval.— Wet meadows and springs; common. April-June. —
Flowers large, white.

Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4-6 high), and usually slightly pubes-
sent; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.— Along streams in rich soil.
Western N. Y. to Md. and Wisc.

2. C. rotundifolia, Michx. (Mountain Warter-Cress.) Stems branch-
ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners; root fibrous; leaves all much
alike, roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, petioled:
pods small, linear-awl-shaped, pointed with the slender style; stigma minute;
seeds oval-oblong.— Cool shaded springs, N. J. (Middletown, Willis) to Ky.,
and southward along the mountains. May, June.— Flowers white, smaller
than in n. 1.

3. C. bellidifolia, L. Dwarf (2-3’ high), alpine, tufted; leaves ovate,
entire, or sometimes with a blunt lateral tooth (4” long), on long petioles,
pods 1’ long, upright, linear; style nearly none, stout. — Summits of the White

>>
Mountains and Katahdin, Maine. July.— Flowers 1-5, white. (Eu.)

* * Root perennial ; leaves pinnate ; flowers showy.

4. C. praténsis, L. (Cuckoo FLower.) Stem ascending from a short
rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-13, those of the lower leaves rounded and stalked,
of the upper oblong or linear, entire, or slightly angled-toothed ; petals (white
or rose-color) thrice the length of the calyx ; pod 9-15” long, 1” broad; style
short.— Wet places and bogs, Vt. to N.J, Wisc., and northward; rare.
May. (Eu.)

* * * Root mostly biennial or annual; leaves pinnate ; flowers small, white.

5. C. hirstta, L. (Smary Birrer Cress.) Glabrous or beset with
scattered hairs; stems (3’-2° high) erect or ascending from the spreading
cluster of root-leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the upper leaves oblong
or linear and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear,
very narrow, erect or ascending; style variable.— Wet places; common.
May-July. The ordinary form corresponds closely to the European var.
sytvAtica, Gaud. The typical imperfectly developed annual form, with only
4 stamens and rather strict pods, occurs very rarely. A form answering to C.
parviflora of Europe, with mostly linear leaflets and pods often erect on spread-
ing pedicels, is occasionally found in drier localities. (Eu., Asia.)

5. ARABIS, L._ Rock Cress.

Pod linear, flattened ; placentas not thickened ; the valves plane or convex,
more or less l-nerved in the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually
margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent or a little oblique. — Leaves sel-
uomn divided. Flowers white or purple. (¥ame from the country, Arabia.
See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.)

66 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

§ 1. ARABIS proper. Seeds in one row in each cell, orbicular or nearly so,
more or less wing-margined ; cotyledons strictly accumbent.
* Low, chiefly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.

1. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all
pinnately parted into oblong or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of
the lower leaves numerous; pedicels very short; flowers small, white; pods
rather broadly linear, spreading, flat; seeds winged. — Open grounds, Va. to
Mo., and southward.

* * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials, with simple leaves, white or
whitish flowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods, and nearly
wingless seeds.

2. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, erect (1-—2° high) ;
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coarsely toothed or the uppermost entire,
partly clasping by the heart-shaped base; petals (bright white, 4” long) twice
the length of the calyx; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or ascend-
ing, tipped with a distinct style. — Penn. to central Ohio and southward ; Minn.
April, May.

3. A. hirstita, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(1-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx; pedicels and pods strictly upright; style
scarcely any; immature seeds somewhat 2-rowed. — Rocks, common, especially
northward. May, June. (Eu.)

x * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1-3° high), with small whitish
flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (3-4 long), and broadly
winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition ; root-leaves rarely lyrate.

4 A, levigata, Poir. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly
clasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. — Rocky places, Maine
to Minn. and southward. May.

5. A. Canadénsis, L. (Sickre-pop.) Stem upright, smooth above;
stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods very flat,
scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2” wide). — Woods and ravines ;
not rare, especially westward. June- Aug.

§2. TURRITIS. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less
distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy-
stemmed biennials ; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Our
species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower
leaves.)

6. A. perfoliata, Lam. (Tower Musrarp.) Tall (2-4° high),
glaucous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals yellowish-
white, little longer than the calyx; pods very narrow (3 long) and pedicels
strictly erect; seeds marginless ; cotyledons often oblique. — Rocks and fields,
N. Eng. to Minn. (rare), north and westward. (Eu.)

CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 67

7. A. confinis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1-3° high; pubescence
below finely stellate ; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire (1-2 long),
with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; petals white or
rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx ; pedicels and flat pods loosely erect,
or ascending, or even spreading ; seeds wing-margined, when mature little nar-
rower than the partition. (A. Drummondii, J/an.)— From the lower St.
Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and Il]. — Pods 24-33’ long, or in
a var. (T. brachycarpa, Torr. § Gray) only 1-2’ long.

§ 3. PSEUDARABIS. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one
row ; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching
Srom the base.

8. A. lyrata, L. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves :
stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly
toothed or entire; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx; pods
long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading. —On rocks or sandy shores,
New Eng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April—July.
— Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial.

9. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (1-2° high) ;
leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the stem
numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering
into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; pods widely
spreading, very slender, short-stalked ; style scarcely any.—N. Y. to Mich.,
Minn., and southward. May, June.

6. DRABA, Dill. WuitLow-Grass.

Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex ;
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, mar-
ginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed. — Low herbs with
entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers ; pubescence often stellate.
(Name from dpaBn, applied by Dioscorides to some cress ; meaning unknown.)

§1. DRABAA. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy-

stemmed , flowers white ; pods twisted when ripe.

1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffiusely much branched and forming many
radical tufts, perennial (5-8 high), pubescent ; /eaves /aciniate-toothed, linear-
lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate , racemes corymbosely-branched ; pods hairy,
oval-oblong or lanceolate (2-5” long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped
with a long style. — Cliffs, Harper’s Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Ken-
tucky River, and southward. April, May.

2. D. ineana, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the
radical tuft seldom branching; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to
ovate, few-toothed or entire ; pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight,
often pubescent, on short erect pedicels; style very short or none. — Dry rocks,
Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; also northward and far westward. (EKu.)

Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acu-
minate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans,
Michx.) —N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes.

68 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

§ 2. DRABELLA. Winter annuals: leafy stems short ; flowers white (yellow
inn. 5); style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)

3. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (1-5’ high); leaves obovate, entire,
peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; raceme
short or corymbose in fruit ($-1’ long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much
longer than the ascending pedicels.— Sandy and waste fields, E. Mass. to
Minn., and southward. March-May.— Petals often wanting in the later
racemes, especially in the var. MIcRANTHA, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy
pods, which is found with the other, westward.

4. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed ; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1-3’), at length equal-
ling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx;
pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy
places, Il. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April.

5. D. brachyecarpa, Nutt. Low (2-4’ high), minutely pubescent ;
stems leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme; leaves nar-
rowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2-4” long), few toothed or entire; flowers
small; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2” long), about the length of the
ascending or spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, Il., Ky., Va. (A. H. Curtiss), and
southward. April.— Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.

6. D. nemorosa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or
less toothed ; racemes elongated (4-8 long in fruit) ; petals emarginate, small;
pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedt-
cels, pubescent or smooth. — Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. Minn.,and westward. (Eu.)

§3. EROPHILA. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial ; flowers white.)

D. verna, L. (Waittow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1-3/ high); leaves all
radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and roadsides. April, May. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. ALYSSUM, Tourn.

Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell; valves
nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white
Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of a plant
reputed to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes. )

A. maritimum, L. (Sweet Atrysstm), with green or slightly hoary
linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly
cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. carycinum, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale
yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular
sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs occasionally in grass-
land. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. LESQUERELLA, Watson.

Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline
partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerve-
less. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments
toothless. — Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepidote. Flowers mostly
yellow (Named for Leo Lesquereua.)

CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 69

1. L. globdésa, Watson. Minutely hoary-all over; stems spreading or de-
cumbent from an annual or biennial root; leaves oblong or lanceolate with
a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated,
with filiform diverging pedicels; petals light yellow; style filiform, much
longer than the small globose, acutish, about 4-seeded pod; seeds marginless.
(Vesicaria Shortii, Torr.) — Rocky banks, Ky. to Tenn. and Mo. May, June.

2. L. gracilis, Watson. Annual, slender; pubescence very fine; leaves
narrowly oblanceolate; pods glabrous, suberect on ascending or curved pedi-
cels, stipitate; style long. (Vesicaria gracilis, Hook.) —S. Kan. to Tex.

3. L. Ludoviciana, Watson. Biennial or perennial; pubescence com-
pact; leaves linear-oblanceolate, mostly entire; pods pubescent, pendulous on
recurved pedicels; style long. (Vesicaria Ludoviciana, DC.) — Minn. to
Neb. and southwestward.

9. CAMELINA, Crantz. Fase Frax.

Pod obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, flattish parallel to the broad _parti-

tion; valves I-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.

Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from xaual, dwarf, and Alvoy,

flax.)
C. sativa, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped; pods
margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, ete. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. SUBULARIA, L. Awtworr.

Pod ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves 1-nerved.
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbently folded transversely,
i. e., the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. —
A dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence
the name). Scape naked, few-flowered, 1-3’ high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L. Margin of lakes in Maine; Echo Lake, Franconia,
N. H.; also in alpine regions of the western mountains. June, July. (Eu.)

ll. NASTURTIUM, R.Br. Warer-Cress.

Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to globular,
terete or nearly so; valves strongly convex, nerveless. Seeds usually numer-
ous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell (except in N.
sylvestre). Cotyledons accumbent.— Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or
white flowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usually glabrous.
(Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, alluding to the effect of its pun-
gent qualities.)

§ 1. Petals white, twice the length of the calyx ; pods linear; leaves pinnate.

N. orricinAre, R. Br. (TRuE Warter-Cress.) Perennial; stems spread:
ing and rooting; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (6- 8”
long) ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels. — Brooks and ditches;
escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom much exceeding the calyx; pods linear,
oblong, or even ovoid or globular ; leaves mostly pinnatifid.

* Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots ; flowers rather large, yellow.

N. syiveéstre, R. Br. (YELLOW Cress.) Stems ascending; leaves pin-
nately parted, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (}’ long)

70 ’ CRUCIFERH. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row, style
very short. — Wet meadows, Mass. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnately cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4-6” long), on
slender pedicels; style slender.— Banks of the Mississippi and westward.
June.

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial (?), with simple fibrous roots ; flowers
small or minute, greenish or yellowish; leaves somewhat lyrate.

2 N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple; leaves obtusely
incised or toothed, obovate or oblong; flowers minute, nearly sessile ; pods
elongated-oblong (5-6” long), thick ; style very short. — W. lll. to E. Kan.,
Tenn., and southward. <April—June.

3. N. obttusum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading,
leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed
or repand; flowers minute, short-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, vary-
ing from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short. — With n. 1 and 2.

4. N. palustre, DC. (Marsn Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately
cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed ; pedicels
about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid,
or ovoid pods; style short.— Wet places or in shallow water; common.
June -—Sept.— Flowers only 1-13” long. Stems 1-3° high.— The typical
form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are
common. Var. HfspipuM is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular ; leaves
undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid ; root perennial.

5. N. lactistre, Gray. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1-3-
pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong,
entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; pods ovoid, 1-celled,
a little longer than the style. — Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J.,
Minn., and southwestward. July -Aug.— Near N. amphibium.

N. Armoracta, Fries. (HorsERapIsH.) Root-leaves very large, oblong,
crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels as-
cending ; pods globular (seldom formed) ; style very short. (Cochlearia Armo-
racia, .)— Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from
cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. BARBAREA, R. Br. WINTER CREss.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accum-
bent. — Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. (Anciently
called the Herb of St. Barbara.)

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. YELLOW ROCKET.)
Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large,
the lateral 1-4 pairs or rarely wanting ; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or
pinnatifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading ; or in var. STRICTA,
appressed ; in var. ARCUATA, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds
and roadsides ; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north-
ward and westward. (Eu.)

CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) a

B. prexcox, R. Br. (Earty Winter C.), with 5-8 pairs of lateral lobes
to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, —yet probably only a
variety of the other, —somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a winter
salad, under the name of ScuRvy-Grass, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)

13. HESPERIS, Tourn. Rocker.

Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each
cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent.— Biennial or perennial,
with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from
éomépa, evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)

H. matronaAuis, L. (Dame’s Vioer.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
mostly petiolate; pods 2-4’ long, spreading. — Sparingly naturalized. (Nat.
from Eu.)

14. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. Treacre Mustarp.

Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly
lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often
obliquely) incumbent. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not
clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2-3-parted hairs. (Name from épva, to
draw blisters.)

1. E. Asperum, DC. (Western WatLt-FLower.) Minutely roughish-
hoary; stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed;
pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elongated (3-4’ long),
exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.— Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to HL, Ark.,
S. D.,and common westward. June, July. —DPlant stout, 1-2° high; the
crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower.
Petals orbicular, on very slender claws.

2. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-seep Mustarp.) Minutely rough-
ish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small;
pods small and short (7 - 12” long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender
divergent pedicels. — Banks of streams, Mass. to Penn., Minn., and northward.
July. (Eu.)

3. E. parviflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear-
oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coarsely toothed; flowers small (3” long);
pods narrow, 1-23’ long, ascending on short pedicels. — Minn. to Kan. and
westward.

15. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. Hence Musrarp.

Pod terete, flattish or 4-6-sided, the valves 1-3-nerved; stigma small,
entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons
incumbent. Calyx open.— Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence
spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours
are mostly annuals or biennials.

eS: himile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly
pubescent, 6’ high or less ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coarsely and
sharply toothed ; flowers white or rose-color ; pods very narrow, subterete,
4-9" long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style; seeds
l-ranked. (Arabis petrea, Man., not Lam.) — Willoughby Mountain, Vt. ;
Canada and westward. (N. Agia.)

72 CRUCIFERZ. (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

2. §. canéscens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustarp.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, often
hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very
small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter
than their mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds 2-ranked in each cell.— Penn
and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June-Aug.

S. Sépura, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods
slender, 6-15” long, ascending; seeds l-ranked. — Sparingly naturalized
from Europe.

S. oFFICINALE, Scop. (hepGe Mustarp.) Leaves runcinate; flowers
very small, pale yellow; pods awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem, scarcely
stalked. — Waste places. May-Sept.— An unsightly branched weed, 2-3°
high. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. Tuavrana, Gaud. (Mouse-£ar Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire
or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than
the slender spreading pedicels. — Old fields and rocks, Mass. to Kan. April,
May.— A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. AtirAriIA, Scop. Stout, erect ; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coarsely
repand-dentate ; flowers white; pods tapering, 1-2’ long, ascending on very
stout spreading pedicels. — Near Georgetown, D.C. (Nat from Eu.)

16. THELYPODIUM, Endl.

Pod terete or teretish; valves l-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1
row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent. —
Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers.
Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from @7Aus, female, and
movs, foot, the ovary in some species being stipitate.)

1. T. pinnatifidum, Watson. Glabrous (1-3° high), often branched
above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves
auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2-6’ long), sharply and often
doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely
bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1-14’
long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperid-
oides, Gray.) Alluvial river-banks, W. Pa. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward.
May, June.

17. BRASSICA (Brassica and Sinapis), Tourn.

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or
a rigid style; valves 1-5-nerved. Seeds globose, l-rowed. Cotyledons
incumbent, folded around the radicle.— Annuals or biennials, with yellow
flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name
of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek civam, which is said to come from the
Celtic nap, a turnip.)

B, Srvapfstrem, Boiss. (or SrnApis ArveEnsIs, L., the English CHariock),
with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is
either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious
weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. westward. (Ady. from
Ku.)

B. (or SryApis) Area. (Wuite Musrarp.) Pods bristly, ascending on
spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1-
seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. and adv. from Eu.)

B. (or SryApis) Nira, Koch. (Brack Mustarp.) Pods smooth (4’ long),
4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a
slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, smaller

CRUCIFERE. (MUSTARD FAMILY. 73

and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe
and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and waste places. (Ady. from Eu.)

B. campestris, L., in the form of the Ruranaca and the Turnre, some-
times persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

18. CAPSELLA, Medic. SnepHern’s Purse.

Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. —-
Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.)

C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed;
stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places; the commonest of weeds.
April—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. THLASPI, Toum. ~Peyyycress.

Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing.
Seeds 2—8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal. — Low plants,
with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small
white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from @Adq, to crush, from
the flattened pod.)

T. arvENsE, L. (Freip P. or MitHripate Musrarp.) <A smooth an-
nual, with broadly winged pod 3’ in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched
at top; style minute. — Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. LEPIDIUM, Tour. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.

Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves
boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons
incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name
from Aemidiov, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.)— Ours are
annuals or biennials, except the last.

* Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the
lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid ; pods orbicular or oval,
with a small notch at the top; the style minute or none ; stamens only 2.

1. L. Virginicum, L. (Witp Peprercrass.) Cotyledons accumbent
and seed minutely margined; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the
top; petals present, except in some of the later flowers.—June-Sept. A
common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south.

2. L. intermédium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following ;
pod minutely wing-margined at the top; petals usually minute or wanting;
otherwise nearly as in n. 1.— Dry places, from western N. Y. and N. IL,
north and westward.

L. rupERALE, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds
marginless; petals always wanting. — Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia,
etc.; not common. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.

LL. campeéstre, Br. Minutely soft downy; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat
toothed ; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. —
Old fields, Mass. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. Drapa, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the
upper with broad clasping auricles; flowers corvmbose; pods heart-shaped,
wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style.—— Astoria, near New
York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.)

74 CRUCIFERZ, (MUSTARD FAMILY.)

21. SENEBIER A DE: Wart-Cress. Switne-CrEss.

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells indehiscent.
and falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutiets, strongly
wrinkled or tuberculate, l-seeded. Cotyledous narrow ard incumbently folded
transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute
whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distin-
guished vegetable physiologist.)

S. pfpyma, Pers. Leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex,
rough-wrinkled. — Waste places, at ports, KE. Mass. to Va., etc.; an immigrant
from farther south.

S. Coronorpus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not
notched at the apex, tubercled.— At ports, R. 1. to Va., etc. (Ady. from Eu.)

95° CA KIILE, ‘Tourn. Srea-RockKer.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity ;
each indehiscent, l-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed
erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accum-
bent. — Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (AmerRIcAN SeA-Rocker.) Leaves obovate,
sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate; the upper
ovate, flattish at the apex.— Coast of the Northern States and of the Great
Lakes. July —Sept.— Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper
one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

23. RAPHANUS, Tourn. Raovisz.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, contin-
uous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction
between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and
cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassica. — Annuals or biennials. (The an
cient Greek name from fa, quickly, and gaivw, to appear, alluding to the
rapid germination.)

R. Rapnanfstrum, L. (Witp Rapisu. Josep CHariock.) Pods
necklace-form, long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning
whitish or purplish, veiny.— A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. te
Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

Orper ll. CAPPARIDACEZE. (Caper Famity.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more
not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placente, and
hidney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Cruciferee, but with no partition ; seeds
similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate,
mostly palmately compound. — Often with the acrid or pungent qualities
of Cruciferse (as in capers, the flower-buds of Cépparis spinosa).

1 Polanisiae Stamens 8ormore Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely stipitate.
2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long-stipitate.
3. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, long-stipitate.

1 POLANISIA, Raf.

Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8-32, unequal. Recep-
tacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear

RESEDACEH. (MIGNONETTE FAMILY. ) 7d

or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.— Fetid annuals, with glandular or
clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from odds, many, and
&vicos, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. gravéolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about
11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stipitate. — Gravy-
elly shores, from Conn. and W. Vt.to Minn. and Kan. June- Aug.— Flowers
small (2-3” long); calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish-white.

2. P. trachyspérma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4-5” long), the
stamens (12-16) long-exserted; style 2-3” long; pod sessile; seeds usually
rough. — Iowa to Kan. and westward.

2) CLEBOME, Ix

Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Feceptacle somewhat produced be-
tween the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary.
Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.— Our species a glabrous annual, with
3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and rose-colored or white flowers.
(Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.)

l. C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short
claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong to
linear, 1 - 2’ long, the stipe as long as the pedicel. — Minn. to Kan. and west:
ward; N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2-3° high.

Ss. CLHOM HLL A. “De.

Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and the
short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical valves.
Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of Cleome.)

I. C. angustifolia, Torr. Glabrous, 1-2° high; leaflets (3) and simple
bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves very
bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel. — Kan. to Tex. and westward.

Orver 12. RESEDACEZE. (MicNonetre Famtty.)

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4—7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided
hypogynous disk between the petals and the (8-40) stamens, bearing the
latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3-6-lobed, 3 -6-horned, 1-
celled with 3 —6-parietal placentae, opening at the top before the seeds (which
are as in Order 11) are full grown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands
for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes. — A small and unim
portant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda
odorata) and the Dyer’s Weed.

l. RESEDA, Tourn. Micnoxetre. Dyer’s Rocket.

Petals 4-7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the flower.
(Name from resedo, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

R. Lutkora, L. (Dyer’s WEED or WELD.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx
4-parted; petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3-5-cleft, the two lateral
3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed. — Roadsides, N. Y..,
atc. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Ady. from Eu.)

R. vtrea, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid ; sepals
and petals 6, stamens 15 - 20. — Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds.

76 CISTACEH. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

Orper 13. CISTACEZE. (Rock-rose Famity.)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3 —5-valved capsule with as
many parietal placente borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous
albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5; the two external much smaller, bract-like,
or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Pe
tals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud.
Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules
few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo
long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen; cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite,
and the upper alternate. Inert plants.

1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none), Stigma nearly
sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.
. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens9-30. Stylelongandslender. Pod strictly
1-celled, 2-—6-seeded. Heath-like.
3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the
imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentz.

bo

1 HELIANTHEMUM, Town. Rocr-rose.

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our spe-
cies; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form
of a hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz.,
primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens and
many-seeded pods; and secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and
in clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3-
few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast
their petals by the next day. (Name from #auos, the sun, and &yOepov, flower.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. (Frost-wreep.) Petal-bearing flowers soli-
tary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly ses-
sile; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small ones hoary, like
the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves. — Sandy or gravelly
dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward. June-Aug.— Stems at first simple.
Corolla of the large flowers I’ wide, producing pods 3” long ; pods of the smaller
flowers not larger than a pin’s head. A variety is more hoary, and with a
stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn
crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular
name.

2, H. corymbosum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the
stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx
woolly. — Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast.

2. HUDSONIA, L.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta-
mens 9-30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed
in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each
nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy

CISTACEZ. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 71

heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the smal}
awl-shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous
(small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the
branches. (Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.)

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped,
loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy.— Dry sandy soil near
the coast, E. Maine to Va.; N. Conway, N. H. (Miss Minns.) May.

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly
oblong, 1” long, close-pressed and imbricated ; flowers sessile or some short-
peduncled. — Sandy shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes to
Minn. ; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June.

Peal a TR Os Th A, Kalm: PINWEED.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx, withering-per-
sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3, plumose. Pod
globular, partly 5-celled; the 3 broad and thin placentz borne on imperfect
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward the valve; in our species
the placentz curve backward and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers,
in summer. (Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

* Pubescence villous, spreading ; leaves oblong ; flowers very short-pedicelled in
cymulose clusters.

1. L. major, Michx. Stem upright (1-2° high), stout, simple, very
leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical,
mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled; flowers
densely crowded; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod ;
Sterile grounds ; common, especially south-

sepals narrower than its valves.
ward.
* * Pubescence appressed , leaves narrower ; flowers paniculate.
+ Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin; panicles leafy.

2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Erect, about 2° high; stem-leaves oval or
oblong (3-6” long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite,
those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose, one of
the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Nove-Cexsarex, Austin.) — Dry
grounds near the coast, E. Mass. to Fla.

+ «+ Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate ; panicles more
naked and racemiform.

~ Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovo.d : pod rather large, nearly globose.

3. L. minor, L. Rather strict, 1° high or more, usually glabrate in age,
leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2-3” long, the cauline linear, 6 - 9”
long; pod about 1” high. — Dry and sterile ground; common.

Var. maritima, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid, leaves of radical
shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous, calyx canes-
cent. (L. thymifolia, Pursh.: L. maritima, Leggett.) — Sandy soil near the
coast, Mass. to Ga.

4. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent
or glabrous ; leaves all small and very narrow, flowers mostly on very short

78 CISTACEZ. (ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.)

pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate ; sepals without lateral ribs; pod ovoid
globose. — Dry, sterile soil, E. Mass. to Mo., and southward.
++ ++ Smaller-lowered ; fruiting calyx narrower ; pod ellipsoidal.

5. L. racemulosa, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly
glabrous; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline oblong-linear,
4-6” long; inflorescence loose and diffuse; fruiting calyx glabrous. — Dry
and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward.

Orver 14. VIOLACEZR. (Viorer Famty.)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypo-
gynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and
a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placente. — Sepals 5, persistent.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila:
ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each
other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one
side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placente on their
middle; after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise
firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard
seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu.
men; cotyledons flat.— Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil-
lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.)

1. Violae Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 lower spurred.
2. Solea. Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united into a sheath.

3. Ionidium. Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments distinct, the anthers
merely connivent.

1 VIOLA, Tourn. Vioter. HeEart’s-Ease.

Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other; the two lower bearing spurs which project into the
spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in
spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter
peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves; these never open
nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than
the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. Perennials ; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less scarious.

* Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from runners.

+ Stigma large, naked, not beaked ; stolons none ; rootstock short and thick.

1. V. pedata, L. (Birp-roor V.) Nearly smooth; rootstock erect, not
scaly ; leaves all 3-5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions
2—3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2-—3-toothed or cut at
the apex; flower large, 1’ broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue. — Sandy
or gravelly soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Var. sBfcoLor, Pursh,
a very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were
velvety, occurs sparingly from Mass. to Md.; most common in Md.,on shale

VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY. ) 79

+ + Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed.

++ Rootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor producing runners ; flowers
violet or purple (rarely white) ; lateral petals bearded.

2. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5-—7-parted;
divisions 2—3-cleft; lobes linear; otherwise like n.3. (V.delphinifolia, Nutt.)
— Rich prairies, or more often in dry poor land, Hl. to Kan. and Minn.

3. V. palmata, L. (Common Bivue V.) Glabrous to villous-pubescent ;
early leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled
inward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or has-
tately lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V. cucullata, var.
palmata, Gray.) — Moist or dryish, especially sterile, ground; very common.

Var. cucullata, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V. cu-
cullata, Azt.)— Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very
variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size and
color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes
white or variegated with white.

4. V. sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-LEAvED V.) Smoothish or hairy; leaves
on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying
from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occa-
sionally all the (rather large purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and
thick ; stigma beaked.— Dry or moist sandy places, New Eng. to Minn., and
southward. Some forms pass into the last.

++ ++ Rootstocks long and filiform, extensively creeping.
= Flowers blue or purple.

5. V. Selkirkii, Pursh. (Great-spurrep V.) Small and delicate;
the filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground; smooth, ex-
cept the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on the
upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus; spur very large, thickened at
the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals. — Damp and shady
soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y., L. Superior (Robbins), and north-
ward ; rare. —Scapes and petioles 1-2’, the leaf $- 14’ long, thin; the spur 3”
long. (Eu.)

6. V. palustris, L. (Marsn V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped
and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple
streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of
the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.)

V. oporAta, L. (SwEET VIOLET), cultivated in gardens, from Europe,
belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places.

= = Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple veins ; lateral
petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently confluent.

7. V.blanda, Willd. (Swrerer Wuire V.) Commonly glabrous; leaves
round-heart-shaped or kidney-form ; petals mostly beardless, the lower strongly
veined. — Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly sweet-scented.

Var. palustriformis, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the
leaves sparsely and finely hairy; petals 5” long, oftener bearded, less dis-
tinctly veined. — Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward.

50 VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

Var. renifolia, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spread
ing hairs; leaves round-reniform; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia,
Gray.) — Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, ete.

8. V. primuleefolia, L. (PRiMROSE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little
pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. — Damp
or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast.

9. V. lanceolata, L. (LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.) Smooth; leaves lan-
ceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire ;
petals beardless. — Damp soil; common, especially eastward.

= = = Flowers yellow.

10. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Rounp-LEAvED VIoLET.) Leaves round:
ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with
brown lines; spur very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south along
the Alleghanies. —Smoothish; leaves 1’ broad at flowering, increasing to 3
or 4’ in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above.

* * Leafy-stemmed ; all perennial with short rootstocks.
+ Low, at first nearly stemless ; flowers yellow; stigma concave, bearded.

ll. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the petiole.
— Central Kansas and westward.

+ + Stems erect, without root-leaves, stipules entire; spur very short; stigma
beakless, pubescent.

++ Stems naked below; flowers yellow.

12. V. pubéscens, Ait. (Downy YeLitow V.) Softly pubescent (6-
12’ high); leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed ; stip-
ules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large ; lower petals veined with purple, capsule
oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose. — Woods; common. — Var. sCa-
BRIUSCULA, Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent (4-10
high). — R. I. to Ky , and southwestward.

13. V. hastata, Michx. (HALBEeRD-LEAVED V.) Nearly glabrous, slen
der (4-10’ high) ; stem-leaves halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly
serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small. — Woods, N. Ohio (near Painesville,
Miss Shattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward; rare.

++ ++ Stems more leafy and prolonged ; flowers white or purplish

14. V. Canadénsis, L. (Canapa V.) Upright (1-2° high); leaves
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; petals white or
whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral
bearded. — Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies.
May - Aug.

+ + + Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent) ; stipules fringe-

toothed ; spur oblong to cylindrical ; stigma naked.

15. V. striata, Ait. (Pate V.) Stems angular, ascending (6 - 10’ high);
leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules oblong-lanceolate,
large; spur thickish. much shorter than the cream-colored or white petals, the

VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 81

lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked. —
Low grounds, W. New Eng. to Minn. and Mo., and southward in the moun-
tains. April - Oct.

16. V. rostrata, Pursh. (Lone-spurrED V.) Stems ascending (3 - 6’
high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lan-
ceolate, large; spur slender (3! long), longer than the pale violet beardless
petals; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded _hill-
sides, N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the Alleghanies; rather rare
June, July.

17. V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbérgii, Gray. (Doc V.) Low (3-8’
high), mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at
length producing creeping branches; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kid-
ney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules lanceolate; spur
cylindrical, half the length of the light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly
bearded; stigma beaked.— Damp or wet shady places; common. May -
July. (Eu.) — Var. puBERULA, Watson in herb. Finely puberulent; leaves
mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base, often small; flowers small and
mostly cleistogamous. — Sandy or stony shores and islands of Lakes Huron and
Superior. (Robbins, Engelmann, etc.) — Var. MULTICAULIs, Gray. Depressed
and stoloniferous; flowers mostly cleistogamous; leaves small, suborbicular
to reniform. — Ky. to Fla. and Tex.

§ 2. Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived
perennial root ; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid.

V. rrfcotor, L. (Pansy. Heart’s-EAse.) Stem angled and branched ;
leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or
entire; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and
purple) ;— in var. ARVENSIS shorter or little longer than the calyx. — Dry or
sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward; the variety sometimes seem-
ing like a native plant. April—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SOLEA, Spreng., in part. GREEN VIOLET.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the
lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing
the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the
summit.— A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1-3
small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named
in honor of IV’. Sole, author of an essay-on the British Mints.)

1. S. concolor, Ging. Plant 1-2° high; leaves oblong, pointed at both
ends, entire; pod 1’ long. — Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June.

3. IONIDIUM, Vent.

Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter,
the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in the middle. Fila-
ments distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or spur at base; anthers
merely connivent — Perennials, branching and leafy, with alternate and op-
posite leaves, and small axillary flowers. (Name from Yoy, violet, and ef8os,
appearance.)

82 VIOLACEH. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

1. I. polygaleefolium, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves
linear to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or
small or none; flowers solitary, nodding, 2” long, white. (I. lineare, Torr.)
— Kan. and southwestward. .

OrpER 15. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (Pixxx Famrty.)

. Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4 —5-merous flowers, with
or without petals ; the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the
sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous ; styles 2—5 (or rarely united into
one) ; seeds several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central
column of the 1-celled (rarely 3 —5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled
or curved around the outside of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight.
—Bland herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost
leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx per-
sistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or
campylotropous.
Tribe I. SELENE. Sepals united into a tube orcup. Petals (mostly convolute in
the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slen-

der claws, to the base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere, included in
the calyx-tube. Seeds numerous. —Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy.

* Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached
by their face ; embryo nearly straight.
1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.
* * Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped ; embryo curved or coiled.

2. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved Styles 2.

8. Saponaria. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly
4-valved. Styles 2.

4. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.

5. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, rarely 4.

Tribe II. ALSINEZ:. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Petals
when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the
base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several -
many-seeded. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in number. — Low herbs.

* Stipules none.
+ Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.
++ Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted.
6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or 2-parted.
7. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted.
++ Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles.

8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the
face.
9. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.

+ + Styles alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many, or twice as many.
10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4or5. Pod short, 4-5-valved.
* * Stipules present. Pod short.

ll. Buda. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite.
12. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.

CARYOPHYLLACEH, (PINK FAMILY.) 83

ie DEPAN THUS, «lL: Pink. CARNATION.

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more im-
bricated bractlets.. Stamens10. Styles2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex.
Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of
well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Avds, of Jupiter, and
av0os, flower, i. e., Jove’s own flower.)

D. Armeéria, L. (Deptrorp Pryx.) Annual; flowers clustered; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the
tube; leaves linear, hairy ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate. —
Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. prouirer, L. Annual, smooth, slender; flowers clustered; bractlets
ovate, dry, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals
small, pink. —N. J. and EK. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. pexroives, L. (Maipen Pink.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly
lanceolate, downy and roughish; flowers solitary; bracts ovate, half as long
as the tube; petals rose-color or white, toothed. — Mich., L. H. Bailey. (Nat.
from Eu.)

D. varpAtus, L. (Sweet WitriAm.) Perennial; flowers fascicled ; leaves
large, lanceolate ; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx. — Sparingly
spontaneous. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. GYPSOPHILA, L.

Calyx narrowly top-shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at
base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved
at the apex, sessile. — Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous
small flowers. (Name from yvwos, gypsum, and giAreiy, to love.)

G. murAuis, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear;
flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the teeth
short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate. — Sparingly natural-
ized. (Nat. from Eu.)

S- SAPONARTA, L.

Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2-4-celled at base, 4-toothed
at the apex. — Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. (Name from
sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)

S. orricrnAtis, L. (Soarworr. Bouncine Ber.) Flowers in corymbed
clusters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the
claw; leaves oval-lanceolate. — Roadsides, etc. July—Sept.— A stout peren-
nial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Ady. from Eu.)

S. VaccAria, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx
5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, //ost.) — Occasionally sponta-
neous. (Ady. from Eu.)

Ares CT, HIN Bice il: CaTcHFLY. CAMPION.

Calyx 5-toothed, 10-many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles
3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by
3 or 6 teeth at the apex.— Flowers solitary or in cymes. Vetals mostly
crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from cfador, saliva,
from the viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The
English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

* Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial ; flowering shoots 1-flowered.

1. S. acatllis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss (1 -2’ high),
leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle,

84 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.)

petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits
of the White Mountams, N. H. July. (Eu.)
* x Calyx bladdery-inflated ; perennial ; flowers panicled, white, in summer.

2 §. stellata, Ait. (Srarry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownless.
— Wooded banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward. — Stem 3° high, with a large
and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla 2’ broad.

3. S. nivea, Otth. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed ;
calyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned.— Penn. to Iowa
and Minn.; rare. —Stem 1-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger
than in the last.

S. Cuctpaxus, Wibel. (BLADDER Campion.) Glaucous ; leaves opposite,
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined ; petals 2-cleft,
nearly crownless. (S. inflata, Smith.) — Fields and roadsides, KE. New Eng.
to Ill.— A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * « Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod ;
flowers cymose or clustered ; perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially
the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color.

4. §. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (Witp Pixx.) Stems low (4-8’);
_ root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles;
stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, short-stalked ; calyx
club-shaped ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink. — Gravelly
places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and southward. April-June.

5. S. Virginica, L. (Frre Pryx. Catcurry.) Stems slender (1-2°
high); leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals ob-
long, 2-cleft, deep crimson; the limb 1’ long. — Open woods, western N.Y. to
Minn., and southward. June- Aug.

6. S. regia, Sims. (Royat Catcuriy.) Stem roughish, erect (3-4°
high); leaves thicktsh, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short-stalked,
in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; petals
spatulate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio to Mo.,
and southward. July.

7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (Rounp-LEAvVED CaTcHFLy.) Viscid-hairy ;
stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long); leaves thin, round, abruptly
pointed, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elon-
gated; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio,
and in Ky. June- Aug.— Leaves and flowers large.
* * * * Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod ; annuals.
~ Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous ; flowers pink.

8. §. antirrhina, L. (Sterpy C.) Stem slender (8-30 high) ; leaves
lanceolate or linear ; flowers small, paniculate ; calyx ovoid ; petals obcordate,
crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.— Dry soil; common in waste
places. June -~Sept.

S. Armeéria, L. (Sweet-Witiram Catcurty.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped ; petals
notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.— Escaped from gardens; rare
(Ady. from En.)

CARYOPHYLLACEH. (PINK FAMILY.) 85

+ + Viscid-pubescent ; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented.
S. nocttrna, L. (Nigut C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the

upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike; petals 2-parted.—

Introduced sparingly in Pa., according to Schweinitz. (Adv. from Iu.)

S. noctrrLtora, L. (NiGHT-FLOWERING C.) Viscid-hairy, tall (1-3°
high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate ; flowers fev,
peduncled ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1’ long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped
teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds.

5. LYCHNEIS, Tourn. CocKLE.

Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth;
ctherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes.
(Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from Avyvos, a
light or lamp.)

L. Vesrertina, Sibth. (Eventne L.) Biennial, usually dicecious, viseid-
pubescent, in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 styles, calyx much
shorter (7-9” long), with lance-linear teeth, and flowers white or pinkish, open-
ing at evening. — Cult. or waste grounds; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

GL, pitrna, Sibth. (Rep Lycunyts.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less
viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4-6” long), and the flowers red, opening in
the morning. — Rarely spontaneous. (Ady. from Eu.)

L. Girnaco, Lam. (Corn Cocke.) Annual, clothed with long soft
appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes similar to the long and
linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling off
in fruit. (Agrostémma Githago, L.) — In wheat-tields. (Ady. from Eu.)

L, Fros-ctcuur, L. (RaGGep Rosin.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy
below, viscid above; leaves narrowly lanceolate; flowers in loose panicles;
calyx short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear.— Moist or marshy
places; New Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short,
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few —- many-
seeded. — Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small
white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species grow.)
— The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.

§ 1. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at
length into 6 valves ; seeds many, naked at the hilum.

A. SERPYLLIFOLIA, L. (THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely branched,
roughish (2-6’ high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy ; sepals lanceo-
late, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about equalling the petals and 6-toothed pod.— A
low annual; sandy waste places. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. ALSINE. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds many, Usu-
ally rough, naked at the hilum; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose ;
root in our species perennial, except in n. 4.

* Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

1. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (PINE-BARREN S.) Densely tufted from a
deep perpendicular root ; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, aw/l-shaped,
short, channelled ; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flow-
ered ; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. squarrosa, Mich«.) — In
pure sand, S. New York, N. J., and southward along the coast. May-July.

2. A. Michauxii, Hook.f. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from
a small root, smooth; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with

86 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.)

many others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals
pointed, 3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (A. stricta, MWichr.) — Rocks and
dry wooded banks, Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. July.
3. A. vérna, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted, glabrous or (var. nTRTA)
somewhat pubescent, 1-3’ high; leaves narrowly linear or awl-shaped ; flow-
ers loosely cymose; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter than the pod.
—Smuggler’s Notch, Vt. (Pringle); north and westward. (Eu.)

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, jfiliform-linear ; petals retuse or notched.

4. A. patula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems
filiform (6-10’ long); branches of the cyme diverging ; peduncles long ; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved. (A. Pitcheri, Nutt.) —S. W. Va. to Ky.,
Ill., Kan., and southward.

5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from
slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2-4’ high), few-flow-
ered; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless. — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill,
and Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., of the higher mountains of New Eng., and
northward; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the
sea, and near Middletown, Ct. June-Aug.— Leaves and peduncles 3-6”
long; flowers large in proportion.

-§3. MGEHRINGIA. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours; pod as in §1,
but the young ovary 3-celled ; seeds rather few, smooth, with a thickish ap-
pendage (strophiole) at the hilum; perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves.

6. A. laterifiora, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent ;
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse ($-1’ long); peduncles 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered,
soon becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse.— Gravelly shores, etc., New
Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

§ 4. AMMADENIA. Styles, cells of the ovary, and valves of the Sleshy pod
3, rarely 4 or 5; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum; disk
under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-lobed ; flowers
almost sessile in the axils, sometimes diecious or polygamous ; root perennial.

7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks,
6-10’ high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8-10 long) very fleshy. (Hon-
kenya peploides, Kirh.) —Sands of the sea-shore, N. J. to Maine and north-
ward. June. (Eu.)

7, STELLARIA, L. Caickweep. Srarwort.

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10,
or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-celled,
opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several —many-seeded.
Seeds naked.— Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from
stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)

* Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or two pubescent
lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, 4-24’ long.

S. mEp1A, Smith. (Common Cuickweep.) Annual or nearly so; lower
leaves on hairy petioles, petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted , stamens 3-10.
— Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

CARYOPHYLLACEH. (PINK FAMILY.) = OF

1. S. ptibera, Michx. (Great CuicKwEED.) Root perennial; leaves
all sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; stamens 10.— Shaded
rocks, Penn. to Ind., and southward. May.

* * Stems erect or spreading ; wholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and nar.
row or small leaves; stamens usually 10, perigynous.
+ Scaly-bracted ; petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.

2. S. longifolia, Muhl. (Lonc-Lteavep Stircnworr.) Stem erect,
weak, often with rough angles (8-18 high) ; /eaves linear, acutish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length iateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the
slender pedicels spreading; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds
smooth. — Grassy places; common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

3. §. léngipes, Goldie. (Lone-stratkep 8.) Shining or somewhat
glaucous, very smooth; /eaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute,
broadest at the base, rather rigid; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedi-
cels strictly erect; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.— Maine to
Minn., rare; common farther north. (Eu.)

S. cramfnea, L. Resembling the last; leaves linear-lanceolate, broadest
above the base; pedicels widely spreading ; seeds strongly but minutely rugose.
— Becoming rather frequent. (Int. from Ku.)

4. S. uliginosa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or dif-
fuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx;
seeds roughened. —Swamps and rills, Md. to N. Eng., and northward; rare.
(Eu.)

+ + Flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches; bracts
foliaceous ; petals 2-parted, small or often none; styles 3-4; pod longer
than the calyx.

5. §. crassifolia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; /eaves rather
fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong; petals longer than the calyx,
or wanting; seeds rugose-roughened.—Springy places, eastern Ky. (Short),
Ringwood, Il. (Vasey), and northward. April-June. (Eu.)

6. S. borealis, Bigel. (NorTHERN S.) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid,
many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying from
broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2-5, shorter than the calyzx, or oftener
none; sepals acute; styles usually 4; seeds smooth.— Shaded or wet places,
R. I. to Minn., and northward. June- Aug.— Var. aLpésTris has the later
flowers more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds
obscurely reticulated or roughish.— Lake Superior, Dr, Robbins. (Eu.)

7. S. humifisa, Rottb. Spreading or creeping; stems or branches
(2’ high) 1-3-flowered; leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong (2-3” long); petals a
little longer than the calyx: seeds smooth. — Northern border of Maine on the
St. John’s (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Lu.)

8. HOLOSTEUM, L. JAGGED CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens
3-5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening
at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the
inner face. — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel.

88 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.)

borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of éAos, a//, and daréoy,
bone, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)

H. umpevrAtrum, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels reflexed after flowering. — Hills around Lancas-
ter, Penn., Prof. Porter, and Morris Co., N.J., C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CERASTIUM, L. Mousr-EAR CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite
them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex
by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough. —
Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Our species have the petals 2-cleft or ob-
cordate, the parts of the flower always in fives, and the exserted pods more or
less curved. (Name from képas, a horn, alluding to the shape of the pod in
many species.)

C. viscosum, L. (Mousre-cEar CuHIcKWEED.) Annual, hairy and rather
clammy, nearly erect (4-9’ high); leaves ovate or obovate to oblong-spatulate :
bracts herbaceous; flowers small in close clusters at first, pedicels even in
fruit not longer than the acute sepals; petals shorter than the calyx. (C. vul-
gatum, 1. Herb.,and Man. The names of this and the next were transposed
in the Linnzan herbarium, which has caused much confusion. ‘They are here
applied as originally by Linnzus, and by many recent botanists. Others sub-
stitute for this the later name, C. glomeratum, J7uill.) — Grassy places, east-
ward and southward; not common. May-July.—Stamens often 5. (Nat.
from Eu.)

C. vutcaArum, L. (Larcer M.) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy, spread-
ing (6-15’ long); Jeaves oblong; upper bracts scarious-margined ; flowers
larger (sepals 2-3” long), at first clustered, the fruiting pedicels longer, the
earlier ones mostly much /onger than the obtuse sepals ; petals equalling the
calyx. (C. viscosum, L. Herb., and Man. C. triviale, Link.) — Fields and
copses ; common, perhaps indigenous. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. nuitans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slen-
der, grooved, diffusely branched (6-20’ high); cyme loose and open, many-
flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly
elongated; petals longer than the calyx; pods nodding on the stalks, curved
upward, thrice the length of the calyx.— Moist places, Vt. to Minn., and south-
ward. May-July.

2. C. arvénse, L. (Fietp CuicKkweeEp.) Perennial; stems ascending
or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4-8 high), naked and few -
several-flowered at the summit; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate ; petals ob-
cordate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; pods scarcely longer than the
calyx.— Dry or rocky places. May-July. (Eu.)

Var. oblongifolium, Holl. & Britt. Usually taller, pubescent; leaves
narrowly or broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate ; pod about twice longer than
the calyx. (C. oblongifolium, Vorr.) — Rocky places, N. Y. to Minn., and
southward. — Var. vitLosum, Holl. & Britt. Similar but densely villous-pu-
bescent, and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. — E. Penn.

10. SAGINA, L. PEARLWORT.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many
as the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and alter-
nate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved to the base; valves opposite

CARYOPHYLLACEH. (PINK FAMILY.) 89

the sepals. — Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no
stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches; in summer.
(Name from sugina, fattening ; previously applied to the spurry.)

* Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives.

1. S. procumbens, L. Annual or perennial, depressed or spreading on
the ground, glabrous; leaves linear-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often
hooked soon after flowering ; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals,
sometimes none. —Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Penn.
(Eu.)

2. S. apétala, L. Annual, erect or ascending; leaves ciliate at base or
glabrous ; petals none or very small ; peduncles always erect. — Dry soil, Mass.
to Penn. ; scarce, seemingly native? (Eu.)

* * Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10.

3. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending ; the peduncles and
calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-pubescent ; leaves
short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled in the axils; peduncles slender ; petca/s
equalling or shorter than the calyx; pod oblong-ovate, nearly twice longer than
the acutish sepals. (S. subulata, Mfan., not Wimm.)—E. Mass., to IIl., Mo.,
and southward. — Var. Smfruu, a slender form, apeta/ous, at least in the later
flowers. — Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and in sandy fields at Somers’
Point, N. J., C. E. Smith. Seeds minutely roughened.

4. S. nodosa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above;
stems ascending (3-5’ high); lower leaves thread-form, the upper short and
awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets ap-
pear knotty, petals much longer than the calyx.— Wet sandy soil, along the
coast of Maine and N. H., also Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

i: BUD A, Adans. SAanD-SPURREY.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles and valves of the many-
seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals!) Em-
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea-
coast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones
often clustered in the axils; stipules scaly-membranaceous ; flowering all sum-
mer. (Named probably for the city so called.) — Genus also known as 'Tissa,
Adans., SPERGULARIA, Presl, and Lepigonum, Wahlb. ‘The species are very
variously understood by European botanists, and are much confused, as well
as the synonymy. Our forms are annual, or at the most biennial

1. B. rubra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the prostrate or
ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubescent ;
leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy ; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft; pedicels
longer than the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla small (13”), hardly equal-
ling or exceeding the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points, semi-obovate or
gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. (Spergularia rubra, Pres/.) — Dry sandy soil,
New Eng. to Va., along and near the coast, but rarely maritime. (Eu.)

2. B. marina, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the preceding, erect
or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules, terete leaves, and pedi-
cels 2-4” long; sepals usually becoming 3-24” long, little shorter than the

90 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. (PINK FAMILY.)

pod; petals pale; seeds obovate-rounded and roughened with points, wingless or
narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, Pres]. Tissa marina, Britt.) — Brack-
ish sands, ete., coast of N. Eng. to Va., and southward. A form with smooth
seeds is var. LEIOSPERMA, N. E. Brown. (S. media, Pres/.) (Eu.)

Var. (7) minor, Watson. Small, ascending or decumbent ; flowers smaller,
on shorter pedicels (rarely 2” long), the sepals and pod 1-13” long; seeds
wingless, usually papillose. — Coast of N. H. and Mass.

3. B. borealis, Watson. Diffusely branched, glabrous; pedicels usually
2-4” long; petals white; pod ovate, 2” long, about twice longer than the
sepals; seeds usually wingless, smooth or nearly so. (Tissa salina, Britt.) —
On the coast, E. Maine to Labrador.

12. SPERGULA, L. Spurrey.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals
Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Buda. (Name
from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)

S. arvensis, L. (Corn Spurrey.j) Annual; leaves numerous in the
whorls, thread-shaped (1 -2’ long); stipules minute ; flowers white, in a stalked

panicled cyme, seeds rough. — Grain-fields. (Ady. from Lu.)

OrvER 16. PORTULACACEA. (Purstane Famity.)

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers ,
viz., sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of
the same number, but often indefinite, otherwise nearly as Chickweeds.—
Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5-20. Styles
2-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled,
with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base.
Embryo curved around mealy albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs,
with entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral,
then shrivelling.

1. Portulaca. Stamens 7- 20, on the partly adherent calyx Pod opening by a lid.

2. Talinum. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous Calyx deciduous.
Pod many-seeded.

3. Claytonia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base.
Calyx persistent. Pod 3-6-seeded.

1. PORTULAGCA,,. Ton. PURSLANE.

Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. -Petals 5, rarely 6,
inserted on the calyx with the 7-20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3-8.
parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

P overAcea, L. (Common PursLAne.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves
obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings) ;
sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-6-parted ;
flower-bud flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds; common. Seem-
ingly indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from En.)

1. P. retiisa, Engelm. Leaves often retuse; calyx-lobes obtuse in the
bud; petals small or minute; style shorter, 3-4-cleft; seeds larger, sharply

ELATINACEH. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.) 91

tuberculate ; otherwise like the last.— Ark. to Tex. and westward; reported
from Kan., Iowa, and Minn.

2. P. pilosa, L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils;
leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 3-6” long; petals red or purple. — Kan.
to Tex., etc.

2. TALINUM, Adans.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemera{f. Stamens 10-
30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved,
with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.)

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Perennial; leafy stems low, tuberous at
base ; leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3-6’) and naked, bearing an
open cyme of pink flowers (3’ broad); stamens 15-20.— Serpentine rocks,
Penn., to Ind., Minn., and southward. June- Aug.

3. CLAYTONIA, Gronov. SpRING-BEAUTY.

Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of
the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. —
Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from
a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of
pretty flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than
one day! (Named in honor of Dr John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists,
who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3-6’ long). —
Moist open woods; common, especially westward and southward.

2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer; leaves
spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1- 2’ long). — Maine to Minn., and south-
ward along the Alleghanies.

OrvER 17. ELATINACEZ. (Warer-wort Famity.)

Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite
dotless leaves, minute axillary flowers like those of the Chickweeds, but the
pod 2-5-celled, and the seeds as in St. John’s-wort. The principal genus is

1 ELATINE, L. Warer-worr.

Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod
membranaceous, globose, 2-4-celled, several-many-seeded, 2-—4-valved; the
partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straight-
ish or curved, marked by both longitudinal and transverse lines. — Dwarf gla-
brous plants, usually rooting at the nodes, aquatic or terrestrial (A Greek
name for some obscure herb.)

1. HK. Americana, Arn. Tufted, 1’ high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 1-3”
long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic form; sepals, petals, sta-
mens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base,
marked by 9 s 10 longitudinal liaes and 20-30 crossbars. — Margin of ponds,

92 KLATINACEZ. (WATER-WORT FAMILY.)

etc., N. H. to Il., Va., and southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate; the
seeds large in proportion, straightish.

2. KE. triandra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate;
petals and stamens commonly 3; seeds more slender, covering the axis —
Ponds, Ill., Neb., and westward. (Eu.)

3. KE. brachyspérma, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed
base; flowers mostly dimerous; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal
lines and 10-12 crossbars. — Ll. and southwestward.

Orper 18. HYPERICACEZ. (Sr. Jouy’s-wort Famiry.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular
hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles.
Pod 1-celled with 2—5 parietal piacente, and as many styles, or 3—7-celled
by the union of the placente in the centre ; dehiscence mostly septicidal. —
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or
5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds
numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. —
Plants with a resinous juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually
smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or cymose.

* Petals oblique, convolute, yellow; hypogynous glands none.

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct.
2. Hypericum. Sepals 5,alike. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and in 3 or 5 clusters.

* * Petals equal, imbricate, purplish; glands alternating with the 3 stamen-clusters.

3. Elodes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens usually 9. Ovary 3-celled.
kL ASCY RUM, EL. Sr. PETER’s-wort.

Sepals 4; the two outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous;
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-
valved. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves,
and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some
plant, from a-, without, and oxvpos, roughness.)

1 A. stans, Michx. (St. Perer’s-wort.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged,
1-2° high, stout; /eaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish; flowers
showy ; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; peta/s obovate; styles 8
or 4. — Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn., and southward. July. Aug.

2: Ar. Crux-Andree, L. (St. AnprREw’s Cross.) Low, much
branched and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the
base, thin; petals linear-oblong: styles 2, very short; pod flat.— Nantucket:
pine barrens of N. J. to S. Ill, Neb., and southward. July - Sept.— Petals
scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over
them, in the form of a St. Andrew’s cross.

2. HYPERICUM, Tourn. Str. Jony’s-wort.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique. convolute in the bud Sta-
mens commonly united or clustered in 3-5 parcels; no interposed glands

®

HYPERICACEH, (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.) 93

Pod 1-celled or 3—5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with
cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous ; styles 5, united below, the stigmas
capitate ; pod 5-celled, the placente turned far back into the cells ; peren-
nial herb; flowers very large.

1. H. Ascyron, L. (Great Sr. Jony’s-wort.) Stems 2-5° high;
branches 2—4-angled ; leaves (2-5’ long) ovate-oblong, partly clasping ; petals
narrowly obovate (1’ long), not deciduous until after they wither; pod 2 long,
conical. (H. pyramidatum, Ait.) — Banks of rivers, New Eng. and Penn. to
Iowa and Minn. July.

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered ; styles 3 (n. 2 ex.
cepted), more or less united into one, the stigmas not capitate except in n. 10
sepals mostly foliaceous.

* Bushy shrubs, 1-6° high, leafy to the top.
x Styles 5; pod completely 5-celled.

2. WH. Kalmianum, L. (Katm’s Sr. Jonn’s-wort.) Branches 4-
angled; branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate
(1-2 long); flowers few in a cluster (1’ wide); pods ovate. — Wet rocks,
Niagara Falls and northern lakes. Aug.

+ + Styles 3; pod completely 3-celled.

3. H. prolificum, L. (Surusry St. Jony’s-worr.) Branchlets 2-
edged; leaves narrowly oblong (1-2’ long), mostly obtuse, narrowed at the
base; flowers numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods lanceolate to
ovate, 4-6” long.—N. J. to Mich., Minn., and southward. July-Sept.~
Varies greatly in size, etc.

4. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Exceedingly branched above, 1 -6° high,
the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves ;, flowers smaller (4-3
in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes; pod 2-3”
long. (H. prolificum, var. densiflorum, Gray.) — Pine barrens of N. J. to
glades of Ky., Ark., and southward.

* * Perennial herbs or a little woody at the base.
+ Pod incompletely 3 —-4-celled.

5. H. galioides, Lam. Slender, branching, woody below; leaves linear-
oblanceolate, narrowed downward, 4-3’ long, mostly acute; flowers small in
terminal and axillary cymes; sepals very narrow, 13-3” long; pod as long,
ovate. — Del. to Ga. and E. Tenn.

6. H. adpréssum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly
woody creeping base (1 - 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ;
leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme terminal,
leafy at the base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate , pods ovoid-oblong. —
Moist places, Nantucket and R. I. to Penn., and southwestward. July-Aug,
— Leaves 13’ long. Petals bright yellow, 3-5” long.

+ + Pod \-celled with 3 parietal placenta.

7. H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base,
woody below (6-—20’ high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading,

94 HYPERICACEH. (ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY.)

veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the

length of the very oblique petals (5- 6” long) ; pods ovate-conical, pointed, the

walls very thick and hard.— Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn.

June- Aug.

8. H. cistifolium, Lam.! Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with a
somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1 -2° high) ;
leaves narrowly oblong to nearly linear (1 -3’ long), sessile with a somewhat
clasping base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many-flowered; sepals
ovate ; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical; seeds large, oblong, very
rough-pitted. (H. spharocarpon, Michx.) — Rocky river-banks, 5. W. Ohio,
to Iowa and southward. July —-Sept.— Flowers small.

9. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (10-20° high), ob-
scurely 4-angled; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, usually narrower
toward the subclasping base, thin; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered ;
sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse; seeds minutely striate.— Wet places,
New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. July, Aug.— Petals light
yellow, 3” long.

10. H. virgatum, Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled,
herbaceous (1—2° high) ; leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute (}-1’ long), closely sessile by a broad base ; cyme compound, naked, the
_ scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches; sepals herbaceous, erect,
enclosing the ovoid pod; styles 3, separate, with capitate stigmas. (H. angu-
losum, Michx.) — Wet pine barrens of N.J.and southward; Ky. July —Sept.
— Petals copper-yellow, 4-5” long.

§ 3. Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters ; styles 3, separate and usually diverg-
ing ; pod 3-celled ; calyx erect ; petals and anthers with black dots ; perennials.
H. perrorAtum, L. (Common Sr. Jony’s-wort.) Stem much branched

and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base) ; leaves

elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow)
twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals; tlowers numerous, in open

leafy cymes. — Fields, etc. June-Sept.— Too well known as a pernicious
weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

ll. H. maculatum, Walt. Conspicuously marked with both black and
pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong or lance-ovate,
the base either obtuse or somewhat clasping ; flowers crowded (small) ; petals
pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals, styles mostly not longer than
the pod. (H. corymbosum, Muhl.)— Damp places; common. July -Sept.
— Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in the last; petals 2-3” long,
marked with black lines as well as dots. The ordinary northern form differs
from the typical southern one in the shorter style and the more oblong less
clasping leaves.

§ 4. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 8 clusters; pod 1-celled, with 3 strictly pari-
etal placente ; styles short, distinct, with capitate stigmas ; petals oblong or
linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender annuals, with 4-angular branches ;
Jlowering all summer.

x Stem simple or loosely branched ; leaves linear to ovate, spreading.

12. H. mutilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6-20’ high);
leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ;

TERNSTREMIACEX. (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 95

flowers 2” broad; pods ovate-conical, rather longer than the cal yx.— Low
grounds, everywhere.

13. H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict
stem and branches (1 —3° high) ; leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse ;
cyme naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts; in aspect
approaching the next. (H. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, Gray.) — Del. and
Penn. to Minn., and southward.

14. H. Canadénse, L. Stem strict (6-15’ high), with the branches
erect; leaves linear, 3-nerved at the base, obtuse; cymes naked; flowers deep
yellow, 2-3” broad when expanded: pods conical-oblong, usually much longer
than the calyx. — Wet, sandy soil; common. June-Oct.— Var. MAsus, Gray,
is a large form, 1 - 2° high, with lanceolate leaves 14’ long, 3” wide, the upper
acute. L. Superior, Robbins; S. New York and southward. — Var. MINIMUM,
Chois., a simple few-flowered form, 1-3’ high, with oblong obtuse leaves.
On wet rocks, Wisc., and northward.

* *« Stems fustigiately branched; leaves linear or bracttike, ascending or
appressed.

15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect (10-18 high) ; /eaves linear-subulate, nearly erect,
I-nerved (3-9” long); flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx.— W. IL,
Iowa, Kan., and southward, in dry soil.

16. H. nudicatile, Walt. (Orancr-crass. PiNE-wEED.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4-9% high) ; /eaves minute awl-shaped scales,
appressed ; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches ;
pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (H. Sarothra, J/ichz.)
— Sandy fields, N. Eng. to l., Mo., and southward; common. June - Oct.

3. ELODES, Adans. Marsu St. Jonn’s-wort.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as
many large orange-colored glands Pod 3-celled, oblong, styles distinct. —
Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of
flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem.
(Name éA#dns, growing in marshes, accidentally changed to ELopEa by Jussieu,
who was followed by Pursh, etc.)

1. KE. campanulata, Pursh. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad
base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (KE.
Virginica, Nutt.) --Common in swamps; 1-2° high. July, Aug.

2. BE. petiolata, Pursh. Taller, more branching; /eaves tapering into
a short petiole, oblong; filaments united beyond the middle. — From Va. south
and westward.

Orver 19. TERNSTRO2MIACEA. (Tra or CAMeELria
FamMILy.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stip-
ules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals

96 TERNSTREMIACEZ. (TEA OR CAMELLIA FAMILY.)

both imbricated in cestivation, the stamens more or less united at the base
with each other (monadelphous or 3—5-adelphous) and with the base of the
petals. — Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 -5-celled locuii-
cidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with
broad cotyledons. — A family with showy flowers, the types of which are
the well-known CAMELLIA and the more important TEA PLANT, — rep-
resented in this country by the two following genera.

1 STUARTIA, L.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate.
Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crusta-
ceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen ;
radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous
oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled
flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.)

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5, white (1’ long); sepals ovate; style 1;
stigma 5-toothed; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined. — Woods, Va.,
and southward.

2. S. pentagyna, L’Her. Leaves larger, 5-6’ long; sepals acute ; petals
often 6; styles 5, distinct ; pod angled, pointed ; seeds Wing-margined. — Moun-
tains of Ky., Car., and southward.

2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Losrorzy Bay.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2—-8-seeded. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle-
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his “old master, Dr. James Gordon
of Aberdeen,” and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. G. Lasianthus, L. (Lopioitiy Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per-
sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above.— Swamps near the coast, Va.
and southward. May-July. — Petals 1}’ long.

Orver 20. MALVACEA. (Mattiow Famity.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the
calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens mona-
delphous in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the petals,
1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds. — Sepals 5, united at base, per-
sistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of
exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the
top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-
celled pod. Seeds with little albumen; embryo curved, the leafy co‘yle-
dons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough
bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary.

MALVACEEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 97

Tribe I. MALVEZ. Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and
earpels 4-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they
separate after ripening.

* Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles ; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.

. Althzea. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.

. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.

. Callirrhoe. Involucel of 1-3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

. Napzea. Involucelnone Flowersdicecious. Stamens few (15-20). Carpels beakless.

He LD bo

«x * Stigmas terminal, capitate; carpels 1-few-seeded, usually dehiscent.

. Malvastrum. Involucel of3bractlets ornone. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending.
. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous.

. Sphzeralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.

. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3-9 in each cell.

. Mo@iola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them.

DHAKA

Tribe If. HIBISCEZ. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of
its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal,
leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.

10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.,

11. Hibiscus. Inyolucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

fe AGL TH APA oT: Marsu-MA.iow.

Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old
Greek and Latin name, from &A@w, to cure, in allusion to its pape properties.)

A. orrictnAis, L. (Marsu-Matitow.) Stem erect, 2-4° high; leaves
ovate or slightly heart- -shaped, toothed, sometimes ea velvety -downy ;
eames axillary, many-flowered ; flowers pale rose-color. — Salt “marshes,
coast of N. Eng. ‘and N.Y. Aug., Sept.— Perennial root thick, abounding
in are. the basis of the Pdtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from E a)

2. MALVA, L. Mattow.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An
old Latin name, from the Greek name, waddxn, having allusion to the emol-
lient leaves.)

* Flowers fascicled in the axils.

M. rotunpiroiia, L. (Common Matrow.) Stems procumbent from a
deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart- shaped, on very long petioles, crenate,
obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, w hitish ; carpels pubes.
cent, even. LW, aysides and cultivated grounds; common. (Nat. from Eu.)

M. syLvéstris, L. (Hicgu M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched (2-3°
high) ; /eaves sharply 5—7-lobed ; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large,
purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny.— Waysides. (Adv. from Ku.)

M. crispa, L. (Curtep M.) A fall, erect annual, with round and angled
toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils. —
Sparingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate.

M. moscuAta, L. (Musk M.) A low perennial, with the stem-/eaves
5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly
musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (14 in diameter) on short pe-
duncles crowded on'the stem and branches, the fruit downy.— Escaped from
gardens to waysides. (Ady. from Eu.)

98 MALVACEEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

M. Accra, L., with the stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft, the lobes
incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the
involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Ady. from Eu.)

$8. CALLIRERHOE, Nutt.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-
seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle
pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)

* Involucel 3-leaved.

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a fusiform root ; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest
rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate ; the upper incised or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers
panicled, short-pedicelled (purple); involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved
calyx; carpels not rugose. — Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southward.

2. CG. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves
rounded, 5—7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed; peduncles elon-
gated, 1-flowered ; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3-5-nerved sepals twice as
long as the involucel; petals red or purplish, carpels indehiscent, rugose-
reticulated. — Minn. to Tex.

x * Involucel none; calyx 5-parted ; carpels strongly rugose.

3. C. alezeoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high),
erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised, the
upper 5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments ;
flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender peduncles. — Barren oak-
lands, S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb.

4. C. digitata, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few,
round-cordate, 5-7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions; pe-
duncles subracemose, long, filiform; flowers red-purple to white.— Kan. to
Bex: é

4. NAPA, Clayt. Giapde Marttow

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers diwcious ; the
staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a
short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic
along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many
kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are
styles. Radicle pointing downward.— A tall roughish perennial herb, with
very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and
toothed, and with small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named
from vary, a glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)

1. N. didica, L. Stems nearly simple, 5-9° high.— Penn. to Va., and
west to Iowa and Minn.; rare. July.

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Farse Mattow.

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the
end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or

MALVACEH. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 99

else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle
pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.)

1 M. angustum, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6’-1° high):
leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth; flowers in the
upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangular sepals;
bractlets and stipules setaceous ; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx;
earpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved.— W. Tenn. to lowa
and Kan. Aug.

2 M. coccineum, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary; leaves 5-parted or
pedate, flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much
longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and inde-
hiscent. — Minn to W. Tex., and westward.

GST DAL LL:

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5
or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into as many
l-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and
tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent;
the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napza, Cav. <A smooth, tall (4-10° high) perennial; leaves 3 -7-
cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed ; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed,
1’ wide ; carpels 10, pointed. — Rocky river-banks, along the Alleghanies, Penn.
to Va.; rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. §. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1-4° high);
leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short;
flowers (yellow) rather large; carpels 9-10, slightly and abruptly pointed,
forming a depressed fruit.— Sandy soil, S. Va. and southward. May-Aug.

S. spinosa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10 - 20’
high), much branched ; /eaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-
petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; flowers
(yellow) small; carpe/s 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the
top into 2 beaks. — A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger
plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places,
S. New York to lowa, and common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.)

7. SPH HRALCEA, St. Hil.

Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in
Malvastrum. (Name from ogaipa, a sphere, and dAnéa, a mallow —from the
commonly spherical fruit.)

1. S. acerifolia, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2—6° high, stellately pubescent
or glabrate ; leaves maple-shaped, 3-7-cleft; flowers clustered in the upper
axils and subspicate, rose-color to white. — Kankakee Co., Ill., #. J. Hill ; Dak.

and westward.

8. ABUTILON, Toun. Inp1an Matiow.

Carpels 2-9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing in-
ward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.,

A. Avictxne, Gaertn. (VetvetT-Lear.) Tall annual (4° high); leaves
roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf.
stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped
from gardens. (Ady. from India.)

100 MALVACEZ. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

9. MODIOLA, Moench.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas
capitate. Carpels 14-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the
top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each
cell. — Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves
and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from mod‘olus, the broad
and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)

i. M. multifida, Moench. Hairy ; leaves 3-5-cleft and incised; stamens
15-20; fruit hispid at the top.— Low grounds, Va. and southward.

10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus.
(Named after V. F. Nosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virginica, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2-4° high); leaves
halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2’ wide, rose-
color; column slender. — Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. Aug.

ll. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mattow.

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft.
Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles
united, stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several
or many in each cell.— Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy
flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

* Indigenous tall perennials (4-8° high), flowering late in summer.

1. H. Moschettos, L. (Swamp Rosr-Matiow.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all whitened under-
neath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy above; the 1-flowered
peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles; bractlets not hairy ;
calyx not inflated; pod and seeds smooth or nearly so.— Brackish marshes
along the coast, from E. Mass. southward, and lake shores and swamps west-
ward to Ill. and Mo., especially within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla
5-6’ in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye.

2. H.lasiocarpus, Cay. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly
ovate and heart-shaped ; bractlets ciliate ; pod hirsute ;— otherwise resembling
the last. (H. grandiflorus, M/ichx.) — Ind. to Mo., and southward.

3. H. militaris, Cav. (Hatperp-LeEAveD R.) Smooth throughout ; lower
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed ; upper leaves halberd-form, the short
lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed ;
peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. — River-banks, Penn
to Minn., and southward. — Corolla 2-3’ long, flesh-color with purple base.

* * Escaped from gardens or grounds.

H. Tridxum, L. (Biapper Kermtia.) <A low, rather hairy annual ; upper
leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest ;
fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged ; corolla sulphur-yellow with a
blackish eye, ephemeral; hence the name flower-of-an-hour. (Ady. from Eu.)

H. Syrtacus, L. (Suruppy ALtHma of gardeners.) U2// shrub, smooth;
leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually rose-celor.
— Escaped rarely from cultivation, Penn., ete. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

LINACEH. (FLAX FAMILY.) 101

JRDER 21. TILIACEAE. (Linven FAMILY.)

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaqginous properties, fibrous bark,
valvale calyx, etc., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, etals
wmbricated in the bud, the stamens usually pocycdelphous, and the anthers
2-celled. Represented in Northern regions only by the genus,

1 TILIA, Tourn. Lixpen. Basswoop.

Sepals 5. Petals 5,spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a
spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with
a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a
5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming 1-
celled and 1-2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen; cotyledons broad and thin,
5-lobed, crumpled. — Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and
tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (ob-
lique and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of
flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate mem-
branaceous bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The clas-
sical Latin name.) —

1. T. Americana, L. (Basswoop.) Leaves large, green and glabrous
or nearly so, thickish; floral bract usually tapering at base; fruit ovoid. —
Rich woods. May, June. — Here rarely called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood,
commonly Basswood ; the latter name now obsolete in England.

2. T. pubéscens, Ait. Leaves smaller (2-3’ long), thinner, and rather
pubescent beneath ; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit globose, smaller
(3” broad). (IT. Americana, var. pubescens, J/an.) —N. Y. to Fla., and west-
ward.

3. T. heterophylla, Vent. (Wnuire Basswoop.) Leaves larger,
smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.
— Mountains of Penn. to S. Ill., and southward.

T. Evrop-na, the EvROPEAN LINDEN, several varieties of which are planted
in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any native spe-

cies by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the
Lin) gave the family name to Linneus.

Orper 22. LINACEZR. (Frax Famity )

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the reqular and symmetrical hypogynous
flowers 4-—6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute
petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, having
twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus,

i. BEINUM,, Tourn. Fax.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely
divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel,
the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,

102 LINACEH. (FLAX FAMILY.)

containing a large embryo with plano-conyex cotyledons. — Herbs, with tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

* Flowers rather small, yellow; glabrous, 1—2° high.

1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym-
bose spreading or recurving branches terete and even; no stipular glands;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite ; flowers
scattered, small (barely 3” long); sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or
nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod ; styles distinct. — Dry woods;
common.— Root apparently annual; but the plant propagates by suckers
from the base of the stem.

L. FiorrpAnvm, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly
ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. Il.

2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a
creeping or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose
short branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the
leaves; these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the
lower ones opposite ; flowers more crowded; sepals scarcely equalling the very
small subglobose brownish pod; otherwise nearly as n. i.— Wet or boggy
grounds, E. Mass. to Lakes Ontario and Huron, IIl., and southward.

3. L. suleatum, Riddell. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and
with the upright or ascending branches wing-angled or grooved; leaves al-
ternate, linear, acute, the upper subulate and glandular-serrulate; a pair of
dark glands in place of stipules; sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed,
strongly 3-nerved and with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer
than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod; sty/es united almost to the
middle. — Dry soils, E. Mass. to Minn., and southwestward.— Flowers and
pods twice as large as in the preceding.

4. I. rigidum, Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulert, often
low and cespitose, the rigid branches angled, leaves narrow, erect, usually
with stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate ;
styles united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved.— Minn. to Kan., and southward.

* * Flowers large, blue.

5. L. perénne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. & Wright. Perennial, glabrous
and glaucous, 1-3° high; leaves linear, acute; flowers rather few on long
peduncles; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate ; styles distinct ;
pod ovate. — Minn. to Neb., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

L. usrrarfsstmum, L. (Common Frax.) Annual; stem corymbosely
branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate. — Occasionally spontaneous in fields.
(Ady. from a)

OrperR 23. GERANIACEZE. (Geranium Famtry.)

Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous
Aowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice
as many, and the lobes or cells (1—few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, as
the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit persisting. —Seeds without albumen

GERANIACEH. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 103

except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly 5-merous and the sepals usually dis-
tinct. Leaves never punctate. An order not easily defined, and includ-
ing several strongly marked tribes or suborders which have been regarded
by many botanists as distinct.

Tribe I. GERANIEX. (GERANIUM FAMILY proper.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the
sepals imbricate in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals.
Stamens somewhat united, Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, sepa-
rating elastically with their long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Co-
tyledons plicate, incumbent on the radicle. — Herbs (our species) with more or less
lobed or divided leaves, stipules, and astringent roots.

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or
tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside.

2, Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside,
often spirally twisted.

Tribe II. LIMNANTHE. Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Flerkea), the persistent
sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly
distinct, with a common style, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, at length fleshy and indehiscent, not
beaked, separating from the very short axis. Embryo straight; cotyledons very thick ;
radicle very short.--Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate leaves and no
stipules.

3. Floerkea. Sepals, minute pistils, and lobes of the ovary 3; stamens 6.

Tribe III. OXALIDE®. (SORREL FAMILY ) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the persist-
ent sepals imbricate. Glandsnone. Stamens 10, often united at base. Stigmas capi-
tate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod (in Oxalis); cells 2-several-seeded. Embryo
straight, in a little fleshy albumen. — Leaves compound (3-foliolate in cur species) ;
juice sour.

4. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong; the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually
obcordate.

Tribe IV. BALSAMINEZ. (BALSAM FAMILY.) Flowers irregular (5-merous as to
the stamens and pistil), the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, deciduous, the
larger sepal with a large sac or spur. Glands none. Stamens 5, distinct, short. Fruit
a fleshy 5-celled pod (in Impatiens); cells several-seeded. Embryo straight. — Tender
and very succulent herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules.

5. Impatiens. Lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 valves.

1 GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranes.

Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer
with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in
fruit when they separate from the axis.— Stems forking. Peduncles 1-3-
flowered. (An old Greek name, from yépavos, a crane; the long fruit-bearing
beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.)

* Rootstock perennial.

1. G. maculatum, L. (Witp CranesBitt.) Stem erect, hairy ; leaves
about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end; sepals
slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (3 long). —
Open woods and fields. April-July.— Leaves somewhat blotched with
whitish as they grow old.

* * Root biennial or annual ; flowers small.
a- Leaves ternately much-dissected ; heavy scented.

2. G. Robertianum, L. (Hers Roeerr.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse,
strong-scented ; leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pin-

104 GERANIACEH. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

natifid; sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; carpeis wrinkied ;
seeds smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines; N. Eng. to Mo., and north-
ward. June-—Oct. (Eu.)

a + Leaves palmately lobed or dissected.

3. G. Carolinianum, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from
the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous
oblong-linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels short ; sepals awn-pointed, as long
as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals; carpels hairy ; seeds ovoid-oblong.
very minutely reticulated.— Barren soil and waste places; common. May-
Aug.— Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are hardly distinguishable
from

G. pisskctum, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to
the crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end; seeds
short-ovoid or globular, Jinely and deeply pitted. — Waste grounds, rare. (Nat.
from Eu.)

G. rorunpiroLiumM, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed
of the last; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands; leaves
short-lobed.— Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. pusittum, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; leaves
rounded kidney- form, 5 —7-parted, the divisions w edge- shaped, mostly 3-lobed ;
sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish) petals; stamens 5: fruit pubes.
cent ; aste places, Mass. to Penn.; rare. (Nat. from En.)

G. MOLLE, L. Like the last; more pubescent ; ‘flowers dark purple; sta-
mens 10; carpels transversely wrinkled ; seed slightly striate. — Occasionally
spontaneous. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. coLtuMBINUM. (LONG-STALKED C.) Minutely hairy, with very slender
ecumbent stems; leaves 5-7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; pe-
duncles and pedicels filiform and elongated ; sepals awned, about equalling the
purple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpe/s glabrous; seeds nearly as in
G. dissectum. — Rarely introduced; Penn. and southward, June,July. (Nat.
from Eu.)

G. Sripfricum, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous ; leaves 3-cleft
with serrate divisions; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary ; sepals awned; seeds
minutely reticulate. — Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. ERODIUM, WHer. STORKSBILL.

The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally,
bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from é€pwé.0s, a heron.)

E. cicurArtium, L’Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; stipules
acute ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, eee pinnatifid ; peduncles several.
flowered. — N. Y., Penn., etc.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. FLG2RKEA, Willd. Farse Mermap.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3,
opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre;
stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous,
erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. —:
A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary
peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)

1. F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, sometimes
2—3-cleft.— Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky, Wisc.,
and westward. April-June. ‘Taste slightly pungent.

GERANIACEZ. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) 105

4. OXALIS, L. WoopSorret.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5. sometimes united at base, withering after
expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphous at base, alternately shorter.
Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed,
each cell opening on the back; valves persistent, being fixed to the axis by
the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous from the axis, ana-
tropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight in
fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat.— Herbs, with sour watery juice, alternate or
radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which close and droop at night-
fall. Several species produce small peculiar flowers, precociously fertilized in
the bud and particularly fruitful; and the ordinary flowers are often dimor-
phous or even trimorphous in the relative length of the stamens and styles.
(Name from dévs, sour.)

* Stemless perennials ; leaves and scapes arising from a rootstock or bulb ; leaflets
broadly obcordate ; flowers nearly 1’ broad ; cells of the pod few-seeded.

1. O. Acetosélla, L. (Common Woop-Sorret.) ootstock creeping
and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered (2-5 high); petals white with reddish
veins, often notched.— Deep cold woods, Mass. to Penn., L. Superior, and
northward; also southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

2. O. violacea, L. (Viorer W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scaly; scapes
umbellately several-flowered (5-9 high), longer than the leaves; petals violet.
— Rocky places and open woods; most common southward. May, June.

* * Stems leafy, branching ; peduncles axillary ; flowers yellow; cells several-
seeded.

3. O. corniculata, L. (Yettow W.) Annualor perennial by running
subterranean shoots, erect or procumbent, strigose-pubescent ; stipules round
or truncate, ciliate; peduncles 2-6-flowered, longer than the leaves, pods
elongated, erect in fruit.— Rare; on ballast, etc.; indigenous in Mo. (Sush),
and southwestward. (Cosmopolitan.)

Var. stricta, Sav. Stem erect, somewhat glabrous to very villous; stipules
none. (QO. stricta, Z.)— Common. May -Sept. Varies greatly.

4. O. recurva, Ell. Like var. stricta of n. 3; leaflets larger (4-1}
broad), usually with a brownish margin; flowers larger (6-8” long). — Penn.
to S. Ill., and southward.

5. IMPATIENS, L._ Barsam. Jewer-weep.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals
apparently only 4; the anterior one notched at the apex and probably con-
sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-
sided and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens 5, short; fila-
ments appendaged with a scale on the inner side, the 5 scales connivent and
united over the stigma; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-celled;
stigma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing sev-
eral anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and projecting
the seeds in bursting. Embryo straight; albumen none.— Leaves simple,
alternate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, peti-

106 GERANIACEE. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

oled. Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz.,—the larger
ones, which seldom ripen seeds ;— and very small ones, which are fertilized
early in the bud; their floral envelopes never expand, but are forced off by
the growing pod and carried upward on its apex. (Name from the sudden
bursting of the pods when touched, whence also the popular appellation, Youch-
me-not, or Snap-weed.)

1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pate Tovcu-me-not.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar-
ingly dotted with brownish-red ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,
tipped with a short incurved spur.— Moist shady places and along rills, in
rich soil; most common northward. July —Sept.— Larger and greener than
the next, with larger flowers, and less frequent.

2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Srorrep Toucu-me-not.) Flowers orange-color,
thickly spotted with reddish-brown; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, ta-
pering into a strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. — Rills and shady
moist places ; common, especially southward. June-Sept.— Plant 2-4° high;
the flowers loosely panicled, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding
stalks, the open mouth of the cornucopix-shaped sepal upward. Spur rarely
wanting. Spotless forms of both species occur.

Orver 24. RUTACE. (RuE FAMILY.)

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid glands and
abounding with a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing
hypogynous almost always regular 3—5-merous flowers, the stamens as many
or twice as many as the sepals (rarely more numerous) ; the 2—5 pistils sep-
arate or combined into a compound ovary of as many cells, raised on a pro-
longation of the receptacle (qynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large,
curved or straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles commonly united
or cohering, even when the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular.
Leaves alternate or opposite. Stipules none.— A large family, chiefly
of the Old World and the southern hemisphere; our two indigenous
genera are

1. Xanthoxylum. Flowers diccious; ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods.
2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous; ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm.

1; XANTEHOX Y.G.U0 Me, Ls. Prickiy AsH.

Flowers dicecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5,
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with
the petals. Pistils 2-5, separate, but their styles conniving or slightly united.
Pods thick and fleshy, 2-valved, 1-—2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black,
smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs o1
trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (From éav00s, yellow, and &Aov, wood.)

1. X. Americanum, Mill. (Norrnern Prickty AsH. TooTHACHE-
TREE.) Leaves and flowers in sessile axillary umbellate clusters ; leaflets 2-4
pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; calyx none; petals
4-5; pistils 3—5, with slender styles; pods short-stalked. — Rocky woods and
river-banks; common, especially northward. April, May.—A shrub, with

ILICINEZ. (HOLLY FAMILY.) 107

yellowish-green flowers appearing before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods
very pungent and aromatic.

2. X. Clava-Héreulis, L. (Souruern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-8
pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, oblique, shining above; flow-
ers in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after the leaves; sepals and petals
5; pistils 2-3, with short styles; pods sessile. (X. Carolinianum, Lam.) —
Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June.—A small tree with very
sharp prickles.

2. PTELE Ab Ts: SHRUBBY TREFOIL. Hop-TREE.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled
and 2-seeded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular.— Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olate leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes.
(The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a genus with similar fruit.)

1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young.
Rocky places, Long Island to Minn., and southward. June.— A tall shrub,
Fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable.

AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUs, Desf., called TREE OF HEAVEN, — but whose
blossoms, especially the staminate ones, are redolent of anything but “airs
from heayen,” —is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is
inclined to spread from seed. It belongs to the order SIMARUBACE®, which
differs from Rutacez in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is known
by its very long pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small polygamous greenish
flowers in panicles, the female producing 2-5 thin, linear-oblong, veiny sama-
ras. (Ady. from China.)

Orver 25. ILICINEAS. (Hotty FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4 -8-merous flowers, a minute calyx
free from the 4—8-celled ovary and the 4—8-seeded berry-like drupe: the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 — 8-petalled corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla imbricated
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatro-
pous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly
alternate. Flowers white or greenish.— A small family, nearly related
to the Gamopetalous order Ebenacee.

1. Hlex, Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Pedicels mostly clustered.
2. Nemopanthes. Petals linear. Pedicels solitary.

1 eh OC! hy Hotty.

Flowers more or less diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals
4—6, separate, or united only at the base, oval or obovate, obtuse, spreading.
Stamens 4-6. The berry-like drupe containing 4-6 little nutlets.— Leaves
alternate. Fertile flowers inclined to be solitary, and the sterile or partly

108 ILICINEA. (HOLLY FAMILY.)

sterile flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the
Uolly-Oak, rather than of the Holly.)

$1. AQUIFOLIUM. Parts of the flower commonly in fours, sometimes in
fives or sixes; drupe red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or 1-grooved on the back ;
leaves (mostly smooth) coriaceous and evergreen.
x Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; trees.

1. I. opaca, Ait. (American Hotty.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins with scattered spiny teeth; flowers in loose clusters along the base
of the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to N. J., near the coast, west to S. Mo., and southward. June. — Tree
20-40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy than in tne Luropean Holly
(I. Aguiro.ium, LZ.), the berries not so bright red, and nutlets not so veiny.

* * Leaves serrate or entire, not spiny; shrubs.

2. I. Cassine, L. (Cassena. Yaupon.) Leaves lance-ovate or elliptical,
crenate (1—14’ long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse.
— Virginia and southward along the coast. May.— Leaves used for tea by
the people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink
of the North Carolina Indians.

8. I. Dahoon, Walt. (Danoon Hotty.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
entire, or sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins (2—3’ long),
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Va.
and southward. May, June.

Var. myrtifolia, Chapm. Leaves smaller (1’ long or less) and narrower.
(I. myrtifolia, Walt.) —Same habitat. May.

§ 2. PRINOIDES. Parts of the (polygamous or diwcious) flowers in fours or
Jives (rarely in sixes); drupe red or purple, the nutlets striate-many-ribbed
on the back; leaves deciduous ; shrubs.

4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely ser-
rate, downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles
of the sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short; calyx-teeth
smooth, acute. — Wet grounds, Va. to Mo., Kan., and southward. May.

5. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, ample (3—5’ long),
taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply serrate; fertile flowers
very short-peduncled; calyx ciliate. — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill
Mountains, and Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., through Penn. (east to Northampton
Co.), and southward along the Alleghanies. May.

6. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves soft downy beneath, oval, ovate, or oblong,
taper-pointed at both ends, especially at the apex, thin-membranaceous, sharply
serrulate; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels
shorter than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles
very short. — Burgoon’s Gap, Alleghanies of Penn. (J. R. Lowrie, Porter), and
along the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last.

§ 3. PRINOS.. Parts of the sterile flowers commonly in fours, fives, or sizes,
those of the fertile flowers commonly w sizes (rarely in fives, sevens, or eights) ;
nutlets smooth and even; shrubs.

CELASTRACEZ. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 109

* Leaves deciduous ; flowers in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary ; fruit bright
red.

7. I. verticillata, Gray. (Buack ALpEeR. WrnxTerserry.) Leaves
oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at base, serrate, downy on
the veins beneath; flowers all very short-peduncled.— Low grounds; common.
May, June.

8. I. levigata, Gray. (SmoorH WINTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above,
beneath mostly glabrous ; sterile flowers long-peduncled. — Wet grounds, Maine
to the mountains of Va. June.— Fruit larger than in the last, ripening
earlier in the autumn.

* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen and shining, often black-dotted beneath ; fruit
black.

9. I. glabra, Gray. (InkBeRry.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong,
sparingly toothed toward the apex, smooth; peduncles (3’ long) of the sterile
flowers 3-6-flowered, of the fertile 1-flowered; calyx-teeth rather blunt. —
Sandy grounds, Cape Ann, Mass., to Va.,and southward near the coast. June.
— Shrub 2-3° high.

2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Ho ty.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4-5 minute de-
ciduous teeth, in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-linear, spread-
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5; filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets,
light red. — A much-branched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong
deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire or slightly toothed, smooth. Flow-
ers on long slender axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clustered. (Name
said by the author to mean “ flower with a filiform peduncle,” therefore prob-
ably composed of vijua, a thread, rots, foot, and &y@os, flower.)

1. N. fascicularis, Raf. (N. Canadensis, DC.) —Damp cold woods,
from the mountains of Va. to Maine, Ind., Wisc., and northward. May.

Orpver 26. CELASTRACEAE. (Srarr-Tree Famtty.)

Shrubs with simple leaves, and small regular flowers, the sepals and the
petals both imbricated in the bud, the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Seeds arilled. —Ovules one
or few (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropous; styles united into
one. Fruit 2-—5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy
albumen; cotyledons broad and thin. Stipules minute and fugacious.
Pedicels jointed.

« Leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal racemes.

1 Celastrus. <A shrubby climber. Fruit globose, orange, 3-valved. Aril scarlet.
* * Leaves opposite. Flowers in axillary cymes or solitary.

2, Euonymus. Erectshrubs. Leaves deciduous. Fruit 3-5-lobed,3-5-valved, Arilred
2. Pachystima. Dwarf evergreen shrub. Flowers very small. Fruit oblong, 2-valved
Aril white

{10 CELASTRACEH. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

1 CELASTRUS, L. Srarerree. Surupsy Birrer-sweEer.

Flowers polygamo-diecious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a cup-shaped disk which lines the base of the calyx. Pod glo-
bose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 or 2
in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril.— Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient
Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)

1. C. seandens, L. (Wax-worx. Ciiueine BitTeR-SWEET.) Twin-
ing shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate, pointed.— Along streams and
thickets. June.— The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet
covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.

2. EUONYMUS, Tour. SPINDLE-TREE.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short, inserted on the
edge or face of a broad and flat 4-5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short
or none. Pod 3-—5-lobed, 3—5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-4 in each cell,
enclosed in a red aril.—Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate
leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation
from ev, good, and évoua, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning
cattle. Yourn.)

1. EK. atropurptreus, Jacq. (Burninc-BusH. Waanoo.) Shrub
tall (6-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of
the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed. —N. Y
to Wisc., Neb., and southward; also cultivated. June.— Ornamental in autumn,
by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.

2. E. Americanus, L. (Srrawserry Busu.) Shrub low, upright or
straggling (2—5° high); leaves almost sessile, thickish, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives; pods rough-warty, depressed, crimson when ripe; the
aril and dissepiments scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, N. Y. to Ill, and south-
ward. June.

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches; flower-
ing stems 1-2° high; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. — Low or wet
places ; the commoner form.

3. PACHYSTIMA, Raf.

Flowers perfect. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 4, on the edge of the broad
disk lining the calyx-tube. Ovary free; style very short. Pod small, oblong,
2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds 1 or 2, enclosed in a white membrana-
ceous many-cleft aril. — Low evergreen shrubs, with smooth serrulate coria-
ceous opposite leaves and very small green flowers solitary or fascicled in the
axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or oblong-obovate,
obtuse, 3”-1’ long; pedicels very slender, often solitary, shorter than the
leaves; fruit 2” long. — Mountains of S. W. Va.

RHAMNACEZ. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 1

Orper 27. RHAMNACEZE. (Buckruorn FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, small and regular flowers (some-
times apetalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvute
sepals and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals! Drupe or
pod with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled.— Petals folded in-
wards in the bud, hooded or concave, inserted along with the stamens
into the edge of the fleshy disk which lines the short tube of the calyx
and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary
Ovules solitary, anatropous. Stigmas 2-5. Embryo large, with broad
cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some-
times diccious. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules small or obsolete.
Branches often thorny. (Shghtly bitter and astringent; the fruit often
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.)

* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.

1. Berchemia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a
2-celled bony putamen.
2, Rhamnus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with 2-4
separate seed-like nutlets.
* * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary.

3. Ceanothus. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1 BERCHEMIA, Necker. SuppLe-J Ack.

Calyx witha very short and roundish tube; its lobes equalling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small greenish-white flowers in small
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably personal.)

1. B. volubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate; style short.— Damp soils, Va. to Ky. and Mo., and southward.
June. — Ascending tall trees. Stems tough and very lithe, whence the pop-
ular name. s

2. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Bucxrtnory.

Calyx 4-5-cleft ; the tube campanulate, lined with the disk. Petals small,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some-
times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (black), containing
2-4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture.— Shrubs or small
trees, with loosely pinnately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dice-
cious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.)

§ 1. RHAMNUS proper. Flowers usually diwcious ; nutlets and seeds deeply
grooved on the back; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foliaceous, the margins

revolute.
* Calyz-lobes and stamens 5; petals wanting.

1. R. alnifolia, L’Her. A low shrub; leaves oval, acute, serrate, nearly
straight-veined; fruit 3-seeded.— Swamps, Maine to Penn., Neb., and north-
ward. June

112 RHAMNACEZ. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.)

* * Calyzx-lobes, petals, and stamens 4.

R. catudrtica, L. (Common BuckTuorn.) Leaves ovate, minutely ser-
rate; fruit 3—4-seeded ; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; sparingly
naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. R. lanceolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and acute, or on
flowering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, smooth or minutely
downy beneath; petals deeply notched ; fruit 2-seeded.— Hills and river-banks,
Penn. (Mercersburg, Green) to Ill., Tenn., and westward. May. — Shrub
tall, not thorny; the yellowish-green flowers of two forms on distinct plants,
both perfect; one with short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short
included style; the other with pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and
exserted.

§ 2. FRANGULA. Flowers perfect; nutlets and seeds not furrowed ; cotyle-
dons flat, thick ; rhaphe lateral.

3. R. Caroliniana, Walt. Thornless shrub or small tree; leaves (3 - 5’
long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous ; flowers 5-merous,
in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-peduncled ; drupe
globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniana, Gray.) — Swamps and river-banks,
N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward. June.

3. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. ReEp-Roor.

Calyx 5-lobed, incurved; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to the
ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded, spreading, on
slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry
and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as in § Frangula. — Shrubby
plants ; flowers in little umbel-like clusters, forming dense panicles or corymbs
at the summit of naked flower-branches; calyx and pedicels colored like the
petals. (An obscure name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)

1. C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped at
base; common peduncles elongated. — Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 1 -3°
high from a dark red root; branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clus-
ters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during
the American Revolution.

2. C. ovatus, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely
glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pedun-
cles. (C. ovalis, Bigel.) — Dry rocks, W. Vt. and Mass. to Minn., Ill., and
southwestward; rare eastward. May.

Orver 28. VITACEZ. (Vine Famity.)

Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small requlur
flowers, a minute or truncated calyz, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens
as many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry 2-celled, usually
4-seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous.
Filaments slender; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or
none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect anatro-
pous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute

VITACEZ. (VINE FAMILY.) 113

embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side.

— Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or compound ;

tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. Flowers small, greenish,

commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc., acid.)

* Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk ; plants climbing by the coiling
of naked-tipped tendrils.

1. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the
stamens. Fruit pulpy Leaves simple.

2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp, inedible. Leaves
simple or pinnately compound.

« * No distinct hypogynous disk ; plants cliinbing by the adhesion of the dilated tips of the
tendril-branches.
3. Ampelopsis. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.

1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others stam-
inate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very short, usually
with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals separating only at base and
falling off without expanding, Hypogynous disk of 5 nectariferous glands
alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy. Seeds pyriform, with beak-like
base. — Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a
compound thyrse, very fragrant ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves
simple, rounded and heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. VITIS proper. Bark loose and shreddy ; tendrils forked ; nodes solid.
+ A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite each leaf.

1. V. Labrusca, L. (Norruern Fox-Grare.) Branchlets and young
ieaves very woolly; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate, con-
tinuing rusty-woolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact; berries large. — Moist
thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to S. Car. June.
Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color, with a tough musky
pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba,
Concord and other varieties.

+ + Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf).
++ Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young.

2. V. estivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Branchlets, terete; leaves
large, entire or more or less deeply and obtusely 3 -5-lobed, with short broad
teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young; berries middle-sized,
black with a bloom, in compact bunches. — Thickets; common. May, June.
Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept. — V. prcotor, LeConte, has its leaves smoothish
when old and pale or glaucous beneath; common north and westward.

3. V. cinérea, Engelm. (Downy Grape.) Branchlets angular; pu
bescence whitish or grayish, persistent; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed;
inflorescence large and loose; berries small, black without bloom.— Central
Ill. to Kan. and Tex.
++ ++ Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially on the ribs

beneath, incisely lobed or undivided

4. V. cordifdlia, Michx (Frost or Cuicken Grape.) Leaves 3 -4’
wide, not lobed or slightly 3. lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus, acuminate,

114 VITACEH. (VINE FAMILY.)

coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence ample, loose;
berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening after frosts ; seeds I or
2, rather large, with a prominent rhaphe. — Thickets and stream-banks, New
Eng. to central Ill., Mo., Neb., and southward. May, June.

5. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more per-
sistent stipules (2-3” long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed leaves with
a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or acuminate teeth, smaller
compact inflorescence, and berries (4-5” broad) with a bloom, sweet and very
juicy, ripening from July to Sept. ; seeds very small; rhaphe indistinct. (V.
cordifolia, var. riparia, Gray.) — Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to
Penn., west to Minn. and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late.

6. V.palmata, Vahl. Branches bright red; leaves dark green and dull,
3 - 5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate ; inflorescence
large and loose; berries black, without bloom, ripening late; seeds very large
and rounded; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra, Michx.) — Ill. and Mo.

7. V.rupéstris, Scheele. (Sanp or SuGaR Grape.) Usually low and
bushy, often without tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate,
abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed; berries rather
small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in Aug.— Mo. to Tex.; also
found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the Potomac, near Washington.

§ 2. MUSCADINIA. Bark closely adherent on the branches ; pith continuous
through the nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent ; seeds with transverse wrinkles
on both sides.

8: V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Muscapine, BuLiace, or SOUTHERN
Fox-Grape.) Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped
base, very coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ;
panicles small, densely flowered; berries large (;-} in diameter), musky,
purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in autumn.
(V. vulpina, J/an., not L.?) — River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo., Kan., and
youthward. May. — Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the
Scuppernong Grape, etc.

2 (CUSSUS, yl:

Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous.
Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of the ovary.
Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually triangular-obovate.— Ten
drils in our species few and mostly in the inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly
tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.) “

1. C. Ampelodpsis, Pers. Nearly glabrous; /eaves heart-shaped or trun
cate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not lobed; panicle
small and loose; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1 —3-seeded, bluish
or greenish. (Vitis indivisa, Willd.) — River-banks, Va. to II]., and southward
June.

2. C. stans, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; /eaves
twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose; calyx 5-
toothed; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate
(Vitis bipinnata, Torr. § Gray.) — Rich soils,Va. to Mo., and southward.

SAPINDACEH. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY. ) 115

3. AMPELOPSI S, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 (3-7) oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate
leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or
walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their tips. (Name from &umeAos, a vine,
and dys, appearance.)

1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich
grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-
bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in
October. Also called American Ivy, and still less appropriately, Woodbine.
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.

Orver 29. SAPINDACEZE. (Soarperry Famiry.)

Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical
and often irregular flowers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals imbricated in esti-
vation ; the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or hypogynous)
disk; a 2-—3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1-2 (rarely more) ovules in
each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, with-
out albumen. — A large and diverse order.

SusorpDerR I. Sapindeze. Flowers (often polygamous) mostly un-
symmetrical and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than the
petals, rarely twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo
curved or convolute, rarely straight ; cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, without stipules, mostly compound.

1. ZEsculus. Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commouly 7.
Fruit a leathery 3-valved pod Leaves opposite, digitate.

2. Sapindus. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5, in two rows. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10.
Fruit a globose or 2-3-lobed berry Leaves alternate, pinnate.

SuporDER II. Acerineze. (Marie Famity.) Flowers (polyga-
mous or diwcious) small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals
often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each
cell, Fruits winged, 1-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded; the cotyle-
dons long and thin. — Leaves opposite, simple or compound.

3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple.
4, Negundo. Flowers dicecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 -5 leaflets.

SvporpDerR III. Staphyleze. (BLappeER-Nut Famity.) Flowers
(perfect) regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 in each
cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. — Shrubs
with opposite pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate.

5. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5. Fruit a 3-
celled bladdery-inflated pod.

l. HSCULUS, L. HorSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.

Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4-5, more
or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6 or 8);

116 SAPINDACEH. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded, or usually by abor-
tion 1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved. Seed very large, with thick
shining coat, and a large round pale scar. Cotyledons very thick and fleshy,
their contiguous faces coherent, remaining under ground in germination ;
plumule 2-leaved; radicle curved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digi-
tate; leaflets serrate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a
terminal thyrse or dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imper-
fect pistils and sterile; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with
4 bitter and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other
mast-bearing tree.) :

§ 1. AESCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when young.

ZB. Hiepocastanum, L. (Common Horse-cuestnut.) Corolla spread-
ing, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined ;
_ leaflets 7.— Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)

1. Ag. glabra, Willd. (Feri or Onto Buckeye.) Stamens curved,
longer than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets usually 5.—
River-banks, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June.— A large
tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus.
Flowers small, not showy.

-g§9,. PAVIA. Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper smaller and
fe g PP
longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw.

2. AR. flava, Ait. (Sweet Buckeye.) Stamens included in the yellow
corolla; calyx oblong-campanulate ; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and southward.
May. A large tree or a shrub.

Var. purpurascens, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color
or dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath.— From W. Va., south
and westward. ‘

3. AX. Pavia, L. (Rep Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co-
rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubitter calyx ; leaflets glabrous or
soft-downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southward. May
A shrub or small tree.

2. SAPINDUS, L. _ Soar-perry.

Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals
4-5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8-10, upon the hypogynous disk.
Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or 2-3-
lobed berry, 1 -3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose. — Trees or shrubs, with
alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal or axillary
racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of Sapo Indicus, Indian soap, hav-
ing reference to the saponaceous character of the berries.)

1. S. acuminatus, Raf. A tree 20-60° high; leaflets 4-9 pairs, ob-
liquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 13-3’ long; the rhachis of the
leaf not winged; flowers white, in a large panicle; fruit mostly globose, 6”
broad. (S. marginatus of authors, not Willd.) —S. Kan. to La., lage
Mex. N

SAPINDACE®. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.) 17

3. ACER, Tourn. MaPLe.

Flowers polygamo-diccious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4-12-) lobed or
parted. Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with
short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which is either
perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 38-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of
ovules in each cell; styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatic
down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting the
fruit into two 1-seeded, at length separable samaras or keys. [Embryo vari-
ously coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes
shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. DPedicels not
jeinted. (The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)

* Flowers interminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves ; stamens 6-8.

1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Strirep Martie.) Leaves 3-lobed at
the apex, finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-poiuted
and also serrate; racemes drooping, loose: petals obovate; fruit with large
diverging wings. — Rich woods, Maine to Minn., and southward to Va., Ky.,
and Mo. June.—A small and slender tree, with light-green bark striped
with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called Striped Dog-
wood and .Voose- Wood.

2. A. spicatum, Lam. (Mowuntarn M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or
slightly 5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed ; racemes upright,
dense, somewhat compound ; peta/s linear-spatulate ; fruit with small erect or
divergent wings. — Moist woods, with the same range as n. 1. June.— A tall
shrub, forming clumps.

* * Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral umbellate-corymbs, greenish-
yellow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SuGar or Rock M.) Leaves 3 —5-lobed,
with rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-
shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on
the veins beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buds,
drooping on very slender hairy pedicels; calyx hairy at the apex; petals none;
wings of the fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. — Rich woods, especially
northward and along the mountains southward. April, May.— A large and
handsome tree.

Var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. (Biack Sucar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler
beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and entire,
the sinus at the base often closed. — With the ordinary form; quite variable,
sometimes appearing distinct.

* * * Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral buds, and
much preceding the leaves; stamens 3-6.

4. A.dasycarpum, Ehrh. (Wuire or Sirver M.) Leaves very deeply
5-lobed with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young downy)
underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers (greenish-
yellow) on short pedicels; petals none; fruit woolly when young, with large
divergent wings. — River-banks; most common southward and westward.
March - April. — A fine ornamental tree.

118 SAPINDACEZ. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)

5. A. rubrum, L. (Rep or Swamp M.) Leaves 3-5 lobed, with acute
sinuses, whitish underneath; the Icbes irregularly serrate and notched, acute,
the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-oblong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson,
or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels; but the smooth fruit on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. April. — A small tree,
with reddish twigs; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crim.
son in early autumn.

4. NEGUNDO, Moench. ASH-LEAVED Marie. Box-E.per.

Flowers dicecious. Calyx minute, 4—5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4-5.
Disk none.— Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the fertile in
drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets.
Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.) Say

1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very véiny,
ovate, pointed, toothed; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved wings. —
River-banks, W. New Eng. to the Dakotas, south and westward. April. — A
small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate drooping
clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the leaves.

5. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT.

~

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulate,
inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which lines the base of
the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 several-ovuled
carpels, united in the axis, their long styles lightly cohering. Pod large,
membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled, at length bursting at the summit ;
the cells containing 1-4 bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large
and straight, in scanty albumen, cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubg,
with opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in
drooping raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels-
deciduous. (Name from oragvaq, a cluster.)

1. S. trifolia, L. (American BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate, pointed.
— Thickets, in moist soil. May.—Shrub 10° high, with greenish striped
branches.

Orver 30. ANACARDIACEA. (Casnew Famtty.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polygamous, reqular;6-merous flowers, hut the ovary
1-celled and 1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated in the
bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen, borne on a
curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules none. Juice
or exhalations often poisonous.

LRU Se SuMACH.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or
between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small
and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe. — Leaves usually compound. Flowers
greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.)

ANACARDIACEZ, (CASHEW FAMILY.) rg

§ 1. RHUS proper. Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal.

* Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle; fruit globular, clothed
with acid crimson hairs ; stone smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not poisonous.)
— (§ Sumac, DC.)

1. R. typhina, L. (Stacuorn Sumacu.) Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy ; leaflets 11 - 31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
rarely laciniate.— Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 10-30° high, with orange-
colored wood. - Apparently hybridizes with the next.

2. R. glabra, L. (Smoorn 8S.) Smooth, somewhat glaucous ; leaflets 11 -
31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren
soil. June, July.—Shrub 2-12° high. A var. has laciniate leaflets.

3, R. copallina, L. (Dwarr 8S.) Branches and stalks downy ; petioles
wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf-
lets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. —
Rocky hills. July. —Shrub 1-7° high, with running roots.

* * Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles; fruit globular,
glabrous, whitish or dun-colored ; the stone striate ; leaves odd-pinnate or 3-
Joliolate, thin. (Poisonous.) —(§ ToxicopENDRON, DC.)

4. R. venenata, DC. (Porson S. or Doewoop.) Smooth, or nearly
s0; /eaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. — Swamps. June.—Shrub 6-18°
high. The most poisonous species; also called Poison Elder.

5. R. Toxicodéndron, L. (Porson Ivy. Porson Oak.) Climbing
by rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect ;
leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously
notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed, — high-climbing plants (R. radicans, Z.) having -
usually more entire leaves. ~ Thickets, low grounds, ete. June.

* * * Flowers polygamo-diecious, in small solitary or clustered spikes or head
which develop in spring before the leaves ; leaves 3-foliolate ; fruit as in firs
group. (Not poisonous). —(§ Lospapium, Torr. & Gray.)

6. R. Canadénsis, Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, beeonf
ing glabrate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed,¥- 3’
long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft ; flowers pale
yellow. (R. aromatica, A/t.) — Dry rocky banks, W. Vt. to Minn., and-
southward. — A straggling bush, 3-7° high; the crushed leaves not unpleas-
antly scented.

Var. trilobata, Gray. With smaller leaflets (}- 1’ long), crenately few-
lobed or incised toward the summit.— Long Pine, Neb., and common west-
ward. Unpleasantly scented.

$2. COTINUS. Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of the
styles lateral; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels elongating and
becoming plumose ; leaves simple, entire.

7. R. cotinoides, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, oval, 3-6
long; flowers and fruit as in the cultivated Smoke-tree (R. Cotinus) — Moa. to
Tenn., and southward. — A tree, 25-40° high.

120 POLYGALACEEH. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

OrpDER 31. POLYGALACEA. (Mirxworr Famity.)

Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4-8 diadelphous or monadel-
phous stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a pore or chink ;
the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod.

1 POLYGALA, Tour. MILKkwort.

Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3 (the upper
and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called wings) are much larger, and colored like the petals. Petals 3, hypogy-
nous, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8; their fila-
ments united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or-less
with the petals, free above; anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a
hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous
ovule pendulous in each cell; style prolonged and curved; stigma various.
Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-seeded pod, usually rounded and notched at the
apex, much flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds caruncu-
late. Embryo large, straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albu-
men. — Bitter plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often
- dotted leaves, and no stipules ; sometimes (as in the first two species) bearing
cleistogamous flowers next the ground. (An old name composed of woAvg,
much, and yada, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this secretion.)

* Perennial or biennial; flowers purple or white ; leaves alternate.
+ Flowers showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested ; also bearing inconspicuous
colorless cletstogamous flowers on subterranean branches.

l. P. paucifolia, Willd. Perennial ; flowering stems short (3-4’ high),
from long slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear concealed
fertile flowers; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered, the upper ovate,
petioled, crowded at the summit; flowers 1-3, large, peduncled ; wings obovate,
rather shorter than the fringe-crested keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-
shaped lobes longer than the seed. — Woods, in light soil, N. Eng. to Minn.,
Ill., and southward along the Alleghanies. May.— A delicate plant, with
very handsome flowers, 9” long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes
called Flowering Wintergreen, but more appropriately FRINGED POLYGALA.

2. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly
simple, ascending, very leafy (6-9 high); Jeaves oblanceolate or oblong;
terminal raceme /oosely many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than
the keel: stamens 8; radical flowers racemed on short subterranean runners ;
lobes of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil;
common. July.

+ + Flowers white, ina solitary close spike; none cleistogamous.

3. P. Sénega, L (Seneca Snakeroor.) Stems several from thick
and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6-12’ high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins; wings round-obovate, concave; crest short ;
caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W. New Eng. to Minn., and
southward. May, June.

POLYGALACEH. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 121

Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched; leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4’ long, tapering to each end. — Md. to Mich. and Ky.
4. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a hard rootstock, 1° high; leaves
narrowly linear, 3-12” long, acute; wings oblong-obovate ; crest small; lobes
of the caruncle half the length of the appressed-silky seed. — Neb. and Kan.
tor ex,
* * Annuals, with all the leaves alternate ; flowers in terminal spikes, heads or
racemes, purple or rose-color, in summer ; none subterranean.

— Keel conspicuously crested ; claws of the true petals united into a long and
slender cleft tube much surpassing the wings.

5. P. inearnata, L. Glaucous; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves
minute and linear-awl-shaped ; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle
longer than the narrow stalk of the hairy seed.— Dry soil, Penn. to Wisc.,
Iowa, Neb., and southward ; rather rare.

+ + Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; the true petals not longer but
mostly shorter than the wings ; seed pear-shaped.

6. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top;
leaves oblong-linear ; heads globular, at length oblong, very dense (4—5” thick),
bright red-purple (rarely paler or even white); pedicels scarcely any ; wings
broadly ovate, closely sessile, longer than the pod; the 2-parted caruncle almost
equalling the seed. —Sandy and moist ground; common.

7. P. fastigiata, Nutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched ;
leaves narrowly linear, acute, 3-8” long; spikes short and dense (3” in diam-
eter); the small rose-purple flowers on pedicels of about the length of the pod ;
wings obovate- or oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the
pod; bracts deciduous with the flowers or fruits; caruncle as long as and nearly
enveloping the stalk-like base of the minutely hairy seed.— Pine barrens of
N. J. and Del. to Ky., and southward.

8. P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Resembles the last, but usually lower;
spikes cylindrical, narrow; flowers duller or greenish purple, on very short
pedicels ; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or
fruits fall; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller.— Dry sandy soil, coast of
Mass. to Mo., and southward. — Spike sometimes rather loose.

9. P. Curtissii, Gray. Slender (9’ high); leaves, etc., as in the two pre-
ceding, flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes; pedicels about equalling
or exceeding the persistent bracts; the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the
length of the pod : caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very
hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end. — Md. to Ga. —
The species was founded upon an abnormal form with elongated racemes and
pedicels.

* * * Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in

Jives ; spikes terminating the stem and branches; fl. summer and autumn.

+ Spikes short and thick (4-9” in diameter) ; bracts persisting after the fall of
the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers ; crest small.

10. P. cruciata, L. Stems (3-10’ high) almost winged at the angles,
with spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and some-
what spatulate or oblanceolate; spikes sessi/e or neurly so; wings broadiy

122 POLYGALACEH. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point or rarely point-

less; caruncle nearly as long as the seed.— Margin of swamps, Maiue to

Va. and southward near the coast, and west to Minn. and Neb.

11. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves scat-
tered on the branches, narrower; spikes peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate,
pointless or barely mucronate.— Margin of sandy bogs, R. L, N. J., and
southward.

+ + Spikes slender (about 2” thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which
are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel
larger.

12. P. verticillata, L. Slender (6-10 high), much branched; stem-
leaves all whorled, those of the (mostly opposite) branches scattered, linear,
acute; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute; wings round, clawed ;
the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed. — Dry soil; common.

Var. ambigua. Leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours ;
spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered.
(P. ambigua, Nutt.) —N. Y. to Mo., and southward.

* * * * Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which
are disposed to turn greenish in drying; crest small; flowering all summer.
13. P. lutea, L. Low; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or

oblong heads (?’ thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; leaves (1 -2’

long) obovate or spatulate; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed. —

Sandy swamps, N. J. and southward, near the coast.

14. P. ramosa, Ell. FJowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense
spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong-
linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the
length of the caruncle.— Damp pine-barrens, Del. and southward.

15. P. cymosa, Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes
in a usually nearly simple cyme; leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose,
without caruncle.— Del. and southward.

Orper 32. LEGUMINOSZ. (Putsr Famrty.)

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and
sometimes many ) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and
a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly with-
out albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of
the sepals inferior (i. e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i.e.
next the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free
from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in north-
ern temperate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it
comprises.

SuporpEerR I. Papilionaceze. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less
united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the ealyx,
of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly papil-
tonaccous, i. e. with the upper or odd petal (vexillum or standard) larger
than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 123

or spreading; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to the
two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent
by their anterior edges, forming the carina or keel, which usually encloses
the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the
corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube
which is cleft on the upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate),
or occasionally distinct. Ovary i-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intru-
sion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2—many-celled by cross-division
into joints; style simple; ovules amphitropeus, rarely anatropous. Co-
tyledons large, thick or thickish; radicle incurved. — Leaves simple or
simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually opposite, the
rest alternate; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, soli-
tary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles.

I. Stamens (10) distinct.
* Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple ; calyx 4-5-lobed ; herbs. (PoDALYRIEz.)
1 Baptisia. Pod inflated
2, Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear.
* * Leaves pinnate; calyx-teeth short. (SoPHORE.)
3. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree.
4, Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous.

il. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5); nearly
distinct in n. 14.
* Anthers of two forms ; stamens monadelphous ; leaves digitate or simple; leaflets entire.
(GENISTE.)
5 Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple.
5. Genista. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed estrophiolate. Leaves simple. Shrubby.
7. Cytisus. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed strophiolate. Leaves 1 -3-foliolate. Shrubby.
§ Lupinus. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod flat. Leaves 7 -11-foliolate.
* * Anthers uniform (except in n. 13 and 29).
— Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate ; stamens
diadelphous , pods small, 1- few-seeded, often enclosed in the calyx or curved or
coiled. (TRIFOLIE.)

9. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1 -6-seeded. Petals adherent to
tne stamen-tube
10. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 -2-seeded.
11. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1 - few-seeded.
«* + Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in n. 13); pod not jointed; not twining nor
climbing (except n. 20).
++ Flowers umbellate (solitary in ours) on axillary peduncles. (LOTE.)
12. Hosackia. Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Peduncle leafy-bracteate. Pod linear.
++ ++ Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (GALEGE#.)

= Herbage glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod small, indehiscent,
mostly 1-seeded ; leaves pinnate (except in n. 13).

13. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller
or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmately 3 - 5-foliolate.

14. Amorpha. Corollaofone petal! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base.

15. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10; the cleft tube of fila-
ments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.

16. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of
filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.

124 LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

18

19°
. Wistaria. Pvd tumid, marginless. Woody twiners ; leaflets obscurely stipellate.

20

24

25.

-_

30.

31

32

= Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in n. 23); stamens mostly diadelphons: pon
g-valved, several-seeded ; leaves pinnately several-folioiate ; flowers racemose.
a. Wings cohering with the keel ; pod flat or 4-angled ; hoary perennial herbs.
Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined.
Indigofera. Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets obscurely veined.

b. Flowers large and showy; standard broad; wings free; woody; leaflets stipeilate.

Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.

c. Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated ; perennial herbs.

Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both
tie sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two.

Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point; otherwise as Astragalus.

Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus, Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or
muricate, short, nearly indehiscent.

+ + Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1-3-foliolate leaves; no tendrils ; pod transversely
2-several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to
one such joint. (HEDYSARE.)

= Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate.
ZEschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (Sand 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-
jointed ; joints square.
Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous(9and1), Calyx 5-toothed. Joints oblong,
4-angled. Flowers umbellate

26. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9and1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod severai-

jointed ; joints roundish.

= = Leaves pinna*ely 3-folioiate, rarely 1-foliolate.

‘ Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped.

Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.

. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1-2-jointed. Flow-

ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

. Stylosanthes. Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1-2-jointed. Calyx

deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.
+ + + Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle ; stamens
diadelphous ; pod continuous, 2-valved, few-several-seeded. (VICIEZ.)
Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs
at the apex.
Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded
down the inner face.
++ + + Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs; leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or
5-7-) foliolate ; no tendrils 3 peduncles or flowers axillary pod not jointed, 2-valved.
(PHASEOLE. )
= Leaves pinnate.
Apios. Herbaceous twiner ; leaflets 5-7, Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.

= = Leaves 8-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow.

33. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled ; standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded letgts:

wise. Flowers racemose. Seeds round-reniformw.

34. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers

sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostty pubescent.

35. Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base; keel broad,

merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma.

86. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless; keel scythe-shaped.

Style bearded down the inner face.

37. Amphicarpza. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Standard erect ; keel almost straight

Style beardless Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground.

a

LEGUMINOS#, (PULSE FAMILY.) 125

88 Galactia. Calyx 4-cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract
and bractlets mmute, mostly deciduous,

= = = Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow.
39. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4-5-parted. Pod short.

Suporper II. Czesalpinieze. (BRAsILeTTO Famity.) Corolla
imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbri-
cated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others,
Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds
anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.

* Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. Trees.
40. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.
* * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Herbs.

4]. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate.
42. Hoffmanseggia. Leaves bipinnate, glandnlar-punctate.

* * * Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or dicecious. Trees.

43. Gymnocladus. Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit
bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10.

44. Gleditschia. Thorny ; leavessimply and doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube short, its lobes,
petals, and the stamens 3-5.

Suporper IIT. Mimoseze. (Mimosa Famity.) Flower regular,
small. Corolla valvate in estivation, often united into a 4—5-lobed cup,
hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Em-
bryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.

45. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5or10. Pod smooth.
46. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with
small prickles or rough projections.

1. BAPTISIA, Vent. Fase Inpico.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed ;
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, dis-
tinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated,
pointed, many-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely
simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers.
(Named from Barrl(w, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which
vield a poor indigo.)

x Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base, flowers yellow.

1. B. tinetoria, R. Br. (Witp Inpico.) Smooth and slender (2-3°
high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile, leaflets rounded wedge-obovate
(4-1}¥ long); stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; pods oval-globose,
on a stalk longer than the calyx. — Sandy dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to
Minn. and La.

* * Racemes fewer, opposite the lcaves.
+ Flowers yellow.

2. B. villosa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescen*
when young, erect (2—3° high) with divergent branches; leaves almost ses

126 LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.)

sile; leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate; lower stipules lanceolate and per-
sistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate; racemes many-flowered ;
pedicels short; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous; pods ovoid-oblong and
taper-pointed, minutely pubescent. — Va. to N. C. and Ark.

+ + Flowers white or cream-color.

3. B. leucophiea, Nutt. Hairy,/ow (1° high), with divergent branches ;
leaves almost sessile, leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and
bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long (often 1°), reclined ; flowers
on elongated pedicels, cream-caor ; pods pointed at both ends, hoary. — Mich.
to Minn., south to Tex. April, May.

4. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stems, leaves, and racemes as
in n. 6; stipules early deciduous ; flowers white ; pods oval-oblong, raised ona
stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. — Alluvial soil, Ont. and Ohio to Minn.,
south to Fla. and La.

5. B. alba, R. Br. Smooth (1-3° high), the branches slender and widely
spreading ; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets
oblong or oblanceolate; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; pods
lnear-oblong (1-14 long), short-stalked.— Dry soil, S. Ind. and Mo., to La.,
N. C., and Fla. July.

+ + + Flowers indigo-blue.

6. B. australis, R. Br. (Brive Fatse-Inpico.) Smooth, tall and stout
(4- 5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the
petioles, rather persistent ; raceme elongated (1 - 2°) and many-flowered, erect ;
bracts deciduous; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx.
— Alluvial soil, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.

2. THERMOPSIS, R.Br.

Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved.
Otherwise nearly as Baptisia.— Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate
leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in
terminal racemes. (Name from 6épyos, the lupine, and dys, resemblance.)

1. T. mollis, M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 2-3° high;
leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 1-3’ long; stipules narrow, mostly shorter than
the petiole. raceme elongated; pods narrow, short-stipitate, somewhat curved,
2-4 long.— Mountains of S. Va. and N. C.

2 T. rhombifolia, Nutt. Low, with smaller leaves and broad conspic
uous stipules; racemes short, few-flowered; pods broadly linear, spreading,
usually strongly curved. — Sask. to E. Col., near or in the mountains , reported
from central Kan.

3. CLADRASTIS, Raf. Yetrow-Woop.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large;roundish, reflexed ; the distinct keel-petals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved
above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4 -6-
seeded. at length 2-valved — A handsome tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark,
nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7-11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample pani-
cled racemes (10-20’ long) of showy white flowers drooping from the ends of

~

=
(

t

LEGUMINOSA. (PULSE FAMILY.) ils

the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, enclosing the
leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from Krabos,
a branch, and @pavores, brittle.)

1. C. tinetoria, Raf. Sometimes 50° high; pods 3-4’ long. — Rich hill-
sides, central Ky. and Venn. to N.C. Also in cultivation. ‘lhe wood yields
a yellow dye.

4. SOPHORA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded; keel nearly
straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete,
more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose. —
Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous
leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnzus
to be the ancient name of an allied plant.)

1. S. sericea, Nutt. Silky-canescent, erect, 1° high or less; leaflets ob-
long-obovate, 3-6” long; flowers white; pods few-seeded. — Central Kan. to
Col., Tex., and Ariz.

5. CROTALARIA, LL. Rarttre-zox.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped; keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side; 5 of
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded.— Herbs
with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from kpotadoy, a rattle; the
loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (3-6’ high); leaves oval or oblong-
lanceolate, scarcely petioled , stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; corolla not longer
than the calyx; pod blackish.— Sandy soil; Maine to Ill., Minn., Kan., and
southward.

6. GENISTA, L. Woap-WaxEN. WHIN.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading, keel oblong, straight,
deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. —Shrubby plants, with simple

leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

G. TIncTOr1A, L. (DyEr’s GREEN-WEED.) Low, not thorny, with striate-
angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes. — Estab-
lished on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and Mass. (Ady from Eu.)

7. CYTISUS, Tourn. Broom.

Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse
and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than
the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum.— Shrubs, with stiff
green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow
flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.)

C. scopArius, Link. (Scotch Broom.) Glabrous or nearly so (3-59
high) ; leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one; flowers solitary
or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy
racemes along the upper branches; style very long and spirally incurved. —
Va. and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

12s LEGUMINOSZ. (PULSE FAMILY.)

8. LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed; keel scythe
shaped, pointed Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire; anthers
alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by con-
strictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.— Herbs, with
palmately 1-15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and
showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf,
because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)

1. L. perénnis, L. (Witp Lupine.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem
erect (1-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme, showy,
purplish-blue ‘(rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5 — 6-seeded. — Sandy soil,
N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and south to the Gulf. — Var. occIDENTALIS, Watson,
has stems and petioles more villous. — Mich. and Wisc.

2. L. pusillus, Pursh. Annual, low, villous; leaflets usually 5; racemes
short, sessile; flowers purple or rose-color; pods oval, hirsute, 2-seeded. —
Ceutral part of the Dakotas and Kan., and westward.

9. TRIFOLIUM, Tourn. ‘Crover. Trerott.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering
or persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate
standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube; keel short and ob-
tuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous,
often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pin-
nately 3-foliolate; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole.
Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.)

* Flowers sessile in dense heads ; corolla purple or purplish, withering away after
flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other.

+ Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla ; root annual.

T. arvénse, L. (Rapsit-roor or Stone Cover.) Silky, branching
(5-10 high); leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and
grayish, oblong or cylindrical. — Old fields, ete. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose-
purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived perennials ; flowers sweet-scented.)

T. prRaTENsE, L. (Rep C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; /eaflets
oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a
pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile.— Fields and
meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

T. mkpium, L. (Ziczac C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; leaflets oblong,
entire, and spotless; heads mostly stalked ; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too
like the last. — Dry hills, N. Scotia to E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

x * Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short
pedicels reflexed when old; corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent

and turning brownish in fading ; the tubular portion short.

1. T.refléxum, L. (Burrato C.) Annual or biennial; stems ascending,
downy ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; standard
rose-red, wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3 -5-seeded.—
Western N. Y. and Ont. to Iowa, Kan., and southward.

LEGUMINOSZ. (PULSE FAMILY.) 1)

2. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. (Running Burrato-C.) Smovth, peren-
nial; stems with long runners from the base ; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate,
minutely toothed; heads loose; flowers white, tinged with purple; pods 2-
seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio and Ky., west to Iowa and Kan.

3. T. repens, L. (Wuire C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, ob-
scurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the pedun-
cles very long; heads small and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ;
pods about 4-seeded.— Fields and copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in
the northern part of our range, if at all.

4. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial,
procumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched; stipules
ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
nearly equalling the purplish corolla ; standard pointed ; pods 4-seeded. — Waste
ground near Philadelphia, south to Va., Fla., and Tex.

T. uypripum, L. (Atsrke C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems

erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted. — Becoming
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old ; corolla yellow,
persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming
hood-shaped ; annuals, fl. in summer.

T. acrAriuom, L. (YeLtow or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat upright
(6—12’ high) ; leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate) and
nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its
length. — Sandy fields and roadsides; N. Scotia to Va.; also in western N. Y.
(Nat. from Eu.)

T. proctUmMBeEns, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pu-
bescent (3-6° high); leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at
a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate) ; stipules ovate, short. —
Sandy fields and roadsides, common. — Var. minus, Gray, has smaller heads,
the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. MELILOTUS, Tour. MeE.ivor. Sweet CLover.

Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small; corolla de-
ciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer
than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1 -2-seeded.— Annual or biennial herbs,
fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. (Name
from meat, honey, and AwTds, some leguminous plant.)

M. orricrxaAuis, Willd. (YeLtow Meritor.) Upright (2-4° high);
leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow; the petals nearly of equal
length. — Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. Area, Lam. (Wuite M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the
standard longer than the other petals. — In similar places. (Ady. from Eu.)

ll. MEDICAGO, Tourn. Mepicx.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1-several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in-
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed ;
stipules often cut. (Mndicn, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the
Greeks from Media.)

M. sativa, L.. (Lucerne. Auratra.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaf-
lets obovate-oblong, toothed ; flowers (purple) racemed ; pods spirally twisted.
— Cultivated for green fodder; spontaneous from Mass. to Minn. and Kan.
(Ady. from Ku.)

130 LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.)

M. wurevrina, L. (Brack Mepickx. Nonesccu.) Procumbent, pubes-
cent, annual; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers in short
spikes (yellow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded.— Waste places, N. Eng. to Fla.,
west to Mich., lowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. maccurara, Willd. (Spotrep Mepicxk.) Spreading or procumbent
annual, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely
teothed; peduncles 3-—5-flowered; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral,
of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a
double row of curved prickles. — N. Brunswick to Mass. (Ady. from Eu.)

M. penticurara, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeplu
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge; otherwise like the last, and with the
same range. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. HOSACKIA, Douglas.

Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens ; stand-
ard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others; wings obovate
or oblong; keelincurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile,
several-seeded. — Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours 1 —3-foliolate, with gland-
like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary)
upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, of
New York.)

1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or gla-
brous, often 1° high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1-3 leaflets ovate to
lanceolate (3-9” long); peduncles often short, bracteate with a single leaflet.
—N.C.; 8. W. Minn. to Ark., and west to the Pacific. Very variable.

13. PSORALEA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadelphous: Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often
wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points.
Leaves mostly 3-5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly
blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, papadéos,
scurfy, from the glands or dots.)

* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

1. P. Ondébrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect
(3-5° high); leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3’ long); stipules and
bracts awl-shaped ; racemes elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods
roughened and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to UJ. and Mo.; also south and
east to 8. C. July.

2. P. stipulata, Torr.& Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless; stems dif-
fuse ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated ; stipules ovate; flowers in heads on
rather short peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed.— Rocks, 8. Ind.
and Ky. June, July.

3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glan-
dular; stems erect (1—2° high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong ;
spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; stipules awl-shaped ; bracts ovate or lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; pods strongly wrinkled transversely. — Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn..
S. Ind. and Kan. June.

LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.) 131

* * Leaves palmately 3—5-foliolate ; roots not tuberous.

4. P. tenuiflora, Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy
(2-4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young; leaflets varying from
linear to obovate-oblong (3-13’ long), glandular-dotted ; flowers (2-3” long)
in loose racemes; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular.
(P. floribunda, Nutt.) — Prairies, Minn. to Ill., Tex., and westward. June-—
Sept.

5. P. argophylla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently
branched (1-3° high); leaflets ed/iptical-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted ; lobes
of the calyx and bracts /anceolate. — High plains, N. Wisc. to Iowa, Kan., and
westward. June.— Flowers 4-5” long.

6. P. digitata, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1-2° high; leaflets
linear-oblanceolate; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes
oblong, acute. — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. P. lanceolata, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely
punctate ; leaflets 5, linear to oblanceolate ; flowers small, in very short spikes:
calyx 1” long, with short broad teeth. — Central Kan. to the Sask. and westward.

* * * Leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; root tuberous ; spike-like racemes dense.

8. P. esculenta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5-15’
high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets
obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled; lobes of the
calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (3’ long). — High
plains, Sask. to Wisc., Iowa, and Tex. June. The PoMME BLANCHE, or
PomME DE Prairie, of the voyageurs.

9. P. hypogzea, Nutt. Tuber small; nearly acaulescent, hoary with
appressed hairs ; leaflets linear; spikes short-capitate, on peduncles }- 2’ long;
calyx narrow, 3-6” long. — Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.

10. P. cuspidata, Pursh. Stout, tall, from a deep-seated tuber, hoary
with appressed hairs; leaflets usually broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers
large, the petals (6-8” long) exceeding the lanceolate-lobed calyx. — Central
Kan. to Col. and Tex.

14. AMORPHA, L. Fatse Inpico.

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals
entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10,
monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than
the calyx, 1-—2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent.— Shrubs, with odd-
pinnate leaves; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the
midvein excurrent. Flowerg violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal
spikes. (Name, &uoppos, deformed, from the absence of four of the petals.)

* Pods \-seeded ; leaflets small (3 long or less), crowded.

1. A. canéscens, Nutt. (Leap-Piant.) Whitened with hoary down
(1-3° high); leaflets 15-25 pairs, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish
above; spikes usually clustered at the summit.— Sask. to Ind. and Tex., west’
to the Rocky Mts.; also eastward to Ga.

2. A. microphylla, Pursh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 1° high or
less ; leaflets rather rigid; spikes usually solitary. — Sask. to Minn. and Iowa,
west to the Rocky Mts.

132 LEGUMINOSE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

* * Pods 2-seeded ; leaflets larger, scattered.

5s. A. fruticdsa, L. (Fase Inpico.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent
or smoothish , leaflets 8 - 12 pairs, oblong to broadly elliptical. — River-banks,
S Penn to Fla., west to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable.

15: DAD BAS aL:

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals all on
claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx; the
keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments,
which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous,
l-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx.— Mostly herbs, more
or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal
spikes or heads (Named for Samuel Dale, an English botanist.)

* Glabrous ; flowers white or rose-color ; leaflets 4-20 pairs; annuals.

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Erect (1- 2° high); leaflets 10-20 pairs,
linear-oblong; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes ; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; calyx very villous, with long slender
teeth. — Alluvial soil, Minn. to Ill. and Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

2. D. laxiflora, Pursh. Erect (1-4° high), branching; leaflets 3-5
pairs, linear, 2 - 3” long; spikes loosely-flowered ; bracts conspicuous, persist-
ent, almost orbicular and very obtuse; petals white; calyx densely villous,
the long teeth beautifully plumose. — Iowa and Mo. to Tex., west to Col.

* * Pubescent: leaflets 3-4 pairs; perennial herbs.

3. D. atirea, Nutt. Stems erect and simple, 1-3° high; leaflets oblong,
obovate to linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent ; spikes solitary, oblong-
ovate, very compact and densely silky; bracts short, rhombic-ovate ; petals
yellow. — On the plains, Mo. to Tex., and westward.

4. D. lanata, Spreng. Very pubescent throughout, 1 - 2° high, branch-
ing; leaflets obovate to oblong-obovate, 2-3” long; spikes slender, rather
loose, the obovate acute bracts equalling the small short-toothed calyx; petals
short, purple. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

16. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Prarie Cover.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous ; petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the
monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers; the
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 — 2-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen,
- alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads
globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointe, not longer than —
the silky-hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple.— Dry prairies, Minn. to Ind and
Tex., west to the Rocky Mts July.

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133

2. P. candidus, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob-
long; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly
glabrous calyx ; corolla white. — With n. 1.

3. P. villosus, Nutt. © Soft-downy or silky all over ; leaflets 13-17, linear
or oblong, small (4-5” long); spikes cylindrical (1-5’ long), short-peduncled,
soft-villous; corolla rose-color.— Wisc. to Mo., west to the Rocky Mts.

4. P, foliosus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong ;
spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate
base, exceeding the glabrous calyx; petals rose-color.— River-banks, Il. and
Tenn.

5. P. multiflorus, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching; leaf-
lets 3-9, linear to oblong; spikes globose, the subulate-setaceous bracts much
shorter than the acutely toothed calyx; petals white. — Kan. to Tex.

17. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadel-
phous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary per-
ennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers.
Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from te@pés, ash-colored or hoary.)

1 T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat’s Rur. Careur.) Silky-villous with
whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (1 -2° high), /eafy to the top ;
leaflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a ter-
minal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple. —
Dry sandy soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough.

2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-/eaved ; leaflets 9-15, obovate
or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched; flowers few, in a loose and inter-
rupted very long-peduncled spike, reddish.— Dry soil, from Del. and Va. to
Fla. and Miss. July.

3. T. hispidula, Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute
and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9- 24’ long), divergently branched,
straggling; leaflets 5-15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and ob-
lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2—4-flowered , flowers reddish-
purple. — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala.

18. INDIGOFERA, L. __ Inprco.

Calyx small, equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, silky outside, wings co-
herent; keel erect, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous; con-
nective gland-like. Pod 1-several-seeded, septate within between the seeds.
— Herbs or shrubs, mostly canescent with appressed hairs fixed by the middle,
with odd-pinnate faintly-nerved leaves, and pink or purplish flowers in naked
axillary spikes. (So named because some of the species yield the indigo of
commerce.)

1. I. leptosépala, Nutt. A perennial herb, }-2° high; leaflets 5-9,
oblanceolate; spikes very loose; pods linear, 6-—9-seeded, obtusely 4-angled,
reflexed, 1’ long. — Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

134 LEGUMINOSH. (PULSE FAMILY.)

19. ROBINIA, L. Locvst-rree.

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded,
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length
2-valved.— Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves
odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Common Locust or Fatse Acacra.) Branches
naked ; racemes slender, loose ; flowers white, fragrant ; pod smooth. —S. Penn.
to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree,
and for its valuable timber; naturalized in many places. June.

2. R. viscosa, Vent. (Crammy L.) Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy ;
flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous ;
pod glandular-hispid. — Va. to N. C. and Ga., in the mountains. Cultivated,
like the last, and often escaped. June.

3. R. hispida, L. (Brisrty L. or Rosz Acacta.) Shrub 3-8° high;
branchlets and stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ;
pods glandular-hispid. — Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets ;
also with smaller flowers, etc. — Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. May, June.

20. WISTARIA, Nutt.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base; keel scythe-shaped ; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens di-
adelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length
2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules,
pinnate leaves of 9-13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels,
and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the
late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.)

1. W. frutéscens, Poir. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the
corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw. —
Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan. and La. May. —Some-
times cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese species.

21. ASTRAGALUS, Toum. Mirx-Vercu.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; standard narrow, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading.
Stamens diadelphous. Pod several -many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one
or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to
divide the cavity lengthwise into two. — Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with
odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually
necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name
of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but the connection between
the two is past all guess.)

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 135

I. Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal
suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply infleced. — AsSTRA-
GALUS proper.

* Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipi-
tate, completely 2-celled.

1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. (Grounp Puium.) Pale and minutely ap-
pressed-pubescent; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like
raceme ; corolla. violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed,
about 3 in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry.— Sask.
and Minn. to Mo., Col., and Tex. May.

2. A. Mexicanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10-12% long) ;
calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip; fruit globular, very
obtuse and pointless, 1’ or more in diameter; otherwise like the last. — Prai-
ries and open plains, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex. The unripe fruits of both
resemble green plums— whence the popular name —and are eaten, raw or
cooked, by travellers.

3. A. Platténsis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets
oblong, often glabrous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head,
cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple; fruit ovate, pointed, and with
the calyx villous. — Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn. to Ind. and Ala., west to
Col. and Tex. — Var. TENNESSEENSIS, Gray, has.the pod oblong and slightly
curved, and much less fleshy. May.

* * Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent.
+ Pod completely 2-celled, sessile.

4. A. mollissimus, Torr. Stout, decumbent, densely silky-villous through-
out and tomentose ; leaflets 19-29, ovate-oblong; peduncles elongated; spikes
dense, with rather /arge violet flowers (6-12” long); pod narrow-oblong (5-
9” long), glabrous, somewhat obcompressed and su/cate at both sutures, at length
incurved. — Neb. to Kan. and Tex., west to Col. The most common “loco ”-
plant, and said to be very poisonous to cattle.

5. A. Canadénsis, L. Tall and erect (1-4° high), somewhat pubescent
or glabrate ; leaflets 21-27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numer-
ous, in long dense spikes; pods crowded, oblong (6” long), glabrous, terete,
searcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight. — River-banks, western
N. Y. to N. Ga., and far westward.

6. A.adsurgens, Pall. Ascending or decumbent (4-18 high), cinereous
with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate ; leaflets about 21, narrowly or
linear-oblong; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers; pu-
bescence of calyx appressed; pod oblong (4-5” long), finely pubescent, trian-
gular-compressed, with a deep dorsal furrow, straight. — Red River valley, Minn.,
to W. Kan., and westward. (Asia.)

7. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender (6’-2° long), diffusely procumbent or
ascending, with a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous; leaflets 15 - 21,
oblong, obtuse or retuse ; flowers violet, capitate; calyx loosely pubescent ; pod
as in the last, but ovate and sil/ky-villous. — Red River valley, Minn., to central
Kan. and westward.

136 LEGUMINOSZ. (PULSE FAMILY.)

+ + Pod not completely 2-celled.
++ Pod stipitate, pendent.

8. A. alpinus, L. Diffuse (6-12’ high), smooth or slightly hairy ; leaf
lets 13-25; flowers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue;
calyx campanulate; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, black-pubescent,
triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usu-
ally rather exceeding the calyx. — Rocky banks, Lab. to Maine and N. Vt.

9. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender;
leaflets 7-11; calyx more oblong; flowers white; pod oblong (6” long), ob.
tuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat latera‘ly compressed, not
dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather ab-
ruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe. — Rocky ledges, Vt.

10. A. racemosus, Pursh. Stout (1-—2° high), erect or ascending, ap-
pressed-pubescent or glabrate ; leaflets 13-25; flowers numerous, white, pen-
dent; calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod straight, narrow,
1’ long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back,
the ventral edge acute. — Neb. to Mo., and westward.

++ ++ Pod sessile.

ll. A. gracilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1° high or more); leaflets
11-17, linear, obtuse or retuse ; racemes loose; flowers small (3” long) ; pods
pendent, 2-3” long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral
suture prominent, white-hairy, at length glabrous, transversely veoed.— Minn.
to Neb. and Mo., and westward.

12. A. distortus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subgla-
brous ; leaflets 17 - 25, oblong, emarginate ; flowers in a short spike, pale-purple ;
pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6-9” long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, some-
what grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat. — Ill. to Iowa, Mo.,
Ark. and Tex.

13. A. lotifidrus, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs; stems
very short; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered
heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short; calyx campanulate,
the subulate teeth exceeding the tube ; pod oblong-ovate, 9 - 12” long, acuminate,
acute at base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral
suture nearly straight. — Sask. to Neb. and Tex., west to the mountains.

14. A. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely
appressed silky pubescence; leaflets 5-15, oblong, elliptic or obovate; flowers
few, capitate or spicate, 5-8” long, violet: calyx oblong, the teeth very slender ;
pod oblong (1’ long), acute, obtuse at base, pubescent, nearly straight, obcom-
pressed or obcompressed-triangular, depressed on the back and the ventral su-
ture more or less prominent, transversely rugulose. — Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex.

Il. Pod 1-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than
the dorsal. — PHACA.

15. A. Cooperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1 —2° high) ; leaflets 11-21,
elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath; flowers white,
rather numerous in a short spike; calyx dark-pubescent; pod coriaceous, /n-
flated, ovate-globose (6-9” long), acute, glabrous, slightly sulcate on both sides,
cavity webby. — Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn. and Iowa.

LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY. ) 137

16. A. flexuosus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending (1-2° high);
leaflets 11-21, mostly narrow; flowers small, in loose racemes ; pod thin-cori-
aceous, cylindric (8-11” long, 2” broad), pointed, straight or curved, puber-
ulent, very shortly stipitate.— Red River Valley, Minn., to Col.

22. OXYTROPIS, DC.

Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage; otherwise as in
Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral
suture.— Our species are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of
numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered
with scaly adnate stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; peduncles scape-
like, bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from oévs, sharp, and
rpomis, keel.)

* Leaves simply pinnate.

1. O. eampéstris, DC., var. ceertilea, Koch. Pubescent or smoothish ;
leaflets lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure white;
pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture.— N. Maine to
Labrador.

2. O. Lamberti, Pursh. Si/ky with fine appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly
linear; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white; pods cartilaginous
or firm-coriaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lan-
ceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture. —
Dry plains, Sask. and Minn. to Mo. and Tex., west to the mountains.

x « Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along the rhachis.
3. O. spléndens, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous (6 -12° high) ; scape spi-
cately several to many-flowered; flowers erect-spreading ; pod ovate, erect, 2-
celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx — Plains of Sask. and W. Minn.,
to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts.

23. GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. Liquorice.

Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con-
fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear,
compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely
dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in Astragalus — Long
perennial root sweet (whence the name, from yAukvs, sweet, and pi¢a, root) ;
herbage glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in
axillary spikes, white or bluish.

1. G. lepidota, Nutt. (Witp Liquorice.) Tall (2-3° high); leaflets
15-19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when
young, and with corresponding dots when old; spikes peduncled, short ; flowers
whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit
of Xanthium on a smaller scale. — Minn. to Iowa and Mo., and westward; Ft.
Erie, Ont.

24. HSCHYNOMENE, L. SENSITIVE JOINT-VETCH.

Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish;
keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened,

138 LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.)

composed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with several
pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from aicxuvouevn, being ashamed.)

1. As. hispida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual ; leaflets 37-51, lin-
ear; racemes few-flowered; flowers yellow, reddish externally; pod stalked,
6 - 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug.

25. CORONIGLBA, 'L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous,
Jand 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed ; the joints oblong. — Glabrous herbs
or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary
peduncles (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.)

C. vAria, L. A perennial herb with ascending stems; leaves sessile; leaf-
lets 15-25, oblong; flowers rose-color; pods coriaceous, 3 —7-jointed, the 4-an-
gled joints 3-4” long. —Conn. to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. HEDYSARUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 9 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable
roundish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs; leaves odd-pin-
nate. (Name composed of 75us, sweet, and &pwua, smell.)

1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many deflexed
purple flowers; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. — Lab. to northern Maine and Vt.; north shore of L. Superior, and
north and westward.

27. DESMODIUM, Desv. = Tick-Trerom.

Calyx usually more or less 2 lipped. Standard obovate; wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or
monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Per-
ennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate.
Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or
3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stip-
ules and bracts scale-like, often striate (Name from dSecpes, a bond or chain,
from the connected joints of the pods.)

§1 Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed
calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply
sinuate on the lower ; the 1-4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the
back ; stamens monadelphous below ; plants nearly glabrous ; stems erect or
ascending ; raceme terminal, panicled, stipules bristie-form, deciduous.

1 D.nudiflorum,DC = Leaves ali crowded at the summit of sterile stems ;

leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath ; raceme elongated on an ascend-°
ing mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long. — Dry woods, common.

LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.) 139

Ze B I acuminatum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem
from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle ; leaflets round-ovate,
taper-pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4-5 long). — Rich woods,
from Canada to the Gulf.

3. D. pauciflorum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8- 15’ high)
ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; raceme few-
flowered, terminal. — Woods, Ont. to Penn., Mich., Kan., and southward.

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply cleft calyz ;

stems long and prostrate or decumbent ; racemes axillary and terminal.
* Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent ; racemes mostly simple.

4. D. rotundifolium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate ; leaflets
orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers purple ; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges, 3-5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval.— Dry rocky
woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.

Var. glabratum, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordi-
nary form. — Mass. and N. Y.

5. D. ochroletcum, M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent ;
leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated be-
neath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ;
corolla whitish ; pods twisted, 2 —4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and
reticulated but the margins downy. — Woodlands, Md. and Va.

x * Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent; racemes panicled.

6. D. humiftisum, Beck. Glabrous or nearly so, procumbent ; leaflets
ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding
(14-2’ long); corolla purple; pods 2-4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhomboid joints
minutely scabrous throughout. — Dry sandy soil, S. Penn. to Md.

§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx ; racemes panicled.

* Stems tall (3-5°) and erect ; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large
and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; flowers rather large.

+ Pods of 4-7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than
broad (about 6” long).

7. D. canéscens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets ovate,
bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both
sides roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive. —
Moist grounds, Mass. and Vt. to Minn. and southward, chiefly westward.
Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather
glutinous hairs.— Var. vILLosfsstmum, Torr. & Gray, has the panicle and upper
part of the stem very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate. — Mo.

8. D. cuspidatum, Torr.& Gray. Very smooth except the panicle ; stem
straight ; /eaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides, longer
than the petiole (3-5’); joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish. —
Thickets, common. The conspicuous bracts and stipules 2’ long.

+ + Pods of 3-5 oval joints (not over 3” long).

9. D. Illinoénse, Gray. Erect (3-5° high); stem and leaves with short
rough pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceclate (2 - 4’ long), obtuse,
subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and veinlets prominent, strongly retic-

140 LEGUMINOSA. (PULSE FAMILY.)

ulated, the lower leaflets nearly equalling the petiole ; pods scarcely over 1’ long.
sinuate on both margins (deeper below). — Dry ground, I]. to Iowa and Kan.

* * Stems (2-5° high) erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and
inconspicuous ; joints of the pod 3-5, triangular or half-rhombic or very un-
equal-sided rhomboidal, longer than broad, 3” or less in length; flowers
middle-sized.

10. D. leevigatum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem straight ;
leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2-3’ long); panicles minutely rough-
pubescent. — Pine woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

ll. D. viridifiorum, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit ;
leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety
down underneath (2-3’ long).—Southern N. Y. to N. J. and Fla., west to
Mich., Mo., and Tex.

12. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly bluntish, pale beneath, soft/y and finely pubescent, mostly thin (2-3
long). — Open woodlands, common.

13. D. paniculatum, DC. - Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender,
tall; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point,
thin (3-5’ long); racemes much panicled. — Copses, common.

14. D. strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2-3°
high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular ; /eaflets linear, blunt,
strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (1 - 2’ long, #’ wide) ; joints of the pod
1-38, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2” long).— Pine woods, N. J. to
Fla. and. La.

7
* * * Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous ; pods of few roundish
or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 14-23” long.

+ Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous ; racemes densely flowered.

15. D. Canadénse, DC. Stem hairy (3-6° high) ; leaflets oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer
than the petiole (14-3’ long); flowers showy, larger than in any other species
(4-} long).— Dry rich woods, N. Brunswick to N. C., Minn., and Kan.

16. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2-4° high) ;
leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long; flowers small.—
Copses, Penn. and Ky., west to Mich., Iowa, Mo., and Tex.

+ + Stems ascending (1-3° high); bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated
and loosely flowered ; flowers small.

17. D. rigidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateru/ ones longer than
the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La.

18. D. ciliare, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves
crowded, on very short hairy petioles ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more
or less hairy on the margins and underneath (4-1’ long).— Dry hills and
sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex.

19. D. Marilandicum, F. Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender,
leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of

LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.) 141

vie slender petiole ; otherwise resembling the preceding. — Copses, N. Eng. to
kia., west to Mich., Mo., and La.
+ + + Stems reclining or prostrate ; racemes loosely flowered.
20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled; leaf-
lets orbicular, smoothish (4-1’ long), much longer than the petiole; pod
scarcely stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and La.

28. LESPEDEZA, Michx. Busn-Crover.

Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and
|); anthers all alike. Pods of a single l-seeded joint (sometimes 2-jointed,
with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated.
— Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often
polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish
governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.)

§ 1. Stipules subulate-setaceous ; bracts minute ; calyxr-lobes attenuate ; perennial.

* Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, pan-
icled or clustered ; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones
intermixed or in small subsessile clusters ; calyx 1-2” long ; pod exserted.

1. L. procumbens, Michx. Slender, trailing and prostrate, minutely
appressed-hairy to soft-downy ; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, 3-9” long;
peduncles very slender, few-flowered ; keel equalling the wings; pod small,
roundish, obtuse or acute. (Incl. L. repens, art.) — Dry sandy soil; common.

2. L. violacea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched,
rather sparsely leafy and sparingly pubescent ; leaflets thin, broad/y oval or ob-
long, finely appressed-pubescent beneath; peduncles very slender, loosely few-
flowered, mostly longer than the leaves; flowers 3-4” long, the keel often the
longest ; pod ovate, 2-3” long, nearly glabrous.— Dry copses, N. Eng. to
Minn. and FE. Kan., south to Fla. and La.

3. L. reticulata, Pers. Stouter, erect, very leafy ; leaflets thickish, linear
to linear-oblong, 6-15” long, finely appressed-pubescent ; flowers (scarcely 3”
long) c/ustered on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, the keel shorter than
the standard ; pods ovate, acute, 2” long, appressed-subpubescent. (IL. violacea,
var. angustifolia, Torr. §- Gray.) — Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, very leafy, simple or some-
what branched, downy with spreading pubescence ; leaflet: oval or roundish vary-
ing to oblong or rarely linear-oblong, si/ky or white-woolly beneath and sometimes
above; flowers as in the last, often numerous and crowded ; pods ovate, acumi-
nate, mostly 3” long, downy.— Mass. to Mich., and south to Va. and Tex.

Var. intermedia, Watson. Pubescence more scanty and usually fine
and appressed as in n. 3, but the leaflets oval to oblong; inflorescence often
more open; pod of n. 4 or of n.3. (L. violacea, var. sessiliflora, of J/an.,
mainly.) — Mass. to Fla., and west to Mich., Ill., E. Kan., and Ark.

* * Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads; corolla whitish or
cream-color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy
5-parted calyx ; pod included ; stems upright, wandike (2—4° high).

5. L. polystachya, Michx. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence ;
petioles 2-6” long ; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy ; spikes oblong,

142 LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.)

on elongated peduncles; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly 3”
long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (Iu. hirta, Ell.) — Dry hills, common.

6. L. capitata, Michx. Stems rigid, woolly ; petioles very short; leaflets
oblong to narrowly oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky
or sometimes downy beneath; heads of flowers globular, on peduncles shorter
than the leaves ; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, much shorter than the calyx. — Dry
and sandy soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.

7. L. angustifolia, Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky, the
leaflets linear, the smaller often oblong heads on distinct and sometimes slender
peduncles, the pod round-ovate, acutish, 14-2” long, hardly shorter than the
calyx. (L. capitata, var. angustifolia, Pursh.) —N. J. to Fla., west to Mich,
Towa, and La.

s. L. leptostachya, Gray. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence;
stems often branched, slender; leaflets /inear to narrowly oblong; spikes slen-
der, somewhat loosely-flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; pod ovate,
small (1¥” long), about equalling the calyx, densely pubescent. — Ill, lowa,
and Minn.

§ 2. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious ; calyx-lobes broad ; annual.

L. stridta, Hook. & Arn. Diffusely branched, decumbent, subpubescent ;
petioles very short ; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6” long or less; peduncles very
short, 1—5-flowered; pod small, little exceeding the calyx.— Common in the
Southern States, extending into Mo. (Nat. from E. Asia.)

29. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz.

Calyx early deciduous; tube slender and stalk-like; limb unequally 4-5-
cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens in-
serted at the summit of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; keel incurved.
Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter
ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flower-
ing, the lower part incurved or hooked, persistent on the 1 - 2-jointed small and
short reticulated pod; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like. —
Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate
leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, yellow
flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of otvAos, a col-
umn, and av6os, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-
veined ; heads or clusters small and few-flowered. — Pine barrens, Long Island
and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Ark.

30. VICIA, Tourn. Vetcn. TARE.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest
longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens
more or less diadelphous (9 and 1); the orifice of the tube oblique. Style fili-
form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2—
several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under
ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril
at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or pedun-
cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.)

LEGUMINOS&. (PULSE FAMILY.) 148

* Annual; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.

V. sativa, L. (Common Vertcu or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent; stem
simple; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched
and mucronate at the apex; pod linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated fields and
waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and southward, west to Mich. and Minn. —
Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Seringe, has longer and narrow leaflets. (Ady. from Eu.)

* * Annual, slender ; peduncles elongated ; flowers small.

V. TETRASPERMA, L. Peduncles 1-2-flowered ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, linear-
oblong, obtuse; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish; pods narrow, 4-seeded,
smooth. — Waste places, near the coast, N. Scotia to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. airstta, Koch. Peduncles 3-6-flowered ; leaflets 6-8 pairs, truncate ;
calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy.—N. Bruns-
wick to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Perennial ; peduncles elongated ; calyx-teeth unequal ; poe several-seeded.

1. V. Cracea, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20-24, oblong-lanceolate,
strongly mucronate ; spikes densely many-flowered, 1-sided; flowers blue, turn-
ing purple, 6” long, reflexed; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. — Borders of
thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. (Enu.)

2. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8 — 24, oblong, obtuse,
scarcely mucronate ; peduncles loosely-flowered ; flowers small, more scattered
than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue; calyx-teeth very
short. — River-banks, Ont. and N. Y. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.

3. V. Americana, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4- 8-flowered ; flowers purplish
(8” long). — Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., Minn., and westward. — Var.
LINEARIS, Watson, a low form with linear leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb.,
and is common westward.

31. LATHYRUS, Tourn. Vercurinc. Evertastine Pea.

Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner
side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the
apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. — Our species are perennial and mostly
smooth plants, the rhachis of the leaves in some not produced into a tendril.
(Ad@upos, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.)

* Tendrils present; stipules large and broad ; leaflets 3-5 pairs.

1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beacn Pra.) Stout (1° high or more);
stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets, the
lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed; leaflets thick, ovate-oblong
(i -2’ long) ; peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered , flow-
ers large (9’ long), purple. — Seashore from N.J. and Oregon to the Arctic
Sea; also on the Great Lakes. (Enu.)

2. L. ochroleticus, Hook. Stem slender (1-3° high); st/pules semi-
cordate, half as large as the thin ovate leaflets ; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; flow-
ers smaller, yellowish-white. — Hillsides, N. Eng. to Minn., lowa, and westward.

* * Tendrils present; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate.
-- Flowers purple; leaflets several pairs.

3. L. venosus, Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy; stip-

ules very small and mostly slender; /eaflets 4-6 pairs, oblong ovate, mostly

144 LEGUMINOSA. (PULSE FAMILY.)

obtuse (about 2’ long) ; peduncles many-flowered ; flowers 6 — 8” long. — Shady
banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn.

4. L. palustris, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem
often winged; stipules lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends; leaflets 2-4
pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute (1—2’ long); peduncles 2-6-flowered ;
flowers 6” long.— Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and westward across the
continent. (Eu.)

Var. myrtifolius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets
ovate to oblong (1’ long or less). —Same range, and extending south to N. C.

+ + Flowers yellow; leaflets a single pair.

L. pratensis, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to
linear, acute ; peduncles several-flowered. — Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and
Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Tendrils usually wanting ; low, mostly erect ; stipules semi-sagittate ; flow-
ers very large, purple ; pod stipitate in the calyx.

5. L. polymorphus, Nutt. Leaflets 3-6 pairs, narrowly oblong to
linear, thick and strongly nerved, 1-2’ long; seeds with a narrow footstalk
and short hilum.— Mo., Kan., and westward.

6. L. ornatus, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3-12”
long; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum. — Kan. to Col. and
the Dakotas. Scarcely 1° high.

32. APIOS, Boerhaave. Grounp-NuT. Witp Bean.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper
very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed; the long
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous.
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A
perennial herb (with some milky juice!), twining and climbing over bushes,
and bearing edible tubers on underground shoots. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-lan-
ceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching
racemes. (Name from &moyv, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.)

1. A. tuberodsa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, violet-
scented. — Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and La.

83. PHASEOLUS, Tourn. Kiney Bran.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of
the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled. Stamens dia-
delphous. Style bearded along the upper side; stigma oblique or lateral.
Pod scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of
the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short hilum. Cotyledons thick
and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twin-
ing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, pro-
duced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)

1. P. perénnis, Walt. (Witp Bean.) Stem climbing high from a
perennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; flowers purple, hand-
some, but small; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4—5-seeded. — Copses, N.
Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and La.

LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.) 145

34. STROPHOSTYLES, El.

Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly
incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, straight or nearly
so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate ;
hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and capitate-clustered on the mostly long
peduncles. Otherwise as Phaseolus. — Stems prostrate or climbing, more or
less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from otpoof, a turn-
ing, and arbaos, a style.)

1. §. angulosa, Ell. Annual; stems branched, | - 6° long; leaflets ovate
to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), with a more or less prominent rounded
lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-/obed), or some or all often entire, about 1’
(6-20”) long; corolla greenish-white and purplish; pod terete, 2-3’ long by
3” wide, 4—8-seeded, nearly glabrous ; seeds oblong, about 3” long, usually very
pubescent. (Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. P. helvolus, £.) — Sandy shores
and river-banks; coast of Mass. and southward, along the Great Lakes to
Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex.

Var. Missouriénsis, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10-30°); leaves
often 3’ long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed; seeds 3-4” long. — River-
bottoms near Independence, Mo.; nearly two months later. (F. Bush.)

2. §. peduncularis, Ell. Stems more slender, from a perennial root-
stock, 2—4° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rarely at all lobed, V’ long or
less; pod 145-2’ long and scarcely 2” wide; seeds much smaller, 14-2” long,
short-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus helvolus, J/an., etc., not L.) — Sandy
ground, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La.

3. S. pauciflorus, Watson in herb. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pu-
bescent ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 1’ long;
pod pubescent, 1° long, flattish; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon
glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, benth.) —- River-banks, Ind. to Minn., south
to Miss. and Tex.

35. CENTROSEMA, DC. SPURRED BurTEeRFLY-PEA.

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading
standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base; keel broad.
Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear,
flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges,
the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining
perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules,
bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from
xévTpov, a spur, and onua, a standard.)

1. C. Virginianum, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun-
cles 1 —4-flowered ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped ; corolla violet, 1! long; pods
straight, 4-5’ long. — Sandy woods, Md. to Fla. and Ark. (Trop. Am.)

86) CLITORILA, 4: ButrerFiy-PeEa.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower,
erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back; keel small, shorter

146 LEGUMINOS#. (PULSE FAMILY.)

than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded
down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed
with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately
3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered ;
bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.)

1. C. Mariana, L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth; leaflets oblong-
ovate or oyate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short;
the showy pale-blue flowers 2’ long. — Dry banks, N. Y. to Va. and Fla., west
to Mo. and Tex.

37. AMPHICARPAA, Ell. Hoe Pea-net.

Flowers of 2 kinds; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect,
but seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on filiform creeping branches
with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Ca-
lyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed; bractlets none or minute. Keel and
wing-petals similar, almost straight; the standard partly folded round them.
Stamens diadelphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when
formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3-4-seeded; of the lower ones
commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually
but one large seed. — Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed
with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sti-
pellate. Flowers in simple or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent,
round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from audi, both.
and kap7és, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.)

1. A. mondica, Nutt. Leaflets thin, }-2’ long; racemes nodding:
calyx of upper flowers 2” long, the ovary glabrous except the hairy margin;
pod 1’ long; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy. — Rich damp
woodlands, common. Aug., Sept.

2. A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2-4’ long; rhachis of
the racemes usually villous; calyx 3” long, the teeth acuminate: ovary hairy.
— Western N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. The upper flowers more com-
monly fertile; apparently producing subterranean fruit but rarely.

38. GALACTIA, P. Browne. MiLk-PEa.

Calyx 4-cleft ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely
incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear,
flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or
deformed). — Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usu-
ally 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish;
in summer. (Name from ydAa, -axtos, milk ; some species being said to yield
a milky juice, which is unlikely.)

1. G@. glabélla, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate ; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes short, 4—8-flowered ;
pods somewhat hairy. — Sandy woods, southern N. Y. to Va., Fla., and Miss.

2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and /eaves
beneath soft-downy and hoary ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered , pods very
downy. (G. mollis, Gray, Manual; not Michxr.) — Penn. to Fla. and Miss,

LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.) 147

39. RHYNCHOSIA, Jour.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4—5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in-
curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1-2-seeded,
short and flat, 2-valved.— Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pin-
nately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, rac-
emose or clustered. (Name from puyxos, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1. R. tomentosa, Hook. & Arn. Trailing and twining, the stem and
leaves more or less pubescent with spreading hairs ; leaflets 3, roundish or round-
rhombic, acute or acutish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils;
galyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong.
(R. tomentosa, var. volubilis, Torr. 4 Gray.) — Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

2. R.erécta, DC. rect, 1-2° high; stem and leaves more or /ess tomen-
tose; leaflets 3, oval to oblony, obtuse or acutish; racemes short and shortly pe-
dunculate. (R. tomentosa, var. erecta, Torr. & Gray.) — Del. to Fla.and Miss.

3. R.reniformis, DC. Dwarf and upright, 3-8’ high ; pubescence spread-
ing; leaflets solitary (rarely 3), round-reniform, very obtuse or apiculate; ra-
cemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R. tomentosa, var. monopbylla,
Torr. § Gray.) — Va. to Fla. and Miss.

40. CERCTS, _L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; standard smaller than
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud; the keel-petals larger and not
united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the
upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. — Trees, with rounded
heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-
like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C, Canadénsis, L. (Rep-sup.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile
above the calyx. — Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Minn., Kan.,
and La. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated.

41. CASSIA, Tourn. SENNA.

Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Sta-
mens 5-10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading; anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)

* Leaflets large; stipules deciduous ; the three upper anthers deformed and im-
perfect ; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled ; herbage
glabrous. .

1. C. Marilandica, L. (Witp Senna.) Stem 3-4° high; leaflets 6-9
pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base;
pods linear, sligntly curved, flat, at first hairy (2—4’ long); root perennial. —
Alluvial soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., 8. E. Neb., Kan., and La.

2. C. Tora, L. Annual; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with
an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slen-

148 LEGUMINOSH. (PULSE FAMILY.)

der, 6’ long, curved. (C. obtusifolia, L.) — River-banks, S. Va. to Fla., west
to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.

C. occipenTALis, L. Annual; leaflets 4-6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods long-linear (5’ long) with a
tumid border, glabrous. — Va.,S. Ind.,and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

x * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch ; stipules striate, persistent ; «
cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets ; anthers all perfect
flowers in small clusters above the axils ; pods flat ; root annual.

3. C. Chameecrista, L. (Parrripce Pra.) Stems spreading (1° long).
leaflets 10-15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base ; flowers (large) on slen-
der pedicels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base;
anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) ; style slen-
der. — Sandy fields; common, especially southward.

4. C. nictitans, L. (Witp Sensirive-Piant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs,
oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels ; anthers 5, nearly equal;
style short. — Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and La.

42. HOFFMANSEGGIA, Cav.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, nearly equal, oblong or oval. Stamens 10, dis-
tinct, slightly declined; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Pod flat, oblong,
often faleate, few —several-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, or woody at base,
punctate with black glands, with bipinnate leaves, and naked racemes of yel-
low flowers opposite the leaves or terminal. (Named for Count von Hoffman-
segg, a German botanist.) )

1. H. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, finely pubescent; pinne 2
or 3 pairs with an odd one, the small oblong leaflets 5-9 pairs; pods broad,
falcate, 1’ long, 2-—3-seeded. — Central Kan. to Tex., Ariz., and Mex.

43. GYMNOCLADU S, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below,
5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube.
Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened,
hard, pulpy inside, several-seeded. Seeds flattish.— A large tall tree, with
rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate
leaves ; the leaflets standing vertically.— Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes
(Name from yupvos, naked, and KAdbdos_ a branch, alluding to the stout branches
destitute of spray.)

1. G. Canadénsis, Lam. Leaves 2-3° long, with several large partial
leafstalks bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaf-
lets; stipules wanting; pod 6-10’ long, 2’ broad; the seeds over 3’ across. —
Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., E. Neb., and Ark.

44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Howney-Locusr.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals
as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta-
mens 3 — 10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat,

LEGUMINOS&, (PULSE FAMILY.} 149
1-many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pin-
nate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above
the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with
Linneus.)

1. G. triacanthos, L. (THREE-rHORNED Acacia, or Honey-Locvst.)
Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat
serrate ; pods linear, elongated (1-14° long), often twisted, filled with sweet
pulp between the seeds — Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ga., west
to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in cultivation, with
very hard and heavy wood.

2. G. aquatica, Marsh. (Warter-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly
simple; leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. (G. monosper-
ma, Walt.) — Deep swamps, Mo. to S. Ind.,S. Car., and southward. A smaller
tree, 30- 40° high.

45. DESMANTHUS, Willd.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, seta-
ceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white
flowers. (Name composed of Sé€oua, a bond, and &vos, flower.)

1. D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1 - 4°
high) ; pinnz 6-15 pairs; leaflets 20-30 pairs; peduncles 1 - 3’ long; stamens
5; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely
1’ long, 2—6-seeded. — Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind and Ky. to Minn., Mo.,
and Tex.; also in Fla.

2. D. leptdlobus, Torr. & Gray. Pinnz 5-8 pairs; leaflets 10-20
pairs; peduncles 1’ long or less; heads rather loose, stamens 5; pods usually
few, narrowly linear, erect, 1-2’ long. — Central Kan, to Tex.

46. SCHRANKIA, Willd. SENSITIVE Briar.

Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into
a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12, distinct, or the filaments united
at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i. e.,
the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pe
rennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa) ; the procum-
bent stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of
many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-
colored flowers. (Named for F’. P. Schrank, a German botanist.)

1. S. uncinata, Willd. Prickles hooked; pinne 4 - 6 pairs; Jea/flets e/lip-
tical, reticulated with strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete-
short-pointed, densely prickly (2’ long). — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to
S. IL, Kan., and Tex.

2. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined ;
pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4’ long). —S. Va. (+) to
Fla., Tenn., and Tex.

150 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.)

OrpvER 33. ROSACEA. (Roser Famity.)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in:
serted on the calyx, and 1-many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the
last tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tube. Seeds (anatropous)
1- few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight,
with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some-
times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3-4 -
8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A
large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro-
ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu-
minosz on one hand, and with Saxifragacee on the other.

I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity.
* Calyx deciduous, without bractlets ; pistil solitary, becoming a drupe.

Tribe I. PRUNEZ. Trees orshrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. Ovules 2,
pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal.

1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and coroila 5. Stone of the drupe bony.

* * Calyx mostly persistent ; pistils few to many (rarely solitary).
+ Calyx without bractlets ; ovules 2- many.

Tribe II. SPIRZEZ. Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2 - several-seeded follicles. Shrubg
or perennial herbs.

a. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Petals obovate, equal.

2, Spirzea. Flowers perfect or dicecious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs; leaves stra-

ple or pinnate.

3. Physocarpus- Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub: leaves palmately lobed.

b, Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal.

4, Gillenia. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate.

Tribe III. RUBE. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules
2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody
stems.

5, Rubus. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle.

6. Dalibarda. Pistils 5-10, in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.

+ + Calyx-lobes mostly with bractlets; ovule solitary.
Tribe IV. POTENTILLE. Pistils few-many, l-ovuled, becoming dry achenes
Herbs
a. Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or jointed.

7. Geum. Calyx-lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels nt.

merous styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or nuked and straight or jointed.

b. Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous,

8. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5; small or no bractlets. Stamens nuinerous

Achenes 2-6; styles deciduous from the base.
9. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit.

10. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, with an alternate

ing set ot bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous; the latter heaped on a dry re.

ceptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit.
ll. Sibbaldia. Petals minute ; stamens and achenes 5-10; otherwise as Potentilla.

ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 151

II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube.

Tribe V. POTERIEZ. Pistils 1-4, becoming achenes, completely enclosed in the
dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs
with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none.

12, Alechemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Flowers

minute, clustered.

13. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens 5-12.

Flowers yellow, in long racemes.

14. Poterium. Calyx-lobes petaloid ; tube 4-angled, naked Petalsnone. Flowers densely

capitate or spicate.

Tribe VI. ROSEZE. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, enclosed in the globose or
urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens
numerous.

15. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.

Tribe VII. POMEZ. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in and coalescent with the fleshy or berry-
like calyx, in fruit becoming a 2-several-celled pome. Trees or shrubs, with stipules
free from the petiole.

a. Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2-5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled,

16. Pyrus. Pome containing 2-5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.
17. Cratzegus. Pome drupe-like, with 1-5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny.

b. Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each l-ovuled.

18. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels: each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a
projection from its back ; otherwise as Pyrus.

1 PRUNUS, Tourn. Pru, Cuerry, etc.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-obconical, decidu-
ous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-20. Pistil solitary,
with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone.— Small trees or
shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. PRUNUS proper (and Cerasus). Drupe smooth,and the stone smooth or
somewhat rugged ; flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds
in early spring, preceding or coetancous with the leaves; the pedicels few or
several in simple umbel-like clusters.

1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Witp Yeritow or Rep Privo.) Tree
thorny, 8—20° high; leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed,
coarsely or doubly serrate, very veiny, glabrous when mature ; fruit nearly desti-
tute of bloom, roundish-oval, yellow, orange, or red, 4-3’ in diameter, with
the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1’
\or more in diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins; pleasant-tasted.
but with a tough and acerb skin. — Woodlands and river-banks, common.

2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beacn Pium.) Low and straggling (1-5°):
leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath ; pedicels short.
pubescent ; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (4- 1’ in diameter) ;
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. — Sea-beaches and the vicinity, N. Brunswick to Va. It varies, when at
some distance from the coast (N. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother
and thinner and the fruit smaller.

3. P, Alleghaniénsis, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree
{8-15° high), seldom thorny ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-acu-

152 ROSACE®. (ROSE FAMILY.)

minate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate with

age ; fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple with a bloom (less than ¥ in diameter) ;

stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other.

— Bluffs of the Alleghany Mts., Penn.

4. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Cuickasaw Pivum.) Stem scarcely thorny
(8—15° high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous ; fruit globular,
red, neariy destitute of bloom (4-3 in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as
thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. —
Md. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex.

5. P. gracilis, Engelm. & Gray. Soft-pubescent, 1-4° high; leaves oblong-
lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate, becoming nearly glabrous above, 1 — 2’
long ; pedicels and calyx pubescent ; fruit less than } in diameter ; stone rather
turgid, suborbicular. — Prairies and sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and ‘Tenn.

6. P. pumila, L. (Dwarr Cuerry. Sanp C.) Smooth, depressed
and trailing (6’-—6° high) ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, some-
what toothed near the apex, pale underneath; flowers 2-4 together; fruit
ovoid, dark red or nearly black when ripe, without bloom; stone ovoid, mar-
ginless, of the size of a large pea.— Rocks or sandy banks, N. Brunswick to
Va., west to Minn. and Kan. Frnit usually sour and astringent.

7. P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. (WiLtp Rep Cuerry.) Tree 20-30° high,
with light red-brown bark ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply
serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides ; flowers many in a cluster, on long
pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh; stone
globular. — Rocky woods, Newf. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

P, spinosa, L. (Stor. Brack Tuorn.) Branches thorny ; leaves obovate.
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels glabrous ;
fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge.
— Var. insiTft1A (BULLACE-PLUM), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side
of the leaves pubescent. — Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and
N. J. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. PADUS. Drupe small, globose, without bloom ; the stone turgid-ovate, mar-
ginless ; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing
after the leaves, late in spring.

8. P. Virginiana, L. (Cuoxe-Cuerry.) A tall shrub, with grayish
bark ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly)
serrate with slender teeth, thin ; petals roundish ; fruit red turning to dark crim-
son; stone smooth. — River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., E. Neb., and
Tex. — Fruit very austere and astringent. A variety with very short dense
racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass.

9. P. serdtina, Ehrh. (Wirp Brack Cuerry.) A large tree, with
reddish-brown branches ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate
with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above; racemes elon-
gated; petals obovate; fruit purplish-black. — Woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west
to Minn., E. Neb., and La.— Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous

_ flavor.

10. P. demissa, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3-12° high, resem-
bling n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves rather thick and the teeth less slender; ra
cemes often elongated ; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly astringent
— Central Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., S. Dak., and westward

ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 153

2. SPIRAA, L. MeEAbDow-SwEEet.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 5-8, not inflated, few - several-seeded.
Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen. — Shrubs or perennial
herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in co-
rymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, from oreipae, to twist, from the twisting
of the pods in the original species.)

§ 1. SPIRAA proper. Erect shrubs, with simple leaves ; stipules obsolete ; pods
mostly 5, several-seeded.

1 §. betuleefolia, Pall., var.corymbosa, Watson. Nearly smooth (1 -
2° high) ; leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex ; corymbs large, flat,
several times compound; flowers white. (S. corymbosa, taf.) — Mountains of
Penn. and N. J. to Ga., west to Ky. and Mo.

2. §. salicifolia, L. (Common Meapow-Sweet.) Nearly smooth (2-3°
high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate ; flowers in a crowded
panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low grounds, Newf. to the
mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; also to the far northwest. (Eu.)

3. S. tomentosa, L. (Harpuwack. STEEPLE-Busn.) Stems and lower
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate /eaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods woolly. — Low
grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.

§ 2. ULMARIA. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose
flowers ; stipules kidney-form ; pods 5-8, 1 - 2-seeded.

4. §. lobata, Jacq. (QUEEN OF THE PRatRIE.) Glabrous (2-8° high);
leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 -9-parted,
the lobes incised and toothed; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked
peduncle; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals
often in fours. — Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and
Towa.

§ 3. ARUNCUS. Perennial herbs, with diwcious whitish flowers in many slender
spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle ; leaves thrice pinnate ; stipules
obsolete ; pods 3-5, several-seeded ; pedicels reflered in fruit.

5. S. Aruncus, L. (Goar’s-BEarp.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, jan-
ceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut
and serrate. — Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to
Iowa and Mo.

3. PHYSOCARPU S, Maxim. NINE-BARK.

Carpels 1 - 5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2-4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth
and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30-40. Other-
wise as Spireea.— Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like
corymbs of white flowers. (Name from diea, a bladder, and Kapmos, fruit.)

1. P. opulifolius, Maxim. Shrub 4-10° high, with long recurved
branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers; leaves
roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped; the purplish membranacecus
peds very conspicuous. (Spirza opulifolia, 2. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. &

154 . ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Hook.) —Rocky banks of streams, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mo., and the
Pacific northward. Often cultivated.

4. GILLENIA, Moench. Inp1aAN Puysic.

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect.
Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx,
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at first
lightly cohering with each other, 2—4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close
coriaceous coat, and some albumen.— Perennial herbs, with almost sessile
3-foliolate leaves ; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely
paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure Ger-
man botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)

1. G. trifoliata, Moench. (Bowman’s Roor.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, N. Y.
to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich., Ind., and Mo.

2. G. stipulacea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. —Western N. Y.
and Penn. to S. Ind. and Kan., south to Ala. and La.

5. RUBUS, Tourn. Brams_e.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming
small drupes; styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman
name, kindred with ruber, red.)

§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle
when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately. — RASPBERRY.

x Leaves simple ; flowers large ; prickles none ; fruit and receptacle flat and broad.

1. R. odoratus, L. (PurpLe FLrowerinc-RaspBerry.) Stem shrubby
(3-5° high); branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs ;
leaves 3-5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed; peduncles many-flowered; flowers showy (2’ broad); calyx-lobes
tipped with a long narrow appendage ; petals rounded, purple rose-color ; fruit
reddish. — N. Scotia to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich.

2. R. Nutkanus, Mogino. (Satmon-Berry.) Glandular, scarcely
bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, ccarsely toothed; peduncles few-flow-
ered ; petals oval, white. — Upper Mich., Minn., and westward.

3. R. Chameemorus, L. (Croup-perry. BAKkED-APPLE BERRY.)
Herbaceous, low, diecious ; stem simple, 2-3-leaved, 1-flowered ; leaves round-
ish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless ;
petals obovate, white ; fruit of few grains, amber-color. — In sphagnous swamps,
highest peaks of White Mts., coast of E. Maine, and north and west to the
Arctic regions. (Eu.)

x * Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3-5; petals small, erect, white.
«- Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly; fruit of few separate grains.

4. R. triflorus, Richardson. (Dwarr Raspperry.) Stems ascending
(6-12 high) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-

ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 154

lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; peduncle
1 -—3-flowered. — Wooded hillsides, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Se-
pals and petals often 6 or 7. This appears to be more properly a blackberry.
+ + Stems biennial and woody, prickly ; receptacle oblong ; fruit hemispherical.

5. R. strigosus, Michx. (Wrtp Rep Raspperry.) Stems upright,
and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming
weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; Jeaflets
3-5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral
ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills,
Lab. to N. J., and south in the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

6. R. occidentalis, L. (Brack Rasprerry. THIMBLEBERRY.)
Glaucous all over; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked
prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly ser-
rate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked; petals
shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish varievy), ripe early
in July. — Common, especially northward. — An apparent hybrid (R. neglec-
tus, Peck) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermedi-
ate between the two, and growing with them.

§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged recep-
tacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly and flowers white. —
BLACKBERRY.

7. R. villosus, Ait. (Common or Hicu Biackperry.) Shrubby (1-6°
high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles ; branch-
lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or
pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; flowers racemed, numerous ; bracts short ;
sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.
— Borders of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and
shape of fruit.— Var. rronpDosus, Torr., is smoother and much less glan-
dular, with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With
the type, more common at the north. — Var. Humirtsws, Torr. & Gray, is
smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward,
and connecting with the next species.

8. R. Canadénsis, L. (Low Brackperry. Dewserry.) Shrubby,
extensively trailing, slightly prickly ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval or ovate-
Janceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate; flowers
racemed, with leaf-like bracts. — Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to
central Minn. and E. Kan.

9. R. hispidus, L. (Running Swamp-BrackKBerRY.) Stems slender,
scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflered prickles ; leaf-
lets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse,
coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; peduncles leafless, several-flowered,
often bristly; flowers small; fruit of few grains, black.—In low woods or
swampy grassy ground, N. Scotia to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan.

10. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. (Sanp Brackperry.) Shrubby (1-89
high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles, branchlets and lower side of
the leaves whitish-woolly ; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above:

156 ROSACEZH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

peduncles 2-4-flowered; petals large. —Sandy woods, southern N. Y. and
Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

ll. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Busu-Biackserry.) Shrubby, procum-
bent, bristly and prickly ; /eaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous ; leaflets
3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1 —3-
flowered; petals large. — Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex:

6: DALIBAR DA‘ L.

Calyx deeply 5 —6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5-10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves
on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named
in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnzeus.)

1. D. repens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging
and enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks; common northward. June- Aug.
— In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.

7. GEUM, L. AVENS.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or
naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior. — Perennial
herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown
meaning.)

§ 1. GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part
deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated ;
head of fruit sessile in the calyx ; calyx-lobes reflexed.

x Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong ; stipules small.

1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender (2°
high) ; root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute
leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only
toothed ; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading ; recep-
tacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute.— Borders of woods, etc.; common.
May - Aug.

2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower
and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided,
incised ; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger,
on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; receptacle glabrous or
nearly so.— Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June- Aug.

«x * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx;
stipules larger and all deeply cut.

3. G. macrophyllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1-38° high) ; root-
leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large
and round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the
terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded ; receptacle nearly
naked. — N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)

ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 157

4. G. strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3-5° high); root-leaves inter-
tuptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3-5,
thombic-ovate or oblong, acute ; receptacle downy.— Moist meadows, Newf. to
N.J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)

§ 2. STYLIPUS. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the
calyx; bractlets of the calyx none ; otherwise nearly as § 1.

5. G. vérnum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending,
few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 -5-lobed, or some of
them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ,
receptacle smooth. — Thickets, Penn. to Ill, south to Ky. and Tex. April-June.

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLATA. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper

joint plumose ; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading ; petals erect.

6. G. rivale, L. (Water, or PurrLe Avens.)—Stems nearly sim-
ple, several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate,
those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse,
contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-
purple calyx.— Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and
Mo. — Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)

; SRSIA. tyle not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; heaa o
4. SIEVERSIA. Styl J d, wholly p d ght; |
fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems
simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)

7. G. triflorum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate ; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-
toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; bractlets linear, longer than the
purple calyx,as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2’),
strongly plumose in fruit. — Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and
Mo.; rare. April-June.

8. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; root-leaves
rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2-5’ broad), doubly or irregularly cut-
toothed and obscurely 5-7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long
petiole; stems (8-18 high) 1-5-flowered; bractlets minute; petals yellow,
round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (} long), spread-
ing; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)

Var. Péckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves
sparsely hirsute. — Alpine tops of the White Mts.

Dryas OcTOPETALA, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple
toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this sec. ,
tion excepting its 8-9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh
to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it
is not known to have been seen there since.

8. WALDSTEINIA, Willd

Calyx-tube inversely conical ; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achenes 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.— Low perennial herbs, with

158 ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

chiefly radical 3 - 5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted
scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (Barren STRAWBERRY.) Low; leaflets
3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed , scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than
the calyx. — Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.

9. FRAGARIA, Tour. STRAWBERRY.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenes scattered over its surface. —Stemless perennials, with runners, and
with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-
wedge-form, coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles,
which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the
fruit.) — Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called WiLp
STRAWBERRY.)

1. F. Virginiana, Mill. Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting
receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower-
ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified ; lea/-
iets of a firm or coriaceous texture ; the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the
pedicels, silky and appressed. — Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc. ; common.

Var. Illinoénsis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more
inclined to be polygamo-diecious, and the villous hairs of the scape and pedt-
cels widely spreading. — Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward.

2. F.vésca, L. Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical
fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed ;
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed ; leaflets
thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky
places; less common. (Enu.)

F. fxpica, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners,
a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and
insipid fruit, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the

S. States; an escape from cultivation. Flowers and fruit produced through
the summer and autumn. (Adv. from India.)

10. POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear.
ing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. <Achenes many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle; styles
lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs,
with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in
fours. (Name a diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to P-
Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.)

§ 1. Styles thickened and glandular toward the base ; achenes glabrous, numer-
ous: inflorescence cymose.
* Style nearly basal; stamens 25-30; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with
pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers.

1. P. arguta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1 - 4° high), brownish-
hairy, clammy above; leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath,

ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 159

cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk. —
Rocky hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and westward.

* * Style terminal ; flowers small, yellow ; leaves pinnate or ternate.
+ Annual or biennial ; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose ; stamens 5 — 20.

2. P. Norvégica, L. Stout, erect, hirsute (4-2° high); leaves ternate ;
leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate ; cyme rather close, leafy; calyx large ;
stamens 15 (rarely 20).— Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. (Eu.)

3. P. rivalis, Nutt. More slender and branched, softly villous ; leaves
pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the
terminal leaflet 3-parted ; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong ; cyme loose, often
diffuse, less leafy ; calyx small; petals minute; stamens 10-20 (rarely 5).—
Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward.

Var. millegrana, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and
ascending; achenes often small and light-colored. — Minn. to Mo., N. Mex.,
and westward.

Var. pentandra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower
leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals. — Iowa,
Mo., and Ark.

4. P. supina, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect, often stout, leafy,
subvillous ; leaflets pinnately 5-11, obovate or oblong; cyme loose, leafy ; sta-
mens 20; achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side. (P. paradoxa, Nutt.) —
Minn. to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes. — Var.
Nicoityetu, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence much
elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose. — Devil’s Lake, Minn.

+ + Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose ; leaflets incisely pin-
natifid ; bractlets and sepals nearly equal ; stamens 20 - 25.

5. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (}-2°
high) ; leaflets 5-9, white-ttomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener
above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revolute;
cyme fastigiate but rather open.— Coast of Maine, N. H., and the lower St.
Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.— Var. stricosa, Lehm.
Stems 6-12’ high; silky-tomentose throughout ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the
margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close. — Minn. and
westward.

§ 2. Styles filiform, not glandular at base ; inflorescence cymose.
* Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, witi
rather large yellow flowers.
+ Leaves pinnate.

6. P. Hippiana, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout,
the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1-15° high),
slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5-11, cuneate-oblong,
incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the petiole ;
carpels 10-30.— N. W. Minn., and westward.

7. P. effiisa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous hairs ;
stems ascending (4-12’ high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5-11, inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate-oblong, coarsel y-incised-ser-
rate or dentate; carpels 10.— W. Minn. to Mont. and Col.

160 ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.)

+ + Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets ; tomentose or villous.

8. P. argéntea, L. (Sirvery Crnque-For..) Stems ascending, panicu-
lately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-
oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green
above, white with silvery wool beneath. — Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to
N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June-Sept. (Ku.)

9. P. frigida, Vill. Dwarf (1-3’ high), tufted, villous when young;
leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3-5-toothed at summit, nearly gla
brous above; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems; bractlets
and sepals equal. — Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Ku.)

* Style lateral ; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat persist
ent; disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becominy
large and spongy.

10. P. palustris, Scop. (Marsu Five-Fincer.) Stems stout, ascend-
ing from a decumbent rooting perennial base (}-2° long), glabrous below ;
leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less
pubescent beneath ; flowers few in an open cyme; calyx (1’ broad) dark purple
inside. — Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., l., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

x * x Style attached below the middle ; achenes and receptacle densely villous ;
woody perennials.

11. P. fruticosa, L. (Suruppy Crnque-Foit.) Stem erect, shrubby
(1-4° high), much branched; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-7, crowded, oblong-
lanceolate, entire, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute ;
petals yellow, orbicular. — Wet grounds, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn., northern
Iowa, and north and westward. June-Sept. (Ku.)

12. P. tridentata, Ait. (THREE-TOOTHED C.) Stems low (1-10 high),
rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves
palmate ; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at
the apex; petals white; achenes and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of N. Eng.
from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. (Barbour), and mountain-tops of the
Alleghanies; also shores of the upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wisc., and
Minn.

§ 3. Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered ; achenes
glabrous ; receptacle very villous ; herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers.

13. P. Anserina, L. (Sirver-WeeEp.) Spreading by slender many-
jointed runners, white-tomentose and silky-villous ; leaves all radical, pinnate ;
leaflets 7-21, with smaller ones interposed, o}/ong, sharply serrate, silky to-
mentose at least beneath; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft; pedun-
cles elongated. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N.J., N.
Ind., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

14. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common C1nque-Frort or FIVE-FINGER.) Stems
slender and decumbent or prostrate, or sometimes erect ; pubescence villous, often
scanty ; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate by the parting of the lateral leaf-
lets ; leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above ;
bractlets entire. — Dry soi]; common and variable. Apr.—July.— Often pro-
ducing summer runners.

ROSACEZ. (ROSE FAMILY.) 161

i *StTBBALDIA, L.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5-10; styles lateral. — Low
and depressed mountain perennials; included by some in Potentilla. (Dedi-
cated to Dr. Robert Sibbald, professor at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th
century.)

1. S. procumbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex ;
petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mts., and northward. (Eu.)

12. ALCHEMILLA, Tour. Lapy’s MANTLE.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted with as
many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4;
the slender style arising from near the base; achenes included in the tube of
the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves,
and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name,
having reference to the silky pubescence of some species.)

A. ARVENSIS, Scop. (PARSLEY Prert.) Small annual (3-8’ high), leafy ;
leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2-3-cleft, pubescent; flowers
fascicled opposite the axils. — Va. and N.C. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Acrionry.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles
above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; the limb 5-cleft, closed
after flowering. Petals5. Stamens5-15. Stylesterminal. Seed suspended
— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in
slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemonia, of
the same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)

1. A. Eupatoria, L. (Common Acrimony.) Leaflets 5-7 with minute
ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed ; petals twice the length of the
calyx. — Borders of woods, common. July-Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parviflora, Ait; (SmaLi-FLOWERED A.) Leaflets crowded, 11-
19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-
serrate, as well as the stipules; petals small. — Woods and glades, N. Y. and
N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La.

14, POTERIUM, L._ Buryer.

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4
broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none.
Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1-3;
the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene
(commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx
tube. Seed suspended.— Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate
leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di
cecious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and
naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name rornpiov, a drinking:
cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some me-
dicinal drink.) |

162 ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

1. P, Canadénse, Benth. & Hook. (Canap1an Burnet.) Stamens 4,
iong-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylin-
drical spike; stem 3-6° high; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart-shaped at base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate.
— Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to mountains of Ga., west to Mich.

P. SancursOrpa, L. (GARDEN BuRNET.) Stamens 12 or more inthe
lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary filaments,
the upper flowers pistillate only; stems about 1° high; leaflets numerous,
small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, N. Y. to Md. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. ROSA, Tourn. Rose.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous
pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit. — Shrubby and
usually spiny or prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with
the petiole; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the
species are very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable
upon imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. setigera, Michx. (Ciimpine or Prairie Rose.) Stems climbing,
armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3-5,
ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx
glandular; flowers corymbed ; sepals pointed ; petals deep rose-color changing
to white; fruit (hip) globular.— Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to
Ohio, S. C., and Fla., west to Wisc., Neb., and Tex.; also cultivated. July. —
The only American climbing rose, or with united protruding styles; strong
shoots growing 10—20° in a season.

* * Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and persistent; pedicels
and receptacles naked.

+ Fruit oblong-obovate to oblong ; infrastipular spines usually none.

2. R. Engelmanni, Watson. Stems usually 3-4° high or less; infra-
stipular spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often abundant ;
leaflets 5-7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and the teeth serru-
late; flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; fruit 6-12” long.—
Whisky Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and west to the Red River
valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont. and N. Idaho to Col.

+ + Fruit globose ; infrastipular spines none ; acicular prickles often present.

3. R. blanda, Ait. Stems 1-3° high, wholly unarmed (occasionally with
a few or very rarely numerous prickles) ; stipules dilated, naked and entire, or
slightly glandular-toothed ; /eaflets 5-7, usually oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at
base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not resinous ; flowers usually large, corym-
bose or solitary ; sepals hispid, entire. —On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to
N. Eng., central N. Y., Il]. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes.

4. R. Sayi, Schwein. Stems usually low (1-2° high), very prickly;
stipules usually dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous; leaflets 3-7, broadly
elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, sessi/e and obtuse or subcordate at base, resinous

ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.) 163

puberulent and teeth serrulate ; flowers large, solitary (very rarely 2 or 3); outer
sepals usually with 1 or 2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid. — N. Mich. and
Wise. to Minn. and Col.

5. R. Arkansana, Porter. Stems low, very prickly; stipules narrow,
more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate) ; /eaflets 7-11,
broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, subcuneate at base, sessile or petiolulate,
simply toothed, not resinous ; flowers corymbose; sepals rarely hispid, the outer
lobed. — Minn. to Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col.

a + + Fruit globose ; infrastipular spines present.

6. R. Wooddsii, Lind]. Stems usually low (4-3° high), with slender
straight or recurved spines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or wholly un-
armed above ; leaflets 5 —- 7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, more or less toothed;
flowers corymbose or solitary ; sepals naked or hispid, the outer usually lobed ;
fruit globose with a short neck. — Minn. to Mo., west to Col.

* * * Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous ; infra-
stipular spines usually present, often with scattered prickles ; sepals, globose
receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid ; teeth simple ; pubescence not resinous.

+ Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed.

7. R. Carolina, L. Stems usually tall (1-7° high), with stout straight
or usually more or less curved spines; stipules long and very narrow; leaflets
dull green, 5-9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end
and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath. — Borders of
swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Miss.

+ + Leaflets coarsely toothed.

8. R. lucida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6° high),
with at lenyth stout and usually more or less hooked spines; stipules usually
naked, more or less dilated ; leaflets (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, smooth
and often shining above ; flowers corymbose or solitary ; outer sepals frequently
with 1 or 2 small lobes. — Margins of swamps or moist places, Newf. to
N. Eng., N. Y., and E. Penn.

9. R. humilis, Marsh. Stems usually low (1-3°) and more slender,
less leafy, with straight slender spines, spreading or sometimes reflexed ; sti-
pules narrow, rarely somewhat dilated; leaflets as in the last, but usually thin-
ner and paler; flowers very often solitary ; outer sepals always more or less
lobed. (R. lucida of most authors.) — Mostly in dry soil or on rocky slopes,
Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Mo., Ind. Terr., and La.

10. R. nitida, Willd. Low, nearly or quite glabrous throughout, the straighi
slender spines often scarcely stouter than the prickles which usually thickly cover
the stem and branches; stipules mostly dilated ; leaflets bright green and shin-
ing, usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end; flowers solitary (rarely 2
or 3); sepals entire. — Margins of swamps, Newf. to N. Eng.

Naturalized species.

R. canina, L. (Doe Rise.) Stems armed with stout recurved spines,
without prickles, the branch*s sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5-7, elliptical or
oblong-ovate, glabrous or s¢mewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not resinous-
puberulent ; flowers solitary (or 2-4) on usually naked pedicels; sepals pin-

164 — ROSACEH. (ROSE FAMILY.)

natifid, deciduous; fruit oblong-ovate to nearly globular. — Roadsides, E. Penn.,
Tenn., etc. (Int. from Eu.)

R. rupicinosa, L. (SwWEETBRIER. EGLANTINE.) Resembling the last,
but of more compact habit, the leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic,
and doubly serrate; the short pedicels and pinnatifid sepals hispid. (Incl.
kk. micrantha, Smith; less aromatic, with oblong fruit and glabrous styles.)
_N. Scotia and Ont. to S.C. and Tenn. (Int. from Eu.)

16. PY RUS, | L. Pear. APPLE.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Sta-
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Pome fleshy or berry-like ; the 2-5 carpels or
cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded.— Trees or shrubs, with
handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.)

§1. MALUS (App.e). Leaves simple; cymes simple and umbel-like ; pome
fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk.

1. P. coronaria, L. (American Cras-Appie.) Leaves ovate, often
rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed,soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united
at base. — Glades, Ont. and W. New York to N. C., west to Minn., Kan., and
La. May.—Tree 20° high, somewhat thorny, with large rose-colored very
fragrant blossoms, few in a corymb, fruit fragrant and greenish.

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. Resembling the last, but with /eaves oblong or
lanceolate, often acute at base, mostly toothed, glabrous; styles distinct. —
Glades, Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and La. April.

§ 2, ADENORHACHIS. Leaves simple, the midrib glandular along the upper

side ; cymes compound ; styles united at base ; fruit berry-like, small.

ss P.arbutifolia, L.f. (Cnoxe-serry.) A shrub usually 1 - 3° high;

leaves oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, finely glandular.
serrate, tomentose beneath; cyme tomentose; flowers white or reddish ; fruit
pear-shaped, or globose when ripe, small, red or purple, astringent. — Swamps
and damp thickets; common, from N. Scotia to Fla., and west to Minn., IL,
Mo., and La.

Var. melanocarpa, Hook. Nearly smooth throughout, with larger black
fruit; leaves usually less acute. — Of apparently the same range.

§ 3. SORBUS. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets ; cymes com
pound ; styles separate ; pome berry-like, small.

4. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountaty-Asu.) Tree or tall
shrub, nearly glabrous or soon becoming so; leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, taper
pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green; cymes large and flat ;
berries globose, bright red, not larger than peas; leaf-buds pointed, glabrous
and somewhat glutinous. —Swamps and mountain-woods, Newf. to mountains
of N. C., west to N. Mich. and Minn. Often cultivated.

5. P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Leaflets oblong, oval, or lance-
ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with
more spreading teeth, often pale beneath; cymes smaller; flowers and berries
larger, the latter (4” broad) when young ovoid, at length globose ; 'eaf-buds
sparingly hairy ; otherwise nearly as the preceding. — Lab. to northern N Eng
and Lake Sunerijor, and westward.

—--”—

ROSACEA. (ROSE FAMILY.) 165

17. CRATAGUS, L. Hawrnory. Wars Tuory.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles 1-5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony 1-seeded
stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves,
and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms (Name from kparos, strength, on
account of the hardness of the wood.)

* Corymbs many-flowered.

+ Fruit small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red ; flowers mostly
small ; calyx-teeth short and broad (except in n. 3); styles 5; glabrous (ex-
cept C. Pyracantha) and glandless.

C. PyrracAnrua, Pers. (EVERGREEN THorRN.) Leaves evergreen, shining
(1’ long), oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and

young branchlets pubescent; corymbs small.— Shrub, spontaneous near
Washington and Philadelphia. (Ady. from Eu.)

1. C. spathulata, Michx. Shrub or tree, 10-25° high; leaves thickish,
shining, deciduous, spatu/ate or oblanceolate, with a /ong tapering base, crenate
above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile. — Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

2. C. cordata, Ait. (Wasuineton Tuorn.) Trunk 15 - 25° high;.

leaves broadly ovate or triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at
the base, on a slender petiole, variously 3-5-cleft or cut, serrate. — Va. to Ga.
in the mountains, west to Mo.

3. C. viridis, L. A small tree, often unarmed; leaves ovate to ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both ends, on slender
petioles, acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed, and often downy in the axils;
flowers larger, numerous; fruit bright red or rarely orange. (C. arborescens,
Ell.) —Mississippi bottoms from St. Louis to the Gulf, and from &. Car. to Tex.
+ + Fruit small (t-4' long), ovoid, deep red ; flowers rather large ; styles 1-3.

C.Oxyacdntua, L. (Encaruish HAwrHorn.) Smooth; leaves obovate, cut-

lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base; calyx not glandular. More or less
spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. C, apiifolia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; leaves roundish,
with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnately 5 —7-cleft, the
crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate ; petioles slender; calyx-lobes
glandular-toothed, slender. — S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

+ + + Fruit large ($-V long), red ; flowers large; styles and stones even in
the sume species 1-3 (when the fruit is ovotd or pear-shaped) or 4-5 (in globu-
lar fruit); stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, etc., often beset with glands ; shrubs
or low trees. [Species as characterized by Prof. C. S. Sarc=nv.]

5. C. coccinea, L. Branches reddish; spines stout, chest2ut-brown;
villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx; leaves on
slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, round-ovate, cu-
neate or subcordate at base, acutely glandular-toothed, sometimes cut-lobed ;
flowers }’ broad ; fruit coral-red, globose or obovate, }’ broad.— Newf. to Minn.
and southward.—Var. MACRACANTHA, Dudley; spines longer ; leaves thicker,
cuneate at base, on stout petioles, often deeply incised ; cymes broader; flow-
ers and fruit rather larger.— From the St. Lawrence and E. Mass. to Minn.

Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Shoots densely pubescent; leaves large,
slender-petioled, cuneate, truncate or cordate at base, usually with acute narrow

166 ROSACE#. (ROSE FAMILY.)

lobes, often subscabrous above, more or less densely pubescent beneath; flow.’
ers 1’ broad, in broad cymes; fruit bright scarlet with a light bloom, 1’ broad.
(C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray. C. subvillosa, Schrad.) —E. Mass. to Mo.
and Tex. Sometimes 20- 30° high, blooming two weeks before the type.

6. C. tomentosa, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines;
shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent ; glands none; leaves large,
pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong,
sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, contracted into a margined petiole;
flowers small, ill-scented ; fruit dull red, obovate, rarely globose (4 broad), up-
right. — Western N. Y. to Mich., Mo.,and Ga. In flower 2-3 weeks after n. 5.

7. C. punctata, Jacq. Branches horizontal; glands none; leaves smaller,
mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed above,
rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becoming smooth but dull, the many veins more
impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1’ broad), red or bright yellow.
(C. tomentosa, var. punctata, Gray.) — Quebec to Ont. and south to Ga.

8. C. Crus-galli, L. (Cockspur Tuorn.) Branches horizontal, with
slender thorns often 4’ long; glabrous ; leaves thick, dark green, shining above,
wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above
the middle; fruit globular, dull red (4’ broad). — Thickets, common.

x « Corymbs simple, few- (1-6-) flowered ; calyx, bracts, etc., glandular.

9. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Tree 15-20° high, somewhat pu-
bescent or glabrous; leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed into a
glandular petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather
thin, the teeth glandular ; styles 4-5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish,
greenish, or reddish (3’ broad). — Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southward.

Var. pubéscens, Gray. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves
thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit; fruit larger (2? broad),
scarlet or sometimes yellow. — Va. to Fla.

10. C. parvifolia, Ait. (Dwarr Tory.) Shrub 3-6° high, downy ;
leaves thick, obovate-spatulate, crencte-toothed ($-—1% long), almost sessile, the
upper surface at length shining; flowers solitary or 2-3 together on very short
peduncles ; calyx-lobes as long as the petals ; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-
shaped, yellowish. — Sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and La.

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-perry.

Calyx 5-cleft; lobes downy within. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens
numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled,
but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false cartilaginous
partition ; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when
all ripen). — Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and
white racemose flowers. (Amelancier is the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadénsis, Torr. & Gray. (SHApD-BUsH. SERVICE-BERRY.) A
tree 10-30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usu-
ally somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1 —- 33’ long ; bracts
and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous
racemes; petals oblong, 6-8” long; fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crim-
son or purplish, sweet and edible. (Var. Botryapium, Vorr. §- Gray.) — Dry
open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan.,and La. Fruit ripen-

CALYCANTHACEZ. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.) 167

ing in June. — Var. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-
leaved form.

Var. (?) oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6-10°
high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose ; leaves oblong
or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely
serrate, 1-2’ long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes ; petals 3-4” long,
oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels. — Low
moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Mo.
— A form of this with broader leaves (broadly elliptical or rounded), often very
obtuse at the summit, and rounded, subcordate or acute at base, and usually
coarsely toothed, is common from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is some-
times cultivated for its fruit.

2. A. oligocarpa, Roem. A low shrub 2-4° high, soon glabrous;
leaves thin, oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate, 1-2’ long; flowers few
(1-4), rather long-pedicelled ; petals oblong-obovate ; fruit broad-pyriform, dark
purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Torr. § Gray.)
— Cold swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and
the shores of Lake Superior.

3. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3-8° high, usually glabrate or nearly
so; leaves somewhat glaucous and thickish, broadly elliptical or roundish,
very obtuse or rarely acute, often subcordate at base, coarsely toothed toward
the summit, 3-2’ long; raceme short and rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong,
3-8” long; fruit globose, purple. (A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. g
Gray )— A western mountain species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich.,
and which the broad-leaved form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates.

OrpeR 34. CALYCANTHACE. (Carycantnus Famity.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute ;
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus

1 CALYCANTHUS, L. CarRoLiIna ALLSPICE. SWEET-

SCENTED SHRUB.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Tistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.
— The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage
aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of straw-
berries. (Name composed of kaAvé, a cup or calyx, and &y@os, flower, from the
closed cup which contains the pistils.)

1. C. fléridus, L. Leaves oval, soft-edowny underneath. — Virginia(?) and
southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April- Aug.

168 CALYCANTHACEEX. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.)

2. C. levigatus, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed,
bright green and giabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath ,
flowers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Porter), and south-
ward along the Alleghanies. May -— Aug.

3. C. glaucus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, conspicu-
ously taper-pointed , g/aucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4-7
long), probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia (/) near the mountains
and southward. May — Aug.

Orver 35. SAXIFRAGACEZE. (Saxrrrace Famiry.)

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosacew by hav-
ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and
usually no stipules _ the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly
fewer than the sepais, either separate or partly so, or all combined into
one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent
or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the
calyx. Ovules anatropous.

Tribe I SAXIFRAGEZ. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6).
Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.

* Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.

1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small
petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.

. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.
3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute
in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

bo

* * Ovary l-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none.

5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Pla-
centas nearly basal.

6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid.
Stamens 10.

7. Heuchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire.
Stamens 5.

8 Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.

« * * Ovary 1-celled, with 3 - 4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cluster of

united sterile filaments at the base of each petal.

9, Parnassia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.

Tribe II. HYDRANGEZ. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple Ovary 2-5-celled:
the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular.

x Stamens 8 or 10.
10. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.
* * Stamens 20 - 40.

1l. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7-10, valvate inthe bud. Filaments subu-
late. Style 1.
12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Fila-
ments linear. Styles 2-5
Tribe III. ESCALLONIEZ. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2-5-
celled. Fruit capsular.

13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.

SAXIFRAGACEE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 169

Tribe IV. RIBESIEZ. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate
to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.
14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many-seeded.

1 ASTILBE, Don. FatsE GOATSBEARD.

Flowers diceciously polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted, small. Petals 4-5,
spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens8or10. Ovary 2-celled, almost
free, many-ovuled ; styles 2,short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles,
each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of d- privative
and otidBn, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. decaéndra, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3-5° high); leaflets
mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers. stamens
10. — Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N.C. and Ga. Closely imitating
Spirea Aruncus, but coarser.

2. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or
parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the
beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close
coat. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem
mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break; many
species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

* Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy ; leaves opposite ; calyx free from the capsul>.

1. S. oppositifolia, L. (Mounrarn Saxirrace.) Leaves fleshy, ovate,
keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1-2” long): flowers soli-
tary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx.-
Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.)

* * Stems ascending ; leaves alternate ; calyx coherent below with the capsule.

2. S. rivularis, L. (Atrive Broox-S.) Small, stems weak, 3-5
flowered; lower leaves rounded, 3-5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lan-
ceolate; petals white, ovate — Alpine region of the White Mts.,to Lab (Eu.)

3. S. aizoides, L. (YELtow Mountary-S.) Low (3-5’ high), in tufts,
with few or several corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy,
distantly spinulose-ciliate ; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong. —N. Vt.
to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. §. tricuspidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4-8 high), naked above; flow-
ers corymbose , leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the summit ;
petals obovate-oblong, yellow. — Shore of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

* * * Leaves clustered ut the root ; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.
+ Petals all alike.

5. S. Aizoon, Jacq. Scape 5-10 high, leaves persistent, thick, spatulate,
with white cartilaginous toothed margins; calyx partly adherent; petals ob-

170 SAXIFRAGACEH, (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

ovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.— Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Vt.,
L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

6 §. Virginiénsis, Michx. (Earty 8S.) Low (4-9’ high); leaves ob-
ovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish ;
flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes
of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals ;
follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish.— Exposed rocks and
dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.;
common, especially northward. April-June.

7. S. Pennsylvanica, L. (SwamrS.) Large (1-2° high) ; leaves ob-
lanceolate, obscurely toothed (4- 8’ long), narrowed at base into a short and broad
petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the nearly
free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small
petals; filaments awl-shaped ; follicles at length divergent. — Bogs, N. Eng.
to Va., west to Minn. and Iowa.

8. S. erosa, Pursh. (Lettuce §.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse,
sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8-12’ long); scape slender
(1-3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; calya re-
flexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments
club-shaped ; follicles nearly separate, diverging, narrow, pointed, 2-3” long.
— Cold mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C.

9. §. Forbésii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2-4° high; leaves denticulate, oval
to elongated oblong (4-8 long); filaments filiform ; follicles short, ovate ; other-
wise as in the last. — Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Il. (Forbes); E. Mo.
(Lettermann.)

+ + Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow
spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free
and reflexed.

10. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, ta-
pering into a petiole; stems (5-18 high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy
bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; peta/s lanceolate,
the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller
with a tapering base and no spots. — Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.

11. §. stellaris, L., var. comosa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more
or less toothed; scape (4-5 high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many
or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves; petals all lan-
ceolate and tapering into the claw.— Mt. Katahdin, Maine, north to Lab. and
Greenland. (Eu.)

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule.
Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the
bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately
5 —7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to
the late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6-20’ high); leaves deeply
5 - 7-lobed. — Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.

~

SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 171

4. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter
than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between
the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upward. — A low and reclined-
spreading perennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed
smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely
cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6—12° long). Pedun-
cles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the dis-
tinguished bryologist who discovered our species.)

1. S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray. — Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and
Minn. June.

5. TIARELLA, L. Fatse Mirre-wort.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous,
l-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal
placenta, globular, smooth. — Perennials; flowers white. (Name a diminutive
from tiapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which
is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)

1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners
heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath ;
stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5-12’ high); raceme simple; petals
oblong, often subserrate. — Rich rocky woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and
southward in the mountains. April, May.

6. MITELL A, Tourn. MIrrRE-wort. BisHop’s-Cap.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender,
pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short,
2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placente, 2-
valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining. — Low and slender peren-
nials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on
slender petioles; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers
small, in a simple slender raceme or spike Fruit soon widely dehiscent.
(Diminutive of mitra, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.)

1 M. diphylla, L. Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5-
lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile, with
interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6-8 long; stamens 10.—
Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. M. nuda, L. Smalland slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply
and doubly crenate; stem usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4-6 high) ;
flowers greenish ; stamens 10.— Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Hing. to N. Y.,
Mich., Minn, and northward. May - July.

7, HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT,

Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Pet-
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled,

172 SAXIFRAGACE®. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

with 2 parietal many-seeded placentsx, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.— Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the stems, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist of
the beginning of the 18th century.)

* Flowers small, loosely panicled ; stamens and styles exserted ; calyx regular.

1. H. villosa, Michx. Stems (1-3° high), petioles, and veins of the
acutely 7 —9-lobed leaves villous with rusty hairs beneath; calyx 13” long ; pet-
als spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted. — Rocks, Md. to
Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept.

2. H. Rugélii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, }-2° high, glandular-hirsute, as
well as the petioles, etc.; leaves round-reniform, with 7-9 short and broad
rounded lobes ; flowers very small (1” long); petals linear-spatulate, twice as
long as the calyx-lobes; fruit narrow. — Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N.C.

3. H. Americana, L. (Common Atum-roor.) Stems (2-3° high),
etc., glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs ; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx very broad, 2” long, the spatulate
petals not longer than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to
Minn., Mo., and Miss.

x * Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3-4 long) more or less
oblique ; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly 5—9-lobed.

4. H. hispida, Pursh. Stems 2-4° high; hispid or hirsute with long
spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; stamens
soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals. — Mountains of Va. and N. C.,
west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.

5. H. pubéscens, Pursh. Stem (1-3° high) and petioles granular-
pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter
than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals. — Rich woods, in the moun-
tains, from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July.

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4—5, yellow within.
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.
Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-
celled with 2 parietal placentz, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded. — Low and
small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-
cymed flowers. (Name compounded of xpuads, golden, and onaxy, the spleen ;
probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and forking ;
leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely cre-
nate-lobed ; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with
yellow or purple). —Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn.

2. C. alternifolium, L. Stems erect; leaves alternate, reniform-cordate,
doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; flowers corymbose. — Decorah, Iowa, west
to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.)

SAXIFRAGACEX. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 173

9. PARNASSI A, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

~

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes
also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length
deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped
sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, persistent; anthers introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4
projecting parietal placentew; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placente.
Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentz on their middle. Seeds
very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any
albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs,
with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually
bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins.
(Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1. P. parviflora, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx (3”
long); sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong, ta-
pering at base. — Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward.

2. P. palustris, L. Scapes 3-10’ high; leaves heart-shaped; flower
nearly 1’ broad; peta/s sessile, rather longer than the calyx, few-veined ; ster-
ile filaments 9-15 in each set, slender. — Same range as the last. (Eu.)

3. P. Caroliniana, Michx. Scapes 9’-2° high; flower 1-13’ broad;
petals sessile, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined ; sterile jila-
ments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base; leaves thickish, ovate or
rounded, often heart-shaped, usually but one low down on the scape and clasp-
ing. —Wet banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and La.

4. P. asarifolia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at base;
sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidney-shaped ; otherwise as in
the foregoing. — High mountains of Va. and N. C.

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8 -10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary, the limb
4-5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10,slender. Cap.
sule 15-ribbed, crowned with 2-4 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded,
opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves,
no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers
are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous
and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from tdwp, water, and &yyos, a vase.
from the shape of the capsule.)

1. H. arboréscens, L. (Witp Hyprancea.) Glabrous or nearly so
1-8° high; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides,
cymes flat; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant.—Rocky banks, Penn
to Fla., west to Iowa and Mo.

2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves densely tomentose and paler or white be
neath. —S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo.

il.. DECUMARTA.. ‘I.

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7 - 10-toothed, coherent with the
ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20-30. Styles united

174 SAXIFRAGACEZ. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7-10-rayed. Capsule 10-15-ribbed, 7 -
10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length sep-
arating into numerous chaffy scales. — A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite
ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant
white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from
decem, ten, referring to the fact of its being often 10-merous.)

1. D. barbara, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with
the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous. — Banks of streams;
Dismal Swamp, Va, to Fla. and La.

12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Mock ORANGE or SYRINGA.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 —5-parted, spread
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3-5, united below or nearly to the top
Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many
pieces, Seeds very numerous, on thick placente projecting from the axis, pen-
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends.— Shrubs,
with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered
showy white flowers (An ancient name, applied by Linnzeus to this genus for

no obvious reason. )
1. PB. inodorus, L. . Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
entire or with some spreading teeth, flowers single or few at the ends of the
diverging branches, pure white, scentless: calyz-lobes acute, scarcely longer
than the tube. — Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala.

2. P. grandiflorus, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved
branches ; like the last, but somewhat pubescent, with larger flowers, and the
calyx-lobes long and taper-pointed. (YP. modorus, var. grandiflorus, Gray.) —
Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated.

P. coronarivs, L., the common Mock ORANGE or SyrinGa of cultivation,
from 8. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped.

13. ITEA, Gronov.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-
grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when
mature, several-seeded — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, with-
out stipules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the
Willow.)

1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate ;
seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.— Wet places, Penn and N. J. to
Fla., west to Mo and La.

14. RIBES, L. Currant. Gooseserry.

Calyx 5-lobed, often cclored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary i-celled, with 2 parietal placentx and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry
crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx , the surface of the numerous
seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Enn-

SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. ) 175
bryo minute at the base of hard albumen.— Low, sometimes prickly shrubs,
with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except
in one species), often fascicled on the branches; the small flowers from the
same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (From riebs, a German popular
name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted
for the genus.)
$1. GROSSULARIA. (GoosrBerry.) Stems mostly bearing thorns at the

base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly
prickles ; berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called
Witp GoosEeBEerRry ; the flowers greenish.)
x Peduncles 1-3-flowered; calyx as high as broad; leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, 3-5-lobed.
+ Calyzx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be prickly.

i. R. Cynosbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the
broadly bell-shaped calyx ; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely
smooth. — Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C., and west to
Minn. and Mo.

~ + Calyz-lobes decidedly longer than the short and rather narrow tube ; berries
smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant.

2. R. gracile, Michx. (Missouri Gooseperry.) Spines often long,
stout and red ; peduncles long and slender ; flowers white or whitish, filaments
capillary, 4-6” /ong, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuous! y
longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes. (R. rotundifolium, J/an., in part.) —
Mich. to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

3. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Spines short; peduncles short; flowers
greenish or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, 2-3” Jong, more or less
exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes. — W. Mass. and N. Y., south
in the Alleghanies to N. C.

4. R. oxyacanthoides, L. Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or
dull purplish: stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong calyx-
lobes. (R. hirtellum, Michxr )— Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and west-
ward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, the whitish
spines often numerous.

* Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish.

5. R. lactstre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and
with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3 - 5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut ;
calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit
bristly (small, unpleasant). — Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to N. Eng., west
to N. Y., Mich., and Minn.

§ 2. RIBESIA. (Currant.) Thornless and prickless ; racemes few -many-

flowered , stamens short.

6. R. prostratum, L’Her. (Frerip Currant.) Stems reclined; leaves
deeply heart-shaped, 5-7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate ;
racemes erect, slender, calyx flattish; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandu-
lar- bristly. — Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C., west to
Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

176 SAXIFRAGACEH. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

7. R. fldridum, L’Her. (WiLp Brack Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with
resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3 -5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes
drooping, downy ; bracts longer than the pedicels ; flowers large, whitish; calyx
tubular-bell-shaped, smooth ; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods, N. Eng.
to Va., west to Ky., lowa, and Minn.

8. R. ribrum, L., var. subglandulosum, Maxim. (Rep Currant.)
Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3—-5-
lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; racemes from lateral buds distinct
from the leaf-buds, drooping, calyx flat (green or purplish); fruit globose,
smooth, red. — Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and
Minn.

§3. SIPHOCALYX. Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud ;
racemes severalflowered ; calyx-tube elongated ; berry naked and glabrous.

9. R. aureum, Pursh. (Missourr or BurraLo Currant.) Shrub
5-12° high; leaves 3-5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers
golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant ; tube of salverform calyx (6” long or less) 3 or 4
times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black. —
Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common
in cultivation.

Orver 36. CRASSULACEZR. (Orprne Famity.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers ; viz., the petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3-20), and the stamens the same or
double their number, — technically different from Saxifragez only in this
complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite
distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are
usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry
and dehiscent ; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-
rarely few-seeded. — Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small.
Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.

* Not succulent ; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10, Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

* * Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

i)

. Tillzea. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.
3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8-10. Seeds many.

1 PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditcu Srone-CROP.

Sepals 5. Petals rare,if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming
a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the
beaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of
the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from mevre.
five, and 8pos, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open wet
places; N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July — Oct.
Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

CRASSULACEH. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 14

2. TILLAA, Mich.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2—many-seeded. — Very
small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. simplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1-2’ high); leaves linear-
oblong ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8-10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. — Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July -Sept.

3. SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded ; a little
scale at the base of each.— Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs,
with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute
or pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these
plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

* Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flower-
ing branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower
mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.

+ Flowers white or purple.

1. S. pulchéllum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4 - 12’ high);
leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely
flowered ; petals rose-purple.— Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.;
also cultivated in gardens. July.

2. §. Neévii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3-5’ high) ; /eaves all alter-
nate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems
linear-spatulate and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered ; petals
white, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves
and blossoms smaller. — Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.

3. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems spreading (3-6’ high) ; /eaves flat, the
lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, ob/ong ; cyme 3-spiked,
leafy ; petals white.— Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.

+ + Flowers yellow.

S. Acre, L. (Mossy Srone-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like;
leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very
thick; petals yellow.— Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, ete.
July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. §. Torréyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base
(2-4 high) ; /eaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 2-3” long; petals rather
longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent. — Mo. to
Ark. and Tex.

* * Elowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less pedun-
cled ; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.
+ Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.

5. §. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6 -12’ high), stout, leafy
to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small;
petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; follicles tapering into a slender
style. — Dry rocks, from western New York to N. Ga. and S. Ind. June.

178 CRASSULACEZ. (ORPINE FAMILY.)

S. Tevfépuium, L. (Garpen OrprNe or LIvE-FOR-EVER.) Stems erect
(2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed ; cymes compound ; petals purple,
oblong-lanceolate ; follicles abruptly pointed with a_ short style.— Rocks and
banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. REFLExuUM, L. Glabrous, erect, 1° high; /eaves crowded, cylindric, subu-
late-tipped spreading or reflexed ; flowers yellow, pedicelled. — Coast of Mass. ;
western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Flowers diecious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.

6. S. Rhodiola, DC. (RosrrRoor.) Stems erect (5-10’ high); leaves
oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-
yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Throughout Arctic America, extend-
ing southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River ; also in the
western mountains. May, June. (Ku.)

OrpER 37. DROSERACEZ. (Sunpew Famiry )

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pen
tamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers
fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice
as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placente. — Calyx imbri-
eated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and
minute embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud,
i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of
insectivorous plants.

1, DROSERA, 1. SuNDEw.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken
for 6 or 10,slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-)
valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole
length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bearing
the flowers in a l-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undevel-
oped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is
always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the
leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence
the name, from Spocepés, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifolia, L. (Rounp-LEAvED SunpEw.) Leaves orbicular,
abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles ; seeds spindle-shaped, the
coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-
bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common, July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. intermédia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. Leaves spatulate-
_ oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles ; seeds oblong, with a
rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, Gray, Manual.) — Bogs, with
the same range but less common. June-Aug.— Plant raised on its prolonged
caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linearis, Goldie. (SteNDER SunpEw.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the
biade (2 -3’ long, scarcely 2” wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ;
seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white. — Shore
of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.

HAMAMELIDEE. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) i)

4. D. filiformis, Raf. (Tureap-LeEAvep SunpEw.) Leaves very long
and filiform, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-
shaped ; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (5’ broad). — Wet sand, near the
toast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

Dion®A MuscfPuLa, Ellis, the Venus’s FLy-rrap, —so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch, —is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N.C. It differs in several respects
from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles
united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod. :

Orver 383. HAMAMELIDE. (Witcn-HazeL FAmtty.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules , flow-
ers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monecious ; the calyx cohering
with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms
a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony
seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals in-
serted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none
at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and
changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and
straight, in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and flat.

* Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the
summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.
2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

* * Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-
like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell,

38. Liqguidambar. Moncecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules con-
solidated by their bases in a dense head.

1 HAMAMELIS, L. Wircu-Haze..

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like
3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Pet-
als 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud Stamens 8,
very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect
and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top
the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and
bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shrubs,
with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From
agua, at the same time with, and wnaAis, an apple-tree ; a name anciently applied
to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. Virginiana, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat
downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling,
and maturing its seeds the next summer. — Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla.,
west to EK. Minn. and La.

2. FOTHERGILLA, L.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,

180 HAMAMELIDE®. (WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY.)

borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the
base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.— A
low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at
the sammit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered
by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

1. F. Gardeéni, L. (Ff. alnifolia, L. f.)— Low grounds, Va. to N. C.
April, May.

3. LIQUILDANMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum TREE.

Flowers usually moncecious, in globular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
seales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the cap-
sules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-
angled seed-coat. — Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved
deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from /iquidus, fluid, and the Arabic
ambar, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes
from the tree.)

1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Buirsteov.) Leaves rounded,
deeply 5-7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla.and Tex. April. —A
large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with
corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep
crimson in autumn. ‘The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re-
sembling sawdust.

Orver 2329. HALORAGEA. (Water-Mitror Famity.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon-
spicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of
leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary (or calyx and corolla
wanting in Callitriche), which consists of 2-4 more or less united carpels
(or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct.
Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small
or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1—4-celled, with a single
anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monecious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or with-
out petals. Stamens4or8, Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.

2 Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate,
the immersed pinnately dissected.

3 Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary
only one. J.eaves entire, in whorls.

4. Callitriche. Flowers monecious. Calyx and petalsnone. Stamenl. Ovary 4-celled,
with 2 filiform styles, Leaves entire, opposite,

HALORAGEH. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. ) 181

1 MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Warter-MILrolu.

Flowers monccious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted,
of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.— Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary
divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water
in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from wupios, a thousand, and
pvaror, a leaf, i.-e., Milfoil.)

* Stamens 8; petals deciduous ; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours

1. M. spicatum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except
the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than
the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike. — Deep water, Newf. to N.
Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Ku.)

2. M. verticillatum, L. F’oral leaves much longer than the flowers, pec-
tinate-pinnatifid ; otherwise nearly as n. 1.— Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)

* * Stamens 4; petals rather persistent ; carpels 1-2-ridged and roughened on
the back ; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem stout; flora/ leaves ovate and lance-
olate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fruit obscurely rough-
ened. — Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately
parted with few capillary divisions; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pec-
tinate-toothed or cut-serrate ; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back.
— Shallow ponds, 8S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.

* * * Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves
chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambiguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10
very delicate capillary divisions ; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral
linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect: fruit (minute)
‘smooth. — Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.— Var.
CAPILLACEUM, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and
leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. LimdsuM, Torr., is small, rooting in
the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.

6. M. tenéllum, Bigelow. Fowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like
(8-10’ high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts
small, entire; flowers alternate, monecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds,
Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.

2. PROSERPINACA, L. MERMAID-WEED.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-
like. — Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves,
and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3-4 together, in summer.
(Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning pertaining to Proserpine.)

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate
when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west
to Minn. and Tex.

182 HALORAGES. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-aw].
shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass.
to Fla. and La.

s¢ HiPPU RIS; Mare’s! Pins

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one,
inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down
one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit
nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in
whorls, and minute flowers sessile in thé axils insummer. (Name from {@r7mos,
a horse, and ovpa, a tail.)

1. H. vulgaris, L. Stems simple (1 -2° high) ; leaves in whorls of 8 or
12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1” long. — Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and
Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

4. CALLITRICH gn W ATER-STARWORT.

Flowers monecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf,
wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a
single stamen ; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by con-
fluence becomes 1-celled,and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-
celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile.
usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, sep-
arating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous,
filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length
of the oily albumen. — Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset
with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves,
both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from «adds,
beautiful, and @pté, hair, from the often almost capillary stems.)

* Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves
uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded ; bracts none,

1. C. defiéxa, Braun, var. Austini, Hegelm. Stems 3-1’ high; fruit
small (4” broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a
pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile ; lobes of the fruit nar
rowly winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter
than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1-2” long. (C. Austini, ngelm.)
— On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)

x * Amphibious perennials ; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate
and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial
forms) ; flowers usually between a pair of bracts.

2. C. vérna, L. Fruit (3” long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob-
cordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very
narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them ; stigmas shorter
than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves crowded ina
tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole. — Common in stagnant waters, New
England to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Ku.)

3. C. heterophylla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than
high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lcbes

MELASTOMACE®. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 183

obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the
fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate,
often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. — Stagnant water, Mass.
and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.

* * * Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves ; flow-
ers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4. C. autumnalis, L. Stems 3-6’ high; fruit large (1” wide or more),
flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes
broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them;
stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base,
retuse or notched at the tip (2-6” long). — W. Mass., Lake Champlain and
N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)

Orver 40. MELASTOMACEZS. (Merastoma FAmIity.)

Plants with opposite 3 —7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers
opening by pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Onagracex. — All
tropical, except the genus

1 RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meapow-Beauty.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigmal1. Capsule invested by
the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentz projecting from
the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low per-
ennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3-5-nerved and bristly-edged
leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early.
(A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from pets, a crevice, from
the place of growth.)

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the
Jilament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virginica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-
lanceolate, sessile, acute ; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-
tipped hairs; petals bright purple. — Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla.,
west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristosa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-
oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of
the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous,
bright purple.— Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. &. Peters); also Sumter Co.,
S.C. (J. D. Smith).

3. R. Mariana, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed
below, mostly petiolate, petals paler.—Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west
to Mo. and La.

* * Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur ; flowers few, sessile.

4, R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate,
ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous. — Md. to Fla. and La..

184 LYTHRACEH. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

ORDER 41. LYTHRACEZ. (LoosEsTRIFE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing
but free from the 1—4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule,
and bearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat; the
latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers
axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or
even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style re-
ciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often
1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentz in the
axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

* Flowers regular or nearly so.
+ Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.

1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule inde-
hiscent. Small aquatic.
2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septi-
cidal, with 3 - 4 valves.
3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Cap-
sule bursting irregularly.
+ + Flowers in 3-many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).

4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers
cymose-spicate in one species.

5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4) Stamens 8-10. Capsule 3-4-
valved, loculicidal.

* * Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

12D PDT PLES?) Rak WATER PURSLANE.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses
(or a mere callous point). Petalsnone. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular,
indehiscent, 2-celled. — Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in
the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary
in their axils. (“ Didiplis means two doubling ;” from 6ls, twice, and dimAcos,
double.)

1. D. linearis, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely
sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx
with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Amman-
nia Nuttallii, Gray.) — From Minn. and Wise. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.

2. .- ROMA TAs a.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the
sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short.
Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) trans-
versely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the
whorled leaves of the original species.)

1. R. ramosior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole,
linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the
axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter.

LYTHRACEH. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 185

(Ammannia humilis, Michr.) — Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to
Ind., Kan., and Tex. — With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.

3. AMMANNIA, Houston.

Flowers in 3-many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped,
4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus.
Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4-8.
Capsule globular, 2—4-celled, bursting irregularly. — Low and inconspicuous
smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils,
produced all summer. (Named after Pau/ Ammann, a German botanist ante-
rior to Linnzus.)

1. A. coccinea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2-3’ long), with a
broad auricled sessile base ; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens
more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia,
Gray, Manual, not L.) —N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The
style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently
the more developed form of the southern A. latifolia, Linn., which, as limited
by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.

4, LYTHRUM, L. _ Loosesrrire.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5- 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals 5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number,
inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-
celled. — Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and
purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from Avégop,
blood ; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)

* Stamens and petals 5-7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils
of the mostly scattered upper leaves ; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the
intermediate processes ; plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifolia, L. Low annual (6-10’ high), pale; leaves oblong-
iinear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple ; sta-
mens usually 4-6, included. — Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)

2. L. lineare, L. Stem slender and tall (8-4° high), bushy at top, with
2 margined angles ; leaves linear, chiefly opposite ; petals whitish ; flowers with
6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short ;
ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring.— Brackish marshes,
N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alatum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches with mar-
gined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or
rounded base, the upper mostly alternate ; calyx 2-4” long ; petals rather large,
deep-purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous
ring prominent. — Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.

* * Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6
shorter ; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.

L. SaricAria, L. (Sprkep Loosestrrire.) More or less downy and tall;
leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; flowers
purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style. — Wet
meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

186 LYTHRACEX. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.)

5. DECODO N, Gmel. Swamp Loosestrire.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and
as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petals 5.
Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3 —5-celled,
zoculicidal. — Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or
whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from
5éxa, ten, and ddovs, tooth.)

1. D. verticillatus, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2-8°
long), 4—6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the
upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-
lanceolate, rose-purple (4’ long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesxa
verticillata, 7BK.) —Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ont., Minn.,
and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

6. CUPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approxi-
mate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1-2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ob-
long, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or race-
mose, stalked. (Name from kugds, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.)

1. C. visecosissima, Jacq. (Crammy Curnea.) Annual,.very viscid-
hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple;
seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the
ruptured capsule. — Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La.

OrpER 422. ONAGRACEZE. (Eveninc-PRimrosE FAMILY.)

Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2 —3- or 5 —6-merous) perfect and sym-
metrical flowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2—4-celled ovary,
its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute in the bud, some-
times wanting ; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or
calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen-
der; stigma 2—4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by
cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen. — Mostly
herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glanduiar.

* Parts of the flower in fours or more.
+ Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.
++ Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent.

i. Jussizea. Petals 4-6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated.
2. Ludwigia. Petals4ornone. Stamens 4. Capsule short.
++ ++ Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n 3) and deciduous from it.

Flowers 4-merous.
8. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often

opposite.
4. GEnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate

ONAGRACEA. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. ) 187

+ + Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Leaves alternate.
5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at buse.
6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged.
* * Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite.

7 Circzea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-seeded, bristly.

1s SST AVAL.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4- 6,
herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4-9. Stamens twice as many as the petals.
Capsule 4-6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very nu-
merous. — Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate
leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de
Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)

1. J. decurrens, DC. Stem erect (1-2° high), branching, winged by the
decurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals; capsule oblong-
club-shaped, wing-angled ; seeds in several rows in each cell. — Wet places, Va.
to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La.

2. J. repens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong,
tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large, long-peduncled ; caiyx-lobes and
obovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate,
in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.—In water, Ill. and
Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

2. LUDWIGI AS Os Fase LOosestTRIFE.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually per-
sistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or
cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked. — Perennial herbs, with axil-
lary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for C. G.
Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linneus.)

* Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.

+ Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4-8”
long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifolia, L. (Srrp-nox.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends;
capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.— Swamps, E. Mass. to Fla.,
west to Mich., E. Kan., and La.

2. L. hirtélla, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (1 -2° high) ;
leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends ; capsules nearly as in the
last, but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

+ + Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very
small greenish petals (inn. 5) or mostly none ; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear
on the erect stems (1-3° high) and numerous branches ; but prostrate or creep-
ing sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter ob
ovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.)

3. L. spheerocarpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or
nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those
of the runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate :

188 ONAGRACE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes
acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2” long). — Water or
wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polyearpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at
both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; bractlets lineur-
awi-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped cap-
sule, which is longer than the calyx-lobes. — Wet places, E. Mass. and Conn.
to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky.

5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those
of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present ; bract/ets minute at
the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 3” long and much
longer than the calyx-lobes. — Bogs, pine barrens of N.J.,and southward.

6. L. eylindrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-
lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled ; bractlets very minute at
the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 3” long, and several times exceeds
the calyx-lobes. — Swamps, S. IIl. to Fla. and Tex.

* * Leaves all opposite ; stems creeping or floating.

7. L. palustris, Ell. (Water Pursiane.) Smooth; leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when
the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, 4-sided,
not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2” long). — Ditches, common. (Eu.)

8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate,
nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled ; petals yellow, exceeding the
calyx (3” long) ; capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved (3° long). —
Swamps, Va. te Fla.

38. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft
or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule linear,
many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end. — Mostly perennials,
with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. A
large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provi-
sional arrangement has been made by Prof. W. TRELEASE, mainly in accord-
ance with Haussknecht’s revision of the genus. (Name composed of ézi, upon,
and AdBuoy, a little pod.)

§ 1. Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted ; petals
entire; stamens and style successively deflexed ; stigma of 4 long lobes.

1. EK. angustifolium, L. (Great WILLow-HERB. FirE-wEED.) Stem
simple, tall (4—7°) ; leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire. — Low
grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn.
and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled ; calyx-limb 4-cleft ; petals
mostly deeply notched ; stamens and style erect.

* Stigma 4-parted ; stem terete.

E. utrsttum, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3 - 5° high); leaves
mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile flowers in the upper axils or

ONAGRACEH. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 183

in a leafy short raceme; petals 6” long, rose-purple.— Waste grounds, Mass.

to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Stigma clavate ; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2)
leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins.

2. EK. lineare, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary-
pubescent, 1 - 2° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct
petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long
as the leaves. - (E. palustre, var. lineare, Gray, mainly. ) — Bogs, N. Eng. to
Penn., lowa, and northward.

3. ie strictum, Muhl. Erect, 1 - 24° high, oe beset with soft spread-
ing somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse and with
evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile ; pubescence of the capsule soft and
spreading. (E. molle, Z’orr.) — Bogs, Mass. to Minn., south to Va. and III.

* * Stigma clavate ; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2-4 ridges or hairy lines
decurrent from some of the leaves.

+ Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered ; leaves rather large, toothed, not
revolute, the lower opposite ; seeds papillose.

4. KB. coloratum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above er gland-
ular, 1—3° high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, nar-
rowed to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding ; peduncles
shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma cinnamon-color. —
Wet places, common.

5. EH. adenocatlon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence
above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter
petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a
merely dingy coma. — Wet places through the Northern States.

6. E. glandulosum, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not gland.
ular; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base ana
more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.— Canada to the mountains of N. C.
(fide Haussknecht). (Asia.)

+ + Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10) ; leaves chiefly op-
posite, less toothed ; flowers few, nodding ; seeds appendaged at the apex.

++ Seeds areolate but not papillose ; leaves not revolute.

7. E. anagallidifolium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves
erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly
obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles; flowers
purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the
leaves. — White Mts. and Adirondacks (jide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

8. E. lactiflorum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6-12’
high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate,
slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles;
flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds more prominently append-
aged. — White Mts., and northward (jide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

++ ++ Seeds papillose-roughened.

9. EK. Hornemanni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8-18’ high; leaves mostly
horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted

190 ONAGRACEZ. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only slightly roughened, short
and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, J/an.) — White Mts., dells of the Wis-
consin River (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.)

10. KE. palustre, L. Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pu-
bescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the inter-
nodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute
margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slen-
der peduncles ; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man.,
in part.) — Penn. to Minn. and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.)

4. @NOTHERA, L. EVENING PRIMROSE.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed.
Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved.
many-seeded. Seeds naked.— Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or
rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.)

§ 1. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly
dilated at the throat ; anthers linear.
* Caulescent annuals or biennials ; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the
calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous ; seeds in two rows in each cell.

+ Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above.

1. G&. biénnis, L. (Common Eventnc Primrose.) Rather stout, erect
(1 -5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate
to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2- 6’ long), acute or acuminate, repandly
denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1-23’ long, the tips of the sepals
contiguous; petals 4- ? long; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute. —
Throughout the U. S.— Var. cruciAta, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow
petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (#) sport. E. Mass.

Var. grandiflora, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1-23
long). — Same range as the type, but not so common east.

2. Gi. Oakesiana, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the pu-
berulence mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; otherwise
nearly as in the typical form of the last. (CE. biennis, var. Oakesiana, Gray.)
— Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn.

a + Flowers ina leafy spike or axillary ; capsules linear.

3. Gi. rhombipétala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent
and subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the
lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into
the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx silky-canescent (tube
1} long); petals rhombic-ovate (6 - 10’ long). — Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

4. Gi. humiftisa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (4-2° long) ;
hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or
oblanceolate (4-1’ long), sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves
pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule 4-1’ long, silky, curved; seeds
smooth. — On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.

5. Gs. sinuata, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched
(1° high or more), more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent ; /eaves oblong
or lanceolate (1 -2’ long), sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral simi-

ONAGRACEA. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 191

Jar; capsule 1-14’ long; seeds strongly pitted. — N.J. to Fla., west to E. Kan

and Tex. Very variable.

* * Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning
rose-color ; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single row.

6. Gi. albicatilis, Nutt. Stems erect ($-4° high), simple or branched,
white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to oblong-lan-
ceolate (1-3’ long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward
the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods 4-2’ long, often curved or
twisted; seeds lance-linear, smooth. — W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward.

* * * Caulescent ; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11) ;
capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles
more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7).

7. G&. linifolia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple
or diffuse (6-15’ high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent ;
radical leaves oblanceolate, cauline linear-filiform 4-1’ long; spikes loosely
Howered ; corolla 2-3” long; stigmas short ; capsules obovate to oblong-clavate,
2-3” long, not winged, nearly sessile. — Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex.

8. Gi. pumila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1-2° high; /eaves mostly gla-
brous, entire, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate ;
flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4-12” long; capsule glabrous, oblong-clavate,
3-6” long, sessile or on a short pedicel, slightly winged. (Incl. GE. chrysantha,
Michx.) — Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June.

9. G&. fruticosa, L. (Sunprops.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often
tall and stout (1-3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous ;
leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate ; raceme corymbed or loose ;
petals 9-12” long; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself, promi-
nently ribbed and strongly winged. — Common and very variable.

Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate ; capsule usually
shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (QE. linearis of J/an., in
part. CE. riparia, Nutt.) — Conn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

Var. humiftisa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely
branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers
few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (Q&. linearis of
Man., in part.) — Suffolk Co., L. Island.

10. Gi. glatica, Michx. Perennial, erect (2-3° high), glabrous and glau-
cous ; (eaves ovate to ovate-oblong (2-4 long), repand-denticulate ; flowers in
short leafy corymbs; petals 9-15” long; capsule glabrous, ovoid-oblong, very
broadly winged, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter
thar itself. — Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan.

11. G&. speciosa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pu-
bescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less
deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; flowers large, white or rose; capsule clavate-obovate,
strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled. — Mo. to Kan. and Tex,

* * * * Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile.

+ Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color.

12. CE. triloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves
2-10 long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblancea-

192 ONAGRACE. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

late and only sinuate-toothed ; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2-4’ long);
petals 6-12” long; capsule ovate, 4-1’ long, strongly winged, net-veined. —
Ky. to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific.

Var. (?) parviflora, Watson. Flowers very small (1 -2’ long), fertilized
in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a
densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2’ in diameter and
often 2-3’ high. — Plains of Kan. and Neb.

+ + Low caulescent perennials ; flowers axillary, yellow.

13. G&. Missouriénsis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short
and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting ; leaves thick,
oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2-5’ long), acuminate, entire or
repand-denticulate ; calyx-tube 2-5’ long; petals broad, 1-24’ long; capsules
orbicular, very broadly winged (1-3’ long).— Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

14. G&. Fremontii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence ;
leaves linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1-2’ long; petals 4-1’ long; cap-
sule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9” long. — Central Kan.

§ 2. Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong-
linear ; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric ; perennial, somewhat woody,
with axillary yellow flowers.

15. Gi. Hartweégi, Benth., var. lavanduleefolia, Watson. Stems
numerous from a woody base, 3-6’ high; leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent,
mostly linear, }-1’ long; calyx-tube 1-2’ long; capsule 8-10” long. —Cen-
tral Kan. to Col. and N. Mex.

16. G&. serrulata, Nutt. Slender (3-15’ high), simple or branched,
canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1-3’ long), irregularly and
sharply denticulate ; calyx-tube broadly funnelform (2—4” long), strongly nerved ;
petals broadly obovate (3-4” long), crenulate; capsule 9-15” long. — Wisc.
and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex.

5. GAURA, -L.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap-
pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3—4-ribbed or angled, inde-
hiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1-4-seeded. Seeds naked.
— Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish
in fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name,
from ‘yavpos, superb, does not seem appropriate).

* Fruit sessile or nearly so.

1. G. biénnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3-8° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate ; spikes wand-like ; fruit oval or oblong, acute at both ends, 2-3”
long, ribbed, downy. — Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. G. parviflora, Doug]. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2-5° high; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent ; spikes dense; fruit oblong-
clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, 3-4” long.
— Mo. to La. and westward.

LOASACEEH. (LOASA FAMILY.) 193

3. G. coccinea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate (6-12’ high),
very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire ;
flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet ; fruit terete below, 4-sided
and broader above, 2-3” long. — Minn. to Kan., and westward.

* * Fruit slender-pedicelled.

4. G. filipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2-—4° high) ; leaves
linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very slender,
naked ; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit. — Open places, Va.
to Fla., west to Il]., Kan., and Ark.

6. STENOSIPHON, Spach.

Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not
appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it
also resembles in habit. (From orevds, narrow, and cipwyr, a tube.)

1. §. virgatus, Spach. Slender, 2-4° high, glabrous, leafy , leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; flowers nu-
merous in an elongated spike, white, #’ long; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate,
8-ribbed, small. — E. Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7 CIRC At A,Tourn: ENCHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous ;
lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde-
hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 - 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded.
— Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin
leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in
summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.)

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Taller (1-2° high) ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed ;
bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly.— Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpina, L. Low (3-8 high), smooth and weak ; leaves heart-shaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed ; bracts minute ; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled
fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind.,and Minn. (Eu.)

Orver 43. LOASACEZE. (Loasa Famity.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube
adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placente ; — represented
here only by the genus

1 MENTZELIA, Plunier.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens in-
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles
3, more or less united into one; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length
dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few -many-seeded.
Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate,
very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-
clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

194 LOASACEE. (LOASA FAMILY.)

* Seeds few, oblong, not winged ; petals 5, not large ; Jilaments all filiform.

1. M. oligospérma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1-3° high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading ; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled, often petioled ; flowers yellow (7-107 broad), opening in sunshine ;
petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9-
seeded. — Prairies and plains, Il. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex.

x * Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined ; petals 10, large and showy ;
outer filaments petaloid inn. 3; capsule large, oblong ; leaves sessile.

2. M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute ; calyx-tube leafy-brac-
teate; petals 2-3” long, yellowish-white ; filaments all filiform or the outer
dilated below ; capsule 14-2’ long; seeds narrowly margined. — On the plains,
western part of the Dakotas to central Kan. and Tex.

3. M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1-5° high ; leaves somewhat
lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate ; flowers haf as large as
in the last ; calyx not bracteate ; outer filaments narrowly dilated, sterile ; capsule
about 1’ long; seeds plainly winged. — Plains, Dakotas to cen. Kan. and Tex.

Oxper 44. PASSIFLORACEZ. (Passion-FLowWER FAMILY.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 mona-
delphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or
4 parietal placente, and as many club-shaped styles.

Li PASSIELOR A, .. Passton-FLOWER.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud,
usually colored like the petals, at least within ; the throat crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5; filaments
united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above ;
anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the
anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle,
grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Pedun-
cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of los passv-
onis, a translation of fior della passione, the popular Italian name early applied
to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the
crucifixion.)

1. P. lutea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the
lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1’ broad) ; fruit 3° in
diameter. — Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and La.

2. P. incarnata, L. Pubescent; leaves 3-5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the
base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2’ broad), nearly white, with a triple
purple and flesh-colored crown ; involucre 3-leaved ; fruit as large as a hen’s
egg. — Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called maypops.

Orper 45. CUCURBITACEZ. (Gourp Famrty.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diecious or monecious (often gamo-
petalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1 - 3-celled ovary, and the

CUCURBITACEZ. (GOURD FAMILY.) 199

5 or usually 24 stamens (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled an.l 2 with 2-celled anthers)
commonly united by their cften tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the
filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. — Limb of
the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3.
Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-
like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a tropical
or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the Gourp (LaGrE-
NARIA VULGARIS), PUMPKIN and Squasu (species of CucurBiTa), MusK-
MELON (CUcumis MeELo), CucumBER (C. sativus), and WaTERMELON
(CitRULLUS VULGARIS).
* Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual.
+ Ovary l-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.
1. Siecyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.
+ + Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending.

2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3.
Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.
. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous,

oO

* * Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3-5 parietal placente.
Perennial.

4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish ; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.
5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large.

ie SCY. © S54 ONE-SEEDED Bur-CUCUMBER.

Flowers monecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish
corolla. Anthers cohering in amass. Ovary l-celled, with a single suspended
ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.
— Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the
sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter
in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed,
the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks, and a weed in damp
yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July -Sept.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr.& Gray. | Witp Barsam-appte.

Flowers moneecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with
weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-
netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat.— Tall
climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very
numerous small greenish-white flowers ; the sterile in compound racemes often
1° Jong, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name
composed of éxtvos, a hedgehog, and kéorts, a bladder, from the prickly fruit.)

1. K. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit
oval (2° long) ; seeds dark-colored. — Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng and
Penn to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July - Oct.

\

196 CUCURBITACE&. (GOURD FAMILY.)

3. CYCLANTHERA, Schrad.

Flowers moneecious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into
a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1-3-)
usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny,
obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened.
— Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose
or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil.
(Name from kviaos, a circle, and dv@npa, anther.)

1. C. dissécta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3 —7-foliolate, the oblong
divisions somewhat lobed or toothed ; tendrils simple or bifid; fruit 1/ long, on
a short peduncle. — Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

4. MELOTHRIA, L.

Flowers polygamous or moneecious ; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-
lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam-
panulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many
flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered
from pfAwépoy, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. péndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves
small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers
few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval,
green, 4-6” long. — Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La.

5. CUCURBITA, L.

Flowers monecious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate ; corolla cam-
panulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united,
sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3-5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3-5
parietal placentas, ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a
hard rind, indehiscent. — Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with
large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.)

1. C. feetidissima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick,
triangular-cordate; flowers 3-4’ long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2-3’ in di-
ameter. (C. perennis, Gray.) — Central Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Orver 46. CACTACE®. (Cactus Famty.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular
or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles.
Flowers solitary, sessile, the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev-
eral rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous,
with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup
formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous.
Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several
parietal placente.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers

from between the tubercles. Ovary naked ; berry succulent.
2, Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants ; the joints flattened or cylindrical.

CACTACEH. (CACTUS FAMILY.) rou

1 MAMILLARIA. Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped.
Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent
berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous. — Globose or
oval plants, covered. with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles,
the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from
mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.)

1. M. vivipara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1-5’ high, the almost terete
tubercles bearing bundles of 5-8 reddish-brown spines (10” long or less), sur-
rounded by 15-20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid;
flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval,
green ; seeds pitted, light brown. — Plains, Dakotas to Kan., and westward.

2. M. Missouriénsis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10-20)
weaker ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1-2’ broad: berry subglobose,
scarlet ; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Angelm.) —S. Dak. to central
Kan., Tex., and westward.

2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickry Pear. Inpran Fic.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the
inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with
a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; cotyledons large, foli-
aceous in germination. — Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing
very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order,
with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers
in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name
of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)

* Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.

1. O. vulgaris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly
obovate (2-4’ long); /eaves minute (2-24 long), ovate-subulate, generally ap-
pressed ; bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines; flowers
pale yellow (about 2’ broad), with about 8 petals; fruit 1’ long. — Sandy fields
and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac.

2. O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Prostrate, deep green; joints broadly obo-
vate or orbicular (3—5’ long); leaves (3-4” long), spreading; bristles bright
red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9-12” long) or
none; flowers yellow (2}-34 broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals
10-12; fruit 14’ long, with an attenuated base.— Sterile soil, Nantucket and
southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to
Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark.

* * Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly.

3. O. Missouriénsis, DC. Prostrate, jo:nts light green, broadly obo-
vate, flat and tuberculate (2-6 long), leaves small (14- 2” long), their azils
armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines
(1 - 2’ long) ; flowers light yellow (2~3’ broad) , fruit with spines of variable
length. — Wisc. to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable.

4. QO. fragilis, Haw. Subdecumbent; joints sma// (1-2’ long or less),
ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly 1” long red, bristles

198 FICOIDESX.

few, larger spines 1-4, cruciate, with 4-6 smaller white radiating ones below ;
flowers yellow — Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward.

OrvER 47. FICOIDEZ®.

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly
opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllacee and For-
tulacacee by having the ovary and capsule 2-several-celled, and the
stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactacee (but the latter
wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, with the
slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous
and with the calyx free from the ovary.

1 Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5-60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.
2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3or5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.

i SES Vil ULE oo SEA PURSLANE. |

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petalsnone. Stamens 5-
60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5,separate. Pod 3-—5-celled, many-seeded,
circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid.— Usually prostrate maritime
herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers.
(An unexplained name.)

1. S. pentandrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect;
leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile; stamens 5. (S.
Portulacastrum, Gray, Manual, not L.) — Sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.

2. MOLLUGO, L. InDIAN-CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals,
or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas3. Capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.
— Low homely annuals, much branched; the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin
name for some soft plant.)

M. verticityATa, L. (CARpPretT-wEeED.) Prostrate, forming patches;
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels
form a sort of sessile umbel; stamens usually 3.— Sandy river-banks, and cul-
tivated grounds. June-—Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

OrpveR 48. UMBELLIFER2®. (Parstry Famiy.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely
adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in-
serted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2
styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx
obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Tetals either imbricated in the bud
or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps)
cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from
each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolon-
gation of the axis (carpophore); each carpel marked lengthwise with 5
nrimary ribs, and often with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the inter:

UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 199

stices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vite),
which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing
aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed
suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo
in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com-
pound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base;. rarely with true
stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones
are termed umbellets ; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the gen-
eral umbel is the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels. The
base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called
the stylopodium. In many the flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles
are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop, — an
arrangement for cross-fertilization. — A large family, some of the plants
innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) prop-
erties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence,
etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is con-
sequently difficult for the young student.

I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with
barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.
1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.
2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.
IJ. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel).
. * Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.
+ Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.
++ Lateral wings distinct ; oil-tubes usually more than one in the intervals.
3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate
Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves.

4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender
glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound.

++ ++ Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium thick-conical.

5. Tiedemannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves
few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles.

6. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes
obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.

+ + Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers,
7. Pastinaeca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.
8. Polytzenia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and very numer.
ous oil-tubes.
+ + + Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopodium.
9. Peucedanum. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry ground, witk
thick roots and finely dissected leaves.
* * Frnit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.
+ Ribs all conspicuously winged ; stylopodium depressed or wanting
i0. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with pinnately com-
pound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Western.
1l. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flow:
ers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary

200 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

+ + Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white.
12. Ligusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes nu:
merous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves.
13. AEthusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes soli-
tary. Introduced annual.
4. Celopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary. adherent to
the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial.

+ + + Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky ; oil-tubes solitary.

5. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple
umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.

* * * Fruit flattened laterally.
+ Carpels depressed dorsally ; fruit short.
++ Seed-face flat ; flowers mostly yellow.

Foeeniculum. Ribsprominent. QOil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform-
dissected leaves

17. Pimpineila. Ribs filiform. Cil-tabes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with com-

pound leaves.

16

++ ++ Seed-face concave; flowez?s white (yellow in n. 20); ribs filiform or obsolete.

18. Eulophus. Oi)-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from
fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves.

419. Anthriseas. Fruic liaear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical
stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound.

20. Bupievrum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylo-
podium. Leaves simple, perfoliate.

+ + Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally ; flowers white (except n. 24)
++ Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short.
= Leaves 3-foliolate ; stylopodium conical ; oil-tubes solitary.

21. Cryptotzenia. Ribs obtuse, equal ; fruit linear-oblong.
— = Leaves once pinnate ; stylopodium depressed ; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials.
22, Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.
23. Berula. Fruit nearly globcse; ribs inconspicuous ; pericarp thick and corky.
= = = Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none inn. 27). Perennials.
24. Zizia. Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow.
25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments

filiform. Roots tuberous.
26. Cieuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaf-

lets, the veins often running to the notches.
27. HXgopodium. Ribs filiform ; oil-tubes none ; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate,

= = = = Leaves finely dissected ; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender annuals.
28. Leptocaulis. Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent equal ribs.
29. Discopleura. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.
++ ++ Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no oil-tubes,
30. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound leaves.
a+ ++ ++ Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.

31 Chzerophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes.
32. Osmorrhiza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete.
+ + + Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.
++ Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face : umbels compound, leafy-bracted.

38. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent
from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound,

,

UMBELLIFER®. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 201

++ ++ Seed straight, not sulcate ; umbels simple.
34. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials, in or
near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.
* * * * Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.
35. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly

rigid and more or less spinose.
36. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves palniate.

1 DAUCUS, Tour. CARROT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium de-
pressed ; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary
ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles; oil-tubes soli-
tary under the secondary ribs, two on the commissural side ; seed-face somewhat
concave or almost flat. — Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decom-
pound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in com-
pound umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.)

D. Carora, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate
and cuspidate ; rays numerous. — Naturalized everywhere, from Ku.

2 ICAU CAL. S.9 0:

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally ; stylo-
podium conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply sulcate. Other-
wise as Daucus. — Our species annual. (The ancient Greek name.)

C. nopdsa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1 — 2° long,
retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or
3 very short rays. — Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Anturfscus, Hudson, has 1-2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and
more regularly compounded umbels. — Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

$3. ANGELICA, 1.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally ; primary ribs very
prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-
winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or indefi-
nite, 2 to 10 on the commissure. — Stout perennials, with ternately or pinnately
compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-
leaved involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named angelic from its
cordial and medicinal properties. )

* Seed adherent to the pericarp ; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals ; upper-
most leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions
quinate ; /eaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate (1-3’ broad), sharply and irregularly
toothed ; fruit glabrous, 14-3” broad; oil-tubes mostly one in the intervals
(sometimes 2 or 3). — Along the Alleghanies from Penn. to N.C. Aug.

2. A. hirsttta, Muhl. Pubescent above; leaves twice pinnately or ter-
nately divided ; /eaflets thickish, lanceolate to oblong (5-10% broad), serrate ;
Jruit pubescent, 2” broad; oil-tubes 3-6 in the intervals. (Archangelica hir-
suta, Torr. § Gray.) — Dry ground, Conn. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.

* * Seed loose ; oil-tubes indefinite (25-30); upper petioles not so prominent.

3. A. atropurptrea, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark
purple stem; leaves 2-3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5-7 lan

202 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

ceolate to ovate leaflets (1-13 broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archan
gelica atropurpurea, Hoffm.) — River-banks, Lab. to Del., i.and Minn. June.

4. CONIOSELINUM, Fisch. Hemiock-Parstey.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened
dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended
into broad wings; oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 4-8 on the commissure ;
seed slightly concave on the inner face.— Tall slender glabrous perennial,
with finely 2-3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, in-
volucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Com-
pounded of Conium and Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.)

1. C. Canadénse, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as
broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4.— Swamps
and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher moun-
tains), Ind., Ul., and Mo. Aug. — Oct.

5. TIEDEMANNIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved
next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs) ; oil-tubes solitary in
the intervals, 2-6 on the commissure; stylopodium short, thick-conical. —
Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow
leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to
the anatomist Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifolia, DC. Stem hollow, 2-6° high; leaves reduced to cylin-
drical hollow pointed nodose petioles; oil-tubes filling the intervals. — Ponds
and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. <Aug., Sept.

2. T. rigida, Coult. & Rose. (Cowpane.) Stem 2-5° high; leaves
simply pinnate, with 3-9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaf-
lets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, DC.) —Swamps, N. Y. to
Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous.

6. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-ParsnIp.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with
a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending
scarcely below the middle. — Tall stout perennial, with large ternately com-
pound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels,
white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft.
(Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4-8° high; leaflets
broad, irregularly cut-toothed.— Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and south-
ward to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June.

7 PASTINA CA: Te SPinsnie:

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved to-
ward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2-4 on the
commissure ; stylopodium depressed. — Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pin-

UMBELLIFERA. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 203

nately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers.
(The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

P. sativa, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed. —
Introduced everywhere. (Ady. from Eu.)

8. POLYTANIA, DC.

Calyx-eeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally ;
dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick
corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes
12-18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp. —
A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and
3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and
bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from zoAvs, many, and taivia, a fillet,
alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

i. P. Nuttallii, DC. Plant 2-3° high; pedicels and involucels pubes-
cent. — Barrens,-Mich. to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

9. PEUCEDANUM, L.

Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened
dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into
broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1-4 in the intervals, 2-6 on the com-
missure. — Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform
roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium
depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. P. nudicatle, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3-8’ high; leaves
bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed ; involucels of scarious-mar-
gined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets ; flowers white or pinkish ; fruit almost

‘round, emarginate at base, g/abrous, with wings hardly as broad as the body,
and indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. — Minn.
to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.

2. P. foeniculaceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles
8-12’ long; leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments ; involucels
gamophyllous, 5 —7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins ; flowers yellow ; fruit
broadly oblong, glabrous, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent
dorsal ribs ; oil-tubes 1 —8 in the intervals. — Minn. to Tex. March-April.

3. P. villosum, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3-8’ high;
leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments ; involucels
of ovate to linear braetlets ; flowers yellow ; fruit oval, with wings half as broad
as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs ; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals. — Minn.
to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.

10. CYMOPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the
ribs conspicuously winged ; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2~8 on
the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.—
Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root,
with more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre,
prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From ktua, a wave, and
mrepdv, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings. )

204 UMBELLIFER&. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

1. C. glomeratus, Raf. Low (3-8’), with a short erect caudex bearing
leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short,
making a compact cluster ; involucre none ; involucel of a single palmately 5—7-
parted bractlet ; fruit globose (3 - 4” in diam.) ; wings rather corky ; o7/-tubes 4 or
5 in the intervals. — Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.

2. C. montanus, Torr.& Gray. Of similar habit (1-6’ high), glaucous
and mostly glabrous; rays 3-9” long, pedicels very short; involucre and invo-
lucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts (more or less
united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3-6” long); wings thin; o//-
lubes 1-3 in the intervals. — Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.

ll. THASPIUM, Nutt. MeEApDow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally ;
carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long. — Per-
ennials (2—5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple)
and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit
pedicelled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. atreum, Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate ; stem-
leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate) ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or
tapering at base, serrate; flowers deep yellow; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2”
long, all the ribs equally winged.— Thickets and woodlands, throughout the
Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing
fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being

Var. trifoliatum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately
toothed. (T. trifoliatum, Gray, Man., in part.) — Ohio to Ill., westward to
Oregon. The common western form.

Var. atropurpureum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. . (T. tri-
foliatum, var. atropurpureum, Gray, Man.) — Same range as the species.

2. T. barbindde, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints, some-
times puberulent in the umbels; /eaves 1 —3-ternate ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate,
acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted;
flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, about 3” long and 2” broad, with
mostly 7 prominent wings. — Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.
May — June. — Var. aNGUSTIFOLIUM, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply
cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent. — Penn. to III.

3. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but puberulent on the
branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes
linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-
petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 14-24” long and 1-14” broad,
all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, Shuttlew.
in herb.) — Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

12. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovace.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all,
glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-
tubes 2—6 in the intervals, 6-10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical.
— Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately com-

UMPELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 205

pound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white
flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country Liguria, where
the ofticinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. acteeifolium, Michx. (Nonpo. AnGeELico.) Stem stout, branched
above (2-6° high) ; leaves very large, 3-4-ternate ; leaflets broadly oblony (2-
5’ long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2-3” long); seed with angled back. —
Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.

2. L. Secéticum, L. (Scorcu LovaGe.) Stem simple (1-2° high);
leaves biternate ; leaflets ovate (1—2’ long), coarsely toothed ; fruit narrowly ob-
Jong (4-—5” long); seed with round back. —Salt marshes, along the coast from
E Conn. northward. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ATHUSA, L. Foo.u’s PARsLey.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally ; carpel
with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.
— Poisonous annuals, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate,
ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels,
and white flowers. (Name from atm, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

Z®. Cyrnapium, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds,
from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June- Aug.

14. CHLOPLEURUM, L[edeb.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly
equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged) ; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals
and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp. — Stout
glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2-3-ternate
leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involu-
cels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even
leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From «oios,
hollow, and mAevupoy, a rib.)

1. C. Gmélini, Ledeb. Stem 1-3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-
serrate (2-24 long); fruit 2-34” long. (Archangelica Gmelini, DC.) —
Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland.

15. CRANTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally ; dorsal ribs
filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on
the commissure. — Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with
hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-
flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz,
an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. lineata, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1-3’ long, 1-2” broad; fruit
1” long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin. — In brackish marshes
along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.

16. FOQQENICULUM, Adans. Feynet.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and soli-
tary vil-tubes.— Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into

206 UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of
yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from fwnum, hay.)

F.. OFFICINALE, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become natu-
ralized along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.

17. PIMPINELLA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal
ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium. — Glabrous
perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and inyo-
lucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed
from //pinnula, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)

1. P. integérrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1-3° high, slender,
branching ; leaves 2 -3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets ; flowers
yellow ; fruit broadly oblong, 2” long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia
integerrima, DC.) — Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and
Ark. May.

P. Saxfrraca, L.,var. MAgor, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply

toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1” long; stylopodium cushion-
like. — Rocky shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. EULOPHUS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform
ribs; oil-tubes 1-5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved
styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge. — Gla-
brous perennials (3 —- 5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately
or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate
acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from
ev, well, and Aogos, a crest, — not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. EK. Americanus, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, 1 -2-
pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; upper stem-
leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; fruit 2-3” long. —
Ohio to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July.

19. ANTHRISCUS, Hoffm. CHERVIL.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, glabrous,
without ribs (but beak ribbed) ; oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical, seed-face
sulcate.— Resembling Charophyllum in vegetative characters. (The ancient
Roman name.)

A. Crererouium, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chero
phyllum sativum, /.) — Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.)

20. BUPLEURUM, L. THOROUGH-WAX.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes, de-
pressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave. — Smooth annual, with
ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous
ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from Bois, an ox, and
mAeupédv, a rib.)

B. rotrunpirouium, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground,
N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

5

UMBELLIFER&. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 207

21. CRYPTOTAINIA, DC. — Honewort.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal ribs;
oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; stylopodium slender-
conical ; seed-face plane. — A glabrous perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves,
no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name
from kpumrés, hidden, and tatvia, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C, Canadénsis, DC. Plant 1-3° high, leaflets large, ovate (2-4’
long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and unequally
few-rayed ; pedicels very unequal ; fruit 2-3” long, often becoming curved. —
N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June-Sept.

22. SIUM, Tour. WaTER Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky
nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals; stylopodium depressed ;
seed-face plane. — Smooth perennials, growiug in water or wet places, with
pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of
numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From giov, the Greek name of
some marsh plant.)

1. S. cicutzefolium, Gmelin. Stout, 2-6° high; leaflets 3-8 pairs,
linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, 2-5’ long (lower
leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next); fruit 14”
long, with prominent ribs. (8S. lineare, Michx.) — Throughout N. America.

2. S. Carsonii, Durand. Weak, 1-2° high; leaflets 1-3 pairs, linear,
sharply serrate, 1-2’ long ; when submersed or floating, very thin, ovate to oblong,
usually laciniately toothed or dissected, the leaf sometimes reduced to the ter-
minal leaflet ; fruit about 1” long.-- Mass., R. I., Conn., and Penn.

23. BERULA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous;
carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky
pericarp; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity ; seed terete.
— Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and variously cut
leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and
white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of Celtic origin.)

1. B. angustifolia, Koch. Erect, $-3° high, leaflets 5-9 pairs, linear
to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes
crenate (4-3’ long); fruit scarcely 1” long. (Sium angustifolium, L.) —
Throughout the U.S. July, Aug.

24. ZIZIA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ribs;
oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib;
stylopodium wanting; seed terete. — Smooth perennials (1-3° high), with
mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow
flowers, and the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in early
spring in open prairies and upland meadows. (Named for /. B. Zz, a Rhen-
ish botanist.)

208 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

Z. aurea, Koch. Leaves (except the uppermost) 2-3-ternate, the radi-
cal very long-petioled ; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate; rays 15 -—
25, stout (1-2’ long); fruit oblong, about 2” long. (Thaspium aureum, var.
apterum, Gray, Manual.) — Atlantic States, west to Minn. and Tex.

Var. Bébbii, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaf-
lets more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays
2-8, slender (2-3’ long); fruit oval, 1-14” long.— W. Va. and Va. to Ga.

2. Z. cordata, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even
rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem-leaves simply ter-
nate or quinate, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or some-
times parted ; frurt ovate, 14” long. (Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, Gray,
Manual.) — Same range as the preceding, but extending farther westward.

25... CAR UM, AL. CaRAWAY.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or incon-
spicuous ribs; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or nearly
so.— Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate
leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many bracts, and white (or } yellow-
ish) flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, Caria. )

C. CArur, L. (Caraway.) Leaves peels compound, with filiform di-
visions. — Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Perroserinum, Benth., the common Parstey, from Europe, with 3-
pinnate leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is occasion-
ally found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, Hoff.)

26. CICUT A, L. WaTER-HEMLOCK.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with
strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest); oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary ;
stylopodium depressed; seed nearly terete. — Smooth marsh perennials, very
poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usu-
ally none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The
ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

C. maculata, L. (Srorrep CowBanE MusquasH Root. BEAVER-
Porson.) Stem stout, 2-6° high, streaked with purple; leaves 2-3-pinnate,
the lower on long petioles ; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1 — 5’ long),
acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the notches; pedicels in the
umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 1-14” long.
— Throughout the U.S. Aug. |

2. C. bulbifera, L. Rather slender, 1-3° high; leaves 2-3-pinnate
(sometimes appearing ternate) ; leaflets linear, sparsely toothed (1-2 long) ;
upper axils bearing clustered bulblets ; fruit (rare) scarcely 1” long. ~-Common
in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn. and Iowa.

27. AGOPODIUM, IL. Govutween.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and
no oiltubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly terete.— A
coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate leaves, sharply
toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white flowers. (Name
from até, goat, and méd.oy, a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets.)

AG, Popacrartia, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, 's re
ported from R. I. to Del. and E. Penn.

UMBELLIFERE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 209

28. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit very small, ovate, usually bristly or tuberculate,
with somewhat prominent ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals ; stylopodium
conical; seed-face plane or somewhat concave. — Very slender smooth branch.
ing annuals, with finely dissected leaves (segments filiform or linear), and
small white flowers in very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels (Name
from Aemrés, slender, and kavaAds, a stem.)

1. L. divaricatus, DC. Plant 1-2° high, with branches and umbels
diffusely spreading, the very slender rays 4-1’ long and the longer pedicels
often 3-6” long; fruit tuberculate, 3” long. (Apium divaricatum, Benth. &
Hook.) —N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; reported from Kan. April.

2. L. patens, Nutt. Of similar habit, but the umbels shorter and more
strict, the rays 3-6” long or less and the pedicels short; fruit densely sharp-
tuberculate or nearly smooth. (Apiastrum patens, Coult. §- Rose.) — Central
Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex.

29. DISCOPLEURA, DC. Mock Bisnop-wEED,

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal
ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, those of °
the two carpels closely contiguous and forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky
band; oil-tubes solitary, stylopodium conical; seed nearly terete. — Smooth
branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves, involucre of foliaceous bracts,
involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from
Sickos, a disk, and mAeupéy, a rib.)

1. D. capillacea, DC. Plant 1 - 2° high (or even 5-6°) ; leaves dissected
into filiform divisions; umbel 5-20-rayed; involucre of filiform bracts usually
cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent; fruit 1 - 14” long, ovate,
acute. — Wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex. June - Oct.

2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Similar in habit, involucral bracts short and en.
tire; fruit very small (3” long), as broad as high, blunt. — Ill. (7) to Ark., La.
and Tex.

30. CONIUM, L. Porson HemMiock

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened at the sides, gla-
brous, with prominent wavy ribs; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells
next the seed, whose face is deeply and narrowly concave. — Poisonous bien-
nial, with spotted stems, large decompound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid
leaflets, involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers, (Kéve.oy.
the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were
put to death at Athens.)

C. macutatum, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places,
N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn.

31. CHHROPHYLLUM, L

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with
short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; seed-face
more or less deeply grooved. — Moist ground annuals, with ternately decom
pound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre,

210 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from xaipw, to glad
den, and ¢vaAAoy, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procumbens, Crantz. More or less hairy ; stems slender, spread.
ing (6-18 high); umbels few-rayed ; fruit narrowly oblong (2}-2%” long),
glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader
than the ribs. — N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss.

Var. Shortii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often
somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit. — Ky. to Ark.
and La.

32. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweer Cicery.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate
attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes obsolete ; seed-face
concave. — Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1-—3° high) from thick aromatic
roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-
leaved involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited
umbels. (Name from écpuq, a scent, and pia, a root.)

1. O. brevistylis, DC. Rather stout, villous-pubescent ; leaves 2 - 3-ter-
nate; leaflets 2-3’ long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenu-
ation) 6” long; stylopodium and style 4” long.— From N. Scotia westward
through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N.C. May, June.

2. O. longistylis, DC. Glabrous or slightly pubescent ; like the last, but
with the style 1” long or more, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly con-
cave. — N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and the Dakotas.

33. ERIGENTA, Nutt. HaRBINGER-OF-SPRING.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didy
mous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and
bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1-3) small
oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep
cavity. — A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a
simple stem, bearing one or two 2-3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat
imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name
from jpryéveia, born in the spring.)

1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. Stem 3-9’ high; leaf-segments linear-oblong ;
fruit 1” long, 13” broad. — W. New York to Md.and Tenn., and west to Wisc.,
S. E. Minn., and Kan.

34. HYDROCOTYLE, Tour. WatTER PENNYWORT.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-
shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a
thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer
beneath the epidermis. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials,
with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves,
with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters,
which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all sum-
mer. (Name from fdwp, water, and KotvAn, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of
several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)

UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) eit

* Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs ; leaves round-
peltate, crenate ; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.

+ Fruit notched at base and apex ; intermediate ribs corky.

1. H. umbellata, L. OUmbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes pro-
liferous) ; pedicels 2-6” long; fruit about 14” broad, strongly notched, the
dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse. — Mass. to Minn., south to the Gulf.

2. H. Canbyi, Coult. & Rose. OUmbels 3-9-flowered, generally proliferous ;
pedicels very short, but distinct ; fruit about 2 lines broad ; carpels broader and
more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral
ribs much more prominent ; seed-section much narrower. (H.umbellata, var.?
ambigua, Gray, Manual). — N. J. to Md.

+ + Fruit not notched ; intermediate ribs not corky.

3. H. verticillata, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming
an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 14-2” broad; dorsal
and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, Muh/.) — Mass. to Fla.

* * Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform ; leaves not peltate ;
peduncles much shorter than the petioles.

+ Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations ; involucre small or none.

4. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping ; leaves
thin, round-reniform, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, shining ; few-flowered
umbels axillary and almost sessile ; fruit less than 1” broad; intermediate ribs
prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval.— Common.

5. H. ranunculoides, L.f. Usually floating ; leaves thicker, round-reni-
form, 3-7-cleft, the lobes crenate; peduncles 1-3’ long, reflered in fruit ; capi-
tate umbel 5-10-flowered; fruit 1-14” broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-sec-
tion oblong. — E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward.

—+ Fruit larger (2-2}’ broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticula-
tions; the 2—4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts.

6. H. Asiatica, L. Petioles and peduncles (1-2’ long) clustered on
creeping stems or runners; leaves ovate-cordate, repand-toothed, thickish;
seed-section narrowly oblong. (H. repanda, Pers.) — Md. to Fla. and Tex.
(Widely distributed in the tropics and southern hemisphere.)

35. ERYNGIUM, Toum. — Ervrnco.

Calyx-teeth prominent, rigid and persistent. Styles slender. Fruit ovate
or obovate, covered with little hyaline scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and
usually 5 slender oil-tubes on each carpel. — Chiefly perennials, with coriaceous,
toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white bracted flowers closely sessile
in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides, of uncertain origin.)

* Stout, with parallel-veined elongated linear thick leaves.

1. BE. yucceefolium, Michx. (RatrLesnaKE-MasterR. ButTron SNAKE-
root.) Branching above, 1-6° high; leaves rigid, tapering to a point (lower
sometimes 2—3° long), the margins remotely bristly ; heads ovate-globose (9”
long), with ovate-lanceolate mostly entire cuspidate-tipped bracts shorter than
the head, and similar bractlets.— Dry or damp soil, N. J. to Minn., south to

Fla. and Tex. July —Sept.
10

212 UMBELLIFERZ. (PARSLEY FAMILY.)

«x * Tall and often stout; leaves thick, not parallel-veined.

2. KE. Virginianum, Lam. Slender (1-3° high); radical and lower
stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long (sometimes 1° long) fistulous
petioles, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed
or laciniate ; heads ovate-oblong (6” long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed
bracts, and bractlets with 3 spiny cusps (the middle one largest). — Margins of
poncs and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept.

3. 4. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1-3° high); lowest stem-
leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and deeply
palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pimnatifid spreading pungent segments ;
heads ovate-oblong (1-14 long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3 -7-cus-
pidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts.
— Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

* * * Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small
thin unarmed leaves and very small heads.

4. KE. prostratum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or
lobed at base ; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-
toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts
longer than the oblong heads (2 - 4” long).— Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex.

36. SANICULA, Tourn. Sanicre. Brack SNAKEROOT.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-
tubes. — Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or
parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or com-
pound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect,
and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few leaved.
(Name said to be from sano, to heal; or perhaps from San Nicolas )

1. §S. Marylandica, L. Stem 1-3° high; leaves 3-7-parted, the di-
visions mostly sharply cut and serrate ; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedi-
celled ; fruit 14-2” long, the styles longer than the prickles. — Throughout our
range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May -Aug.

Var. Canadénsis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled
sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, L ) --
With the last, but westward only to Minn. and [:. Kan.

Orper 49. ARALIACEZR. (Ginsenc Famity ) |

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as Umbellifere,
but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few — several-celled drupe.
— Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.

1, ARALIA, Tourn. Grysenc. Witp SarsapaRILua.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the
teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate
with the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile

CORNACE®. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 213

flowers short and united. Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single anatropous ovule
suspended from the top of each cell, ripening into a berry-like drupe, with as
many seeds as cells. Embryo minute.— Leaves compound or decompound.
Flowers white or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fruit, etc.,
warm and aromatic. (Derivation obscure.)

§1. ARALIA. Flowers monaciously polygamous or perfect, the umbels usually
in corymbs or panicles; styles and cells of the (black or dark purple) fruit
5; stems herbaceous or woody ; ultimate divisions of the leaves pinnate.

* Umbels numerous in a large compound panicle ; leaves very large, decompound.

1. A. spinosa, L. (ANGELICA-TREE. HercuLes’ CLus.) Shrub, or a
low tree; the stout stem and stalks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, pale
beneath. — River-banks, Penn. to Ind., and south to the Gulf. July, Aug.

2. A. racemosa, L. (Sprkenarp.) Herbaceous ; stem widely branched ;
leaflets heart-ovate, pointed, doubly serrate, slightly downy ; umbels racemose ;
styles united. — Rich woodlands, N. Brunswick to Minn., south to the moun-
tains of Ga. July. Well known for its spicy-aromatic large roots.

* * Umbels 2-7, corymbed ; stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. hispida, Vent. (Bristry Sarsaparritita. Witp Exper.) Stem
(1-2° high) bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels;
leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate.— Rocky and
sandy places, Newf. to the Dakotas, south to the mountains of N. C. June.

4. A. nudicatlis, L. (WiLtp Sarsaparitya.) Stem scarcely rising out
of the ground, smooth, bearing a-single long-stalked leaf (1° high) and a shorter
naked scape, with 2-7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate,
5 on each of the 3 divisions. — Moist woodlands; range of n. 3. May, June.
The long horizontal aromatic roots a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla.

§ 2. GINSENG. Flowers dieciously polygamous ; styles and cells of the red or
reddish fruit 2 or 3; stem herbaceous, low, simple, bearing a whorl of 3 pal-
mately 3-7-foliolate leaves,and a simple umbel on a slender peduncle.

5. A. quinquefolia, Decsne. & Planch. (GrinsEeNG.) Root large and
spindle-shaped, often forked (4-9 long, aromatic) ; stem 1° high; leaflets long-
stalked, mostly 5, large and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed; styles mostly 2;
Sruit bright red. — Rich and cool woods, Vt. and W. Conn. to Minn., south to
the mountains of Ga. July.

6. A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. (Dwarr Grysenc. GROUND-NUT.)
Root or tuber globular, deep in the ground (pungent to the taste, not aromatic) ;
stems 4-8’ high; /eaflets 3-5, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly
oblong, obtuse; styles usually 3; fruit yellowish. — Rich woods, N. Scotia to
Minn., south to Ga. April, May.

Orver 50. CORNACEZE. (Docwoop Famity.)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbaceous), with opposite or alternate simple leaves,
the calyz-tube coherent with the 1-2-celled ovary, its limb minute, the petals
(valvate in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the margin of an epigqy-
nous disk in the perfect flowers; style one; a single anatropous ovule hang-
ing from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1~2-seeded drupe; embruo nearly

214 CORNACEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.)

as long as the albumen, with large foliaceous cotyledons. — Including two
genera, of which Nyssa is partly apetalous. Bark bitter and tonic.

1. Cornus. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Leaves mostly opposite.
2. Nyssa. Flowers diceciously polygamous, 5-merous. Leaves alternate.

1. CORNUS, Tourn. CornEL. Dogwoon.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dicecious). Calyx minutely 4-
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4; filaments slender. Style
slender; stigma terminal, flat or capitate. Drupe small, with a 2-celled and
2-seeded stone.— Leaves opposite (except in one species), entire. Flowers
small, in open naked cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)

§ 1. Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrounded by alarge and showy,
4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre ; fruit bright red.

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Dwarr Cornet. Buncu-perry.) Stems low
and simple (5-7 high) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody
trunk; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into
an apparent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the invo-
lucre ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods, N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and
the far north and west. June.

2. C. florida, L. (FLowerinc Docwoop.) Tree 12-40° high; leaves
ovate, pointed, acutish at the base; leaves of the involucre obcordate (1} long) ;
fruit oval. — Dry woods, from S. New Eng. to.Ont. and S. Minn., south to Fla.
and Tex. May, June. Very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

§ 2. Flowers white, in open flat spreading cymes ; involucre none ; fruit spherical ;
leaves all opposite (except in n. 9).

* Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.

3. C. circinata, L’Her. (Rounp-LEAvED CorNEL or DoGwoop.) |
Shrub 6-10° high; branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval, abruptly
pointed, woolly beneath (2-5’ broad); cymes flat; fruct light blue. —Copses,
in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. Scotia to the Dakotas, south to Va. and
Mo. June.

4. C. sericea, L. (Sirky CorneEL. KINNIKINNIK.) Shrub 3-10°
high ; branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the nar-
rowly ovate or elliptical pointed leaves silky-downy (often rusty), pale and dull ;
cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; fruit pale blue.—Wet places, Canade
to the Dakotas, south to Fla. and La. June.

5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Branches brownish ; the branchlets, etc., rough-
pubescent ; leaves oblong or ovate, on short petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh
pubescence above, and downy beneath; calyx-teeth minute; fruit white. (C.
Drummondii, 1/e7.) — Dry or sandy soil, N. shore of L. Erie to Minn. and the
Gulf. May, June. A rather tall shrub.

* * Pubescence closely appressed, straight and silky, or none.

6. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Rerp-ostser Dogwoop.) Sranches, espe-
cially the osier-like shoots of the season, bright red-purple, smooth ; leaves ovate,
rounded at base,abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence

CORNACEZ. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 215

on both sides, whitish underneath; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered,
smooth; fruit white or lead-color.— Wet places; common, especially north-
ward. Multiplies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad
clumps, 3-6° high. June.

7. C. stricta, Lam. (Stirr Corner.) A shrub 8-15° high; branches
brownish or reddish, smooth; leaves “ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
acutish at base, glabrous, of nearly the same hue both sides ; cymes loose, flattish ;
anthers and fruit pale blue. —Swamps, Va. to Ga. and Fla. April, May.

8. C. paniculata, L’Her. (PanicLep Cornev.) Shrub 4-8° high,
much branched; branches gray, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
acute at base, whitish beneath but not downy; cymes convex, loose, often pani-
cled; fruit white, depressed-globose. — Thickets and river-banks. June.

9. C. alternifolia, L.f. Shrub or tree 8-25° high; branches greenish
streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate or oval, long-
pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely pubescent beneath; cymes very
broad and open, fruit deep blue on reddish stalks. — Hillsides in copses, N.
Brunswick to Minn., south to Ga. and Ala. May, June.

2. NYSS ASL: TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. Sour-Gum TREE.

Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stam. F/. numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fascicles. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none.
Stamens 5-12, oftener 10, inserted on the outside of a convex disk; filaments
slender; anthersshort. No pistil. Pist. F’/. solitary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted
cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re-
pand-truncate or minutely 5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu-
ous, or often wanting. Stamens 5 - 10, with perfect or imperfect anthers. Style
elongated, revolute, stigmatic down one side. Ovary.1-celled. Drupe ovoid
or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1-seeded stone. —
Trees with entire or sometimes angulate-toothed leaves, which are alternate,
but mostly erowded at the ends of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appear-
ing with the leaves. (The name of a Nymph: “so called because it [the
original species] grows in the water.”)

1. N. sylvatica, Marsh. (Tupreto. Prprertpce. Brack or Sour
Gum.) Middle-sized tree, with horizontal branches; leaves oval or obovate,
commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubescent when young, at least on
the margins and midrib, shining above when old (2-5’ long); fertile flowers
3-8, at the summit of a slender peduncle; fruit ovoid, acid, bluish-black (about
¥ long). (N. multiflora, Wang.) — Rich soil, either moist or nearly dry,
S. Maine and N. Vt. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. April, May. Leaves
turning bright crimson in autumn. Wood firm, close-grained and very un-
wedgeable, on account of the oblique direction and crossing of its fibres.

2. N. uniflora, Wang. (Larce Tupeto.) A large tree; leaves ob-
long or ovate, sometimes slightly cordate at base, long-petioled, entire or an-
gulate-toothed, pale and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4 - 12’
long); fertile flower solitary on a slender peduncle; fruit oblong, blue (1’ or
more in length). — Deep swamps, S. Va. to S. Ill. and Mo., south to Fla. and
Tex. April. Wood soft; that of the roots very light and spongy.

216 CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Drvision II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter
composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.*

Orver 51. CAPRIFOLIACEZE. (Honrysuckie Famiy.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the
calyx-tube coherent with the 2—5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one
fewer in Linnea, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate
corolla, and inserted on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1— several-
seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEX. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed.
Stigmas 3-5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.
* Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.
1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a
single pair and ternate.
* * Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.
2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.
3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.
Tribe II. LONICERE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style
slender ; stigma capitate.
* Herbs, with axillary flowers.
4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a3 celled drupe. Erect;
flowers sessile.
5. Linnzea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but
only 1l-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.
* * Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.
6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular
corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.
. Lonicera. Stameus 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular
corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.
8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla finnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded, slender.

=~]

1A DORA. Li MoscHaTeEt.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3 - 5-celled ovary ; limb
of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4 -6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a
pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3-5-
parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3-5 cartilaginous nutlets.— A dwarf per-
ennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a
single pair. An anomalous genus. (From &dofos, obscure or insignificant.)

* In certain families, as in Ericacezx, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite
separate. In Composite and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere
border. or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student
might look for these in the first or the third division ; but the artificial analysis prefixed to
the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.

CAPRIFOLIACE®. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) Z17

1. A. Moschatéllina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1 —3-
ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted ; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft ; flowers several
in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish. — N. Lowa,
Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. Exper.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly
spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy
drupe, containing 3 smali seed-like nutlets.—Shrubby plants, with a rank
smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous
small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from
cauBven, an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L. (Common Exper.) Stems scarcely woody (5-
10° high); leaflets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted ;
cymes flat; fruit black-purple.— Rich soil, in open places, throughout our
range, and south and west. June, July. — Pith white.

2. S. racemosa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2-12°
high), the bark warty ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath ; cymes
panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens,
Michxr.) — Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent.
May; the fruit ripening in June.— Pith brown. Both species occur with the
leaflets divided into 3-5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBURNU 1.) ee Oe ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in
flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are
evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical
Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat co-
rollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid ; stone
suleate ; leaves pinnately veined ; winter-buds naked.

1. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Hosppie-pusH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-
TREE.) Leaves (4-8 across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at
the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and
branchlets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and flat. — Cold moist
woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N.C. May.
A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

§ 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone
very flat, orbicular, not sulcate ; leaves palmately veined ; winter-buds scaly.

2 Ve Opulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4-10°
high) ; leaves 3—-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate
at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the
sinuses ; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex. — Low ground, along streams,
from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July. — The acid
fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names ///gh Cranberry-bush,

218 CAPRIFOLIACEA. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

etc. The well-known Sxnow-BaLL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated
state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. ( Ku.)

3. V. paucifiorum, Pylaie. <A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous
or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all
round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter
than the corolla. — Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng.,
westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

§ 3. Cyme never radiant ; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.

* Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed ; stip:
ules bristle-shaped.

4. V.acerifolium, L. (Dockmackiz. Arrow-woop.) Shrub 3-6°
high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally
toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson
turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.— Cool rocky woods, from
N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to 8. Minn.

*x * Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pin-
nately veined ; stipules narrowly subulate ; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue
or purple; the stone grooved ; cymes peduncled.

+ Stone flat ; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.

5. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (Downy A.} A low, straggling shrub; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and
less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles
soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sul-
cate on the faces. — Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west
to Iowa and Minn. June.

+ + Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally ; leaves rather slender-petioled.

6. V. dentatum, L. (Arrow-woop.) Smooth, 5-15° high, with ash-
colored bark ; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly
veined; fruit 3” long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-
shaped. — Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June. —
The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely
pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets an¢é
cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger ane
more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated. — Coast of N.
Eng. (Martha’s Vineyard), to Tex.

* * * Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green ; veins not prominent ; stipules
none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or
with a blue bloom, sweet ; stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

+ Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed ; drupes globose-ovoid, 3” long ; shrubs 5 — 12°
high, in swamps.

8. V. eassinoides, L. (WitHeE-rop.) Shoots scurfy-punctate ; leaves
thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination,
obscurely veiny (1—3' long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or
sometimes entire ; peduncle shorter than the cyme. (V nudum, var. cassinoides,
Torr. §& Gray.) —Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

CAPRIFOLIACEA. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 219

9. V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate ; leaves more veiny, thick-
ish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, /ucid above (2-
4’ long); peduncle usually equalling the cyme.—N.J. to Fla.

+ + Compound cymes sessile, 3-5-rayed ; drupes oval, 5-7” long.

10. V. Lentago, L. (Swreer VinurNuM. SHEEP-BERRY.) Leaves ovate,
strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ;
eyme large; fruit oval, 4’ long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15-309
high. — Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and
northward. FI. in spring.

ll. V. prunifolium, L. (Brack Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1 -2’ long) ;
fruit similar or rather smaller.— Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan_,
and southward. Flowering early.— A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2-8° high; leaves obovate or spatu-
late, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1 - 14’ long), shining ; cymes
small; fruit 5” long, black. — River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.

4. TRIOSTEUM, L._ Fever-worr. Horse-Genttay.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5.
Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many
ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top;
the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the
simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an
abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Softly nairy (2-4° high) ; leaves oval, abruptly
narrowed below, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered ;
fruit orange-color, #’ long. — Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn.,
Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called TINKER’s-WEED, WILD COFFEE, ete.

2. T.angustifolium, L. Smaller, bristly-hairy ; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. —
Shady grounds, Va. to Il., Mo., and Ala. May.

5. LINNABA, Gronov. Twry-rLower.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost
equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of
the cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little
evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves con-
tracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles fork-
ing into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding
flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal
Linneus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little
plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. borealis, Linnwrs.—Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng.
to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west.
June. (Eu.) :

220 CAPRIFOLIACEZ. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4 — 5-lobed, with
as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the
cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds
bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves,
which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young
shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters.
(Name composed of cuudopéw, to bear together, and kapwdés, fruit; from the
clustered berries.)

* Style bearded ; fruit red ; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.

1. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Inpran Currant. CoRAL-BERRY.) Flowers
in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded ; berries small.
— Rocky banks, western N. Y.and Penn. to the Dakotas, Neb., and Tex. July.

x * Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.

2. §. occidentalis, Hook. (Worrserry.) Flowers in dense terminal
and axillary spikes; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style pro-
truded. — Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Il., west to the Rocky Mts. — Flowers
larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

3. S. racemosus, Michx. (Snowsperry.) Flowers in a loose and some-
what leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside ,
berries large. — Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward ;
common in cultivation. June-—Sept. Berries ripe in autumn. — Var. PAUCI-
FLORUS, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller
(about 1’ long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.
— Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., the Dakotas, and westward.

7; ON LC ERA, lL. HoNnEYSUCKLE. WoopsInNe.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at
the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary’2-3-
celled. Berry several-seeded.— Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and
fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German
herbalist of the 16th century.)

§1. XYLOSTEON. Upright bushy shrubs ; leaves all distinct ; peduncles azil-
lary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into
one; calyx-teeth not persistent.

* Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

1. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fry-Honeysuckte.) Branches straggling (3 —5°
high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath ;
Jiliform peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred
at the base (greenish-yellow, ?’ long), the lobes nearly equal; berries separate
(red): — Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.

2. L. ezeertilea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1-2° high); branches up-
right ; /eaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short ; bracts awl-shaped,
longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry ; flowers yellowish.
— Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R.I., Minn.,and northward. May. (Eu.)

CAPRIFOLIACE®, (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 221

3. L. oblongifolia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Shrub 2-5° high, branches
upright; leaves (2-3 long) oblong, downy when young, smooth when old ;
peduncles long and slender ; bracts minute or deciduous ; corolla deeply 2-lipped
(4 long, yellowish-white) ; berries (purple) united or nearly distinct. — Bogs,
N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.

* * The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

4. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches
4-angular; leaves (2-5 long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with
a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent,
cylindraceous (6-8” long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.
— Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.

§ 2. CAPRIFOLIUM. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled
clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted
terminal spikes ; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular ; stamens and style little exserted.

5. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (TRumMper Honeysuckte.) Flowers in
somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2’ long, deep red outside, yellowish
within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the
uppermost pairs connate. — Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward ; common in
cultivation. May -—Oct.— Leaves deciduous at the north.

* * Corolla ringent ; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed ; stamens
and style conspicuously exserted.

+ Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside ; stamens and style glabrous.

6. L. grata, Ait. (American Woopsixe.) Leaves smooth, glaucous
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the upper-
most axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous
at base, fragrant. — Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and
southward; also cultivated. May.

+ + Corolla hairy within, the tube 6” long or less.

7. L. hirstita, Eaton. (Harry Honeysuckte.) Twining and rather
high-climbing ; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the
branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-
petioled ; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-
pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.— Damp copses and rocks, Maine
to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.— A coarse large-leaved species.

8. L. Sullivantii, Gray. At length much whitened with glaucous bloom,
3-6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2-4’ long), sessile and
mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk ;
corolla pale yellow; filaments nearly glabrous. (UL. flava of former edition,
mainly.) —Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.

9. L. glauca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf-surface sometimes puberu-
lent, 3-5° high; leaves oblong (2-3’ long), glaucous but less whitened’ than
in the last, the 1-4 upper pairs connate ; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish ;
tube only 3-4” long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. (1. par-
viflora, Lam., and part of var. Dougldsii, Gray.) — Rocky grounds, N. Eng.
and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

222 * CAPRIFOLIACEH, (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

8. DIERVILLA, Tour. Busu-HoNEYSUCKLE.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong,
pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs,
with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 —several-flowered
peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr.
Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled ;
peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked. — Rocks, Newf. to the moun-
tains of N. C., west to Minn. June- Aug. — Flowers honey-color, not showy,
as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of WEIGELA.

Orver 52. RUBIACEZE. (Mapper Famrty.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2—4-celled
svary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4-5), and
inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitch-
ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.
Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large
family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the
Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.

I. CINCHONEX. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-
shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and
minute, angular. Low herbs.

Il. COFFEINEZ. Ovules solitary in the cells ; leaves mostly opposite.
+ Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.
3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2-4-seeded.
+ + Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.
4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.
+ + + Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form ; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe
into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.
. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.

Ill. STELLATZ. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules.

7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit
twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.

8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile,
involucrate.

for)

1. HOUSTONIA, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or
funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes val-
vate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2.
Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper
half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across

RUBIACEH. (MADDER FAMILY.) 223

the top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or
globular-thimble-shaped, pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules con-
necting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and
peduncled flowers. ‘These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted
anthers and short included style; in others the anthers included and the style
long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an
English botanist who collected in Central America.)

* Small and delicate, vernal-flowering ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla salver-
form ; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; seeds globu-
lar, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

+ Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems ; peduncles

Jiliform, 1-2’ long.

1. H. ceertilea, L. (Biuets. Iynocence.) Glabrous; stems erect, slen-
der, sparingly branched from the base (3 -5’ high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (3 —
4” long) ; peduncle filiform, erect ; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white
with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the
calyx. — Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala. ; pro-
ducing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers.

2. H. serpyllifolia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate,
extensively creeping and rooting; /eaves orbicular to ovate (2-4” long) ; co-
rolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue. — Along streamlets and on mountain-
tops, Va. to Tenn. and S$. C.

+ + Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root ; peduncles much shorter.

3. H. patens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending
branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much smaller
than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer
than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes.— Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to
Tex. and Ill. (2)

4. H. minima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous ; stems at length
much branched and spreading (1-4! high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate,
the upper oblong or nearly linear; ear,ier peduncles elongated and spreading
in fruit, the later ones short ; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes
or the ample calyx-lobes (14’’ long). — Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March- May.

x * Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6 -20’ high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flow-
ers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often
hairy inside ; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.

5. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8-15’ high); leaves vary
ing from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3—5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the
half-free globular pod. — Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May-July.
— Varying wonderfully, as into. —

Var. ciliolata, Gray. A span high; leaves only ¥ long, thickish; cauline
oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate ; calyx-lobes
a little longer than the pod. — Rocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn.
to Ky.; passing into

Var. longifolia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-
leaved ; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 - 20” long) ; radical oval or oblong,

224 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.)

less rosulate, not ciliate. — Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south
to Ga. and Mo.; also northward.

Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6-12’ high, with loose in-
florescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all
linear, hardly over 1” wide. —S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn.

Var. calycosa, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thick-
ish; calyx-lobes elongated (2-4” long), much surpassing the pod. — From
Ill. (Hall) to Ark. and N. Ala.

6. H. angustifolia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root ,
leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled ; flowers crowded,
short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod obovoid, acute
at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the
partition. — Barrens, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla.

2. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped ; the
limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 or none;
stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the
summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular. — Low herbs, with small
stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of O/denland, a
German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.}

1. O. glomerata, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish,
branched and spreading annual (2-12’ high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers
in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter
than the calyx. — Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

3. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled,
at length splitting from the base upward into 2-4 closed 1-seeded portions. —
Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads.
(Name composed of repaadn, a head, and &r6os, a flower.)

1. C. occidentalis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or
lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening
stipules. — Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug

4. MITCHELLA, L._ Parrrince-perry.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony
nutlets to each flower.— A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with
round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flow.
ers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) ber-
ries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3-—6-merous, always
dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and in.
cluded stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very

RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 225

pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Lin-
nus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. repens, L.— Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially
Conifer, throughout our range and southward. June, July. — Leaves often
variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely conflu-
ent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

5. SPERMACOCE, Dill. BuTTON-WEED.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form, valvate in the bud Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit
small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them
usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on
the mner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by
a bristle-bearing stipular membrane Flowers small, whitish, crowded into
sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of o7épya, seed,
and akw«h, « point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9 - 20’ long);
leaves oblong-lanceolate: heads many-flowered ; corolla little exceeding the
calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and
style hardly any. — River-banks, 8. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

6. DIODIA, Gronov. Burtron-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1-3 in each
axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name
from diod0s, a thoroughfare ; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginiana, L Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1-
2° long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile , corolla white (}’ long),
the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted, frutt
oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth — Low
grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.

2. D. teres, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading
(3-9 long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid ; co-
rolla funnel-form (2 -3” long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long
bristles of the stipules: sty/e undivided ; fruit obovate-turbinate, not furrowed,
crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth. — Sandy soil, N J. to W. Il., Fla., and Tex

7, GALLIUM, &. BepstrRaw. CLEAVERS

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, val-
vate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy,
globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded
carpels. — Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer),
square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring
matter (Name from ydaAa, mi/k, which some species are used to curdle.)

§ 1. Naturalized species ; fruit dry.

G. vErum, L. (YeLrLtow Bepstraw.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect ;
leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon detlexed ; flowers

226 RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.)

very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth. — Dry fields, E. Mass.
(Nat. from Eu.)

G. Motiteco, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse,
2 or 3° long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear;
flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth. —
Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Aneuicum, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1° high, glabrous ;
leaves 5-7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3” long), their margins and the
angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy
branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate
—- Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (Curtiss). (Nat. from Eu.)

G. TricORNE, With. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with
simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins
and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid ; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white;
fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous. — Fields, east-
ward. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Indigenous species; fruit dry.

* Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1 -3-flowered, axillary ; fruit
bristly with hooked prickles.

1. G. Aparine, L. (CiLeavers. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and re-
clining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, taper-
ing to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1 -2’ long) ;
flowers white.— Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an
introduced plant eastward.

* * Perennials ; leaves in 4’s, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7
and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved ; fruit uncinate-
hispid (except in n. 6 and 7).

+ Peduncles loosely 3-several-flowered ; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white.

2. G. pilosum, Ait. Hairy; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1’ long), the lat-
eral nerves obscure; peduncles 2-3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled. — Dry
copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.

Var. puncticulosum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying
to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate. — Va. to Tex.

3. G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1°
high); Jeaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (4-1’ long), slightly pilose;
flowers slenderly pedicellate; corolla glabrous, yellowish-white, not turning
dark, its lobes merely acute. (G. circezans, var. montanum, Torr. § Gray.) —
Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. ( Asia.)

4. G. circzezans, Michx. (Witp Liquorice.) Smooth or downy (1°
high) ; /eaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate (1 - 14’ long) ;
peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in
fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in
fruit; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate. — Rich
woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

5. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (Witp Liquorice.) Nearly glabrous:
leaves (except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2'
long); corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate ;
otherwise like the last. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.

6. G. latifolium, Michx. Smooth (1-2° high); leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute (2’ long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled,

RUBIACEZ. (MADDER FAMILY.) 227

loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on slender spreading pedicets ; frutt
smooth, rather fleshy. — Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. G. Arkansanum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to
linear (1’ long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.—S. Mo. and Ark.

+ + Leaves narrow ; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle.

8. G. boreale, L. (Nortruern Bepstraw.) Smooth (1-2° high);
leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. — Rocky
banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

* * Leaves in 4’s, 5’s, or 6’s, small, l-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth
(flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n 12.)
+ Leaves pointless.

9. G. trifidum, L. (Smart Bepsrraw.) Stems weak, ascending (5 -
20° high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; /eaves in
whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; peduncles
scattered, 1 —7-flowered ; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3. — Sphagnous
bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable. — Var.
PUS{LLUM, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4’s, 3-4” long, narrow, in
age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.— Var.
LATIFOLIUM, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form ; leaves 6 or 7” long,
often 2” wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)

10. G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6 -12’ high),
with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in 6’s, linear, slightly pointed, vein-
less, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles 2-3 times forked, diffusely pan-
icled ; pedicels short. — Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.

+ + Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

ll. G. aspréllum, Michx. (Rovucu Bepsrraw.) Stem much branched,
rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3-—5° high) ; leaves
in whorls of 6, or 4-5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly mar-
gins and midrib; peduncles short, 2-3 times forked. — Alluvial ground, N.
Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.

12. G. triflorum, Michx. (Sweert-scentep Bepstraw.) Stem (1-3°
long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate,
bristle-pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1-2’ long); peduncles 3-
flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.
— Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)

§ 3. Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4’s, 1-nerved.

13. G. hispidulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes
nearly smooth, 1 - 2° high, diffusely branched ; leaves oblong or oval, mucro-
nate (3-6 long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small invo-
lucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate ; flowers white; berry purple,
glabrate. — Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.

8. SHERARDIA, Dill.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4 —5-lobed.
Stamens 4-5. Style filiform, 2-cleft; stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2
indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. — A slender procumbent herb, with square stems,

228 VALERIANACEH. (VALERIAN FAMILY.)

lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4-6, and small subsessile blue or pink-
ish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William
Sherard, patron of Dillenius.)

S. arvensis, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.

Orver 53. VALERIANACEZ. (Varerian Famity.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones ;
the stamens distinct, 1-3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Corolla tubular . funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1-3.
Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappear-
ing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)

1 VALERIANA, Tourn. VALERIAN.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled
up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regu-
lar. Stamens 3.— Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and
simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dicecious or di-
morphous. (A medizval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

* Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6-—12’ long) ; leaves thickish.

1. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem
straight (1-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely cili-
ate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into
3-7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted pani-
cle, nearly dicecious; corolla whitish, obconical (2” long).— Wet plains and
prairies, Ohio and Ont. to lowa, Minn., and westward. June.

* * Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1-38° high.)

2. V. sylvatica, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves
ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3-
11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-
flowered ; corolla inversely conical (3” long, rose-color or white). — Wet ground,
Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.

3. V. pauciflora, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose ; root-/eaves ovate,
heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-
leaves pinnate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme
few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (¥’ long). — Woods
and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill, Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. Corn Sarap. Lamp-Lerruce.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnei-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1l-seeded.— Annuals and

DIPSACEH. (TEASEL FAMILY.) 229

biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent
leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-
clustered and bracted small flowers. — Our species all have the limb of the
calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good charac-
ters are only to be taken from the fruit. ‘They all have a rather short corolla,
the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

* Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.

V. ovirorta, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as
large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up. —
Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Corolla white ; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.
+ Fertile cell broader than the empty ones ; cross-section of fruit triangular.

1. V. chenopodifolia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks ;
glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled ; bracts broadly lanceolate ; fruit gla-
brous or pubescent, 2” long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, Torr. § Gray.) — Moist
grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

+ + Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked ; cross-section quadrate.

2. V. radiata, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent (sometimes
glabrous) ; empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a
broad shallow groove between them. (Fedia radiata, Michr.) — Low grounds,
Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla. ;

3. V. stenocarpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly glabrous ;
oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones.
(Fedia stenocarpa, E’ngelm.) — W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

+ + + Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally \-nerved ; section roundish.

4. V. Woodsiana, Walp. Fruit 1” long or more; fertile cell ovate,
tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes
an open cavity) in the middle. — Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex

Var. umbilicata, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by
incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication.
(Fedia umbilicata, Sulliv.) —N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellaria, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex,
winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, Sud/iv.) —Same range.

Orper 54. DIPSACEA. (Teaser Famty.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in
dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family ; but
the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Repre-
sented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet
Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea).

i DIPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts
among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like in-
volucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the
ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft.
Stamens 4, inserted on the“corolla. Style slender. — Stout and coarse bien-

230 DIPSACEZ. (TEASEL FAMILY.)

nials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from dda, to tharst,
probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species
hold water.)

1. D. syivésrris, Mill. (Witp TEAseL.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong ;
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering
into a long flexible awn with a straight point.— Roadsides; rather rare.
(Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. FuLLoONvuM, L.,the FULLER’s 'TEASEL, which has,a shorter involucre,
and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon
woollen cloth ; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Ady. from Eu.)

OrpEeR 55. COMPOSITE. (ComposITE FAMILY.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists),
on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4)
stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).
— Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus)
crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu-
lar; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering
the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers
usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect
anatropous seed, with no albumen.— An immense family, in temperate
regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, mone-
cious or diccious flowers. “The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate)
corolla are called rays or ray-flowers ; the head which presents such
flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular
flowers compose the disk; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said
to be discoid. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to
be heterogamous ; when only one sort, homogamous. ‘The leaves of the
involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed scales. The bracts
or seales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are
called the chaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be
naked. — The largest order of Phznogamous plants. The genera are
divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented
in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.
Series I TUBULIFLOR.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3 - 4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present
are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).
Tribe I VERNONIACE. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu-

lar, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, mi-
nutely bristly-hairy all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.
1. Elephantopus. Heads 3 -5-flowered, several crowded together into acompound head.
Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.
2. Vernonia. Heads several-many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-
pus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 231

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEZX. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-

5.

bular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse,
very minutely and uniformly pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

* Pappus a row of hard scales.
Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal, Leaves whorled.
* * Pappus of slender bristles.

+ Achene 5-angled ; bristles of the pappus roughish.

. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.
. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems

not twining.

+ + Achene 10-ribbed ; involucral scales striate-nerved.

. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed.

Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.
Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or pan-
icled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEZX:. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular ; or else

_

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

17.

18.

ro:
20.

radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches
of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal
stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped
or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate.
Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

* 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with
’ greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile.
Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent ; leaves very narrow.

Amphiachyris. Headssmall. Ray-flowers 5-10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers
infertile ; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2-8 rigid
caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

+ + Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.
= Pappus double.

Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those
of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very smafl
chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

= = Pappns simple.

. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pap

pus of many unequal bristles. Western.

. Bigelovia. Heads 3-4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single

row of capillary bristles.

Solidago. Heads few-many-flowered ; rays 1-16. Pappus of numerous slender and
equal capillary bristles.

Brachycheta. Heads 8-10-flowered, clustered ; rays4or 5. Pappusarow of minute
bristles shorter than the achene.

* 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
+ Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.
++ Receptacle conical. Awns none,

Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equaé
Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter

232 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

++ ++ Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns,
2i. Chzetopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating
awns. Western.
22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged ; pappus of short bristles and usually 2-4
awns.
+ + Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like,
23. Townsendia. Low orstemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.
+ + + Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles ; receptacle flat.

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12-20-flowered ; rays 4or5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped_
imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.

25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely
or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish ; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal
scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened ; pappus simple and rather scanty, or
with some outer minute scales.

* 3. Rays none. Heads dicecious (all pistillate or all staminate).

27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs,
Tribe IV. INULOIDEZ. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers
mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails.

Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate uaked tips. Pappus capillary
or none.

* 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.

28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many
pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.

* 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly
annuals ; flowers as in n. 28.

29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.
30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

* 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.

31. Antennaria. Heads diccious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile
united at base and deciduous together.

32. Anaphalis. Heads dicecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all
united at base.

33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

*°4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle
naked. Pappus none.

34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Some-
what woolly.

x 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.
35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.
Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious

(nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes
none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.

+ 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and
fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.

+ Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid ; pappus none.
36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.
+ + Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).

37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows ; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales
thick, in several rows.

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 233

38. Berlandiera. Achents wingless, 5-12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral
scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.

39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2 - 3-toothed crown
Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.

40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8-10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer
scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.

41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral
scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.

* 2. Fertile flowers 1-5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube ; staminate corolla funnel-form.
Pappus none.

+ Heads with 1-5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.
42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.
s- + Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped
involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1-4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.
43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.
44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1-4-celled, 1 -4-beaked.

* 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid ; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish.
Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of
several uniform chaffy scales.— Leaves more commonly opposite.

+ Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup.
46. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid ; pappus none
+ + Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
++ Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.
46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10-12, in two rows, herbaceous.
++ ++ Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.

= Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.

47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff
spinescent.

49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined. °

= = Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.

51. Borrichia. Achenes 3-4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.
52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.

= = = Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or
wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.

53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.
54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

*« 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i. e., flattened parallel with the
scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often
foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.

55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or
barbed npward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.
56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.
57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns re-
trorsely bearded.
* 5, Heads radiate or discoid ; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-
angled ; pappus of several chaffy scales.

+ Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.

58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle
deeply honey-combed.
59. Marshallia Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy

234 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

+ + Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.

60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4-5 thin ovate scales,
Receptacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEZ. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (some-
what so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile ; the pappus a row
of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65) ; the involucre hardly at all imbricated
(partly scarious in n, 61).

* Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.

61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.

62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.

63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3-5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small,
reflexed. Leaves decurrent.

64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate
chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chatf tipped with the pro-
jecting midvein. Western.

* * Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.

65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDE2. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or
less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly
white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubu-
lar. Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none. — Mostly strong-scented ; leaves
alternate.

* Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.

66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.
67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.
* * Receptacle naked.
+ Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.

68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillateornone. Pappus crown-like or none.
69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.

+ + Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.

70 Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.
71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit ;
pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or
not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus
capillary.

x Heads monecious or subdicecious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligu-
late or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style.
branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.

72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monecious.
73. Petasites, Heads corymbed, subdiecious. Flowers white or purplish.

* x Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involu-
eral scales connivent-erect.
+ Leaves opposite.

74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.
+ + Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious,

75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.
76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.
77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. ) 235

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEZ. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and
neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged
at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a
pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly. — Leaves alternate.

* Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike,
+ Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.
78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.
+ + Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.

79. Cnicus. Pappus-bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.
80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.
81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.

* * Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.

$2. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short
or none,

SERIES II. LIGULIFLOR2. Tribe X. CICHORIACE.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

* Pappus none.
83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 -12-flowered.
* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.
85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

* * * Pappus plumose.
86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy
87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.
88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.

* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.
+ Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.
++ Achenes not beaked.

= Flowers yellow or orange.

89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.
90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.

= = Flowers white or cream-color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.

91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads

often nodding.
92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads

erect. Western.
++ ++ Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.

93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4-5-ribbed.

95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a
soft villous ring.

96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus
white.

+ + Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-
stemmed, with panicled heads.

97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.
93. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.

1B)

236 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a mag.
nifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student
The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious dis
tinctions, will be useful to the beginner.

Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubuliflore.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none ; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).
* 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.
Pappus composed of bristles:

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles . ; : BNOs 3
Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.
Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster . opm

Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.
Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristlyehairy . 4 - - 78, 79, 80

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like . ° ‘ : : ; 5 5 ; SE
Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple . 5 5 ; 8
Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish . : : C c +4 -6
Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles d ° : 5 4,5, 7, 9, 16
Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles - , ; : Be One

Pappus composed of scales or chaff.
Receptacle naked. Leavesin whorls . < : ¢ : : é : : &
Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected : ‘ 6 " 5 5 , Gl
Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers . 5 5 : 3 : 59, 64
Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth . : : : : ‘19, 53 , 07, barbed in 55, 56
Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to fie fruit A ° : - . 36, 68, 71

* 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous . ‘ < 82

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.
Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers . - : . 29, 30

Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned : . S 5 : c - 52
Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.
Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated . : : : 2 28, 32, 33

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales . 2 « 26,13; 17
Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre . : : > ° ; . 84
Achenes not exceeding the involucre ,. : 5 : ; 3 S 2542570591

* 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.
Heads dicecious ; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary é 20) Die oleeo lam To,
Heads monescious ; the fertile 1-2-flowered and closed. Pappus none . : . 48, 44

§ 2. Rays present; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas,
* 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate. )

Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73
Rays in one marginal row, and
White, purple or blue, never yellow. 5 ° ° - : 17, 24, 25, 26; 78
Yellow, of the same color as the disk.
Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute . . . 13,14

Pappus simple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate . : 5 ()
Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite . c A - ° 74
Scales of the involucre imbricated, Leaves alternate . S « , 10; TG AS aleico
* 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).

Ray yellow, awns few (2-8) . ~nors “tad : _— Aah 5 aka 12
Rayrose-color . . «+ . oot isthe

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 237

* 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles ; : 65
* 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 5 ; > ° : ° r : . 60
Heads 8-10-flowered. Receptacle naked 3 A : ; ‘ 4 3 18
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply Henereornted 4 A é s : z 3.08
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked ; E : : A fs ; . 62, 63
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy . - : e ° : ; * : . 64

* 5, Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding
with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

+ Receptacle naked.
Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2-4awns . 22

Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical : : : - - 19
Achene terete or angled. Pappus none, Receptacle flattish . 2 5 . 69
Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle Gonjealy . - 20, 68
Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns . : el

+ + Receptacle chaffy.

Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile,
Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none , : : . 66
Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all ; ‘ . 48, 49, 50, 52 ,54
Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened parallel with the scales or chaff . 55, 56
Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned . : < ; ‘ ; " 57
Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.
Achene much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned a 5 A : 4 - 53
Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Papin none, 5 F E 67
Achene 3-4-angular, terete or laterally fattish, awnless.
Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected . i 4 5 0G
Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.
Achene obovoid. Involucrealeafy cup . ; : : : : - 45
Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales. ; : ; : ey
Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple . ; e : . 46, 51
Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).
Receptacle chaffy . A ‘ . : : : ‘ : A s : . 36-41

1 ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Evepnanr’s-roor.

Heads discoid, 2—5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound
pedunculate head ; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong
dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the
base. — Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name com-
posed of &Aegas, elephant, and mods, foot.)

* Stem leafy ; upper leaves very like the basal.

E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves
ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.

* * Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.

2. K. tomentodsus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to nar-
rowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-
scales attenuate. — Va., Ky., and southward.

3. E. nudatus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green,
spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads
smaller; pappus-scales broadly deltoid. — Del. and southward.

238 COMPOSITAZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weep.

Heads discoid, 15-many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect.
Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Recep-
tacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute
scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs,
with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly
purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early
English botanist who travelled in this country.)

* Heads large, 50-70-flowered.

1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate,
retrorsely denticulate ; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform
tips. — Mo., Kan., and southward.

* * Heads ¥ high or less, 15 -40-flowered.
+ Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire.

2. V. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flow-
ered; scales obtuse or acute. — Plains of Neb. and southward.

+ + Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined.

3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads
many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate ; achene
smooth. — Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to 8. Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong ;
evyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the
ribs. — Low grounds, W. Penn. to Il., and southward. — Heads variable, 2-
4” high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. GRANDIFLORA, Nutt.,
with large heads, the involucre of 35-40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to
lance-oblong ; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-
ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine
to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latifolia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or
acuminate. — Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose;
leaves lance-oblong or -oyate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose,
the scales acute or acuminate. — Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and
Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal,
in 1 or % rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled ;
pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth
perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls
of 4-6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of
okAnpos, hard, and Aemis, a scale, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillata, Cass.— In water: pine barrens, New Jersey and
southward. Aug.

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 239

4. MIKANI A, Willd. CLIMBING HEMP-WEED.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flow.
ers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes,
with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-pan-
icled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. scandens, L. Nearly smooth, twining ; leaves somewhat triangu-
lar-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base. — Copses along
streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July -Sept.

5. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Heads discoid, 3-many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or
bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla
5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely
roughish bristles. — Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous
dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, ap-
pearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is
said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

: § 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle flat.

* Heads cylindrical, 5-15-flowered ; the purplish scales numerous, closely im-
bricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate ; stout herbs, with
ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purptreum, L. (Joz-Pr—E Weep. Trumpet-Weep.) Stems tall
and stout, simple; leaves 3-6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed,
very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in size (2—12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted
stems, etc., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds ; common.

Var. amcenum, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few,
3 —5-flowered. — Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

* * Heads 3-20-flowered ; involucre of 8-15 more or less imbricated and unequal
scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white.
~ Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected ; heads panicled, very small, 3-5-flowered.

2. KE. foeniculaceum, Willd. (DoG-Fenne.) Smooth or nearly so,
paniculately much-branched (3-10° high); leaves 1-2-pinnately parted, fili-
form. — Va., near the coast, and southward. Ady. near Philadelphia.

- + Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12-15-flowered, ir
compound corymbs.

3. E. serotinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3-7° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (3-6 long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

+ + + Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads
mostly 5-flowered.
= Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips.

4. EB. album, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate,

coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered in the corymb; involucral scales close V

240 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, /onger than the flowers. — Sandy aud
barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvendosum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1 - 2’ long, finely toothed

and less veiny. — Long Island and N. J.
' 5. BE. leucdlepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1 - 2° high) ;
leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough
both sides ; corymb hoary. — Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.
= = Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.

6. E. hyssopifolium, L. Minutely pubescent (1-2° high); leaves
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 - 3-nerved, entire, or the lower
toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base. — Sterile soil, Mass. to
Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniatum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or
laciniate. — Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserratum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2-
3° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the
middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled; headssmall. (E. par-
viflorum, £//.) — Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward. — Leaves sometimes
whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3-7° high), downy; leaves
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above
the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre
obtuse, shorter than the flowers. — Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky. — Leaves
3-4’ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

+ + + + Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes ;
heads pubescent.

= Heads 5-8-flowered ; leaves not clasping.

9. BE. teucrifolium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2-8° high); leaves
ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-
nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly peti-
oled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the
involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers. — Low grounds,
Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. EK. rotundifolium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; /eaves roundish-
ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed,
triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1 -2’ long); corymb large and dense; scales of
the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, R. I. to
Va., near the coast, and southward

Var. ovatum, Torr. Usually taller. leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate
at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5-&-flowered. (E. pubescens, MuAl.)
— Mass. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessilifolium, L. (UrLanp Boneset.) Stem tall (4-6° high),
smooth, branching; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the
rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3-6’ long) ; co-
rymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and
oblong, obtuse. — Copses and banks, Mass. to IU., and southward along the
mountains

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 24]

= = Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widety spreading ;
heads mostly 10-15-flowered ; corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. perfoliatum, L. (THoroucHworr. Boneset.) Stem stout
(2-4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy
beneath (5 —8’ long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds ;
common and well-known.— Varies with the heads 30 - 40-flowered, or with
some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneatum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate,
and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.— Mo. and southward.

13. HE. resinosum, Torr. Muinutely velvety-downy (2-3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly
veiny beneath (4-6’ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine
barrens, N. J.— Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

*« * * Heads 8 -30-flowered ; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves
opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted ; flowers white.

14. EK. ageratoides, L. (Wuire Synake-roor.) Smooth, branching (3°
high) ; leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled,
thin (3-5’ long) ; corymbs compound. — Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromaticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy ; stems nearly sim-
ple ; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish. —
Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast. — Lower and more slender
than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

§ 2. CONOCLINIUM. Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal,

somewhat imbricated.

16. EK. colestinum, L. (Mist-rtower.) Somewhat pubescent (1 - 2°
high); leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped,
coarsely and bluntly toothed ; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers
blue or violet. (Conoclinium celestinum, DC.)— Rich soil, N. J. to Mich.,
l., and southward. Sept.

6. KUHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10-25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin,
few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed.
Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate ; pappus a single row of very plumose (white)
bristles. — A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and
paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn,
of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnzus.)

1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stems 2-38° high; pubescence minute: leaves
varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil.
N.J.to Minn., E. Kan.,and southward. Sept. Very variable. — Var. coryM-
BULOSA, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubes-
cent, the heads rather crowded.

7, BRICKELLIA, £1.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles
of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most harbellate or subplumose ; leaves

242 COMPOSITZ, (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

often all opposite. (Dr.John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott
and Muhlenberg.) >

1. B. grandiflora, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2-3° high; leaves deltoid.
cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4’
long or less; heads about 40-flowered.— Shannon Co., Mo. (Bush), Kan to
Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIATRIS, Schreb. Button SNAKEROOT. BLaAzinc-STar.

Head discoid, few -many-flowered ; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well
imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and
slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40
capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.— Perennial herbs,
often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid
alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical),
and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late
in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

*x Pappus very plumose ; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate
spreading petal-like ( purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (2-3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves
linear, short and spreading ; spike or raceme compact (3- 20’ long). — Barren
soil, Va. and southward. :

* * Pappus very plumose ; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre im-
bricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like ; corolla-lobes hairy within.

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. (Briazine-Srar, etc.) Often hairy (6’-2°
high) ; leaves rigid, linear, elongated ; heads usually few (1’ long) ; scales mostly
with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips.— Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and
southward. — Var. INTERMEDIA, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or
nearly so. — Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. eylindracea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6-18’ high); leaves
linear; heads few ($~% long); scales with short and rounded abruptly mucro-
nate appressed tips. — Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

* * x Pappus very plumose; heads 4-6-flowered ; scales acuminate ; corolla-
lobes naked.

4. LL. punctata, Hook. Stout (10-30’ high), from a branching or globose
rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually
many in a dense spike. — Minn. to Kan., and southward.

* * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye ; corolla-lobes smooth inside.

5. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout (2—5° high), pubescent or hoary ;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) /anceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or
obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25 - 40-flow-
ered; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numer-
ous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins. — Dry soil, New Eng.
to Minn., and southward. — Widely variable; heads 1’ or less in diameter.

6. L. pyenostachya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3 -5°
high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear:
spike thick and dense (6-20 long), heads about 5-flowered (3° long); scales

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 243

of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored
tips. — Prairies, from Ind. to Mian., and southward.

7. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy,
stout (2—5° high); leaves linear, the lower 3 -5-nerved; heads 8 —12-flowered
(4-# long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped invo-
luere oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins ; achenes pubescent or
smoothish. — Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward. —
Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montana, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike
short and heads large. — Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1-3° high)
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7 —12-flowered ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed ; achenes hairy.
— Va. and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong,
often ciliate. — Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRIGLIS A, ‘Cass.

Heads discoid, 5-10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly
equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or ob-
long. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose. —
Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at
all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-
purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.)

1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (VaAniLLa-PLANT.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, oboyate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; heads co-
rymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.) — Low pine barrens, Va., and south-
ward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculata, Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lan-
ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris
paniculata, Willd.) — Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERREZIA, Iag.

Heads few -several-flowered, radiate; rays 1-6, pistillate. Involucre ob-
long-clavate ; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer
shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9
chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers. — Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous
and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate
leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes.
(From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthamie, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1-2’ long;
heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each. —
Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

ll. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5-10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pap-
pus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like

244 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

scales, more or less dilated and united at base.— A diffusely much-branched
annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From
aul, around, and &xupov, chaff.)

1. A. dracunculoides, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly
liuear, the upper filiform ; disk-flowers 10-20, their pappus of 5-8 bristle-like
chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward. — Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDELIA, Willd

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less
spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, trun-
cate, glabrous; pappus of 2—8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial
herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and’ leafy with sessile or clasping
alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads ter-
minating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. Grindel, a Russian
botanist.)

1. G. squarrosa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong ; involucre
squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3. — Prairies, Minn.,
southward and westward; Evanston, I].— Var. ntpa, Gray. Rays wanting.
About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales
erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the sum-
mit; awns 2. — Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHECA, Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or trian-
gular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed,
with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many
short and stout bristles. — (From érepos, different, and @nkn, case, alluding to
the unlike achenes.)

1. H. Lamarckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1 -3° high, bearing numer-
ous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at
base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping. —S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral
scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes
obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy ; pappus in all the flowers double, the
outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often
corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow.
(Name composed of xpvads, gold, and dys, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)

* Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear ; achenes linear.

1. C. graminifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs ;
stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few
heads; /eaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire.
— Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July —- Oct.

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245

2. C. falcata, Ell. Stems (4-10 high) very woolly; leaves crowaed,
linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or
smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.— Dry sandy soil on tre
coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. .Aug.

* * Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veinea,
not nerved ; achenes obovate, flattened.

3. C. gossypina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over ; leaves spatulate or ob-
long, obtuse (1-2’ long); heads larger than in the next.— Pine barrens, Va.,
and southward. Aug. — Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Si/ky with long and weak hairs, or when old smooth
ish; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles. — Dry barrens
from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct.

5. C. villosa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent ; stem corymbosely
branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; /eaves
narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate
toward the base. — Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky.,and westward. July -
Sept. Very variable.— Var. ufsprpa, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not
canescent ; heads small. Kan., west and southward. — Var. CANESCENS, Gray.
Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly
oblanceolate. — Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilosa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lance-
olate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous. — Kan. and
southward.

15. APLOPAPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemi-
spherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat.
Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal
bristles. — Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray
and disk-flowers yellow. (From aAdos, simple, and mammos, pappus-)

1. A. ciliatus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2- 5° high, leafy ,
leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth ;
heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes gla.
brous, the central abortive. — Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulosus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate.
low ; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle
tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped ; achenes pubescent.
— Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricatus, Gray. Annual, 1-2° high, slender and diffusely
paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with
a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and »arrow, the ap-
pressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky. — Southern Kan.

16. BIGELOVIA, DC. RaYLess GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads 3 - 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club.
shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbri
cated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in
the centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of

246 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

capillary bristles. — Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear,
1-—3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits.
(Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bos-
toniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudata, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1 -2° high)
simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit,
bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb. — Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare),

and southward. Sept.
17. SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

Heads few —- many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the
oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2).
Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus
simple, of equal capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like
stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, ra-
cemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow.
(Name from solidus and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed
vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 2 ‘ ° E «41, 42
Heads all more or less pedicelled.
Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips. A . . ° enyla2

Involucral scales without green tips.
Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 5 5 . 387-40

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves : ° il
Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.
Western species . 3 . f : : ; : ‘ . . i . 8, 9.
Northern or mountain species . : : : 10-12.

Heads mostly small or middle-sized : inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).
Leaves 3-ribbed ; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth aud glabrous . : : : A “ : - 29-32

Pubescent or scabrous . - ; ‘ 3 ‘ ; 5 : = 33 -36
Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large ; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore . - . BS:

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid ; leaves nearly entire ; : ; ; = 14-17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle: leaves nearly entire . - - 18-20

Heads racemosely paniculate ; leaves ample, the lower serrate g é 21-28

§ 1. VIRGAUREA. Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers ; heads all more

or less pedicelled.

* Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading -
herbaceous tips ; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense
somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (2-5° high), hairy above; leaves
large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole,
serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16 — 24,
the rays 12—16.— Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn.,
Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1 -
3° high); leaves small (4-2’ long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-
ciliolate ; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often ser

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 247

rate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on
slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated ; scales of the pubescent in-
volucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or
less foliaceous. —S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward. —'The name is misleading,
as the leaves are hardly petioled.

* * Involucral scales without qreen tips and wholly appressed.

+ Lleads small (3” long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-
~ veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.

++ Achenes pubescent.

3. S. céesia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse; /eaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the
branches. - Rich woodlands, common; west to 8S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. §, iatifolia, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, zigzag, simple or
paniculate-branched (1-3° high); leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly
and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3-6’ long); heads
10 very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end
of the branches; rays 3-4.— Moist shaded banks; common northward, and
south along the mountains.

5. §. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually
branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate
above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4-7.— Open
woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

++ ++ Achenes glabrous ; inflorescence more thyrsoid.

6. S. bicolor, L. [Hoary or grayish with soft hairs ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate: clusters or short racemes from the axils
of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales
very obtuse; rays (5-14) small, cream-color or nearly white. — Var. CONCOLOR,
Torr. & Gray, has the rays yellow. — Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1 - 2°
high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the
lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5-6.— Alle-
ghany Mts., from Md. southward.

+ + Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect ter-
minal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

++ Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western.

8. S. Bigelovii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and
oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad. —
S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriana, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate
or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes
glabrous. — 8. Kan. and southward.

++ ++ Northern or mountain species, bright green.

10. S. macrophylla, Pursh. Stem stout (1-4° high), wand-like, pubes-

cent near the summit, simple; /eaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate

248 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

with sharp salient teeth, large (lower 3-4’ long), all but the uppermost abruptly
contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5-6” long), many-
flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2-
18’ long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8-10,
elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, . Mey.) — Wooded sides of
mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior,
and northward. — Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgatrrea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species
in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (1-8’ high), with few (.-12) pretty large
heads (3-4” long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves
thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or
nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or
subsolitary in the upper axils; scales lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays about
12.— Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. §. htumilis, Pursh. Low (6-12’ high) and smooth, bearing several
or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc.,
are mostly somewhat glutinous; scales obtuse ; rays 6-8, short; upper leaves
lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate.
(S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray.) — Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great
Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster,
and at the Falls of the Potomac. — At the base of the White Mountains, on
gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1-2°
high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very
numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmani, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample
panicle and laciniately toothed leaves. — Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.
+ + + Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or some:

times thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme ; not alpine.

++ Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.
= 1. Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated.

13. S. sempérvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1-8° high); leaves lan-
ceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-
nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Va. — Heads showy; the golden rays 7-10.
Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves,
tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

= 2. Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle ; scales thin, acute;
leaves nearly entire.

14. S. stricta, Ait. Very smooth throughout ; stem strict and simple, wand-
like (2-4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-
oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest
oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded ina very narrow compound spicate raceme ;
rays 5-7. (S. virgata, Michr.) — Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. pubérula, Nutt. Stem (1-3° high, simple or branched) and pan-
icle minutely hoary ; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base. smoothish ;
the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed, heads very numerous and

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 249

erowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or

pyramidal panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10.—

Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

= 8. Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle ; involucral scales rather firm,
obtuse ; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth.

16. S. uliginodsa, Nutt. Smooth nearly throughout; stem simple, strict
(2-3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged peti-
oles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; racemes much
crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle ; scales linear-oblong ; rays
5-6, small. (S. stricta, Man.) — Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and north-
ward. Root-leaves 6-10’ long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning
in July.

17. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout (3-6° high), smooth; leaves thickish,
smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost ob-
long-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat
crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform
panicle ; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy ; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong ; rays about 5, large. — Var. ancusTATA, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form,
with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound
spike. — Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward. — A very handsome species ;
the lower leaves 4-6’ long and 2-4’ wide in the larger forms.

= 4. Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly
short and broad panicle ; leaves entire or nearly so.

18. §. odora, Ait. (SweeT GoLDEN-ROD.) Smooth or nearly so through-
out; stem slender (2-3° high), often reclined ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
shining, pellucid-dotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays
3-4, rather large. — Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to
Ky., and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but
an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. §. tortifolia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2-3° high; leaves
linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very
short. — Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3-7° high), clothed with spread-
ing hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the mid-
rib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile ;
racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7-10, very short.
— Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.
= 5. Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate ; leaves broad or ample,

veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse.

21. S. patula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (2—4° high) ; leaves
(4-8 long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but
the upper surface very rough, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numer-
ous on the spreading branches; heads rather large. — Swamps; common.

22. S. rugosa, Mill. Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem (1-6°
high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose ;
racemes spreading ; involucral scales linear; rays 6-9; the disk-flowers 4-7.
(S. altissima, Torr. §- Gray, not L.) — Borders of fields and copses; very com:

250 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

mon, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of the
common Golden-rods. It flowers early. . Aug.— Sept. é

23. §. ulmifolia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin,
elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, ioosely veined,
beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading ; involu-
cral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.— Low copses; common. — Too
near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Ellidttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (1-3° high), very
leafy ; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2-3’ long), closely sessile,
slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above ; heads
in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle ;
peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, Zorr. § Gray, not
Ait.) — Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and south-
ward. — Heads showy, 3” long; the rays 8-12.

25. S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2-4° high), less
leafy ; leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acute and nearly entire; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply
serrate, tapering into a petiole; racemes short and dense, at length spreading,
disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes
nearly glabrous. — Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn. — Heads rather
large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very
variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoides, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4-8’ long
and 4-6” wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few,
one-sided; rays 2-5. (S. linoides, Torr. & Gray.) — Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boottii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute,
slender, often branched, 2—5° high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate, pointed ; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often
entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1-5 or none; achenes pubescent. — Dry
grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. arguta, Ait. Smooth; stem angled ; leaves (large and thin) ovate,
and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate (entire only
on the branches), pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes
pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6-7, large ;
achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. § Gray.) —Copses and
moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn. — Racemes much shorter
and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the
heads somewhat larger, fully 3” long.

28. S. juncea, Ait. Smooth throughout (1-3° high); radical and lower
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth,
pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; the others lanceolate or nar-
rowly ollong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire ;
racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and
flat corymb-like panicle ; rays 8-12,small. (S. arguta, Torr. & Gray.) — Var.
SCABRELLA, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.). — Copses
and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and
the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads sel
dom over 2” long, the scales small and pale.

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251
++ ++ Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed ; heads in one-sided spreading or re-
curved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.

= Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves.
a. Leaves firm and rather rigid ; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal.

29. S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1-3° high) ; leaves
linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering te both ends, with
very rough margins; teeth, if any,sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded
racemes nearly as in n. 28; achenes nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wisc.
and Ind. south and westward. — Heads 14-2” long.

30. S. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2—4° high), mi-
nutely roughish-pubescent above; leaves (the larger 2-3’ long) oblong-/ance-
vlate, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly
short in a crowded panicle; achenes silky-pubescent. — Rocks at the Falls of
the Ohio; Ark. — A handsome species; heads 3” long, narrow.

b. Leaves thinner ; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse.

31. S. serdtina, Ait. Stem stout (2-7° high), smooth, often glaucous ;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate,
except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; rays
7-14, rather long. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.) — Copses and fence-rows;
common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.

Var. gigantea, Gray. Commonly tall, 5-8° high; leaves more or less
pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, Ait.; S. serotina of previous
ed.) — Tuickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.

32. S. rupéstris, Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 2—3° high; leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or nearly so; panicle narrow; heads very
small; rays 4-6, very short. — Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.

= = Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous.

33. S. Canadénsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3-6° high);
leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or
less pubescent beneath and rough above ; heads small ; rays very short.— Borders
of thickets and fields; very common.— Varies greatly in the roughness and
hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated
linear-lanceolate ; — in var. PROCERA, Whitish-woolly underneath; and in var.
SCABRA also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. nemoralis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary
(soft or roughish) pubescence ; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (4- 23°
high); leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-
toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed ;
rays 5-9.— Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow,
beginning early in Aug.— Var. incANA, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a
dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire,
and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.

35. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid
and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3-6;
otherwise nearly as in n. 34. — Dry hills, W. Il., Minn., Kan., and southward.

252 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

36. S. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (1-3° high) and lower sur.
face of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-
pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short ; scales of
the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.—S8. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.

+ + + + Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all
racemose ; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.
++ Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.

37. S. rigida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence ;
stem stout (2-5° high), very leafy ; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi-
ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the upper closely sessile by a broad base,
slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered ; the rays
7-10.— Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.

38. S. Ohioénsis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2-3° high) ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely
feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly
serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; heads numer-
ous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16-20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.— Moist
meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc. — Root-leaves 1° long ;
the upper reduced to 1-2’, with rough margins, like the rest.

++ ++ Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved.

39. S. Riddéllii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2-4° high), very leafy, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, elongated (4-6’ long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, mostly recurved,
the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; heads
very numerous, clustered, 20-30-flowered; the rays 7—9.— Wet grassy prai-
ries, Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.— Heads larger than in the
last, 2-3” long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then
gradually recurved-spreading.

40. S. Houghtonii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender
(1-2° high) ; leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, tapering into a nar-
rowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads few
or several, 20-30-flowered; the rays 7-9.— Swamps, north shore of Lake
Michigan; Genesee Co.,N. Y. July, Aug.— Leaves rough-margined, 2-5’
long, 2-4” wide, I-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins
obscure. Heads large, nearly 3’ long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

§ 2. EUTHAMIA. Corymbosely much branched ; heads small, sessile, in little
clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral
scales somewhat glutinous ; receptacle jfimbrillate ; rays 6-20, short, more
numerous than the disk-flowers ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile.

41. §. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3-5-nerved ; the nerves,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15-20.— River-banks, etc., in
moist soil; common. — Stem 2-3° high; leaves 3-5’ long.

42. §. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; leaves very narrowly linear,
mostly 1-nerved, dotted ; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2
or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6 - 12.— Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and
southward ; common near the coast.

v

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 253

18. BRACHYCHATA, Torr.& Gray. - Fause GoLpEn-rop.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene. — A perennial herb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the /ower ones heart-shaped ; the small
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name
composed of Bpaxvs, short, and xairn, bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordata, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to
N. Ga. Oct.— Plant 2-4° high, slender, more or less pubescent.

19. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the in-
volucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes
obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but our
single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy,
B. PERENNIS (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or
leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.)

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (Western Datsy.) Annual or biennial,
diffusely branched (4’-1° high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the
lower spatulate-obovate ; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.
— Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March-June.

20. APHANOSTEPHUS, Dc.

Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter.
Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pap-
pus. Otherwise as Bellis. — Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pu-
bescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. (Agavjs, inconspicuous,
and orégos, crown; in allusion to the pappus.)

1 A, Arkansanus, Gray. Diffuse, 1° high; leaves oblong-spatulate to
broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed ; rays white to purple, #
long; pappus mostly 4 -5-lobed. — Plains of Kan. and southward.

21. CHATOPAPPA, DC.

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts
imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes fusiform or compressed ; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless palez,
alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting. — Low southwestern
branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray
white or purple. (Xairn, a bristle, and mamros, pappus.)

1. C. asteroides, DC. Slender, 2-10’ high, pubescent; involucres nar-
row, 2” long; rays 5-12; achenes pubescent.— Dry grounds, Vernon Co.,
Mo., and southward.

22. BOLTONIA, LlHer.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with nar-
row membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked.
Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous

254 COMPOSIT. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles
and usually 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs,
pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often
turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish.
(Dedicated to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.)

* Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.

1. B. asteroides, L’Her. Stems 2-8° high; leaves lanceolate; invo-
lucral scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns
or none. (B. glastifolia, L’Her., the awned form.) — Moist places along
streams; Penn. to Il., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct. — Var. pDECURRENS,
Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and
branches. Mo. (£qgert).

2. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong
to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate ; pappus-awns conspicuous. — W. Mo.
and Kan.

* * Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.

3. B. diffusa, L’Her. Stem diffusely branched ; leaves lance-linear, those
on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly white; pap-
pus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns. — Prairies of S. Ill. ( Vasey),
and southwestward. Aug. —- Oct.

23. TOWNSENDIA, Hook.

cleads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a single
series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales im-
bricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong,
flattened, with thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs; pap-
pus a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to
chaffy scales. — Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire
leaves and large heads. (Named for David Townsend, botanical associate of
Dr. Darlington of Penn.)

1. T. sericea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads
sessile, solitary or few, $-1’ high; ray-pappus mostly bristly. — Dry plains,
central Neb., north and westward. April, May.

24. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

Heads 12 - 20-flowered, radiate ; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, wich short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyr-
amidal, very silky ; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial
tufted herbs (1-2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small
heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale
yellow. (Name from onpikés, silky, and kaprwés, fruit.)

*x Pappus rusty ; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin

1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
or the lower spatulate, ciliate ; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4 - 6”
long). — Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.

COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 255

* * Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.

2. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3” long), in close
clusters, few-flowered. — Thickets, 8. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July.

3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-
spatulate, short ($-1’ long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather loosely
corymbed, obovoid (4-5” long). — Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug.

25. ASTE es sc. Srarwort. ASTER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or
leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened ;
pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5).— Perennial herbs
(annual only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads;
flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often
changing to purple. (Name dor, a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.)

Conspectus of Groups.

Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 5 - : . ; 4 : o | OS 04
Pappus double . - b ° . ° - . : : é 46-48
Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged . : ‘ - 49-52

Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous ; leaves sordate, serrate A 253

Seales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles rigid, some
thickened at top . “ ° A 5 : e ° A ° : ° 1

Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. ASTER proper.

Pappus rigid ; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping ; heads few, large. 4-8
Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire . : : - 5 ° 14, 15
Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate . . : . . . ° . 17-24
Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with cordate-clasping base . 16

Involuere (and branchlets) viscid or glandular ; leaves not cordate, mostly entire,
the cauline all sessile or clasping . : : : ° s . 9-13

Lower leaves all acute at base ; not iandilven nor viscid nor silky-canescent.
Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base ; leaves firm,

usually entire : s ° : 2 c . : ; : - 25-30
Hoary-pubescent or hirsute ; scales squarrose ; stem-leaves small, linear, entire 31, 32

Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads

many, small i . . : : : ° ° : - 33-35

Remaining species ; branches pe or ascending.
Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; involucre lax 42-45

Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base. ° C . 86-41

§1. HELIASTRUM. Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles
somewhat clavate ; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal.
A. paludodsus, Ait. Stems 1° high; glabrous or nearly so; heads
4’ high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays
purple; leaves linear, entire. — Kan. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.

§2. BIOTIA. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly imbricated
in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6-18
(white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly rigid, simple ; lower
leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate ; heads in open corymbs.

2. A. corymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed,

256 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and
on slender naked petioles; rays 6-9.— Woodlands; common; especially
northward. July, Aug.— Plant 1-2° high, with smaller heads, looser co-
rymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves
than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

3. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2-3° high); leaves
thickish, rough, closely serrate, abruptly pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4 — 10°
long, 3-6’ wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 10-15 (white or bluish).
— Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains.
Aug., Sept.— Involucre 3’ broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-ob
long, the innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 3. ASTER proper. Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or
leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous ; rays numerous ; pappus
simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid in the first group) ;
achenes flattened. (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.)

* 1. Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spread-
ing tips; pappus of rigid bristles ; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped
or clasping ; heads few, or when several corymbose, large and showy.

«- Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base.

4. A. Hervéyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1-2° high, the summit and
peduncles glandular-puberulent ; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower
ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose,
# high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all
erect, with very short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, 3’ long. — Borders
of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass. and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An
ambiguous species, approaching the last.

+ + Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles ; involucres squarrose
- (hardly so in n. 8) ; rootstocks slender.

5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems 1-2° high, roughish and glandular-
puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong,
obscurely serrate or the upper entire ; heads few, hemispherical, }’ high; scales
glandular-puberulent and viscid ; mostly with the upper half herbaceous and
spreading ; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1’ long. — Sandy soil, Mass. to
Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept.—Nov. One of the hand-
somest species of the genus.

6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems 1° high or less, from long filiform
rootstocks ; leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate or the upper linear;
heads few or solitary, as in the last but generally smaller, the scales hardly
glandular. — Moist ground, coast of N. J., and southward. ;

7. A. gracilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened ; stems
slender, 1° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (1-927
long); heads few or several; involucre topshaped, 3-4” long, glabrous, not
glandular nor viscid, the coriaceous whitish scales with very short deltoid or ovate
tips; rays 9-12, 3-6” long. — Pine barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.

8. A. radula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth
or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1—3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,

composfr#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 257

sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely
sessile (2-3’ long), nearly equal; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, ap-
pressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips ; achenes smooth.
— Bogs and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also
Pocono Mountain, Penn. <A dwarf form (var. srrfctus, Gray) has oblong- to
linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Moun-
tains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.— Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth,
except the ciliate margins.
* 2. Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well
imbricated or loose ; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with
Jew teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping ; rays showy, violet to purple.

«— Heads small ; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western.

9. A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, 1° high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-
nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1’ long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3” high;
scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute. — Central Kan. (Ellis, Dr. L.
Watson) and southwestward.

+ + Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks.

10. A. grandiflorus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender,
loosely much branched (1-3° high); leaves very small (;-1° long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1’ long) ; achenes hairy.
— Dry open places, Va. and southward. — Heads large and very showy.

ll. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1-29 high) ; leaves narrowly ob-
long or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1-2 long by
2-5” wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the
base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.— Banks of rivers, from Penn.
and Va. to Minn. and Kan. — Heads middle-sized or smaller.

Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous
leaves. — In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.

2, A; Nove-Angliz, L. Stem stout, hairy (3-8° high), corymbed at
the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping,
clothed with minute pubescence, 2-5’ long; scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped,
loose, glandular-viscid, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var.
ROSEUS rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy. — Moist grounds; com-
mon. — Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.

13. A. modéstus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple,
with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, very
acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate ; scales linear.
attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue. — N. Dak. and westward.

* 3. Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate ;
involucre imbricated in 8 to several rows ; rays showy, purple-violet.

14. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white,
lanceolate or oblong, heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets ;
scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short
coriaceous base; achenes smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wise
and Minn. to Ky., and southward. — Heads large; rays 20-30.

258 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

15. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded,
oblong or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts; heads in a
simple or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely
imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenes
silky. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, R.I., N. J., and southward. — Plant 1-
3° high, with the short leaves 1’ or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

x 4. Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and
cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.

16. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1-
3° high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
slender branchlets: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins; scales of the
minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips ; achenes silky. —Var.
PHLOGIFOLIUuS, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated
thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above,
mostly much contracted below the middle. — Dry ground; common, Mass. to
Minn.,and southward. Heads 3’ broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.

*« 5. Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled ; no glandular or viscid pubescence ;
heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except inn. 17 and 24),
mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.

4 Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.

17. A. anédmalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems
slender (2- 4° high), simple or racemose-branched above ; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; scales of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear
spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth. — Limestone cliffs, W. Il. and Mo. to
Ark. — Rays violet-purple.

++ Rays 10-20; evolucral scales appressed or erect.
a+ Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized ; rays bright-blue.

18. A. azureus, Lindl Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; leaves rough, the lower ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles ; the others lanceo-
late or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical.
— Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward.
Involucre much as in A. levis, but smaller and slightly pubescent.

19. A. Shértii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles; /eaves smooth above, minutely pu-
bescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually
to a sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on
naked petioles, none clasping; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and banks, Ohio
to Ill., and southward. — A pretty species, 2-4° high; leaves 3-5’ long.

20. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence ;
stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles ; /caves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy un-
derneath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly con-
ivacted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 259

base, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the scales
less rigid. — Dry copses ; common.
++ ++ Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or nearly white.

21. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or di-
verging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; scales of the inversely
conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or
acutish. —W oodlands ; very common. — Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies
with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also
with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.

22. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches
vearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower
heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear,
pointed at both ends; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-
shaped slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. tu Ky., and north-
ward.— Green, but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather
larger than in the last, almost sessile.

23. A. Drummondii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; Jeaves
cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined -petioles, the uppermost lan-
ceolate and sessile; scales acute or acutish.— Vassing into the last. Open
ground, ete., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.

24. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1 - 2° high, sparsely
pubescent or nearly glabrous; radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or
obscurely cordate, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends; heads larger,
rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, the linear-attenuate scales looser and less
imbricated ; rays pale violet.— Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (C. £.
Faxon), and Mt. Desert (ftand).

* 6. Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or
attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent.

~ Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of n. 80), and usu-
ally pale and glaucous ; involucral scales closely imbricated, firm and whitish-
coriaceous below, green-tipped ; leaves firm, usually entire.

++ Rays violet or blue ; scales rather abruptly green-tipped ; leaves on the branch-
lets reduced to rigid subulate bracts.

25. A. turbinéllus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3° high, paniculately branched;
leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins ;
involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (# long); the scales linear,
with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.
— Dry hills, etc., 11., Mo., and southwestward. — Well-marked and handsome.

26. A. levis, L. Stouter, 2-4° high; heads in a close panicle; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the short-obovoid or
hemispherical involucre with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes
smooth. — Borders of woodlands; common. A variable and elegant species.

27. A. virgatus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several
racemose or terminal heads, like those of the last; leaves lanceolate or linear
the lower usually long and narrow.—S. W. Va., and southward.

12

260 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

28. A. concinnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1—3° high; leave,
lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged
petioles ; heads smaller than in the preceding, numerous, panicled ; rays violet.
— Rare; Penn. and southward.
++ ++ Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped ;

leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate.

29. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate
branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5’ long; heads
paniculate ; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4”
long. —N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier
than the next.

30. A. ericoides, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1—3° high); the sim-
ple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like
spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ; the
others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3” high or less; involucral
scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips. — Dry open
places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward. — Var. vitLosus, Torr. & Gray,
is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States. —
Var. pusfLLus, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of
Lancaster, Penn. (Porter), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small
few-flowered heads. — Var. PrfNGLEI, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect
branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.

+ + Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squar-
rose or spreading ; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at
the sessile or partly clasping base: heads numerous, small, racemose.

31. A.amethystinus, Nutt. Tall (2-5° high), upright, much branched,
puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3” high, the tips of
the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue. — Moist grounds, E. Mass.
to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflorus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence
(1° high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spread-
ing racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate
margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2~3”
10ng; rays white or rarely bluish, 10-20.— Dry sandy soil; common.

— + + Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter ), not cori-
aceous, with short appressed green tips ; branches slender, divaricate or diver-
gent; leaves lanceolate to subulate ; heads small (2-3” high) and numerous.

++ Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets.

33. A. dumosus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1-3° high; leaves linea.
or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear-spatu-
late, obtuse, in 4-6 rows. — Thickets ; common. — A variable species, loosely
branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-
shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding.
Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

++ ++ Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.

34. A. vimineus, Lam. Smooth or smoothish,2-5° high, bushy ; leaves
linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 26\

the middle with fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute
or aculish, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.) — Var. FoLto-
Losus, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scat-
tered paniculate heads. — Moist banks ; very common. — Heads very numerous,
and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.

35. A. diffisus, Ait. More or less pubescent, much branched; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply ser-
rate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbri-
cated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.) —Thickets, fields, etc. ;
very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the
preceding (2-5’); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of
the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple. — Var. THyRso-
fpEvs, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending
and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund.
N. Y. to Il.— Var. urrsuTicat_is, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins
of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N.Y.and Ky.— Var. pfrKons, Gray,
a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely dis-
posed on the spreading branches. Ky. to II.

-— + + + Incolucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely panic-
ulate on erect or ascending branches.

++ Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms
of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like ; glabrous or nearly so.

= Heads small or middle-sized ; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green
tips not dilated.

36. A. Tradescanti, L. Stem much branched (2-4° high); the nu-
merous heads (2-3” high) somewhat panicled or racemed ; leaves lanceolate
to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2-6’ long), the lower somewhat
serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the
back. (A.tenuifolius, previous ed.) — Low grounds, Mass. to Minn.,and south
to Va. and [ll]. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms ap-
proach n. 32-34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads
and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem (2-8° high) much branched; the
branches and scattered heads (about 4” high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-
oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly
linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex,
previous ed.) —Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3-4”
long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.
A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifolius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter,
firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the
firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large,
disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered ; rays rarely white. (A. carneus,
previous ed.) — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward ; most abundant
westward. — Var. SUBASPER, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy
inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales
often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

262 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

= = Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and
erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous.

39. A. junceus, Ait. Slender, 1-3° high, simple with few heads or
loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3-5’ long, entire or the lower
sparsely denticulate; heads small (3” high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3
rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4-5” long. (A.
zestivus, previous ed., mainly.) —— Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and
N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifolius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1-3° high, more or
less branched and corymbosely panicled ; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lance-
olate (3-7° long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads
4-5” high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer
looser; rays 3-4” long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish. — Low grounds,
Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn. — Var. vILLicaU.is, Gray, a low simple
form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely
white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (Miss Furbish).

= = = Heads middle-sized ; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal,
linear io spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spread-
ing or squarrose.

41. A. Novi-Bélgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate,
entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat au-
riculate; heads 4-5” long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previou;
ed.) — N. Brunswick to Il. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of
the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly
to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with
narrow acute spreading or recurved tips. — Var. La:vIGATUuS, Gray, is usually
glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-
clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short
acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.— Var. LirOREus, Gray, rigid, usually
low, very leafy ; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the
upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the inner-
most with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and
shores, Can. to Ga. — Var. ELODES, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves
thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales
narrow, With short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

w+ ++ Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or
auriculate-clasping ; involucre lax.

42. A, patulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1-4° high; leaves
ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both
ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads
loosely panicled, about 4” high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light
purple or white. — N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflorus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not his-
pid), 1-2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly
with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corym-
bose, 4-5” high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet. —
Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 263

44. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem 1-3° high, corymbose-panicled,
hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate,
sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather ab-
ruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated
into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4” high, on short diver-
gent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved-spreading, rays light
blue. — Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and
Wisc.

45. A. puniceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3-7° high, rough-hairy aly
over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate.
not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to spar.
ingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed ,
heads 4-6” high, subsessile ; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about
2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade). — Low thickets and
swamps, very common. — Var. LAVICAULIS, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth
and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1-3° high; leaves serrate. — Var.
LuctbULUuS, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous;
leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shin-
ing; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

§ 4. DGZLLINGERIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary
bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles ;
scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary ;
rays rather few, white ; leaves not rigid, veiny.

46. A. umbellatus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2-7° high); leaves
lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3- 6’ long) ; heads
very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, ob-
tusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. &
Gray.) — Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.— Var. pt-
BENS, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose.
Upper Mich. to Minn. — Var. LATIFOLIUs, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-
lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D.amygdalinus,
Torr. § Gray.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1 - 3° high, less
leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy be-
neath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid.
(D. cornifolius, Dar/.) — Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

§ 5. IANTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened
at top, the outer shorter ; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous
tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small,
linear, 1-nerved and veiniess.

48. A. linariifolius, L. Stems 3-20’ high, several from a woody root;
heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1’
long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linarii-
folius, Hook.) — Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

§ 6. ORTHOMERIS. Pappus simple, scales imbricated, appressed, without

herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial,as all the preceding.

264 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

49. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clus-
tered (6-20 high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering
to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2-4’ long); heads small, in a
flat corymb; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white (2-4” long).
— Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward.
Aug. — Var. LUTESCENS, Gray; rays small, pale yellow. — N. I]. and Sask.

50. A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; /eaves
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and
entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceo-
late, pointed, thin (83-—5” long); heads few or several; rays 12-18, white, or
slightly purple.— Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along
the Alleghanies. Aug.— There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on
the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy
receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy palex.

51. A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1—2° high); /eaves small (1 -
1¥ long), rather rigid; lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins ; scales of
the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing
into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs and swamps, N. J.
to Newf. and Hudson’s Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifolius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or
forked, 6’-2° high; heads rather large, terminal ; /eaves few, long-linear, ta-
pering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed ;
involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points ;
rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, Nutt.) — Salt marshes,
Mass. to Fla. Sept.

§ 7. OXYTRIPOLIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft ;

glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves.

53. A. subulatus, Michx. Stem 6-24’ high; leaves linear-lancevlate,

pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; scales of the oblong involucre linear-

awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be-

yond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius,
of previous ed.) — Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.— Oct.

§ 8. CONYZOPSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly
equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose ; pappus copious, very soft; rays
very short or without ligules ; low annuals with numerous rather small heads.

54. A. angustus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6-20 high, nearly gla-

brous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a

tube much shorter than the elongated style. — Minn. to Sask. and westward,

spreading east to Chicago, ete. (Siberia.)

26. ERIGERON, L. _ Freapaye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow
rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little im-
bricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus @

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 265

single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a dis-
tinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales. — Herbs, with entire
or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedun-
culate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from jp, spring, and
yepwv, an old man, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

§ 1. CANOTUS. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than
the pappus ; pappus simple ; annuals.

1. E. Canadensis, L. (Horsr-werep. Burrer-weep.) Bristly-hairy;
stem erect, wand-like (1—5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-
lobed ; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, punicled. — Waste places ;
a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July — Oct. — Ligule
of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. KH. divaricatus, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3’-1° high); leaves
linear or awl-shaped, entire ; heads loosely corymbed ; rays purple; otherwise
like n. 1.— Ind. to Minn., and southward.

§ 2. TRIMORPHZ#A. Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flow-
ers within the outer row of ray-flowers ; biennial or sometimes perennial.

3. E. acris, L.. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10-20’
high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several
or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical
(4-5” long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding
the copious pappus.— Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and north-
ward. The var. Dra@pacHensis, Blytt, more glabreus and with the green
involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

§ 3. ERIGERON proper. Rays elonguted (short ina form of n. 5), crowded
in one or more rows.
* Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching ; pappus double,
tne outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles,
usually wanting in the ray.

4. EK. annuus, Pers. (Daisy Freapane. Sweet Scasious.) Stem
stout (3-5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and
sharply toothed ; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. — Fields and
waste places; a very common weed. June-Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigosus, Muhl. (Daisy Freasane.) Stem panicled-corym-
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or
almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the
lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice
the length of the minutely hairy involucre. — Fields, ete., common. June-
Aug.—Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but
longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre,
occurs in S. New England.

* * Leafy-stemmed perennials ; pappus simple (double in n. 6).

6. BE. glabéllus, Nutt. Stem (6-15’ high) stout, hairy above, the leaf-
less summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the

266 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or
partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre ; pappus double, the
outer of minute bristles. — Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.

7. E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6-12’ high),
from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear;
branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small
heads; rays 20-30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.) —
Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (Ropry’s PLantain.) Hairy, producing
offsets from the base ; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1-9) large
heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed,
the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; rays (about 50)
rather broad, light bluish-purple. —Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. BE. Philadélphicus, L. (Common FLeapane.) Hairy; stem leafy,
corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob-
long; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the
lowest spatulate, toothed; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or
flesh-color.— Moist ground; common. June- Aug.

* * * Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems ; pappus simple.

10. E. nudicatlis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1-2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads; rays white. (KE. vernum, Torr. § Gray). — Low grounds, E.
Va. and southward. May.

27. BACCHARIS, L. GROUNDSEL-T'REE.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, dicecious, 1. e., the pistillate
and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of
the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger
and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles,
in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.
— Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or
yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy ; branches angled;
leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ;
heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea
beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward. — Shrub 6- 12° high; the fertile plant
conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomerulifiora, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly
so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped
involucre broader, very obtuse. — Pine barrens, E. Va. (7), and southward.

28. PLUCHEA, Cass. Marsu-FLEABANE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers
with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs,

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 267

somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely
clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.}

1. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial, 2—3° high; leaves closely sessile or half-
clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (qnly 2-3’ long) ;
heads clustered in a corymb; scales lenceolate.— Low ground, Cape May,
N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphorata, DC. (SaLt-marsH FLEABANE.) Annual, pale
(2-5° high); leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish,
obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate.
(P. foetida, DC.) —Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-
banks westward to Ky., Il., and Neb. (4)

29. EVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid ; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usu-
ally sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate,
chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed
achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate ; pappus none. — Low, densely
floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolifera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from
base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate ; heads in dense proliferous clus-
ters; receptacle convex ; chaff subtending sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the
rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong. — Dakotas and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILAGO, Tourn. Corroy-Rosz.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked
at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resem-
bling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower.
Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones
mostly none. — Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and
small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from ji/um, a thread, in allusion to
the cottony hairs of these plants.)

F. GermAnica, L. (Hersa Inepra.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar
head, and so on; — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists,
as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent. —
Dry fields, N. Y.to Va. July-—Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNARI A, Gaertn. EVERLASTING.

Heads many-flowered, dicecious ; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very
slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Recep-
tacle convex 01 fiat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish ;
pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base
so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbel-
late at the summit.— Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and
corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resem-
blance of the sterile pappus to the antenne of certain insects.)

1 A. plantaginifolia, Hook. (PLanrain-LeaveD EveErvastinc.)
Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3-18 high) ; leaves silky-woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape

268 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved ; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower
in the fertile plant. — Sterile knolls and banks; common. March— May.

32. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thick-
ened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at ali
united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in
the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (PEartY Evervastine.) Stem
erect (1-2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy ; leaves
broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involu-
cral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age.
(Antennaria margaritacea, R. br.) — Dry hills and woods; common north-
ward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)

33. GNAPHALIUM, L. Cupwerp.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slen-
der, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate.
Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles. —
Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed
heads; fl.in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from
yvaparoy, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.)

§ 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct.

1. G. polycéphalum, Michx. (Common Evertastinec.) Erect, woolly
annual (1 —3° high), fragrant ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu-
late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above; heads clustered at the summit of
the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ;
scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few. — Old
fields and woods; common.

2. G.dectirrens, Ives. (Ever tastine.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual
or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the
branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent ; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish. —
Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.

3. G. uliginosum, L. (Low Cupweep.) Diffusely branched, ap-
pressed-woolly annual (3-6’ high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear,
not decurrent ; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate ciusters subtended by
leaves ; scales brownish, less imbricated. — Low grounds; common, especialiy
east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

4. G. supinum, Villars. (Mountain Cupweep.) Dwarf and tufted
perennial (2° high) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked -on
the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly
glabrous; achenes broader and flatter. — Alpine summit of Mount Washing:
ton; very rare. (Eu.)

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 269

§2. GAMOCH ATA. Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a
ring, so falling off ali together.

5. G. purptreum, L. (Pureiish Cupweep.) Annual, simple or
branched from the base, ascending (6-20’ high), silvery-canescent with dense
white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; heads
in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like
summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple. —
Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.

34. ADENOCAULON, Hook.

Heads 5 -10-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral
scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. An-
thers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked
glands above; pappus none. — Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and
petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small
(whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from
adnv, a gland, and kavaos, a stem).

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu
lar-toothed margins; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe-
rior, and westward. Stem 1|-3° high.

25. INUGLA, L. ELECAMPANE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre
imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Recep-
tacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4-5-ribbed; pappus
simple, of capillary bristles. — Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate
simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

I, Herénxrum, L. (Evecampane.) Stout perennial (3-5° high); leaves
large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others
partly clasping; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides and damp _ pastures.
Aug.— Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat from Eu.)

86. POLYMNLA, &. “LearCor

Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistil-
late; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous,
partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, mem-
branous-chaffy. Pappus none. — Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy,
exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost
alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads
in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedi-
cated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.)

1. P, Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy, 2-5° high; lower leaves deeply
pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3—5-lobed or angled, petioled:
heads small; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, often mi-
nute or abortive, whitish-yellow ; achenes 3-costate, not striate. — Moist shaded
ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward. — Var. RADIATA, Gray ; ligules
more developed, 3-lobed, 3-6” long, whitish. TI]. te Kan., and southward.

270 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4-10° high); leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole ; outer involucral scales very large ; rays 10-15,
linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow ; achenes
strongly striate. — Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.

a7. SLLPHEVU Met, ROSIN-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect,
but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre
imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits,
except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle.
Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched
at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin,
the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together ; those of the disk
sterile and stalk-like.— Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious
resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled yellow-flowered heads. (2iAguoy,
the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnzus to this
American genus.)

* Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick).

1. 8. laciniatum, L. (Rosty-weep. Compass-Piant.) Rough-bristly
throughout, stem stout (3-12° high), leafy ; /eaves pinnately parted, petioled
but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute,
cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (1-2’ broad), sessile or short-
peduncled along the naked summit ; scales ovate, tapering into long and spread-
ing rigid points; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6” long. —
Prairies, Mich. to the Dakotas, and southward. July.— Lower and root-leaves
vertical, 12 +30’ long, ovate in outline ; on the wide open prairies disposed to
present their edges north and south; hence called Compass-Plant.

2. §. terebinthinaceum, L. (Prarrt Dock.) Stem smooth, slender
(4-10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large
heads, leafless except toward the base; /eaves ovate and ovate-oblong, some-
what heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1 — 2° long,
on slender petioles) ; scales roundish, obtuse, smooth ; achenes narrowly winged,
slightly notched and 2-toothed.— Var. pinnaTfripuM, Gray, has the leaves
deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-
openings, Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July —Sept.

* * Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy ; leaves undivided (not large), some
opposite.

3. §. trifoliatum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4-—7°
high), branched above ; stem-/eaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate,
rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely
panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.

4. §. Asteriscus, L. Stem hispid (2-4° high) ; leaves opposite, or the
lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely
toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled ; heads nearly soli-

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 271

tary (large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually
awn-like.— Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.

5. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout (2-4°
high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate,
entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped
and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3 - 5’ long) ;
heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled ; achenes broadly winged,
deeply notched. — Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

* x * Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6-15’ long).

6. §. perfoliatum, L. (Cup-Pianr.) Stem stout, often branched above
_(4-8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their
bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged
petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate;
achenes winged and variously notched.— Rich soil along streams, Mich. to
Minn.,and southward; common. A|so escaped from gardens eastward. July.

38. BERLANDIERA, DC.

With the characters of Silphium, but the 5-12 fertile ray-flowers in a single
series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obo-
vate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes
obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, decidu-
ous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff. — Alternate-
leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head peduncu-
late. (Named for J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas
and Mexico.)

1. B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2 - 3° high, very leafy ;
leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to sub-
cordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, }’ broad.
—S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.

39. CHRYSOGONUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like con-
cave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes
all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by
the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2-3-
toothed, and wanting on the inner side. — A hairy, perennial herb, with oppo-
site long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers,
nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming run-
ners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of ypuads, golden, and yédvu,
knee.)

1. C, Virginianum, L. Usually low (2- 15’ high) ; leaves ovate, mostly
obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate
base; rays 4 long.— Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May-Aug.—
Var. pENTATUM, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate ;
involucral scales more acute. — High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

272 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

40. ENGELMANNIA, Torr. & Gray.

Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8-10. Involucre of
about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at
base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short
abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes
flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff;
pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed. — A coarse hispid per-
ennial, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately dis-
posed heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the
eminent botanist, Dr. George Engelmann.)

|. EK. pinnatifida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1-2° high; heads 3} broad, _
and rays +’ long. — Central Kan. to La., and westward.

4l. PARTHENIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate ; ray-flowers 5, with very short
and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate
and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre
hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical,
chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender cal-
lous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small
chaffy scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed ; the flowers whitish
(An ancient name of some plant, from rap@évos, virgin.)

1. P. integrifolium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1-3° high) ;
leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3 - 6’ long) cut-lobed be-
low the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Md. to
Il., Minn., and southward. June- Aug.

>

AD. Ti Aca cls Marsu Evper. HIGHwATER-SHRUB.

Heads several-flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate
sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1-5) and marginal, with a
small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla.
Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle
small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular.
pappus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the
lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer
and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

§ 1. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts ; fertile
flowers with evident corolla.

1. I. frutéscens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3 -8° high) ;
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy
panicled racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes,
coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.

2. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual (2-6° high), rough and hairy ; ceaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in
dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of
the involucre and fertile flowers 3 - 5. — Moist ground, from Ill. southward.

‘

~

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 273

§ 2. CYCLACHANA. Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate ; corolla
of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.

3. I, xanthiifolia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish ; leaves nearly all oppo-
site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly
or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and ter-
minal panicles. —N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.

43. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the
fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of
the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped,
of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form staminate flow-
ers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile
involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene
(usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a
single flower which consists of a pistil only ; the elongated style-branches pro-
truding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none. — Coarse homely weeds, with opposite
or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in
late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and
later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on
one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage ;
fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy (1-3° high), very leafy; leaves alter-
nate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on
each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and acentral beak. — Prairies
of Ill., Mo., and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.
* Leaves opposite, only once lobed ; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trifida, L. (Grear Racweep.) Stem stout (3-12° high),
rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate
and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5-6-ribbed and tubercled.—
Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper
leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks; common.

x * Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. artemisiefolia, L. (Roman Wormwoop. Hoc-weep. Bir-
TER-WEED.) Much branched (1-3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent ;
leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit
obovoid or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines. — Waste
places everywhere. — Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flower-
ing branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostachya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2—5° high), rough and
somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; /eaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the
lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; fruit obovoid, without
tubercles or with very small ones, pubescent. — Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc.,
Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks,

274 COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

44. XANTHIU M, Tourn. CocKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered
below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and
flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical.
Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked
prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flower consisting
.of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute
of pappus.— Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching
stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in sum-
mer and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the
hair yellow; from gav@ds, yellow.)

* Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base.

X. sprxosum, L. (Spiny Cirorspur.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender,
with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2-3-lobed
or cut; fruit (}’ long) pointed with a single short beak. — Waste places on the
sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from ‘Trop. Amer.)
* * Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate ;

axils unarmed ; fruit 2-beaked.

X. strumArtium, L. Low (1-2° high); fruit 6-8” long, glabrous or pu-
berulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines. — A weed of
barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (#) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadénse, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate ; fruit
about 1’ long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually
hooked or incurved. — River-banks and waste places, common.— Var. ECHI-
NAtUM, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute
or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHEGCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6-9, fertile. Involucre double:
the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins intr
a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the
ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical,
with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat
at the top; pappus none.— Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely
toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads
of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of terpa-
yavos, four-angled, and 6nKkn, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoides, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1-2° high,
simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral
scales and rays about 1’ long. — Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. HE CERIP TA, I,

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed,
all fertile. Involucral scales 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate.
Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3—4-sided, or
in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit;
pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — An annual rough herb, with

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 275

slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white;
anthers brown. (Name from é«Aeita, to be deficient, alluding to the absence
of pappus.)

1. K. alba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent,
or ascending and 1-3° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end,
mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens,
Michx.) — Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very
variable. (AI tropical countries.)

47. HELIOPSI S, Pers. OX-EYE.

Ileads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales
in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the
inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes
smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border. — Peren-
nial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves op-
posite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of
Avs, the sun, and dfs, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. levis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1-4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate ; scales (as in the
next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2-4
obscure teeth. — Banks and copses, N. Y. to Il. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are dis-
posed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly
oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3
conspicuous teeth. (H. levis, var. scabra, Torr. § Gray.) — Western N. Y. to
Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINACEA, Moench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers.
Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border. — Perennial
herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by
a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rose-purple,
rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from éxivos, the hedgehog, or
sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. EK. purptirrea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest
ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre im-
bricated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as
the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and south-
ward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.— Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely
whitish), 1-2’ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste,
used in popular medicine under the name of black Sampson. — Very variable,
and probably connects with

2. EK. angustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem,
bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire ;
involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12-15 (2’ long), rose
color or red. — Plains from IIl. and Wisc. southwestward, June- Aug.

276 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

49. RUDBECKIA, L. Coye-rrowrr.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the
short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth,
not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.
— Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads;
the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of
the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnzus at Upsal.)

* Disk columnar in fruit, duil greenish-yellow ; leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2—7° high) ; leaves smooth
or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets ; upper leaves
irregularly 3—5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost
undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical ;
chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1 -2’ long), drooping. —
Low thickets; common. July -Sept. —Var. HtM1cis, Gray, low and glabrous,
some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller
(+ high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

* * Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.
+ Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted.

2. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2—5° high), the
branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from
the root pinnately parted or undivided) ; rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the
black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.— Dry soil, Penn. to
Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.— Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3-4° high),
downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath ;
heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented ;
chaff downy at the blunt apex. — Prairies, Wisc., Il., Mo., and southward.

+ + Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed.

4. R. hirta, L. Biennial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems
simple or branched near the base, stout (1-2° high), naked above, bearing
single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ;
the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less ex-
ceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish. —
Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed
in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June-
Aug.

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-
nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding
the ample involucre; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. —
Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward. — Variable, 1 -3° high;
the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulata, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender,
8’-3° high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate,

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) ae |

sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long.
peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader. —- Pine
woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. speciosa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1-2° high), branched;
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
heads ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3-5-
nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised ; involucre much shorter than
the numerous elongated (1 - 13’) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish
smooth. — Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LEPACHYS, Rat.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few
and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate,
thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined
achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth. — Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately
divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single
showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name
from Aemis, a scale, and maxvs, thick, from the thickened tips of the chatt.)

1. L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slen-
der (4° high), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2’ long). —
Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.— The receptacle ex-
hales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on
the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1 — 2° high;
leaflets 5-9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2-3-cleft; disk columnar,
often 1’ long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. PULCHERRIMA,
Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple. — Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRICHIA, Adans. SEA OX-EYE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and_per-
sistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-4-angled; pappus a short
4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with
opposite nearly entire leaves. and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow
flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6’ ~
3° high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed nearz
the base; chaff rigidly pointed. — Va. and southward.

52. HELIANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex ; the persist-
ent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes,
which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin
chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small interme-
diate scales. — Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and
yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. ‘Named from faAuos, the sun, and
&vos, a flower.)

278 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§ 1. Annuals ; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate ; receptacle flat ; disk brownish:

1. H. annuus, L. (Common SunFiower.) ‘Tall, rough; leaves triple-
ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to
oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1’ broad or more. — Minn. to Tex.,
and westward ; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolaris, Nutt. More slender, 1-3° high; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1-3’ long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk }’ broad or more.— Minn. to Tex., and
westward.

§ 2. Perennials ; receptacle convex or at length low-conical ; lower leaves usually
opposite.

* Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, potted (4
long); disk usually purple or brownish ; leaves linear, 1-nerved.

3. H. orgyalis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly al-
ternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate;
scales filiform-attenuate.— Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifolius, L. Stem slender (2- 6° high), usually scabrous ;
leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely
corymbed, long-peduncled ; scales acute or pointed. — Low pine barrens, N. J.
to Ky., and southward.

* * Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not folraceous ;
leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved.

+ Disk dark.

5. H. atrorubens, L. Rough-hairy ; stem slender (2-4° high), smooth
and naked and forking above; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate,
or the lowest heart-shaped (3-6’ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a
margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, ap-
pressed; rays 10-16; pappus of 2 fringed scales. — Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and
southward.

6. H. rigidus, Desf. Stem stout (2-6° high or more), simple or spar-
ingly branched, rough; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lan-
ceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest
oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or
mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20-25, pappus of 2 large and often sev
eral small scales. — Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

a + Disk yellow.

7 H. letiflorus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather
thinner; heads single or corymbed, scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), nar
rower and acute or mostly acuminate. — Dry open places, Ohio to Wise. and
Minn., and southward. — Rays showy, 1 - 2” long.

8. H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem s/ender, simple,
naked above (1-8° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5
small heads on long peduncles; lowest Jeaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or
obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy
petioles ; the upper small and remote ; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed,
sometimes ciliate — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 279

x * * Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous ;
disk yellow (anthers dark).
+ Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate ; pubescence rather soft.

9. H. mollis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2—3° high) ; leaves
ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceo-
late, seldom exceeding the disk.— Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.
+ + Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above ;

scales very long and loose, hairy ; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.

10. H. tomentosus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4-8° high); leaves
oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate,
large (5-12’ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1’ broad; rays 12-16, about 1’
long. — Rich woods, Ill. (7), Va., and southward along the mountains.
++ + Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides ; heads

rather small; scales loose, attenuate.

ll. H. grdésse-serratus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-10°
high; /eaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply
serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and
finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate. — Dry
plains, Ohio to S. Dak., Mo., and southwestward.— Probably runs into the
next.

i2. H. gigantéus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3-10° high), branched
above; Jeaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both
sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile ; scales long, linear-lain-
ceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.— Var. ampfauvs, Torr. & Gray ;
leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid
with n. 17. — Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed ;
the pale yellow rays 15-20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliani, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple,
1-10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly den-
ticulate ; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper
axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid. — Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

+ ++ + Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15).
++ Heads very small (about 4” broad); rays 5-8; scales few, short, irregularly

imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips ; stems smooth.

14. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem 3-6° high, with numerous slender
branches above; /eaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate,
petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough ;
scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, Torr. ¢ Gray.)
— Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. levigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1-6° high), simple or
sparingly branched, glaucous, g/abrous throughout, as well as the slightly ser-
rate lanceolate leaves which are usually narrow ard attenuate to the base. —
Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

++ ++ Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping rootstocks.

= Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.

16. H. doronicoides, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3-7°
high; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above the broadly cuneate

280 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

base, serrulate ; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6-8” long, hairy. (H. cinereus,
var. Sullivantii, Torr. § Gray.) — Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricatus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top
(1-4° high), smooth below ; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-ianceolate,
3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp
point (3-6 long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales narrowly lanceo-
late, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk ; rays 8 -12.— Thickets and barrens ;
common. — Disk 6” wide; rays 1’ long.

18. H. hirstitus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1 -—4° high),
bristly-hairy ; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed,
slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, usually rough-
hairy beneath ; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about
12.— Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumosus, L. Stem (3-6° high) very smooth below, often
glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, or the lower
ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough
above, whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath ; scales broadly lan-
ceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9-15.— Var.
MOLLIS, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate,
the scales looser and more attenuate. — River-banks and low copses ; common,
especially westward.

20. H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and
nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled ;
scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated. —
Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

= = Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonl; broad ;
scales loose, hirsute-ciliate.

21. H. decapétalus, L. Stem branching (2-5° high), smooth below;
leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined
petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foli-
aceous, the outer longer than the disk ; rays about 10.— Copses and low banks
of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tuberosus, L. (JerusaLem ARTICHOKE.) Pubescent or hir-
sute, 5- 10° high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
scabrous above, minutely pubescent er cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate,
attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12-20. (H. doronicoides, formez
ed.) —N. Y. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated. — Var. suBCANES
cENS, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine
pubescence. Minn. to Mo.

538. VERBESINA, LL. Crownsearp.

Heads several —- many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and
sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated int 2 or more
rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes
flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.— Mostly perennial
herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow.
(‘ Name metamorphosed from Verbena.”)

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. ) 281

* Heads narrow, small,cymosely paniculate ; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile ;
involucre erect.

1. V. occidentalis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubes-
cent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flat-
tish; flowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Sieges-
beckia, Michx.) — Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-
pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate
leaves; heads in compound corymbs ; receptacle convex ; flowers white; rays
3-4, oval; achenes winged. — Dry soil, Penn. (7) to Ill.,and southward. Aug.

* * Heads broader, solitary or few.

3. V. helianthoides, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1-3° high),
widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves,
which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays
8-15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2
fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt.) — Prairies and copses, Ohio
to lowa and southward. July.

4. V.encelioides, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1 - 2° high, cine-
reous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles
mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, folia-
ceous, spreading ; rays numerous, fertile. — Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few,
herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Recep-
tacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity
spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.— Tall
branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base
and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow.
(Name from d«tis, a ray, and pepls,a part; alluding to the irregularity of the
rays.)

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above
(4-8° high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late, pointed at both ends; rays 2-8, irregular.— Rich soil, Penn. and W.
New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.

55. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. In-
volucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some-
what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes
flat, obcompressed (i. e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winge‘,
not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the sum-
mit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with opposite leaves
and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from « ‘pis, a bug, and
suis, resemblance ; from the form of the achene.}

282 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

§ 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short ; rays rose-
color or yellow with brown base ; pappus an obscure border or none.

1. C. rosea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6-20’
high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short pe-
duncles ; rays rose-color, 3-toothed ; achenes oblong, wingless. — Sandy grassy
swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J.. and southward; rare. Aug.

2. C. cardaminefolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6’-2° high; leaves
1 —2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yel-
low with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged. —
Kan. to La. and Tex.

3. C. tinctoria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2-3° high; leaves 1 -2-pin-
nately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays
yellow with more or less of crimson-brown. — Minn. to Tex., etc.; common
in cultivation.

§ 2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes
roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base
and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately
lobed ; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads ; lower leaves petiolate.

4. C. lanceolata, L. Smooth or hairy (1-2° high), tufted, branched
only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lat-
eral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate ; outer scales ovate-
lanceolate. — Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July.
Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1’ long.— Var. ancusTI-
FOLIA, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated
peduncles. — Var. viLLosa, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.

5. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and
spatulate, entire, the upper 3-5-parted with lanceolate to linear and esmetimes
2-3-parted lobes ; heads as in the last or larger. —S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.

6. C. pubéscens, Ell. More leafy, 1-4° high, pubescent or nearly
glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper
oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2-4 small lateral lobes; heads usually
smaller. — Va. to 8. Ill., Mo., and southward.

7. C. auriculata, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1-4° high,
branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong
or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously
3-—5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes nar-
rowly winged and strongly involute. — Rich woods and banks, Va. to IIl., and
southward. June- Sept.

§ 3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the

wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.

* Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at
base ; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite,
sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled ; perennial, 1-3° high.

+ Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base.

8. C. palmata, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed. —
Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.

COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 983

«+ + Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple.

9. C. senifdlia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent ; leaves each di-
vided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in
a whorl. — Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July.

Var. stellata, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. — Va.,
Ky., and southward.

10. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into
3 sessile /eaflets which are 2 - 5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1 —3” broad),
rather rigid; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Va. and southward. July.

ll. C. verticillata, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets
which are 1-2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions. —
Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in
old gardens, but not showy. July —Sept.

* * Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus
none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3-5-divided ; perennial.

12. C. tripteris, L. (Tati Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4-9°
high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire. — Penn. to Wisc.,
Iowa, and southward. Aug.-Sept.— Heads exhaling the odor of anise when
bruised; disk turning brownish.

* * * Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or spreading ; achenes
Slat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned
(rarely 4-awned) ; leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3-7-divided, the lobes
serrate ; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching Bidens.

+ Rays conspicuous, golden yellow.
++ Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked ; outer scales about 8.

13. C. aurea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1-3° high; leaves variable, com-
monly 3-7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or
lobed ; achenes broadly cuneate, 1-2” long, with 2 very short blunt spreading
teeth. — Wer zround, Va. to FI.

14. C, crichospérma, Michx. (TicksEED SunFLoweER.) Smooth,
branched; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3-7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or
linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3 -—5-cleft and almost sessile ; heads
panicled-corymbose ; achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-
linear, about 4” long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, crowned with 2
erect triangular or awl-shaped stout tecth.—swamps, Mass. to Va. near the
coast. Also Cayuga, N. Y., to Ill., where is a var. TENUfLoBA, Gray, with
shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug.— Oct.

++ ++ Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins.

15. C. aristosa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately 5-
7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads pani.
cled-corymbose ; outer scales 8-10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate;
achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achene
itself. — Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug.-Oct.—
Var. murica has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns. —
W. Ill. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spread-
ing or retrorse, hybrids with bidens frondosa or other species.

13

284 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

16. C. involucrata, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12-20,
mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short acute
teeth. — W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex.

«+ + Rays none, or rarely rudimentary ; outer scales usually 3-5, loose, leafy,
commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads ; achenes narrowly cune-
ate ; plants glabrous, 1-3° high; leaves petiolate.

17. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Paniculately branched; leaves undivided,
lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6-10” long; achenes
nearly subulate, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns sur-
passing the corolla (4” long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute
teeth alternate with the awns. — Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and
Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with Bidens frondosa.

18. C. discoidea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1 -2° high; /eaves
ternately divided, slender-petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely
serrate; heads 2-3” long; achenes linear-wedge-shaped (2-3” lorg), bearing
a pair of short and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla. —
Wet banks and swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July.

56. BIDENS, L.. BurMaricotp.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays when present 3-8, neutral. Involucre double,
the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish ; the chaff decidu-
ous with the fruit. Achenes flattered parallel with the scales of the involucre,
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which
are downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.)

* Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit ; outer involucre foliaceous ; annuals.
+ Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate.

1. B. frondosa, L. (Common Becear-TicKs. STICK-TiGHT.) Smooth
or rather hairy, tall (2-6° high), branching; /eaves 3—5-diweced ; leaflets
mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much
longer than the head, ciliate below ; achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, cuiate (the
bristles ascending except near the summit). — Moist waste places; a coarse
troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing,
etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with Coreopsis aristosa
and other species. July — Oct.

2. B. connata, Muhl. (Swamp Becear-ticks.) Smooth (1-2° high) ;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into
margined slightly united petioles; the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divi-
sions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; outer scales longer than
the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2-
4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate. —F. New Eng. to Minn., ana
southward. — Var. comdsa, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple,
upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. — I1L.,
Ky., and westward. Aug.-Oct.— Var. prnnAta, Watson; leaves nearly all
pinnately divided, the 5-7 narrow divisions sparingly incised ; achenes +-awned.
Hennepin Co., Minn. (F’. L. Couillard).

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 285

+ + Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate ; leaves sessile, undivided.

3. B. cérnua, L. (SMALLER Bur-Maricoup.) Nearly smooth (5’- 3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads nodding,
with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head;
achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. — Wet
places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July —- Sept. — Rays,
if any, smalier than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)

4 B.chrysanthemoides, Michx. (Larcer Bur-Maricotp.) Smooth,
erect, or reclining at the base (6’- 2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate, outer involucre mostly shorter
than the showy golden-yellow (1° long) rays; achenes wedge-shaped, with al-
most prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.—Swamps; com-
mon Aug - Oct

* * Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward.

5 B. bipinnata, L (Spanisu Neeptes.) Smooth annual, branched;
leaves 1 - 3-pinnately parted, petioled , leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-
shaped at the base ; heads small, on slender peduncles ; outer involucre of linear
scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled,
nearly smooth, 3 -4-awned. — Damp soil, R. IL. to N. Y., Ill., and southward.

+ * * Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3-6 very long awns smooth below.

6 B. Béckii1, Torr. (Water Maricorp.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial,
smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowed, capillary, many
times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed ;
heads single, short-peduncled ; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden
yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (4 long), the stout divergent awns
(1’ long) barbed only toward the apex — Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass
to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.-Oct

57. THELESPERMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Co-
reopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat,
the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes ;
pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awus. — Smooth herbs, with oppo-
site dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From @A%, a
nipple, and omépua, seed, on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. gracile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1-2° high; leaves with
narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire, outer scales very short; rays
short or usually none; achenes papillose. — Kan., south and westward.

58. BALDWINIA, Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes ;
pappus of 7 - 9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish,
with slender simple stems (2-3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,

286 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1’ long); the disk
often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.)
1. B. uniflora, Nutt. — Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHALLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slen-
der and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one
or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear
rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous
and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire
3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) termi-
nating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named
for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustum Americanum,
one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifolia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
sessile. — Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. ceespitosa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves
narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse. — Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4-5,small, roundish, pistillate. Invo.
lucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff.
Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes
wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small
heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for Ga/insoga, a Spanish botanist.)

G. PARVIFLORA, Cay. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, somewhat
toothed; scales of the pappus 8-16.— Waste places, especially eastward,
spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPAPPUS, lHer.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute
corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part
petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped,
with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15-20 blunt scales in a single row,
very thin (whence the name of the genus, from tujv, membrane, and marmos,
pappus.) — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves,
and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

* Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.

1. H. scabiosieus, L’Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young,
leafy to the top (1-3° high); leaves 1~2-pinnately parted into linear or ob-
long lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.— Sandy barrens, Il].
and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbosus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked
above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

* * Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales ; involucre greener.

3. H. tenuifdlius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1 — 2°
high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute ; involucral
scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous. — Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. ) 287

62. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate.
Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or
coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk.
Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked.. Achenes top-shaped, densely
silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.
Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous
~ atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic ; the solitary heads terminating
scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive
of Actinea, from axis, ray.)

* Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales ; leaves entire.

1. A. linearifolia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or gla-
brate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.
—§. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acatilis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the
caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky ;
leaves spatulate to linear, short. — Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts.
and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. GLABRA, Gray (A. scaposa, var. gla-
bra, J/an.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near
Joliet, Il]. The less densely cespitose A. scaposa, Nutt., more loosely villous
and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

* * Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted.

3. A. odorata, Gray. Annual, 1-2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat
floccose-woolly ; heads small, scattered ; leaves 1 - 3-pinnately divided, the lobes
filiform. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3 — 5-cleft, fertile
or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped.
Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of
5-8 thin and l-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle
or point. — Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves de-
‘current on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or
corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic
resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after
Helenus, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflorum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1-3° high; leaves
narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and den-
tate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-
purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk.
(Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. § Gray.) — Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.;
nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June- Ang.

2. H. autumnale, L. Nearly smooth, 1 -6° high ; leaves mostly toothed,
lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; heads larger (about 6” broad); disk yellow; ray
fertile, yellow. — Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south
and westward. Sept.

288 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

64. GAILLARDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered ; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile,
or none. Involucral scales in 2-3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous
Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and
soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5-10 long thin
scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve. — Erect herbs with alternate leaves
and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or
scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gasllard de Merentonneau.)

1. G. simplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate,
pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless. —S. Kan.
to Tex.

2. G. lanceolata, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1 - 2° high,
finely pubescent ; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few
or none; chaff very short or obsolete. —S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristata, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high; leaves lanceo-
late to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually
numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate. — N. Dak., west and southward.

65:. DY SODTLA..-Cay: Fetip MaRIGoLp.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row
of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle
flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled ;
pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles. — Herbs,
mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a
strong odor (as in Tagetes, the French Maricorp of the gardens, which
belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow.
(Name dvcwd/a, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6 -
18’ high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed
or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. —- Roadsides, and banks of
rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug. - Oct.

66. ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays pistillate or (in n.1) neutral. Involucre
hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than
the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit.
Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.
— Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pimnately dissected leaves and
solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow (’Av@euis, the ancient Greek
name of the Chamomile.)

A. Cércta, DC. (May-weep.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral;
receptaclu without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pin-
nately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, DC.) — Common by roadsides. (Nat.
from Eu.)

A. arvensis, L. (Corn Cuamomite.) Pubescent annual or biennial,
resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1 -2-pinnately
parted, chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border
— Waste places; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

A. nopruts, L. (GARDEN CHamomILe.) More downy and perennial,
pleasantly strong-scented ; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 289

finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none. — Established
near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLEA, L: Yarrow.

Heaas many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales im-
bricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong,
flattened, margined; pappus none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose
heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by
Achilles.)

1. A. Millefolium, L. (Common Yarrow or Mitrort.) Stems simple ;
leaves twice-pinnately parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft, crowded ; corymb
compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong ; rays 4-5, short, white (sometimes rose-
color). — Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the
Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. Prdrmica, L. (SNEEzZEWworT.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply
serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8-12, much longer than the

broader campanulate involucre ; flowers white. — Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Ap-
parently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICARIA, Tour. WILD CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre
imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked.
Achenes 3 -5-ribbed, wingless ; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or
none. — Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely
divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yel-
low. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. ryopora, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost fili-
form lobes; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays; achenes
strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border. — (Wild far northward.)
Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. piscofpea, DC. Low (6-9 high); leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into
short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad
margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus
obsolete. — Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Lonis. An immigrant from
Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations ;
also established in N. Europe. July —Sept.

69. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-rve Datsy.

Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat
involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked.
Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate,
without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves,
and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name,
xXpucavbeuoy, 1. e. golden flower.)

C. LevuchntHemum, L. (Ox-EYE or Wuiteé Daisy. WHITE-WEED.)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; root-
leaves spatulate, petioled,the others partly clasping,all cut or pinnatifid-toothed;
scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare,
Lam.) — Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious
weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubu-
lar and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. PartuEnium, Pers. (FEVERFEW.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves
twice-pinnately divided, the divis/ons ovate, cut ; heads corymbed, rather small.
(Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron.)— Escaped from gardens in some
places. (Adv. from Eu.)

290 COMPOSIT#., (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

70. TANACETUM, L. _ Tansy.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid ; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly
pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Involuere imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex
naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top ; pappus a short crown.
— Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1 —3-pinnately
dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; insummer. (Name
of uncertain derivation.)

T, vuLGARE, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2-4° high) smooth; leaf-
lets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense; pistillate flowers
terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed. — Var. crispum has the
leaves more cut and crisped.— Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic
States. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. T. Huronénse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1-3°
high) ; lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (4-3 wide) and usually few;
pistillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. —St. John’s River,
Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

71. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwoop.

Heads discoid, few - many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones
pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry ana
scarious. Receptable small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a
small summit and no pappus. — Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic,
with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering
in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in
memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth ; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile ; disk-flowers per-
fect but sterile, the style mostly entire ; root perennial, except in n. 1.

* Leaves dissected.

1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth (2-—5° high); upper leaves pinnately,
the lower 2-3-pinnately divided; the divisions thread-form, diverging ; heads
small, the racemes ina wand-like elongated panicle ; root biennial. — Sandy soil,
coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.

2. A. Canadénsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1-2°
high) ; lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3 —7-divided, the divi-
sions linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in panicled racemes. — Northern
N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

* * Leaves entire or some 3-cleft.

3. A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Tall (2-—5°), somewhat woody at base,
slightly hoary or glabrous ; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; heads
small and numerous, panicled. — Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo.,
and westward.

4. A.glatica, Pall. Strict, 1 - 2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely
silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate ; heads as in
the last. — Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)

5. A. filifolia, Torr. Suffruticose, finery canescent, 1—3° high; leaves
all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous,
crowded in a leng leafy panicle. — Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.

COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 291

§ 2. Receptacle smooth ; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves,
have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. AB-
ROTINUM, L. (the SourTHERNWOOD), of strict habit, with leaves 1 - 2-pinnatifid
and pubescent heads, and A. procera, L., with more spreading branches, all
the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.

*x Tall (1-5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed

wool ; heads small, in leafy panicles.

6. A. serrata, Nutt. Very leafy, 6-9° high; leaves lanceolate or the
upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish,
oblong, 2” long or less. — Hl. to S. Dak.

7. A. longifolia, Nutt. Stem 2-5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceo-
late, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2-3” long —
Minn. to Neb., and westward.

8. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. (Western Muewort.) Whitened woolly
throughout ; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually cut-
lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green ;
heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — Dry banks, Sask. to
Mich., IL, Tex., and westward. Very variable.

A. vuicAris, L. (Common Muewort.) Leaves mostly glabrous and
green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the
divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate ; heads small in open panicles. —
Waste places, near dwellings. (Ady. from Eu.)

*x * Densely white-tomentose perennial ; heads large, racemose-glomerate.

9 A. Stelleriana, Bess. Stout, 1-2° high, from a creeping base;
feaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse. — Sandy sea-beaches,
E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?

* * * Less branched (1-3°), biennial or annual, giabrous.

10. A. biénnis, Willd. Strict, 1-3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately
parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-
toothed ; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and
glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwest-
ward, rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, ete.

A. Axnua, L. Tall, much branched ; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong
segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle. — Ind. to
Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)

§ 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

A. AxssfntHium, L. (Wormwoop.) Rather shrubby (2—3° high), silky
hoary ; leaves 2—3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical,
panicled. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6-20 high), in tufts, slightly woody at the
base, white-silky ; leaves pinnately parted and 3—5-cleft, the divisions narrow-
linear; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W
Tex., and westward.

72. TUSSILAGO, Tour. CoLrTsroor.

Head many-flowered , ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistil-
late, fertile ; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple.
Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong ; pappus copious, soft and capil

292 COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

lary. — A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple
scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-
heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young.
Flowers yellow. (Name from tuss¢s, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed
remedy.)

TT. FArrara, L.— Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y.,and Penn.;
thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. PETASITES, Toun. Sweexr Cortsroor.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious; in the substerile plant with a
single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in
the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or
distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.— Perennial woolly herbs, with
the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheath-
ing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a
corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from mwéragos, a broad-brimmed
hat, on account of its large leaves.)

* Pistillate flowers ligulate ; flowers whitish.

1. P. palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately
and deeply 5 -7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, //ook.)
— Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich, Minn., and northwestward; rare.
April, May. — Full-grown leaves 6-10’ broad.

2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute
or obtuse, repand-dentate. — N. Minn. and westward.

x * Ligules none ; flowers purplish.

P. vurGAris, Desf. Rootstock very stout: leaves round-cordate, angulate-
dentate and denticulate. — About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)

74, ARNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate.
Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and
strongly roughened-denticulate bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of moun-
tains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed
large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to bea
corruption of Ptarmica.)

1. A. Chamissonis, Less. Soft-hairy; stem /eafy (1-2° high), bearing
1 to 5 heads; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovate-
lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petivle ;
scales pointed ; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.) — N. Maine, moun-
tains of N. H. and northern N. Y.,shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.

2. A. nudicatlis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1-3° high);
leaves thickish, 8 -—5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near
the root, the cau/ine small and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed,
showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

75. SENECIO, Tourn. GrocnnseEt.

Heads many-flowered , rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to beil-
shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent

COMPOSIT®. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. ) 293

Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary
bristles. — Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or
corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man,
aliuding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

* Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb ; herbage
glabrous or soon becoming so.

= Rays none or minute.

S. vurcAris, L. (Common GrownDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched,
glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales
blackish; rays none. — Waste grounds. July-Sept. (Adv. from En.)

S. viscosus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2-
pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.— Waste grounds, coast of
N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

« + Heads conspicuously radiate.

1. §. lobatus, Pers. (BuTrer-wEEpD.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat
fleshy, /yrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable;
heads small in a naked corymb; rays 6-12, conspicuous. — Wet grounds, N.
Car. to S. l., Mo., and southward. April—July.

2. §. palustris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate ;
stem stout, 6’- 2° high ; /eaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate,
the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; rays 20 or more, short, pale yel-
low; pappus copious and becoming very long.— Wet ground, Iowa to N.
Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

* * Root perennial ; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

3. S. aureus, L. (Gotpen Racworr. Savuaw-weEep.) Smooth, or
HJloccose-woolly when young (1-3° high); leaves thin, the radical simple and
rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ;
lower stem-leaves lyrate ; wpper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly
clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8-12.— Common everywhere. May,
June. Varies greatly.

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with
a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S.
Elliottii, Torr. § Gray.) —Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.

Var. Balsamite, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate ; root-leaves oblong, spatu-
late, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid ;
heads rather small and numerous. — Common.

4. S. tomentosus, Michx. (Wootty Racwort.) Clothed with scarcely
deciduous hoary wool (1-2° high) ; root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire,
often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-
pinnatifid ; corymb flat-topped; rays 12-15.— Del. and mountains of Penn.
(Pursh.), to Fla. and Ark. May.

5. S. canus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all
glabrate,; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-
toothed or pinnatifid ; achenes glabrous. — N. Minn., N. Dak., and westward.

6. S. integérrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon gla-
brate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate,
the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6”
high), with green-tipped scales. — Sask. to Minn., and. westward.

294 COMPOSITA. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous.
denticulate ; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales. — Subare.
Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Lowa.

*x * * Root perennial; heads large and often solitary.

8. S. Psetido-Arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becom-
ing glabrous; stem stout, 6-12" high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand,
tapering into a narrow petiole-like base ; heads 1 —4, over an inch in diameter;
rays 20 or more, large.— Grand Manan Island, off Maine (Prof. Verrill), to
Lab., and northward.

76. CACALIA, L. _ Inpran Prantarn.

Heads 5-many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral
scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Recep-
tacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of
numerous soft capillary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alter-
nate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers
white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

* Involucre 25-30-flowered, with several bracts at its base ; receptacle flat.

1. C. suavéolens, L. Stem grooved (3-5° high); leaves triangular-
ianceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged pet-
ioles. — Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.

* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none ; receptacle bear-
ing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. renifo6rmis, Muhl. (Great Inpian PLantary.) Not glaucous;
stem (4-9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (1-2° broad), repand-toothed and angled,
palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.— Rich damp
woods, N. J. to Il., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. (Pate Iypran P.) Glaucous; stem terete
(3-6° high) ; leaves pa/mately veined and angulate-lobed, the lower triangular-
kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped,the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.
— Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., and southward. Aug.

4. C.tuberosa, Nutt. (Tusperous Inpian P.) Stem angled and grooved
(2-6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; /eaves green both sides, thick,
strongly 5-7-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into
long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the
apex. — Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.

77. ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pis-
tillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, of very fine and white
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple
leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name
of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Hrechtheus.)

COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 295

1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. (Frrewrep.) Often hairy; stem grooved
(1 -6° high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper
auricled at base. — Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent
clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. July —-Sept.

78. ARCTIUM, L. _ Burvocx.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre
globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to
long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flat-
tened, wrinkled transversely ; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, sepa-
rate and deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled
leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white.
(Name probably from &p«rtos, a bear, from the rough involucre2.)

A. LAppa, L. Stout, 1-3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly
cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose-
tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, A//.) —
The several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as
varieties. Var. Minus, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8”
broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales
somewhat purplish-ttipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-
toothed. By roadsides; very common. — Var. MAJus, with broader (1’) green
and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent. —
Var. TOMENTOsUM, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with
purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.—July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

79. CNICUS, Tour. Common or PLuMED THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imper-
fectly dicecious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many
rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft
bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed; pappus of numerous
bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. —
Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly.
Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yel-
lowish; in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek xv7jKos.)

* Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

C. LancreotArtus, Hoffm. (Common Tuistie.) Leaves decurrent on the
stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly
with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)
— Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also n. 8); proper scales not prickly.

1. C. horridulus, Pursh. (YeLtow Tuistie.) Stem stout (1 -3° high)
webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceo-
late, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish
prickles; heads (1-14’ broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts.
which usually equal the narrow scales ; flowers pale yellow or purple. (Cirsium,
Michx.) — Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.

* * * Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly.

+ Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales succes-
sively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout, lew: stem very leafy,
leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes

296 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cir
sium, rr. 4 Gray.) — Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. undulatus, Gray. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy ;
leaves lanceolute-oblong, partly clasping, undivided, wndulate-pinnatifid, or rarely
pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium,
Spreng.) —Islands of L- Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads
vary much in size.

4. C. altissimus, Willd Stem downy, branching (3-10° high), leafy
quite to the heads, leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool be-
neath, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate-
pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly ; heads 14-2’
high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Fields and copses, Mass.
to Minn., and southward.

Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2-6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnat-
ifil into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, Spreng.) — Common ;
N. Eng. to Il., and southward.

5. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly
branched (1—3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked ; leaves lanceolate,
green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles,
entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ;
heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly ; flowers purple. (Cirsium, J/ichz.)
— Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward.

«+ Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath ; heads
large: scales scarcely prickly-pointed.

6. C. mtticus, Pursh. (Swamp TuIstLe.) Stem tall (3-8° high),
angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing
single or few rather large heads , /eaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with
loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate,
acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed ; scales of the webby and glutinous (sometimes
glabrate) mvolucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers
purple. (Cirsium, Michr.) —Swamps and low woods; common.

7. C. pumilus, Torr. (Pasture Tuistie.) Stem low and stout (1 - 2°
high), hairy, bearing 1-3 very large heads (1}’ broad), which are often leafy-
bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat
hairy, punnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes ; outer scales
prickly-pointed, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant,
2 long). (Cirsium, Spreng.) — Dry fields, N. Eng., near the coast, to Penn.

% * * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed ; heads
imperfectly diecious, small and numerous.

CG. arvensis, Hoffm. (Canapa Turstie.) Perennial, slender, 1 - 2° high,
the roots extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly
woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple.
(Cirsium, Scop.) — Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common ; a most
troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

80. CARDU US, Tourn. PLUMELESS THISTLE.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumoge), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)

COMPOSIT. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 297

C. ntrans, L. (Musk Tuistie.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate,
spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.— Fields near Harrisburg,
Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

81. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Corton or Scorcu Tuist Le.

Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Other-
wise as Cnicus.— Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems
winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves.
Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.)

O. AcAntuium, L. Stem (2-4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales
linear-awl-shaped. — Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States ; rather
rare. July—Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

82. CHEN TAU RA sil: Srar-THISTLE.

Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger
(as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or glo-
bose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or
oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy
or none. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the
Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)

*x Achenes terete, 10-dentate ; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones.

C. penepfcta, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnat-
ifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus
benedictus, 1.) — Roadsides and waste grounds, 8. Atlantic States; rare.
(Adv. from Eu.)

* * Achenes compressed or 4-angled ; pappus very short or none.

C. Cyanus, L. (Biueportie.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-
margined; false rays large; pappus very short; /eaves /inear, entire, or toothed
at the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flow-
ers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. nigra, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged,
and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; rays wanting ; pappus very short ;
leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial. —
Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.— Flowers purple. (Ady. from Eu.)

C. Caucfrrapa, L. (Srar-Tutstie.) Stem diffusely much branched ;
leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of
the ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual. — Sea-
ports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. JAcea, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-
appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate. — Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle) ;
near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

83. LAMPSAN A, Tourn. NIPPLE-WoORT.

Heads 8-12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. lheceptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.— Slender branch-
ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads ;
flowers yellow. (The AauWayn of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

L. commtnis, L. Nearly smooth, 1-2° high; lower leaves ovate, some-
times lyre-shaped. — Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

84. KRIGIA, Schreber. Dwarr Danpecion.

Heads several - many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in abcut 2 rows,
thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled;

298 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate
bristles. —Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical,
lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches.
Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Arieg, an early German botanical coliector
in this country.)

§ 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5-7 short

roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual.

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1- 10’ high), becom-
ing branched and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower
and often pinnatifid.— New Eng. to Minn., and southward. <April- Aug.

S12. CYNTHIA. Achenes more slender ; pappus of 10-15 small oblong chaff
and 15-20 bristles. Perennial.

2. K. Dandélion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous, scapes leafless,
6-18’ high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire
or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.) — Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward.
March - July.

3. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1-3, oblong
or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles,
often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2-5. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.)
-— Moist banks, Conn. to Minn.,and southward. June.—Stem 1-2° high.

85. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory or CuHicory.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8-10
scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of nu-
merous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials,
with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal.
Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the
Arabian name of the plant.)

C. fyrysus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest-
runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides; N. Eng.
to Iowa and Minn. July-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

86. TRAGOPOGON, Dp GOAT’S-BEARD.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenu
ate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5-10-ribbed, long-beaked ;
pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles. — Stout glabrous biennials or per-
ennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yel-
low or purple flowers. (Name from rpayos, goat, and meyer, beard.)

T. porriFouius, L. (Sausiry. OysTER-PLANT.) Stem 2-3° high; pe-
duncle thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and
pappus 3’ long. — Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

T.. PRATENSIS, L. (GOAT’s-BEARD.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader
at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow. — Fields, etc., N. Eng. to
N.J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. LEONTODON, L., Juss. Hawenrr.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.
— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes

COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 299

bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from Aéwy, a lion, and 65o¥s, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) —The following belongs to the subgenus
Oporfnia, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L, autumnauis, L. (Fart Danpevion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or
pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5-15’ high; peduncles
thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.— Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng.
to Penn. June-Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

S8.- PICRIS,) L:

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spread-
ing. Achenes terete, with 5-10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose
bristles. — Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The
Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from mxpos, bitter.)

P. wreracioipes, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles
somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly
toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak. —Sparingly introduced.
(Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERACIU M, Tourn. HAWKWEED.

Heads 12-—many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — Hispid or hirsute and often glandular
perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly
yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from iépat, a hawk.)

§ 1. Lnvolucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate ; achenes oblong ; pappus
not copious.

H. avrantiacum, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the

involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads

clustered ; flowers deep orange to flame-color. — Roadsides and fields; N. Eng.

to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)
H. prmArtvum, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate

leaves hairy ; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow. — N. New York (Werd).

(Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated ; achenes columnar ; pappus
copious, unequal.

H. murorvum, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse,
toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular. — Open woods
near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the sum-
mit (1-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely
and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost shghtly clasping.
— Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

§ 3. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.
* Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature ; panicle not virgate.

2. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched,
hairy only below (1-3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly
toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverg
ing pedicels, 12-20-flowered ; achenes short. —Open woods; rather common.

3. H. vendsum, L. (RatTTLesNaAKE-WEED.) Stem or scape (1-2°
high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spread-

300 COMPOSIT&. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

ing loose corymb ; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly
entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath
(often hairy along the midrib), marked above witb purple veins; pedicels very
slender; involucre 12-—35-flowered; achenes linear.— Dry plains and pine
woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Jowa.

4. H. Marianum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2-3° high, hairy below;
leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-
veiny; heads 20-40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflo-
rescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly jlandular-hispid.— Open
woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward. — Var. spATHU-
LAtuM, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very
hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scabrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (t-3° high), leafy, rough-
hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose ; the thick-
ish pedicels and the hoary 40-50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark
glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.— Dry open
woods; common.

* * Achenes tapering upward ; heads 15-30-flowered in a narrow or virgate
panicle.

6. H. Gronovii, L. (Harry H.) Stem wand like, mostly simple (1 -3°
high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow
panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; slender peduncles and
involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achenes with a very taper summit. — Dry
sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longipilum, Torr. (Lonc-Bearpep FH.) Stem wand-like, sim-
ple, stout (2-3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a
small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo-
late or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles
(often 1’ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly ; achenes narrowed
at the apex. — Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CREPIS, L.

Involucre few - many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales,
often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals
or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (Ihe Greek name of some
plant, from xpntis, a sandal.)

C. prénnis, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pin-
natifid ; heads rather large, corymbose ; achenes oblong, glabrous. —Vt., Mass. ;
rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. recTORuM, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves nar-
row, runcinate ; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs sca-
brous. — In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from En.)

91. PRENANTHES, Vaill. RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

Heads 5-30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a
single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong,
striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color
or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with upright
leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable

COMPOSITH. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 301

ieaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white
or yellowish, often tinged with purple; late summer and autumn. Our species
belong to the subgenus Ndbalus. The original European species has soft
white pappus. (Name frcm mpnvfs, drooping, and &v@n, blossom.)

« Heads rather broad, 25 — 35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. ecrepidinea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5-9° high),
bearing numerous aodding heads in loose clusters ; leaves large (6 - 12’ long),
broadly triangular ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted intc
winged petioles; }appus brown. (Nabalus, DC.) — Rich soil, Penn. and
western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. — Flowers cream-color.

* * Heads narrow, 8 —15-owered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence ,
stems simple; cauline leaves sessile ; pappus straw-color.
-— Inflorescence pubescent, strict ; heads nearly erect, 12 -15-flowered.

2, P. racemosa, Michx. Stem 2-5° high, smooth and glaucous, as
well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads
in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.) — Plains, N. Maine to
N. J., Mo., and northward. — Var. PINNATfFIDA, Gray, the leaves all lyrately
pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.

3. P. aspera, Michx. Stem 2-4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the
oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping ;
heads in small clustess; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. &
Gray.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.

+ + Whole plant vlubrous ; heads nodding, 8-12-flowered ; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgata, Michx. (SLENDER RaTTLesNnakE-ROOT.) Slightly glau-
cous; stem 2—4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (14 -
2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute,
closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid;
involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.) — Sandy pine barrens,
N. J. to Va., and soutliward.

5. P. Mainénsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the
radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persist-
ently drooping on s\ender pedicels. —St. John’s River, N. Maine (Pringle).
Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.

x * * Heads 5-18-,lowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous :
leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.
+ Involucre cylindrical ; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.
++ Pappus reddish-brown ; stem tall, generally purplish.

6. P. alba, L. (Waire Lerruce. RatTLesNaKE-RooT.) Smooth and
glaucous (2-4° high) ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angu-
Jate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3-5-cleft, the uppermost
oblong and undiviced; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8 —12-flowered
(Nabalus, Hook.) —- Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.

++ ++ Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish ; leaves very variable.

7. P. serpentaria, Pursh. (Lron’s-roor. GALL-or-THE-EARTH.) Nearly
smooth ; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves

302 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

mostly deltoid, roughish ; the lower variously 3 —7-lobed, on margined petioles,
the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (green-
ish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8 — 12-flow-
ered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.)
— Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward.

Var. nana, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6-16’ high, smooth and
glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the
axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.) — Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y.,
and northeastward.

8. P. altissima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3-7° high); the
heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-
like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped,
or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or
frequently 3-5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slen-
der (greenish), of 5 scales, 5-6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.) — Rich moist
woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.

+ + Involucre campanulate-oblong ; secondary basal scales 2-3, linear, loose.

9. P. Boottii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5-6’ high), pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper-
ing into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10 -18-flowered, the proper scales
10-15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color. — Alpine region, mountains of Maine,
N. H., and N. New York.

92. LYGODESMIA, Don.

Heads and flowers (5-10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre
more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit,
pappus whitish. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect
heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or
branches. (Name composed of Avyos, a pliant twig, and Sécun,a bundle, from
the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. jancea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate ; lower leaves
lance-linear, 1-2’ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute, heads 5-flow-
ered. —St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.

93. TROXIMON, Nutt.

Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre
ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes
smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none; pappus longer than the achene,
white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles. — Perennial scapose
herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name
probably from tpéye, to chew, of no obvious application.)

1. T. cuspidatum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex,
leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the
margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless
— Prairies, Wisc., N. lll., and westward. April, May.

COMPOSIT#. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 303

2. T. glaucum, Nutt. Scape 1-2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate,
entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene long-
beaked. — Minn. to Neb. and southwestward.

94. TARAXACUM, Haller. Danpetioy.

Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre
double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a
single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4—5-ribbed, the ribs rough.
ened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft
and white capillary pappus. — Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnat-
ifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from tapacow, to disquiet or dis-
order, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

T. oFFICINALE, Weber. (Common Danpe ion.) Smooth, or at first
pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.) — Pastures and
fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky
Mountains. April—Sept.— After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and
the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming ;
the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits,
with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Enu.)

95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. Fase Danpexioy.

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-
color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring. — Mostly annual or biennial
herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminat-
ing the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name
composed of zugfés, flame-colored, and mammos, pappus.)

1. P. Carolinianus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1-2°
high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves
partly clasping. — Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April—July.

2. P. scaposus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers ; leaves
all radical, pinnatifid. — Prairies; Kan. to Tex.

96. CHONDRILLA, Tourn.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal
scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed,
smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among
which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft
capillary bristles, bright white.— Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like
branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides
for some plant which exudes a gum.)

C. sUncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1-3° high);
root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on
nearly leafless branches, 6-8” long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md.
and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

97. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lerttce.

Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical;
scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcom-
pressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated
wt the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capiliary pap-

304 COMPOSITZ. (COMPOSITE FAMILY. }

pus, its bristles falling separately. — Leafy-stemmed )1erbs, with panicled heads ,
flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (‘he ancient
name of the Lettuce, Z. sativa ; from /ac, milk, in a]lusion to the milky juice.)

$1. SCARIOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each fuce,
with a filiform beak ; biennial or annual ; cauline eaves sagittate-clasping.
IL. Scartova, L. (Prickity Lettuce.) Stem: below sparsely prickly-

bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the cblong or lanceolate spinu-

lose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6 —12-flowered ;

achenes striate. — Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and
Minn. (Ady. from Eu.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (Witp Letruce.) Mostly tall (4-9° high),
very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves | -12’ long, pale beneath,
mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rareiy all but the
lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered 3-6” long, numerous, in
long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather
longer than the beak. — Rich damp soil, borders of ‘ields or thickets ; common.

2. L. integrifolia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3-4° high, loosely branched
above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integ-
rifolia, Torr. & Gray.) —N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

3. L. hirstita, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2- 3° high, commonly hirsute
at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pin-
natifid ; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as
the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. san-
guinea, Torr. § Gray.) — E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Ludoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2—5° high; leaves oblong,
sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate ; heads in an open panicle ;
involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow. — Minn , Iowa, and southwestward.

§ 2, LACTUCASTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, taperiny to a short
slender beak ; perennial; flowes blue.

5. L. pulchélla, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1-2° high;
leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pin
natifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; in.
volucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.) — Upper Mich.
to Minn.; common on the plains westward.

§ 3. MULGEDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a hort thick
beak or neck; annual or biennial ; flowers chiefly blue.

6. L. acuminata, Gray. Tall biennial (3-7° high), with many smal)
heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to ol long-lan-
ceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on
the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionaliy
sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beak-
less; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.) — Borders of woods, N. Y. to Il.
and Fla.

7. L. Floridana, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper
often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly
beaked; otherwise as n. 6.— Rich soil, Penn. to II1., and southward.

LOBELIACEH. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 305

8. L. leucophiea, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3-12°
high), very leafy ; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely
toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping ; heads
in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to cream-color ; achene
short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, ))C’.)— Low grounds; rather
common. — Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinu-
ate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Jl.

98. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Tursttz.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im-
oricated. Achenes obcor .pressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious,
of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.— Leafy-
stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbel-
late heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient
Greek name.)

* Annual (1-5° high); flowers pale yellow.

S. oLerAcens, L. (Common Sow-TuisTie.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pin-
natifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by
a heart-shaped. base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young; achenes
striate, also wrinkled transversely. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from En.)

S. Aspen, Vill. (Sprvy-teavep S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more
spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined,
3—nerved on each side, sinooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks ; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

S. arvensis, L. (Firip 8.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed,
clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes
transversely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; be-
coming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Orper 56. LOBELIACEZE. (Loperia Famity.)

Hevbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an
irregular monopetalous 5 lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla,
and ‘imited into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their
anthers. — Calyx-tube acherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1, stigma
often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious
albumen. — Nearly passing into the following order.

HUG OB HTT AST:

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube. split down on
the (apparently) upper sice, somewhat 2-lipped: the upper lip of 2 rather erect
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers
axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi-
cated to Matthias De l’Olel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

* Flowers deep red, large: stem simple.

1. L. cardinalis, L (Carpinat-riower.) Tall (2- 4° high), smooth.
ish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided,
the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds, common

306 LOBELIACE®. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

— Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, vary:
ing rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also
occur.

* * Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

+ Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5-6” long), spicate-racemose ; stems leafy,
1-3° high ; perennial.
++ Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous ; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. syphilitica, L. (Grear Loperia.) Somewhat hairy; leaves
thin, acute at both ends (2-6 long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1°
long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the s/nuses with
conspicuous deflexred auricles, the short tube hemispherical.— Low grounds,
common. — Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse
(1-2’ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather l-sided; bracts ovate;
sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the
airy tube top-shaped.— Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex.
and Fla. — Corolla bright blue, # long.

4. Ih, amoena, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves
narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate ; calyx-lobes
long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous. — 8. Atlantic
States, in swamps. — Var. GLANDULfFERA, Gray; a slender form with secund
raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.

++ ++ Leaves long and narrow, sparse above ; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves,
bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed ; calyx-
tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.
— Pine-barren swamps, 8. Va. to Fla.

+ + Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2-3” long).

++ Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like ra-
ceme ; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticu/ate or repand.

6. L. leptéstachys, A.DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate,
oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-
lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages
as long as the hemispherical tube.— Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va.
50 Ga.

7. L. spicata, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1-4° high) from a biennial (?)
root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and
root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped
bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses
not appendaged.— Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng.
to Sask., south to Ark. and La. FI. through summer. — Var. PARVIFLORA,
Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3”
long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June. —Var.
HIRTELLA, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute.
ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.

CAMPANULACEH. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 307

++ ++ Stem leafy, often paniculately branched ; flowers loosely racemose ; sinuses
of calyx not appendaged ; annual or biennial.
= Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate ; pod not inflated.

8. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1-2° high), minutely angled; pedi-
els shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens;
bractlets none ; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the
lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit
becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5” long).
more or less bearded in the throat.— Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4-18’ high), minutely angled; pedi:
cels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower,
minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shuped or
obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they,
covering the whole pod ; corolla light blue, 4-5’ long. — Wet limestone rocks
and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.

10. L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1-2° high),
terete ; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually
with very minute bractlets near the base; calyzx-tube very short, depressed-
hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3”
long. — Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

= = Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed ; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L.inflata, L. (Inp1an Topacco.) Stems paniculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1-2° high); leaves
gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedi.
celled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid. — Dry open fields. — Corolla only 14-2”
long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.
++ ++ ++ Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow ; leaves fleshy ; fibrous-rooted per-

ennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. paludosa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1-4° high);
leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-
denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the
middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in
fruit. — In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmanna, L. (Water Loperta.) Very smooth; scape thick-
ish (5-12’ high), few-flowered ; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow,
with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube
about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.— Borders of ponds (often
immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

Orver 57. CAMPANULACEZ®. (Campanuta FamIty.}

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; calyx
adherent to the ovary ; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the
bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct. — Style 1,
usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule
2—several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight
embryo in fleshy albumen, Flowers generally blue and showy.

308 CAMPANULACEZ. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

1 SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s Looxinc-ciass.

Calyx 5- (or 3-4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa.
rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3.
Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 8 small lateral
valves. — Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American
species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum
Veneris, the early name of the common European species.)

1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3-20 high) ; leaves round-
ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary
or 2-8 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspic-
uous and expanding corolla; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below
the middle ; seeds lenticular. — Sterile open ground; common. May- Aug.

2. S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6-12’
high) ; leaves /anceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes
of lower flowers 3; capsule nearly cylindrical (6-9 long, 1” thick), inclined to
curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong. —

W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6-9” wide.

2. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bettrrower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa-
rate ; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells
of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many
valves or holes. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A
diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

* Style straight ; openings of capsule below the middle.

«- Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized ;
perennial.

C. rapuncutotrpes, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, pointed, the lowér loag-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding,
single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1’ long. — Road-
sides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.

C. cromerATaA, L. (CLusrerep B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect,
1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile,
clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped,
1’ long. — Roadsides, E. Mass.

+ + Slender perennials, mostly glabrous ; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (Haresery.) Slender, branching (5- 12’ high),
i -10-flowered ; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or cre-
nate, long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or nar-
~awly lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from % to 3 the length
ot the pmgnt-biue corolla (which is 6-9” long); capsule nodding. — Rocky
shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in
the mountains. — A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate
name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. arctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; lowest leaves
spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla
%-1’ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.) — Shores of the Great
Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 309

Var. velutina, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent. —
Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (2. J. fill).

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Marsu BeLi_FrLower.) Stem s¢mple and
slender, weak (8-20 high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward
on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolace
leaves; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the
length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect.— Wet grassy
grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricata, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1 -3°
high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coursely and sharply
toothed ; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle ;
calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3”
long) ; style exserted. — Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., KE. Ky., and
southward.

x * Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla ;
openings of the capsule close to the summit ; inflorescence spicate.

4. C. Americana, L. (Tart BeLiFLrower.) Annual; stem mostly
simple (3-6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate,
mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2}-6’ long); spike 1 -2°
long; corolla light blue, 1’ broad. — Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn.,

Dd?

south to Ga. and Ark.

Orver 58. ERICACEZ. (Hearn Famiry.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens
as many or twice as many as the 4—5-lobed or 4—5-petalled corolla, free
from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or open-
ing by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3); style 1;
ovary 3—10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Sub-
order 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute,
in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac-
ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows : —

SuporpeER I. WVaeccinieze. (WHorTLEBERRY Famity.) Calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like
fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the
apex. — Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe
with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2 Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by false partitions), many-
seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3 Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged
into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

Suporper II. Ericinez. (Hratu Famity proper.) Calyx free
from the ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely poly petalous, hypogynous.
— Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEZ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.
4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5 - 10-seeded.

310 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

Tribe 1. ANDROMEDEZX. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla
deciduous.

* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.
5. Epigzea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals,
* * Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.
+ Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.
6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.
+ + Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.
++ Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds
mostly hanging on the central placenta.
8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds
all ascending. A small tree.
. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate Corolla cylin-
draceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.
10. Cassandra. Calyxofrigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. . Corolla cylindraceous.
Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

ve)

++ ++ Corolla campanulate, 4 -5-lobed or -parted ; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4-5-valved, the
valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEZ.. Corolla persistent, becoming searious. Capsule septicidal.
12 Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.
Tribe IV. RHODODENDREZ. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.
* Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.
+ Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.
14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as
many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

+ + Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form,
lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves evergreen.

* * Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.
19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

SuBORDER III. Pyroleze. (Pyrouia Famity.) Calyx free from
the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening
by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and
translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREZ. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-
grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.
20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEZ. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains
compound. Capsule 5- (rarely 4-) celled.
21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading.
Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.
22. Moneses. Scape l1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted ; stigma
5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges. _

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 311

23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowersinaraceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments
awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

SUBORDER IV. Monotropeze. (InpIAN-PIPE Famity.) Flow-
ers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-para-
sitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops.
Seeds as in Suborder 3.

* Corolla monopetalous ; anthers 2-celled.

24, Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.
25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; anthers opening at the top.

* * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1 GAYLUSSACI A, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; an-
thers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening
by achink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.
— Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with
resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and
bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac. )

* Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachycera, Gray. (Box-HucKLeBerry.) Very smooth (1°
high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile ;
pedicels very short ; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped — Wooded hills, Perry Co.,
Penn., to Del. and Va. May.— Leaves resembling those of the Box.

x * Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or wary atoms.

2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. (Dwarr HuckLeserry.) Somewhat
hairy and glandular, low (1-5° high from a creeping base), bushy , /eaves ob
ovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old;
racemes elongated ; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels ; ovary
bristly or glandular ; corolla bell-shaped ; fruit black (insipid) — Var, HIRTELLA
has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy —Sandy swamps,
Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray (BLuE TancLte. DANGLEBERRY.) Smooth
(3-6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt,
pale, glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose , bracts oblong or linear, decidu-
ous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped °
fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible) — Low copses, coast of
N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June

4. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. (Brack HucKLEBERRY.) Much branched,
rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1 -3° high) ; /eaves oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining
resinous globules ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided , pedicels about the length
of the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovoid-
conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant, very rarely white). — Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn.,
south to N. Ga. May, June. —The common Huckleberry of the markets

512 ERICACEH., (HEATH FAMILY.)

2. VACCINIUM, L._ Brveserry. Briperry. CRANBERRY.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10;
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged up-
‘ward into a tube, opening by a hole at theapex. Berry 4—5-celled, many-seeded,
or sometimes 8—10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each
cell to the placenta. — Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the
corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODENDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed ; anthers with long
tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled ;
leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes,
slender-pedicelled.

1. V. arboreum, Marshall. (Farkie-perry.) Tall (6-25° high),
smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright
green, shining above, at the south evergreen ; corolla white ; anthers included ;
berries black, globose, small, many-seeded. — Sandy soil, 8. Ill. to Tex., Fla.,
and N. C. .

2. V. stamineum, L. (DeerBERRY. Squaw HUcKLEBERRY.) Dif-
fusely branched (2-3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, —
glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers
much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large,
few-seeded. — Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

§ 2, CYANOCOCCUS. (Brurserries.) Corolla cylindraceous to campan-
ulate, 5-toothed ; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet
and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled ;
flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large
scaly buds with or before the leaves.

* Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

3. V. virgatum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong
to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining
at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla
rose-color; berry black. — In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller
nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters. — Va. to Ark., and southward.

* * Corolla shorter and broader. (BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES.)

4. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarr Biurserry.) Dwarf (6-
15’ high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; /Jeaves lanceclate or
oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides
(or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath) ; corolla short, cylindrical-
bell-shaped ; berries bluish-black and glaucous. — Dry hills, N. J. to IIl., north
to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries. — Var.
ANGUSTIFOLIUM, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with nar-
rower lanceolate leaves. — White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadénse, Kalm. Low (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or
elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla
shorter; otherwise as the last.—Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to
mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

ERICACE®. (HEATH FAMILY.) 313

6. V. vacillans, Solander. (Low Buivurzerry.) Low (1-24° high),
glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or
dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; co-
rolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.
— Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to
N. C. and Mo. — Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.

7. V. corymbosum, L. (Common or Swamp-Biureperry.) Tall (5-
10° high) ; leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate ; corolla varying
from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3-4” long.
—Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields
the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The
typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or
glabrous (var. GLABRUM, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the fol-
lowing varieties : —

Var. amcenum, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both
sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins. — Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pallidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous
especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth. — Common in the Alle-
ghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrocéccum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy
or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller,
black, without bloom. — New Eng. to Penn.

§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (Brtperrigs.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4—-5-
toothed ; filaments glabrous ; anthers 2-awned on the back, included ; berry
4—5-celled ; leaves deciduous ; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few
together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.

* Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

8. V. uliginosum, L. (Boc Birzerry.) Low and spreading (4’-2°
high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubes-
cent underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost
sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. — Alpine
tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and
northwestward. (Ku.)

* * Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous ; flowers
solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

9. V. ceespitosum, Michx. Dwarf (3-6’ high), tufted , /eaves obovate,
narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate ; corolla oblong, slightly urn-
shaped ; berries blue. — Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.
— Var. CUNEIFOLIUM, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatu-
late leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate
and acute. — Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1-5° high; branchlets some-
what angled; /eaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely
serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; co-
rolla depressed-globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid. — Damp
woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May June.— Pedicels 3~

6” long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

314 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

ll. V. ovalifolium, Smith. Straggling, 2-12° high; leaves elliptical,
obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth, corolla ovoid,
berries blue. — Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.

§ 4. VITIS-IDHA. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy ; anthers
awnless ; leaves coriaceous and persistent ; flowers in clusters from separate
buds, 4-merous (in our species) ; mostly glabrous ; leaves 3-6” long.

12. V. Vitis-Idzea, L. (Cowserry. Mountain CRANBERRY. Fox-
BERRY.) Low (6-10’ high) ; branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves
obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted
with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft ; berries
dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of
N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

§5. OXYCOCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed
lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-
celled ; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

*x Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries ; flowers axillary
and solitary ; corolla deeply 4-cleft ; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.
13. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1-4°

high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin. — Damp

woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

* x Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened be-
neath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding ; corolla
4-parted ; berries red, acid. — CRANBERRIES.

14. V. Oxycéccus, L. (Smart Cranperry.) Stems very slender (4-
9’ long) ; /eaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2-8” long) ; pedi-
cels 1-4, terminal; filaments fully 4 as long as the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N.
Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.— Berry 3-4” broad, often
speckled with white when young; seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE or AMERICAN CRANBERRY.) Stems
elongated (1 -4° long), the flowering branches ascending ; /eaves oblong, obtuse,
less revolute (4 - 6” long) ; pedicels several, becoming lateral , filaments scarcely
one third the length of the anthers. — Peat-bogs, N- C. to Minn., and every-
where northward, but scarcely westward. June.— Berry }- 1’ long.

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeprnc Syowserry

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-
shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk,
filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned
on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large
chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-
seeded. — A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely
woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles,
with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset
with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short
nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from xuiér,
snow, and yévos, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white erries.)

ERICACEZ, (HEATH FAMILY.) 316

©

1. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Leaves3-4” long; berries 3” broad, bright
white. (C. hispidula, Torr. §° Gray.) — Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and
Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C.
May.— Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.

4, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens
10, included ; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs,
with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal ra-
eemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of &pxtos, a bear, and
atapvan, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Bearserry.) Trailing; leaves thick and
evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red.— Rocks and bare
hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (ALpine Bearperry.) Dwarf, tufted and de-
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ;
fruit black. — Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine
around the world.)

5. EPIGASA, L. Grounp Lavrev. Traine Arseres.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate
pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender fila.
ments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex
(as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the
5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled,
many-seeded.— A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with
rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alter-
nate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary
clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of émi, upon, and yi, the earth,
from the trailing growth.)

1. E. repens, L.— Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade
of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla.,and Ky. — Flowers appearing in early
spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens
and subdicecious. In New England called MayFLoweEr.

6. GAULTHERI A, Kalm. Aromatic WINTERGREEN.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, in-
cluded; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe
by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red
berry !— Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to “ Dr. Gau/thier,” of Quebec.)

1. G. procumbens, L. (Creertnc WINTERGREEN.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches as-
cending, leafy at the summit (3-5’ high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely
serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods,

316 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.;
also far northward. July.— The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and
the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch.
Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tea-berry. Eastward
it is often called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitch-
ella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry.

7. ANDROMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the
bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed.
Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal
pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentz borne
on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading. —
Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white)
flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnzus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

* Anthers awned ; capsule more or less globose ; leaves thick and evergreen.

1. A. polifolia, L. Glabrous, 6-18’ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-
oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath ; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels
from axils of persistent scaly bracts ; each anther-cell with a slender terminal as-
cending awn. — Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribunda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2-6° high; young branchlets, etc.,
strigose-hairy ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate,
glandular-dotted beneath (2’ long); racemes crowded in short terminal panicles,
densely flowered ; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back.— Moist
hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

* * Anthers awnless ; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sut-
ures; leaves thinnish and deciduous.

3. A. Mariana, L. (Sraccer-susu.) Mostly glabrous, 2-4° high,
leaves oblong or oval (1-3’ long); fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on
naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, trun-
cate at the contracted apex. — Low grounds, R.I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark.
Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrina, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3-10° high; leaves obo
vate to lanceolate-oblong (1 -2’ long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in
naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged ; capsule globular. —
Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.— Var. pUBESCENS, Gray, is a form
with dense soft pubescence. — Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDENDRUM, DC. _ Sorret-rrer. Sovr-woop.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud.
Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the
base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink.
Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placente at
the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticu-
lated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages. — A tree with
deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender
petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open pan

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY. ) 317

icle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute,
deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from éévs, sour, and 5év5poy, tree.)

1. O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15-40° high; leaves in size and shape like
those of the peach. — Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly
along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCOTHOE, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or
eylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or
2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less
5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-
seeded placentz borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly
pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted
flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

* Anthers awnless ; stigma 5-rayed ; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts,
in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed
or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly
ovate. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.- April. — Shrub 2-4° high.

2. L. Catesbéei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate
with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3 - 6’ long) ; sepals
ovate-oblong, often acute. — Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the moun-
tains. May.— Shrub 2-4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches.
Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

* * Anthers awned ; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-
sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous ; leaves
membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate ; calyx bibracteolate.

3. L. rectrrva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading ;
leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate ; anther-cells 1-awned ;
pod 5-lobed , seeds flat and cellular-winged. — Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to
Ala. April. — Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. I. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves ob-
long or oval-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ;
pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless.— Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and
La., near the coast. May, June.—Shrub 4-10° high. Corolla cylindrical.

10. CASSANDRA, Don. Learner-Lear.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at
the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded. the pericarp of
2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved.
Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever.
green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flow
ers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy
racemes. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

318 ERICACE®. (HEATH FAMILY.)

1. C. calyeulata, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.— Bogs, Newf. to
Minn., and south to Ga.

ll. CASSIOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in
the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10;
anthers fixed hy the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular,
4—5-celled, 4-5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentze many-seeded, pendulous
from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small,
arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers
solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cussiope
was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1-4 high) ;
leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical. —
Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER. LING.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and
less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta-
mens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the
cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved. —
Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly
extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches.
Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches,
forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or
sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of
which are more or less scarious. (Named from kadAvvw, to brush or sweep,
brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W
Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., ete
Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, Erica crnEREA and E. Térratix, have been found
in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYANTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens
10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores.
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.
— Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear
and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on
solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species
belongs to § Phyllodoce. (Bpvov, moss, and &v#os flower, because growing
among mosses. )

1. B. taxifolius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped,
5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salish.) —
Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 319

14. KAM Ay? 1: AMERICAN LAUREL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped; 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ;
filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. —
IXvergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous
leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kulm, a pupil of
Linnzus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century,
afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs ; pedicels from the
axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts ; calyx smaller than the
pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.

1. K. latifolia, L. (Carico-susH. Mountain Laurer. Spoox-woop.)
Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute
at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from
deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-
pubescent ; pod depressed, glandular. — Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada
and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and
Tenn. Usually a shrub 4-8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. south-
ward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10-30° high). May, June.

2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHrerp LaureL. LamBxwitt. Wicxy.) Shrub
:-3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath,
light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing
later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod
depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit.— Hillsides, Newf. to
Mich., south to N.Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and
two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glatica, Ait. (Pate Lauren.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves oppo-
site, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins ; corymbs
terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers }’ broad, lilac-purple;
pod ovoid, smooth.— Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn.,
and northward. May, June. —Straggling, about 1° high.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod.
nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous ; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirstitta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4”
long), becoming glabrous. — Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla
May —Sept.— Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIESIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-
urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; an-
ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody,
4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat. — A low
shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually
hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, devel-
oped with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and
purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voy-
age brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

320 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

1. M. glabélla, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves
obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so (1-2’ long) ; filaments
ciliate below; capsule glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end. —
Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.

2. M. globularis, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2-5° high; leaves obo-
vate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above:
filaments glabrous ; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles ; seeds merely
apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.) — In the Alleghanies
from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODENDRON, L._ Rose Bay, Azatra, ete.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla
various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often
somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more
commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round
terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. —
Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate
entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large
scaly-practed terminal buds. (‘Pododevdpor, rose-tree ; the ancient name.)

§1. AZALEA. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate ; stamens {5 to 10)
_ and style more or less exserted and declined.
+ Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous
fisnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted ; 3-10° high,
with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

4- Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arboréscens, Torr. (Smoorn Azauea.) Branchlets smooth;
leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath,
the margins bristly-ciliate ; calyz-lobes long and conspicuous, corolla slightly
clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.) — Mountains of Penn. to N.C. June.
Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscosum, Torr. (Crammy A. WuuitEe Swamp-HONEYSUCKLE.)

Branchle : bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate
otherwas® smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much
longer #itin the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.) —Swamps, mostly near the coast,

Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July. — Var. GLatcum, Gray.
Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes
rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.— Var. nfrrpum, Gray. Dwarf, with oblan-
ceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

+ +» Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflorum, Torr. (Purpte A. PrInxTER-FLOWER.) Leaves
downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes,
slightly glandular. (Azalea uudiflora, Z.) —Swamps, Canada to Fla., Il., Mo.,
and Tex. “April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and
purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

4. R. ealendulaceum, Torr. (FLame-cotorep AzALea.) Leaves
hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea calendulacea,

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 321

Michx.) — Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the
leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to
flame-color, not fragrant.

* * Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with
short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling
the 10 stamens and style.

5. R. Rhodora, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1-2° high) ;
leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1’ long, purplish-
rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-
linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)
— Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

§ 2. RHODODENDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent ; stamens
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes
equally spreading.

6. R. maximum, L. (Great Laurer.) Leaves 4-10 long, very
thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base; very
smooth, with somewhat revolute fee pedicels viscid ; corolla bell-shaped,
1’ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper
side, and spotted with yellow or reddish. — Damp deep woods, rare from Maine
to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.
— Shrub or tree 6 - 35° high. ee ae

7. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong Mechded at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3-5° long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple;
pedicels rusty-downy.— High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3-6°
(rarely 20°) high.

8. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6’ high) ;
leaves (¥ long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales;
umbels few-flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple ; stamens
5-10.— Alpine summits:of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast.
July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

ie 45h DO Meer. LABRADOR TEA.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5-10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled,
splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ; placentz borne on the summit
of the columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with
rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fra-
grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (AjdSov, the ancient
Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifolium, Ait. Erect, 1-3° high; leaves oblong or linear-ob-
long (1 -2’ long), mostly 4’ wide, very obtuse ; stamens 5-7; capsule oblong,
acutish. — N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and
mountain woods.

L. partstre, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is
found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)

322 ERICACEZ, (HEATH FAMILY.)

18. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sayp Myrtie.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading
Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule
2—3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.— A low much-
branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the
crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in
terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of Aefos, smooth, and pvAdoyp, leaf.)

1. L. buxifolium, Ell. Shrub 6-10’ high; leaves oval or oblong,
smooth and shining, 3-6” long. — Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.

19. LOISELEURI A, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular
corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise.
Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2-—3-celled, many-seeded, 2-3-valved; valves 2-
cleft from the apex; placentz borne on the middle of the columella.— A
small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with
coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins.
Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud;
scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Lozseleur-Delongchamps, a
French botanist.)

1. L. procumbens, Desy.— Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)

20. CLETHRA, Gronov. Wuite ALper.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob.
long petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the
bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slen-
der, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in
the calyx. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white
flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KA%#@pa, the ancient
Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnifolia, L. (Swrerer Perrersusu.) Shrub 3-10° high; leaves
wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-
veined, smooth, green both sides ; racemes upright, panicled ; bracts shorter than
the flowers; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and
southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.

2. C. acuminata, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; /eaves oval o1
oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (3-7’ long), pale beneath; racemes solitary,
drooping ; bracts longer than the flowers ; filaments and pods hairy. —- Woods
in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

21. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments en-
larged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspic-
uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the
depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-
shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 323

the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herba:
ceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and
shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems ;
the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal
peduncle. (Name from xetua, winter, and iAéw, to love, in allusion to one of
the popular names, viz., Wintergreen.)

1 C. umbellata, Nutt. (Prince’s Pine. Pipsiss—Ewa.) Leafy, 4-
10’ high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted ; peduncles 4-7
flowered ; petals flesh-color; anthers violet. — Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga.,
west to the Pacific. June. (Ku.)

2. C. maculata, Pursh. (SpotreED WINTERGREEN.) Leaves ovate-lan.
ceolate, obtuse ut the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with
white; peduncles 1 -5-flowered. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn.
and Miss. June, July. — Plant 3-6’ high.

22. MONESES, Salish. ONE-FLOWERED PyYRoLa.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; an-
thers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted ;
stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves
of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered.
Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed
of udvos, single, and forts, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. grandiflora, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny serrate thin leaves (6-9” long) clustered at the ascending apex of creep-
ing subterranean shoots; the 1 -2-bracted scape (2-4’ high) bearing a white
or rose-colored terminal flower 6” wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.) — Deep cold
woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., aud westward. June. (Eu.)

23. PYROLA, Tour. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers extrorse in
the bud, bunt in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the fila-
ment, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or some-
what 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex) Style generally long;
stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5
valved from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the
edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose
cellular-reticulated coat.— Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running
subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root
leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less
scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some
fancied resemblance in the foliage.)

* Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and
stamens erect and connivent ; anthers not narrowed below the openings

1. P. minor, L. Scape 5-10’ high, leaves roundish, slightly crenulate,
thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole flowers small. crowded,
white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the

B24 ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.)

nearly globose corolla: style short and included.—Cold woods, Lab., White
Mts., L. Superior, and northward.

2 P.sectunda, L. Subcaulescent, 3-6’ high; leaves ovate, thin, longer
than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the
numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nod-
ding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; sty/e
iong, exserted. — Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward.
July (Eu.)

Var pumila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6” or little
more in diameter, and 3 -8-flowered scape. — High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Su-
perior, and northward. July, Aug.

x x Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent
or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated
ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming
a short neck ; leaves denticulate or entire.

+ Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.

3. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8-12” long),
shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7-8 high) several-flowered ; flowers
on ascending pedicels, not nodding ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short ;
petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucro-
nate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish,
scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F’.
Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.

+ + Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.

4. P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (1’ long), roundish, thick, dull,
shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5-8’ high); calyx-lobes
roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white) ;
anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck: style little exserted. — Open woods,
Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.

5. P. elliptica, Nutt. (Suiy-Lear.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered ; calyz-
cobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading
(greenish-white) petals: anther-cells blunt. — Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md.,
Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.

6. P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter
than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6-12’ high), raceme elongated, many-
flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat
spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather
spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly blunt.— Damp or sandy
woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties,
such as: Var. rncARNATA, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and
triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn.,
and northward. — Var. ASARIFOLIA, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform
leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely
white). With same range. — Var. ULIGINOsa, Gray, with short broadly
ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or pur
ple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)

ERICACEZ. (HEATH FAMILY.) 325

24. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Prne-props.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens
10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short;
stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but
the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, taper-
ing to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times
larger than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown
clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1-2° high); the wand-like stem fur.
nished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves,
above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme.
(Name from mrepév, a wing, and omopa, seed, alluding to the singular wing
borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedéa, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the
roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare

25. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweer Pixe-sar.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Co-
rolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the
base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the
summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid,
5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds in-
numerable.— A low and smooth brownish plant, 3-4’ high, with the aspect
of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first
nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late Z. D
von Schweinitz.)

1. §. odorata, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near
Baltimore) to N.C. April.

26. MONOTROPA, L. Inpran Pipe. PIne-sap.

Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep-
arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-
shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top.
Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4-5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - 10-grooved,
4-5-celled, loculicidal; the very .thick placentz covered with innumerable
minute seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny,
reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable
matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted
fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 —several-
flowered; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of
udvos, one, and tpéros, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)
§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered ; calyx of 2-4 ir-

regular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks ;
style short and thick.

1. M. uniflora, L. (Inpran Pree. Corpse-Piant.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blackish in drying, 3-8’ high); stigma naked.— Dark and
rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June-Anug. (Asia.)

326 ERICACE#. (HEATH FAMILY.)

$2. HYPOPITYS. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly
raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3-4-merous ; bract-like
sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a continuous line
into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Hypopitys, L. (Pixe-sap. Fats Breecu-props.) Somewhat
pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4-12’ high); pod globular
or oval; stigma ciliate. — Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to
Oregon. June-Aug. (Eu.)

OrvEeR 59. DIAPENSIACEA.

Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly
so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-
celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous
(those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia) ; pollen sim-
ple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceze.— Flowers solitary or
racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Eri-
cacez chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSIEZ. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded cori-
aceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to
the sinuses ; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed
at base, opening transversely.

2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt,
obliquely dehiscent.

Tribe II. GALACINE®. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-
petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1 -several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.

3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled.

1 PYXIDANTHERA, Michx.

Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly trans-
verse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — Prostrate and creeping, with
narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile
branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile,
very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from mvéis, a small box, and
avOnpa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulata, Michx. (FLrowerine Moss. Pyxte.) Leaves 3”
long. — Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.

2. DIAPENSIA, L.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5:
lobed; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up
to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging be-
low, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed
in the calyx, cartilaginous; cells few-seeded. — Alpine, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly
spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered pe-
duncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (3 wide). (Said to be an

PLUMBAGINACEE. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 327

ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by
Linneus to this plant.)
1. D. Lapponica, L. Leaves 3-5” long; peduncle at length 1 - 2’ long.
- Alpine summits of N. Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the

irctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)

8) .G A TeAR, i:

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spat-
ulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly
cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked,
the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open
across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; colu-
mella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. —
Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset
with fibrous red roots, sending up round-heart-shaped crenate-toothed and
veiny shining leaves (about 2’ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked
scape, 1 - 2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-
bracted white flowers. (Name from ydAa, mi/k,— of no conceivable applica-
tion to this plant.)

1 G. aphylla, L.— Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

Orper 60. PLUMBAGINACE. (Lreapwort Famiy.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 sta-
mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary
one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from along cord which rises from
the base of the cell.— Only the STatTicea or MARsH-ROSEMARY TRIBE
is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armeria vulgaris),
on the coast by a single species of

1 STATICE, Tourn. Sea-LAVENDER. MarsH-ROSEMARY.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2 — 3-bracted.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in
the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen. — Sea-side per-
ennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or
scapes branched into panicles. (2rari«n, an ancient name given to this or some
other herb, on account of its astringency )

1 §. Limonium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves
oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly
point, petioled ; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1 -2° high) ; spike-
lets 1 - 3-flowered ; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the
lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniana, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect
branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and
very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.— Salt marshes along the coast, from
Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.

328 PRIMULACEs (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

OrverR 61. PRIMULACEZE. (Primrose Fairy.)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as
many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla ana
inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with ¢
central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds. —
Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none
in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or d, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds
with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except
in Tribe L.

Tribe I. HOTTONIEZ. Ovary wholly free ; ovules anatropous. Aquatic ; immersed
leaves pectinate,
1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.
Tribe II. PRIMULEZ. Ovary wholly free.
* Stemless , leaves all in a cluster from the root ; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.
3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.
4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

* * Stems leafy ; corolla rotate (none in Glaux) ; leaves entire.
+ Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.
5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.
6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.
7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5-6-parted or 5-6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted
8. Glaux. Corolla none ; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.
+ + Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.
10. Centuneulus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4-5-cleft. Leaves alternate.
Tribe III. SAMOLEZ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.
11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

1 HOTTONIA, UL. Fearnerrom. Water VIOLET.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short
tube, limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved ;
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.— Aquatic
perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems
almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an
interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden.)

1. H. inflata, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of
peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as
one’s finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, Mass. to 8. Ind., and south
to the Gulf. June - Aug.

2. DODECATHEON, L. American Cows.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very
short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; anthers long and linear,
approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a
cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate

PRIMULACEA. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 329

with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers,
nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name
from dédexa, twelve. and @eol, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was
believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)

1. D. Meadia, L. (Snoorine-Star.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to
Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.— Very handsome in cultivation.

3. PRIMUL 1S PRIMROSE. CowsL_ipP.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped.
Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves
or 10 teeth. — Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the
root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminu-
tive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farinosa, L. (Birv’s-Eye Primrose.) Scape 3-10 high; leaves
elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3- 20-flow-
ered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young;
corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and
northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Mistassinica, Michx. Scape 2-6’ high; leaves spatulate or
wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mea/y ; involucre 1 - 8-flowered ; lobes of the
flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.— Wet banks and shores,
northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)

4. ANDROSACE, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and
style included. Capsule 5-valved.— Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves,
and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a
polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

i. A. occidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2-4’
high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire,
sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.
— Bare hills, from Minn. to II]. and Ark., and west to the mountains.

5. TRIENTALIS, LL. Cuickweep-WINTercreen.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united ina
ring at the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.
— Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl] of thin veiny leaves at
the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and
star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding
to the height of the plant.)

1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Srar-FLOWER.) Spreading by very slender
elongated rootstocks ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; petals
finely pointed. — Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and
the mountains of Va. May.— Rootstocks often 1-2° long (//itchings).

530 PRIMULACE#. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

6. STEIRONEMA, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the
sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above.
each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so
on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers
linear. Capsule 10-20-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except
the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming
whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow
flowers. (From o7eipos, sterile, and vijua, thread, referring to the staminodia.)

1. §. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect (2-4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovute
(2-G’ long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on
long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata,
L.) — Low grounds and thickets, common. July.

2. S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches
often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on
s/ender petioles ; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans,
Fook.) —Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La. — Leaves and flowers
nearly one half smaller than in the last.

3. §. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect (10’- 2° high) ; leaves lanceolate,
varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering
base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata,
Walt.)— Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., the Dakotas, and Tex.
Polymorphous ; the extremes are var. HYBRIDUM, Gray, with cauline leaves
from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west,— and var. ANGUSTI-
FOLIUM, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline
‘eaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1-2" broad ; mainly southward.

4. S. longifolium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1-3° high),
often branched below; stem-lcaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2-4
long, 2-3” wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often
a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla
(8-9” broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysi-
machia longifolia, Pursh.) — Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va.,
Minn., and lowa. July -Sept.

7. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosesrrire.

Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud.
Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; stami
nodia none. Capsule few - several-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with
herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from
Avats, a release from, and uaxn, strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted,
and with no teeth between the lobes ; stamens more or less monadelphous, often
unequal ; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.

* Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.

L. vuieAris, L.,a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branch:
ing, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filamenté
united to near the middle. — Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.

PRIMULACE&. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) dol

« « Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils ; corolla
dark-dotted or streaked ; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal.

1. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1-2°% high);
eaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only
opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on loug capillary pe-
duncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong. —
Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.

2. L. stricta, Ait. Stems 1-2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform
bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy ; /eaves opposite
or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels
in a long raceme (5-12’), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. —
Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June- Aug.

* * * Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla

noi dark-dotted nor streaked ; filaments slightly monadelphous.

L. nummvuraria, L. (Moneyworr.) Smooth: stems trailing and creep-
ing; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ;
divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-
lobes and stamens. — Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places.
July—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§2. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6-7-) parted into linear
divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus ; jsila-
ments distinct, equal ; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.

3. L. thyrsiflora, L. (Turrep Loosesrrire.) Smooth; stem simple
(1 -2° high) ; all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle
pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light
yellow flowers. — Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill, lowa, and northwest-
ward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. GLAUX, Tourn. Sea-MILKwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Sta-
mens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved,
few-seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire
sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their
axils. (An ancient Greek name, from yAaukés, sea-green.)

1. G. maritima, L.—Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward.
Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)

9. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer
than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule
membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded. —
Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled
entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek
name, probably from ava, again, and ayaAdAw, to delight in.)

A. arvensis, L. (Common PIMPERNEL.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter
than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or
stalked glands. — Waste sandy fields. June - Aug.— Flowers variable in
size, scarlet, sometimes purpie, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach
of bad weather; whence the English popular name of “ Poor JJ/an’s Waster
glass.” (Nat. from Eu.)

15

332 PRIMULACER. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

10. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. Cuarrwesp.

Calyx 4-—5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4 —5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod
(which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens + or 5; filaments beardless. —
Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers
in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. minimus, L. Stems ascending (2-6’ long) ; leaves ovate, obovate,
or spatulate-oblong ; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. — Low
grounds, from Ill. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)

ll. SAMOLU S, Tourn. WaTER PIMPERNEL. BROOK-WEED.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat
bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses: True
stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the sum-
mit, many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small
white racemed flowers. (‘“ According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.”)

1. S. Valerandi, L. Stem erect (6-12’ high), leafy; leaves obovate
or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending,
bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)— Var. Americanus, Gray. More slen-
der, becoming diffuse ; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spread-
ing. — Wet places, through the U.S. June - ‘Sept.

Orper 62. SAPOTACEZB. (Sapopiiia Famiy.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usu-
ally in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens
commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and oppo-
site them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages
and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward ; ovary 4—12-
celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large. — Albumen
mostiy none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style
single, pointed. — A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapo-
dilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.

1 BUMELTIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-
like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small,
resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a
roundish scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of
the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs.
Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioides, Pers. (SourHeRN Bucktuorn.) Spiny (10-25° high) ;
leaves wedge-ollong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute,
reticulated, nearly glabrous (2-4’ long); clusters densely many-flowered, gla-
brous, fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla.,and Tex. May, June.

STYRACACEH. (STORAX FAMILY.) 33d

2. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Spiny (10-40° high) ; leaves oblong-obovate o7
wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (14-3 long) ; clusters 6 - 12-flowered,
oubescent ; fruit globular. — Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex. July.

OrveR 63. EBENACEZE. (Exsoxy Famity.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flow:
ers which have a calyx free from the 3-—12-celled ovary; the stamens 2-4
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their
anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2,
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single
in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the
embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat coty-
ledons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard and dark-
colored. No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical.

1 DIOSPYROS, LL. Date-Pium. Persimmon.

Calyx 4-6-lobed. Corolla 4-6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens com.
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4—8-celled,
4-8-seeded. — Flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atis, of Jove, and wupés, grain.)

1. D. Virginiana, L. (Common Prerstumon.) Leaves thickish, ovate-
oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla
pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6-8” long in the
fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex;
ovary 8-celled.— Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south
to Fla. and La. June. — Tree 20-70° high, with very hard blackish wood ;
plum-like fruit 1° in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow
when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

Orver 64. STYRACACEZE. (Srorax Famity.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect regular flowers ; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2 -5-celled
ovary ; the corolla of 4-8 petals, commonly more or less united at base ;
the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous
or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 —5-celled, the
cells commonly 1-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length
of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyle-
dons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent
to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. —- A small family, mostly of
warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.

Tribe I. STYRACEZ. Calyx 4-8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as many
as the petals, in one series ; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.
— Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.
1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly
5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

334 STYRACACE. (STORAX FAMILY.)

2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is
2-4-winged and 2-4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINE. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series ;
anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.

3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STYRAX, Tourn. — Srorax.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with
the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4 - 8-
parted), large; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers
linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx,
1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard
coat.— Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary
or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced
in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the
tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifolia, Ait. Shrub 4-12° high; leaves obovate, acute or
pointed, white-tumentose beneath (3-6 long); flowers mostly in elonyated ra-
cemes; corolla (4’ long) convolute-imbricated in bud. — Woods, S. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Shrub 1-4° high; leaves oval or obovate
(1 or 2’ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath ; flowers
(4 long) 1-3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. —
Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4-8° high; leaves oblong, acute at
both ends (1-3’ long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary
or in 3-4-flowered racemes (} long); corolla valvate in the bud.— Along
streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowprop or SILVER-BELL-TREE.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2 -
4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16; fila-
ments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base
of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and
dry, 2—4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. —
Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and
showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short ra-
cemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate.
(Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 14’ long. —
Banks of streams, W. Va. to IIl., south to Fla.

38. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-Lear.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very nume-
rous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; filaments slen-
der; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded

OLEACEH. (OLIVE FAMILY.) 339

— Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yeflowish in drying,
and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name ovumdAokos, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinetoria, L’Her. (Horsre-Svear, &e.) Leaves elongated-oblong,
acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and
pale beneath (3-5’ long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odor-
ous. — Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily
eaten by cattle.

Orver 65. OLEACEZE. (Ouive Famity.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-clefi (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous
corolla, sometimes apetalous ; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3
or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds
anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or
without albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true Oleacew, to which
belongs the Lilac (Syringa), ete.; and the Jessamine (Jasminum) rep-
resents another division of the order.

Tribe I. FRAXINEZ. Fruit dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.
1. Fraxinus. Flowers dicecious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. OLEINEZ. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.
2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, dicecious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud,
Stamens 2 - 4.
3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous,
the latter with long and linear divisions.
4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1 FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asn.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dicecious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species.
Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single ;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1-—2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at
the apex, 1 - 2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender. — Light timber-
trees, with petioled pinnate leaves of 3-15 either toothed or entire leaflets ;
the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year’s
leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

* Leaflets petiolulate ; anthers linear-oblong ; calyx small, persistent.
+ Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. Americana, L. (Wurire Asu.) Sranchlets and petioles glabrous ;
leaflets 7 - 9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubes-
cent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; fruit (about 1)’
long) marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-
linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body. — Rich or
moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April,
May. — A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth
gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Moncecious flowers rarely occur.

336 OLEACEH. (OLIVE FAMILY.)

= ++ Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more
or less margined upward by the decurrent wing.

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (Rep Asn.) Sranchlets and petioles velvety-
pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost en-
cire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit 14-2’ long, the edges gradu-
ally dilated into the linear or spatulate wing. — Low grounds, throughout our
range; rare west of Ohio. — Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer
bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

3. F. viridis, Michx.f. (Green Asn.) Glabrous throughout ; leaflets
5-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate
above, bright green both sides; fruit much as in n. 2.— Along streams; com-
mon. — Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent be-
neath. A small or middle-sized tree.

= + Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

4. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Warer-Asu.) Branchlets terete, glabrous
or pubescent; leaflets 5-7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked ;
fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9” wide), with a tapering
base. — Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. ‘Tree of middle size.

5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Biure Asn.) Branchlets square, at
least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate
or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong,
blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often
notched at the apex (13 long, 3-4” wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio
to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn. — Large timber tree, the inner bark yield-
ing a blue color to water. ;

*x * Lateral leaflets sessile ; anthers short-oblong ; flowers wholly naked.

6. F. sambucifdlia, Lam. (Brack Asu.) Branchlets and petioles
glabrous; leaflets 7-11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, ob-
tuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with
some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical,
blunt at both ends. —Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to
Va. and Mo.—Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood.
Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. FORESTIERA, Por.

Flowers dicecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year’s leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute se-
pals. Stamens 2-4; anthers oblong Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous
ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small,
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous
leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1-3-flowered. (Named for
M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminata, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5-10° high;
leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often
serrulate ; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed. — Wet river banks, S. W-
Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.

APOCYNACEZ. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 337

3. CHIONANTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base
of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming
1-celled, 1 — 3-seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled
leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lat-
eral buds. (Name from yiév, snow, and &v@os, blossom, alluding to the light
and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers
on slender pedicels; petals 1’ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in
number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6-8” long). — River banks, N. J.
and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.

4, LIGUSTRUM, Tourn. PRIVET.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the
corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1-—2-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves
and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

L. vuteAre, L. (PRIVET, or Prim.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.
— Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward ; from Europe.

OrpER 66. APOCYNACEAE. (Docpane Famrity.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves
without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the
corolla convolute and twisted in the bud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on
the corolla, und the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries,
which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles
Seeds amphitropous or anatropous,

or stigmas are united into one.
with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of
down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants),
represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.

I. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the fila-
meuts. Leaves alternate.

2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Fila-
ments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments
short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1 AMSONIA, Walt.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded
inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer
than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma rounded, surrounded with a
cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds
cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs.
with a/ternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said
to be named for a Mr, Charles Amson.)

338 APOCYNACEH. (DOGBANE FAMILY.)

1. A. Tabernzeemontana, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when
young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-
pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish corolla little longer
than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous. — Low
grounds, N. C. to 8. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

2. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form,
not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included ; filaments slender; an-
thers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-
seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants, more or less
woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from
Tpaxnaros, wu neck, and omépua, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was
beaked.) :

1. T. différme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-lan-
ceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed ; corolla pale yellow. (Forste-
ronia difformis, A. DC.) — Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April.

38. APOCYNU M, Tourn. DocBaNne. INDIAN Hemp.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 tri-
angular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the
very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers,
which converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style
none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2-7’) and slen-
der follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex. —
Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed
leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedi-
cels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of ad, from, and xvev, a dog.)

1. A. androsemifolium, L. (Spreapinc DocpBane.) Smooth, or
rarely soft-tomentose, branched above, branches divergently forking; leaves
ovate, distinctly petioled : cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ;
corolla (pale rose-celor, 4”° broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube
much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyr. — Borders of thickets ;
common. June, July.

2. A. cannabinum, L. (Inp1an Hemp.) Glabrous or more or less
soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2-~3° high), termi-
nated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than
the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or
sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base ; corolla (greenish-white) with
nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx. —
Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable July, Aug.

OrpveR 67. ASCLEPIADACE®. (Mirxweep Famrty.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire
leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sen-
sible properties, etc., just as in the last family. from which they differ in the

ASCLEPIADACEZ. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 339

commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with
the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into waz-like or granular masses (pol-
linia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias.

Perfetoca Grea, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in orna-
mental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, repre-
sents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each
anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5
awned scales in the throat.

Tribe I. CYNANCHE. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious

membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma ; pollinia suspended.
* Stems erect or merely decumbent.

1 Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies,
with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as inn. 1, but with an incurved
horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.

3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither
crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.

* * Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite.
4, Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-

cleft tail or awn.
5. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10-lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBEZ. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the mar-
gin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.

6 Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.

1 ASCLEPIODORA, Gray.

Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and
the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slip-
per-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-
hke partition. —Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered.
Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projec-
tions. (AcKAnmods and Sépor or dwpea, the gift of A’sculapius.)

1. A. viridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves
alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1-2’ wide; umbels sey-
eral in a cluster, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1’ in diameter), green, with
a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, Decaisne.) — Prairies, Ll. to Tex.
and S$. Car. June.

PASO EP PAS. i: MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply
5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5
hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn.
Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments united in a tube which
encloses the pistil; anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells,
tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-
shaped and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent
anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their sum-
mits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated
from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point

340 ASCLEPIADACEH., (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very
short styles; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the
two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds
anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hi-
lum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from
the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in
thin albumen. — Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; pedun-
cles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing
simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of dsculapius,
to whom the genus is dedicated.)

§ 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient
at base; horn conspicuous.

* Flowers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered ; juice not milky.

1. A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT.) Roughish-
hairy (1-2° high); stems erect or ascending very leafy, branching at the
summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves
from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the
corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange,
scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods
hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels. — Dry fields, common, especially southward.
— Var. DECUMBENS, Pursh. Stems reclining ; leaves broader and more com-
monly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils. — Ohio to Ga., ete.

x * Corolla bright red or purple ; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed
pedicels (except in n. 5); leaves opposite, mostly broad.

- Flowers rather large, hoods about 3’ long and exceeding the anthers ; leaves
transversely veined.

2. A. paupércula, Michx. Glabrous: stem slender (2-4° high) ; leaves
elongated-lanceolate or linear (5-—10’ long). tapering to both ends, slightly
petioled ; umbels 5-12-flowered ; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong;
the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved
horn. — Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. A.rubra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a
rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2-67
long, $- 2} wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the co-
rolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender, straight-
ish. — Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo.

4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purpre M.) Stem rather slender (1-3°
high); leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-
downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedicels
shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-
ovate divisions of the corolla ; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn
broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflered horizontal point.—
Dry ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward. — Flowers 6” long.

« «+ Flowers small; hoods 1” long, equalling the anthers ; veins ascending.

5. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp Mitkweep.) Smooth, or nearly so, in
the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches

ASCLEPIADACEZ. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 341

of the peduncles (2-3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or
pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple ; hoods
scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn. —- Swamps, common. —
Var. pULCHRA, Pers.; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-
pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty. — With the smooth form.
* * * Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged ; leaves oppo-
site or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.
+- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and
only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3 -5’ long), ovate and acu-
minate, erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled ;
umbels terminal and lateral.

6. A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-
flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose ; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong;
corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4-5’ long ; hoods 5-6” long, with a short
inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-
ligulate appendage. — Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward.

7. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Common MILKWEED or SILKWEED.) Stem
tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent ; /eaves oval-oblong (4-8’ long), pale, mi-
nutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc.; corolla-lobes dull purple
to white, 3-4” long; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with
a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn. — Rich ground, everywhere.

8. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-
oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, en-
tire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside; flowers larger (9” long) and more
purple than in the last; anther-wings 2-toothed at base; pod nearly glabrous,
obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak. — Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn.

+ + Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent,
++ Erect or ascending on the deflered or decurved fruiting pedicels.

= Unmbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, trans-
versely veined, wavy ; glabrous and pale or glaucous.

9. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2-3° high; leaves oblong with a heart-
shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (24 - 5’ long) ; peduncle 3-12’ long;
corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the sum-
mit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn. — Sandy woods and fields, not
rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occa-
sionally occurs.

10. A. Meadii, Torr. Stem slender (1 -2° high); leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, obtuse or acutish (14-24 long), peduncle only twice the length of the
upper leaves, pedicels rather short ; corolla greenish-white , hoods rounded-
truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceed-
ing the stouter horn. — Dry ground, Ill. and Iowa. June.

= = Umbels mostly more than one ; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.
a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate ; hoods broad, little if at all exceed
ing the anthers, glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts.

11. A. Jamésii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5
pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often emarginate,

342 ASCLEPIADACEZ. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

subcordate at base, nearly sessile; umbels 2-3, densely many-flowered, on short
peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, greenish ; hoods truncate, entire. — Plains of
central Kansas and southwestward.

12 A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (Poke-Mitkweep.) Stem 3-59
high; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends,
short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5-8’ long); lateral um-
bels several; pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, /ong and slender (1 —3’ long),
equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white)
truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting
awl-shaped point. — Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

13. A. variegata, L. Stem 1-2° high; leaves (4-5 pairs) ovate, oval,
or obovate, somewhat wavy. contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes
whorled ; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy ; divis-
ions of the corolla ovate (white); hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish,
the horn semilunar with a horizontal point.— Dry woods, southern N. Y. to
Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July — Remarkable for its compact
umbels of nearly white flowers.

b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice
the length of the anthers.

14. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne. Low (6-18’ high), soft-downy, especially
the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves
(14-3 long); umbels loosely 10 -18-flowered, sessile or peduncled; pedicels
slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the
oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside). — Prairies and
oak-openings, N. Il. and Iowa, to Wisc. and S. Dak.

++ ++ Follicles and pedicels erect ; leaves often whorled ; glabrous or nearly so.
= Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.

15. A. quadrifodlia, L. Stem slender (1-2° high), mostly leafless be-
low, bearing usually one or two whor/s of four in the middle and one or two
pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2- 4’ long) ;
pedicels slender ; corolla-lobes (pale pink) oblong ; hoods white, elliptical-ovate,
the incurved horn short and thick. — Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn.,
south to N. C. and Ark.

16. A. perénnis, Wait. Stems (1 -2° high) persistent or somewhat woody
at the base ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather
slender-petioled ; flowers white, small; the small hoods of the crown shorter
than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma!— Low
grounds, S. Ind. and Il. to Tex., and eastward.
= = Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted ; column con:

spicuous,

17. A. verticillata, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched,
very leafy to the summit; leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2-3
long, 1” wide), 3-6 in a whorl]; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions
of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods roundish-oval, about half the
length of the incurved claw-shaped horns. -— Dry hills, common, especially
southward. — Var ptmira, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled
root; leaves much crowded, filiform. — Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex

ASCLEPIADACEH. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 343

§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched
just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.

18. A. stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems
slender (1-2° high); leaves narrowly linear (3-7’ long, 1-24” wide), the
upper alternate, lower opposite ; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10 - 15-flow-
ered ; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, —
conduplicate-concave ; follicles erect on ascending pedicels.— Dry prairies,
Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward.

3. ACERATES, EI GREEN MILKWEED.

Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the
name, from a privative, and képas, « horn). — Flowers greenish, in compact
many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-peti-
oled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender.

* Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and
stigma ; leaves mainly alternate-scattered.

1. A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem
erect (1-38° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3-7’ long); umbels lateral, on
peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3” long when
expanded. — Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and
Tex. July -Oct.

*« x Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers ; leaves often
opposite and broader.

2. A. viridiflora, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems
ascending (1-—2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (14-4’ long); umbels
nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose ; flower (when the corolla is reflexed)
nearly 4 long, short-pedicelled.— Dry svil, common, especially southward.
July - Sept. — Runs into var. LANCEOLATA, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 24 - 4’
long ;— and var. LINEARIS, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems:
umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., N. Dak., and southward.

3. A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5-12’ high); leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate ; umbe/ solitary and terminal, peduncled ; flowers
smaller; pedicels slender. — Prairies, N. Ill. to Minn., and westward. July.

4. ENSLENIA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers
nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below
the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb,
smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedi-
cated to A. Fns/en, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)

1. E. albida, Nutt. Climbing 8- 12° high; leaves 3-5’ wide. — River.
banks, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. -Imly - Sept.

344 ASCLEPIADACEH. (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

5. VINCETOXICUM, Moench.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy,
disk-like, 5-—10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in
Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name from vincens, binding, and toxicum,
poison.)

V. nigrum, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate
- or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle
shorter than the leaves. — N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens.
(Adv. from Eu.)

6. GONOLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-
shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under
the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal.
Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed.
Seeds with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with oppo-
site heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple
flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to
the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla
nearly veinless. (Name composed of ywvria, an angle, and AoBos, a pod, from
the angled follicles of some species.)

x Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk ; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3 — 5-
costate or angled.

1. G. suberosus, R.Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or some-
times deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3-5 long) ; umbels
3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadly conical in bud,
abruptly pointed, twisted ; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubescent
inside; calyx half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.) — Near the coast,
Va. to Fla.

2. G. levis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open
sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3-6° long); umbels 5-10-flowered, barely
equalling the petiole; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted ; lobes nar-
rowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3-4 times as long as the calyx.
—South of our range. — Passes into var. MACROPHYLLUS, Gray, with larger
broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G.
macrophyllus, J/ichz.) — River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., 8. C., and Tex.

* * Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers ; follicles muricate, not costate,
« Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.

3. G. obliquus, R.Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow
sinus, abruptly acuminate (3-8’ long); wmbel many-flowered ; corolla in bud
oblong-conical ; its lobes linear-ligulate (5-6” long, 1” wide), crimson-purple
inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside. — River-banks, moun-
tains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.

4. G. hirstttus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal
lobes sometimes overlapping ; peduncles fewer-flowered ; corolla in bud ovate,
its lobes elliptical-oblong (3 - 4” long), barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-
purple. — Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

LOGANIACEH. (LOGANIA FAMILY.) 345

4 + Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed ; leaves as in the preceding.

5. G. Shortii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved ; corolla oblong-
conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6” long); crown
about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate
or 2-parted. — Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W. Ga. (Chapman).

6. G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-
purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4-5” long) ; crown undulately and
very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus. —
From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.

Orper 68. LOGANIACEA. (Locania FAMILY.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a
stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 — 5-merous 4 — 5-
androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx ; a connecting group
between Gentianacee, Apocynacex, Scrophulariacez (from all which they
are known by their stipules) and Rubiacez, from which they differ in
their free ovary ; our representatives of the family are ail most related
to the Rubiacez, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

* Woody twiners; leaves evergreen; stigmas 4.
1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.
* * Herbs ; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed
2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.
3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.
4, Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at
the summit, and with a common stigma.

1 GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yetrow (Fatse) Jessamine.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender;
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened con-
trary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or
several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyle-
dons much shorter than the slender radicle.— Smooth and twining shrubby
plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy
yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ((Gelso-
mino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempérvirens, Ait. (YreLLow Jessamine of the South.) Stem
climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in
short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright
yellow corolla 1-14 long); capsule flat, pointed. — Low grounds, E. Va. to
Fla. and Tex. March, April.

2. POLYPREMUM, L.

Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined
base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the
throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers
globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little

346 LOGANIACEZH, (LOGANIA FAMILY.)

flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. —
A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-
shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers
solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla incon-
spicuous, white. (Name altered from woAvmpeuvos, many-stemmed.)

1. P. procumbens, L.— Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.;
also adventive in Penn. June-Oct.

3. SPIGELIA, L. Piys-roor. Worw-crass.

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at
the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender,
hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally
flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which
open loculicidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by
stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian
Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century,
and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilandica, L. (Marytanp Pryxk-roor.) Stems simple and
erect from a perennial root (6-18 high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
acute; spike simple or forked, short; ccrolla 1} long, red outside, yellow
within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers
and style exserted.— Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.—A
well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4; MITREOLA, L. MIrREewort.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly
adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and
united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or
mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded. — An-
nual smooth herbs, 6’-2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and
small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal peti-
oled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre. from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.
— Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex.

Orper 69. GENTIANACEZE. (Gentian Famtty.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely im-
bricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal
placente, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous ; the fruit
usually a 2-valved and septicidai many-seeded capsule. — Flowers solitary
or cymose (racemose in n.8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly wither-
ing-persistent ; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY. ) 347

SUBORDER I. Gentianeze. Leaves always simple and entire, ses-
sile, never alternate. /Estivation of corolla never valvate.

* Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.

~ Style filiform, usually deciduous ; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving
in age.
Erythrzea. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form ; anthers twisting spirally.
Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5-12; corolla rotate ; anthers recurved or revolute.
Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form ; anthers versatile,
straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.

aN

+ + Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.

4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without
spurs or glands. Calyx 4-5-cleft.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe

6. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-clcft, campanulate, and 4-5-spurred at the base.

* * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.
8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

uBORDER II]. Menyantheze. Leaves all alternate and mostly
petivfed, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. /Estivation of corolla indu-
plicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.
10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple,
rounded,

1 ERYTHRAA, Richard. CENTAURY.

Calyx 4-5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with slender tube and 4 —-5- -parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spi-
rally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small
branching annuals, chiefly with rose- -purple or reddish flowers (whence the
name, from é€pv@pos, red) ; in summer.

E. Cenratrivum, Pers. (Centraury.) Stem upright (6-12’ high), corym-
bosely branched above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate,
the uppermost linear; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile ;
tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the len gth of the oval lobes.
— Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)

KE. ramosfssima, Pers. Low (2-6’ high); stem many times forked above
and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below;
flowers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-pur irple) corolla thrice the length
of the elliptical-oblong lobes. — Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and
southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

EK. spicata, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6-10’ high); the flowers sessile
and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches; leaves oval
and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish)
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. — Sandy sea-shore,
Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SABBATIA, Adans.

Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-parted, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted,
slender. — Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled
handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sab-
bati, an early Italian botanist.)

343 GENTIANACEE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

* Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6-7-parted.

' + Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled ; flowers cymose ; calyx
with long and slender lobes.

++ Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying.

1. S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1-2° high) ,
leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, \-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes ;
calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. §. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple (2—3° high) bearing a
flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute,
much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than
in n. 1.— Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

++ ++ Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.

3. S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1-2° high);
leaves linear and linear-oblonq, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few-
flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the
corolla. — Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. §. angularis, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled,much branched
above (1-24° high), many-flowered: /eaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
somewhat heart-shaped clasping base, calyx-lobes one third or half the length
of the corolla. — Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

a- + Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5) * peduncles 1-flowered.
++ Calyx-lobes foliaceous.

5. §. calycosa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves
oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate
(3-1’ long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla. — Sea-coast
and near it, Va. to Tex.

++ ++ Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short ( prominently costaie in un. 6, and
longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule).

6. S. campéstris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above ;
Jeaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (4-1° long), on the branches lan-
ceolate ; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1}- 2’ broad). — Prairies, 8. E. Kan.
and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. §. stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to
lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyzx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying
from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2-
parted. — Salt marshesgMass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next, corolla
in both at times pink or white.

8. §. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ;
branches and long peduncles filiform ; /eaves linear, or the lower lance-linear,
the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple
corolla; style cleft to the middle. — Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and
N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Ellidttii, Steud. Effusely much branched; /eaves small, lower
cauline (6” long or less) thickish, from obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly
linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate ; caly.r-lobes slen-

GENTIANACEZ, (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 349

der-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla ;,style 2-parted. — Pine
barrens, S. Va. (7) to Fla.
* * Corolla 8-12-parted, large (about 2’ lroad),.

10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem (1-2° high), loosely panicled above;
peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear,
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.
brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

Borders of

3. EUSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib.
Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5-6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versa-
tile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of
2 broad lamellz.— Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasp-
ing and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate
1-flowered peduncles. (From ed, we//, and ordua, mouth, alluding to the open-
mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russellianum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate.
to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (14 long), 4
times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age. — Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIANA, Tour. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none ; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved, the innumerable seeds
either borne on placentz at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover-
ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod.— Flowers solitary or cymose,
showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria,
who used some species medicinally.)

§1. GENTIANELLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or

lobes or teeth at the sinuses: root annual.

* (FRINGED GentTIAns.) Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles,
mostly 4-merous ; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate
or erose, not crowned ; a row of glands between the buses of the filaments.
Autumn-flowering.

1. G. erinita, Froel. Stem 1-2° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx
unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue co-
rolla (2’ long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around
the summit; ovary lanceolate.—- Low grounds, N. Eng. to the Dakotas, south
to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3-18’ high; leaves linear or lanceolate-
linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and
lanceolate, pointed ; /obes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate-
fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary ellip-
tical or obovate. (G. detonsa, Manual.) — Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New
York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward,

390 GENTIANACEH. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

* « Flowers smaller, 4—5-merous ; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form,
its lobes entire: peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-
angled stem.

3. G. Amarélla, L. Stems 2-20’ high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly
oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-
lobes (4-5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, }’ long or
more, with « fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes ; capsule sessile.
— Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer and
sometimes very few setz.— Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinquefiora, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1-29
high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base,
3-—7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about
5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear ;
corolla pale blue, 6-9” long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without
crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest ; capsule
stipitate. — Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to
Fla.— Var. occIDENTALIs, Gray. Sometimes 2-3° high, and paniculately
much-branched ; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the
middle of the broader funnel-form corolla. — Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to
Tenn. and La.

§ 2. PNEUMONANTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-
membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses ; no crown nor glands,
capsule stipitate ; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or
short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12).

* Anthers unconnected or soon separate ; leaves rough-margined ; seeds winged.

5. G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less; leaves oblong
or lanceolate to linear; flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose or few or rarely
almost solitary ; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the
shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1’ long or less, rather
narrowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous
laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes. — Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. pubérula, Michx. Stems (mostly solitary) erect or ascending
(8-16’ high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above ; /eaves rigid, linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1-2’ long) ; flowers clustered, rarely solitary -
calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bel/-funnel-form open bright-blue
corolla, the spreading ovate /obes of which are twice or thrice the length of the
cut-toothed appendages.— Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and
Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

x * Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube ; flowers in terminal and often axil-
lary clusters.

+ Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous ; seeds conspicuously winged ; leaves
rough-margined.

7. G.Saponaria, L. (SoapworrG.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth ,
leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base;
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the
length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse,

GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY. ) bol

erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than
the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages. — Moist woods, N. Y.
and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. (CLosep G.) Stems upright, smooth ; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed ; cal yz-
lobes lanceolate to ovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed
at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the
broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages. — Moist ground, N. Eng. to
Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

+ + Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked ; terminal flower-cluster
leafy-involucrate ; seeds winged.

9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in
a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely
clasping base, gradually tapering ; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times
shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla white more or
less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its
short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.
— Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1-2° high; flowers
1-5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with some-
what narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes lin-
ear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate
lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var.
linearis, Gray.) — Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate
ones almost ovate-lanceolate , appendages of corolla sometimes very short and
broad. — Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifolia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base,
the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; appendages broad, acute
or subtruncate. — L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).
~ + + Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds com-

pletely marginless.

ll. G. ochroletica, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves
obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost some-
what lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much
longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla,
which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes
ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appen-
dages. — Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

* * * Anthers not connected ; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled
and naked ; seeds wingless.

12. G. angustifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6-15’ high),
mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid ; corolla open-
funnel-form (2’ long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about
twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice
as long as the cut-toothed appendages. — Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

352 GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

PLEUROGYNE CARINTHIACA, Griseb., var. pUSfLLA, Gray, a low few-flowered
annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4—5-parted corolla and a pair of scale-like
appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the
Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the
summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRASERA, Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually
somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent ;
stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4-14-seeded. Seeds large and flat,
wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open
cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an
indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3-8° high) :
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py-
ramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1’ broad) light greenish-yellow, marked
with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than
the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the
middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry soil,
western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALENTIA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish
capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.— Small and upright herbs, with
yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a
German botanist.)

1. H. defiéxa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9 - 18’ high), simple
or branched above; leaves 3-5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and peti-
oled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved,
descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla. — Damp and cool
woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTONTIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds.
Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at
Iength 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner
surface of the pod.— Small annuals or biennials (3-—10° high), with thread-
like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white,
peduncled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenélla, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles
mostly opposite, 1 —3-flowered : lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer
than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish; ovary 4-angled,
the cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va
and La. Aug.—Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

GENTIANACEZ. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) B00

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem 1-few-flowered ; flowers 3-4” long, larger ; lobes
of the corolia spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers
oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La = March.

oS. OBOLARIEA.: i.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
lar-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age
spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the co-
rolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled,
the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls. — A low
and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3-—8’ high), with a simple or spar-
ingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or pur-
plish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly
sessile; in spring. (Name from oBoAds, a small Greek coin, from the thick
rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virginica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves
scale-like; tlowers 4” long. — Moist woods, N. J. to IIll., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYANTHE S55), vourn: BucKBEAN.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole
upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned in-
ward. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat
irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial
alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the
membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets ;
the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from phy, month, and &v6os, a
flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, L.— Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far
north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLoatinc Heart.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, per-
sistent. Capsule few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous
stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of Atuyy, a marsh or pool,
and &y@euor, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunosum, Grisebach. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped (1 - 2’
broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval,
naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of
the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even. — Shallow
jvater, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

304 GENTIANACE. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

2. L. trachyspérmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2- 6’ broad) and rounder.
thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted
peneath; petioles stouter; seeds glandular-roughened.— Ponds and streams,
Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

Orver 70. POLEMONIACEZE. (Potemonium Famity.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 8-celled ovary and
3-lobed style; capsule 8-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few - many-seeded ;
the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column. —
Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened
and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious
albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border.
Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are crnamental
in cultivation. )

1 Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious,
Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell-shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments
slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1 POs

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only
a single seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few southern species, such
as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire
leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted ; the open
clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (@Adé, flame, an ancient name
of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species
are cultivated in gardens.

§ 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves.

* Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered ; peduncles
and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)

1. P. paniculata, L. Stem stout (2-4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-
lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper
often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed ; calyx-teeth
awn-pointed ; corolla pink-purple varying to white.— Open woods, Penn. to
I]l., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculata, L. (Witp Sweer-Witiiam.) Smooth, or barely
roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1 -2° high); lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the
broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base; panicle narrow, oblong,
leafy below; calyx-teeth triaingular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed ; corolla
pink-purple. — Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to
Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. — Var. cAnpipa, Michx., is a white-flowered
form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

POLEMONIACE®. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 355

* * Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect ; flowers in corymbed
or simple cymes ; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.

+ Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate ; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or
nearly so.

3. P. ovata, L. Stems ascending (4-2° high), often from a prostrate
base ; leaves ol/ong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-ianceolate, and sometimes
heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed ; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded,
short-peduncled ; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. (P. Carolina, 1.) — Open
woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1-3° high) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and some.
times revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3-4 long); cymes
few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish) ;
calyx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed. — Prairies and open woods, N.
Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

+ + Calyx-teeth long and slender ; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.
++ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.

5. P. pilosa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1 — 14° high), usually hairy,
as are the /unceolate or linear leaves (1-4 long), which commonly taper to a
sharp point; cymes at length open; calysx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-
like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-
red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc.,
N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amcena, Sims. Stems ascending (4- 14° high), mostly simple;
leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (4-14
long), on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-
bracted ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned,
rather longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire
(or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, Gray ;
not Lehm.) — Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

++ ++ Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent ; leaves rather broad.

7. P. réptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smooth-
ish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4-8 high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse leaves (¥ long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered,
calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; Jobes of the red-
dish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, in the Alleghany
region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9-18’ high); /eaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate
(1}’ long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered ,
calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; /obes of the pale lilac or
bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire,
3-2’ long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between
them. — Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla.
and Ark. May.— A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flow:
ers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lebes scarcely half as long as the tubs.

16

306 POLEMONIACEZ. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

x * * Stems low, diffuse and branching ; flowers scattered or Larely cymulose ;
corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid ; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

9. P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent ; stems ascending, branched (5- 8’
high) ; leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous ($- 1} long, 14” wide) ; flow-
ers few, on slender peduncles ; calyx-teeth aw]-shaped, about as long as the tube ;
lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle {4” long), equal-
ling the tube, the d/v/sions linear-oblong. — Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate
at base, linear (1 —- 2’ long, 1” wide or more), acute, rather rigid ; flowers scat-
tered, mostly long-peduncled ; lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid
at the apex into barely oblong lobes. — Cliffs of Ky. River (Short), S. Tll., and
Tenn. (Gattinger). May.

§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and
fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.

11. P. subulata, L. (Grounp or Moss Pryx.) Depressed, in broad
mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or nar-
rowly linear (3-6” long) ; cymes few-flowered ; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid ;
corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; lobes
wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire. — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks,
southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla
tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted.
Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds. — Mostly herbs with alternate leaves.
Our species belongs to the § Col/omia, in which the flowers are capitate-glom-
erate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow
tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire ;
annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. linearis, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6-18’ high;
leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute ;
corolla 6” long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small
limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.) — From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMONIUM, Tour. GREEK VALERIAN.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of
the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla ; fila-
ments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few—several-
seeded. — Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets some-
times confluent ; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An
ancient name, from moAeuos, war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. réptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems
weak and spreading (6-10 high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaf-
lets 5-15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ;
calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included ; corolla
light blue, about } wide; capsules about 3-seeded. — Woods, N. Y. to Minn.,
south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.

HYDROPHYLLACEZ. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 007

2. P. certleum, L. (Jacop’s Lapprer.) Stem erect (1-3° high):
leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded ;
fowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer
than the tube; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla,
which is nearly 1’ broad; capsule several-seeded. — Rare in our range, occur-
ring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N.J., and Md., but common
in the western mountains and far northward.

Orper 71. HYDROPHYLLACEZA. (WaterLear FAMILY.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and
5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order, but
the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4-—many-ovuled placente, or
rarely 2-celled by the union of the placente in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2
separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4-many-seeded capsule. — Seeds mostly
reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers
chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are
mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage
Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties ; some culti-
vated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEZ. Ovary and capsule l-celled. Seeds pitted or reticu-
lated ; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.
* Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentz, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in
our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.
. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.
Nemophila. Stamens ineluded; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses,
. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

co nm ee

* * Ovary with narrow parietal placente, in fruit projecting inward more or less.
4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEZ. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placente often projecting
from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell shaped.

1 HYDROPHYLLUM, Toun. WATERLEAF.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes convolute in the bud; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a necta-
riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less
bearded ; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the
2 fleshy placentz expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon
free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules
on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1 -4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with
petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name
formed of #5wp, water, and pvadoyr, leaf; of no obvious application.)

* Calyx with minute if any appendages ; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy ; leaves oblong, pinnate ana
pinnatifid ; the divisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed ; root-leaves

308 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

1° long; peduncle shorter than the petiole ; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from
a broad base, very hairy ; flowers (6” long) crowded in a globular cluster ; an-
thers short-oblong.— Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Missis-
sippi. July.

2. H. Virginicum, L. Smoothish (1 -2° high) ; leaves pinnately divided ;
the divisions 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the
lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer than the peti-
oles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate ;
flowers 3” long; anthers oblong-linear. — Rich woods. June- Aug. r

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3-5’ broad)
palmately 5-—7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those
from the root sometimes with 2—3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; pe-
duncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very
short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-aw]-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute
teeth in the sinuses. — Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and
west to the Mississippi. June - Aug.— Rootstocks thickened and very strongly
toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

* * Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus ; stamens little exserted.

4. H.appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed,
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes
rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.— Damp
woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less en-
larged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes convo-
lute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens
included ; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentz (bearing each 2-12 ovules),
capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.— Diffuse and fragile annuals, with
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun-
cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of véuos,
a grove, and ¢1Aéw, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. micrdcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diffusely spreading (2-8’ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3—5 round-
ish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alter-
nate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers
minute ; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentz each 2-ovuled ; capsule
1 -2-seeded. — Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April-June.

Si. En DS WAsi als

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Co-
rolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above;
the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appen-
dages within. Stamens included. Tlacentz (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds
much as in Hydrophyllum. — Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or
divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John

Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnzus.)

HYDROPHYLLACE®. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 309

1. E. Nyctelea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently
branched (6- 12’ high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7 - 13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, l-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of
the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly 4 long) ,
capsule pendulous. (KE. ambigua, Nut/.; merely a slender form.) — Shady
damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May-July.

4. PHACELIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style)
exserted ; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placente ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two
often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4-many-seeded capsule.
(Ovules 2-30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with
simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white)
flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from @dkeAos, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA proper. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta) ;
corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.
1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1 -2°
high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions or leaflets
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pin
natifid , racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent ; pedi-
cels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks, in
rich soil, Ohio to Hl. and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue, 6”
broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally
keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

§ 2. COSMANTHUS. Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with
Jimbriate lobes, and no appendages within: filaments villous-bearded, rarely
exserted ; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched
(8—12’ high) ; /obes of the stem-leaves 5-9, oblong or lanceolate, acute ; raceme
many-flowered ; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white
(about 4 in diameter). — Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and south-
ward. April-June.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender: stems spreading or as-
cending (5-8’ long), few-leaved ; lowest leaves 3 -5-divided into roundish leat.
lets ; the upper 5 — 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the /obes obtuse ; raceme 3 —10-flowered ;
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate ; corella white (3 - 4” broad).
— Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

§ 3. COSMANTHOIDES. Ovules and seeds 2-8 on each placenta; corolla
rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3-8 high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3 -5 short lobes;
racemes solitary, loosely 5-15-flowered , pedicels filiform, at length several
times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes: corolla open-campanulate, bluish-

360 HYDROPHYLLACEH. (WATERLEAF FAMILY. j

white (4-6” broad) ; filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6 - 12-seeded, a half
shorter than the calyx.—Shaded banks, Penn and Ohio to Mo., south te
S C. and Tex. April-June.

Var. hirstita, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently
growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5-7” in diameter; seeds 4-8
— Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. ‘Vex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covillei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2-5-flowered; calyx-
lobes linear, in fruit 3’ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect
limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose ; seeds 4, large. — Lark
spur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (4. V. Coville.)

§ 4. EUTOCA. GOvules and seeds numerous on each placenta ; corolla rotate-
campanulate, with 10 vertical lamelle within.

6 P. Franklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6-15’ high), rather
stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes,
which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense,
crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue. — Shores of
I. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDROLBA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft
Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with
very large and fleshy many-seeded placentz, thin-walled, 2-4-valved or burst
ing irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.— Herbs or scarcely shrubby.
growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from #dwp, water), with
entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affinis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creep-
ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a
very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions
of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting
globose capsule. — Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

Orver 72. BORRAGINACEZ. (Borace Famity.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical
flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium),
5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed
ovary (as in Labiate), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or
separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets. — Albumen none.
Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit.
Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis
convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of
a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the
end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid),
often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and
slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)
Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEZ. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2 - 4 nutlets

2 Weljotropium. Corolla salver-form, Stamens included. Nutlets 1 - 2-celled,

BORRAGINACE/, (BORAGE FAMILY.) 361

Tribe It. BORRAGINEZAE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1
seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.
* Corolla and stamens regular.
+ Nutlets armed, attached laterally ; coroila short, closed by 5 scales.
2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered
with barbed prickles.
3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with
barbed prickles.
.+ + Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.
4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat, Nutlets attached along the
inner angle.
5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy,
attached just above the base.
+ + + Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.
++ Scar flat, small. Raceines leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.
6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.
7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading ;
the throat either naked or with low crests.
8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.
++ ++ Scar large and excavated.
9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.
* * Corolia irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.
11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much
enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared
in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1 HELIOTROPIUM, Tour. TouRNSOLE, HELIOTROPE

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in
the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate.
Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed car-
pels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.— Herbs or low shrubby
plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient
name, from #Auos, the sun, and tpomn, a turn, with reference to its flowering at
the summer solstice.)

§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled
l-seeded nutlets. Style short.
* Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

H. Evrorxum, L. Erect annual (6-18’ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves
oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spread-
ing in fruit, hairy.— Waste places, southward; scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascend-
ing; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in
pairs. — Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Il., and south and westward.

* * Inflorescence not at all scorpoid ; flowers scattered.

2. H.tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched,

slender, strigose-canescent ; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins;

flowers often bractless.— Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south te
Ala. and Tex.

362 BORRAGINACEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

§ 2, EUPLOCA. Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded
nutlets ; style elongated ; flowers scattered, large.

3. H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and
hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-
petioled ; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6” broad, the
strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals. — Sandy plains,
Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

§3. TIARIDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels,
with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in
bractless scorpioid spikes.

H. {xprcum, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval
and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with
an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum,

DC.) — Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and south-
ward. (Ady. from India.)

2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Toumn. Hovwnn’s-Tonevur.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat
closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets de-
_ pressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, rough-
ened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with a
strong scent and peticled lower leaves ; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes
naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. allsummer. (Name from kdwy, a
dog, and yAé@aoa, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

C. oFfFIcINALE, L. (Common Howunn’s-TonGue.) Biennial; c/othed with
short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile
by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla
reddish-purple (rarely white) ; nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat
margined.— Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed ;
the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. Virginicum, L. (Witp Comrrey.) Perennial; roughish with
spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2—3° high); stem-leaves
lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and
corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets
strongly convex. — Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.

3. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lelm. STICKSEED.

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5
short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of
the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over
or with 1 -3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise
naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers
in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name
compounded of éxivos, a hedgehog, and omépya, seed.)

* Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or de-
flexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed ; biennial, not hispid.

1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. (Becear’s Lice.) Stem 2—4° high; radi-
cal leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3-8 long) ovate-

BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 363

oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate
racemes divaricate ; pedicel and flower each a line long; nutlets of the globose
fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back. (Cynoglossum Morisoni,
DC.) — Borders of woods and thickets, N, Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La

2. KE. defléxum, Lehm., var Americanum, Gray Diffusely branched,
about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate ;
flowers small ; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate.
— Iowa, Minn., and northward

3. E. floribundum, Lehm Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; ra-
cemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger
(blue, sometimes white), 2-3’ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined
with a close row of flat subulate prickles. — Minn. and Sask., and westward.

* * Racemes leafy-bracteate. stout pedicels not deflered ; calyx becoming foli-
aceous ; leaves linear, /anceolate, or the lower spatulate hispid annuals.

E. LApputa, Lehm. Erect, 1-2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuber-

culate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles,

or these irregular over most of the back.— Waste and cultivated grounds,
from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. B. Redowskii, Lehm., var occidentale, Watson. Erect, 1 -2°
high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate,
the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes
confluent at base. — Minn. to Tex., and westward.

4. KRYNITZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla
short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight,
unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from
the base upward.— Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small
white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to
Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.)

1. K. crassisépala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span
high, very rough-hispid ; /eaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate ; flowers very
small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate ; lobes of the persistent calyx closed
over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets
ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth,
attached from the base to the middle. — Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.

5. MERTENSIA, Roth. LuneGwort.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft
or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the
open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form.
Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next
the base by a prominent internal angle; the scar small.— Smooth or soft-
hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue
(rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like
clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for
Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

364 BORRAGINACE. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat ;
filaments slender, exserted ; hypogynous disk 2-lobed.

1. M. Virginica, DC. (Vircinian Cowsiip. LunGwort. Brive BE 1s.)
Very smooth, pale, erect (1— 2° high) ; leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root
(4-6’ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1’ long, many times exceeding
the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish. — Alla-
vial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S.C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.

* * Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.
«+ Filaments broad and short ; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2 M. paniculata, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1 -2°
high), loosely branched , /eaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed,
thin; corolla (6” long) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the
lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx , filaments broader and shorter than the
anthers. — Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug

3. M. lanceolata, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, sim-
ple or branched , /eaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1 — 2’ long),
nearly veinless, obtuse or acute; corolla-ttbe somewhat longer than the lan-
ceolate calyx-lobes ; filaments generally longer than the anthers.— The Dakotas
to N. Mex. and westward.

= + Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets shining, utricular.

4. M. maritima, Don. (Sea Luneworrt.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper sur-
face becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3” long), twice the
length of the calyx. — Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and
northward; scarce. June- Aug.

6. MYOSOTIS, Dill. ScorPion-GRASs. FORGET-ME-NOT.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft
calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the
rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very
short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar mi-
nute. — Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem
sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless,
or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and
straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of
wus, mouse, and ods, wTds, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft
leaves in some species; one popular name is MouseE-E aR.)

x Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.

M. pactstris, Withering. (TruE ForGet-ME-NorT.) Perennial; stems
ascending from an oblique creeping base (9-20’ high), loosely branched,
smoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong ; calyx-
lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue
with a yellow eye.— In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation.
(Nat. from Eu.)

1. M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems
very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves lanceolate-oblong

BORRAGINACEH. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 3860

or somewhat spatulate ; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or
3” broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, G San pelea water and wet
ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.)

* * Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some
minutely hooked or gland-tipped ; corolla small ; annual or biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend:
ing (6-15’ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base
and stalked ; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longei
than the 5-cleft equal calyx. — Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4-
12’ high) ; deaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes
leafy at the base ; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit
erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex,
rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid
calyx.— Dry ground, rather common. May-July.

M. versfcouor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base ; racemes
loose, mostly naked at base ; ; flowers almost sessile ; corolla pale yellow chang’
ing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft.— Fields, Del. (Nat:
from Eu.)

7, LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwett. Pvccooy.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite
each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong,
almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or
stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish and commonly
red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and
leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of
style. (Name formed of Ai@os, stone, and omépya, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull ; throat of the
(nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

L. arvénse, L. (Corn GromweE tu.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or
biennial; stems erect (6-12’ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless;
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx. — Sandy banks and roadsides. May -
Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory ; corolla greenish-white or pale-
yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat ; perennial.

L. OFFICINALE, L. (Common GromMweELt.) Much branched above, erect
(1-2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct

veins, rough above, soft- pubescent beneath ; corolla exceeding the calyx. —
Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. * (Nat. from Eu.)

1..L. latifolium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2-8° high),
rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral
ones 2-4’ long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneatn,
the root-leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx.— Open
ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.
§ 3. BATSCHIA. WNutlets white, smooth and shining ; corolla large, salver-

JSorm or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much

366 _ BORRAGINACEZ. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long
and deep, yielding a red dye.)

* Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the
ample limb, the lobes entire ; appendages little if at all projecting.

2. L. hirtum, Lehm. WHispid with bristly hairs (1-2° high); stem-
leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong,
bristly-ciliate; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8-12” broad) ;
flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy; fruiting calyx (3 long) 3-4
times longer than the nutlets.— Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and
westward. April-June.

3. L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) Softly hairy and
more or less hoary (6-15 high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper
ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed
hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx
(3” long) barely twice the length of the nutlets.— Plains and open woods, in
sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.

*x * Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2-4 times the length of the calyx and
of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching ; later
flowers small, cleistogenous.

4. L. angustifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the
base, 6-18’ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers
pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-
tube 8-18” long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants,
with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels
commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum,
Spreng.; the long-flowered form.) — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and
Mich. to the Dakotas and Tex., and westward.

8. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Fase Gromwert.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-
funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute
lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much ex-
serted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar
minute, not hollowed out.— Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with
oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish
flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in sum-
mer. — Our species belong to true ONOsmMobDiuUM, With smooth included anthers
on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx.
(Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid ap-
pressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1-2° high); leaves narrowly
oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1-24 long), the lower narrowed at base; Jobes
of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long
bristles. — Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.

2. O. Carolinianum, DC. Shaggy all over with long and spreading
bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2-4° high); /eaves ovate-lanceolate or

CONVOLVULACE&. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 367

oblong-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or
triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. — Alluvial grounds, W. New York
to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

Var. molle, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed,
1-2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2’ long), when young softly strigose-canes-
cent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.) — Ul. to Minn., Tex., and westward.

9. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. CoMFREY.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spread-
ing; the throat closed with 5 conv erging linear-awl- shaped scales. Stamens
included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate,
erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its mar-
gin. — Coarsé perennial herbs, with thickened _bitterish mucilaginous roots ;
the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek

name from ¢ guupeiy, to grow together, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)

S. orricryALe, L. (Common Comrrey.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate- “lanceolate, tapering
into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely gt
— Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from. Eu.)

10. LYCOPSIS,. L. Buexoss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the
throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens
and style included. Nutlets rough- -wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out
base. — Annuals. (Name from Avxos, a wolf, ‘and ous, face. )

L. arvensis, L. (Smart Bueross.) Very rough-bristly (1° high);
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like chisters ; calyx as long as the
tube of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.
scarce. (Ady. from Eu.)

ll. ECHIUM, Tour. Virer’s BuGtoss.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less un-
equal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked.
Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from éxis, a viper.)

EB. vurieare, L. (Briue-weep.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect
(2° high), mostly simple ; stem-leaves linear- lanceolate, sessile ; flowers show Vs
in short lateral clusters, disposed i in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla red:
dish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows
of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

OrpDER 73. CONVOLVULACEZ. (Convotvutus Famity.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with
alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5
imbricated sepals ; a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in
the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one
tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the celis
sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming
4-celled ; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen. —
Fruit a globular 2—6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axil-
lary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are culti-

368 CONVOLVULACEH. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

vated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous
roots; those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.)
Tribe I. DICHONDREZ. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2, basilar.
Creeping herbs.
1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.
Tribe II. CONVOLVULE. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners

2. Ipomeea. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2-3-globose.

3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to
subulate or ovate.

4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.

5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTE. Ovary entire. Leafiess parasitic twining herbs, never green.
Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICHONDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly .bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1 - 2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.
— Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped
entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel-
lowish or white. (Name from 8s, double, and xovdpos, a grain; from the
fruit.)

1. D. repens, Forst. Leaves round-kidney-shaped, pubescent, green
both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1-14” long).— Wet ground,
Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. IPOMGA, L. Morninc Gory.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla
salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate ; the limb entire or slightly
lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2 -3-globose stig-
ma. Capsule globular, 4-6 (by abortion fewer)-seeded, 2-4-valved. (Name,
according to Linneeus, from ty, a Bindweed, and éuouos, like; but ty is a worm.)

§ 1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but nar-

row tube; stamens and style exrserted ; flowers red. Annual twiners.

I. QuAmociit, L. (Cypress-V1neE.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-
thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla narrow,
scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Chois, y. ) — Sparingly
spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)

I. coccfnea, L. Leaves heart- shaped, acuminate, entire or angled; sepals
awn-pointed ; corolla light scarlet (1’ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench. )-
River-banks, etc., Ohio to IIL, Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in
N. Mex. and Arizona.)

§ 2. IPOMQEA proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted
in the bud ; stamens and style not exserted.

* (Mornine Giory.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3, oa long and narrow,
attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below. corolla purple, blue, and white.

I. weperAcea, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy , /eaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed,
the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 —3-flowered ;
calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1 Ee
long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth. ) — Waste and cultivated ground, Penn.
to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)

CONVOLVULACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 369

I. purrtrea, Lam. (Common Morninc-Guory.) Annual; stems re-
trorsely hairy ; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbel-
lately 3-—5-flowered; calyx bristly-hairy below ; corolla funnel-form (2’ long)
purple, varying to white. — Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.)

* * Stigma 2-lobed or entire ; cells 2, each 2-seeded ; sepals broader, imbricated.
+ Leaves cordate, acuminate.

1. I. pandurata, Meyer. (Witp Potato-vine. MaAn-OF-THE-EARTH.)
Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ;
leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped ; peduncles
longer than the petioles, 1-5-flowered ; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse ;
corolla open-funnel-form (3’ long), white with purple in the tube. — Dry
ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. Stems long
and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10-20 pounds.

2. I. lacunosa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creep-
ing, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; peduncles short, 1-3-flowered ;
sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the
sharply 5-lobed (white, }-4’ long) corolla. — River-banks and low grounds,
Penn. to IIl., south to S. C. and Tex.

+ + Leaves linear ; not twining.

3. I. leptophylla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or
ascending (2-4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense
root (weighing 10-100 pounds) ; leaves 2-4’ long, 2-3” wide, short-petioled,
acute; peduncles short, 1 - 2-flowered ; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer
ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3’ long.— Plains of
Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVOLVULUS, Toum. Binpweep.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided
or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate.
Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions be-
tween the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2-4-valved. — Herbs or
somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from
convolvo, to entwine.)

§1. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad
leafy bracts.

1. C. spithamézeus, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright
or ascending (6-12’ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or
auricled base ; corolla white (2’ long) ; stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamea,
Pursh.) — Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sepium, L. (Hepce Brnpweep.) Glabrous, or more or less
pubescent ; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively ; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely
truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled;
bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (14 -2° long).
(Calystegia sepium, R. Br.) — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlan-
tic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. Americanus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple ; bracts
obtuse. (C.sepium of Am. authors mainly.) — Common, across the continent.

370 CONVOLVULACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Var. repens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes
flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cor-
date, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from
almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium,
var. pubescens, Gray.) — Common.

§ 2. Stigmas jiliform ; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.

C. arvensis, L. (Brypweep.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining,
and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ;
peduncles mostly 1-flowered ; bracts minute, remote ; corolla (9” long) white
or tinged with reddish. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (u.)

4. BREWERIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below;
stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. —
Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer;
corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an
English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistrata, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves
varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate
or emarginate; peduncles 1-7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels;
sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles
united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.) — Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquatica, Gray. Jinutely soft downy and somewhat hoary ; pe-
duncles 1 —3-flowered ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth ;
styles almost distinct ; otherwise nearly as n.1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.) —
Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very
narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly
sessile; peduncles 1 -3-flowered ; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding
the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far
above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii,
Gray.) — Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward ; also W. Ill.

5. EVOLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost ro-
tate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells
2-seeded. — Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never
twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. KE. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base,
dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the
lower oblong-spatulate and short-petioled, about 3’ long; flowers almost ses-
sile in the axils; corolla purple, 3” broad. — Sterile plains and prairies, the
Dakotas and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CUSCUTA, Toum. Dopper.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate.
Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled

CONVOLVULACEH. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 371

4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Em-
bryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of
cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule) ;
germination occurring in the soil. — Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like
yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves:
on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs
and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suck-
ers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered,
mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name sup-
posed to be of Arabic derivation.)

§ 1. Stigmas elongated ; capsule circumscissile.

C. Eprfirnum, Weihe. (Fitax Dopper.) Stems very slender, low; flowers
elobular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical,
scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent
around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter
than the globose ovary. — Flax- fields; in Europe very injurious ; sparingly
introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

. ErfrHymum, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate ; corolla-lobes
spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales
large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted. — Occasionally found in clover-
fields. (Int. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate ; capsule indehiscent.
* Calyx gamosepalous ; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

+ Flowers in dense or globular clusters ; corolla with short and wide tube, per
sistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored ; flowers
white (1-14% long); lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer
than the tube; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin cap-
sule pale greenish-yellow. — Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark. ; also
in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low; flowers smaller
(hardly 1” long) ; calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad ; those of the corolla
acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points; scales large, deeply
Jringed. — Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the
Pacific. Very variable.

+ + Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer
than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

3. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-
climbing; flowers (1” long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous ;
lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the
slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed. — On
tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

* * Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or
capped by the marcescent corolla ; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

+ Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

4. C. decora, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less
papillose ; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate

372 CONVOLVULACEZ. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply
fringed ; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C.indecora, Choisy.) — Var.
PULCHERRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicu-
ous flowers 14-24” long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.
— Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosz and Com-
posite), from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.

5. C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same
structure, but smaller (only 1” long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with
erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth.— Open
woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N.
Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

~ + Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-
lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously
fringed; capsule globose, umbonate.— Wet shady places, Canada to Minn.,
south to Fla.and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable
in size and compactness of clusters. — Var. LATIFLORA, Engelm., is a form
with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to
the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger
(2-3” long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter
than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped ; capsule long-pointed.
— Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall
herbs, rarely shrubs.

* x * Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capil-
lary; scales large, deeply fringed ; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

8. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (14- 2)” long) thin,
on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles ; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals
and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter
than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length
exserted. — Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosae, etc.,
Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse; flowers closely sessile in densely
compact clusters; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate,
appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the
corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter. .
— Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and
Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.

10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading ; sepals nearly similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style seve-
ral times longer than the ovary.— Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and
Tex., mostly on tall Composite. The rope-like twists ($-? thick), of white
flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have
a singular appearance.

SOLANACEH. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. ) 373

OrpEeR 74. SOLANACEAB. (Nigutsnape Famrty.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless Juice and alternate leaves, regw
lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla im-
bricate or valvate m the bud, and mostly plaited ; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely
3-5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.— Seeds campylotropous or
amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen
Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla.
Style and stigma single. Placente in the axis, often projecting far inte
the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic,
often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the
tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scro-
phulariacez, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens
generally distinguish it.
* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually

turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.
1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.
* * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.

+ Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

bo

. Chameesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.
+ + Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.
. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-celled.

cS

+ + + Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.
§. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.
+++ + Fruit a capsule.

6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens
by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled,
4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1 SOLANUM, Toun. Nicursnape.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4-10-parted), the
latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted ; fila-
ments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip
by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.— Herbs, or shrubs in warm
climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal)
one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axiliary.— A vast genus,
chiefly in warmer regions, including the Poraro (S. TUBEROsUM) and the
Ecec-ptant (S. Mretonckna); while the Tomaro (LycopérsicuM ESCU-
LENTUM) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)

* Not prickly ; anthers blunt ; flowers and globose naked berries small.
+ Perennial, climbing or twining.

S. DurcamAra, L. (Birrersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or
leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. —
Moist banks and around dwellings. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

374 SOLANACEH. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

a + Simple-leaved annuals.

1. §. triflorum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous,
leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7-9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1-3:
flowered ; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry. — Central
Kan., and westward ; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

2. §. nigrum, L. (Common Nicursuape.) Low, much branched and
often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; /eaves ovate, wavy-
toothed ; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx
spreading ; filaments hairy; berries globular, black.— Shaded grounds and
fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July -—Sept.

Var. viritosum, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves
small, conspicuously angular-dentate ; filaments glabrous; berries yellow. —
Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. grAciLe, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2-3°
high), with virgate spreading branches ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly
entire; corolla white or bluish; calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry —
Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)

* * More or less prickiy ; anthers tapering upward ; pubescence stellate
« Perennial ; fruit naked ; anthers equal ; corolla violet, rarely white.

3. §. Carolinénse, L. (Horse-Netrie.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent
with 4-8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty) ; leaves
oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, ra-
cemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate ; berries about 6” broad. —
Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn. to lowa, south to Fla. and Tex.

4. S. elesagnifolium, Cay. Silvery-canescent with dense scurflike pu.
bescence of many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or ~
wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire ;
calyx-lobes slender; berry seldom 6” in diameter.— Prairies and plains, E
Kan. to Tex., and westward.

5. S. Torréyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of about
equally 9-12-rayed hairs: prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting;
leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed (4 - 6’
long); calyzx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate ; berry 1’ in diameter. -—
Prairies, ete., E. Kan. and Tex.

- + Annual: fruit closely covered ; lowest anther much the iongest , corolla yellow.

6. S. rostratum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish
with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1 - 2° high): leaves | - 2-pinnatifid.
calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined. — Plains of Neb. to
Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.

2, CHAMHSARACHA, Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), ob-
scurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Fila-
ments filiform; anthers separate, oblong. — Perennials, with mostly narrow
entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked
pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a
tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha,a Spanish Benedictine,
the prefix yauat, on the ground.)

SOLANACEX. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 375

1. C. sérdida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cine-
reous with short viscid pubescence ; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong
to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid ; calyx when young villous-viscid ;
corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6” broad) ; berry as large as a pea. — Dry
or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona.

3. PHYSALI 0 a: GROUND CHERRY.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between
wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave
spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5 — 10-toothed.
Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
trv), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary ; flowering through the summer. (Name ¢uoaAis, a
bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

* Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire
border ; pubescence simple.

1. P. grandiflora, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1-2’ wide when expanded, and with a
woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by
the berry. —S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Cham-
plain (Perkins).

*« * Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3-10” broad.
+ Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute ; anthers violet.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at
base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ; corolla brownish- or
violet-spotted in the centre, 7-10” broad; calyx at maturity globose and com-
pletely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth. —
In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.

3. P. angulata, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong,
sharply and irregularly /aciniate-toothed ; peduncles filiform ; corolla unspotted,
very small (3-6” broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a
truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the
greenish-yellow berry. — Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.

+ + Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs ;
fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely envelop-
ing the green or yellow berry ; leaves ovate or cordate.

4. P. pubescens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length de-
cumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted
with brown purple in the centre, 5-6” broad when expanded, obscurely 5 —- 10-
toothed; anthers violet.— Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and
Tex., and westward. — A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Mo.
(B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2” broad) yellow, without a brown centre,
the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.

5. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely
spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed,
rarely entire; corolla 9-12” broad, 5-angled or 5-10-toothed ; anthers yellow

376 SOLANACEE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) |

(P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.)— Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to
Fla. and Tex. — Var. amBicua, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with
violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.

+ + + Perennials, mostly low, not viscid ; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly
none; anthers almost always yellow.

6. P. viscosa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short
stellate or 2—3-forked pubescence ; stems ascending or spreading from slender
creeping subterranean shoots ; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obo-
vate, entire or undulate ; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye;
fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange. —In sands on and near
the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

7. P. Janceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff
mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout sub-
terranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid ; /eaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceo-
late, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucons,
with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate
(1-14 long) ; berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)
— Dry open ground, Penn. to Il., Minn., and south and westward.

Var. levigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some
very short hairs on young parts. — Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Var. hirta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hir
sute-pubescence of the leaves 2—3-forked, as also are some of the abundant
villous-hispid hairs of the stem. — Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan.

4. NICANDRA, Adans. Appre or Perv.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-—5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla
with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.— An annual
smooth herb (2-3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and
solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after
the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

WN. puysaioipes, Gaertn. — Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gar-
dens. (Ady. from Peru.)

5. LYCIUM, L. Marrrmony-Vine.

Calyx 3 —5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry.
Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender ;
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named
from the country, Lycia.) ;

L. vuiGAre, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved-
drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves oblong- or spatu-
late-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on slender
peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple ;
style and slender filaments equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red. — About
dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. HYOSCYAMUS, Tour. HENBANE.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule

SCROPHULARIACEX. (FIGWORT FAMILY. ) 377

enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near
the apex, which falls off like a lid. —Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs
with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed
of Ss, tds, a hog, and Kiauos, a bean; said to be poisonous to swine.)

H. nicer, L. (Brack Henpane.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping,
sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla
dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from gardens
to roadsides. (Ady. from Eu.)

ee ACE AY BA Ts. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit,
che upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading
5-10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly,
4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentz projected from the axis into the middle
of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so
that tne capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placente as if on the mrddle
of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-
poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in
the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered
from the Arabic name, Tutorah.)

D. Srramonium, L. (Common StRaAMONIUM or THORN APPLE.) Annual,
glabrous ; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla white
(3’ long), the border with 5 teeth ; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.
— Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)

D. TArura, L. (Purpite T.) Mostly taller; stem purple: corolla pale
violet-purple ; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.— Waste grounds, in the
Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

8. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tosacco.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule
2-celled, 2—4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.— Rank acrid-narcotic
herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or
panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have intro-
duced Tobacco (N. TasdAcum, L.) into Europe.)

N. rtstica, L. (Witp Topacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube
of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx.
the lobes rounded. — Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic
of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

OrperR 75. SCROPHULARIACE. (Ficworr Famity.)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens
often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less
irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-
celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placente in the axis ; seeds
anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen. —Style
single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but
the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order. —
A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

I. ANTIRRHINIDE®. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower
in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, etc ) Capsule usually
septicidal.

378 SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Tribe I. VERBASCEZ. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.
1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.
Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEZ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below,
the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in sim-
ple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.
2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.
3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat. ,
Tribe III. CHELONEZ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below.
Capsule 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite Inflorescence usually compound, of small axil-
lary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single
flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.
4 Serophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one
spreading one Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.
5 Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.
6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others.
Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.
7 Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.
Tribe IV. GRATIOLEZ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-
valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves. peduncles naked (or 2-bracte~
olate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.
* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.
9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.
10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.
11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves
alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.
* * Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.
12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included , the sterile pair short or none.
13 Llysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included, the sterile filaments protruded.
14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla
short or none. Filaments with an appendage ; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

Il. RHINANTHIDEZX. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla cover-
ing the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITALEZX. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Sta-
mens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.

15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2-4-lobed, irregular Stamens 2
or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica Calyx 4(rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost
reguiar Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. GERARDIEZ. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed
limb Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.

* Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers l-celled. Flowers in a spike.

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.
* * Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form ; anthers 2-celled.
18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.
19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.
Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEZ. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip nar-
row, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.
* Anther-cells unequal and separated Capsule many-seeded.

20, Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.
Upper lip of corolla elongated ; the lower short, often very small.

SCROPHULARIACE&. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 379

21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer
and usually much narrower than ‘the inflated lower one.

* * Anther-cells equal. Capsule many -several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back.
Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back,

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular: seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped ; seeds wingless.

* * * Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1 - 4-seeded.
27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1 VERBASCUM, L. Mutiew.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shapec ,; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unequal Stamens 5 all the filaments, or the 3
upper, W oolly. Sty le flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.
— ‘Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leav es, those of the
stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephem-
eral; insummer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

V. TuArsus,"L. (Common Murex) WDenseiy woolly throughout ; stem
tall and stout simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves:
flowers (yellow, very rarely white) im a prolonged and very dense cylindrical
spike; lower stamens usually beardless.— Fields, a common weed. (Nat.
from Eu.)

V. BuarrAria, L. (Morn M.) Green and smoothish, slender ; lower leaves
petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasp-
ing ; raceme loose ; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides, through-
out our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat.
from Eu.)

V. Lycunitis, L. (Wuire M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness ;
stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish
above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with
whitish wool. — Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

2. LINARIA, Toum. Toav-Frax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly
closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many
— Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer.
(Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

* Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or
smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a
naked terminal raceme.

L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6-30°
nigh); leaves flat (1-2” wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform
curved spur of the corolla. — Sandy soil, common.

* * Perennial,erect (1-38° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale
leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.

L. vurcAris, Mill. (Ramstep. Butter anp Ecos.) Leaves linear or
nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1’ long or more, in-
cluding the slender subulate spur; seeds winged. — Fields and roadsides,
throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

1;

380 SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

LL. Genistirovia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceo.
late, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless. — Sparingly
naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

x * * Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate
ieaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

L. Evarine, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy ; leaves has-
tate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acute; corolla 3-4” long, including the subulate spur. — Sandy
banks and shores, Canada te N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. sptria, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves
and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes. — Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste
grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, Toum. — Syappracon.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.— Corolla commonly
showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from
avti, like, and iv, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. Orontium, L. <A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves
lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy: sepals longer than the purplish or white co-
rolla.— About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. Asus, L. (LARGE Snappracon.) <A large-flowered perennial, with
oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme ; sepals short ; corolla 14-
2’ long, purple or white. — Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. = Fieworr.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one;
the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla.
Capsule many-seeded. — Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small
greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow
panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3 —5°
high) ; stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate,
cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base. — Damp grounds, N. Eng.
to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes
partly turned backward , the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like,
enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudi
ment. Capsule 4-many-seeded.— Slender branching annuals or biennials,
with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clus-
ters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the
late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6-20’ high) , lower leaves ovate, the upper
ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whor/s about 6-
flowered ; flowers long-peduncled ; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the
calyx. — Moist soil. western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc. and Ky. May, June.

SCROPHULARIACEE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 381

2. © parviflora, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the
upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2-6-flowered ; flowers short-
peduncled ; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx.— Shore of
L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6, CHELONE, Tourn. TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the
mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched
at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the
middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others.
Seeds many, wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with upright branching
stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are
nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate
concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from yeAd@v7, a torioise, the corolla re-
sembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or even 6-7°) high; leaves narrowly to
rather broadly lanceolate (4-5° long, 4-12” wide), gradually acuminate, ser-
rate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short
petiole; bracts not ciliate ; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.— Wet
places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. obliqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1 - 2° high;
leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2—5’ long), sometimes laciniately serrate,
more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled ; bracts
eiliolate ; corolla deep and bright rose-color.—S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Bearp-roncur.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped,
either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower
3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascenuing above, and a fifth sterile
filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numer-
ous, wingless. — Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with op-
posite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy,
thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from zeévre, five, and orhuwy, stamen;
the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

* Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves
often toothed or denticulate.

+ Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear ; corolla 9-12” long,
the lower lip usually bearded within.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem 1-2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least
the inflorescence) ; /eaves oblong to lanceolate (2-4’ long), the lowest and radi-
cal ovate or oblong, usually denticulate ; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or
purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by
a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded.— Dry or rocky
grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. leevigatus, Solander. Stem 2-4° high, mostly glabrous except the
inflorescence; leaves jirmer, somewhat glossy, the cauline ovate- or oblong-

382 SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2-5’ long); thyrse broader ; corolla
white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat
widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Moist or rich soil, Penn.
to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitalis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more
abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.) — Penn. to lowa, Mo., Ark., ete.

3. P. gracilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above,
1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or
oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat,
lilac-purple or whitish. — Minn. to Mo., and westward.

+ + Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.

4. P,. Cobzea, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or
the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply
toothed ; thyrse short ; corolla 2’ long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish.
— Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflorus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate
sepals, 2-3° high; /eaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed,
the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse ;
corolla 9” long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish. —
Low prairies, Kan. and’ Ark.

6. P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6-10’ high; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate or narrow, eutire or sparsely toothed ; clusters of the strict thyrse few-
flowered, approximate ; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9” long,
with shorter tube and more dilated throat. — Plains, Neb. to S. Dak. and Tex.

* * Glabrous throughout and glaucous ; leaves sessile, entire; thyrse raceme-like.

7. PB. grandifiorus, Nutt. Stem 2-4° high; leaves thickish, the upper
and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate ; pedi-
cels short; corollu 2’ long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-
blue ; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex. — Prairies,
from I]l. and Wisc. to the Dakotas, Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glaber, Pursh. Stems 1-2° high; /eaves mostly oblong-lanceolate
or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; thyrse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very
short ; corol/a 1-13’ long, bright blue to violet-purple, d//ated above ; anthers
and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute. — Plains of E. Neb.
to S. Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminatus, Dougl. Stem 6-20’ high, stout; /eaves thick, the
lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping,
acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; coro//a 9” long, lilac or
violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above. — Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MIMULUS, L. Mowxey-Fiower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-
lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous. —
Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary
and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning
corolla.)

SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 383

* Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined ; corolla violet
purple.

1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the
flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate. — Wet
places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July —Sept.— Flower
1-14’ long, rarely white.

2. M. alatus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; /eaves oblong-
ovate, tapering into a petiole ; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very
‘short abruptly pointed teeth ; otherwise like the last.— Wet places, western
N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

* * Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping ;
calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.

3. M. Jamésii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish ; stems
creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equal-
ling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and
open. — In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to IIL,
Kan., and westward.

M. vtrevus, L. Erect or with later branches spreading ; leaves ovate to
roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or
blotches, often large. — Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONOBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, the lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-
form. Seeds numerous. — Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and
small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multifida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched,
minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-
shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the
calyx. — Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv.
below Philadelphia. July —Sept.

10. HERPESTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very nar-
row. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed,
or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or
2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers ; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name
from éprnotns, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

* Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves
many-nerved.

1. H. nigréscens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous;
leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1-2’ long), serrate;
pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or
purplish. — Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

384 SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

2. H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round
obovate, half-clusping (4-1 long), entire, basally nerved ; peduncles twice o
thrice the length of the calyx ; upper sepal ovate ; corolla white or pale blue.
— Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., anc southward.

3. H. amplexicatlis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; /eaves
ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; upper
sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue. — Margin of pine-barren ponds, N, J. and
Mad. to La. —Aromatic when bruised.

* * Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed ; stamens almost equal.

4. H. Monniéra, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping ; leaves spat-
ulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile ;
corolla pale blue. — River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to ‘Tex.

ll LIMOSELLA, L. Mupworr.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-
shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded ; the partition thin and vanishing. —
Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slen
der runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clus
ters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or
ourplish. (Name from /imus, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade
distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. — Brackish tiver-banks
and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATIOLA, L. Henpce-Hyssop.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla
entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the
anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the
apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly perennials, some
apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered pedun-
cles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer;
all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on ac-
count of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse ; stems mostly diffusely
branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth ; corollas 4-6”
long ; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.

* Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1G. Virginiana, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above {4-6 high) ;
leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed;
peduncles aimost equalling the /eaves ($-1’ long); pod ovoid (2” long). — Very
common.

2. G. spheerocarpa, Eli. Smooth, rather stout (5-10’ high); leaves
lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1 - 2’ long), toothed ; peduncles scarcely
longer than the calyx and the large (3”) globular pod — N. J. and Md. to UL.
south te Fla. and Tex.

SCROPHULARIACE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 389

* * Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head ; leaves short (4-1 long).

3. G. viscosa, Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular ; leaves ovate:
lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles , corol/a
whitish, yellow within. — Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. atirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear,
entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (4 long). — Sandy
swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical ; sterile filaments tipped
-with a head ; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more
simple stems.

5. G. pilosa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile
(4 long) ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, 3-4” long, scarcely exceeding
the calyx. — Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

138. ILYSANTHES, Rat.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one
of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma
2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small and smooth annuals,
with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked
pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from idus, mud,
or mire, and &vfos flower.)

1. I. riparia, Raf. (Fartse Primpernev.) Much branched, diffusely
spreading (4-8 high), or at first simple and erect, leafy ; leaves ovate, rounded,
or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3”
long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.) — Wet places; common.

14. MICRANTHEMUMY, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the up-
per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete ;
lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila-
ments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous ;
no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin,
with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several -many-seeded. — Small,
smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water,
with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white
or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually
one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of puxpis,
small, and &v@ewov, flower.)

1. M. Nuttallii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1-2’ high; leaves obovate-
spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx,
which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit be-
coming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the
length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the fila-
ment itself; stigmas subulate.— Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.-

Oct.

386 SCRUPHULARIACEEX. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 — 4-lobed or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another
pair from the other sinuses, exserted ; anther-cells not confluent. Style slen-
der; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled
(rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering be-
low with the axis. — Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly
clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled,
crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from ovy, together,
and 6upis, a little door; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped ;
spike dense (5 - 12’ long) ; corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than
the calyx, usually 2-3-parted. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn.,
south to Ind., Ill., and Lowa.

16; VERONICA, 2: SPEEDWELL.

Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the
border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly
- narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma
single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few - many-
seeded. — Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled ; flowers blue, flesh-
color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§1. LEPTANDRA. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes
terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than
its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft.

1. V. Virginica, L. (Curver’s-root. CuLver’s Puysic.) Smooth
or rather downy ; stem simple, straight (2-6° high); leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ;
corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate,
not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded. — Rich woods, Vt.
to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla wheel-shaped ; capsule more or less notched,
strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs.

* Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves ;
racemes axillary, mostly opposite ; corolla pale blue.

« Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Speepwert.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped _
buse, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2 - 3” long); pedicels spreading ;
corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched. — Brooks and
ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June- Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

3. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (AmeriIcAN BROOKLIME.) Smooth,
decumbent at base, then erect (8-15’ high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or
oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; the slender
pedicels spreading. — Brooks and ditches, common. June— Aug.

SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 387

+ + Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. scutellata, L. (Marsa SpeepwE Lt.) Smooth, slender and weak
(6-12’ high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate ; racemes several,
very slender and zigzag ; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or
reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both
ends or didymous. — Bogs, common. June-Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

5. V. officinalis, L. (Common SpEEDWELL.) Pubescent; stem pros-
trate, rooting at base; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong,
obtuse, serrate ; racemes densely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx ;
capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched.— Dry hills and open woods, N.
Eng. to Mich., and southward. July. (Eu., Asia.)

V. Cuammprys, L. Stem pubescent, at least in two lines, ascending from
a creeping base; leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; racemes
loosely-flowered ; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule triangular-obcor-
date. —Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and Penn. (Ady. from Eu.)
* * Leaves opposite ; flowers in a terminal raceme ; the lower bracts leaf-like ;

capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alpina, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2-12’
high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile ;
raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded ; capsule obovate, notched. — Alpine sum-
mits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.)

7. V. serpyllifolia, L. (THyYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Much branched
at the creeping base, nearly smooth ; branches ascending and simple (2 - 4’ high) ;
leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the
upper passing into lanceolate bracts; raceme loose; corolla whitish, or pale
blue, with deeper stripes ; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.
— Roadsides and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May-July
(Eu., Asia.)

* * * Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the
flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate ; corolla shorter
than the calyx.

+ Flowers short-pedicelled ; floral leaves reduced ; corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED. PuRSLANE SPEEDWELL.) Glan-
dular-puberulent or nearly smooth, erect (4-9 high), branched; lowest leaves
petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper
oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers ; cap-
sule orbicular, slightly notched, many-seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds,
in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April-June.

V. arvensis, L. (Corn SPEEDWELL.) Simple or diffusely branched
(3- 8 high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate ; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded. — Culti-
vated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves ; seeds cup-shaped.

V. acréstis, L. (Fretp SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate.
toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; ovary
many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1—-2-seeded
— Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Ady. from Eu.)

V. Buxsatui, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed
(-1’ long); flower large (nearly 4’ wide, blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely

388 SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

spreading in fruit ; capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16 —24-seeded
— Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. HEDER#FOLIA, L. (Ivy-LEAVED SPEEDWELL.) Leaves rounded o1
heart-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobed; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped ; flow-
ers small; capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2-—4-seeded. —Shaded places, N. J., Penn.,
etc. April-June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17, BUCHNERA, L. Buve-Hearrs.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong
or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers
one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule
2-valved, many-seeded.— Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate ;
the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named
in honor of J. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1-2° high);
lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, spar-
ingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the
bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1’ long). — Moist sandy
ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June-Aug.

18. SEYMERIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens
4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells
equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, with the
general aspect and character of Gerardia ; leaves mostly opposite and dissected
or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt-
edly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophylla, Nutt. (Mu Liern-FoxGLove.) Rather pubescent
(4-5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan-
ceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla
incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style
short, dilated and notched at the point ; capsule ovate, pointed. — Shady river-
banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERARDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or
. somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells
parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened
at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branch:
ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) ; stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter-
nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles,
which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 389

31. DASYSTOMA. Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as weil as the an:
thers and filaments ; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base ; leaves rather large,
more or less incised or pinnatifid,

* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid ; corolla pubescent outside.

i. G. pedicularia, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent,
much branched (2-3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid,
and the lobes'cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate
ealyx-lobes. — Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

* * No glandular pubescence ; corolla glabrous outside ; perennial.

2. G. grandiflora, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (2-
4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid ;
pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2’ long) 4 times the length of
the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.— Oak openings, Wisc.
and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flava, L. (Downy Fatse Foxeciove.) Pubescent with a fine
close down; stem (3-4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob-
lung, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid ; pedicels
very short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla
1¥’ long. — Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. quercifolia, Pursh. (Smooru Fatse Foxeiove.) Smooth and
glaucous (3-6° high), usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnat-
ifid : the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire ; pedicels nearly as long as
the calyx; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated
tube; corolla 2’ long. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Il.

5. G. leevigata, Raf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1-2° high) mostly
simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed ; pedi-
cels shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 1’ long. (G. mtegrifolia, Gray.) —
Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich. and I1]., south in the mountains to Ga.

§ 2. OTOPHYLLA. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as
the very unequal filaments ; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or spar-
ingly hairy.

6. G. auriculata, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple
(9-20 high) ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the
others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers nearly
sessile in the axils (1’ long). — Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn.,
south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves
rigid, pinnately parted into 3-7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those sub-
tending the densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1’ long.
— Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

§ 3. GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyz-
teeth short ; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent ; cauline leaves linear
or narrower, entire.

* Perennial ; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.

8. G. linifolia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2-3° high, sparingly or paniculately
branched ; leaves flat, thickish, 1” wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1’ long

39U SCROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate ; anthers and fita
ments very villous. — Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.
* * Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 13).
+ Pediceis little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.

9 G. aspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1-2° high); leaves long
and linear, rough; pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately
exceeding the calyx, which has triangular-anceolate acute lobes about half as
long as the tube; corolla over 1’ long. — Plains and prairies, Mich. and W
Ind. to the Dakotas and W. Ark.

10. G. purpurea, L. (Purpie Gerarpia.) Stem (1-2° high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches; /eaves linear, acute, rough-mar-
gined; flowers large (1’ long), bright purple, often downy; pedicels shorter
than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to
about half as long as the tube. — Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in
the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.— Var. pAUPERCULA, Gray.
Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only 3’ long, lighter rose-purple. —
N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

1l. G. maritima, Raf. (Srea-sipeG.) Low (4-12’ high), with shorter
branches ; leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse ; pedicels
about as long as the calyx; corolla 3’ long. — Salt marshes along the coast.

+ + Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.

12. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. (Stenper G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute,
the floral ones mostly like the others; calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule
globular, not exceeding the calyx ; corolla about 4’ long. — Low or dry ground,
common. — Var. MACROPHYLLA, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 14-2’ long
and almost 2” wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla
little over 3’ long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.— Var. aspEruLA, Gray.
Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous-scabrous ; inflorescence
more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6” in diameter. Dry

bare hills, Mich. and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriana, Wood. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branch-—

lets, or the lower linear; capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has
short setaceous teeth; corolla4-—6” long. (G. setacea, Gray, Man., not of
Walt.) —Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Parntrep-Cup.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on
the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla
included in the calyx; its upper lip (galea) long and narrow, arcned and
keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens, lower lip short,
3-lobed. Anther-cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle,
the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.— Herbs (root-parasitic), with
alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored,
and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to
Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccinea, Spreng. (Scarier Parntep-Ccp.) Hairy biennial
sr annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate o7

a a

SCROPHULARIACEH. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 391

oblong; those of the stem incised ; the floral 3 - 5-cleft, bright scarlet toward
the summit (rarely yellow) ; calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla,
equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse.— Low sandy
ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Perennial, smooth
or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly ; /eaves mainly entire, the lower linear,
upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yel-
lowish, purple, or red ; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft :
zorolila 5-1’ long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not over 2 or 3
times as long as the lip. — Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Supe-
rior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Perennial, 6-8’ high, very leafy, cinereous-
pubescent ; leaves mostly 3—5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft
lobes; the floral similar or broader, not at all colored ; calyx deeper cleft in
front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft ; corolla 2’ long, the short galea but twice
as long as the slender-lobed lip.— Prairies, Wisc. and Il. to N. Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (ga/ea) little longer and usually much narrower
than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia.
(Name from 6ép@és, upright, and kaprés, fruit.)

1. O. luteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid,
erect, 1° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense;
bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; co-
rolla golden-yellow, not 6” long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx. — Plains,
N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Cnarr-sEeD.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10-12-ribbed, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth much
the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the
corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip;
anther cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear,
with a loose chaff-like coat.— A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb
(1-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather
large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire,
ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels
very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe,
an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L.— Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast.
May - July.

23. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Evesnicnr.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading,
3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-
cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numer-

392 - §CROPHULARIACEZ. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

ous. — Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves
Flowers, small, spiked. (Name eigpacta, cheerfulness, in allusion to its
‘reputed medicinal properties.) .

1. BE. officinalis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the
lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of the (whit-
ish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Coast of Maine and Lower Can-
ada; perhaps introduced from Eu.— Var. TatArica, Benth., a low form
with small flowers (2- 3” long), and mostly rounded leaves. — Alpine region
of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BARTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded
back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia. — Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves,
and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. Ovonrires, Huds. <A span or two high from an annual root, branch-
ing, scabrous-pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely ser-
rate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.— Coast of
Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINANTHUS, L. Yetiow-Rartre.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper
lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but witha
minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse ; the cells equal,
pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. —
Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a
one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and &v6os, a
flower, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-galli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely
serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6”
long ; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence
the popular name.) — Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L.
Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lovsewort.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened,
often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ;
lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4,
under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule
ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a
spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Lousewort. Woop Berony.)
Hairy ; stems simple, clustered (5-12/ high) ; leaves scattered, the lowest pin-
nately parted, the others half-pinnatifid ; spike short and dense ; calyx split in
front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex ; capsule flat,
somewhat sword-shaped, — Copses and banks, common. May—July.

OROBANCHACEH. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 393

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem upright (1-3° high), nearly simple,
mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed ;
spike crowded ; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested ; upper lip of the (pale yellow)
corolla incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower
erect, so as nearly to close the throat; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the
calya.— Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.

3. P. Furbishiz, Watson. Tall (2-3° high) pubescent or glabrate ;
leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-
incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate,
laciniate-dentate ; calyx-lobes 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or
toothed ; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate apex bicus-
pidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed ; capsule broadly ovate. — Banks of
the St. John’s, Aroostook Co., Maine (Miss Aate Furbish), and adjacent
N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMPYRUM, Toum. Cow-Wuear.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. ‘Tube of corolla
cylindrical, enlarging above ; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front ;
the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under
the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the equal
cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule
flattened, oblique, 1-4-seeded.— Erect branching annuals, with opposite
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary
in the upper axils. (Name from péAas, black, and mvpés, wheat; from the
color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americanum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the
floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly
teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube
of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5” long). — Open woods ; common, from
the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June — Sept.

Orver 76. OROBANCHACEZB. (Broom-rare FAmity.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didyna-
mous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placente ; pod very many-
seeded ; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo. — Calyx
persistent, 4—5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-
lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed,
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the
corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a
long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; each valve bearing
on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute. — Low,
thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or
brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

* Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the
corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. 3

394 OROBANCHACEA. (BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

* * Flowers all alike and perfect ; stems mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped
Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx
regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the
base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHEGU S, Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile,
with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile,
with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base
by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed.
Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 ap-
proximate placentze on each valve.— Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-
brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6-12’ high. (Name from
éxi, upon, and @nyos, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish
and purple, 6 - 8” long, curved, 4-toothed. — Common under Beech-trees, para-
sitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.-— Oct.

2. CONOPHOLI S, Wallroth. SQuUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the
irregularly 4—5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla
tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the
summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma
depressed. Capsule with 4 placentz, a pair on the middle of each valve. —
Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike
those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from kévos, a cone, and goals, a scale).

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. — Oak woods, growing in clusters among
fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.—A
singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man’s
thumb, 3-6’ high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naxep Broom-rapre.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or
less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included.
Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentz, equidistant
or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or
yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a
privative and @vaAAor, foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.)

* Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets ; corolla
with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb.

1. A. uniflorum, Gray. (OnE-FLOWERED Cancer-root.) Stem sub-
terranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3 - 5’ high) ; divisions of the calyx lance-
awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla, which is 1’ long, with 2 yellow

LENTIBULARIACEX. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 398

bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes. — Damp woodlands, Newf. to
Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April-July.

2. A. fasciculatum, Gray. Sca/y stem erect and rising 3-4’ out of the
ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; divisions of the calyx tri-
angular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes. —
Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and
westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, ete. May.

* * Caulescent ; flowers densely spicate, with 1-2 bractlets at base of calyx;
corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft.

3. A. Ludovicianum, Gray. Glandulay-pubescent, branched (3-12’
high) ; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate
calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipea Ludoviciana, Walp.) —
Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward.

4, OROBANCHE, Town. BROOM-RAPE.

Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to
the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-
lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included.
— Old World parasites, on roots of various plants.

O. minor, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or
with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6” long. — Para-
sitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced.

OrperR77. LENTIBULARIACE2. (Biapperwort Famizy.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers,
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatro-
pous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen. — Corolla deeply
2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate,
spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free;
style very short or none; stigma 1-2-lipped. Capsule often bursting
irregularly. Scapes 1- few-flowered. — The following are the two prin-
cipal genera.

1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments
strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing.

2 Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading.
Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1 UTRICULARIA, L. Brapperworr.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the pal-
ate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect.
Anthers convergent. — Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves
bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering; or root-
ing in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 -
few-flowered ; usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnishel with a valvu-
lar lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a
little bladder.)

396 LENTIBULARIACEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

* Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means »5/
large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower leaves dissec vd
and capillary, bearing small bladders ; rootlets few or none.

1. U. inflata, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles obleng,
pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like
divisions; flowers 3-10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length
of the corolla; style distinct.— In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast.

*« * Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching
stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with
small bladders on their lobes ; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly
perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like buds.)

+ Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.

2. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary ; scapes slender (3-5’ high) ; lips of the
yellow corolla nearly equal in length,the lower broader and 3-lobed, some-
what longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur.— Ponds, from N.
Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast.

+ + No cleistogamous flowers.
++ Pedicels recurved in fruit ; corolla yellow.

3. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater BLapperwort.) Immersed stems (1-3°
long) crowded with 2-3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many
bladders ; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6 - 12’ long) ; corolla closed (6- 9” broad), the
sides reflexed ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt
in the European and the high northern plant; in the common American plant
less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf. to
Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

4. U. minor, L. (Smarter B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like
immersed stems, 2-4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2-8-flowered (3-7’
high) ; upper lip of the gaping corolla notelonger than the depressed palate ; spur
very short and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, E. Mass. to Minn., south
to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.)

++ ++ Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender ; corolla yellow.

5. U. gibba, L. Scape (1-3’ high) 1-2-flowered, at base furnished
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-
like leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3-4” broad, the lips broad and
rounded, nearly equal; the lower with the sides reflexed, exceeding and ap-
proximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur.— Shallow water,
Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert (F°. 12. Day).

6. U. biflora, Lam. Scape (2-5’ high) 1-3-flowered, at the base bear.
ing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves
and numerous bladders ; corolla 4-6” broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower
lip ; seeds scale-shaped. — Ponds and shallow waters, S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.;
also S. Va. (7), and Barnstable, Mass. (W. Deane).

7. U. fibrosa, Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary ; the bladders borne mainly along the
stems; flowers 2-6 (6” broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the

LENTIBULARIACEZ. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 307

upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; spur nearly linear, ob-
tuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, Le Conte.)
— Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala.

8. U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems,
2-ranked, 4-5 times forked, rigid, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely
bristle-toothed along the margins; the bladders borne on separate leafless
branches ; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; spur conical-
subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad (6-8) lower lip and nearly as long
as it.— Shallow pools, Newf. to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward
(Eu., Asia.)

++ ++ ++ Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla violet-purple.

9. U. purptirrea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free
floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders ; tlow-
ers 2—4 (6” wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the
corolla and about half its length.— Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla.,
mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind.

* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base
rooting in the mud or soil ; leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised
out of the water, commonly few or fugacious ; air-bladders few on the leaves
or rootlets, or commonly none.

+ Flower purple, solitary ; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape (2-8’ high) 2-bracted above;
leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4 - 5” long) deeply
2-parted ; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip
and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the
summit of the scape. — Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. IL. near the

coast; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie.
+ + Flowers 2-10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen.

ll. U. subulata, L. Stem capillary (3-5’ high); pedicels capillary ;
lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much
larger than the ovate upper one; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the
lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens,
Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.

Var. cleist6égama, Gray. Only 1-2’ high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleis-
togamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin’s head; capsule becoming 1”
long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).— With the ordinary
form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward.

12. U. corntita, Michx. Stem strict (3’-1° high), 1-5-flowered; ped-
icels not longer than the calyx; corolla lV’ long, the /ower lip large and helmet-
shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly
reflexed ; upper lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned down-
ward and outward, about as long as the lower lip.-— Peat-bogs, or sandy
swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common.

2. PINGUICULA, Toum. Burrerwort.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate, the lobes spreading. — Small and stemless perennials, grow:

398 LENTIBULARIACEX. (BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

ing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all
clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name,
from pinguis, fat).

1. P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little
pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far north-
ward. (Eu., Asia.)

OrvER 78. BIGNONIACEZ. (Bicnonra Famiy.)

Woody planis, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary
commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placente or of a pro-
jection from them, many-ovuled ; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged
seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons
notched at both ends. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubu-
lar or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous;
the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or pos-
terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary ;
anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a
2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate.
Flowers large and showy. — Chiefly a tropical family.

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils
_3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees ; leaves simple.

1 BIGNONIA, Toumn.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobea
and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Cap-
sule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, ter.
minating in a tendril. (Named for the Abbé Bignon.)

1. B. capreolata, L. (Cross-vine.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or ob.
long leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in
the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered ; corolla
orange, 2’ long; pod 6’ long; seeds with the wing 13’ long. — Rich soil, Va.
to S. IL. and south to Fla.and La. April. Climbing tall trees; a transverse
section of the wood showing a cross.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular
Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex
valves. Seeds transversely winged. — Woody, with compound leaves, climb-
ing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radicans, Juss. (TrumMpET CREEPER.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets
9-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed ; stamens not protruded be-
yond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (24—3’ long); pod ob:
janceolate, 4-5’ long. — Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Vex. Com
mon in cultivation farther north.

ACANTHACEZ. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 399

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Caratpa. Inpran Bran.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed
spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender,
nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds
winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe. — Trees, with ovate or cor-
date and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. speciosa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark ; leaves
ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2° long, nearly white, incon-
spicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower
lobe emarginate; capsule thick. — Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo.,
and Ark. May.

C. nicnonioipes, Walt., of Ga, Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated,
and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with
thin bark, smaller (13’ long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and
lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.

Orpver 79. PEDALIACE®.

Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preced-
ing Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled,
the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons.
— Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placente expanded
into 2 broad lamelle or united into a central columella.

1 MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and
somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at
length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak,
which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the
horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of eack
placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with
the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a
thick roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling
a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded ; flowers racemed, large.
(Dedicated to Prof: John Martyn, of Cambridge, England.)

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or un-
dulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel
low and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. —
Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., IIl., and Iowa,
to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.

Orver 80. ACANTHACE. (Acantuvs Famity.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous sta-
mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of
which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4-
12-) seeded capsule: seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and

400 ACANTHACEZ. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

supported by hooked projections of the placente (retinacula). — Flowers
commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma
simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves
and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat.— Mucilaginous and slightly
bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world;
represented in gardens by THUNBERGIA, which differs from the rest by
the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.

* Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading ; stamens 4

1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2 - 4-seeded.
2 Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6-20-seeded.

* * Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.

8. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

1 CALOPHANES, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or
aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single
pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2—-4-seeded.— Low branching per-
ennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile
flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from kadds, beautiful, and
gpaivw, to appear.)

1. C. oblongifolia, Don. Stems usually erect and simple, }-1° high;
leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1’ long or less) ; co-
rolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1’ long; calyx-lobes
nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute. — Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

2. RUELLIA, Plumier.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convo-
lute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers
parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened,
contracted and seedless at the base, above 8-12-seeded. Seeds with a muci-
laginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable taper-
ing short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials, with
rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters,
sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Ca
lyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.)

1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (1-3° high) ; leaves
nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (1-2’ long); flowers 1-3 and almost sessile
in the axils; tube of the corolla (1-14 long) fully twice the length of the seta-
ceous calyx-lobes; the throat short.— Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to
Fla. and La. June-Sept.— Var. ampfeua, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubes-
cent or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of
corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx. — Va. and Ky. to Ala. Ap-
pearing like a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strépens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (1 -4° high) ; /eaves
narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2$-5’ long’,
tube of the corolla (about 1’ long) little longer than the dilated portion, s/agntly

—— a

VERBENACEZ. (VERVAIN FAMILY. ) 401

rxceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes. — Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south
to Fla.and Tex. July -Sept.— Var. cLerstAnTHA,Gray. Leaves commonly
narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous. —Com-
mon with the ordinary form.

3. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Warer-Witiow.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the
lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled,
the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, con-
tracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.— Perennial herbs, growing in
water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary pe
duncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of 8is, double, and dv@npa, anther,
the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, L. Stem 1-3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, e1on-
gated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled ; corolla 4-5” long. — In water,
N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July —Sept.

Orver 81. VERBENACE. (Vervarn Famrty.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular
corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled)
fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded
indehiscent nutlets; differing from the following order in the ovary not
being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aro-
matic or furnishing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and
little or no albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world,
sparingly represented in cool regions.

Tribe I. VERBENEZ. Ovary 2-4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.
2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2nutlets.
3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEZ.. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.
4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.

1. VERBENA, Tourn. Venrvarn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than tne others.
Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border somewhat unequally 5-
cleft. Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style
slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets. —
Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted ; produced all sum-
mer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.) —'The spe-
cies present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1. Anthers not appendaged ; flowers small, in narrow spikes.

* Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspic-
uous bracts shorter than the calyx.

V. orricinAis, L. (European V.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so,
loosely branched (1-3° high); leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate,

4(0)2 VERBENACEZ. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed ;. spikes panicled ; flowers pur-
plish, very small. — Roadsides and old fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex.,
and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. V. urticeefolia, L. (Wuire V.) Perennial, from minutely pubes-
cent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3-5° high); /eaves oval or oblong-ovate,
acute, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes at length much elongated, loosely pan-
icled; flowers very small, white.—- Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.)

* * Spikes thicker or densely flowered ; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping
each other ; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers ; perennial.

2. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6-18 high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed;
spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. —
Dry or sandy ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

3. V. hastata, L. (Biure Vervain.) Tall (4-6° high); leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed
and sometimes halberd-shaped at base; spikes linear, erect, corymbed or pani-
cled; flowers blue. — Waste grounds and roadsides ; common.

4. V. stricta, Vent. (Hoary V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs, erect,
simple or branched (1-2° high); leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate ;
spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy ; flowers rather large, purple. — Barrens
and prairies, Ohio to S. Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex.

x * * Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted ; annual.

5. V.bracteosa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy ; leaves
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled; spikes single, re-
motely flowered ; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple
flowers. — Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward.

§ 2. Anthers of the ionger stamens glandular-tipped ; flowers showy, from de-
pressed-capitate becoming spicate.

6. V. bipinnatifiaa, Nutt. Hispid-hirsute, }-1° high; leaves (14-4’
long) bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions,
the lobes commonly linear or broader; bracts mostly surpassing the calyz;
limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4-5” broad.— Plains and prairies, Kan.
to Ark. and Tex., and westward.

7. V. Aubleétia, L. Slender, 1° high or less, soft-pubescent or glabrate ;
leaves (1-2’ long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, in-
cisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft ; bracts shorter than or equal:
ling the calyx; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6-8”
broad. — Open woods and prairies, Ind. and Ill. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex.

2. LIPPIA, Houst.

Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped.
upper lip notched, the lower.much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style
slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to
Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)

1. L. lanceolata, Michx. (Foc-rruit.) Creeping extensively, roughish,
green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above ; peduncles axillary,
slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-

LABIATZ., (MINT FAMILY.) 403

white flowers ; bracts mucronate or pointless. — River-banks, E. Penn. to Minn.,
south to Fla. and Tex. July-Sept.

2. L. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, pro-
cumbent (not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate
linear, incisely 2-—6-toothed above the middle; peduncles axillary, mostly
shorter than the leaves ; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate ; corolla
white (?). — Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona.

3. CALLICARPA, L.

Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted ; anthers opening at the apex. Style
slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets. —
Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name
formed of KéAdAos, beauty, and kapmos, fruit.)

1. C, Americana, L. (Frexcu Mutserry.) Leaves ovate-oblong with
a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes many-flowered;
calyx obscurely 4-toothed; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color.— Rich soil, Va.
to Tex., thence north to Mo. May-July.

4, PHRYMA, L. _Lopseep.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched; the lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and l-seeded. Seed orthotropous.
Cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A perennial herb, with slender branch-
ing stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled ; the small
opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in
fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

1. P. Leptostachya, L. Plant 2-3° high; leaves 3-5’ long, thin;
calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the
tip. — Moist and open woods, common. (E. Asia.)

Orver 82. LABIATAB. (Mint Famtty.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-
lipped corolia, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin-
gle erect seed. — Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their
base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight
(except in Scutellaria); radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of
the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamense
inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers
axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal
spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a
volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of

this large and well-known family.
13

404 LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.)

I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attactied obliquely or ventrally; ovary merely
4-lobed.
Tribe I. AJUGOIDEZE. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from
the upper side of the corolla, Calyx 5-10-nerved.
* Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes.

1. Trichostema. Corolla-lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted.

2. Isanthus. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.
*« * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down

or very short ; stamens exserted from the cleft.

3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.
4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip.

II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; scar basal, small; ovary deeply 4-parted.

Tribe II SATUREINEZX. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers 2-
celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave.

* Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.

5. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2,
6. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.

x x Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.
+ Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.

7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.
8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2. and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

4 + Torolla more or less 2-lipped.
++ Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.
= Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.

9. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.
= = Stamens 4; calyx 10-13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10).
10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.
1l. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-
lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters.
12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts.
13. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute; leaves very small,

++ ++ Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or
ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 18).

14. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed.

15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of

corolla straight.

16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward,

17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

Tribe III MONARDEZ2. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel ; anthers apparently or
really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped.

18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

19. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells con

fluent into one, the connective inconspicuous.

20. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last.

Tribe IV. NEPETEZ. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower,
ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave or arched, the lowet
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.

* Anthers not approximate in pairs ; their cells parallel or nearly so.
21. Lophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted ; upper pair declined, lower ascending.
22 Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 405

* * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent; filaments
ascending, not exserted.

23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 4-toothed.

24. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger.

Tribe V. SCUTELLARINEZ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate,
closed in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched

25. Seutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.

Tribe VI. STACHYDE. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or
concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5-10-
nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 26).

* Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.
26. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.
* * Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3-5-lobed, open.
27. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, Amnther-cells parallel.
28. Synandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther-cells widely divergent.
* * * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5 - 10-toothed.
+ Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave,
29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.
+ + Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.
++ Stamens not deflexed after anthesis ; naturalized from the Old World.

30. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed
border, Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

31. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched,

32. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets
truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.

33. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.

34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers trans-
versely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.

++ ++ Stamens often defiexed or contorted after anthesis.

85. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into
one. Nutlets rounded at top.

1 TRICHOSTEMA, L. Buve Corts.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated and
partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla,
curved ; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent. — Low annuals, some
what clammy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed,
namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to
pink, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of @péé,
hair, and orjjua, stamen, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dichotomum, L. (Bastarp Pennyroyat.) Viscid with rather
minute pubescence ; /eaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear,
short-petioled. — Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. T. lineare, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked; leaves
linear, nearly smooth.—Conn. to La., near the coast; in sandy ground.

406 LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.)

2. ISANTHUS, Michx. Fase PennyRoyYAt.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer
than the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spread-
ing lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely ex-
ceeding the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with
nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on
axillary 1—3-flowered peduncles. (Name from igos, equal, and &v@os, flower.
referring to the almost regular corolla.)

1. I. ceertleus, Michx. Corolla 2-3” long, little exceeding the calyx.

~ Dry or sterile ground, Maine to Ill., Minn., and southward. July, August.

3. TEUCRIUM, Tourn. Germanver.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower lobe much larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the co-
rolla; anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canadénse, L. (American GeRMANDER. Woop SaGe.) Per-
ennial, downy, erect (1-—3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at
_ base, short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the ob-
lique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and
simple wand-like spike; calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse or the
middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (6” long).
— Low grounds; not rare. July —Sept.

2. T. occidentale, Gray. Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid
hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate ; corolla4—5” long; other-
wise like the last. — A western form, from Neb. southwestward, and extending
eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia).

4;-AJUG A; 1,

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; the
large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Sta-
mens as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From a- privative, and
(vyov (Latin jugum), yoke, from the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the
lower lip of the corolla.)

A. reprans, L. Perennial, about 1° high, with copious creeping stolons;
leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral
approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. — Naturalized near Saco,
Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.)

5. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Bacm.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
dattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat,
somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within; the 4 upper lobes
nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacer-
ate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted,
diverging; anther-cells divergent. — Strong-scented perennials, with large
ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled
terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron
of science and correspondent of Linnzeus, who introduced it into England.)

LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.) 407

1, C. Canadénsis, L. (Ricu-weep. Srone-roor.) Nearly smooth
(1-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3-6 long); panicle loose;
corolla 8-9” long, lemon-scented ; stamens 2. — Rich moist woods, N. Bruns-
wick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Mo. July —-Sept.

6.-PERTLIA, L.

Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft ; lower lobe
a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant. — Coarse aromatic annual,
with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A Greek and Latin
proper name.)

P. ovymoipes, L. Erect, branching, 2-3° high; leaves ovate, coarsely
toothed ; tlowers white.— About dwellings and roadsides, 8. Ill. (Scineck.)
(Ady. from E. Asia.)

7. MENTHA, Toum. Myr.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube ; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft ; the upper
lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous
perennial herbs; the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary
capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes, produced in
summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the stamens in must species. Corolla
pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe,
with many hybrids. (Miv@y of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name,
fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)

* Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded ; leaves sessile or nearly so.

M. sytvésrris, L. (Horse Mint of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent ;
leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous
above; spikes rather slender, canescent/y pubescent. — Roadsides, etc., Penn. —
Var. ALOPECUROIDES, Baker. Leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly
oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose ;
approaching the next. —- Penn. and N. J.

M. rorunpirouia, L. Soft-hairy or downy; leaves broadly elliptical to
round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed ; spikes slen-
der, nut canescent. — Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Tex.

M. vfripvis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or ovate-lan-
ceolate, unequally serrate; bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous.
— Wet places; in all cultivated districts.

* * Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in
the upper axils ; leaves petioled.

M. preerita, L. (Perprermiyt.) Glabrous (somewhat hairy in var. SUBHIR
stTa), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute,
sharply serrate ; spikes narrow, loose. — Along brooks, escaped every where.

M. agudrica, L. (Water Mint.) Pubescent or smoothish; leaves ovate
or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong head,
often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx and
usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downward.
— Wet places, N. Eng. to Del.; rare. -— Var. crispa, Benth., is a glabrous or
glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped leaves. — Ditches, N. J., etc.

* * * Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the up-
permost axils not flower-bearing ; leaves more or less petioled, toothed.

M. sativa, L. (WnHortep Mrixt.) Stem hairy downward ; leaves ovate
sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth. — Waste
damp places, Mass. to Penn.; not common. Passes into the rext.

408 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last,
leaves obtusely serrate; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist
fields, N. Eng., etc.; rare.

1. M. Canadénsis, L. (Witp Mint.) Leaves varying from ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth
rather short; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. ‘The commoner
form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal.—Wet
places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward.

Var. glabrata, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former
sometimes very short-petioled ; scent sweeter, as of Monarda. — Similar range.

8. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WatTeR HorEHOUND.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant;
the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened
margins. — Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints,
with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much
longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers; in sum-
mer. (Name compounded of Av«os, a wolf, and mois, foot, from some fancied
_ likeness in the leaves.)

* Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous ; leaves only serrate.
+ Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets.

1. L. Virginicus, L. (Bucie-weeEp.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6’-2°
high) ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acu
minate at both ends, short-petioled; calyx-teeth ovate. — Shady moist places,
Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent.

+ + Calyzx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets.
++ Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

2. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled ; Jeaves closely
sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1-2’ long), sparsely sharply serrate ; calyx-
teeth subulate, rigid. (L. Europeus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man.) — Pine
barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. (Deane).

3. L. rubéllus, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled ; leaves petioled,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acu-
minate at both ends (3’ long); calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed.
(L. Europeus, var. integrifolius, Gray.) — Penn. to Minn., and southward.

++ ++ Outer bracts conspicuous ; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.

4. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray. Stem strict, stout,
2-—3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2-4’ long), acute or acu-
minate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth
attenuate-subulate. — Sask. and Minn. to Kan., thence west to Calif.

x * Not stoloniferous ; leaves incised or pinnatifid.

5. Ly. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1-3° high, acutely 4-angled; leaves
oblong or lanceolate (14- 2’ long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-
pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole;
calyx-teeth short-cuspidate ; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with giob-
ular or spatulate tips. (L. Europzus, var. sinuatus, Gray.) — Common.

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 409

9. -CUN TEA, L. DitTany.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile filaments short, minute. — Peren
nials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters
(An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dirrany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart:
shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted (1’ long); cymes peduncled; calyx stri
ate. — Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark.

10. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. Hyssop.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging. — Peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in aspike. (The ancient name.)

H. orricinavis, L.— Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens.
(Ady. from Eu.)

ll. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Movyraty Mivt. Basu.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short,
more or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly
notched ; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant,
the lower pair rather longer ; anther-cells parallel. — Perennial upright herbs,
with a pungent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves
often whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and
usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish,
the lips mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn. — Varies,
like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers.
(Name composed of muxvéds, dense, and &yOeuov, a blossom, from the dense
inflorescence.)

* Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla ;
flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads ; leaves rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1-2° high);
leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate
(1—2’ long), roundish at the base. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La.

Var. hyssopifolium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear,
aearly entire and obtuse. — Va. to Fla.

* * Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned.

~ Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous ; capitate
glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with many short
appressed rigid bracts.

2. P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high) ;
eaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at base; heads downy; bracts ovate or
lanceolate; calyx-teeth short and triangular.— Dry thickets, Mass. to the
Dakotas, south to Ga. and Ark.

410 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.)

3. P. linifolium, Pursh. Smoother und leaves narrower and heads les:
downy than in the last; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth
pungently pointed. — Dry ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

+ + Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or entire; heads
larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts.

4. P. muticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost
smooth, corymbosely much branched (1-24° high); leaves ovate or broadly
ovate-lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly
heart-shaped at base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently
veined, green when old; the floral ones, short bracts, and triangular or ovate
calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine close down; flower-clusters very dense. — Maine
to S. IIL, south to Fla. and Ark.

Var. pilosum, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence; leaves thinner, oblong-
lanceolate, mostly acute or acutish at base; bracts and especially the narrower
(often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum,
Nutt.) — Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark.

5. P. léptodon, Gray. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched ;
leaves membranaceous, green (14-2’ long), /anceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sub-
sessile ; clusters larger and looser, canescent-hirsute ; long-acuminate bracts and
calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. —S. Mo. to northwestern N. C.

- + + Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not at all hoary ; flow:
ers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters ; calyx hoary-pubescent.

6. P. Torréyi, Benth. Puberulent; stem strict and nearly simple (2-
3° high); leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2’ long
and 2-3” wide), nearly entire ; heads small; awl-shaped calyx-teeth and mostly
appressed bracts canescent.— Dry soil, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Del.

7. P. eclinopodioides, Gray. Pubescent; leaves broad/y or oblong-lan-
ceolate, sharply denticulate (sometimes entire) ; heads fewer and larger; bracts
loose. — Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn.

* x * Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united), the teeth and the tips of the loose
bracts not rigid; flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes; leaves thin,
mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less canescent.

8. P. Tullia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the
floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes dense;
bracts much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-
pointed calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — S. Va. and N. C. to Tenn.
and Ga.

9. P. incanum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whit-
ened both sides ; cymes open; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth,
more or less awn-pointed. — N. Eng. to Ont. and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex.
* * * * Calyx equally 5-toothed ; heads few, large and globose (terminal and

in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves) ; bracts loose, ciliate-bearded.

10. P. montanum, Michx. Stem (1-3° high) and ovate- or oblong:
lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outer-
most ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Va. and Tenn. to Ga. and Ala.

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 411

12. ORIGANUM, Tour. Witp Marsoram.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. ‘Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect and
slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens
4, exserted, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts.
(An ancient Greek name, composed of dpos, a mountain, and yavos, delight.)

O. vutcare, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Roadsides, Atlantic States.
June-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. THYMUS, Toun. Trrme.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat ; the upper lip 3-toothed,
spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex,
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted. — Low per-
ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish
flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from 6d, to burn
perfume, because it was used for incense.)

T. Serrystum, L. (Creepinc TuyMe.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat,
ovate, entire, short-petioled; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches. —
Old fields, E. Mass. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. SATUREI A, Tourn. Savory.

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4,
somewhat ascending. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus-
tered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

S, Horrensis, L. (SuMMER Savory.) Pubescent annual; clusters few-
flowered ; bracts small or none. — Escaping from gardens and sparingly wild
in Ohio to Ill., ete. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. CALAMINTHA, Tour. CALAMINT.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip
3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower
spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly as-
cending ; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly
purplish or whitish flowers, produced all summer; inflorescence various.
(Name composed of adds, beautiful, and pivéa, Mint.)

§ 1. Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts ; calyx villous in the throat.
* Pubescent ; peduncles short but mostly distinct: bracts minute.

©. Nerera, Link. (Basin-Tuyme.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1-3°
high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate ; corolla (3” long) twice
the length of the calyx. — Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels 1-5, slen-

der, the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate ; on wet limestone river-banks.

1. C. glabélla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (1-2° long);
leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblorg-linear, narrowed at base (8” - 2’ long),
sparingly toothed or nearly entire; clusters 3—5-flowered; corolla (purplish.
6-6” long) fully twice the length of the calyx. —S. Ind., Ky., and Tenn

412 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

2. C. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5 - 9
high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters, while sterile
runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2-5” long. (C. glabella,
var. Nuttallii, Gray.) — Niagara Falls to Minn., south to Mo. and Tex.

§ 2. Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with con-
spicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts; calyx nearly naked in the throat.

3. C. Clinopddium, Benth. (Basit.) Hairy, erect (1 -2° high); leaves
ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy
bracts as long as the calyx. — Borders of thickets and fields, naturalized exten-
sively, but indigenous from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mts. (Ku., Asia.)

16; (‘MELISS AW Le Bim

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha. — Clusters few-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name
from méAiooa, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

M. orricrnais, L. (Common Baim.) Upright, branching, perennial,
pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented; corolla
nearly white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock PENNYROYAL.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved,
bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading,
3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or
wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and Jeose axillary clus-
ters of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. {Altered
from 7Svdcuoy, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

* Sterile filaments manifest ; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, somewhat serrate.

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American PENNYROYAL.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy; whorls few-flowered; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower
setaceous-subulate ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exserted (2-3” long) ;
taste and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe. —
Common from N. Eng. to the Dakotas, and southward.

* * Sterile filaments minute or obsolete ; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low; leaves linear, crowded, almost gla-
brous, somewhat hispid-ciliate; bracts spreading or reflexed ; upper flowers
rather crowded ; calyz-teeth all subulate, equalling the bluish corolla. — Plains,
Minn. and Dak. to W. ill. and La.

3. H. Drummondi, Benth. Pubescent or puberulent, a span or two
high; leaves oblong to linear ; bracts mostly erect; calyx hirsute or hispid, its
teeth at length connivent, the lower nearly twice as long as the upper. — Cen-
tral Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward.

18. SALVIA, L. Saez.

Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
deeply 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or barely

LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 413

notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Sta-
mens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective,
one end of which, ascending under the upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-)
anther, the other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-)
anther or none at all. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed,
or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allu-
sion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

* Both anther-cells polliniferous ; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.

1. S. lyrata, L. (Lyre-Leavep Sace.) Low perennial (10-20’ high),
somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves lyre-shaped or
sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire ; those of the stem mostly a single
pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the ca-
lyx; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of
the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1’ long) short, straight, not vaulted.
— Woodlands and meadows, N. J. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

* * Lower anther-cell wanting ; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.
+ Calyx obscurely bilabiate ; corolla 8-12” long, with prominently exserted tube.

2. S. azurea, Lam., var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent,
1-5° high; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate,
tapering to a short petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire ; inflores-
cence spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous ; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip
entire ; corolla deep blue (varying to white). — E. Neb. to Miss., Tex., and Col.

++ Calyx deeply bilabiate ; corolla 4-6” long, the tube hardly at all exserted.

3. S. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 5-12’ high;
leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, tapering
to a slender petiole; inflorescence virgate-spiciform, interrupted; upper lip
of calyx entire, lower 2-cleft ; corolla blue, 4” long, little exserted ; style gla-
brous or nearly so. — Plains, lowa and Neb. to Tex. and Ariz.

4. §. urticifolia, L. Villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate,
1-2° high; /eaves coarsely serrate, ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decur-
rent into a winged petiole ; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant
clusters; calyx-lips divergent, the upper 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue
and white, 5-6” long, twice the.length of the calyx ; style strongly bearded. —
Woodlands, Md. to Ky., south to Ga. and La.

S. Scrarea, L. (Crary.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 2-3° high;
ieaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; the floral
forming bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color; corolla white
and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip faleate and compressed. — Es-
caped from gardens, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. VERBENACEA, L. Pubescent or villous, 1-2° high; leaves ovate or ob-
long, often cordate at base, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid,
the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose; the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral
inconspicuous; raceme interrupted; calyx reflexed after flowering; corolla
bluish, small, the upper lip nearly straight.—Sparingly seen in the Middle
States. (Nat. from Eu )

19. MONARDA, L. Horse-Minv.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat. and a

414 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

strongly 2-lipped limb; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper
erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its
lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched.
Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla; anthers
linear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs,
with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads,
closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author of
many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the
New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)

* Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the
corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; leaves acutely
more or less serrate; perennials.

« Leaves petioled ; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.

1. M. didyma, L. (Oswreco Tea. Bexr-Baim.) Somewhat hairy (2°
high), acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the floral ones
and the large outer bracts tinged with red ; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked
in the throat; corolla smooth (2° long), bright red, showy. — Moist woods by
streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the mountains. July - Aug.

2. M. clinopddia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves
ovate-lanceolate and ovate; bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in the
throat ; corolla slightly pubescent (1’ long), dull white or flesh-colored. — Shady
places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along the mountains to Ga.

3. M. fistulosa, L. (Witp Bereamor.) Smoothish or downy, 2-5°
high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat col-
ored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat ;
corolla (1’ long or more) purple or purplish dotted, smooth or hairy. — Dry
soil, Vt. and E. Mass. to Fla., and far westward. Very variable; the follow-
ing are the more marked forms.— Var. RUBRA, Gray. Corolla bright crim-
son or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on the
back at tip; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading.
In moist ground, Alleghany Mts.— Var. MEDIA, Gray. Corolla deep purple.
Alleghany Mts.— Var. MOLLIs, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandu-
lar, its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-
pubescent beneath; throat of calyx mostly. filled with dense beard, with
sometimes an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward.

+ + Leaves nearly sessile ; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.

4. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, espe.
cially underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped,
purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with
awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper
lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, the lower lip dotted
with purple. — Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan.

* * Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla ; heads azxil-
lary or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate,
tapering into the petiole.

5. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mint.) Perennial, minutely downy
(2-8° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base; lracts lanceolate,

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 415

blunt, obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx
short and awnless, rigid, soon spreading ; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the
upper lip spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding
the calyx. — Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

6. M. citriodora, Cerv. Annual, 1-3° high; bracts narrowly oblong,
their slender awned tips spreading or recurving ; calyx-teeth slender, at length
usually spreading; corolla white or pinkish, not spotted. — Neb. to Tex.

20. BLEPHILIA, Raf.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower
spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong
and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the upper pair
minute or none) ; anthers, etc., as in Monarda. — Perennial herbs, with nearly
the foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded
in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from BAedgapis,
the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.)

1. B. ciliata, Raf. Somewhat downy (1 - 2° high) ; leaves almost sessile,
oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate,
acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. — Dry open places,
Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan.

2. B. hirstita, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled,
ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower floral ones similar,
the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired
calyx ; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. — Moist shady places,
Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex.

21. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Grant Hyssop.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth
rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-
lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate.
Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair as-
cending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall
herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted
terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from Addos, a crest, and &vGos, a flower.)

1. L. nepetoides, Benth. Stem stout, 24-6° high, sharply 4-angled,
smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed
(2-4’ long); spikes 2-6’ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; calyx-
teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla. —
Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. L. scrophularizfolius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower
surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes
cent ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4 - 15’
long); otherwise like the last. — Same range.

3. L. anisatus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white
underneath with minute down; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute. — Plains, Wisc. to
Minn., Neb., and westward. — Foliage with the scent of anise.

416 LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.)

22. CEDRONELLA, Moench.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded
at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower
pair shorter; anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale pur-
plish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aro-
matic leaves of C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordata, Benth Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-
flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (14
long); stamens shorter than the upper lip. — Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to

‘Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn.

23. NEPETA, LL. CarMinr.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the
throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta-
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name,
thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes
or racemes ; upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

WN. Cararia, L. (Carnie.) Downy, erect, branched ; leaves heart-shaped,
oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted ~
with purple. — Near dwellings; a very common weed. July—Sept. (Nat.
from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHOMA. Leaves all alike ; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

N. Giecuoma, Benth. (Grounp Ivy. GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND.) Creep-
ing and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both
sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. — Damp or shady
places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tour. DraGon-HEAD.

Calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually
much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ;
the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched
at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter .
anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered,
mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts.
(Name from dpdkwy, a dragon, and kepadn, head, alluding to the form of the
corolla in the origina! species.)

1. D. parviflorum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8 -
20’ high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls
crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly
equalling the bluish small slender corolla. — Rocky or gravelly soil, northern
N. Y. to lowa and Minn., and westward.

25. SCUTELLARIA, L._ Sxuticap.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the up
per with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back

LABIAT#, (MINT FAMILY.) 417

(the upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usu-
ally falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascendirg tube, dilated
at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched, the lat-
eral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip; the lower
lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending
under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of
the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped. —
Bitter perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly
opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed ; in summer.
(Name from scutel/a, a dish, in allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.
* Flowers small (3” long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided racemes.

1. S. lateriflora, L. (Map-poc Sxuuticap.) Smooth; stem upright,
much branched (1 -2° high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed,
coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2-3’ long), the lower floral ones
similar; flowers blue, rarely white. — Wet shaded places, common.

* * Flowers larger (6-12” long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the

floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts.

+ Stem-leaves al# cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled ; lateral lobes of

the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip.

2. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc.,
partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (1-3° high) ; /eaves ovate or round-
ovate, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about
equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; racemes mostly simple; corolla bright
blue with lower side and lip whitish.— Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc.,
Minn., and southward. — Var. Minor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved ;
floral leaves small.— Mountains of Va., etc.

3. §. saxatilis, Riddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6-18 long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong (1 —2’ long), thin, obtuse ; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire;
raceme simple, loose. — Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the moun-
tains to Va. and Tenn.

+ + Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the
lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled ; lateral lobes of the blue
corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip.

4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous ; stem rather simple
(1-3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; /eaves serrate, acuminate
at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; corolla 1’
long, narrow, its lips equal in length. — Woods, Penn. to II]. and N. C.

5. S. canéscens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2-4° high), with the
panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or
lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate /eaves whitish
with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lan-
ceolate; corolla 8-9” long. — River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains
_ of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark.

6. §. pilosa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs ; stem nearly simple
(1-3° high); leaves rather distant, cvenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse varyine to

418 LABIATZ, (MINT FAMILY.)

roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-petiolea,
the upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes
short, often branched ; corolla 6” long, rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter.
— Dry or sterile ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.

Var. hirstita, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute,
with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2 -3’ long). — Richer soil, Ky.

Var. ovalifolia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and
narrower less veiny leaves. —N. J. to Va.

7. S. integrifolia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem
commonly simple (1-2° high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire,
obtuse, very short-petioled; corolla 1’ long, much enlarged above, the ample lips
equal in length. — Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex.

* * * Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which re-
semble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced.

8. S. Wrightii, Gray. Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor
tuberiferous, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent,
very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (4° long), the
upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent (4 long), usually
~ violet. — Kan. to Tex.

9. S. parvula, Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons moniliform-
tuberiferous ; minutely downy, dwarf (83-6’ high), branched and spreading ;
all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others
ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6- 8” long); corolla 2-4” long. —
Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. — Var. MOLLIs,
Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm
leaves. — Sandy banks, 8. Ill. to Kan.

10. S. galericulata, L. Herbaceous ; subterranean stolons not tuberif-
erous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1-2° high), simple; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1 -2’
long) ; corolla violet-blue, 8-9” long, with slender tube, the large lower lip
nearly erect. — Wet shady places; common especially northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base.

11. S. nervosa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10-20’
high ; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
{1’ long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent be-
neath; corolla bluish, 4” long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one
~ Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo.

26. BRUNELLA, Toum. Setr-neat.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flat-
tened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped; upper
lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla as-
cending, slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just
beneath it, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, arched, entire; the lower reflexed-
spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave,
denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed
at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther; anthers approximate in pairs

LABIATA. (MINT FAMILY.) 419

their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow-
ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membra-
naceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be
from the German lraune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a
reputed remedy.)

1. B. vulgaris, L. (Common SEetr-HEAL or HEAL-Ati.) Leaves ovate.
oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-
color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and
fields, Newt. to Fla., westward across the continent. June-Sept. (Iu.)

27. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Fase Dracoy-neap.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, nearly entire;
the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded,
notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate ;
the cells parallel.— Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and
sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy,
rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or
panicled terminal leatless spikes. (Name from gica, a bladder, and oréyn,
a covering.)

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Stem 1-4° high, terminated by a simple
virgate or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish ; calyx tubular-campanulate,
its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla \’ long. — Wet grounds, from N. Vt.
west and southward. Varies greatly. — Var. penTICcULATA, Gray. Slender
and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely serrate leaves, and
slender or loosely-flowered spikes. — Middle Atlantic States.

2. P. intermédia, Gray. Slender, 1-3° high, remotely leaved; leaves
linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; spikes filiform, rather remotely flowered ;
calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth about as long as the tube ; corolla
5-6” long, much dilated upward. — Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.

28. SYNANDRA, Nutt.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceons, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat ;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending ;
filaments hairy ; anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering
together (whence the name; from avy, together, and aynp, for anther).

1. S. grandiflora, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1° high; lower leaves long-
petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile, gradually
reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; corolla 14’ long, yellowish-
white. — Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. In spring.

29. MARRUBIUM, Tour. HoreHOUND.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-10-toothed, the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,

420 LABIATEH. (MINT FAMILY.)

aotched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. — Whitish-wvolly bitter-aromatic perennials,
branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered
axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

M. vurcGArre, L. (Common Horenounp.) Stems ascending; leaves
round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 re-
curved teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from
gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

30) BALLOTA. i Fetip Horenounp.

Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spread-
ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of
the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The
Greek name, of uncertain origin.)

B. nigra, L. (Biack Horenounpn.) More or less hairy, but green, erect ;
the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed ; whorls many-flowered, dense; calyx-
teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, N. Eng.,
Penn., ete. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerrvsarem Sacer.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and ap-
proximate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair longer
than the others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther-
cells divergent and confluent.— Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)

P. tuperdsa, L. Tall perennial (3 — 5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-
heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-shaped,
hairy ; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the
inside. —S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

32. LEONURUS, LL. Mornerworr.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla ob-
long and entire, somewhat arched ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe
larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked.
Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves,
and close whorls of flowers in their axils; insummer. (Name from Aéwyr, a lion,
and odpd, tail, i. e. Lion’s-tail.)

L. Carptaca, L. (Common Motuerwort.) Tall perennial; leaves long-
petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base,
3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded. —
Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. Marruspihstrum, L. ‘Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-
leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed ; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-
teeth, the tube naked within ; lower lip rather erect. — Roadsides, N. J. to Del.,
and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. Sipfricus, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2 —5-cleft,
or deeply 3-—7-cleft and incised ; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx,
the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Penn. ;
also far west. (Ady. from Eu. and Asia.)

53. LAMIUM, L. Deap-Nerrte.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar-

LABIATH. (MINT FAMILY.) 421

rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate. — Decum-
bent herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle heart-shaped
and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled flower-cluster; spring to
autumn. (Name from Aaimos, throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

* Annuals or biennials, low ; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.

L. aAMPLEXICAULE, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the
upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted
lateral lobes truncate. — Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. purrtreum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate.
toothed, all petioled. —N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Perennial, taller ; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.

L. Avpum, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth
very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely con-
tracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower
lip bearing a long slender tooth. — E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. macutAtom, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with
a white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs
transverse instead of oblique. — Sparingly escaped. (Ady. from Eu.}

34. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nerrte.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire ;
the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip; anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell
bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.— Annuals, with spreading
branches, and several —- many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which
are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaaén, a wease/, and dts, re-
semblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

G. TetrraAnit, L. (Common HEMP-NETTLE.) Stem swollen below the joints,
bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. GRANDIFLORA, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places, common. <Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. LApanum, L. (Rep H.) Stem smooth or pubescent ; leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yel-
low), much exceeding the calyx. — E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Ady. from Eu.)

35. STACHYS, Tour. HepGeE-NETTLE.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5 - 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth
united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip
erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after
flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.—
Whorls 2 - many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
the name, from oraxus, a spike). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.

* Root annual; stems decumbent, low.

S. arvensis, L. (Wounpwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate,
obtuse, crenate; whorls 4-6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely
longer than the unarmed calyx. — Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

422 LABIATZ. (MINT FAMILY.)

* * Root perennial ; stem erect.
+ Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled

1. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or the nodes hirsute ;
stems slender (1° high); leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile, ob-
scurely toothed toward the apex ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered, rather distant ; corolla
glabrous, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading
calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo. — Var.
AMBIGUA, Gray, is stouter (1-2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse
bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3-6’’) serrulate leaves.
— Ill. and Ky. to Ga.

2. S. palustris, L. Stem 4angled (2-3° high), leafy, hirsute with
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles; leaves sessile, or the
lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded at
base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2-4’ long), the upper floral ones
shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the upper crow ed
into an interruptei spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat
spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; upper lip of corolla
pubescent. — Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.

3. S. aspera, Michx. Taller; stem more commonly smooth on the sides,
the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the
last, but nearly all distinctly petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ;
spike often slender and more interrupted; calyx mostly glabrous, the tube
rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; corolla glabrous
throughout. (S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray.) — Wet ground, common.

Var. glabra, Gray. More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or
with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly
rounded or truncate at the base, a// more conspicuously petioled. (S. palustris,
var. glabra, Gray.) — Western N. Y. to Hl., and southward

+ + Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate.

4. S. cordata, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2-3° high; leaves all
ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2-5’ long), the floral mostly
minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2”
long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5” long. (S. palus-
tris, var. cordata, Gray.) — 'Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn.,
and Mo. .

OrpvER 83. PLANTAGINACE. (Prantarn Famity.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous
corolla, alternate with its lobes ;— chiefly represented by the two following
genera.

1. PLANTAGO, Toum. Prantarn. Riewort.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous
margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-
parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak

PLANTAGINACEH. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 423

exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in n.5 falsely
3 -4-) celled, with 1-several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma
single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2—-several-seeded, opening transversely, so
that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate
seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbed.
Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape.
(The Latin name.)
§ 1. Stamens 4; flowers all perfect ; corolla not closed over the fruit.

* Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the
anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened ; seeds not hollowed on the

face (except in P. lanceolata).
+ Corolla glabrous ; leaves strongly ribbed ; perennial
++ Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib.

1. P. cordata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate
(3-8’ long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-
ovate, fleshy; capsule 2—4-seeded.— Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and
southavard.

++ ++ Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base.

2. P. major, L. (Common Priantain.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely
roughish; /eaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed,
abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense, oltuse ; sepals round-
ovate or obovate; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8 —18-seeded ;
seeds angled, reticulated. — Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubt-
less introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.

3. P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner;
spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex; sepals oblong, acutely carinate ;
capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4 -9-seeded ;
seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. (P. Kamtschatica, Gray, Man., not Cham.)
— Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

4 P. eriOpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base;
leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short stout petioles; spike dense or
loose; sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid,
never over 4-seeded.— Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and
westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.

P. vanceotATta, L. (Risperass. RieppLecRaAss. ENGLISH PLANTAIN.)
Mostly hairy ; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the /aneco-
late or lance-oblony leaves, slender (9’- 2° high); spike dense, at first capitate,
in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; seeds 2, hollowed on
the face.— Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indis-
tinctly ribbed ; seeds 2-4; maritime, often woolly at base.

5. P. decipiens, Barneoud. Annual, or sometimes biennial with a stout
rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent ; leaves flat or flattish and channelled,
erect, nearly as long as the scape (5-12’), acuminate ; spike slender, rather
loose. (VP. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man.) — Salt marshes, Atlantic
coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial speci
mens of this from the next are obscure.

424 PLANTAGINACEZ. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

6. P. maritima, L. Perennial; spikes dense.— Coast of Mass.; Gulf
of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

x « Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different
plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spread-
ing; seeds 2, boat-shaped ; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent

or woolly ; annual.

7. P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with
silky wool; leaves 1-—3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike
very dense (}-4’ long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very
obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre. — Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind.,
Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.— Var. ntpa, Gray:
with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and
short bracts. — Var. SPINULOSA, Gray; a canescent form with aristately pro-
longed and rigid bracts. — Var. arisTATA, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or
becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2-3 times the length of the
flowers. (Nat. on Martha’s Vineyard, and about Boston.)

§ 2. Flowers subdiecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the corolla in the fertile
(or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a
kind of beak, and anthers not exserted ; sterile flowers with spreading corolla
and long-exserted filaments ; seeds mostly flat ; small annuals or biennial.

* Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile ; stamens 4.

8. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2-9’ high); leaves ob-
long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, slightly or
coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1-2’ long); seeds usu-
ally 2.— Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.

* * Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender.

9. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1-4’ high); leaves entire;
capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Sandy
soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.- Aug.

10. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some
of them below 2-4-lobed or toothed; capsule oblong-conoidal, 10 -28-seeded,
nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.— Low sandy ground, Penn
to Fla. and Tex. Apr.-—June.

2. LITTORELLA, L.

Flowers monecious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape.,
calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted
on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base
of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3 -4-
toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long later-
ally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from /itus or /ittus, shore,
from the place of growth.)

1. L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete,
linear-subulate, 1 - 2’ long. — In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and
N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (Pringle) and Ont.

NYCTAGINACE®. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 425

Division III. APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx),
or sometimes wanting altogether.

OrpeR 84. NYCTAGINACEA. (Four-o’ciock FAMILY.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), with mostly opposite and
entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form
calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the
1-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the
stamens few, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the out-
side of mealy albumen, with broad foliaceous cotyledons (in Abronia mono-
cotyledonous by abortion). — Represented in our gardens by the Four-
O’CLOCK, or Marve. or Peru (MrrAsiLis JALAPA), in which the
calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-like involucre of each
flower exactly imitating a calyx.

1. Oxybaphus. Involucre of united bracts. Fruit wingless. Calyx bell-shaped.
2. Abronia. Involucre of distinct bracts. Fruit 5-winged. Calyx salver-form.

1 OXYBAPHUS, Vahl.

Flowers 3-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open involucre,
which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short
tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud.
Stamens mostly 3 (3-5), hypogynous. Style filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit
achene-like, several-ribbed or angled (pubescent in ours). — Herbs, abounding
on the western plains, with very large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves,
and mostly clustered small flowers. (Name ofuBapov, a vinegar-saucer, or
small shallow vessel; from the shape of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Nearly smooth ; stem becoming repeatedly
forked, 1-3° high; leaves all petioled (except the uppermost reduced ones),
from broadly ovate to lanceolate, rounded or cordate or cuneate at base; inflo-
rescence loose and but slightly pubescent, the peduncles slender (at first soli-
tary in the axils) ; fruit oblong-obovate, 2” long, rather acutely angled. — Minn.
and Wisc. to Tex. and La.; rare escape from gardens in E. Mass. and R. I.

2. O. hirstitus, Sweet. More or less g/andular-hirsute, especially about
the nodes and the usually contracted inflorescence, 1-3° high; leaves lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, sessile and cuneate at base or narrowed to a short
petiole; stamens often 5; fruit with thickened obtuse angles. — Plains of the
Sask. to Wisc., Iowa., Neb., and Tex.

3. O. angustifolius, Sweet. Often tall, glabrous except the more or
less hirsute peduncles and involucres ; /eaves /inear, thick and glaucous, often
elongated (2-6’ long); fruit as in the last. — Minn. to Tex., and westward.

2. ABRONIA, Juss.

Involucre of 5-15 distinct bracts, enclosing numerous sessile flowers. Calyx

salver-form, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the calyx-
tube. Style included; stigma linear-clavate. Perfect fruit 3 -5-winged.

426 NYCTAGINACER. (FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY.)

Embryo monocotyledonous. — Low herbs, with thick opposite petioled une-
qual leaves, axillary or terminal peduncles, and showy flowers in solitary
heads. (Name from aBpos, graceful.)

1. A. fragrans, Nutt. More or less viscid-pubescent, from a perennial
root; leaves oblong or ovate, truncate or cuneate at base; involucre conspic-
uous, of broad oyate white and scarious bracts; flowers white, fragrant, 4-10”
long ; fruit coriaceous, obpyramidal, with narrow undulate coarsely reticulated
wings. — From W. Iowa to Utah and N. Mex.

Orper 85. ILLECEBRACEZ. (Kyotwort Famity.)

Ilerbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules (except
in Scleranthus), a 4 —5-toothed or -parted herbaceous or coriaceous persis-
tent calyx, no petals, stamens borne on the calyx, as many as the lobes and
opposite them or fewer, styles 2 and often united, and fruit a 1-seeded
utricle. Seed upon a basal funicle, the embryo (in ours) surrounding
the mealy albumen. — Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with small greenish
or whitish flowers in clusters or dichotomous cymes.

1. Anyehia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted awnless calyx. Styles hardly any.

2. Paronychia. Stamens on the base of the 5-parted calyx; the sepals hooded at the
summit and bristle-pointed. Style 1, 2-cleft at the top.

3. Scleranthus. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx.
Styles 2. Stipules none.

1 ANYCHIA, Michx. ForKED CHICKWEED.

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle larger than the calyx.
Radicle turned downward.— Small, many times forked annuals, with small
stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all summer. (Same deri-
vation as the next genus.)

1. A. dichétoma, Michx. More or less pubescent, short-jointed, low and
spreading ; leaves somewhat petioled, mostly very narrowly lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate; flowers nearly sessi/e and somewhat clustered. — Mostly in open
places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. A. capillacea, DC. Smooth, longer-jointed, slender and erect ; leaves
thinner, broader and longer (5-15” long); flowers more stalked and diffuse.
(A, dichotoma, var. capillacea, Torr.) — Dry woodlands, same range as the
last, but more abundant northward.

2. PARONYCHIA, Tour. WHiITLow-wort.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave, awned at the apex. Petals (or stami-
nodia) bristle-form, or minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft at
the apex. Utricle enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs
(ours perennial), with dry and silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek
name for a whitlow, and for a plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyrécoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreading ;
leaves linear (3 long); flowers densely clustered, surrounded by conspicuous
large silvery bracts ; calyx hairy, short-awned; petals mere teeth between the

AMARANTACEA (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 427

stamens. — Bare mountain slopes of the White Mts., and in the Alleghanies
from Va. to Ga.; also coast of Maine and near Newburyport, Mass. July.

2. P. dichdétoma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted; stems (6-12’ high) ascending
from a rather woody base ; leaves (4-14 long) and bracts narrowly awl-shaped ;
cymes open, many-times forked ; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in place
of petals. — Rocks, Md. to N. C. and Tex. July —Sept.

3. P. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Subcespitose, much branched from the
somewhat woody base, minutely puberulent; leaves filiform-subulate, obtuse
or mucronate; forked cymes rather close; calyx narrow-campanulate with

turbinate base. — Central Kan. to W. Neb., Col., and Tex.

8. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawet.

Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the utricle. Stamens
10 or 5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with awl-shaped leaves,
obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name from oKAnpos,
hard, and &v60s, flower, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

S. Annuvus, L. Much branched, spreading (3-5 high); flowers sessile in
the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

Orpver 86. AMARANTACEAE. (AmaArantu Famiy )

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the next family, but the flowers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored,
commonly 3 in number ; the 1-celled ovary in our genera l-ovuled. (‘The
greater part of the order tropical.)

* Anthers 2-celled ; flowers unisexual ; leaves alternate.
1. Amarantus. Flowers moncecious or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinet
erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.
2. Aenida. Flowers dicecious. Calyx none in the fertile flowers.
* * Anthers l-celled; flowers perfect; leaves opposite.
3. Tresine. Calyx of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup. Flowers paniculate.
4. Froelichia. Calyx 5-cleft. Filaments united into a tube. Flowers spicate.

1 AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranrn.

Flowers moneecious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3,
equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate; anthers 2-
celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1-seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the
apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes burst-
ing irregularly. Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual
weeds, of coarse aspect, with alternate and entire petioled setosely tipped
leaves, and small green or purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked
clusters; in late summer and autumn. (Audpaytos, unfading, because the dry
calyx and bracts do not wither. The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Ama-
rantus, which the early botanists incorrectly altered to Amaranthus.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumscissile, the top falling away as alid ; flowers polygamous.
* lowers in terminal and axillary simple or mostly panicled spikes ; stem erect
(1-6° high) ; leaves long-petioled ; stamens and sepals 5.

+ Rep Amarantus. Flowers and often leaves tinged with crimson or purple.

A. Hypocnonpriacrs, L. Glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or
pointed at both ends; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one

19

428 AMARANTACEH. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

elongated and interrupted; bracts long-awned; fruit 2-3-clefi at the apex,
longer than the calyx.— Rarely spontaneous about gardens. (Adv. from
Trop. Amer.) '
A. panicutAtus, L. Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovate or ovate
lanceolate; spikes numerous and slender, panicled, erect or spreading; lracts
awn-pointed ; flowers small, green tinged with red, or sometimes crimson ; fruit
2—3-toothed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Roadsides, ete. (Ady. from
Trop. Amer.)
«+ + GREEN AMARANTHS, PIGWEED. Flowers green, rarely a little reddish.

A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Roughish and more or less pubescent; leaves dull
green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; the thick spikes crowded
in a stiff or glomerate panicle; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the acute
or obtuse sepals. — Cultivated grounds, common ; indigenous southwestward.
(Ady. from Trop. Amer.)

A. cuLorostacuys, Willd. Very similar, but smoother and deeper green,
with more slender, linear-cylindric, more or less flexuous spikes, the lateral ones
spreading or divaricate, and the sepals more frequently acute or acuminate.
(A. retroflexus, var. chlorostachys, Gray.) — Cultivated grounds; apparently
also indigenous southwestward.— Var. HyBRIDUs, Watson, is similar, but
smooth and still more loosely panicled. (A. retroflexus, var. hybridus, Gray.)
(Ady. from ‘Trop. Amer.)

* * Flowers crowded in close and small axillary clusters ; stems low, spreading
or ascending ; stamens and sepals 3, or the former only 2.

1 A. albus, L. (Tumpie Weep.) Smooth, pale green; stems whitish,
erect or ascending, diffusely branched; leaves small, obovate and spatulate-
oblong, very obtuse or retuse; flowers greenish; sepals acuminate, half the
length of the rugose fruit, much shorter than the subulate rigid pungently
pointed bracts; seed small, 3” broad. — Waste grounds, common.

2. A. blitoides, Watson. Like the last, but prostrate or decumbent;
spikelets usually contracted; bracts ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate; sepals
obtuse or acute; fruit not rugose; seed about 1” broad.— From Minn. to Mo.
and Tex., and westward, and introduced eastward as far as western N. Y.

A. Brirum, L., resembles the last, but is usually erect, with shorter and
more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum. — Near
N. Y. City and Boston. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imperfectly circumscissile ; flowers monwcious.

A. spindsus, L. (THORNyY AMARANTH.) Smooth, bushy-branched; stem
reddish; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of spines
in their axils ; wpper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes; the

. ma 5 .
fertile globular and mostly in the axils; flowers yellowish-green, small. —

Waste grounds, N. Y. to E. Kan., and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)
§ 3. EUXOLUS. Uvricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregularly ;
no spines ; bracts inconspicuous.

3. A. pumilus, Raf. Low or prostrate; leaves fleshy and obovate,
emarginate, strongly nerved; flower-clusters small and axillary ; stamens and
sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely 5-ribbed fruit. — Sandy
beaches, R. I. to Va.

A. crfspus, Braun. Very slender, procumbent, pubescent; leaves small,
light green, rhombic-ovate to -lanceolate, acute, the margin crisped and undv-
late; flowers in small axillary clusters; bracts and sepals scarious, oblanceo-
late, acute or obtuse; utricle about as long, roughened, not nerved nor angled.
_(A. viridis, Man.) — Streets of Albany, New York City and Brooklyn; doubt-
less introduced, but the native habitat unknown.

a

AMARANTACE®. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 429

2. ACNIDA, Mitch. WarerHenmp.

Characters of Amarantus, except that the flowers are completely dicecious
and the pistillate ones without calyx. Bracts 1-3, unequal. Staminate calyx
of 5 thin oblong mucronate-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts; stamens 5,
the anther-cells united only at the middle. Stigmas 2-5, often long and plu-
mose-hispid. Fruit somewhat coriaceous and indehiscent, or a thin membran-
ous utricle dehiscing irregularly (rarely circumscissile), usually 3-5-angled
‘Name from a- privative, and xvién, a nettle.)

gs 1. ACNIDA proper. Fruit indehiscent, with firm and close pericarp.

1 A. cannabina, L. Usually stout, 2-6° high or more, glabrous;
leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, long-petioled ; sepals of sterile
flowers ovate-oblong, obtuse or acutish; bracts usually thin and lax, much
shorter than the fruit, sometimes more rigid and longer; fruit about 1” long,
obovate, the pericarp rather thin, more or less rugosely angled ; seed somewhat
turgid, not angled, usually less than 1” long, shining.—Salt or brackish
marshes, coast of N. Eng. to Fla.

2. A. rusocarpa, Michx. Very similar, fruit larger, 1}-2” long, the
pericarp thicker, and the larger seed flattened with thick margins, usually
thickest on the cotyledonar side. — N Y.(?) and Penn. to 8. Car.; apparently
much 1ess common than the last, though it is often difficult to positively dis-
tinguish the species from the immature fruit.

§2. MONTELIA. Fruit dehiscing irregularly, the pericarp thin, loose and usu-
ally roughened ; not salt-marsh plants.

3. A. tuberculata, Moq. Tall and erect, or sometimes low and decum-
bent; leaves lanceolate, acute or acutish or sometimes obtuse; sepals of sterilé
flowers lanceolate, acute or acuminate; pistillate flowers closely clustered in
more or less dense naked or leafy axillary and terminal spikes (or the axillary
capitate) ; bracts rather rigid, acuminate, equalling or exceeding the fruit:
utricle about 3” long; seed shining, 4-4” in diameter. (Montelia tamaris-
cina, Gray, in part.) — Ohio to S. Dak., Mo., Ala., and La.

Var. subnida, Watson. Erect or often prostrate, the lower clusters at
least of pistillate flowers more or less cymose and often in globose heads; bracts
thinner, narrow and lax, shorter than the fruit. (M.tamariscina, var. concate-
nata, Gray,in part.) — W. Vt. (Oakes); Ont. to Minn., and southward. Often
appearing quite distinct from the type, but intermediate forms are not rare.

3. IRESINE, P. Browne.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dicecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly 5; filaments slender, united into a short cup at base; anthers
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute scarious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or
spiked and branching panicles; the calyx, etc., often bearing long wool (whence
the name, from eipeoidyn, a wreath or staff entwined with fillets of wool).

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous, annual, erect, slender (2-49
high) ; ieaves ovate-lanceolate ; panicles very slender, often broad and diffuse,
naked ; bracts and calyx silvery-white, the fertile calyx twice longer than the

430 AMARANTACEZ. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

broad bracts and densely silky-villous at base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Kan., and
far southward. Sept.

4, FRGQLICHIA, Moench.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2 —5-
crested lengthwise, or tubercled and indurated in fruit, enclosing the indehis-
cent thin utricle. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong 1-celled
anthers, and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs,
with opposite sessile leaves, and spiked scarious-bracted flowers. (Named for
J. A. Froelich, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (1-3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an in-
terrupted spike; calyx very woolly, becoming broadly winged, the wings ir-
regularly toothed. — Dry sandy places, S. Minn. to Ill., Col., Tex., and Fla.

2. F. gracilis, Mog. More slender, with narrow leaves, the spikelets
smaller, and the crests of the matured calyx of nearly distinct rigid processes.
— Col. to Tex., and is reported from Kansas.

Orper 87. CHENOPODIACEAR. (GoosEroot FAMILY.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter-
nate leaves and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, with
the free calyx imbricated in the bud ; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled
ovary becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achene. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the mealy albumen, when there is any, or else conduple
cate, or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing the fruit. Styles or
stigmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants; several
are pot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

* Embryo coiled into a ring about usually copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny.
Stem not jointed.

+Flowers perfect (or stamens only occasionally wanting), clustered or panicled; calyx
obvious, persistent. Seed-coa crustaceous,

1. Cycloloma. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit surrounded by a horizontal continuous membrana-
ceous wing. Seed horizontal, crustaceous. Leaves sinuate-toothed.

2. Kochia. Like n. 1, but wing 5-lobed and seed-coat membranaceous. Leaves entire.

3. Chenopodium. Calyx 3-5-parted, unchanged or becoming fleshy in fruit.

4. Roubieva. Calyx 3-5-toothed, becoming saccate. Leaves pinnatifid.

- + Flowers monecious or dicecious ; the staminate in clusters, mostly spiked ; the pistil-
late without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed axillary bracts

5. Atriplex. Fruiting bracts with margins often dilated and sides often muricate
+ + + Flowers perfect, naked or 1-sepaled, solitary in the axils of the reduced upper leaves
6. Corispermum. Pericarp oval, flattened, adherent to the vertical seed. Leaves linear.

* « Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate noalbumen. Stem fleshy, jointed;
leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.

7. Salicornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.
* * * Embryo coiled into a spiral ; albumen mostly none. Leaves fleshy, alternate.

8. Suzeda. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.
9. Salsola. Embryoconical-spiral. Calyx in fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent

CHENOPODIACEH. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 4351

1 CYCLOLOMA, Moguin. WINGED PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect or pistillate, bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave
lobes strongly keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged
with a broad and continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3
(rarely 2). Seed horizontal, flat; coats crustaceous. Embryo encircling the
mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched coarse herb, with alternate
sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and very small scattered sessile flowers in open
panicles. (Name composed of kv«dos, a circle, and Adua, a border, from the
encircling wing of the calyx.)

1. C. platyphyllum, Moquin. — Diffuse (6-15’ high), more or less
arachnoid-pubescent or glabrate, light green or often deep purple. — Sandy
soil, Minn. to W. Ill., S. Ind., Ark., and westward across the plains.

2. KOCHIA, Roth.

Characters nearly as in Cycloloma, but the seed-coat membranaceous and
the albumen wanting. — Annuals or suffruticose perennials, with flat or more
usually linear and terete leaves. (Named for W. D. J. Koch, a German
botanist.)

K. scoparia, Schrad. Annual, erect, puberulent or glabrate, branching ;
leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear; flowers in small axillary clusters, ses-
sile, each sepal developing a thick wing. — Sparingly introduced; Vt., Ont.,
and Ill. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. CHENOPODIUM, Tour. GoosEFroor. PIGWEED.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted or lobed, un-
changed in fruit or becoming succulent and berry-like, more or less enveloping
the depressed fruit. Stamens mostly 5; filaments filiform. Styles 2, rarely 3.
Seed horizontal or vertical, lenticular; the coat crustaceous; embryo coiled
partly or fully round the mealy albumen. — Weeds, usually with a white
mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in small clusters collected in spiked
panicles. (Named from x7v, 4 goose, and mobs, foot, in allusion to the shape
of the leaves.) —QOur species are mostly annuals, flowering through late
summer and autumn, growing around dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated
grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. Annual, more or less mealy, not glandular nor aromatic; fruiting calyx
dry ; seed horizontal ; embryo a complete ring.
* Pericarp very easily separated from the seed ; leaves entire or rarely sinuate-
dentate.

1. ©. Boscianum, Mog. Erect, slender (2° high), loosely branched,
often nearly glabrous ; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate (1 -2’ long), attenuate
into a slender petiole, acute, the lower sinuate-dentate or often all entire;
flowers small, solitary or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; calyx
not strongly carinate. (C. album, var. Boscianum, Gray, Manual.) —N. Y. to
Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. C. leptophyllum, Nutt. Densely mealy or rarely nearly glabrous
($-14° high), simple or branched, often strict; leaves linear (4-1 long),
entire, rather shortly petioled ; flowers closely clustered, in dense or interrupted
spikelets ; calyx-lobes strongly carinate. —Sea-coast, Conn. to N. J., north
shore of L. Erie, and from §. Dak. to Col., N. Mex., and westward.

432 CHENOPODIACEH. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.}

« * Pericarp persistent upon the smooth seed ; leaves more or less sinuate-den
tate (except in C. polyspermum).

C. potyspErMuUM, L. Low, often spreading, green and wholly destitute
of mealiness ; leaves all entire, oblong or ovate and on slender petioles; flowers
very small, in slender panicles in all the axils, the thin lobes of the calyx very
incompletely enclosing the fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — Sparingly naturalized
in the Eastern States. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. Avsum, L. (LAmsB’s-QUARTERS. PIGWEED.) Erect (1-4° high),
more or less mealy; leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the
uppermost even linear, acute, all or only the lower more or less angulate-toothed ;
clusters spixed-panicled, mostly dense; calyx (2 wide in fruit) with strongly
carinate lobes, nearly or quite covering the seed.— Introduced everywhere.
(Nat. from Eu.) — Var. vfripE, Moq., more common eastward, is less mealy
and with less dense inflorescence.

C. treicum, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of mealiness,
with erect branches (1-3° high); deaves triangular, acute, coarsely and
sharply many-toothed ; spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose
panicle; calyx-lobes not keeled; seed with rounded margins. — Apparently
throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. murALzE, L. Resembles the preceding, but less erect, loosely branched
(1-2° high); leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally
toothed, thin, bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed ;
calyx-lobes scarcely keeled ; seed sharp-edged.— From N. Eng. to Mich. and
Mo. (Ady. from Eu.)

3. C. hybridum, L. (Mapie-Lteavep GoosrFoor.) Bright green
throughout; stem widely much branched (2-4° high); leaves thin (2-6
long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, s/nuate-angled,
the angles extending into a few large and pointed teeth ; racemes diffusely and
loosely panicled, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled.
— Indigenous from western N. Y. and Ky., westward across the continent ;
introduced eastward.

§ 2. Annual or perennial herbs, somewhat mealy, not glandular-pubescent :
fruiting calyx dry; seed large, subglobose, vertical, exserted ; embryo a
complete ring.

C. cratcum, L. (OAK-LEAVED GoosEFoot.) Low (5-12’ high), spread-
ing, glaucous-mealy ; leaves sinuately pinnatifid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale
green above; clusters in axillary spikes, small; seed sharp-edged. — Through-
out our range and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Bonus-HEnricus, L. (Goop-Kinc-HEenry.) Stout, erect (1—2° high),
mostly simple; leaves broadly triangular-hastate (2-—3’ long), obtuse or acute,
subsinuate or entire; flowers somewhat densely paniculately spiked ; seed with
obtuse edges. (Blitum Bonus-Henricus, Reichenb.) — Sparingly introduced.
(Adv. from Eu.

§$ 3. Annual, glabrous ; calyx more or less fleshy in fruit and often colored, en-
closing the utricle; seed mostly vertical ; embryo a complete ring; flowers
in crowded clusters, axillary or in spikes.

4.C., rubrum, L. (Coast Brire.) Stem angled, much branched;
leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below ‘into a wedge-shaped
base and above into a slender point, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper
linear-lanceolate ; clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes; calyx-lobes 2-4,
rather fleshy ; stamens 1-2; seed shining, the margin acute. (Blitum mariti-
mum, /Vutt.) — Sea-coast of Northern States, and in saline places to Minn. (Eu.)

5. C. capitatum, Watson. (SrrawsBerry Brite.) Stem ascending,
branching; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd-shaped, sinuate-toothed ;

CHENOPODIACEZ. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 433

clusters sxmple (large), interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; stamens 1-5;
calyx berry-like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow
margin. (Blitum capitatum, 1.) — Dry rich ground, along the Great Lakes,
northward and westward. The calyx becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit,
when the large clusters look like strawberries. (Ku.)

§ 4. Annual, not mealy, but more or less glandular-pubescent, aromatic ; calyx
2-3-parted, dry in fruit; seed often vertical ; embryo not a complete ring.
C. Borrys, L. (JERUSALEM Oak. FEATHER GERANIUM.) Glandular-

pubescent and viscid; /eaves Sen ead: oblong, obtuse, sinuate-pinnat-

ifid; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, leafless ; fruit not perfectly enclosed. —

Widely introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

C, amBrosioipes, L. (Mexican Tea.) Smoothish; leaves slightly peti-
oled, oblong or lanceolate, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper tapering
to both ends; spikes densely flowered, leafy, or intermixed with leaves; fruit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx.— Waste places, common throughout our
range, especially southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

Var. ANTHELMENTICUM, Gray. (WoRMSEED.) Leaves more strongly
toothed, the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatifid; spikes more elon-
gated, mostly leafless. — From Long Island and southward, west to Wisc. and
Tex. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

4, ROUBIEVA, Moquin.

Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils.
Calyx urceolate, 3-5-toothed, becoming enlarged and saccate, contracted at
the apex and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 5, included; styles 3, exserted.
Fruit membranaceous, compressed, glandular-dotted. Seed vertical. Embryo
annular. — Perennial glandular herb, with alternate pinnatifid leaves.

R. muttfripa, Moq. Prostrate or ascending, branching and leafy ; leaves
lanceolate to linear ($- 14’ long), deeply pinnatifid with narrow lobes; fruiting
calyx obovate. (Chenopodium multifidum, Z.) —Sparingly introduced in the
Atlantic States. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

5. ATRIPLEX, Toum. Onracue.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious; the staminate like the flowers of Cheno-
podium, but sterile by the abortion of the pistil; the fertile consisting simply
of a naked pistil enclosed between a pair of appressed foliaceous bracts, which
are enlarged in fruit, and sometimes united. Seed vertical. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the albumen. In one section, including the Garden Orache,
there are some fertile flowers with a calyx, like the staminate, but without
stamens, and with horizontal seeds.— Herbs (ours annuals) usually mealy or
seurfy with bran-like scales, with spiked-clustered flowers; in summer and
~utumn. (The ancient Latin name, a corruption of the Greek, arpadaéis.)

A. rOsEUM, L. Hoary-mealy; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile,
rhombic-ovate or oblong with a wedge-shaped base, coarsely sinuate-toothed ;
fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting bracts broad, often cut-
toothed and warty. — Sparingly introduced at the east. (Ady. from Eu.)

1. A. patulum, L. Erect or prostrate (1-4° high), dark green and
glabrous or somewhat scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate (1 -4’ long),
the lower sometimes opposite, entire or sparingly sinuate-dentate, petioled,
the upper lanceolate to linear; flowers clustered in rather slender spikes, the
two kinds together or separate; fruiting bracts ovate-triangular or rhombic-
hastate, entire or toothed, often muricate on the back, united to near the

434 CHENOPODIACEE. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

middle. — Very variable. The typical form scarcely occurs except as natu-
ralized from Europe. — Var. HastATuM, Gray. Erect or spreading, stout,
at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often coarsely and irregu-
larly toothed. Salt and brackish places, on the coast from Can. to Va.,
along the Great Lakes, and far westward. — Var. LITTORALE, Gray. Slender;
leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, rarely subhastate or toothed. Canada to
N. J., and westward along the Great Lakes. — Var. suspspicATtum, Watson.
A low erect and often simple form (3-12’ high), usually quite scurfy; leaves
lanceolate-hastate ($-1’ long). Minn. to central Kan., and westward.

2, A. arenarium, Nutt. Silvery-mealy, diffusely spreading ; leaves ob-
long, narrowed at base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-shaped,
united, 3-nerved, 2—5-toothed at the summit, and usually strongly muricate
and reticulate on the sides. — Sandy beaches, along the coast, Mass. to Fla.

8. A. argéenteum, Nutt. Usually low, much branched, gray-scurfy,
leafy ; leaves deltoid or subrhombic, often subhastate; staminate flowers in
terminal spikes; fruiting bracts round-rhombic, indurated, united, the free
margins more or less dilated and deeply toothed, the sides variously appen-
daged. — Red River Valley, Minn., south and westward.

6. CORISPERMUM, A. Juss. Bue-srep.

Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves reduced
to bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the
inner side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the
outer face rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a caryopsis,
i. e. the thin pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled
around a central albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear al-
ternate l-nerved leaves. (Name formed of kspis, a bug, and omépua, seed.)

1. C. hyssopifolium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral
leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and pointed,
scarious-margined; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy beaches along the Great
Lakes, central Neb., Tex., and westward. — Leaves usually pungent.

%,

7. SALICORNI A, Tourn. Guasswort. SAMPHIRE.

Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints, forming a spike; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Calyx small and
bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
wing-bordered, enclosing the flattened thin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2,
united at base. Seed vertical, without albumen. Embryo thick, the cotyle-
dons incumbent upon the radicle. — Low saline plants, with succulent leafless
jointed stems, and opposite branches; the flower-bearing branchlets forming
the spikes. (Name composed of sa/, salt, and cornu, a horn; saline plants with
horn-like branches.)

1. S. mucronata, Bigel. Annual, erect, stout, naked below (2-12’
high), turning red in age; spikes thick, closely jointed ; scales mucronate-pointed
and conspicuous, especially when dry ; middle flower half higher than the lateral
ones or less, occupying nearly the whole length of the joint; fruit pubescent ;
seed 4-2” long. (S. Virginica, Gray, Manual; not L.) —Sea-coast from
N. Scotia to Va.

PHYTOLACCACEZ, (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 438

2. §. herbacea, L. Annual, erect or at length spreading (6-18 high),
green; scales obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginate
termination of the longer joints of the stem or elongated narrower spikes ;
middle flower much higher than the lateral ones, slightly shorter than the
joint ; fruit pubescent; seed 3-1” long.— Salt marshes of the coast and in-
terior salt springs, and alkaline localities.

3. S. ambigua, Michx. Numerous tufted stems (3-12’ long) decum.
bent or ascending from a hard and rather woody creeping base or rootstock,
greenish, turning lead-colored; spikes slender, short-jointed, the scales short,
acutish or acute; flowers nearly equal in height and equalling the joint; seed
pubescent, 4” long. (S. fruticosa, var. ambigua, Gray, Manual.) — Sea-coast,
Mass. to Fla. and Tex.

8. SU ADA, Forskal. Sea Brite.

Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5-parted, fleshy,
enclosing the fruit (utricle) and often carinate or crested. Stamens 5. Stig-
mas 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with a flat-spiral embryo, dividing
the scanty albumen (when there is any) into two portions. — Fleshy saline
plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves. (An Arabic name.)

1. §. linearis, Mog. Annual, prostrate or usually erect, 1-2° high,
branched; /eaves narrow at base, 4-2’ long, acute; floral bracts acuminate,
on slender branchlets; sepals very thick; anthers exserted; seed horizontal,
round-oval, black, 3” broad. (S. maritima, Gray; not Dumort.) —Sea-coast,
N. Scotia to Fla.— A doubtful form of E. Mass. has the bracts and shorter
leaves obtuse, larger flowers on less slender branchlets, and reddish seeds
nearly 1” broad.

2. §. depréssa, Watson. Annual, decumbent or erect, branching from
the base ; leaves broadest at base, the cauline 3-12” long, the floral lanceolate
to ovate; one or more of the calyx-lobes very strongly carinate or crested. —
Saline soil, Red River Valley, Minn., to Col., and westward.

SSALS OLA: L. SALTWoRT.

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent and enclosing
the depressed fruit in its base; its divisions at length horizontally winged on
the back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens
mostly 5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, filled by the embryo,
which is coiled in a conical spiral (cochleate).— Herbs or slightly shrubby
branching plants of the sea-shore, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped
leaves, and sessile axillary flowers. (Diminutive of salsus, salty.)

1. S. Kali, L. (Common Sattwort.) Annual, diffusely branching,
bushy, rough or smoothish; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, pricky-pointed ;
flowers single; calyx with the converging lobes forming a sort of beak over
the fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading.
— Sandy sea-shore, N. Eng. to Ga. Aug. (Eu.)

OrperR 88. PHYTOLACCACEZA. (Pokewrep Fami_y.)

Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general
characters of Chenopodiaceer, but usually a several-celled ovary composed
of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit.

436 PHYTOLACCACEH. (POKEWEED FAMILY.)

1 PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. PoxKeweep.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short separate styles, in fruit forming
a depressed-globose 5 -12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennial
x,erbs, with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral
and opposite the leaves. (Name compounded of @utéy, plant, and the French
Jac, lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter which the berries yield.)

1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. GARGET. PIGEON.
Berry.) Stamens and styles 10.— Low grounds. July—Sept.— A smooth
plant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often
4-6’ in diameter, sending up stout stalks at length 6-9° high; calyx white;
ovary green; berries in long racemes, dark-purple and filled with crimson juice,
ripe in autumn.

OrveR 89. POLYGONACEZE. (Buckwarat Famiry.)

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths
(ocre, these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen joints of the stem; the
flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a 1-celled ovary
bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed.
Vruit usually an achene, compressed or 3-—4-angled or -winged. Em-
bryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in
its centre. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3 — 6-cleft calyx.
(Juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel; the roots, as
in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.)

* Flowers involucrate; stamens 9; stipules none.
1. Eriogonum. Involucre several-flowered, with flowers exserted. Calyx 6-cleft.
* * Flowers without involucre ; stamens 4 to 8.
+ Stipular sheaths manifest ; ovule erect from the base of the cell.
++ Sepals 4 or 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.

2. Oxyria. Sepals 4. Stigmas 2. Achene orbicular-winged. Leaves reniform.
3. Rumex. Sepals 6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled.

++ ++ Sepals 5 (sometimes 4), equal and erect in fruit. Achene triangular or lenticular.

4. Polygonum. Embryo slender, curved around one side of the albumen. Pedicels
mostly fascicled.

. Fagopyrum. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

. Polygonella. Embryo slender, nearly straight. Pedicels solitary. Leaves jointed at
base.

oO

o>

+ + Stipules obsolete; ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.

7. Brunnichia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the pedicel. Tendril
cliinber.

1. ERIOGONUM, Michx.

Flowers perfect, involucrate ; involucre 4 —8-toothed or lobed, usually many-
flowered ; the more or less exserted pedicels intermixed with narrow scarious
bracts. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Sta-
mens 9, upon the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achene

POLYGONACEZ. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 437

triangular. Embryo straight and axile, with foliaceous cotyledons. — Annu-
als or perennials, with radical or alternate or whorled entire leaves, without
stipules. (Name from épiov, wool, and yévu, knee.)

1 EK. annuum, Nutt. Annual, erect, leafy, naked above, 2° high, white-
floccose-tomentose throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends,
short-petiolate, flat; bracts small, triangular; involucres numerous in terminal
cymes, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, 1-134” long, very tomentose; flowers
white, the outer sepals oblong-obovate, 1” long or less. — Central Kan. to Col.
and southward.

2. OXYRIA, Hill. MountTAINn SORREL.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals; the outer smaller and spreading, the inner
broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, sessile,
tufted. Achene lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than the calyx, surrounded
by a broad veiny wing. Seed flattened contrary to the wing. Embryo straight,
in the centre of the albumen, slender. — Low alpine perennial, with round-
kidney-form and long-petioled leaves chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate
sheaths, and small greenish flowers clustered in panicled racemes on a slender
scape. (Name from oévs, sour, in allusion to the acid leaves.)

1. O. digyna, Hill. Leaves all round-kidney-form, usually notched at
the end; fruit orbicular.— Alpine region of the White Mts., and far north
and westward. (Eu.)

3. RUMEX, 1, Dock. Sorret.

Calyx of 6 sepals; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at base, spread-
ing in fruit; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, enlarged after flowering
(in fruit called va/ves) and convergent over the 3-angled achene, veiny, often
bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas
tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen, slender.
— Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which are
crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes; the petioles somewhat
sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name; of unknown etymology.)

§1. LAPATHUM. (Dock.) Flowers perfect or moneciously polygamous ;
herbage not sour or scarcely so; none of the leaves halberd-shaped. (f lower-
ing through the summer.)

* Perennials, 1-7° high, mostly with fusiform roots ; valves not bearing bristles.
+ Valves (large, 3” broad or more, thin) all naked or one with a small grain.
R. Patiéntia, L. (Patrence Dock.) A very tall species, with ovate-

oblong and lanceolate leaves (broadest above the base), those from the root 2-

3° long, and one of the heart-shaped nearly or quite entire valves (3” broad)

bearing a small grain, or its midrib thickened at base. — N. Eng. and N. Y.
(Ady. from Eu.)

1. R. venosus, Pursh. Stems from running rootstocks, erect (1° high
or less), with conspicuous dilated stipules; leaves on short but rather slender
petioles, ovate or oblong to lanceolate (3-6/ long), acute or acuminate, only
the lowest obtuse at base; panicle nearly sessile, short, dense in fruit; valves
entire, landless, broadly cordate with a deep sinus, 9-12” in diameter, bright
rose-color. — Sask. to central Mo. and Kan., and westward.

438 POLYGONACEH. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

«+ Valves smaller, one or more of them conspicuously grain-bearing.
++ Indigenous ; leaves not wavy, none heart-shaped, except the lowest of n. 5.

2. R. Britannica, L. (Great Warer-Dock.) ‘Tall and stout (5- 6°
high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at both ends, transversely veined,
and with obscurely erose-crenulate margins (the lowest, including the petiole,
i —2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate at base); racemes
upright in a large compound pauicle, nearly leafless ; whorls crowded ; pedicels
capillary, nodding, about twice the length of the fruiting calyx ; the valves orbicular
or round-ovate, very obtuse, obscurely heart-shaped at base, finely reticulated,
entire or repand-denticulate (2- 3” broad), all grain-bearing. (HR. orbiculatus,
Gray.) — Wet places, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan.

3. R. altissimus, Wood. (Pate Dock.) Rather tall (2-6° high);
leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thickish, obscurely veiny (the cau-
line 3-6’ long, contracted at base into a short petiole); racemes spike-like
and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded; pedicels nodding, shorter than
the fruiting calyx; valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped, obtuse or
acutish, entire, loosely reticulated (about 2” broad), one with a conspicuous
grain, the others with a thickened midrib or naked. (R. Britannica, Gray ;
not L.) — Moist grounds, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn. and Kan.

4. R. salicifolius, Weinmann. (Wuitre Dock.) Rather low (1-3°
high); root white; /eaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong ;
whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves
deltoid-ovate, obtusish or acutish (about 14” long), one, two or sometimes all
with a conspicuous often very large grain; otherwise nearly as n. 3.— Salt
marshes, from Newf. to N. Eng., about the Great Lakes, and far westward.

5 R. verticillatus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Rather tall (3-5° high);
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the
lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, Ioose, the
whorls crowded or the lower ones distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-
shaped, abruptly reflered, 3 - 4 times longer than the fruiting calyx ; valves dilated-
rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed, strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a
very large grain. — Wet swamps, common.

—- + Naturalized European weeds ; lower leaves mostly heart-shaped at base.

R. crfispus, L. (Curtep Dock.) Smooth (3-4° high); leaves with
strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely
heart-shaped at base; whorls crowded in prolonged wand-like racemes, leafless
above ; valves round-heart-shaped, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all grain-
bearing. — In cultivated and waste ground, very common. A hybrid of this
with the next is reported from Mass., N. Y., and Md.

R. ostusiFouius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish; éowest leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins beneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant; valves
ovate-halberd-shaped, with some sharp awl-shaped teeth at base, strongly reticu-
lated, one of them principally grain-bearing. — Fields, etc., common.

R. sancutneus, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often fiddle-shaped, wavy-
margined ; whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes; pedicels very short,
jointed at base; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire, one at least grain-bearing ;
veins of the leaf red, or green. — Waste and cultivated ground.

R. concromerAtvs,. Murray. (SMALLER GREEN Dock.) Like the last,

but leaves not fiddle-shaped, and panicle leafy; pedicels short, jointed below
the middle; valves acutish, all grain-bearing. — Moist places.

POLYGONACEA. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 439

* * Annuals, low; valves bearing long awns or bristles.

6. R. maritimus, L. (Gorpen Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely
branched, 6-12’ high; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled
or heart-shaped at base; whorls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or
interrupted spikes; valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3
long awn-like bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. — Sea-shore,
Mass. to N. C.; also from Ill. to Minn., and westward.

§2. ACETOSA. (Sorret.) Flowers diecious, small, in a terminal naked
panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth perennials,
spreading by running rootstocks, flowering in spring.

7. R. hastatulus, Baldw. Stem simple, 1-2° high; leaves nearly as in
the next; pedicels jointed at or below the middle; valves of the fruiting calyx
round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the
achene. (R. Engelmanni, Ledeb.) —S. W. Ill. to E. Kan., Tex., and Fla.;
Riverhead, Long Island ( Young).

R. AcetToséiia, L. (Fietp or SHEEP Sorrer.) Low (6-12’ high);
leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at least those of the root, the
narrow lobes entire; pedicels jointed with the flower; valves scarcely enlarging
in fruit, ovate, naked. — Abundant everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

R. Acetosa, L. (Sorrer Dock.) Like the last, but ta//er (1 —3° high) ;
leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate; valves enlarging in fruit and orhicular,
the outer reflexed. — Charlotte, Vt., and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

4, POLYGONUM, Tourn. Kvyorwerp.

Calyx mostly 5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with-
ering or persistent. Stamens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3; achene accord-
ingly lenticular or 3-angular. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside of
the albumen and curved half-way around it; the radicle and usually the co-
tyledons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Ours all herbaceous, with fibrous roots
(except n. 19), flowering through late summer and early autumn. (Name
composed of roAvs, many, and yovu, knee, from the numerous joints.)

§ 1. POLYGONUM proper. Flowers in axillary fascicles or spicate with
Joliaceous bracts ; leaves and bracts jointed upon a very short petiole adnate
to the short sheath of the 2-lobed or lacerate scarious stipules ; stems striate ;
calyx 5 —6-parted, usually more or less herbaceous ; stamens 3-8, the 3 inner
Jilaments broad at base; styles 3; cotyledons incumbent ; albumen horny ;
glabrous annuals, except n. 1. (§ Avicularia, Mezsn.)

* Leafy throughout.

1. P. maritimum, L. Perennial, at length woody at base (or sometimes
annual), prostrate, glaucous, the stout stems very shortly jointed ; leaves thick,
oval to linear-oblong (83-10% long), exceeding the nodes; stipules very con-
spicuous; sepals petaloid; stamens 8; achene smooth and shining, exserted. —
Sea-coast from Mass. to Ga. (Eu.)

2. P. aviculare, L. Slender, mostly prostrate or ascending, bluish-green ;
leaves oblong to lanceolate (3-10” long), usually acute or acutish; sepals
hardly 1” long, green with pinkish margins; stamens 8 (rarely 5); achene dull
and minutely granular, mostly included.— Common everywhere in yards,
waste places, etc. (Eu., Asia.)

440 POLYGONACEZ. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

3. P. eréctum, L. Stouter, erect or ascending (1-2° high), yellowish ;
leaves oblong or oval (4-24 long), usually obtuse; flowers mostly 14” long,
often yellowish, on more or less exserted pedicels; stamens 5-6; achene dull,
included. (P. aviculare, var. erectum, Roth.) —Common, by waysides, etc.

x * Leaves much reduced above and bract-like.

4. P, ramosissimum, Michx. Erect or ascending (2-4° high), yel-
lowish-green; leaves lanceolate to linear (1-23 long), acute; flowers and
achene as in n. 3, but sepals more frequently 6, the stamens 3-6, and the
achene mostly smooth and shining. — Sandy shores and banks of streams. E.
Mass. to N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., Tex., and far westward.

5. P. témue, Michx. Stem angled, erect (4-14° high), glabrous, or
slightly scabrous at the nodes; /eaves narrowly linear to lanceolate (1 -2’
long), 3-nerved, acute at each end and often cuspidate, the margins somewhat
scabrous and at length revolute ; flowers often solitary, nearly sessile ; stamens
8; achene included, dull black. — Dry soil, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn.,
Mo., and Tex.

6. P. camporum, Meisn. Stem terete, erect or ascending (2-3° high),
glabrous ; /eaves deciduous, linear to oblong, usually short; pedicc/s slender,
exserted from the scarious sheaths ; stamens 8.— Ki. Kan. to Tex.

§ 2. PERSICARIA. Flowers in dense spikes, with small scarious bracts ;
leaves not jointed on the petiole ; sheaths cylindrical, truncate, entire, naked
or ciliate-fringed or margined ; calyx colored, 5-parted, appressed to ihe
fruit; stamens 4-8; filaments filiform ; cotyledons accumbent. -

* Sheaths and bracts not ciliate or fringed ; sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft.

7. P. lapathifolium, L. Annual, branching, 1-4° high, glabrous or
the peduncles often minutely glandular; leaves lanceolate, attenuate upward
from near the cuneate base and acuminate, somewhat scabrous with short ap-
pressed hairs on the midrib ard margin, or rarely floccose-tomentose beneath ;
sheaths and bracts rarely somewhat ciliolate, spikes oblong to linear (}- 2°
long), dense, erect or nearly so; flowers white or pale rose-color; stamens 6 ;
achene ovate, rarely 1” broad. (P. nodosum, Pers. P. incarnatum, Man., in
part.) — Wet places; N. Eng. and Can. to Il., Wisc.,and far westward. Very
variable. (Eu.)

Var. incarnatum, Watson. Leaves often large (6 - 12’ long, 1 - 3’ wide) ;
spikes more slender and elongated (2-4’ long), nodding. (P. incarnatum,
Ell.) — Penn. to Tl., Mo., and southward.

Var. incanum, Koch. Low (6-12’ high); leaves small, obtusish, more
or less hoary beneath with floccose tomentum; spikes short. — Cayuga Lake,
N. Y., Ont., shores of L. Superior, and northwestward = (Eu.)

8. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. A similar species, but the branches above
and especially the peduncles beset with stipitate glands ; flowers larger and often
bright rose-color, in short erect spikes, often on exserted pedicels; stamens
usually 8; achene nearly orbicular, over 1” broad. — Moist soil, in open waste
places, common.

9. P. amphibium, L. Perennial, aquatic or rooting in the mud, stout
and glabrous or nearly so, not branching above the rooting base; leaves usu-
ally floating, thick, smooth and shining above, mostly long-petioled, elliptical

POLYGONACE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 44)

to ollong or sometimes lanceolate, acutish, cuneate or cordate at base (2-5
long); spike terminal, dense, ovate or oblong ($~1’ long) ; flowers bright rose-
color (1}-3” long) ; the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style exserted. —Widely distrib-
uted and rather common. (Eu., Asia.)

10. P. Muhlenbérgii, Watson. Perennial, in muddy or dry places,
decumbent or suberect, scabrous with short appressed or glandular hairs ; leaves
_ thinner, rather broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate (4 7’ long); spikes more
elongated (1-—3’ long), often in pairs; flowers and fruit nearly as in the last
(P. amphibium, var. terrestre, Gray, Manual; not Leers.) —N. Eng. to Fla.,
westward across the continent.

* * Sheaths and bracts bristly ciliate or the sheaths foliaceously margined.

+ Sepals not punctate; style 2-cleft; achene somewhat flattened.

11. P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Perennial, very closely allied to n. 9,
growing usually in mud, the ascending stems rooting at base and very leafy,
more or less rough-hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts, the former ciliate
and often with abruptly spreading foliaceous borders ; leaves rather narrow (2 - 7’
long), on very short petioles; flowers and fruit as inn.9.—N. Eng. and N.Y.,
to Minn., Iowa, and far westward. When growing in water the floating Jeaves
are thicker and glabrous.

12. P. Careyi, Olney. Annual, erect, the stem (3-5° hig’, and pedun-
cles glandular-bristly ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, attenuate to both ends, rough-
ish ; sheaths ciliate or sometimes margined ; spikes slender, loose and nodding ;
flowers purplish ; stuimens mostly 5. — Shady swamps, 8. Maine and N. H. to
Penn. and Ont.

P. oRIENTALE, L. (PRINCE’s FEATHER.) Tall branching annual, soft-
hairy; leaves ovate or oblong, pointed, distinctly petioled; sheaths ciliate or
sften with an abrupt spreading border ; flowers large, bright rose-color, in dense
cylindrical nodding spikes ; stamens 7.— Sparingly escaped from gardens into
waste grounds. (Ady. from India.)

P. Persicarta, L. (Lapy’s Tuums.) Nearly smooth and glabrous (12-
18’ high); sheaths more or less bristly-ciliate; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
roughish, often marked with a dark triangular or lunar spot near the middle;
spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) pedun-
cles ; stamens mostly 6; styles half 2-3-cleft; achene gibbous-flattened or
sometimes triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places, very
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

— + Sepa/s conspicuously dotted and leaves punctate (except n. 13), with ucrie

juice ; style mostly 3-parted,and achene triangular ; sheaths bristle-fringed.

13. P. hydropiperoides, Michx. (Mirp Water-Peprrr.) Perer
val, not acrid; stem smooth (1-3° high), branching; the narrow sheaths
vairy; leaves narrowly ianceolate, sometimes oblong; spikes erect, slender.
sometimes filiform, often interrupted at base (1 — 23’ long) ; flowers small, flesh-
color or nearly white; sepals not dotted ; stamens 8; achene sharply triangular,
smooth and shining. — Wet places and in shallow water; common, especially
southward.

14. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartweep or WaTeErR-PEppeER.)
Annual, 1-2° high, smooth; leaves narrowly to linear-lanceolate ; spikes nod-
ding, usually short or interrupted; flowers mostly greenish; stamens 6; style
2-3-parted; achene dull, minutely striate. — Moist or wet grounds; appa
rently introduced eastward, but indigenous north and westward. (Eu.)

442 POLYGONACEA. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

15. P. acre, HBK. (Warer SmartweEeED.) Perennial, nearly smooth,
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2—5° high; leaves larger and longer
than in the last, taper-pointed ; spikes erect ; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh-
color; stamens 8; style mostly 3-parted; achene smooth and shining. — Wet
places ; common, especially southward.

§ 3. BISTORTA. Glabrous alpine perennials, with thick creeping rootstocks
and simple stems; flowers in a spike-like raceme; calyx colored, deeply 5
cleft ; stamens 8; styles 3, long.

16. P. viviparum, L. Smooth, dwarf (4-8’ high), bearing a linear
erect spike of flesh-colored flowers (or often little red bulblets in their place) ;
leaves lanceolate.— Alpine summits of N. Eng., shores of L. Superior, and
northward. (Eu.)

§4. TOVARA. Perennials; flowers in loose naked long and slender spikes ;
calyx rather herbaceous (greenish), unequally 4-parted ; stamens 53 styles 2,
distinct, rigid and persistent on the smooth lenticular achene.

17. P. Virginianum, L. Almost smooth; stem terete, upright (2-4°
high) ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy and fringed ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciliate (3 -
6’ long); flowers 1-3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles deflexed
in fruit, minutely hooked. — Thickets in rich soil, common. (Asia.)

§ 5. TINIARIA. Annuals or perennials, mostly twining or climbing, and with
petioled cordate or sagittate leaves ; flowers in loose panicles or racemes or in
terminal or axillary clusters ; calyx green with colored margins, 5- (rarely 4-)
parted ; stamens mostly 8; styles or stigmas 8 (2 in n. 18).

* Annuals, erect, or somewhat climbing by reflexed prickles on the angles of the
stem and petioles ; sepals ( pale rose-color or white) not keeled ; bracts chaff-like.

18. P. arifolium, L. (HaLBerp-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.) Stem grooved-
angled ; leaves halberd-shaped, taper-pointed, long-petioled ; flowers somewhat
racemed (few); peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted ; stamens 6;
styles 2, very short; achene lenticular (large). — Low grounds. (Asia.)

19. P.sagittatum, L. (Arrow-Leavep TEAR-THUMB.) Stem 4-angled ;
leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens
mostly 8; styles 8, slender; achene sharply 3-ang/ed.— Low grounds, common.

—Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which
are armed with fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles. (Asia.)

* « Stems not prickly; calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in fruit,
flowers in loose panicled racemes ; bracts short-sheathing.

P. Convétvutus, L. (Brack BrnpweEeEp.) Annual, twining or procum

bent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halberd-heart-shaped, pointed ;

flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes; outer calyx-lobes keeled ;
achene smoothish. — Cult. and waste grounds, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

20 P. cilindde, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed
at the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-
shaped, taper-pointed ; racemes panicled; calyx-lobes obscurely keeled ; achene
very smooth and shining. — Copses and rocky hills, N. Eng. to mountains of
N. C., west to Mich. and Minn. Climbing 3-9° high. -

POLYGONACE&. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. ) 445

21. P. dumetorum, L., var scandens, Gray. (Crimpinc Fase
BuckwueEat.) Perennial, smooth; sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or
slightly halberd-shaped, pointed ; racemes interrupted, leafy ; the 3 outer calyx
lobes strongly keeled and in fruit winged ; achene smooth and shining. — Moist
thickets, common. ‘Twining 8-12° high over bushes

P. cuspipatum, Sieb. & Zucc. Perennial, erect, stout and tall, glabrous
except the loose axillary panicled racemes; leaves round-oyate, shortly acu:
minate, truncate or cordate at base; outer sepals broadly w inged i in fruit. --
Occasionally escaped from gardens. (Japan.)

5. FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BucKWHEAT.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted, withering and nearly unchanged in fruit
Stamens 8. Sty les 3 ; ; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-sided, longer than the calyx.
Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, which it divides into 2 parts, with
very broad and foliaceous plaited and tw isted cotyledons. — Glabrous annuals,
with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, semicylindrical sheaths,
and corymbose racemes or panicles of white flowers, often tinged with green or
rose-color. (Name from fagus, the beech, and mupés, wheat, from the resem-
blance of the grain to the beech-nut; so the English name Buckwheat, from
the German buche, beech.)

FF’. escuLENTuM, Moench. (BucKWHEAT.) Smoothish; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens; achene acute
and entire, smooth and shining. — Old fields, remaining as a weed after culti-
vation, and escaping into copses. June-—Sept. (Ady. from Eu.)

ike TaTAricu M, Gaertn. (INDIA-wHEAT.) Flowers very small, on shorter
pedicels; achene very dull and roughish, the sides sulcate. — An occasional
escape from cultivation. (Adv. from Asia.)

6. POLYGONELLA, Michx.

Flowers perfect or polygamous-dicecious. Calyx 5-parted, petaloid, loosely
persistent about the achene. the 3 inner divisions often enlarging in fruit, in
which case the outer are usually spreading. Stamens 8. Styles 3, and achene
3-angular Embryo slender, straight or nearly so, toward one side of the albu-
men. — Slender glabrous annuals or perennials, with alternate mostly linear
leaves jointed at the base, and rather rigid truncate or oblique naked sheaths
and bracts. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender
panicled racemes. (Diminutive of Polygonum.)

1. P. articulata, Meisn. Annual, erect, branching, glaucous, 4- 12’
high; leaves linear-filiform, deciduous; flowers rose-color, nodding, in very
slender racemes, the calyx a little enl-rged in fruit ; 3 inner filaments dilated
at base; achene exserted, smooth. (Polygonum articulatum, Gray.) — Dry,
sandy soil; on the coast from Maine to N. J., and along the Great Lakes.

7. BRUNNICHIA, Banks.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivent and
coriaceous in fruit, the base and almost the whole length of the pedicel winged
on one side. Stamens 8; filaments capillary. Styles 3, slender; stigmas de-
pressed-capitate. Ovule pendulous on a slender erect funiculus; seed erect,
6-grooved. Achene obtusely triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in the indu
rated calyx. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy albumen, somewha
curved. — Somewhat shrubby with grooved stems, climbing by tendrils from
the ends of the branches. (Named for #. Brunnich, a Danish naturalist }

ads POLYGONACEH. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.)

1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. Glabrous; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, pointed,
entire ; petioles dilated at base and partly clasping, but with no distinct sheath
or stipules; flowers greenish, 2-5 in a fascicle from the axil of an awl-shaped
bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; pedicel jointed near
the base; fruiting calyx with the wing 1’ long.— S. Ill. to S. C. and Fla.

Orver 90. PODOSTEMACEZE. (River-weep Famity.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of
Sea-weeds, or others of Mosses or Liverworts; the minute naked flowers
bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2-3-
celled many-seeded ribbed capsule ; — represented in North America by

1 PODOSTEMON, Michx. River-weep.

Flowers solitary, nearly sessile in a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens 2, borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.
Capsule pedicellate, oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds minute, very nu-
_merous on a thick persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves
2-ranked. (Name from mods, foot, and orhuwy, stumen; the two stamens being
apparently raised on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratophyllus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a
sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not
rare in shallow streams, E. Mass. to Minn., and southward. July —Sept.—
A small olive-green plant, of firm texture, resembling a Seaweed, tenaciously
attached to loose stones by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

Orver 91. ARISTOLOCHIACE. (Birtawort Famiy.)

Twining shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid
calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) with the 6-celled ovary,
which forms a many-seeded 6-celled capsule or berryin fruit. Stamens 6—
12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves
petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large
fleshy rhaphe, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. <A small family
of bitter-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. Asarum, Stemless herbs. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments.

2. Aristolochia. Caulescent herbs or twining shrubs. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers
adnate to the stigma.

1 ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WuLp GINGER.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point.
Capsule rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly or loculicidal. Seeds
large, thick. — Stemless perennial herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping root-
stocks bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two kidney-shaped or heart-shaped
leaves on long petioles, aad a short-peduncled flower close to the ground in the
lower axil; in spring. (An ancient name, of obscure derivation.)

AKISTOLOCHIACEZ. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 445

§ 1 Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary, the tips inflered in bud ; filaments
slender, much longer than the short anthers; style barely 6-lobed at the sum-
mit, with 6 radiating thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair, unspotted.

1. A. Canadénse, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-
shaped, more or less pointed (4-5’ wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped,
the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading,
brown-purple inside. — Hillsides in rich woods ; common, especially northward,
§ 2. Calyx-tube inflated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, its base

adnate to the lower half of the ovary ; limb 3-cleft, short ; anthers sessile or
nearly so, oblong-linear ; styles 6, fleshy, diverging, 2-cleft, bearing a thick
extrorse stigma below the cleft; leaves thickish, persistent, usually only one
each year, often whitish-mettled ; peduncle very short ; rootstocks clustered,
ascending.

2. A. Virginicum, L. Nearly glabrous; leaves round-heart-shaped
(about 2’ wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless. — Va. te
Ga., in and near the mountains.

3. A. arifolium, Michx. Leaves halberd-heart-shaped (2-4 long) ; calyx
oblong-tubular, with very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely short-pointed.
— Va. to Fla.

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. — Birtaworr.

Calyx tubular; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted
at the throat. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers wholly adnate to the short anil
fleshy 3-—6-lobed or angled style. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-valved. Seeds
very flat. Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or shrubs,
with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers
(Named from reputed medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Calyx-tube bent like the letter S, enlarged at the two ends, the small limb ob-
tusely 3-lobed ; anthers contiguous in pairs (making 4 cells in a row under
each of the three truncate lobes of the stigma) ; low herbs.

1. A. Serpentaria, L. (Virernta SnaKkeroor.) Stems (8—15’ high)
branched at base, pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong (or narrower) from a heart-
shaped base or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed; flowers all next the
root, short-peduncled. — Rich woods, Conn. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and
La. July.— The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root is well known in medicine.

§ 2. Calyx-tube strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the
short limb obscurely 3-lobed ; anthers contiguous in pairs under each of the 3
short and thick lobes of the stigma; very tall twining shrubs ; flowers from
one or two of the superposed accessory axillary buds.

2 A. Sipho, L’Her. (Pree-Vine. Dutcuman’s Pipe.) Nearly gla-
brous ; leaves round-kidney-shaped (sometimes 8 - 12’ broad) ; peduncles with a
clasping bract ; calyx (1} long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich
woods, Penn. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan. May.

3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped,
very veiny (3—5’ long); calyx yellowish, with an oblique Cark purple closed ori-
fice and a rugose reflexed limb. — Rich woods, mountains ¢ N.C. to Fla., west
to S. Ill. and Mo. June.

446 ARISTOLOCHIACEH. (BIRTHWORT FAMILY.)

§ 3. Culyzx-tube straight, open, with ample 6-lobed limb, the lobes appendaged .
anthers equidistant ; erect herbs; flowers in axillary cymose fascicles.

A. ciemAtitis, L., with long-petioled cordate leaves, frem Europe, is said
to have permanently escaped near Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley).

OrpeR 92. PIPERACEZS. (Perper Famity.)

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in
spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes, and with 3-5 more or less
separate or united ovaries. —Ovules few, orthotropous. Embryo heart-
shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. —
The characters are those of the Tribe Saururee, the Piperacee proper
(wholly tropical) differing in having a 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary.

i SAURDU. EUS, 1 LIzARD’s-TAIL.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit some
what fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 indehiscent carpels united at base. Stigmas
recurved. Seeds usually solitary, ascending.— Perennial marsh herbs, with
heart-shaped converging-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules ; flow-
_ers (each with a small bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel) crowded in a
slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal spike or raceme (its appear-
ance giving rise to the name, from cavpos, a lizard, and odpa, tail).

1. S. eérnuus, L. Flowers white, fragrant; spike nodding at the end ;
bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps, Conn. to Ont., Minn.,
Mo., and southward. June- Aug.

Orver 93. LAURACEZE, (Lavret Famtry.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marked with
minute pellucid dots, and flowers with a regular calyx of 4 or 6 colored
sepals, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovulea
ovary, and mostly fewer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or 4 uplifted
valves. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or
drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large
almond-like embryo.

* Flowers perfect, panicled ; stamens 12, three of them sterile, three with extrorse anthers.
1. Persea, Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled. Evergreen.
* * Flowers dicecious, or nearly so; stamens in the sterile flowers 9 Leaves deciduous.

2. Sassafras. Flowers in coryinb- or umbel-like racemes. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved
3. Litsea. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.
4. Lindera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved.

1 PERSEA, Gaertn. Atricaror Prar.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, persistent at the base of the bergry-like
fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and gland-
like, the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. with each proper cell divided trans
versely into two), opening by as many uplifted valves; the anthers of 3
stamens turned outward, the others introrse.— Trees, with persistent entire
leaves, and small panicled flowers. (An ancient name of some Oriental tree.}

LAURACEZ. (LAUREL FAMILY.) 447

1. P. Carolinénsis, Nees. (Rep Bay.) Hoary with a fine down, at
least when young; leaves oblong, pale, soon smooth above; peduncle bearing
few flowers in a close cluster; sepals downy, the outer shorter; berries dark
blue, on a red stalk. — Swamps, 8. Del. to Fla.and Tex. May. A small tree.

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees.

Flowers dicecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx; the sterile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supported on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, and very mucilaginous twigs and foliage; leaves decidu-
ous, often lobed. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corymbed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts.
Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, applied by the early French settlers in
Florida.)

1. S. officinale, Nees. Trees 15-125° high, with yellowish-green twigs;
leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed, soon glabrous. — Rich woods,
E. Mass. to S. Ont., Mich., E. Iowa and Kan., and south to the Gulf. April.

3. LITSEA, Lam.

Flowers dicecious, with a 6-parted deciduous calyx; the sterile with 9 sta-
mens in 3 rows; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers
with 12 or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovary. Drupe globular.
— Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered
umbels. (Name of Chinese origin.)

1. L. geniculata, Benth. & Hook. (Ponp Spice.) Flowers (yellow)
appearing before the deciduous oblong leaves, which are hairy on the midrib
beneath; branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag; involucres
2-4-leaved, 2-4-flowered; fruit red. (Tetranthera geniculata, Nees.) —
Swamps, Va. to Fla. April.

4. LINDERA, Thunb. WiLp ALLSsPICE. FEVER-BUSH.

Flowers polygamous-diecious, with a 6-parted open calyx; the sterile with
9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at base ;
anthers 2-celled and 2-valved; fertile flowers with 15 -18 rudiments of stamens
in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not thickened.
— Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost sessile
lateral umbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ; the
clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and sur-
rounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named for
John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th century.)

1 GL. Benzoin, Blume. (Spice-susH. Bensamiy-pusn.) Nearly
smooth (6-15° high); leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. — Damp woods,
N. Eng. to Ont., Mich., E. Kan., and southward. March, April.

2. L. melisseefolia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves
oblong, obtuse or heart-shaped at base, downy beneath; umbels few. — Low
grounds, N. C. to Fla., west to S. Ill. and Mo. April.

448 THYMELHACEX. (MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

Orver 94. THYMELAZACEZ. (Mezerevum Famity.)

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough (not aromatic) bark, entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and simple colored calyx, bearing usually
twice as many stamens as us lobes, free from the 1-celled and 1-ovuled ovary,
which forms a berry-like drupe in;fruit, with a single suspended anatro-
pous seed. Embryo large; albumen little or none.

1. Direa. Calyx tubular, without spreading lobes. Stamens and style exserted.
2 Daphne. Calyx-lobes (4) spreading. Stamens included. Style very short or none.

1. DIRCA, L. Learserwoop. Moosrewoop.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or ob-
scurely about 4-toothed. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx
above the middle, protruded, the alternate ones longer. Style thread-form ;
stigma capitate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A much-branched bush, with jointed
branchlets, oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very
short petioles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers
light yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many
dark-hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy
~ branch. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

1. D. palustris, L. Shrub 2-5° high; the wood white, soft, and very
brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough (used by the Indians for thongs,
whence the popular names). — Damp rich woods, N. Brunswick to Minn. and
Mo., south to the Gulf. April.

2. DAPHNE, Lin. MEZEREUM.

Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped, the border spreading and
4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; the anthers nearly sessile on the calyx-tube.
Style very short or none; stigma capitate. Drupe red. — Hardy low shrub.
(Mythological name of the nymph transformed by Apollo into a Laurel.)

D. Mezkrevm, L. Shrub 1-3° high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely
white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of the preceding year, before the
lanceolate very smooth green leaves; berries red. — Escaped from cultivation
in Canada, Mass., and N. Y. Early spring. (Nat. from Eu.)

Orver 95. ELAZAGNACE ZS. (OLraster FAMILY.)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurfy leaves and perfect or dicecious
flowers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect
or ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and
berry-like in fruit, strictly enclosing the achene.

1. Elzeagnus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 4. Leaves alternate.
2. Shepherdia. Flowers diecious. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite.

l. ELHAGNUS, Tourn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx cylindric-campanulate above the persistent oblong
or globose base, the limb valvately 4-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 4, in the throat.
Style linear, stigmatic on one side. Fruit drupe-like, with an oblong, 8-striate
stone. — Leaves alternate, entire and petioled, and flowers axillary and pedi-

LORANTHACEX. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.) 449

eellate. (From éAala, the olive, and &yvos, sacred, the Greek name of the
Chaste-tree, Vitex Agnus-castus.)

l. HE. argéntea, Pursh. (Sirver-Berry.) A_ stoloniferous unarmed
shrub (6-12° high), the younger branches covered with ferruginous scales ;
leaves elliptic to lanceolate, undulate, silvery-scurfy and more or less ferrugi-
nous; flowers numerous, deflexed, silvery without, pale yellow within, fra-
grant; fruit scurfy, round-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4-5” long. —N. W.
Minn. to Utah and Montana.

2. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt.

Flowers dicecious ; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvate in the bud) and
3 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk; the fertile
with an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the
teeth of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender; stigma
1-sided. — Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous; the small flowers nearly sessile
in their axils on the branches, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for
John Shepherd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

1. §. Canadénsis, Nutt. Leaves elliptical or ovate, nearly naked and
green above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty scales beneath; fruit yel-
lowish-red, insipid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Vt. and N. Y. to Mich., Minn.,
and north and westward. May.—Shrub 3-6° high, the branchlets, young
leaves, yellowish flowers, etc., covered with rusty scales.

2. S. argéntea, Nutt. (Burrato-Berry.) Somewhat thorny, 5 -18°
high; leaves cuneate-obleng, silvery on both sides; fruit ovoid, scarlet, acid
and edible. — N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

Orver 96. LORANTHACEZR. (Mistietor Fairy.)

Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parasitic on trees, repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its
near allies; distinguished from the next family more by the parasitic
growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential
characters.

1. Phoradendron. Anthers 2-celled. Berry globose, pulpy. Leaves foliaceous.

2. Arceuthobium. Anthers a single orbicular cell. Berry compressed, fleshy. Leaves
scale-like, connate.

1 PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Farse Misrreroe.

Flowers dicecious, in short catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several to each
short fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3- (rarely
2~4-) lobed; in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of
each lobe, transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or slit; in the
fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma sessile, obtuse.
Berry 1-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit of muci-
laginous albumen. — Yellowish green woody parasites on the branches of trees,
with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or only
scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name composed
of pép, a thief, and dév8pov, tree; from the parasitic habit.)

450 LORANTHACES. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

1. P. flavéscens, Nutt. (American Mistreror.} Leaves obovate or
oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the spikes, yellowish; berries white. —
On various deciduous trees, N. J. to S. Ind., Mo., and southward.

2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, Bieb.

Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or several from the same axil. Calyx
mostly compressed ; the staminate usually 3-parted, the pistillate 2-toothed.
Anthers a single orbicular cell, opening by a circular slit. Berry compressed,
fleshy, on a short recurved pedicel. — Parasitic on Conifers, glabrous, with
rectangular branches and connate scale-like leaves; flowers often crowded in
apparent spikes or panicles, opening in summer or autumn and maturing fruit
the next autumn. (From apxevos, the juniper, and Bios, life.)

1. A. pusillum, Peck. Very dwarf, the slender scattered or clustered
stems 3-10” high, usually simple, olive-green to chestnut; scales obtuse ;
flowers solitary in most of the axils; fruit narrowly oblong, 1” long. — Opn
Abies nigra; N. New York; Hanover, N. H. (Jesup).; Pocono Mt., Penn.

Orver 97. SANTALACEA. (Sanpatwoop Famity.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4—-5-cleft calyx valvate in
the bud, its tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises
from the base of the cell, but the (indehiscent) fruit always 1-seeded. —
Seed destitute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of
copious albumen; radicle directed upward; cotyledons cylindrical. Sta-
mens equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite
them into the edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small
order, the greater part belonging to warm regions.

1. Comandra. Flowers perfect, in unibel-like clusters. Low herbaceous perennials.
2. Pyrularia. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, in short spikes or racemes, Shrub.

1 COMANDRA, Nutt. BASTARD TOAD-FLAX.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the
ovary with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens in-
serted on the edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx,
to the middle of which the anthers are conuected by a tuft of thread-like hairs.
Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity
filled by the globular seed. — Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic) perenni-
als, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or root, alternate and
almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers in terminal or axillary small
umbellike clusters. (Name from kon, hair, and &vdpes, for stamens, in allu
sion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem 8-10’ high, branched, very leafy; leaves
oblong, pale (1’ long) ; peduncles several and corymbose-clustered at the summit,
several-flowered ; calyx-tube conspicuously continued as a neck to the dry
globular-urn-shaped fruit ; the lobes oblong ; style slender.— Dry ground, com:
mon. May, June. Root forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees.

2 C. pallida, A. DC. Leaves narrower, more glaucous and acuter, linear
to narrowly lanceolate (or those upon the main stem cblong), all acute or some-

EUPHORBIACEZ. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 451

what cuspidate ; fruit ovoid, larger (3-4” long), sessile or on short stout pedi-
cels. — W. Minn. to 8S. W. Kan., and westward.

3. ©. livida, Richardson. Peduncles slender, avillary, 3 —5-flowered,
shorter than the oval leaves; calyx-tube not continued beyond the ovary, the
lobes ovate; style short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red.— Newf., N. Vt., sandy:
shores of L. Superior, and northward.

2. PYRULARIA, Michx. Om-nut. Burrato-nvt.

Flowers dicecious or polygamous. Calyx 4 -5-cleft, the lobes recurved,
hairy-tufted at base in the male flowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short fila-,
ments, alternate with as many rounded glands. Fertile flowers with a pear-
shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat
summit; disk with 5 glands; style short and thick; stigma capitate-flattened.
Fruit fleshy and drupe-like, pear shaped ; the globose endocarp thin. Embryo
small; albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and
deciduous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or
racemes. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, from the shape of the fruit.)

1. P. pubera, Michx. Shrub straggling (3-12° high), minutely downy
when young, at length nearly glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or
peinted at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small
and few-flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft; fruit 1’ long. (P. oleifera, Gray.)
— Rich woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. Whole plant, especially the fruit,
imbued with an acrid oil.

Orper 98. EUPHORBIACE.E®. (Spurce Famry.)

Plants usually with a milky acrid juice, and monecious or diecious flow-
ers, mostly apetalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypetalous or
monopetalous); the ovary free and usually 3-celled, with a single or some-
times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell; stigmas or
branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly a
8-lobed capsule, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent
axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as
long as and the flat cotyledons mostlu as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen.
Stipules often present. — A vast f:.nily in the warmer parts of the world;
most numerously represented in northern countries by the genus Eu-
phorbia, which has very reduced flowers within a calyx-like involucre.

* Flowers all without calyx, included in a cup-shaped calyx-like involucre, — the whole liable
to be mistaken for a single flower.

it. Euphorbia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked
stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil). ;

* * Flowers with a calyx, without involucre.

+ Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell; flowers monecious.

to

. Pachysandra. Flowers in basal spikes. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinet.
3. PhylManthbus. Flowers axillary. Stamens 3, united.

4 + Seeds and ovules 1 in each cell.
a. Flowers apetalous, in cymose panicles (2-3-chotomous), stamens 10, erect in the bud.

4. Jatropha. Calyx corolla-like, the staminate salver-form ; armed with stinging hairs,

452 EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

b. Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. Stamens inflexed in the bud. Stellate-downy or
seurfy, or hairy and glandular; leaves mostly entire.

5. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2 - 4-) celled.
6. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlets. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

c. Flowers in axillary spikes or racemes (except n. 9), apetalous (except n. 7). Stamens 8 or
more ; anthers erect in the bud.

7. Argythamnia. Petals and sepals 5. Stamens 10-15, united. Styles bifid, linear.

8. Acalypha. Calyx 4- (3-5-) parted. Stamens mostly 8. Fertile flowers in the axils
of leafy bracts. Stigmas finely dissected.

5. Ricinus. Racemes terminal, subpanicled. Calyx 3-5-parted. Stamens very numere
ous ; the filaments repeatedly branched. Styles 2-parted.

.
d. Flowers apetalous, in racemes or spikes pistillateat base. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles simple

10. Tragia. Flowers racemose. Calyx-lobes valvate in bud. Hirsute or pubescent.
1l. Stillingia. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes imbricate in bud. Fertile bracts glandu-
liferous. Glabrous,

1. EUPHORBIA, L. _ Spurcs.

Flowers moneecious, included in a cup-shaped 4-—5-lobed involucre (flower
of older authors) resembling a calyx or corolla, and usually bearing large
thick glands (with or without petal-like margins) at its sinuses. Sterile flow-
ers numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little
bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the
filament ; anther-cells globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle
of the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and
3-celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft; the
stigmas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 1-seeded carpels, which split elas-
tically into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled (ours only in §§ 5 and 6).— Plants
(herbs in the United States), with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal,
often umbellate-clustered ; in the first section mostly appearing lateral, but
not really axillary. (Named after Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.)

A. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white or rose-colored, margins
or appendages ; these almost obsolete in n. 1.

§ 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all opposite, short-petioled, small, oblique at
base ; stipules awl-shaped or scaly and often fringed, persistent ; stems much
branched, spreading or usually procumbent ; involucres solitary in the forks
or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small, with 4 glands; seeds ash-
colored (except in n. 10); annuals.

* Seeds smooth and even; leaves entire; whole plant glabrous.

1. E. polygonifolia, L. Prostrate-spreading ; leaves oblong-linear, ow
tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4-8 long) ; stipules seta-
ceously divided; peduncles in the forks, as long as the petioles; lobes of the
involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods obtusely angled ;
seeds ovate (over 1” long, the largest of this section).— Sandy shores of the
Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.

2. BE. Géyeri, Engelm. Procumbent; /eaves ob/ong-ovate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3-6” long) ; stipules
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as the petioles, at length in loose foli-
aceous lateral clusters; glands with narrow white or red appendages; pods

EUPHORBIACE&. (SPURGE FAMILY. ) 453

acutely angled; seeds ovate, acute at one end (4 long). — Sandy soil, i. to
Wisc., Minn., and Kan.

3. EK. petaloidea, Engelm. Resembling the last, but half-erect and
spreading ; /eaves longer, nurrower, retuse or emarginate ; peduncles longer than
the petioles; involucres larger, the broadly campanulate appendages much larger
and conspicuous; pod obtusely angled; seeds nearly 1” long.— From Iowa
and Mo., westward.

4. EK. sérpens, HBK. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting ; /eaves
round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only 4-14” long); stipules membrana-
ceous, triangular ; peduncles much longer than the petioles, at length in loose
foliaceous lateral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with minute
crenulate appendages ; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (3” long or
less). — Rich soil, I]. and Iowa to Kan., and southward. Rarely ady. eastward.
x x Seeds minutely roughened or transversely wrinkled or pitted; leaves more

or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy.

5. BE. serpyllifolia, Pers. Glabrous, prostrate-spreading ; leaves obovate-
oblong, narrowed at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate toward the obtuse
apex (3-6” long, often with a red spot); stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; pe-
duncles as long as or longer than the petioles, at length in loose foliaceous
lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed
appendages; pods sharply angled; seeds acutely quadrangular, slightly cross-
wrinkled, often pitted (nearly #” long). — Wisc. to Mo., and westward.

6. EK. glyptospérma, Engelm. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent),
erect-spreading ; /eaves linear-oblong, mostly falcate, very unequal at base,
slightly serrulate toward the obtuse apex (2-5” long); stipules lanceolate,
setaceously divided; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foliaceous lat-
eral clusters; glands of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate ap-
pendages; pods sharply angled; seeds sharply 4-angled and with 5 or 6 sharp
transverse wrinkles (4° long). — Ont. to Wisc., Ill, Mo., and westward.

7. E. maculata, L. Prostrate; stems puberulent or hairy; leaves oblong-
linear, very oblique at base, serrulate upward, more or less pubescent or some-
times smoothish (4-6” long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre;
stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as the petioles, in dense foli-
aceous lateral clusters; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow
slightly crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent ,
seeds ovate (2 long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across
the concave sides. —Open places, roadsides, etc., common.

8. E. humistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy ; leaves
alliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate toward the apex, sparsely
hairy underneath (4-9” long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules
lanceolate, fimbriate; peduncles rather shorter than the petioles, in dense
scarcely foliaceous lateral clusters ; ‘nvolucre cleft on the back, its (red or white)
appendages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate,
obtusely angled, minutely roughened (4 long). — Rich soil, Ind. and W. Tenn.
to Minn. and Kan.

9. E. Préslii, Guss. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or erect
(1-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovate-ob-
long or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate ($-15’ long), often with a

454 EUPHORBIACEZ. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

red spot or red margins; stipules triangular; peduncles longer than the peti:

oles, collected in loose leafy terminal cymes; appendages entire, larger and

white, or smaller and sometimes red ; pod glabrous, obtusely angled ; seeds ovate,
ide

obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (4’ long), blackish. (E. hypericifolia
of Man., not L.) —Common throughout the U.S. east of the plains.

§ 2. ZYGOPHYLLIDIUM. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, not oblique,
with stipular glands ; stems dichotomously branched, erect ; cymes terminal ;
involucres with 5 glunds; seeds tuberculate.

10. E. hexagona, Nutt. Somewhat hairy (1° high or more); branches
striate-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; involucre hairy without and
within; glands with green ovate-triangular appendages twice their length;
capswe smooth; seeds ovate. — lowa to Tex., west to Col. and Montana.

§ 3. PETALOMA. Uppermost leaves with conspicuous white petal-like mar-
gins, whorled or opposite, the others scattered ; erect annuals, with leaves equal
at base and entire, and with lanceolate deciduous stipules ; involucres 5-lobed,
in an umbel-like inflorescence.

ll. BE. marginata, Pursh. Stem stout (2-3° high), erect, hairy ; leaves
sessile, ovate or oblong, acute; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays; glands of the
involucre with broad white appendages.— Minn. to Mo., west to Col., also
spreading eastward to Ohio, and frequently escaped from gardens, where it is
often cultivated for its showy broadly white-margined floral leaves.

§ 4. TITHYMALOPSIS. Only the uppermost leaves whorled or opposite ; erect
perennials, with entire leaves equal at base ; stipules none ; involucres mostly 5-
lobed, in the forks of the branches and terminal ; inflorescence umbelliform.

12. EK. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2-39
high); leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3-7-)
forked, and the forks again 2-—3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-pe-
duncled, with showy white appendages (appearing like petals), the lobes mi-
nute and incurved; pod slender-pedicelled, smooth; seeds thick (1” long or
more), ash-colored, slightly uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, N. Y. and N.J. to
Fla., west to Minn. and La., also adventive in Mass. July - Oct.

B. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages.

§ 5. POINSETTIA. Jnvolucres in terminal clusters, 4-5-lobed, with few (or
often solitary) cup-shaped glands ; erect annuals, with variable, entire, den-
tate, or sinuate leaves, all or only the upper ones opposite; the uppermosi
often colored, especially at base ; stipules small and glandular.

13. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high); leaves
ovate, lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (1—2’ long), only the
lowest alternate, the upper often paler at base; involucres almost sessile, with
5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked glands ;
seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled.— Rich soil, Penn. to Tenn., Iowa,
E. Kan., and southward. July -Sept.

14. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1-3° high), glabrous; /eaves alter-
nate, petioled, ovate-fiddle-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear
and entire, often only those of the branches linear; the upper usually with a

EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 455

red base; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised
lobes and a single or few and a/most sessile glands; seeds nearly globular,
tubercled. — Slopes and rocky soil, Minn. to W. Ill., lowa and Mo.

§ 6. TITHYMALUS. Jnvolucres in a terminal dichotomous or commonly um-
belliform inflorescence, 5- or usually 4-lobed, with as many flat or conver
entire or crescent-shaped glands ; seeds carunculate (except n. 15); ours as-
cending or erect, and mostly glabrous, without stipules.

* Perennials with entire leaves, all or only the upper opposite ; involucres long-
peduncled in a dichotomous inflorescence, mostly with 5 transversely oblong
glands ; seeds without caruncle.

15. E. Ipecacuanhe, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular
root, erect or diffusely spreading (5-10’ long), forking from near the base:
leaves varying from obovate or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile,
glabrous; peduncles elongated ($-1’ long); pod long-pedicelled, obtusely
angled, nearly smooth; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed
dots. — Sandy soil, near the coast; Conn. to Fla.; also barrens of S. Ind.

« « Leaves scattered, only the floral in the umbelliform inflorescence whorled or
opposite and of a different shape ; glands mostly 4.
+ Leaves serrulate or rarely entire ; glands transversely oval, obtuse.
++ Seeds smooth and even; pod warty or rough.

16. BE. Darlingtonii, Gray. Tall perennial (2-4° high) ; leaves entire,
minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow
base ; the floral oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate
base ; umbel 5 - 8-rayed, then simply forked ; pod minutely warty; large glob-
ular seed with a small caruncle. — Copses, N. Y. and Penn., to the mountains
of N.C. July -Sept. ;

17. E. obtusata, Pursh. Erect annual (1-2° high); leaves oblong-spat-
ulate, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse ; upper ones cordate at base; floral
ones ovate, dilated, barely mucronate; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays,
then into 2; involucre with naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles dis-
tinct, longer than the ovary, erect, 2-cleft to the middle ; pod beset with long
warts. — Damp woods, Va. to S. C., west to Iowa and Kan. May-July.

Ei, pPLATYPHYLLA, L. Erect ial (8 —18’ high) ; upper stem-leaves lance-
olate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered
hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular- ovate, subcordate; umbel 5-rayed ; invo-
lucre with ciliate lobes and large “sessile glands ; styles longer than the ov ary,
united at base, slightly 2-cleft ; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the
St Lawrence and Great Lakes to Mich. June - Aug. (Adv. from Eu. ie

++ ++ Seeds rugose or reticulated ; leaves serrulate ; annuals.

18. EB. dictyospérma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8-18 high) ;
leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate ;
upper ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-
shaped, slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked;
involucre with nearly naked lobes and small almost sessile glands; styles
shorter than the ovary, spreading or recurved; pod warty; seeds delicately
reticulated. — Prairies and roadsides, Md. to Minn., Ala., and westward
May - July.

456 EUPHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

E. Herroscoria, L. Stems ascending (6 —-12’ high), stout; leaves all obo-
vate and very rounded or retuse at the end, finely serrate, smooth or a little
hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3,
or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked ; pods smooth and even;
seeds with coarse honeycomb-like reticulations. — Waste places, eastward and
along the Great Lakes to Mich. July—Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

~ + Leaves entire; glands crescent-shaped or 2-horned.
++ Seeds smooth and dark-colored ; perennials, with running rootstocks.

EB. Esura, L. Stems clustered (1° high); leaves lanceolate or linear, the
floral (yellowish) broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many
rays, then forking; glands short-horned (brown); pods smoothish and gran-
ular. — Mass., western N. Y., and Mich.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

EK. Cyparfssras, L. Stems densely clustered (6-10 high); stem-leaves
linear, crowded, the floral heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed ; glands crescent-
shaped ; pods granular. — Escaped from gardens, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

BE. Nicaénsis, All. Stout and tall glabrous perennial; leaves oblony or.
oblong-lanceolate, the floral broadly heart-shaped, mucronate ; terminal umbel
many-rayed, the rays forking; glands short-horned; pods finely wrinkled. —
A rare escape; Binghampton, N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

++ ++ Seeds sculptured, ash-colored ; pod smooth; annuals or biennials.

E. Périus, L. Erect or ascending (5-10’ high); leaves petioled, thin,
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel 3-rayed, then forking;
glands long-horned; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crested on the back; seeds
2-grooved on the inner fuce, pitted on the back (scarcely over 4” long). — Waste
places, N. Eng. to N. J. and western N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

19. BE. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de-
cumbent base (6-12’ high); leaves obovate, obtuse ; the upper all sessi/e, the
upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long; umbel 3-forked; glands
with slender horns; capsule obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, pitted all over (1~
jong). — Along streams and shady slopes, Md. to Fla., Minn., and Mo.

x * * Glabrous annual or biennial with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an
umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands.
E. LAruyris, L. Stem stout (2-3° high); leaves thick, linear or oblong,

the floral oblong-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 4-rayed, then forking. —
Sparingly escaped from gardens, N. Eng. to N.C. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. PACHYSANDRA, Michx.

Flowers moneecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals none.
Ster. F/. Stamens 4, separate; filaments long-exserted, thick and flat; an-
thers oblong-linear. Fert. Fl. Ovary 3-velled; styles 3, thick, awl-shaped.
recurved, stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each
cell, suspended, with the rhaphe dorsal (turned away from the placenta).
Capsule deeply 3-horned, 3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seeded
carpels. — Nearly glabrous, low and procumbent perennial herbs, with matted
creeping rootstocks, and alternate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves,
narrowed at base into a petiole. Flowers each 1 - 3-bracted, the upper stam-
inate, a few fertile ones at base, unpleasantly scented; sepals greenish or
purplish ; filaments white (their sive and thickness giving the name, from
maxis, thick, aud avnp, used for stamen).

1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6-9 long) bearing several ap-
proximate leaves at the summit on slender petioles, and a few many-flowered

EUPHORBIACEZ. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 457

spikes along the base; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small
scales. — Woods, mountains of Ky., W. Va., and southward. March- May.

38. PHYLLANTHUS, L.

Flowers moncecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5 -6-parted, imbricated in the
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules
2 in each cell of the ovary. Capsule depressed; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded.
Seeds not carunculate.— Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules.
(Name composed of pvAAor, leaf, and &v@os, blossom, because the flowers in a
few species are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)

1. P. Carolinénsis, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched; leaves
obovate or oval, short-petioled ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost ses-
sile, one staminate, the other fertile; calyx 6-parted; stamens 3; styles 3,
each 2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Gray-
elly banks, E. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Hl. July - Sept.

4: JATROPHA; 1.

Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate
flowers often salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or
convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or
none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30, in 2 or
more whorls; filaments monadelphous at base. Ovary mostly 3-celled; styles
3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Capsule 3-celled,
3-seeded, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Peren-
nial herbaceous or shrubby plants, chiefly tropical, with alternate mostly
long-petioled palmately-veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the
section CNrIpOSCOLUS, With apetalous flowers, the staminate corolla salver-
form, and the plants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by
Linnzeus to be formed of iatpby, a remedy, and dayw, to eat.)

1. J. stimulosa, Michx. (TrReap-sorrity. SpurGe-NETTLe.) Herba-
ceous, from a long perennial root, branching (6’-2° high) ; leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed nearly to the base, on long petioles; the divisions
entire or acutely toothed, cut, or even pinnatifid, often discolored ; flowers
white, fragrant, 9’ long or more; filaments 10, monadelphous only at the
woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. urens, var. stimulosa,
J. Muell.) — Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and La. June-Sept.

5 JICROMON, 1:

Flowers moneecious, rarely dicecious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes
or spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly
imbricated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, as many,
but mostly small or rudimentary, hypogynous. Glands or lobes of the disk
as many as and alternate with the petals. Receptacle usually hairy. Sta-
mens 5 or more; filaments with the anthers inflexed in the bud. Fert. Fi.
Calyx 5-10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers; but petals
none or minute rudiments. Ovary 3- (rarely 2—4-) celled, with a single ovule
m each cell; styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Capsule separating

458 EUPHORBIACER. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

into as many 2-valved l-seeded carpels. Seeds carunculate. — Stellate downy,

or scurfy, or hairy and glandular plants, mostly strong-scented; the fertile

flowers usually at the base of the sterile spike or cluster. Leaves alternate,
or sometimes imperfectly opposite, with or without obvious stipules. (Kpotoy,
the Greek name of the Castor-oil Plant, of this family.)

* Sterile flowers with 4-parted calyx, as many petals, a 4-rayed disk, and 8
stamens ; fertile flowers with 5-parted calyx, very minute rudimentary pet-
als, and the 3 styles 2-cleft.

1. C. glandulosus, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1-2°
high), somewhat umbellately branched; leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
obtusely toothed, the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile
flowers capitate-clustered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the forks
and terminal. — Open waste places, Va. to lowa, E. Kan. and southward.

* * Sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, as many glands alternating with the
petals, and 10-14 stamens; fertile flowers with 7-12-parted calyx, no
petals, and the 8 styles twice or thrice 2-parted.

2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat
glandular (1 —2° high), branched; leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong or elon-
gated-oblong, rounded at base, entire; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely fim-
briate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short
terminal sterile spike. — Barrens, N. J. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Iowa, and
EK. Kan. July -Sept.

x x * Sterile flowers with unequally 3-5-parted calyx, as many petals and
sceale-like glands, and 3-8 stamens; fertile flowers with equally 5-parted
calyx, no petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile 2-parted stigmas.

3. C. monanthdogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubescent
and rusty-glandular; stems (1 -2° high) slender, erect, below often umbel-
lately 3 - 4-forked, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves
oblong-ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6-12” long, about
twice the length of the petioles); flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the
summit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly
solitary on short recurved peduncles; ovary 2-celled; fruit often by abortion
l-celled and 1-seeded; the seed broadly oval.— Barrens and dry prairies,
S. Ind. to N. C. and Fla., west to E. Kan. June-Sept.

x * x * Diecious; calyx equally 5-parted ; petals none ; stamens 10 or more ;
styles twice or thrice dichotomously 2-parted.

4. C. Texénsis, Muell. Annual, covered with a close canescent stellate
pubescence, dichotomously branched or spreading (1—2° high); leaves nar-
rowly oblong-lanceolate to linear; staminate spikes or racemes very short,
often sessile; capsule stellate-tomentose and somewhat muricate.— Mo. and
Kan. to Ala., Tex., and westward.

6. CROTONOPSIS, Michx.

Flowers moncecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the
lower fertile. Ster. Fl. Calyx equally 5-parted. Petals 5, spatulate. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the petals; filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged

EUFHORBIACEH. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 459

at the apex. Fert. F/. Calyx unequally 3-5-parted. Petals none. Glands
(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovuled, bear-
ing a twice or thrice forked style. Fruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1-seeded.
Seed without caruncle.— A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite
short-petioled linear or elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smooth-
ish above, but silvery hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales
underneath, as well as the branches, etc. (Croton and dys, appearance, for a
plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.)

1. C. linearis, Michx.— Dry sandy soil, N. J. to Fla., west to Ill. and
Kan. July -Sept.— Fruit about 1” long.

7. ARGYTHAMNIA, P. Browne.

Flowers monecious. Calyx 5-parted, valvate in the staminate flowers, im-
bricate in the pistillate. Petals alternate with the calyx-lobes and with the
prominent lobes of the glandular disk. Stamens 5-15, united into a central
column in 1-3 whorls. Styles 1-3-cleft. Capsule depressed, 3-lobed. Seeds
subglobose, roughened or reticulated, not carunculate. — Erect herbs or under-
shrubs, with purplish juice, and alternate usually stipulate leaves. (Name from
&pyupos, silver, and Oauvos, bush, from the hoariness of the original species.)

1. A.mercurialina, Muell. Stem erect, nearly simple (1 -2° high), seri-
ceous; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, entire, pubescent with ap-
pressed hairs or glabrate, somewhat rigid; raceme many-flowered, exceeding
the leaves; ovary sericeous ; capsule appressed-pubescent. — Kan. to Ark. and
ex.

8. ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

Flowers moncecious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-parted and valvate in bud; of the fertile, 3 -—5-parted.
Corolla none. Stamens 8-16; filaments short, monadelphous at base; anther-
cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the filament.
Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Capsule separ-
ating into 3 globular 2-valved carpels, rarely of only one carpel. — Herbs (ours
annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, resembling Nettles or Amaranths; the
leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules. Clusters of sterile flowers with a mi-
nute bract; the fertile surrounded by a large and leaf-like cut-lobed persistent
bract. (Akadnon, an ancient name of the Nettle.)

* Fruit smooth or merely pubescent ; seeds nearly smooth.

1. A. Virginica, L. Smoothish or hairy (1-2° high), often turning
purple; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely serrate, long-peti-
oled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the large leaf-like
palmately 5 -9-cleft fruiting bracts; fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil. — Fields
and open places, N. Eng. to Ont. and Minn., south to the Gulf. July - Sept.

Var. gracilens, Muell. Leaves lanceolate or even linear, less toothed and
shorter-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often 1’ long, and much surpassing
the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. — Sandy dry soil, R. I. and Conn.
to Fla., west to Ill., E. Kan. and Tex.

460 EUPHORBIACEA. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

« * Fruit echinate with soft bristly green projections ; seeds rough-wrinkled.

2. A. Caroliniana, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and closely
serrate-toothed, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled; sterile spikes short, axil-
lary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, their bracts deeply cut
into many linear lobes. -- N. J. to Fla., west to Ohio, Kan., and Tex.

9. RICINUS, Lim. Castor-OIL PLANT.

Flowers in racemose or panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate
below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very numerous, with repeatedly branching
filaments. Styles 3, united at base, each bifid, red. Capsule large, 3-lobed,
with 3 large seeds. — A tall stately annual, with very large alternate peltate
and palmately 7-11-cleft leaves (often 1-2° broad). (The ancient Roman
name of the plant.)

R. commotnis, L.— Cultivated extensively for ornament, and sparingly es.
caped in Md., Mo., and southward. Very variable.

10. TRAGIA, Plumier.

Flowers monecious, in racemes, apetalous. Ster. k/. Calyx 3-5- (chiefly
3-) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments short; anther-cells
united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3-8-parted, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted ;
the branches 3, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three
2-valved 1-seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate.— Erect or climbing plants
(perennial herbs in U.S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly
alternate stipulate leaves; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite
the leaves; the sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small
bracts. (Named for the early herbalist Bock, latinized Tyragus.)

1. T. innocua, Walt. rect, paniculate-branched, softly hairy-pubescent
(6-12’ high) ; leaves varying from obovate-oblong to narrowly linear, acute at
base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or lobed, sometimes entire, short-petioled
or sessile, paler beneath ; sterile calyx usually 4-parted ; stamens 2. (T. urens, L.)
— Dry sandy soil, E. Va. to Fla. and La. May - Aug. — Not stinging.

2. T. nepeteefolia, Cav. rect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute
with stinging hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, or the lower
ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-peti-
oled ; sterile calyx usually 3-parted and stamens 3. (T. urticefolia, Michz.)
—Virginia (Pursh), and common southward to Fla. and Tex., Mo., Kan., and
westward. —'T. styLAris, Muell., of the southwest, which is reported from
Kan., may be distinguished by its 4—5-parted sterile calyx, 4-5 stamens, and
elongated styles.

3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Twining, somewhat hirsute; leaves deeply
cordate, ovate, mostly narrowly acuminate, sharply serrate (3-5’ long), all but
the uppermost /ong-petioled; pod }¥ broad. (T.cordata, Michx.) — Ky. to
Ga., Fla., and La.

ll. STILLINGIA, Garden.

Flowers monecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of
the disk none. Calyx 2—3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 2 or 3; anthers adnate, turned outward. Style thick; stigmas 3,

URTICACEX. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 461

diverging, simple. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. —
Smooth upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at base;
the fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ;
the bract for each cluster with a large gland on each side. (Named for Dr.
Es. Saeed

. S. sylvatica, L. Feebincous (1—3° high) ; leaves almost sessile, ob-
fe -lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry
soil, Va. to Fla., west to Kan. and Tex. June-Sept.

Orver 99. URTICACEZ. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

Plants with stipules, and moneecious or diecious or rarely (in the Elm
Family) perfect flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the 1-
celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in
the albumen when there is any, its radicle pointing upward ; stamens as
many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Co-
tyledons usually broad. Stipules often deciduous. — A large order (far
the greater part tropical).

Tribe I. ULMEZ. Flowers mostly polygamous, upon the last year’s branches. An-
thers erect in the bud, extrorse. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a winged samara or nut-
like. Seed suspended. Embryo straight. —Trees, with alternate serrate pinnately
veined leaves and fugacious stipules.

1. Ulmus. Flowers preceding the leaves. Ovary 1-2-ovuled. Fruit winged all around.
2. Planera. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Ovule one. Fruit wingless, nut-like.
Tribe Il. CELTIDE. As in Tribe I., but the dicecious-polygamous flowers upon

branches of the same year; anthers introrse ; fruit a drupe ; embryo curved.

3. Celtis. Ovary l-ovuled. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Leaves 3-nerved at base.

Tribe III. CANNABINEZ. Flowers diccious; the sterile racemed or panicled: the
fertile in clusters or catkins, the calyx of one sepal embracing the ovary. Filaments
short, erect in the bud. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary l-celled, with a pendulous ovule,
forming a small glandular achene in fruit. Embryo curved or coiled. — Erect or climb-
ing herbs, with watery juice, mostly opposite lobed or divided leaves, persistent stipules,
and a fibrous inner bark.

4 Cannabis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Leaves 5-7-divided. Erect.
5 Humulus. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a membranaceous catkin in fruit.
Leaves 3-5-lobed, Climbing.

Tribe IV. MOREZ®. Flowers unisexual, racemose, spicate or capitate; calyx becom-
ing fleshy or juicy in fruit. Anthers inflexed in the bud. Style undivided or 2-parted,
filiform; ovule pendulous; fruit an achene, embryo curved. — Trees or shrubs, with
milky juice, alternate leaves, and fugacious stipules.

6. Maclura. Sterile flowers in loose racemes ; fertile in globose heads. Leaves entire.
7. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Leaves dentate, 3-nerved.

Tribe V. URTICEZX. Flowers unisexual. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Style or
stigma simple. Ovary 1-celled, with an erect ovule, forming an achene in fruit. Em-
bryo straight. — Herbs with watery juice, tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate
leaves; often armed with stinging hairs.

* Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals.
+ Plant beset with stinging bristles.

8. Urtica. Sepals 4 in both fertile and sterile flowers. Achene straight and erect, en-
closed by the 2 inner and larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

462 URTICACEZ. (NETTLE FAMILY.)

9. Laportea. Sepals 5 in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2. Stigma
long-subulate. Achene very oblique, deflexed, nearly naked. Leaves alternate,

+ + Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles. Leaves opposite

10. Pilea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small
Achene partly naked, straight and erect. Stigma pencil-tufted. Smooth and shining.

* * Fertile calyx tubular or cup-shaped, enclosing the achene. Unarmed.

11. Boehmeria. Flower-clusters spiked, not involucrate. Style long and thread-shaped,
stigmatic down one side. Leaves opposite, serrate.

12. Parietaria. Flowers in involucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted. Leaves alter-
nate, entire.

1 Us MeU'S,? 13 Bea

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender fila-
ments. Ovary 1 -2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the
summit of each cell; styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner edge.
Fruit a 1-celled and l-seeded membranaceous samara, winged all around.
Albumen none; embryo straight; the cotyledons large.— Flowers polyga-
mous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species preceding the
leaves, which are strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and oblique or un-
equally somewhat heart-shaped at base. Stipules small, caducous. (The
classical Latin name.)

* Flowers nearly sessile ; fruit orbicular, not ciliate ; leaves very rough above.

1. U. falva, Michx. (Stippery or Rep Erm.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy with rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly
serrate (4-8 long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy beneath or slightly
rough downward; branchlets downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 4-9; fruit
(8-9” wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil, N. Eng. to the Dakotas, and
southward. March, April.— A small or middle-sized tree (45-60° high), with
tough, reddish wood, and a very mucilaginous inner bark.

* * Flowers on slender drooping pedicels, which are jointed above the middle ;
fruit ovate or oval, fringed-ciliate ; leaves smooth above, or nearly so.

2. U. Americana, L. (American or WuItTE Eta.) Buds and branch-
lets glabrous; branches not corky; leaves obovate-oblong or oval, abruptly
pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2- 4’ long), soft-pubescent beneath,
or soon glabrous; flowers in close fascicles; calyx with 7-9 roundish lobes;
fruit glabrous except the margins (3’ long), its sharp points incurved and clos-
ing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich soil. April.— A
large and well-known ornamental tree, variable in habit, usually with spread-
ing branches and drooping branchlets.

3. U. racemosa, Thomas. (Cork or Rock Exim.) Bud-scales downy-
ciliate and somewhat pubescent, as are the young branchlets; branches often
with corky ridges ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and
straight ; flowers racemed ; fruit muchas in the last, but rather larger. — River-
banks, S. W. Vt. to Ont. and central Minn., south to Mo. and Ky. A large
and very valuable tree.

4. U. alata, Michx. (Wanoo or Wincep Exim.) Bud-scales and branch-
lets nearly glabrous; branches corky-winged, at least some of them; leaves
downy beneath, ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thickish, small

URTICACEX. (NETTLE FAMILY.) 463

(1-24 long) ; calyx-lobes obovate; fruit downy on the face at least when
young. — Va. to S. Ind., S. Mo., and southward. March. A small tree.

2. PLANERA, Gnelin. PLANER-TREE.

Flowers moneciously polygamous. Calyx 4—5-cleft. Stamens4-5. Ovary
ovoid, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which are stigma-
tose down the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged.
Albumen none; embryo straight.— Trees with small leaves, like those of
Elms, the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named
for J. J. Planer, a German botanist.)

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-oblong, small,
fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet
banks, N. C. to Ky., 8. Ill., and southward. April. A rather small tree.

oo © HI, TES, ) Tourn: NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.

Flowers moneciously polygamous. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen ; cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
petioled, inequilateral. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the
fertile solitary or in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves, the lower
usually staminate only, fascicled or racemose along the base of the branches
of the season. (A name of Pliny’s for an African species of Lotus.)

1. C. occidentalis, L. (Sucarperry. Hackperry.) Leaves reticu-
lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, usually conspic-
uously and sharply so, more or less oblique at base, sharply serrate, sometimes
sparingly so or only toward the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above,
usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young; fruit reddish or yellow-
ish, turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of
she petiole. — Woods and river-banks, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.
April, May.— A small or sometimes large tree, with the aspect of an Elm,
bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-cherries, at first obovate, ripe
in autumn; the flesh thin. Very variable in the form, texture, etc., of the
leaves. — Var. ptUmILA, Gray. Low and straggling (4-10° high) ; leaves thin
when mature, and smooth, slightly acuminate. River-banks, on rocks, from
Maryland southward.

2. C. Mississippiénsis, Bosc. Leaves entire (rarely few-toothed), very
long taper-pointed, rounded at base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit
small. — Ill. to Tenn., and southward. A small tree with warty bark.

4. CANNABI S, Tourn. Hemp.

Flowers dicecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered, 1-bracted ;
the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary.
Achene crustaceous. Embryo simply curved.— A tall roughish annual, with
digitate leaves of 5-7 linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper
alternate ; the inner bark of very tough fibres. (The ancient Greek name, of
obscure etymology.)

C. sativa, L. (Hemp.) Stem 4-8° high- leaves 4-8’ broad; flowers
green. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Ady. from Eu.)

464 URTICACEA, (NETTLE FAMILY.)

5. HUMULUS, L. Hor.

Flowers dicecious; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and 5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins;
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem-
branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achene
invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. —
Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downward, and mostly
opposite heart-shaped and palmately 3-7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate
stipules between the petioles. (A late Latin name, of Teutonic origin.)

1. H. Lupulus, L. (Common Hop.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, com-
monly longer than the petioles; bracts, etc., smoothish; the fruiting calyx,
achene, etc., sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, which give the bitterness
and aroma to the hop. — Alluvial banks, N. Eng. to western N. Y., the Great
Lakes and westward, and south in the mountains to Ga. July. (Eu., Asia.)

6. MACLURA, Nutt. OsaGrE ORANGE. Bois p’Arc.

Flowers dicecious; the staminate in loose short racemes, with 4-parted calyx,
and 4 stamens inflexed in the bud; the pistillate in a dense globose head, with
a 4-cleft calyx enclosing the ovary. Style filiform, long-exserted ; ovule pen.
dulous. Fruit an achene, buried in the greatly enlarged fleshy calyx. Albu-
men none. Embryo recurved.— Trees with milky juice, alternate entire
pinnately veined leaves, caducous stipules, axillary peduncles, and stout axil-
lary spines. (Named for the early American geologist, William Maclure.)

1. M. aurantiaca, Nutt. A tree 30-—50° high; leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded at base, green and shining; syncarp glo-
bose, yellowish green, 2-3’ in diameter.— E. Kan. and Mo. to N. Tex.:
extensively used for hedges. Wood bright orange.

7. MORUS, Tourn. MULBERRY.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious; the two kinds in separate axillary and
catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted; lobes ovate. Stamens 4; filaments elas-
tically expanding. Ovary 2-celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing ;
styles 2, thread-form, stigmatic down the inside. Achene ovate, compressed,
covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole spike thus becoming a
thickened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. —'Trees with milky juice
and broad leaves; sterile spikes rather slender. (The classical Latin name.)

1. M. rubra, L. (Rep Murserry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, roug/
above, downy beneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ; flowers frequently
dicecious; fruit dark purple, long.— Rich woods, W. New Eng. to S. Ont.,
the Dakotas, E. Kan., and southward. May. — Large tree, ripening its black-
berry-like fruit in July.

M. Avea, L. (Whire Murpserry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovace, acute,
serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shining; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous
near houses. (Ady. from Eu.)

8. UR TICA,: Tourn: NETTLE.

Flowers moneecious, or rarely dicecious, clustered, the clusters mostly in ra-
cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. F/. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around

aad

URTICACEH, (NETTLE FAMILY.) 465

the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. F/. Sepals 4, in pairs; the 2 outer
smaller and spreading; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous
and enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened achene. Stigma sessile,
capitate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs, armed with stinging hairs. Leaves oppo-
site; stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish; in summer. (The
classical Latin name; from wro, to burn.)

* Perennials; flower-clusters in branching panicled spikes, often diecious.

l. U. gracilis, Ait. Sparingly bristly, slender (2-6° high) ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-
shaped base, almost glabrous, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly ;
spikes slender and loosely panicled. — Fence-rows and moist ground, common.
Stings few.

U. pioica, L. Very bristly and stinging (2-3° high); leaves ovate, heart
shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy beneath as well as the upper part

of the stem; spikes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, rather rare.
Canada and N. Eng. to S. C., west to Minn. and Mo. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annuals; flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, andro-
gynous.

U. trens, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate
with long spreading teeth, the terminal teeth not longer than the lateral ones ;
flower-clusters 2 in each axil, small and loose. — Waste grounds, near dwellings,
eastward; scarce. Plant 8-12’ high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. U. chameedryoides, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped,
the upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular,
1 —2 in each axil, and spiked at the summit. — Alluvial shaded soil, from Ky.

to the Gulf States. Slender, 6-30’ high, sparsely beset with stings.

9. LAPORTEA, Gavdichaud. | Woop-Nerrce.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, clustered, in loose cymes; the upper widely
spreading and chiefly or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Ster. F7.
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. F/. Calyx of 4
sepals, the two outer or one of them usually minute, and the two inner much
larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down one side, persistent. Achene
ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflexed| on the winged or margined pedicel,
nearly naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate
leaves, and axillary stipules. {Named for WM. Laporte.)

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichand. Stem 2-3° high; leaves ovate, pointed,
strongly feather-veined (3-7’ long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent;
stipule single, 2-cleft. — Moist rich woods. July - Sept.

iKoegee 2) fel eg A, Lindl. RICHWEED. CLEARWEED.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious. Sier. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert.
Fi. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal; a rudiment of a stamen com-
monly before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted.
Achene ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly
glabrous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules; the stami-
uate flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the
larger sepal of the fertile flower in the original species, which partly covers
the achene, like the pi/eus, or felt cap. of the Romans.)

466 URTICACEE. (NEITLE FAMILY.)

1. P. pumila, Gray. (RicHweEp. CLEARWEED.) Low (3-18' high);
stems smooth and shining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed,
3-ribbed and veiny; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles; sepals of
the fertile flowers lanceolate, scarcely unequal. — Cool and moist shaded

places. July —Sept.
ll. BO@HMERIA, Jacq. Fatse Nertre.

Flowers moneecious or dicecious, clustered; the sterile much as in Urtica
the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2—4-toothed calyx enclosing
the ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one
side. Achene elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compressed
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Boehmer, Professor at Wittenberg
in the last century.)

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish or pubescent and more
or less scabrous; stem (1- 3° high) simple; leaves chiefly opposite (rarely all
alternate), ovate to ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved ; stip-
ules distinct ; petioles short or elongated; flowers dicecious, or the two kinds
intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated
axillary spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertile often continuous, frequently
leaf-bearing at the apex. — Moist or shady ground, common. Very variable.

12. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELLITORY.

Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staminate, pistillate, and perfect in-
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters; the sterile
much as in the last; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and
nerved calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid achene. Style slender or
nene; stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging,
with alternate entire 3-ribbed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin
name, because growing on old walls.)

1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly
branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, roughish
with opaque dots ; flowers shorter than the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded
rocky banks, E. Mass. and Vt. to Minn., and southward. June- Aug.

Orver 100. PLATANACE, (PLANE-TREE FaAMILy.)

Trees, with watery juice, alternate palmately-lobed leaves, sheathing stip-
ules, and monecious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, des-
titute of calyx or corolla; the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets,
furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base ; consists only of the
following genus (of uncertain relationship).

1 Pa ACT ANS ok: Sycamore. Butrronwoopn.

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens, with club-shaped little scales inter-
mixed; filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consisting
of inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style rather lateral,
awl-shaped or thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy be-
low, containing a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of

JUGLANDACEE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 467

thin albumen. — Large trees, with the bark deciduous in broad thin brittle
plates ; dilated base of the petiole enclosing the bud of the next season. (The
ancient name, from 7Aatus, broad.)

1. P. occidentalis, L. Leaves mostly truncate at base, angularly sinu-
ate-lobed or toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; fertile heads solitary,
hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial banks, 8. Maine to N. Vt., Ont., S. E.
Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Our largest tree, often 90-130° high, with
a trunk 6-14° in diameter.

Orver 101. JUGLANDACEZ. (WALNUT FamILty.)

Trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; flowers monacious,
the sterile in catkins (aments) with an irregular calyx adnate to the bract ;
the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3—5-lobed
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2—4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary.
Fruit a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceous or bony nut-shell, containing
a large 4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and
oily, sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed; radicle short, superior. Petals some-
times present in the fertile flowers. — A small family of important trees,
consisting chiefly of the two following genera.

1 JUGLANS, L. Warnor.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the pre-
ceding year; the calyx adherent to the entire bracts or scales, unequally 3 - 6-
cleft. Stamens 12-40; filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary
or several together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed
calyx, bearing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short; stigmas 2,
somewhat club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent
epicarp, and a mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. —
Trees, with strong-scented or resinous-aromatic bark, few-scaled or almost
naked buds (3 or 4 superposed, and the uppermost far above the axil), odd-pin-
nate leaves of many serrate leaflets, and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith
in plates. (Name contracted from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J.cinerea, L. (Burrernut. WuHite Watnut.) Leaflets 5-8 pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded at base, downy, especially beneath, the
petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, clammy, pointed,
the nut deeply sculptured and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base.
— Rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn., FE. Kan., and
Ark. Tree 50-75° high, with gray bark, widely spreading branches, and
lighter brown wood than in the next.

sg nigra, L. (Brack Watnut.) Leaflets 7-11 pairs, ovate-lanceo-
late, taper-pointed, somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at base, smooth above,
the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy; fruit spherical, roughly
dotted, the nut corrugated, 4-celled at top and bottom. — Rich woods, W. Mass.
and Conn. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., E. Kan., and southward. <A large
and handsome tree (often 90-150° high), with rough brown bark, and vala-
able purplish-brown wood turning blackish with age.

468 JUGLANDACEH. (WALNUT FAMILY.)

2. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins; calyx naked, adhe-
rent to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10; filaments short or
none, free. Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster or short spike, on a peduncle ter-
minating the shoot of the season; calyx 4-toothed; petals none. Stigmas
sessile, 2 or 4, large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at
length dry exocarp (involucre), falling away from the smooth and crusta-
ceous or bony endocarp or nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at
the base mostly 4-celled. — Fine timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood,
and scaly buds, from which in spring are put forth usually both kinds of
flowers, the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and
fall in October. (Kapva, an ancient name of the Walnut.)

§ 1. Sterile catkins fascicled (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one)
Jrom separate lateral scaly buds near the summit of shoots of the preceding
year; bud-scales few; fruit elongated-oblong ; the thin-shelled nut 2-celled
below ; seed sweet ; leaflets short-stalked, numerous.

1. C. oliveeformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Minutely downy, becoming
nearly smooth; leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen-
der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, S. Ind., S. IIl.,
and Iowa, to La. and Tex. A large tree (90- 160° high), with delicious nuts.

§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes (rarely more) on a common peduncle from the azxil
of the inner scales of the common bud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the
season, which, then bearing 3 or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers ;
fruit globular or oval; nut 4-celled at base ; leaflets sessile or nearly so.

* Bud-scales numerous, about 10, successively enwrapping, the inner ones accres-
cent, becoming thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous ; husk
of the fruit splitting promptly into 4 more or less thick and when dry hard
or woody valves ; seed sweet and delicious. (The hickory nuts of the market.)

2. C. alba, Nutt. (SHELL-BARK or SHaG-BarRK Hickory.) Bark of
trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates; inner bud-scales becoming
large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets
5-7, when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper
obovate-lanceolate, the lower pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-
pointed; fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globular, barely mu-
cronate, the shell thinnish. — N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie and S. E. Minn.,
south to Fla., E. Kan.,and Tex. Large and handsome tree (70-90° high, or
more), of great economic value. The principal hickory-nut of the markets.

3. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Bic SHEeLi-park. KrnG-nut.) Bark, etc., as
in n. 1; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above
the middle, the husk very thick; nut large (1}-2’ long) and usually angular,
dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. —
Central N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind., E. Kan., and Ind. Terr. Tree 70-90°
high, or more, in rich soil of bottom lands.

4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Mocker-Nur. WHITE-HEART Hickory.)
Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks; catkins,
shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ;

MYRICACEH. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.) 469

leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit glob-
ular or ovoid, with a very thick and hard husk; nut globular, not compressed,
4-ridged toward the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 1’ in
diameter or sn:aller.—N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Erie, EK. Neb., and south to
the Gulf. ‘Tree 70-100° high, usually on rich upland hillsides.

5. C. microcarpa, Nutt. With rough close bark, small ovate buds, and
the glabrous foliage, ete., of n. 6; fruit small, subglobose, with rather thin
husk; nut thin-shelled, not angled. — N. Y. to Del., west to Mich. and III.

* * Bud-scales numerous or few ; husk of the fruit thin and rather friable ut ma-
turity, 4-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base; seed more oi
less bitter ; bark of old trunk not exfoliating.

6. C. porcina, Nutt. (Pic-nur or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in
u. 4, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves g/abrous or nearly so ;
leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate; fruit
pear-shaped, oblong, or oval; nut oblong or oval (14-~2’ long), with a thick bony
shell; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish.—S. Maine to Fla.,
west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. Tree 70-90° high (rarely 120°), on dry
hills and uplands.

7. C. amara, Nutt. (Birrer-Nur or Swamp H.) Scales of the small
yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and
young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous; /ea/lets
7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged ; nut
globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1’ long), thin-walled ; seed at first sweet-
tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E.
Neb.,and Tex. Tree 50-75° high; husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard
than in other species.

Orver 102. MYRICACEZB. (Sweet-GaLe Famity.)

Monecious or diecious shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in short scaly
catkins, and resinous-dotted often fragrant leaves,— differing from the
Birches chiefly in the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous
ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre and perianth none.

in MYVRICAW I BaYBERRY. Wax-MyrRtTLe.

The only genus. — Flowers solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair
of bractlets, the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in ovoid or globular
catkins, from axillary scaly buds; stamens 2-8; filaments somewhat united
below ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like
stigmas. Fruit a small globular or oblong nut, or dry drupe, coated with
resinous grains or wax. (Mupixy, the ancient name of the Tamarisk or some
other shrub; perhaps from pupiw, to perfume.)

* Mostly diccious; fertile catkins ovoid ; ovary with 2-4 scales at base; nut
globular ; leaves entire or somewhat serrate.

1. M. Gale, L. (Swerr Gate.) Shrub 3-5° high; leaves wedge-lan-
ceolate, serrate toward the apex, pale, /ater than the flowers; sterile catkins
closely clustered ; nuts in imbricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate

470 MYRICACE®. (SWEET-GALE FAMILY.)

scales which coalesce with its base. — Wet borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng
and along the Great Lakes to Minn., south in the mountains to Va.

2. M. cerifera, L. (Bayperry. Wax-Myrrie.) Leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed toward the apex, shining
and resinous-dotted both sides, somewhat preceding the flowers, fragrant; sterile
catkins scattered, oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base; nuts scattered and
naked, bony, and incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil near the coast, from
Nova Scotia to Fla. and Ala.; also on L. Erie. Shrub 3-8° high, but some-
times a tree 35° high; fruit sometimes persistent for 2 or 3 years.

* * Frequently monecious ; fertile catkins globular ; ovary surrounded by 8 long
linear-awl-shaped persistent scales ; nut ovoid-oblong ; leaves pinnatifid with
many rounded lobes.

3. M. asplenifolia, Endl. Shrub 1-2° high, with sweet scented fern-
like linear-lanceolate leaves; stipules half heart-shaped ; scales of the sterile
catkins kidney-heart-shaped, pointed. (Comptonia asplenifolia, Act.) — Sterile
hills, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Ind. Known as Sweet Fern,

Orper 103. CUPULIFER®. (Oak Fanny.)

Monecious trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves,
- deciduous stipules, the sterile flowers in catkins (or capitate-clustered in
ihe Beech), the fertile solitary, clustered, spiked, or in scaly catkins, the
1-celled and 1-seeded nut with or without an ivolucre. Ovary more or
less 2—7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell ;
but all the cells and ovules except one disappearing in the fruit. Seed
with no albumen, filled with the embryo.

Tribe I BETULEZ. Flowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 to each bract. Sterile catkins
pendulous. Stamens 2-4, and calyx usually 2-4-parted. Fertile flowers with no calyx,
and no involucre to the compressed and often winged small nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled-

1. Betula. Stamens 2, bifid. Fertile scales thin, 3-lobed, deciduous with the nuts.

29. Alnus. Stamens 4. Fertile scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have fallen.

Tribe Il. CORYLEZ. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx ; stamens 3 or more
to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often forked (anthers 1-celled).
Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2 to each bract, and each with one or more
bractlets which form a foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.

* Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside ; fertile flowers few

3 Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut.

x x Bract of staminate flower simple ; fertile flowers in short catkins ; nut small, achene-like

4. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.

5. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.

Tribe III. QUERCINEZ. Sterile flowers with 4-7-lobed calyx and stamens indefi-
nite (3-20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule consisting of consolidated
bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut.

* Sterile flowers in slender catkins.

ion)

. Quereus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire; nut hard and terete.
7. Castanea. Cupule 2-4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur, 2-4-valved when ripe.
* * Sterile flowers in a small head.

8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.

CUPULIFER#. (OAK FAMILY.) 471

1 BETULA, Tour. Brrcn.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract of the
catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments with
1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments, each division bearing an
anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each 3-lobed bract, without bractlets or
calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet
(or small samara) crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer bark
usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves
often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly.
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed in sum-
mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their
golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves; fertile catkins
oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early
lateral branches of the season. (The ancient Latin name, of Celtic origin.)

* Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as the twigs,
membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves heart-shaped or
rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting catkins ;
their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather persistent ; wing of fruit not broader
than the seed-bearing body.

1. B. lénta, L. (Cuerry B. Sweer or Biack Brrcu.) Bark of trunk
dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic ; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, sharply
and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature shining or bright green above
and glabrous except on the veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical
(1-1}' long), the scales with short and divergent lobes.— Rich woodlands,
Newf. to N. Del., and south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind.
Tree 50-75° high, with reddish bronze-colored spray ; wood rose-colored, fine-
grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

2. B. lutea, Michx.f. (YELLow or Gray Bircu.) Bark of trunk yel-
lowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers, within and the twigs
much less aromatic ; leaves (3 — 5’ long) slightly or not at all heart-shaped and
often narrowish toward the base, duller-green above and usually more downy
on the veins beneath ; fruiting catkins ob/ong-oro/d (1’ or less in length, 6-9”
thick), the thinner scales (5 - 6” long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with nar-
rower barely spreading lobes. — Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to
Del., west to Minn.; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N.C. Often 60-90°
high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable.

* * Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or triangular
leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles ; fruiting catkins cylindrical,
usually hanging on rather slender peduncles; their scales glabrous, with
short diverging lobes, freely deciduous ; wing of the fruit much broader than
its body.

3. B. populifolia, Ait. (American Wuire Bircn. Gray Brrcn.)
Trunk usually ascending (15 ~ 30° high) ; leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-
pointed (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad base, smooth and
‘ shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B. alba, var.

472 CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.)

populifolia, Spach.) — Poor sandy soils, N. Brunswick to Del., west to L
Ontario. Bark much less separable than the next; leaves on slender peti-
oles, tremulous as those of the aspen.

4. B. papyrifera, Marshall. (Paper or Canoe Bircu. Wuite
Brrcu.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-
shaped) at base, smooth and green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little
hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times
the length of the petiole. (B.papyracea, A7t.) — Rich woodlands and stream-
banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. [ll., and Minn., and far north and westward.
Tree 50-75° high, with bark freely splitting into paper-like layers. — Var.
minor, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the alpine region of the White Mts.

x x * Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and reddish twigs,
ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled fruiting catkins.

5. B. nigra, L. (River or Rep Brircu.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish
at both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy under-
neath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3-7) and with the
oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes;
fruit broadly winged. — Banks of streams, Mass. to Fla., west to Minn., E.
Kan., and Tex. Tree 50-75° high, with light-colored wood and somewhat
Alder-like leaves.

* * * * Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped crenate and mostly
small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and oblony or cylindrical gla-
brous and mostly erect catkins, on short peduncles.

6. B. pumila, L. (Low Brrcu.) Stems (2-8° high) erect or ascend-
ing, not glandular; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly
soft-downy ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6-16” long), pale beneath,
veinlets on both faces finely reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than
the body.— Bogs, W. Conn. and N. J. to Ind. and Minn., and northward through-
sut Canada. Leaves usually not at all resiniferous or glandular-dotted.

7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (Dwarr Brircu.) Stems erect or mostly
spreading (1—-4° high), or when alpine procumbent; branchlets glabrous, con-
spicuously dotted with resinous wart-like glands ; leaves roundish wedge-obovate
or sometimes orbicular (6 - 9” long), green and glabrous both sides, less reticu-
lated; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong or »val; wing of the fruit
narrower than or sometimes equalling the body. — High mountains of N. Eng.
and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far northward.

2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 (rarely
6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale; each flower usually
with a 3-5-parted calyx and as many stamens; filaments short and simple;
anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the fleshy scales each 2 —3-
flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the
catkin, which are thick and woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3 —5-
lobed, and persistent.— Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and
solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or
peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.)

CUPULIFERA. (OAK FAMILY.) 473

§ 1. Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from catkins which
have remained naked over winter; while the fertile have been enclosed in a
scaly bud; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in Birch.

1. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mountain ALDER.) Shrub 3-8° high;
leaves round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or
softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very sharp and
closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate (var. stnuATA
Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile catkins slender-stalked,
clustered, ovoid (6-8” long). — On mountains and mountain streams, Newt.
to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far north and west; also in the Alle-
ghanies to N.C. (Enu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered
catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing summer and have re-
mained naked over winter ; fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin.

2. A, incana, Willd. (Speckiep or Hoary A.) Leaves broadly oval
or ovate, rounded at base, sharply and often doubly serrate, whitened and mostly
downy beneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit orbicular. — Borders of
streams and swamps, Newr. to Mass., E. Neb., Minn., and westward. Shrub
or tree 8- 20° high; the common Alder northward. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. serrulata, Willd. (Smoorn A.) Leaves obovate, acute at base,
sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, green both sides, smooth or often
downy beneath ; stipules oval; fruit ovate.— Borders of streams and swamps,
Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn. and Tex.; common. Shrub forming dense
thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6-35° high.

§ 3. Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly soli-
tary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year later ; fruit wingless.

4. A. maritima, Muhl. (Sea-stpe A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate,
or obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate, bright
green, or rather rusty beneath; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or oblong (9 - 12”
long, 6” thick). — Borders of streams and swamps, S. Del. and E. Md., near
the coast. Small tree 15-25° high. (E. Asia.)

3. CORYLUS, Tour. Hazet-nvt. FILpert.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-) stamens
with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly bractlets cohering
more or less with the inner face of the scale of the catkin. Fertile flowers sey-
eral in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in the axil of a scale or bract, and ac-
companied by a pair of lateral bractlets ; ovary tipped with a short limb of the
adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them
sterile; style short ; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong,
bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre, consisting of
the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together, lacerated at the border.
Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface in germination), edible; the short
radicle included. — Shrubs or small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves,
folded lengthwise in the bud, flowering in early spring; sterile catkins single
or fascicled from scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile ter-

474 CUPULIFERA. (OAK FAMILY.)

minating early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from képus, a
helmet, from the involucre.) :

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Wi_p Hazet-nut.) Leaves roundish-heart-
shaped, pointed; involucre open above down to the globose nut, of 2 broad foli-
aceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or
with glandular bristles intermixed. — Thickets, N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and
southward. ‘Twigs and petioles often glandular-bristly.

2. C. rostrata, Ait. (Beakep Hazet-nut.) ‘Leaves ovate or ovate-
oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed; involucre of united bracts, much pro-
longed above the ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly.—N.
Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and south in the moun-
tains to Ga. Shrub 2-6° high.

4. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hopr-Hornspeam. IRon-woop.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked, bearing 1-celled (half-)
anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short catkins; a pair to each de-
ciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with
the short bearded border of the adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stig-
mas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed blad-
dery oblong bag, very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these
inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance
like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish furrowed
bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch; leaves open and concave in the bud,
more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers in spring, appearing with
the leaves; the sterile catkins 1-3 together from scaly buds at the tip of the
branches of the preceding year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy
shoots of the season. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virginiea, Willd. (American Hop-Hornspeam. LEVER-woop.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath,
with 11-15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the
base. — Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb., E. Kan.,
ard southward. Tree 25-45° high; hop-like strobiles full-grown in Aug.

5. CARPINUS, L. HornsBeaM. Iron-woon.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of asimple and entire scale-like bract; filaments very short, mostly
2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile
flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous
bracts, each subtending a pair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the single involucre-
like bractlet is open, enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the
small ovate several-nerved nut. — Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray
bark, in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling the
Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin name.)

1. C. Caroliniana, Walter. (AmERICAN HoRNBEAM. BLUE or WATER
Beecu.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly
smooth; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side,
acute. (C. Americana, Michr.)— Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to

CUPULIFERH, (OAK FAMILY.) 475

Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. ‘Tree or shrub, 10-45° high, with ridged
trunk, and very hard wood.

Ge Ue Co UrSoe Ee o Osa.

Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; bracts caducous; calyx 2-8-parted
or lobed; stamens 3-12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers scattered or some-
what clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and 6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed
stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indurated cup
(cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining
underground in germination; radicle very short, included. — Flowers greenish
or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral scaly
bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin name.) AL
flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or the next year.

§ 1. LEUCOBALANUS. Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or
teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed ; stamens 6-8; scales of the cup more or
less knobby at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive ovules at the base
of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut glabrous; fruit maturing the first
year, often peduncled ; kernel commonly sweetish ; wood tough and dense.

« Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale beneath. — Wuitr Oaks.

1. Q. alba, L. (Wire Oak.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or glaucous
underneath, bright green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong
or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough
or tubercled at maturity, naked, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn
(1’ long). — All soils, Maine to S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A
large and valuable tree; lobes of the leaves short and broad (3-5), or deep
and narrow (5-9).

2. Q. stellata, Wang. (Post Oak. Iron Oak.) Leaves grayish or
yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish, sinuately cut into
5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and often 1 -3-
notched ; cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half the length of the ovoid
acorn (6-9” long). (Q. obtusiloba, Michr.) — Sandy or sterile soil, Martha’s
Vineyard to Mich. and E. Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.; common, especially
southward. A small tree with very durable wood.

3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (BuROAk. Over-cuPp or Mossy-cuPp Oak.)
Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or nearly
parted, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale beneath; the lobes
sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire; cup deep, thick and
woody (9” -2’ across), conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed
scales, the upper ones awned, so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border ; acorn
broadly ovoid (1-14 long), halfimmersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup.—
Rich soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and
Kan. <A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and fringe of
the acorns. — Var. oLiv.2£FOrmiIs, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved form with
unusually small oblong acorns.

4. Q. lyrata, Walt. (Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak.) Leaves
crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less
deeply 7 - 9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath or at length smoothish, the lobes trian-
gular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed ; fruit short-peduncled

21

—
‘

476 CUPULIFER#. (OAK FAMILY.)

or sessile ; cup round-ovate, thin, with rugged scales, almost covering the depressed.

globose acorn (8-10” long). — River swamps, 8. E. Mo. to 8. Ind., Tenn., N.C.,

and southward.—A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3

and n. 5.

x « Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed (except slightly in n. 5), whitish
and more or less downy beneath ; cup hoary, hemispherical or a little depressed,
about half as long as the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. — CHESTNUT-OAKS.

5. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp Wuire Oak.) Leaves obovate or
oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate and often rather
pinnatifid than toothed, usually soft-downy and white-hoary beneath, the main
primary veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent; fruiting peduncle much
longer than the petiole ; upper scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes form-
ing a mossy-fringed margin; acorn scarcely 1’ long.— Borders of streams
and swamps, 8. Maine to Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the moun-
tains to N. Ga.— A large tree, with flaky bark.

6. Q. Michatxii, Nutt. (Basket-Oak. Cow-Oax.) Leaves (5-6’
jong) oval or obovate, acute, obtuse or even cordate at base, regularly dentate
(commonly not deeply), rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath ; stamens
usually 10; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, tuberculate with hard and
stout acute scales, without fringe; acorn 14’ long. (Q. Prinus, var Mich-
auxli, Chapm.) — Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to Fla., and in the
west from 8. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf. — A large and valuable tree,
with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible acorns. Intermediate forms ap-
pear to connect with n.5, of which Dr. Engelmann considered it a sub-
species.

7. Q. Prinus, L. (Cuestnut-Oaxr.) Leaves thick, varying, obovate or
oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, with an obtuse or acute base, undu-
lately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath, the main primary ribs
10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting peduncles shorter than the
petioles, often very short ; cup thick (6 - 12” wide), mostly tuberculate with hard
and stout scales; acorn large (sometimes 1-14’ long). (Incl. var. monticola,
Michx.) — Rocky banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Ont., and south in
the mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark,
rich in tannin.

8. Q. Muhlenbérgii, Engelm. (YeLLow OaKx. Cuestnut-Oak.)
Leaves (5-7 long) slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually
acute or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather
sharply toothed ; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed scales, 5-7”
broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7-9” long. (Q. Prinus, var. acuminata,
Michx.) — Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to Del., along the mountains
to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex. — Leaves more like those of the
Chestnut than any other; the primary veins very straight, impressed above.
prominent beneath. A tall tree, with thin flaky bark.

9. Q. prinoides, Willd. Like the last, but of low stature (usually 2-49
high), with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles (3- 6” long), and
deeper cups with more tumid scales. (Q. Prinus, var. humilis, J/arsh.) — Same
range as last. Apparently quite distinct at the east, where it is very low, but
running jnto Q. Muhlenbergii at the far west.

~l]

CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) 47

* « Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely spiny-toothed.— Live Oaxs.

10. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical,
hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1 — 3-
fruited; cup top-shaped; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one
mass. — Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a large tree

at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building.

§ 2, MELANOBALANUS. Bark dark, furrowed ; leaves deciduous, their
lobes and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth) ; stamens mostly
4-63 cup-scales membranaceous ; styles long and spreading ; abortive ovules
near the top of the perfect seed ; inner surface of nut tomentose; fruit ma-
turing the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles ; wood porous and
brittle. — BLack Oaks.

* Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the lobes or teeth
conspicuously bristle-pointed.

+ Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or somewhat
obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to deeply pinnatifid,
turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn; large trees, with
reddish coarse-grained wood ; species closely related and apparently readily
hybridizing.

11. Q. rubra, L. (Rep Oax.) Cup saucer-shaped or flat, with a narrow
raised border (9-12” in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales,
sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, very much shorter
than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal aco.n, which is \’ or less in length; leaves
rather thin, turning dark red after frost, moderately (rarely very deeply)
pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a broad base, with a few coarse teeth;
bark of trunk dark gray, smoothish.— Common both in rich and poor soil,
westward to E. Minn. and E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor.— Var. RuNCI-
NAra, A. DC., is a form with regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly
a half smaller; found near St. Louis.

12. Q. coccinea, Wang. (ScarLet OaKk.) Cup top-shaped, or hemi-
spherical with a conical base (7-9” broad), coarsely scaly, covering half or
more of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn, the scales somewhat appressed and
glabrate, or in western localities yellowish-canescent and squarrose as in var.
tinctoria; leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on full-grown trees, bright
green, shining above, turning red in autumn, deeply pinnatifid, the slender
lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed; buds small; acorns 6-9” long:
bark of the trunk gray, the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil; common,
from $8. Maine to Del., Minn., N. Mo., and south in the mountains.

Var. tinctoria, Gray. (QuERCITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLack Oak.)
Leaves with broader undivided lobes, commonly paler and somewhat pubes-
cent beneath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn; cup-scales
large and loosely imbricated or squarrose when dry, yellowish gray, pubescent ;
bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and inter-
nally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; buds longer and
more pointed ; cup sometimes less top-shaped. (Q. tinctoria, Bartram.) — Dry
or gravelly uplands, S. Maine to S. Minn., E. Neb. and Tex. Intermediate
forms connect this with the type. The bark is largely used in tanning.

478 CUPULIFERH. (OAK FAMILY.)

Var. ambigua, Gray. (Gray Oak.) Found along our northeastern bor.
ders to Lake Champlain and northward, figured and briefly characterized by
Michaux as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of Q. coccinea. It was
considered by Dr. Engelmann as a form of Q. rubra with cups hemispherical
or even turbinate.

13. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Swamp Spanisu or Pin Oaxk.) Cup flat-
saucer-shaped, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk, fine-scaled
(5-7” broad), very much shorter than the usually globose or depressed acorn, which
is 5-7” long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded
sinuses. — Low grounds; rather common, from Mass. to Del. and Md., west
to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark.

+ Mature leaves soft-downy beneath; cup saucer-shaped, with a somewhat
top-shaped base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn.

14. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spantsu Oaxk.) Leaves grayish-downy or ful
vous underneath, obtuse or rounded at base, 3 —5-lobed above (sometimes entire) ;
the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the
terminal one, entire or sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4-5” long. —
Dry or sandy soil, Long Island to Fla., and from 8S. Ind. to Mo. and Tex.. A
\arge or small tree, extremely variable in foliage; bark excellent for tanning.

15. Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Bear or Brack Scrus-OaKk.) Dwarf (3-
8° high), straggling; leaves (2-4’ long) thickish, obovate, wedge-shaped at
base, angularly about 5- (3-7-) lobed, white-downy beneath ; lobes short and tri-
angular, spreading; acorn ovoid, globular, 5-6” long. — Sandy barrens and
rocky hills, N. Eng. to Ohio and Ky.

*« * Leaves entire or with a few teeth (or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed at the summit), coria-
ceous, commonly bristle-pointed ; acorns globular, small (not over 6” long).
+ Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upward and more or less sinuate
or somewhat 3—5-lobed ; acorns globular-ovoid.

16. Q. aquatica, Walter. (Warrr-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shining,
obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base and an often
obscurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi-
spherical. — Wet grounds, around ponds, etc., Del. to the Gulf, and from Ky.
and Mo. to Tex. —'Tree 30-40° high; running into many varieties, especially
southward; the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-
pinnatifid; then mostly bristle-pointed.

17. Q. nigra, L. (Biack-Jack or BARREN Oak.) Leaves broadly wedge-
shaped, but sometimes rounded or obscurely cordate at the base, widely dilated
and somewhat 3-lobed (rarely 5-lobed) at the summit, occasionally with one or
two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty-pubescent beneath,
shining above, large (4-9! long); cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly ; acorn short-
ovoid. — Dry sandy barrens, or heavy clay soil, Long Island to S. Minn., E.
Neb., and southward. A small tree (sometimes 30-40° high), of little value.

~ + Leaves not dilated upward, generally entire; acorn globose.

18. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Laurer or SaHrncre Oax.) Leaves lan
ceolate-oblong, thickish, smooth, and shining above, downy underneath, the down
commonly persistent; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped.— Rich
woodlands, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Wisc., Iowa, E. Neb., and N. Ark. —

CUPULIFERZ. (OAK FAMILY.) 479

Tree 30-90° high. ‘The specific name is in allusion to its early use for
shingles.

19. Q. Phéllos, L. (Wittow-Oak.) Leaves linear-lanceolute, narrowed
to both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3-4° long); cup saucer-shaped.—
3ottom lands or rich sandy uplands, Staten Island to N. Fla., west to S. Ky.,
Mo., and Tex.

ara
=}

addition to the above, the following hybrids have been recognized : —

ALBA X MACROCARPA; N. Ill. (Sebb); central Ill. (Hall).

ALBA X STELLATA; N. Ill. (Bebb); D.C. (Vasey); S. C. (Mellichamp)

ALBA X Prinus; near Washington, D.C. (Vasey.)

IMBRICARIA X NIGRA (Q. tridentata, Engelmann) ; 8. Ul. (Engelmann).

. IMBRICARIA X PALUSTRIS; Mo. (Engelmann).

IMBRICARIA X COCCINEA (Q. Leana, Nutt.) ; Ohio to Mo., and near Wash
ington, D. C.

. PHELLOS X RUBRA (¢) or coccINEA (7) (Q. heterophylla, Wichz.) ; Staten

Island and N. J. to Del. and N.C. (Barrram’s Oak.)

. PHELLOS X NIGRA (Q. Rudkini, Britt.) ; N. J. (Rudkin).

. ILICIFOLIA X COCCINEA (¢); Uxbridge, Mass. (fobbins.)

£0 © L£OLLELO

7. CASTANEA, Toum. CHESTNUT.

Sterile flowers interruptedly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins ;
calyx mostly 6-parted; stamens 8-20; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled.
Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together in an ovoid scaly prickly involucre ; calyx
with a 6:lobed border crowning the 3-7-celled 6-14-ovuled ovary; abortive
stamens 5-12; styles linear, exserted, as many as the cells of the ovary ; stig-
mas small. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the
hard and thick very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, some-
what plaited, cOhering together, remaining underground in germination. —
Leaves strongly straight-veined, undivided. Flowers appearing later than the
leaves, cream-color ; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, wholly
sterile or the upper ones androgynous with the fertile flowers at the base.
(The classical name, from that of a town in Thessaly.)

1. C, sativa, Mill, var. Americana. (Cuestnut.) A large tree;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate with coarse pointed teeth, acute at
base, when mature smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each inyolucre,
therefore flattened on one or both sides, very sweet. (C. vesca, var., of the
Manual.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, 8. Maine to Del., along the mountains
to N. Ala., and west to S. Mich., 8. Ind., and Tenn.

2. C. pumila, Mill. (Cuixquarry.) <A spreading shrub or small tree;
leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, whitened-downy beneath ; invo-
‘ucres small, often spiked; the ovoid pointed nut scarcely half as large as a
common chestnut, very sweet, solitary, not flattened. — Rich hillsides and
borders of swamps, S. Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and Tex.

8. FAGUS, Tourn. BEECH.

Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles, with deciduous scale-
like bracts; calyx bell-shaped, 5-7-cleft; stamens 8-16; filaments slender ;
anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short pe-
duncle, invested by numerous awl-shaped bractlets, the inner coherent at base

480 CUPULIFERH. (OAK FAMILY.)

to form the 4-lobed involucre ; calyx-lobes 6, aw]l-shaped ; ovary 3-celled with 2
ovules in each cell; styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts
sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous inyolu-
ere, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded
and somewhat united ; but rising and expanding in germination. — Trees, with
a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided
strongly straight-veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering bud
and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish
staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the
leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from gaya, to eat, in allusion
to the esculent nuts.)

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (American Beecu.) ‘Tree 75-100° high;
leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; peti-
oles and midrib soon nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or
spreading. — N. Scotia to Fla., west to Wisc., E. Ill., Mo., and Tex.

Orver 104. SALICACEA. (Wit1ow Famity.)

Diccious trees or shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one to
each bract, without perianth ; the fruit a 1-celled and 2-4-valved pod, with
2-4 parietal or basal placente, bearing numerous seeds furnished with
long silky down. — Style usually short or none; stigmas 2, often 2-lobed.
Seeds ascending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. —
Leaves alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-
like and persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light; bark bitter.

1. Salix. Bractsentire. Flowers with small glands ; disks none. Stamens few. Stigmas
short. Buds with a single scale.

2. Populus. Bracts lacerate. Flowers with a broad or cup-shaped disk. Stamens nu-
merous. Stigmas elongated. Buds scaly.

1, SALIX, Tourn. Witrow. Oster. (By M.S. Bess, Esq.)

Bracts (scales) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2, dis
tinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Fertile flowers
also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary; stigmas chort.—'Trees
or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and lithe branches.
Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed. Buds covered
by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating in n. 14).
Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical Latin name.) ~
§ 1. Aments borne on short lateral leafy branchlets ; scales yellowish, falling before

the capsules mature; filaments hairy below, all free ; style very short or obso
lete ; stigmas thick, notched. Trees or large shrubs ; leaves taper-pointed.
* Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth ; capsules glabrous.
+ Stamens 3-5 or more.

«+ Trees 15-50° high, with rough bark and slender twigs; no petiolar glands ;
sterile aments elongated, narrowly cylindrical ; flowers somewhat remotely
sudverticillate ; scales entire, short and rounded, crisp-villous on the inside,

1. S. nigra, Marsh. (Brack Wittow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
very long-attenuate from near the roundish or acute base to the usually curved tip,

SALICACEZ. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 481

often downy when young, at length green and glabrous except the petiole and
midrib; stipules large, semicordate, pointed and persistent, or small, ovoid
and deciduous; fruiting aments (14-3’ long) more or less dense; capsules
ovate-conical, shortly pedicelled. — Banks of streams and lakes, bending over
the water; common. — Var. FALCATA, Torr. Leaves narrower and scythe-
shaped. — Var. WArpi, Bebb. Leaves broader, often 1’ wide, glaucous and
veined beneath; stipules large, round-reniform; aments long, loosely flow-
ered; capsules globose-conical, long-pedicelled. Rocky islands of the Potomac
(Ward); Falls of the Ohio (Short); Mo. The leaves alone are easily mis-
taken for those of n. 14.— A hybrid of this species with S. alba, var. vitellina,
is found in Wayne Co., N. Y. (FE. L. Hankenson).

2. S.amygdaloides, Anders. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4’
long, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath; petioles long and slender ;
stipules minute, very early deciduous; fertile aments becoming very loose in
fruit from the lengthening of the slender pedicels. — Central N. Y. (Dudley)
to Mo.; common westward.

w+ ++ A shrub or small bushy tree, 6-15° high, with smooth bark and rather stout
polished twigs; petioles glandular ; sterile aments thick, oblong-cylindrical,
densely flowered ; stamens commonly 5; scales dentate, hairy at base, smooth
above.

3. S. lucida, Muhl. (Smintnc W.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower,
tapering to a very long acuminate point, at length coriaceous, smooth and shin-
ing both sides; stipules small, oblong; fruiting aments often persistent, the
capsules becoming rigid and polished, as in the nearly allied S. pentandra
of Europe.— Banks of streams, N. Eng. to Penn., west and northward. A
beautiful species on account of its showy staminate ameuts and large glossy
leaves.

+ + Stamens mostly 2; capsules subsessile or very shortly pedicelled ; leaves
lanceolate, long-acuminate.

S. rrAciuis, L. (Crack Wiitow.) Leares green and glabrous, pale or
glaucous beneath, 3-6’ long: stipules when present half-cordate; stamens
rarely 3-4; capsule long-conical, shortly pedicelled.— A tall and handsome
tree, which was planted at an early day about Boston and elsewhere. — The
var. DECfPIENS, Smith, with yellowish-white or crimson twigs, buds black in
winter, and smaller and brighter green leaves, ought perhaps to be excluded,
the plant so named by Barratt, etc., being one of the hybrids mentioned below.
(Adv. from Eu.)

S. Aupa, L. (Waite W.) Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both sides,
except when old, 2-4’ long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous; capsules
ovate-conical, sessile or nearly so.— Var. c#RULEA, Koch; twigs olive; old
leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish green. — Var. virELLINA, Koch;
twigs yellow or reddish; old leaves glabrous above. — A familiar tree of rapid
growth, attaining a height of 50- 80°. The typical form, with olive twigs and
old leaves silky on both sides, is rarely found with us, but the var. VITELLINA
is common. Pure S. FRAGILIS is also scarce, but a host of hybrids between
the two, representing S. viridis, F’rzes, S. Russelliana, Smith, etc., are the
commonest of introduced willows. These forms are rendered almost inextri-
cable by a further cross, by no means rare, with our native S. lucida. (Ady.
from Eu.)

S. Bapynonica, Tourn. (WerEpInc W.) Extensively planted for orna-
ment, and in some places widely spread along river-banks and lake-shores by
the drifting of detached limbs. (Adv. from Eu.)

31

7

482 SALICACEZ. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

« x Leaves remotely denticulate with projecting teeth ; stamens 2; capsule glabrous
or silky.

4. S. longifolia, Muhl. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2-4’ long, tapering
at each end, nearly sessile, more or less silky when young, at length smooth
and green both sides; stipules small, lanceolate, deciduous; aments linear-
cylindric, often clustered at the ends of the branchlets; capsule shortly pedi
celled; stigmas large, sessile. — Found sparingly along the Atlantic coast from
Maine to the Potomac; common westward. A shrub, rooting extensively in
alluvial deposits and forming dense clumps. This species is a peculiar Amer-
ican type, and exceedingly variable; the earliest leaves after germination
pinnately lobed.

§ 2. Aments lateral or terminal, with or without bracts; scales persistent, colored
at the tip; stamens 2 (usually 1 in n. 19), with glabrous filaments (united and
hairy in S. purpurea) ; shrubs or small trees.

* Capsules tomentose.
- Pedicels 3-6 times the long‘h cf the gland ; style medium or none.

+ Large shrubs or small trees (8-15° high); leaves obovate or elliptic-lanceo.
late, 2-4’ long, acute or acuminate, more or less obscurely and irregularly
serrate, thin becoming rigid, glaucous beneath ; fertile aments oblong-cylindric,
2-3’ long, loosely flowered.

5. S. rostrata, Richardson. Leaves dull green and downy above, stoutly
veined and soft-hairy beneath, serrate, crenate or subentire; stipules when pres-
ent semi-cordate, toothed, acute; aments appearing with the leaves, the sterile
narrowed at base, pale yellow; capsules tapering to a very long slender beak ;
pedicels thread-like, much exceeding the pale, rose-tipped, linear, thinly villous
scales; style scarcely any; stigma-lobes entire or deeply parted. (S. livida,
var. occidentalis, Gray.) — Moist or dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., and far
west and northward. Not: preading from the root but having rather the habit
of a small tree, with a distinct trunk. ;

6. S. discolor, Muhl. (Griaucous W.) Leaves smooth and bright green
above, soon smooth i.netth, irregularly crsnate-scrrate, the serratures remote at
base, closer, finer and becoming obsolete toward the point; stipules # long or
more, and sharply toothed, or small and nearly entire; aments closely sessile,
thick, oblong-cylindrical, ’ long cr more, appearing bcfore the leaves in earliest
spring; scales dark re:! or brown, becoming black, copiously clothed with long
glossy hairs * s:yle short but distinct. — Var. ERIOCEPHALA, Anders. Aments
more densely flowered and more silvery silky ; leaves sometimes retaining a
ferruginous pubescence beneath even when fully grown. — Var. PRINOIDEsS,
Anders. Aments more loosely flowered, less silky; capsules more thinly to-
mentose ; style longer; stigma-lobes laciniate ; leaves narrower. (S. prinoides,
Pursh.) Includes narrow-leaved forms of the type, and others which are prob
ably hybrids with S. cordata. — Low meadows and river-banks, common. The
just expanding leaves are often overspread with evanescent ferruginous
hairs.
+» +» Upland grayish shrubs, 1-8° high; leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the low-

est obtuse, downy above becoming glabrate, beneath glaucous, rugose-veined
and softly tomentose, the margin revolute, undulate-entire ; aments ovoid o7

SALICACEZ. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 483

oblong, closely sessile, appearing before the leaves, naked at base; capsules
rather shortly pedicelled, greenish or reddish, spreading ; scales dark red or
brownish ; style distinct ; stigmas bifid.
7. S. humilis, Marsh. (PRrarrre W.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate, the lowest obovate ; stipules medium-sized, semi-ovate, entire or oftener
toothed ; petioles distinct ; aments often recurved, about 1’ long. — Dry plains
and barrens, common. <A shrub, 3-8° high, varying much in the size and
shape of the leaves. Hybrids with n. 6 have equally broad and large but duller
green leaves, softly tomentose beneath and with shorter petioles, the aments
equally thick but usually recurved, and the capsules on shorter pedicels. Smali
forms apparently pass into the next.
8. §. tristis, Ait. (Dwarr Gray W.) Leaves small (1- 2’ long), crowded,
linear-oblanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; stipules minute, deciduous ;
aments very small, globular or oval, about } long in fruit. — Sandy plains or
on the borders of hillside thickets, common. <A tufted shrub, 1-14° high,
rising from a strong large root.
we +e ++ Low shrubs, 3-10° high, of cold swamps, with slender yellowish or red-
dish twigs; leaves lanceolate, smovth above, glaucous beneath and covered
when young with appressed silvery-silky hairs ; aments (especially the fertile)
with a few leafy bracts at base; capsule pedicelled, silvery-silky ; stigmas
bifid.

= Shrubs of lowland swamps ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 2-3’ long, taper-pointed,
Jinely and evenly serrate; stipules linear or semi-cordate, deciduous ; aments
sessile or in fruit slightly peduncled ; style very short.

9. S. sericea, Marsh. (Sirxy W.) Leavesat first (principally beneath)
very silky, turning black in drying; aments narrowly cylindricai, the fertile
densely flowered ; capsule short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse. — Com.
mon, but more prevalent from the region of the Great Lakes eastward.

10. §. petiolaris, Smith. Leaves only slightly silky when young, soon
smooth, with less tendency to blacken in drying; fertile aments ovoid-cylindrie,
in fruit broad and loose from the lengthening of the pedicels; capsule rostrate
from an ovate base, rather acute.— Var. GRAcILIS, Anders., has extremely
loose aments, and very long-pedicelled attenuate-rostrate capsules. — Common,
but more prevalent from the Great Lakes westward. ‘This species, like the
preceding, hybridizes freely with 8. cordata.

—— Alpine shrub; leaves 1-2’ long, repand-crenate ; stipules minute, fugacious ;
aments leafy-peduncled ; style distinct.

11. S. argyrocarpa, Anders. Leaves tapering evenly to both endas,
acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, at length rigid, the margin slightly
revolute; petiole short; fruiting ament short (about 1’ long), loosely flowered ;
capsule tapering, densely silky-silvery ; gland of the staminate flower variously
doubled. — Moist alpine ravines in a few limited localities on or near Mt.
Washington, N. H.; also in Lower Canada and Lab. A bushy branched shrub,
erect or depressed at base, 1 - 2° high, growing in wide dense patches. A liy-
brid with n. 13 was detected by Mr. £. Faxon in Tuckerman’s ravine (its leaves
collected by Dr. Gray as early as 1842!), appearing like a large form of the
species with tae aments of S. phylicifolia.

£84 SALICACEZ. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

«= + Pedicels twice the length of the gland; style elongated.

i2. S. candida, Willd. (Sace W. Hoary W.) Leaves lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, 2-4’ long, taper-pointed or the lowest obtuse, rather rigid,
downy above, becoming glabrate, beneath covered with a dense white tomentum,
the revolute margin subentire; stipules lanceolate, about as long as the petioles ;
aments cylindrical, densely flowered, 2° long in fruit; anthers red; the dark
gland elongated ; capsule densely white-woolly ; style dark red; stigmas short
spreading, notched. — Cold bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward,
— A hoary shrub 2-5° high; young shoots white-woolly, the older red. Twe
beautiful hybrids, with n. 10 and n. 14, have been found near Flint, Mich.
(Dr. Clarke).

13. S. phylicifolia, L. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic,
somewhat equally pointed or obtuse at both ends, remotely and minutely repand-
toothed, 2-3’ long, very smooth on both sides, dark green and shining above,
glaucous beneath, at length coriaceous; stipules obsolete; aments sessile with
a few small bracts at base, 1’ long, rather densely flowered, oblong-cylindric,
the fertile somewhat stipitate, becoming 2’ long in fruit; scales dark, silky-
villous; capsule conic-rostrate from an ovoid base; stigmas bifid or entire,
yellow drying black. (S. chlorophylla, of Man.; S. chlorophylia, var. denu-
data, Anders.) — Moist ravines on alpine summits of the White Mountains,
and of Mt. Mansfield, Vt.— A divaricately much branched shrub 1-10? high;
twigs glabrous, sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. (Eu.)

S. vimrnArts, L., the Oster Wititow of Europe, is occasionally planted,
but soon dies out. Some of its hybrids, as S. SmirH1Ana, Willd., etc., stand
our climate better, but cannot be regarded as adventive.

+ + + Capsules sessile ; filaments and often the reddish anthers united so as to
“appear as one.

-‘S. purptrea, L. (Purpre W.) Leaves oblanceolate or tongue-shaped,
slightly serrulate, very smooth, glaucescent, subopposite; stipules obsolete ;
aments densely flowered, narrow-cylindrical, the sterile at least closely sessile,
with only very small bracts at base; scale small, round, crisp-villous, tipped
with dark purple; capsules grayish-tomentose, ovate-conical, obtuse. — Low
grounds; commonly cultivated for basket-rods. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Capsules glabrous

+ Tall shrubs, 4-10° high ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 — 4’ long, aeute
or acuminate (on vigorous shoots rounded, truncate or cordate at base), serrate ;
sterile aments very silky, with a few bracts at base, 1’ long or more, the fertile
leafy-peduncled, in fruit 2’ long or more ; capsules tapering, pointed.

+ Leaves soon smooth ; capsules long-pedicelled ; style medium.

14. S. cordata, Muhl. (Heart-reavep W.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate
wr narrower, on the flowering branches often tapering at base, sharply serrate,
finely denticulate or subentire, green both sides or scarcely paler beneath, the
young often silky or downy, especially on the midrib, not turning black in
drying; stipules reniform or ovate, serrate, usually large and conspicuous,
aments rather slender; capsules greenish or rufescent, 2-3” long. (S. rigida,
Muhl.) — Var. ancustAta, Anders. Leaves narrower, gradually acuminate,
finely serrate. — In wet places and along streams, etc.; our most widely dis
tributed and variable species. — S. myRicorpes, Muhl. (S. cordata, var. myTl

SALICACEH. (WILLOW FAMILY.) 485

coides, Dar/., Fl. Cestr., 3 ed.), is a hybrid between this species and S. sericea,
having the leaves, even those of the most vigorous shoots, tapering and rather
acute at base, glaucous or glaucescent beneath and sparsely appressed-hairy ;
stipules small, ovate, pointed; capsules more or less silky when young, be
coming glabrate, shortly pedicelled ; twigs brittle at base. A hybrid with the
European S. incana (surprising on account of the rarity of the cultivated
parent) is found at Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley).

15. S. glaucophylla, Bebb. Leaves varying from ovate with a broadly
rounded base to oblong-lanceolate and equally pointed at both ends (3-4’ long,
nearly 2’ wide), glandular-serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous throughout, dark green
and shining above, glaucous beneath, the young drying black; stipules large, ear-
shaped, dentate; aments thick, oblong-cylindrical, in size and silkiness resem-
bling n. 6; capsules attenuate-rostrate, 3-5’ long, greenish, drying brown. —
Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Bebb; leaves narrower (3’ long, 2’ wide), pointed at both
ends. (S. angustata, of ed. 2, in part.) — Var. BrEviIrOLIA, Bebb; leaves
obovate, about 1’ long, strongly veined.— Common on the sand dunes of
Lake Michigan, and occasionally found away from the lake-shore in N. Ill
and Wisc.

16. S. balsamifera, Barratt. Leaves broadly rounded and usually sub-
cordate at base, at first very thin, subpellucid and of a rich reddish color, at
length rigid, dark green above, paler or glaucous and prominently reticulate-veined
beneath, slightly glandular-serrulate; petioles long and slender; stipules obso-
lete; fertile aments becoming very lax in fruit, the long slender pedicels 6-8
times the length of the gland; style short. (S. pyrifolia, Anders.) — In open
swamps along our northern boundary, Maine to Minn., and northward; White
Mountains of N. H. (Little, 1823; rediscovered by Pringle, and C. E. and E.
Faxon). A much branched shrub, growing in clumps; recent twigs shining-
chestnut on the sunny side. -

++ ++ Leaves clothed, even when fully grown, with a long silky tomentum on both
sides, which is finally deciduous ; capsule subsessile; style elongated.

17. S. adenophylla, Hook. Leaves ovate or very broadly lanceolate,
cuspidate-acuminate (1-2’ long), dull green both sides, very closely serrate
with fine projecting gland-tipped teeth; stipules conspicuous, ovate-cordate,
glandular-serrate, exceeding the short stout petioles, which are dilated at base
and embrace the obtuse silky buds; aments leafy-peduncled, the fertile not
rarely becoming 4’ long, densely flowered. — Shores of the Great Lakes, root-
ing extensively in the sand-dunes. A large straggling shrub, with stout to
nentose twigs and crowded leaves. Hybridizes with 8S. cordata.

» + Low erect shrub,1-8° high; leaves small, entire; capsules oblong-cylindrre .
stigmas sessile or nearly 80.

18. S. myrtilloides, L. Leaves elliptic-obovate, about i’ long, obtuse
or somewhat pointed, entire, smooth on both sides, somewhat coriaceous when
mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath ; fertile aments oblong,
ioosely few-flowered, borne on long leafy peduncles; capsules reddish green ;
pedicels slender, twice the length of the nearly smooth greenish yellow scale.
— Var. PEDICELLARIS, Anders.; leaves oblong-linear or oblanceolate, 1 - 24’

long. — Cold peat-bogs, N. Eng. and N. J. to Iowa, and northward. (Eu.)

486 SALICACEE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

+ + + Prostrate or creeping and matted alpine shrubs.

19. §. Uva-trsi, Pursh. (Brarserry W.) Leaves elliptical ané
pointed, or obovate and obtuse, less than 1’ long, 3-4” wide, tapering at base,
slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining above, pale and rather
glaucous beneath; aments borne on slender lateral leafy peduncles, oblong-cylin-
dric, 6-9” long, the fertile lengthening to 2’ and narrowly cylindric, densely
flowered above, often loose below; scales obovate, rose-red at the tip, covered
with long silky hairs; stamens rarely 2; capsule ovate-conical, brownish at
maturity; pedicel scarcely exceeding the gland; style distinct. (S. Cutleri
Tuckerm.) — Abundant over all the alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y.
Closely prostrate, spreading from a stout central root over an area 1-29 in
diameter.

20. S. herbacea, L. Leaves roundish oval, heart-shaped, obtuse or retuse,
less than 1’ long, serrate, smooth and shining, reticulately veined ; aments ter-
minating 2-leaved branchlets, small, ovoid, 4-10-flowered ; scales concave, obovate,
obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent; capsule subsessile. — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, and far northward. A very small herb-like species,
the half-underground stems creeping and rooting to a considerable extent, the
branches seldom rising above 1 - 2’ from the ground. (Eu.)

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Porrar. ASPEN.

Bracts (sca/es) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or
more; filaments distinct. Stigmas 2-4, elongated. Capsules 2-4-valved. —
Trees, with broad and more or le:s heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves, and
often angular branches. Buds scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins
long and drooping, appearing before the leaves. (The classical Latin name,
of uncertain origin.)
§ 1. Styles 2, with 2-3 narrow or filiform lobes ; capsules thin, oblong-conicat,

2-valved ; seeds very small; leaves ovate.

* Petioles laterally flattened ; bracts silky ; stamens 6-20; capsules numerous,
small, on very short pedicels.

P. ipa, L. (Wuite Poprar. ABELE.) The younger branches and the

under surface of the rhombic-oval sinuate-toothed acute leaves white-tomen-

tose; scales crenate, fringed. — Frequently cultivated for shade, spreading
widely by the root, and occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

1, P. tremuloides, Michx. (American ASPEN.) Small tree 20-50°
high, with smooth greenish-white bark ; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a
short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with
downy margins, on long slender petioles; scales cut into 3-4 deep linear dis
visions, fringed with long hairs. — Maine to the mountains of Penn., N. Ky.,
Minn., and far north and westward.

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. (Larcre-rootHep Aspen.) Tree 60-
75° high, with smoothish gray bark; leaves roundish-ovate, with large and ir-
regular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered with white silky wool, at
length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal small divisions, slightly
fringed. — Rich woods and borders of streams, N. Scotia to the mountains of
N. C., west to N. Minn. and Tenn.

EMPETRACE®. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.) 487

* * Petioles terete ; bracts not silky ; stamens 12-60.

a

3. P. heterophylla, L. (Downy Poprar.) Tree 40-—80° high; leaves
ovate with a somewhat truncate or cordate base, obtuse, crenate, white-woolly
when young, at length nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath;
fertile catkins few-flowered; capsules 3’ long, equalling the pedicels. — Bor-
ders of river swamps, Conn. to Ga., and in the west from S. Ind. and Ill. to
Ark. and W. La.

§ 2. Styles 2-4, with dilated lobes; capsules large, often thick, subglobose te
ovate-oblong, 2—4-valved : bracts mostly glabrous; seeds 1-2” long.

4. P. balsamifera, L. (Batsam Poprar. Tacamanac.) Tree 50-
75° high, the large buds varnished with a copious fragrant resin; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely crenate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath, on terete petioles }-2’ long;
scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens 20-30; capsule ovate, 2-valved.— Bor-
ders of rivers and swamps, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and far north
and westward. — Var. cANDICANS, Gray. (BALM OF GILEAD.) Leaves broader
and more or less heart-shaped ; petiole commonly hairy. Common in cultiva
tion, but rare or unknown in a wild state.

5. P. monilifera, Ait. (Corron-woop. Neckiace Popriar.) Tree
75-150° high; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate serratures and
narrow yery acute acumination, sometimes ovate, rarely cordate, on elongated
flattened petioles; scales lacerate-fringed, not hairy ; stamens 60 or more ; cap-
sules on slender pedicels (4-5” long) in long catkins, ob/ong-ovate, 3 — 4-valved.
(Incl. P. angulata, Ait.) — Borders of streams, western N. Eng. to Fla., west
to the Rocky Mts.

OrvER 105. EMPETRACE. (Crowserry Famity.)

Low shrubby evergreens, with the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or
laciniate stigmas, etc., of some Euphorbiacew ;— probably only an apet-
alous and polygamous or dicecious degenerate form of Ericacez, — com-
prising three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work,
and the third farther south.

1, Empetrum. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-
like.
?. Corema. Flowers collected in terminal heads. Calyx none.

1 EMPETRUM, Tourn. Crowszerry.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon
spicuous), scaly-bracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short; stigma 6-9-rayed. Fruit a berry-like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from éy, upon, and 7érpos, a rock.)

1. E. nigrum, L. (Brack Crowsrerry.) Procumbent and spreading;
leaves linear-oblong, scattered; fruit black. — Newf.. Mount Desert and

488 EMPETRACE®. (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

adjacent coast of Maine, alpine summits in N. Eng. and N. Y., L. Superior
and northward. (Ku.)

2. COREMA, Don. Broom-Crowszerry.

Flowers diecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the
axtl of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and scarious imbricated bractlets,
but no proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slen-
der, 3- (or rarely 4-5-) cleft; stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small,
with 3 (rarely 4-5) nutlets. Seed, etc., as in the last. — Diffusely much-
brancned little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-
like teaves. (Name «épnya, a broom, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C. Conradii, Torr. Shrub 6’-2° high, diffusely branched, nearly
smooth ; drupe very small, dry and juiceless when ripe. — Sandy pine barrens
and dry rocky places, N. J. and L. Isiand (?), Shawangunk Mis., N. Y., coast
of S. E. Mass. and Maine, to Newf. The sterile plant is handsome in flower,
on account of the tufted purple filaments and brown-purple anthers.

OrveR 106. CERATOPHYLLACEA. (Hornwort Famity.)

Aquatic herbs, with whoried finely dissected leaves, and minuie aziliary
‘and sessile monecious flowers without floral envelopes, but with an 8 -12-
cleft involucre in place of a calyz, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a
suspended orthotropous ovule,; seed filled by a highly developed embryo
with a very short radicle, thick oval cotyledons, and a plumule consisting of
several nodes and leaves. — Consists only of the genus

1 CERATOPHYLLUM. L._ Horxworr.

Sterile flowers of 10-20 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an
achene, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under
water, in ponds or slow-flowing streams; the sessile leaves cut into thrice-
forked thread-like rigid divisions (whence the name from kegas, @ horn, and
pvaror, leaf).

1. C. demérsum, L. Fruit smooth, marginless. beaked with a long
persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the base on each side.
— Var. ECHINATUM, Gray, has the fruit mostly larger (3” long), rough-pim-
pled on the sides, the narrowly winged margin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams
and ponds, across the continent. (EKu., etc.)

CONIFEREZ. (PINE FAMILY.) 489

-

SuscLass II. GYMNOSPERMZE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely
wanting ; the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a peri-
carp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen.
Cotyledons often more than two.

Orper 107. CONIFER. (PINE FAMILY.)

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly awl-shaped or needie-shaped
entire leaves, and monecious or rarely diccious flowers in catkins or soli-
tary, destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous or inverted. Em-
bryo in the axis of the albumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of
ducts, composed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is
marked with circular disks on two sides.)

SuBoRDER I. Pinaceze. Fertile flowers in scaly aments becom-
ing cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale.
Mostly monecious and evergreen.

Tribe I. ABIETINEZ. (PINE FamILy proper.) Fertile flowers in catkins, consist-
ing of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the
axil of a thin persistent bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent
to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3-16. Anthers spi-

rally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales.
Buds scaly. Leaves scattered (or fascicled in n. 1 and 5), linear to needle-shaped.

* Cones maturing the second year, their scales becoming thickened and corky.
1, Pinus. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster, surrounded by a sheath of scarious bud-scales.
* * Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin.

+ Cones pendulous, their scales persistent; bracts smaller than the scales; leaves jointed
upon a prominent persistent base, solitary.
2. Picea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides (tetragonal),
3. Tsuga. Leaves petioled, flat.
+ + Cones erect ; bracts longer than the scales; leaf-scars not prominent.

4. Abies. Scales of the large cone deciduous, Leaves persistent, solitary, keeled beneath,
5. Larix. Scales of the small cone persistent. Leaves mostly fascicled, flat, deciduous
Tribe If. TAXODIE®. Fertile aments of several spirally arranged imbricated scales,

without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. QOvzies 2 or more at the base of each
seale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate; leaf-buds not scaly.
6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous.

Tribe III. CUPRESSINEZ. Scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite
er ternate, vecoming a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in theiz
axils, erect. Cotyledons 2 (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usu-
ally scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate; leaf-buds not scaly.

* Moncecious ; fruit a small cone; leaves opposite and foliage more or less 2-ranked.
7 Chameecyparis. Cone globose; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged.
8. Thuya. Cone pendulous, oblong, of 8~ 12 imbricateu scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged.
* * Dicecious. Fruit berry-like, with bony ovate seeds.
9 Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked.

49u CONIFERZ. (PINE FAMILY. )

SuporpDER II. Taxaceze. (YEw Famity.) Flowers diccious,
axillary and solitary, the fertile consisting of a naked erect ovule which
becomes a bony-coated seed more or less surrounded or enclosed by
the enlarged fleshy disk (or scale).

10. Taxus. Leaves linear, scattered. Seed surrounded by a red berry-like cup.

l PINUS, Tourn. PINE.

Sterile flower at the base of the shoot of the same spring, involucrate by 2
nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous stamens spirally in
serted on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like connective;
anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral
ones empty. Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated immediately below the
terminal bud, or lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricated carpel-
zary scales, each in the axil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted
ovules at the base. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody carpellary
scales, which are thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent,
spreading when ripe and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partiy sunk in excavations
at the base of the scale; in separating carrying away a parc or its lining as a
thin fragile wing. Cotyledons 3 - 12, linear. — Primary leaves thin and chaff-
like, merely bud-scales; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary
needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some
thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in
pairs semicylindrical, becoming channelled; when more than 2 triangular ;
their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring; the cones
maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.)

§ 1. Leaves 5, each with a single fibro-vascular bundle ; sheath loose, deciduous ;
cones subterminal, their scales but slightly thickened at the end and without
prickle or point; bark smooth except on old trunks.

1. P. Strébus, L. (Wuite Prive.) Tree 75-160° high; leaves very
slender, glaucous; sterile flowers oval (4-5” long), with 6-8 involucral scales
at base; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical; cones narrow, cylindrical,
nodding, often curved (4-6’ long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10.— Newf
to Penn., along the mountains to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Iowa. Invaluable
for its soft, light, white or yellowish wood, in large trees nearly free from resin.
§ 2. Leaves in twos or threes, each with two fibro-vascular bundles ; sheath close :

woody scales of the cones thickened at the end and usually spiny-tipped.
* Cones lateral; their scales much thickened at the end; leaves rigid.
+ Leaves in threes (rarely in twos in n. 2).

2. P. Tieda, L. (Lopioity or Oup-F1eLD Pine.) Leaves long (6-10)
with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3-5’ long) and
tapering; scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. — Wet clay or dry sandy
soil, Del. to Fla. near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. — A tree 50- 150°
high; staminate flowers slender, 2’ long, with usually 10-13 involucral scales:
seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side

3. P. rigida, Mill. (Pitcu Prye.) Leaves (3-5’ long) dark green, from
short sheaths ; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (1-3}' long), often in clusters;
scales with a short stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or barren soil, N Brunswick

CONIFERA. (PINE FAMILY.) 491

to N. Ga., western N. Y. and E. Ky. — A tree 30-80° high, with very rough
dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter; scales 6-8.

+ + Leaves in twos (some in threes in n. 4 and 7).

4. P. pungens, Michx.f. (Taste Mountarn Pine.) Leaves stout, short
(1{- 2%’ long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage) ;
cones ovate (33’ long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine (3’ long). —
Alleghany Mts., Penn., to N. C. and Tenn.— A rather small tree (20 - 60°
high) ; cones long-persistent.

5. P. inops, Ait. (Jersey or Scrus Pine.) Leaves short (14-3’ long).
cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2-3’ long), the scales tipped with a
‘straight or recurved awl-shaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, Lon g Island
to 8. C., mostly near the coast, west through Ky. to S. Ind. — A straggling
tree at the east, 15-40° high, with spreading or drooping branchlets; larger
westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.

6. P. Banksiana, Lambert. (Gray or Nortuern Scrup Pive.) Leaves
short (1’ long), oblique, divergent ; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (1$-—2’
long), smooth, the scales pointless. — Barren sandy soil, S. Maine and N. Vt.
to S. Mich., central Minn., and northward. Straggling shrub or low tree.

7. P. mitis, Michx. (YELLow Pine.) Leaves sometimes in threes, from
long sheaths, slender (3-5’ long); cones ovate- or oblong-conical (barely 2”
long), the scales with a minute weak prickle. — Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten
Island to Fla., S. Ind., S. E. Kan. and Tex. — A straight tree, 50-100° high,
with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. ‘The west-
ern form has more rigid leaves and more tuberculate and spiny cones.

* * Cones terminal ; leaves long and slender, in twos or threes.

8. P. resinosa, Ait. (Rep Pine.) Leaves in twos from long sheaths,
elongated (5 — 6’ /ong), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2’ long),
their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (6 -—9”
long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by
an articulation above the base. — Dry woods, Mass. to N. Penn., Mich., and
Minn., and northward.— A tall tree, with reddish, rather smooth bark and
hard wood, not very resinous.

9. P. palustris, Mill. (Lonc-LEavep, YELLOw, or Georcia PINzE.)
Leaves in threes from long sheaths, very /ong (10- 15’), crowded at the summit
of very scaly branches; sterile flowers 24-3’ long, rose-purple; cones large,
cylindrical or conical-oblong (6-10 Jong), the thick scales armed with a short
recurved spine. (P. australis, J/ichr.) —Sandy soil, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.
A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood.

2 PICEA, ‘Link SPRUCE.

Sterile flowers axillary (or sometimes terminal) on branchlets of the preced-
ing year; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells open-
ing lengthwise. Fertile catkins and cones terminal; cones maturing the first
year, pendulous; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly-tipped, persistent.
Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing
every way. Otherwisc nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name.)

1. P. nigra, Link. (BLiack Spruce.) Branchlets pubescent ; leaves short
(usually 4-&” long). either dark green or glaucous-whitish-’ cones ovate or ovate

492 CONIFERE. (PINE FAMILY.)

oblong (10 - 20” long), mostly recurved, persistent, the rigid scales with a thin den-
ticulate edge. (Abies nigra, Poir.) —Swamps and cold mountain woods, New
Eng. to Penn., central Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the moun-
tains to Ga. A tree 40-70° high.— Var. rUBRA, Engelm. Leaves larger
and darker; cones larger, bright red-brown, more readily deciduous.

2. P. alba, Link. (Wuire Spruce.) Sranchlets glabrous; leaves more
slender, pale or glaucous; cones nodding, cylindrical (about 2’ long), pale, de-
ciduous, the thinner scales with an entire edge. (Abies alba, M/ichz.)—
Northern New Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward.— A hand-
somer tree than n. 1, 50-150° high, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir.

3. TSUGA, Carritre. Hemtock.

Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year’s
leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with
a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains
simple. Fertile catkins and cones on the end of last year’s branchlets; cones
maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scat-
tered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of
one of the species.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse (}’ long) ;
cones oval (6— 8” long), of few thin scales much longer than the bracts. (Abies
Canadensis, J/ichx.) — Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. Scotia to Del., and along
the mountains to Ala., west to Mich. and Minn.— A tall tree, with light and
spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath.

0 SA BS on Dantes: + Bi.

Sterile flowers from the axils of last year’s leaves; anthers tipped with a
knob, their cells bursting transversely; pollen as in Pinus. Fertile catkins
and cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches; cones maturing the
first year; their thin scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous at maturity.
Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat,
with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal
branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.)

1. A. balsamea, Miller. (Batsam or Batm-or-Giteap Fir.) Leaves
narrowly linear (6-10” long) ; cones cylindrical (2-4’ long, 1’ thick), violet-
colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter
than the scales. —Damp woods and mountain swamps, Newf. to Penn., along
the mountains to Va., west to Minn., and northward. A slender tree or at
high elevations a low or prostrate shrub.

5. LARIX, Tourn. Larcn.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year’s growth or
more, short or globular, developed in early spring; the sterile from leafless
buds; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely.
Pollen-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. ~
Leaves needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle
developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered
along the developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in
flower. (The ancient name.)

CONIFERZ. (PINE FAMILY.) 493

1. L. Americana, Michx. (American or Brack Larcn. TAMARACK.
HWackMaAtTack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6-9” long), of few rounded
scales, arranged in 2 order.— Chiefly in cold swamps, N. Penn. to N. Ind. and
central Minn., and far northward. A slender tree, 30- 100° high, with hard
and very resinous wood.

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. Bap Cypress.

Flowers monecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers
spiked-panicled, of few stamens; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing
2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair
of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very
thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at
the base. Cotyledons 6-9.— Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and
deciduous leaves; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also de-
ciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of tadéos, the yew, and eidos, resem-
blance, the leaves being Yew-like.)

1. T. distichum, Richard. (American BaALp Cypress.) Leaves linear
and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.
— Swamps, 8. Del. to S. Il. and Mo., and southward, where it is a very large
and valuable tree. March, April.

7. CHAMACYPARIS, Spach. Wuite Cepar. Cypress.

Flowers moncecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de-
cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone
globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity; the scales thick, pointed or
bossed in the middle; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to
their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. — Strong-scented evergreen
trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-shaped closely appressed-
imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From
xapual, on the ground, and kutdpicoos, cypress.)

1. C. spheeroidea, Spach. (Wuite Cepar.) Leaves minute, pale,
ovate or triangular-awl-shaped, often with a small gland on the back, closely
imbricated in 4 rows; anther-cells 2 under each scale; cones small (3-5” in
diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales: seeds slightly winged. (Cupressus thy-
oides, L.) —Swamps, S. Maine to Fla. and Miss. A tree 30-90° high, the
wood and fibrous shreddy bark, as well as foliage, much as in Arbor Vite.

8. THUYA, Tourn Arsor Vita.

Flowers mostly monecious on different branches, in very small terminal
ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4
anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each
bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2.— Small
evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated, small,
appressed, persistent leaves; these of two sorts, on different or successive
branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the
branch. (@vita or @va, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.)

e

494 CONIFERH. (PINE FAMILY.)

i. T. occidentalis, L. (Arsor Virz. Wuuire Cepar.) Leaves ap
pressed-imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets; scales of the cones
pointless; seeds broadly winged all round.— Swamps and cool rocky banks,
N. Brunswick to Penn., along the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. A tree
20 -50° high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood.

9. JUNIPERUS, L. Junieer.

Flowers diccious, or occasionally moneecious, in very small lateral catkins
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fer
tile catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit form.
ing a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white
tloom. Seeds 1-3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2.— Evergreen trees
or shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale-like rigid leaves, often of two shapes in § 2.
(‘The classical name.)

§ 1. OXYCEDRUS. Aments axillary ; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed
at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channelled and white glaucous above.

1. J. communis, L. (Common Junzper.) Shrub or small tree, with
spreading or pendulous branches; leaves rigid, more or less spreading (5-97
long); berry dark blue (3” or more in diameter).— Dry sterile hills, common.

Var. alpina, Gaud., is a decumbent or prostrate form, with shorter (2-4”
long) less spreading leaves. — Maine to Minn., and northward.

§ 2. SABINA. Aments terminal; leaves mostly opposite, of two forms, i. e.,
awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded,
the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back.

2. J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. A procumbent, prostrate
or sometimes creeping shrub; scale-like leaves acute; berry on short recurved
peduncles, 3-5” in diameter. — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, etc., N. Eng.
to N. Minn., and northward.

3. J. Virginiana, L. (Rep Cepar or Savin.) From a shrub to a tree
60-90° high, pyramidal in form; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire;
berries on straight peduncles, about 3” in diameter. — Dry hills or deep swamps.
common. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic.

10. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew.

Flowers mostly dicecious, or sometimes moneecious, axillary from scaly buds:
she sterile small and globular, formed of a few naked stamens; anther-cells
3-8 under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers solitary,
scaly-bracted at base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule, with an annu
lar disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base and at length pulpy ana
berry-like, globular and red, nearly enclosing the nut-like seed. Cotyledons 2.
Leaves evergreen, flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2-ranked. (The classical
name, probably from tegov, a bow ; the wood anciently used for bows.)

1. T. Canadénsis, Willd. (American Yew. Grounp Hemiock.)
A low straggling bush, the stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green
hoth sides. (T. baccata, var. Canadensis, Wil/d.)— Moist banks and hills
especially under evergreens; Newf. to N. J., Iowa, Minn., and northward

HYDROCHARIDACE. (FROG’S-BIT FAMILY 495

Ciass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS
PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads
which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue ; peren-
nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly parallel-
veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom separating
by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered and
not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes. Em-
bryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plumule
alternate.

OrvER 108. HYDROCHARIDACE/2. (Froa’s-Bit Famity.)

Aquatic herbs, with diecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on
scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes,
which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1—-
3-celled ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous; anthers 2-celled.
Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded.
Seeds ascending, without albumen; embryo straight.

Tribe I. HYDRILLEZ. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile.
1. Elodea. Leaves verticillate (rarely opposite). Perianth-tube long-filiform.

Tribe IZ. VALLISNERIE. Stemless. Leaves elongated. Spathes pedunculate.
2. Wallisneria. Submerged; grass-like. Fertile flower solitary on a very long scape.

Tribe III. STRATIOTE®. Stem very short, with crowded leaves. Spathes pe-
dunculate. Ovary 6-9-celled.

3. Limnobium. Stemless, floating; broad leaves long-petioled.

1 ELODEA, Michx. WATER-WEED.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft
axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united
at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals; filaments short and united
at base, or none; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently
perfect; perianth extended into an extremely long capillary tube; the limb
§-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Stamens 3-9, often with im-
perfect anthers or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentz, each bear-
ing a few orthotropous ovules; the capillary style coherent with the tube of
the perianth; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong,
coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender submerged herbs, with elongated
branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile,
whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly
break off, as in Vallisneria, and fioat on the surface, where they expand and
shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface

496 HYDROCHARIDACEH. (FROG’S-BIT FAMILY.)

by the prolonged calyx-tube, which varies in length according to the depth of
the water. (Name from éAdéns, marshy.)

1. K. Canadénsis, Michx. Leaves in 3’s or 4’s, or the lower opposite,
varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in the sterile
flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Canadensis
Planchon.) —Slow streams and ponds, common. July.

2. VALLISNERIA, LL. Tape-crass. EEr-crass.

Flowers strictly dicecious; the sterile numerous and crowded in a head ona
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile
in a tubular spathe upon an exceedingly lengthened scape. Perianth (calyx)
3-parted in the sterile flowers; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with
the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ;
also 3 linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules
very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylin-
drical, berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long linear grass-like leaves, wholly
submerged. The staminate clusters being confined to the bottom by the short-
ness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels
and float on the surface, where they shed their pollen around the fertile flow-
ers, which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time; after-
wards the thread-form scapes (2-4 feet long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit
under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiralis, L. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like (1 - 6° long),
obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. — Common in
slow waters, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

3. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. American Froe’s-Bit.

Flowers dicecious, (or moneecious?) from sessile or somewhat peduncled
spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled flowers ;
the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or
cleft; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights;
there are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary
6 —9-celled, with as many placentz in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded
berry in fruit; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped.— A
stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, proliferous by runners,
with long-petioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which are spongy-reticulated
and purplish underneath; rootlets slender, hairy. Sterile flowers rather small;
the fertile larger; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals white? (Name from
AumvoBuos, living in pools.)

1. L. Spdngia, Richard. Leaves 1-2’ long, faintly 5-nerved; peduncle
of sterile flower about 3’ long and filiform, of the fertile only 1’ long and stout.
— Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla.; also L. Ontario, Il., and Mo.

Orver 109. BURMANNIACEA. (BurmanniA Famity.)

Small annual herbs, often with minute and scale-like leaves, or those at the
root grass-like ; the flowers perfect, with a 6-cleft corolla-like perianth, the

~

ORCHIDACE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497

tube of which adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovary; stamens 8 and dis-
iinet, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth ; capsule many-seeded, the
seeds very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family.

l. BURMANNIA, L.

Ovary 3-celled, with the thick placentz in the axis. Filaments 3, very short.
Style slender; stigma capitate-3-lobed. Capsule often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Burmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. biflora, L. Stem low and slender (2-4’ high), 2-flowered at the
summit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2-38” long) bright blue, 3-winged.
— Peaty bogs, Va. to Fla.

OrvEeR 110. ORCHIDACEZ. (Orcuts FAMILY.)

Herbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect irregular flowers, with 6-merous
perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary, with innumerable ovules on 8 parietal
placente, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering
in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved capsule, with innumerable minute
seeds, appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets; the
3 outer (sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as
the 3 inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure,
direction, etc., from the rest, and is called the fip; only the other two tak-
ing the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is really the
upper petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a twist of the ovary of
half a turn it is more commonly directed forward and brought next the
bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower, is the column, composed
of asingie stamen, or in Cypripedium of two stamens and a rudiment
of a third, variously coherent with or borne on the style or thick fleshy
stigma; anther 2-celled ; each cell containing one or more masses of pollen
(pollinia) or the pollen granular (in Cypripedium). Stigma a broad glu-
tinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Perennials, often tuber-bearing
or tuberous-rooted; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all alternate.
Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary, racemed, or
spiked, each subtended by a bract, —-in all arranged for fertilization by
the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertilization.

Tribe I. EPIDENDREZ. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinia
smooth and waxy, 4 or 8 (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all in n. 2
and 7) united at base. (Pollinia 8 only in n. 7 of our genera.)

* Green-foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.
+ Column very short ; leaf solitary.

1. Microstylis. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.

‘ a- « Column elongated ; leaves radical.

++ Whole plant (except the flowers) green.
2. Liparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.
8. Calypso. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.
++ 4+ A single green autumnal leaf; otherwise mainly brownish or purplish.

4. Tipularia. Raceme many-flowered; flowers small, greenish ; lip 3-lobed.
5. Aplectrum. Raceme loose; flowers rather large ; lip 3-ridged, not spurred or saccate

498 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

x * Leafless, with coralloid roots ; whole plant brownish or yellowish; flowers racemose.
6. Corallorhiza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and lip
with 1-3 ridges; sepals and petals 1 - 3-nerved.

?. Hexalectris. Pollinia 8, united. Flower not gibbous; sepals and petals several-
nerved ; lip with 5-6 ridges. :
Tribe Il. NEOTTIE. Anthers erect upon the back of the column at the summit,

or terminal and opereular. Pollinia granular or powdery, more or less cohering in 2 or 4
delicate masses, and attached at the apex to the beak of the stigma.
* Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column. Flowers small, in
spikes or racemes.
8. Listera. Stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2-lobed.
9. Spiranthes. Stems leafy below, from tuberous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1-3-ranked
in a twisted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 callosities at base.
10. Goodyera. Leaves radical, white-reticulated. Lip entire, free from the column,
saccate, without callosities.
* * Anther operculate, erect and jointed upon the short column. Stem stout, very leafy.
11, Epipactis. Flowers racemose; perianth spreading; lip dilated above.
* * * Anther terininal, operculate, incumbent; column elongated. Stem scapose or few-
leaved ; flowers large, solitary or few.
12. Arethusa. Leaf and flower solitary. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear -
column. Pollinia 4.
13. Calopogon. Leaf solitary, grass-like. Lip bearded, stalked, free. Column winged at
the apex. Pollinia 4.
14. Pogonia. More or less leafy. Lip crested, free. Column clavate. Pollinia 2.

Tribe III. OPHRYDEZ. Anther without operculum, the cells adnate to the top of
the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2, of coarse
grains united by an elastic web, each attached at base by a stalk to a viscid gland.
Flower (in ours) ringent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem.

15. Orehis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.

16. Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated.

Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEZ®. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one forming a
dilated fleshy appendage above the terminal stigma. Pollen granular, not in masses. ~

17. Cypripedium. Stems more or less leafy. Perianth spreading ; lip an inflated sac.

1 MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Avper’s-Movru.

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip au-
ricled or ovate at base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small,
terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between
them. Pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the
apex, Waxy, without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Low herbs, from solid
bulbs, producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and @
raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of mixpds, small, and
sTvAls, a column or style.)

1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4-6’ high); leaf sheathing the
base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; racemes spiked, long and slender; pedicels
nat longer than the flowers ; lip long-pointead. — Cold wet swamps, N. New Eng.
to Penn., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem,
ovate, clasping ; raceme short and obtuse ; pedicels much longer than the flowers :
lip truncate-3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe very small. — Low moist
ground, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Me. July. — Pollinia (at least
sometimes) only 1 in each cell.

ORCHIDACE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 499

2. LIPARIS, Richard. Twarsrapr.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal; pollen-masses 4,
in one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or
gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a low
scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from
Aumapos, fut or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1 L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals thread-like, reflexed ; /iz
large ( 4 long), wedge-obovate, abruptly short-pointed, brown-purplish. — Moist
woodlands, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. June.

2. L. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ; lip
obovate or oblong (2” iong), mucronate, yellowish-green, shorter than the linear

unequal petals and sepals. — Bogs, N. Scotia to Md., S. Ill., and Minn. (Eu.)
3. CALYPSO, Salish.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed.
Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated (9” long), 2-pointed
underneath the apex. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing
the lid-like anther just below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted,
all sessile on a square gland.— A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing
a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum, and a short
(3-5 high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated
purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Calypso.)

1. C. borealis, Salisb.— Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, with a coralloid root beneath; Maine and Vt. to Mich. and Minn., and
northward. May.—A very local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat re-
sembling that of a Lady’s Slipper, woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

4. TIPULARIA, Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed beneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length
of the flower (9- 12% long), 3-lobed; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as
long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular. Column narrow and
wingless. Anther lid-l?ke, terminal; pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted,
connected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large
solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct pedicel, producing in autump
a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, purplish beneath,
and in summer a long slender scape, with 1 or 2 sheaths at base, bearing a
raceme of many small greenish flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a
fancied resemblance of the flowers to insects of the genus T7pula.)

i. T. discolor, Nutt. Scape 10-18’ high; lip blunt at the tip. — Sandy
woods, Vt. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich.; very scarce.

5. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Purry-roor. Apam-anv-Eve.

Perianth neither gibbous nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base.

Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and scape (invested be
99

500 ORCHIDACEH. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

low with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza; but, instead of a coral-like
root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb
or corm, often 1’ in diameter (filled with exceedingly glutinous matter), which
sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, petioled, green
leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape
is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy rather large flowers. (The name
composed of a- privative and mAjKxtpov, a spur, from the total want of the
latter.)

1. A. hiemale, Nutt. Stem 1° high or more; perianth greenish-brown.
or the lip whitish, and somewhat speckled with purple, 5-6” long. — Woods,
in rich mould; rather rare or local, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. —
Each corm lasts 2 or 8 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found hori-
zontally connected.

6. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Corat-roor.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely spurred at
base; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, 1 -3-nerved, the
upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip
forming the gibbosity or short spur which is mostly adnate to the summit of
the ovary ; lip slightly adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column,
bearing a pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved
at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent,
soft-waxy, free. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with
much-branched and toothed coral-like root-stocks (probably root-parasitical),
sending up a simple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves and bearing a ra-
ceme of rather small dull-colored flowers; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of
kopdAduov, coral, and pia, root.)

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary ; flowers small ; lip
whitish or purplish, often mottled with crimson.

1. C. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3 -
9 high), 5-12-flowered ; pedicels very short ; perianth 2-23” long; lip some-
what hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamelle thick and rather short; spur
a very small protuberance; capsule oval or elliptical (3 - 4” long). — Swamps
and damp woods, N. Eng. to northern N. J., Ohio, Mich., Minn., and north-
ward, and south in the mountains to Ga. May, June. (Eu.)

2. C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Plant light brown or purplish; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at base (6-16’ high), 6 —20-flowered ; pedicels
rather slender; perianth about 3” long; lip entire or merely denticulate, thin,
broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamelle
a pair of short projections ; the spur represented by a small cavity wholly ad-
nate to the summit of the ovary; capsule at first very acute at base, at length
short-oval (4” long). — Rich woods, E. Mass. (Hitchings) and Vt. to N. J. and
Fla., west to Mich. and Mo. May-July.

3. C. multiflora, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9 - 18’ high), 10
30-flowered: perianth 24-4” long; lip deeply 3-lobed, with a short narrowed
base and with prominent lamellz; spur manifest and protuberant; capsule
oblong (6-9 long), short-pedicelled. — Dry woods, N. Eng. to Md., west to
Mo., Iowa, and Minn. July —Sept.

ORCHIDACEA. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 501

§ 2. Spur none; the broadly gibbous somewhat saccate base wholly free from the
ovary ; flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotted, more expanding.

4. C. striata, Lindl. Plant purplish, stout (6-16’ high), bearing 15-25
large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth 6-7” long;
lip oval or obovate, perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base,
where it bears 1-3 short lamellz; all the parts of the perianth marked with
3 darker nerves; pod oblong (9” long). (C. Macrxi, Gray.) — Woods, from
L. Erie westward along the Great Lakes and to the Pacific.

7. HEXALECTRIS, Raf.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, somewhat spreading, several-nerved, not
gibbous nor spurred at base, free. Lip obovate, with 5-6 prominent ridges
down the middle, 3-lobed above, the middle lobe somewhat concave. Pollen-
masses 8, united into a single fascicle. Otherwise as in Corallorhiza. (Name
probably from €é, siz, and dAextpudéy, a cock, from the crests of the lip.)

1. H. aphyllus, Raf. Stem 1-2° high, beset with purplish scales, the
lower sheathing; flowers racemed, bracteate, brownish-purple, 6-8” long.
(Bletia aphylla, Nutt.) — Rich woods, Ky. and Mo. to Fla. and Mex.

8. LISTERA, R.Brown. Twaysrave.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip mostly drooping,
longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Column wingless; stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect,
ovate; pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute gland. — Roots fibrous.
Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or
raceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin
Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

* Column very short ; sepals ovate, reflexed ; plants delicate, 4 — 8’ high.

1. L. cordata, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(4-1/ long); raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longer
than the ovary ; lip linear, twice as long as the sepals, 1-toothed each side at
base, 2-cleft. — Cold woods, N. J. to Mich., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender ; flowers
very small, on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels twice the length of the ovary ;
lip linear, 3-4 times the length of the sepals, 2-parted, the divisions linear-
setaceous. — Damp thickets, Oswego Co., N. Y., and from N. J. to Fla. June.

* * Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. L. convallarioides, Nutt. Plant 4-9’ high; leaves oval or round-
ish, and sometimes a little heart-shaped (1-14 long); raceme loose, pubes-
cent; pedicels slender, lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-
toothed on each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly
lanceolate spreading sepals, purplish, 3’ long. — Damp mossy woods, N. New

Eng. to Mich., Minn., and northward, and south in the mountains to N. C.

9. SPIRANTHES, Richard. ' Laptes’ TRESSES.

Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the sepals and petals all
narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper pieces sticking together

502 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

more or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short.
stalked or sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a cal-
lous protuberance on each side of the base; the somewhat dilated summit
spreading or recurved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column
short, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short
stalked (mostly acute or pointed) 2-celled erect anther on the back. Pollen-
masses 2 (one in each cell), narrowly obovate, each 2-cleft, and split into thin
and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon ad-
hering at base to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the
slender or tapering thin beak terminating the column. After the removal of
the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. — Roots clustered-
tuberous; stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing below or at the base.
Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1 - 3-ranked
in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the name,
from o7etpa, a coil or curl, and &vGos, flower).

x Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike: leaves at the root and base of

the stem present at the flowering season.

1. S. latifolia, Torr. Low; naked stem or scape 4-9’ (rarely 12’) high,
smooth; eaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oblong (1-4’ long, 3-9” wide),
3-5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing base; spike narrow (1-3 long);
flowers small (2-3” long); lip quadrate-oblong, yellowish on the face, not
contracted in the middle, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate
apex, the small ca/llosities at the base oblong, marginal and adnate for their
whole length; gland and beak of the stigma short.— Moist banks, Vt. and
W. Mass. to Mich. and Minn., south to Del. and Md.

2. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above
(5-15’ high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear; spike
dense, oblong or cylindrical (1-4’ long); perianth curved and the summit
manifestly ringent, pure white (4” long), the sepals and petals all connivent
in the upper portion or galea; the dip ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded
wavy-crenulate much recurved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base
globular and smooth; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stigma
short. — High and cool bogs, N. New Eng. to Mich. and Minn., and north-
ward; Norfolk, Conn. (Barbour); central N. Y. July, Aug. (Ireland.)

3. S. eérnua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above (6 - 20’
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4 — 12’ long, 2-9” wide) ;
spike cylindrical, rather dense (2-5’ long) and with the white fragrant flow-
ers either pubescent or nearly smooth; perianth horizontal or recurving (4-
5” long), the lower sepals not upturned or connivent with the upper; lip oblong
and very obtuse when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much in-
curved, wavy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-
spreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat
hairy ; gland of the stigma linear, in a long and very slender beak. —Common
in wet places, especially eastward and southward. Sept., Oct. Very variable
in size and foliage, often nearly losing its root-leaves at flowering time. — A
variety, growing in dry ground but retaining its leaves and blooming some
what later, has greenish cream-colored or yellowish stronger-scented flowers
E. Mass and Del.

-

ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 503

* « Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted rank.

a Stem bearing elongated leaves at and toward the base, which mostly persist
during the flowering season.

4. §. prdecox, Watson. Root of fleshy or tuberous-thickened fibres ;
stem 9’-2° high; lower and root-leaves linear or lance-linear (3-8’ long, 2—-
4” wide) gradually tapering to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts;
spike linear, dense (2-5’ long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, etc.,
downy-pubescent ; bracts ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly
taper-pointed, surpassing the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline; perianth 3”
long; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with rather small callosities at base,
crisped at the rounded slightly recurved apex ; anther and beak of the stigma
very acute. (S. graminea, var. Walteri, Gray.) — Wet, grassy places, Mass.
to N. J. and Fla.

++ Scape very slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster
at the ground, ovate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly
withering away at or before flowering ; flowers small, and whole plant gla-
brous or nearly so; bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the capsule.

5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tuberous-thickened ; scape 8 — 18’
high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike; perianth
barely 14-2” long; /ip oval when outspread, narrowly oblong in natural form,
thickish and green above with thin white margins, the recurved obtuse or acut-
ish apex wavy-crisped, the callosities at the base nipple-shaped. — Hilly woods
and sandy plains, common. July- Oct.

6. S. simplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong or spindle-shaped tuber ; no
leaves at flowering time; scape 5-9’ high, bearing a small narrow (rarely 1-
sided) spike (1-3’ long) of very short flowers (perianth 1-14” long) ; /ip thin,
white, obovate-oblong, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base
slender. — Dry sandy soil, E. Mass. to N. J., Del., and Md. <Aug., Sept.

10. GOODYERA, R.Br. Rarrresnake-PLANTAIN.

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base. Otherwise
as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping root-
stock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white
veining. Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-
downy. (Dedicated to John Goodyear, an early English botanist.)

§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tp ;
anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached te the back of the short
column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.

1. G. repens, R. Br. Small (5-8’ high) and slender; leaves ovate,
more or less white-reticulated (about 1’ long) ; flowers several, in a loose 1-sided
spike ; lip with an ovate recurved tip; sepals ovate. — Woods, under ever-
greens, common northward and through the Alleghanies. July. (Eu.)

2. G. pubéscens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticulated .
scape 6-12’ high, the numerous crowded flowers not one-sided ; tip of the
globular lip very short; otherwise like the preceding, and too near to it. —
Rich woods, Newf. to Fla., west to Mich. and Minn.

504 ORCHIDACEA, (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

§ 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sides involute above ; anther ovate,
long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short column, which is continued
above the stigma into a conspicuous tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak.

3. G. Menziésii, Lindl. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute (2—3’ long), less
white-reticulated than the preceding, some not at all so; scape 9-12’ high;
flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1-sided spike; flower-buds less pu-
bescent, elongated-ovate and pointed ; lip with the saccate-conduplicate lower
portion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. — Woods,
Gaspe and Tadousac, L. Can. (J. A. Allen, Goodale) ; Crawford, N. H. (Miss
Minns); western N. Y. to Minn., and westward. July.

ll. EPIPACTIS, Haller.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip free, deeply concave at base,
narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed in the middle, the upper portion
dilated and petaloid. Column short, erect. Anther sessile behind the broad
truncate stigma, on a slender-jointed base; pollen-masses coarsely granular,
becoming attached to the gland capping the small rounded beak of the stigma.
— Stem leafy, with racemed flowers, conspicuous bracts, and ovaries reflexed
at maturity. (The ancient Greek name of a plant.)

1. KE. Helleborine, Crantz. Stems1-2° high; leaves broadly ovate (2-
3’ long), pointed, plicate, the upper narrower; raceme pubescent, 30 -50-flow-
ered, l-sided ; flowers varying from light greenish-yellow to dark purple ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, 3-4” long; petals rather smaller; lip ovate, pointed above,
with a dark centre. (E. latifolia, Ali.) — Near Syracuse and Buffalo, N. Y.;
the only known stations. (Eu.)

12. ARETHUSA, Gronov.

Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at base,
ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved-spreading
toward the summit; very slightly gibbous at base. Column adherent to the
lip below, petal-like, dilated at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 ap-
proximate cells; pollen-masses powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful
low herbs, consisting of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, termi-
nated usually by asingle large rose-purple flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved.
hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to
the nymph Arethusa.)

1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1-2’ long), with an
entire lip recurved at the apex and bearded-crested down the face. — Bogs,
Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Ind. and Minn.

13. CALOPOGON, R.Br.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on
the upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading,
distinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or
stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Column
free, slender, winged at the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile; pollen-
masses ¢ (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by deli-

ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 505

cate threads. — Scape from a small solid bulb, sheathed below by the base of
the grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several large flowers. Bracts minute.
{Name composed of adds, beautiful, and réywyr, beard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pulchéllus, R. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow-
ered; flowers 1’ broad, pink-purple; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully
bearded toward the dilated summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped
hairs. — Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

14. POGONIA, Juss.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like,
stalked; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular. (lMwywvrlas
bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, pale rose-color, sometimes white.

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres; stem (6-9’ high)
bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or
bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower in the
axil; flower 1’ long, sweet-scented; lip spatulate, appressed below to the col-
umn, beard-crested and fringed. — Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and
‘Minn. June, July. (Japan.)

2. P. péndula, Lindl. Stem (3-8 high) from oblong tubers, bearing
3 to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3-6”) leaves, the upper 1-4 with
drooping flowers in their axils on slender pedicels; perianth 3’ long, narrow ;
lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, roughish or crisped above, crestless. — Damp
woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Wisc. and Mo.

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, longer and much narrower than the erect
or connivent petals; lip 3-lobed at the apex, crested down the middle, beard-
less; flowers solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal; root a cluster of fibres.

8. P. divaricata, R.Br. Stem (1-2° high) bearing a lanceolate leaf in
the middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ;
but the sepais ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lan-
ceolate-spatulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about 1-14 long. —
Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June, July.

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6-12’ high) naked, except some small
scales at the base and a whorl of mostly 5 obovate or obovate-oblong sessile leaves
at the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a peduncle longer than the ovary and
capsule ; sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spread-
ing from a mostly erect base (14-2’ long); lip with a narrow crest down the
middle. — Low woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind. and Wisc.; rather rare,
especially eastward. May, June. Glaucous when young. Fruit-stalk erect,
about 14’ long, more than half the length of the leaves.

5. P. affinis, Austin. Somewhat smaller than the preceding; leaves
paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or greenish ;
peduncle much shorter than the ovary and capsule; sepals but little longer than
the petals, tapering to the base; lip crested over the whole face and on the
middle of the lobes. — Low woods, 8S. W. Conn., S. New York, and N. New
Jersey ; rare.

506 ORCHIDACE®. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

15. (ORC HIS, a:

Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned downward,
coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below. Anther-cells contigu-
ous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous coarse waxy grains, which are
collected on a cobweb-like elastic tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each
anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland
or sticky disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little pouch
or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur. Flowers showy, in a
spike. — Our species with low scape-like stems, with 1 or 2 leaves at base, from
fieshy-fibrous roots. (Opxis, the ancient name.)

1. O. spectabilis, L. (SHowy Orcuis.) Root of thick fleshy fibres, pro-
ducing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3-6 long), and a few-flowered 4 angled
scape (4-7 high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all lightly
united to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate undivided
lip white. — Rich woods, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. O. rotundifolia, Pursh. Stem naked above, l-leaved at base (5-9
high), from a slender creeping rootstock ; leaf varying from almost orbicular
to oblong (1$-3’ long); flowers rose-purple, the lip white and spotted with
purple, 3-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lobed or strongly
notched at the summit (4-6” long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and
sepals, and the slender depending spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richard-
son.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine to Vt., N. Y., Minn., and northward.

16. HABENARIA, Willd. Rery-Orcuis.

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and
exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becoming attached, some to the pro-
boscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon the nectar of the spur,
the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) ; otherwise nearly as in
true Orchis ; the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from habena,
a thong or rein, in allusion to the shape of the lip or spur of some species.)

§1. GYMNADENIA. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate, thevr
glands therefore contiguous. (Appendages of the stigma in our species two
or three and much developed, oblong or club-shaped.)

1. H. tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6-12 high), with a single ob
long or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts above:
spike 6 - 12-flowered, oblong ; flowers greenish or whitish, very small ; lip wedae
oblong, truncate, and with 8 short teeth at the apex ; the slender and slightly club.
shaped spur curved upward, longer than the ovary. — Wet woods, N. Eng. to
Minn. and Ind., and south in the mountains to N.C. June, July.— Root of
few fleshy fibres. Appendages of the stigma three, oblong-club-shaped, one
outside each orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the
anther-cell, their cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened
flower, and penetrated by pollen-tubes!

2. H. integra, Spreng. Root of very fleshy fibres (or some of them
tuber-like) ; stem several-leaved (15’ high), the 1 or 2 lower leaves elongated,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others becoming smaller and bract-like; spike
densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical; flowers orange-yellow, small, lip

ORCHIDACE®. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 507

ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-shaped de-

scending spur. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. July. — Appendages of the

stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy ; beak or middle appendage narrow.

3. H. nivea, Spreng. Stem slender, 1-14$° high, many-leaved, the 1 or
2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4-8’ long, the others small and bract-like;
spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; petals and entire
lip linear-oblong : spur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the white ovary,
which is not twisted. — Pine-barren swamps, 8S. Del. to Fla. Aug.

§2. PERULARIA. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, the valves of each ex-
tended at base so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity, which
is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurved gland. (Flowers small, green-
ish, slender-spurred.)

4. H. viréscens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the
elongated raceme ; petals ovate; flowers dull green; lip furnished with a tooth
on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong,
truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slender
club-shaped spur. — Wet places, common; N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and
Mo. June, July. — Stem 10-20’ high; thespike at first dense, with the bracts
longer than the flowers, at length elongated and often loose, the upper bracts
shorter than the flowers, which are quite small, and with scarcely a tinge of
yellow, drying brownish.

§3. PLATANTHERA. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, more commonly
divergent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed glands are more or less
distant. (Root a cluster of fleshy fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)

* Flowers greenish or white, small, numerous in a close spike; spur not longer
than the entire or merely notched narrow lip; anther-cells almost parallel,
wholly adnate; stem leafy.

-— Spur short and sac-like ; the 3 sepals and 2 narrow petals erect ; glands small,

rather widely separated.

5. H. bracteata, R. Br. Stem 6-12’ high; lower leaves obovate, the
upper oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4 times the
length of the green flowers ; spike 10 - 30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear or slightly
spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobed at the tip, more than twice the
length of the white spur. (H. viridis, var. bracteata, Reichenb.) — Damp woods
and meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, Ind., south in the mountains to N. C.,
and far northward.

:- » Spur slender, incurved, about equalling the entire lip ; lateral sepals spreading.

6. H. hyperborea, R.Br. Stem very leafy (6’- 2° high) s /eaves lanceo-
late, erect; spike dense (2~15’ long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, longer than the
lareenish) flowers ; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading
from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma;
glands orbdicular ; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. — leat
bogs and wet cold "woods, N. Eng. to N. Y., 8. Ill, Iowa, and northward.
June, July. (Eu.)

7. H. dilatata, Gray. Resembles n. 6, but usually more slender, with
narrower commonly linear leaves; flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhom-

508 ORCHIDACE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

boidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the bases of the petals anu sepals erect:
connivent, above spreading ; anther-cells almost parallel; glands approximate,
large and strap-shaped, vertical, nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short
flat stalk together ; stigma narrow ; a trowel-shaped conspicuous beak between
the bases of the anther-cells. — Cold bogs, Conn. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and
northward.

* * Flowers greenish or white, 5-15 in a loose spike, rather large for the size of
the plant ; scape or stem naked above, \-leaved at base (5-9 high); spur
not longer than the lip; anther-cells wholly adnate, arcuate and widely sep-
arated.

8. H. obtusata, Richardson. Leaf obovate or spatulate-oblong ; upper
sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals lance-oblong ; lip en-
tire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3” long), about the length of the tapering
and curving spur. — Cold peat bogs, Maine and N. New Eng. (Mt. Wachusett,
Mass.), to Minn. and northward. (Eu.)

* x * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-
leaved at base; spur longer than the narrow entire lip; anther-cells widely
diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases projecting forward ; stalk of the
pollen-mass laterally affixed to the back of the orbicular gland, the viscous
face of which looks obliquely inward.

9. H. Hodkeri, Torr. Leaves orbicular, spreading (3 - 4’ broad) ; scape
mostly naked ($-1° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile ye/lowish-green flow-
ers ina strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved,
longer than the lance-awl-shaped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of
the ovary (nearly 1’ long).— Damp woods and borders of swamps, N. Scotia
to N. J.. west to Minn. and Iowa. — Var. OBLONGIFOLIA, Paine, has oblong
leaves (3-5’ by 14-2’). N. Y. and Can.

10. H. orbiculata, Torr. Leaves very large (4-8’ wide), orbicular,
spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath; scape bracted
(1-2° high), bearing many spreading greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme ;
upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; /ip narrowly linear and slight!y spatu-
late, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the oblong-lanceolate and
falcate obtuse petals; spur curved, slender (about 13’ long), gradually thickened
toward the blunt apex, twice the length of the ovary ; anther-cells strongly pro-
jecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly }’ apart).— Rich woods
(especially coniferous), Newf. to Penn. and in the mountains to N. C., west te
Mich. and Minn.

x * x * (Frrncep Orcuis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, wit.
mostly foliaceous bracts; stem (rather tall) leafy; spur thread-shaped or
scarcely club-shaped, longer than the fringed, cleft, or dissected lip; anther-
cells widely separated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases,
supported by the arms of the stigma, strongly projecting forward or partly
upward.

~ Lip pectinately fringed but undivided ; flowers golden yellow or white ; anther
cells widely divergent, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle project.
ing far forward or slightly inward ; ovary long, tapering to the summit.

11. H. eristata, R. Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the upper
gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded

ORCHIDACEA. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 009

(yellow) flowers ; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate ; /ip ovate,
with a lacerate-fringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved
spur, which is not half the length of the ovary.— Bogs, N. J. to Fla. July.
Flowers very much smaller than in the next.

12. H. ciliaris, R. Br. (YeELLow Frincep-Orcuis.) Stem 1}- 2° high;
1eaves oblong or lanceolate; the upper passing into pointed bracts, which are
shorter than the ovaries ; spike oblong, rather closely many-flowered ; flowers
bright orange-yellow ; lateral sepal rounded, reflexed ; petals linear, cut-fringed
at the apex ; -/ip oblong (6” long), about half the length of the spur furnished with
a very long and copious capillary fringe. — Wet sandy places, N. Eng. to Fla.
and Tex., west to Mich. and Ind. Our most handsome species.

13. H. blephariglottis, Torr. (Wuire Frincep-Orcuis.) Stem 1°
high; leaves, etc., asin the last ; flowers white, rather smaller ; petals spatulate,
usually slightly cut or toothed at the apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong,
with the irregular capillary fringe of the margins usually shorter than its disk,
one third the length of the spur. — Peat bogs and borders of ponds, Newf. to
N. J., west to Mich. and Minn. July.— Var. HoLopéTaca, Torr., has nar-
rower petals with the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed.

+ + (GREENISH FrinceD-Orcuis.) Lip 3-parted above the stalk-like base, the
divisions cut into capillary fringes: flowers greenish- or yellowish-white ;
anther-cells not very divergent, the beaked bases projecting forward ; the
large glands oval or lanceolate, nearly facing each other; ovary short-
tapering above; spurs long, clavate.

14. H. leucophiea, Gray. Stem 2-4° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate ;
the bracts similar, rather shorter than the (large, fragrant) flowers; spike
commonly elongated, loose; petals obovate, minutely cut-toothed ; divisions of
the lip (7-10” long) broadly wedge-shaped or fan-shaped, many-cleft to the
middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary (1-13’
long) ; glands transversely dval. — Moist meadows, western N. Y. to Ky., Mo.,
and Minn. July.

15. H. lacera, R. Br. (Raccep Frincep-Orcuis.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divis-
ions of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur
about the length of the ovary ; glands oblong-linear, as long as the stalk of the
pollen-mass. — Bogs and moist thickets, N. Scotia to N. C. and Ga., west to
Minn. and Mo.; common. July.

aw + + (PURPLE Frincep-Orcuis.) Lip fan-shaped, 3-parted above the stalk-
like base, the divisions erosely fringed ; flowers purple; anther-cells widely
separated, little divergent, the orbicular glands oblique; ovary contracted
only at the summit ; the lona curving spur somewhat clavate.

16. H. psyeodes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost
passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-flow-
ered ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse ; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, dentic-
ulate above; divisions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft
into a short fringe. — Wet meadows and bogs, common; Newf. to N. C., west
to Ind. and Minn. July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike
of 4-10’ in length, small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked,

516 ORCHIDACEZ. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

barely 2’ broad and not so long; the middle lobe broadest and more closely
fringed, but not so deeply cleft as the lateral ones.

17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the upper few,
passing into lanceolate bracts; spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered ; lower
sepals ovate, acute ; petals oblong, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pen-
dent large lip (-1’ broad) fan-shaped, more fringed. — Wet meadows, N.
Scotia to N. J. and N. C., west to Mich. June. — Flowers fewer (lilac-purple),
3 or 4 times larger.than those of the preceding.

18. H. peramcena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo-
late; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ;
petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw; divisions of the large lip very broadly
wedge-shaped, irregularly eroded-toothed at the broadly dilated summit, the lat-
eral ones truncate, the middle one 2-lobed.— Moist meadows and banks, Penn.
and N. J. to Ill., and south in the mountains. Aug.— Flowers large and
showy (violet-purple); the lip paler and 8-10” long, variably toothed, but
not fringed.

17. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lapy’s Strprer. Moccason-FLOWER.

Sepals spreading; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united
into one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually
narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column declined; on each side a fertile
stamen, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and
pulpy or powdery-granular; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like
but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and
covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed,
moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen
in most of our species, especially in n. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face
of the anther into a viscid, varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches
it, carrying away some of the pollen.— Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves
large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or
few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kémpis, Venus, and méd:0v, a sock
or luskin, i. e. Venus’s Slipper.)

§ 1. The three sepals separate; stem leafy ; flower solitary, drooping.

1. C. arietinum, R.Br. (Ram’s-Heap L.) Stem slender (6-10 high);
upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the 2 lower and the petals linear and
nearly alike (greenish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny
lip (6” long), which is somewhat pubescent, especially within, and prolonged
at the apex into a short blunt conical point; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate,
nearly smooth. — Cold swamps and damp woods, Maine to N. Y., Mich. and
Minn., and northward.
§ 2. Two of the sepals united into one under the lip.

* Stem leafy to the top, 1-3-flowered ; lip slipper-shaped or roundish, much in-
flated, horizontal, and with a rounded open orifice.

+ Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, longer than the cip.

2. C. candidum, Muhl. (Smary Wuite Lapy’s Srrrrer.) Slightly
pubescent, 1-flowered ; leaves lance-oblong, acute; petals and sepals greenish,
purple-spotted ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip (not 1’ long) white, striped with

BROMELIACEH. (PINE-APPLE FAMILY.) d1i

purple <a flattish laterally, convex above; sterile stamen lanceolate. —-
Bogs, N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and Ky.; rare. May, June.

3. C. Sanne, Salisb. (SMALLER YELLOW L.) Stem 1-2° high
leaves oval, pointed; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; lip flattish from above,
bright yellow (1’ long or less); sterile stamen triangular.— Bogs and low
woods, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June. — Flowers fra-
grant; sepals and petals more brown-purple than in the next, into which it
seems to pass.

4. C. pubéscens, Willd. (Larcer YELtow L.) Stem 2° high, pubes.
cent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves; sepals elongated-lanceolate ; lip flat-
tened laterally, very convex and gibbous alove, 14-2’ long, pale yellow. —
Bogs and low woods; same range as the last.

«+ + Sepals and petals plane, rounded, white, not longer than the lip.

5. C. spectabile, Salisb. (Suowy L.) Downy, 2° high; leaves ovate,
pointed ; sepals round-oyate or orbicular, rather longer than the oblong petals ;
lip much inflated, white, pink-purple in front (14 long) ; sterile stamen heart-
ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New Eng. to Minn. and Mo., and south in
the mountains to N. C. July.— The most beautiful of the genus.

* x Scape naked, 2-leaved at base, 1-flowered ; sepals and petals greenish,
shorter than the drooping lip, which has a closed fissure down its whole
length in front.

6. C. acatile, Ait. (Sremiess L.) Downy; leaves oblong; scape 8 - 12’
high, with a green bract at top; sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed, nearly as
long as the linear petals; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely white),
nearly 2’ long, veiny ; sterile stamen rhomboid. — Dry or moist woods; Newf.
to N. C., west to N. Ind., Mich., and Minn. May, June.

OrvEr 111. BROMELIACEZ®. (Prxe-apete Famty )

Herbs (or scarcely woody plants, nearly all tropical), the greater part epi-
phytes, with persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath-
ing at the base, usually covered with scurf ; 6-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth
adherent to the ovary in the PINE-APPLE, etc., or free from it in

1 TILLANDSIA, L. Lone Moss.

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all connivent below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous! or the alternate ones cohering
with the base of the petals; anthers introrse. Ovary free ; style thread-shaped ;
stigmas 3. Capsule cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves
splitting into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds several or many in each cell,
anatropous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a
coma. Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epi-
phytes. (Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.)

1. T. usneoides, L. (Common Lone Moss or Biack Moss.) Stems
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped ; peduncle short,
1-flowered ; flower yellow. — East Shore, Va., south to Fla., and westward;
growing on the branches of trees, forming long hanging tutts.

512 HEMODORACEA. (BLOODWORT FAMILY.)

Orper 112. HABMODORACEZ. (Bioopwort Famtity.)

Herbs, with fibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect 3 — 6-androus
regular flowers, which are woolly or scurfy outside ; the tube of the 6-lobed
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of
the 3-celled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible:
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Capsule crowned or
enclosed by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the
southern hemisphere.

* Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube ; style filiform ; seeds peltate. amphitropous.
1. Lachnanthes. Stamens 2, exserted ; anthers versatile. Leaves equitant.
* * Ovary free except at the base ; style 3-partible ; seeds anatropous,

2. Lophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly 6-cleft perianth. Leaves equitant.
3. Aletris. Stamens 6, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6-toothed peri-
anth, Leaves flat, spreading.

1 LACHNANTHES, L. RED-ROOT.

Perianth woolly outside, 6-parted down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3,
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions; filaments long, exserted; anthers
linear, fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Capsule
globular. Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the
middle. — Herb, witha red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves,
clustered at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top and
terminated by a dense compound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly
flowers (whence the name, from Adxvn, wool, and &v@os, blossom).

1. L. tinetoria, Ell.— Sandy swamps, near the coast, S. E. Mass., R. L.,
and N. J.to Fla. July —Sept. .

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker.

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spread-
ing, longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed
by the base. Capsule ovate, free from the perianth except at the base, pointed
with the awl-shaped style, which finally splits into 3 divisions, one terminating
each valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender peren-
nial herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth
equitant leaves; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool toward
the summit, as also the crowded or panicled cyme. Perianth dingy yellow
inside; the lobes naked only toward the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft
near the base (whence the name, from Aogeiov, a small crest).

i. L. atrrea, Ker. — Boggy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. June- Aug.

b

SAGE TRTS,§ b: Coiic-RooT. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinkled and roughened outside by
thickly-set points which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
with the base only of the ovary, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the lobes; filaments and anthers short, included. Style aw] shaped,
3-cleft at the apex; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovate, enclosed in the

oO

IRIDACEH. (IRIS FAMILY.) O13

roughened perianth; the dehiscence, seeds, etc., nearly as in Lophiola. — Pe-
rennial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spread-
ing cluster of thin and dat lanceolate leaves; the small flowers in a wand-like
spiked raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2-—3° high). Bracts awl
shaped, minute. (AAerpls, a female slave who grinds corn; the name applied
to these plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)

1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-
oblong. — Grassy or sandy woods, Mass. to Fla., l., and Minn. July, Aug.

2. A. aurea, Walt. Flowers bell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter) ;
lobes short-ovate. — Barrens, N. J. to Fla. July.

Orpver 113. IRIDACEZ. (Iris Famity.)

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranked leaves, and regular or irregular perfect
Jlowers ; the divisions of the 6-cleft petal-like perianth convolute in the bud
in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-celled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona-
delphous stamens, alternate wiih the inner divisions of the perianth, with
extrorse anthers. — Flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves or bracts,
usually showy. Style single, usually 3-cleft; stigmas 3, opposite the
cells of the ovary, or 6 by the parting of the style-branches. Capsule
3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight
in fleshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or corms mostly acrid.

* Branches of the style (or stigmas) opposite the anthers.
1. Iris. Outer divisions of the perianth recurved, the inner erect ; stigmas petal-like.
* * Branches of the style alternate with the anthers. Perianth regular.

2. Nemastylis. Stem from a coated bulb. Filaments united. Style-branches 2-cleft.
3. Belamcanda. Stems from a creeping rhizome. Filaments distinct. Stigmas dilated
4. Sisyrinchium. Root fibrous. Filaments united. Stigmas thread-like.

1. IRIS, Tourn. FLOWER-DE-LUCE.

Perianth 6-cleft; the tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; the 3
outer divisions spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner smaller, erect. Stamens
distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-
like stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the
form of a thin lip or plate under the apex); most of the style connate with
the tube of the perianth. Capsule 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-
flattened, usually in 2 rows in each cell. — Perennials, with sword-shaped or
grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours with creeping and more or less
tuberous rootstocks. (Ipis, the rainbow, anciently applied to this genus on
account of its bright and varied colors.)

* Stems leafy and rather tall (1-3° high), from thickened rootstocks, often
branching ; tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, which are beardless
and crestless, the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer.

+ Flowers violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow or white, and purple-veined.

1. I. versicolor, L. (Larcer Biur Frac.) Stem stout, angled on
one side; /eaves sword-shaped (}? wide); ovary obtusely triangular with the
sides flat; flowers (2}- 3’ long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter

514 IRIDACEZ. (IRIS FAMILY.)

than the ovary; capsule oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places.
Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark. May, June.

2. I. prismatica, Pursh. (StenDER Biur Frac.) Stem very slender,
terete; leaves narrowly linear (2-3” wide) ; flowers slender-peduncled (14 - 2’
long), the tube extremely short ; ovary 3-angled, each side 2-grooved ; capsule
sharply triangular. (I. Virginica, Jan.; not ZL.) — Marshes near the coast,
Maine to N.C. June.

T, CarovintAna, Watson, resembling n. 1, but with longer laxer and
greener leaves, and the very large seeds in one row in each cell, probably
occurs in 8. Va.

-_ + Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown ; petals widely spreading.

3. I. falva, Ker. Stem and leaves as n. 1; tube of the perianth cylindri-
cal, as long as the 6-angled ovary; style-branches narrow. (I. cuprea, Pursh.)
— Swamps, 8. Hl. and Mo. to La. and Ga. May.

* * Stems low (3-6' high), from tufted and creeping slender (or here and there
tuberous-thickened) rootstocks, 1-3-flowered ; tube of the perianth long and
slender ; the violet-blue divisions nearly equal.

4. I. vérna, L. (Dwarr Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous; the thread-like tube of the perianth about the length of the divisions,
which are oblong-obovate and on slender claws, the outer ones slightly hairy
down the orange-yellow base, crestless ; capsule obtusely triangular. — Wooded
hillsides, Lancaster Co.; Penn., to S. C., west to Ky. and Ala. April. — Flow-
ers sometimes white with yellowish centre.

5. I. eristata, Ait. (Crestep Dware Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (3-5’
long when grown) ; those of the spathe ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the thread-
like tube of the perianth, which is 2’ long and much longer than the light blue
obovate short-clawed divisions, the outer ones crested but beardless; capsule
sharply triangular.—In the mountains from Md. to N. C.; Trumbull Co.,
Ohio (Ingraham) ; knobs of S. Ind. May.— Flowers fragrant.

6. I. lacustris, Nutt. (Lake Dwarr Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather
shorter than the divisions (yellowish, $- } long), dilated upward, not exceeding
the spathe; otherwise as in the last, and too near it.— Gravelly shores of
Lakes Huron and Michigan. May.

I. PseupAcorus, L., the YeLLow Iris of European marshes, with very
long linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as having
become established in Mass. and N. Y.

2, NEMASTYLIS, Nutt

Perianth spreading, the segments similar and nearly equal. Filaments more
or less united into a tube. Style short, its slender 2-parted branches alternate
with the anthers and exserted between them; stigmas minute, terminal. Cap-
sule oblong or ovate, truncate, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds globose or
angled. — Stems terete, from coated bulbs, with few plicate leaves, and few
fugacious flowers from 2-bracted spathes. (Name from vijua, a thread, and
atvais, style, for the slender style-branches.)

1. N. geminiflora, Nutt. Stem 1-2° high; spathes 2-flowered ; peri-
anth pale blue-purple, 1-2’ broad, the divisions oblong-obovate ; capsule ob:
ovate, #’ long. — E. Kan. to Tex.

AMARYLLIDACEH. \AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 515

3. BELAMCAND A, Adans. BLACKBERRY-LILY.

Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally
spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens
monadelphous only at base; anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the
narrow divisions tipped with a small dilated stigma. Capsule pear-shaped;
the valves at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with
the globose black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the
popular name).— Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, etc., of an Iris; the
branching stems (3—4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow peri-
anth mottled above with crimson-purple spots. (An East Indian name of
the species.)

B. Curneéysis, Adans. (Pardanthus Chinensis, Ker.) — Sparingly escaped
from gardens, Md. to 8. Ind. and Mo. (Adv. from China, etc.)

4, SISYRINCHIUM, L. BLUE-EYED GRAss.

Perianth 6-parted; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous
to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular.
— Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly
branching 2-edged or winged stems, and fugacious umbelled-clustered small
flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)

1. S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape (4-12’ high) winged or wingless,
simple, the spathe solitary and terminal, its outer bract more or less elongated ;
flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the
perianth more or less notched, bristle-pointed and ciliate ; mature seeds globose,
large (3 broad), faintly pitted or nearly smooth. (S. Bermudiana, var. mu-
cronatum, Gray, excl. descr.) — Moist meadows, ete., among grass; common
everywhere. June- Aug.

2. S. anceps, Cav. Scape (6-18’ high) usually branching and bearing
2 or more peduncled spathes; seeds more ovate, much smaller, deeply pitted.
(S. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray, excl. descr.) — Similar localities ; common

Orpver 114. AMARYLLIDACEA. (Amaryiiis FAMILY.)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scurfy or woolly, with linear
flat root-leaves, and regular (or nearly so) and perfect 6-androus flowers,
the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary ;
the lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introrse. Style single. Cap-
sule 3-celled, several -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with
a straight embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — An order represented
in our gardens by the Narcissus, Daffodil, Snowdrop, etc., but with very
few indigenous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Differs
from Liliacez chiefly in the inferior ovary.

* Capsule 3-valved, loculicidal ; anthers versatile; perianth funnel-shaped; glabrous.

a
1. Zephyranthes. Flower naked in the throat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.
2. Hymenocallis. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes ; a cup-shaped
crown connecting the stamens. Bulbs coated.
3. Agave. Flower equally 6-cleft, persistent, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous,
* * Capsule indehiscent ; anthers sagittate ; villous.

+. Hypoxis. Perianth 6-parted nearly down to the ovary, persistent, Bulb solid.

516 AMARYLLIDACEH. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

l. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb.

Perianth tunnel-form, from a tubular base; the 6 divisions petal-like ana
similar, spreading above; the 6 stamens inserted in its naked throat; anthers
versatile. Pod membranaceous, 3-lobed. — Leaves and low scape from a coated
bulb. Flowers solitary from a scarious simple bract. (From ¢épupos, a wind,
and &v@os, flower.)

1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (Atamasco Liry.) Leaves bright green and
shining, very narrow, channelled, the margins acute; scape 6-12’ high; pe-
duncle short; spathe 2-cleft at the apex; perianth white and pink, 3’ long;
stamens and style declined. — Penn. to Va. and Fla. June.

2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb; lobes
long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped corol-
like delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. An-
thers linear, versatile. Capsule thin, 2-3-lobed; seeds usually 2 in each cell,
basal, fleshy, often like bulblets.—Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb.
Flowers white, fragrant, large and showy, sessile in an umbel-like head or
cluster, subtended by 2 or more scarious bracts. (Name composed of tuqy, a
membrane, and KdAdos, beauty.)

1. H. occidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 1 - 14° long,
5-18” broad; scape 3—6-flowered ; bracts narrow, 2’ long; perianth-tube about
24-4’ long, the linear segments scarcely shorter; the crown 12-15” long,
tubular below, broadly funnel-form above, the margin deltoid and entire, or
2-toothed and erose, between the white filaments, which are twice longer;
anthers yellow; style green. — Marshy banks of streams, S. Ill. to N. Ga.
and Ala.— Apparently distinct from H. lacera, Sa/isb. (Pancratium rotatum,
Ker), of the southern coast.

3. AGAVE, L. AMERICAN ALOE.

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6; anthers linear, versatile. Capsule coriaceous, many-
seeded. Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous
or spiny teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick
fibrous-rooted crown. (Name from dyav%, nob/e, — not inappropriate as applied
to A. AMERICANA, the CENTURY-PLANT.)

1. A. Virginica, L. (Fatse Axor.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or
denticulate ; scape 3-6° high; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike,
greenish-yellow, fragrant, the perianth 9-12” long, its narrow tube twice
longer than the erect lobes. — Dry or rocky banks, Md. and Va. to Fla., west to
S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

4. HYPO6XIS, L. STAR-GRASS.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba
ceous outside. Stamens 6; anthers sagittate, erect. Capsule crowned with
the withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with
a crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent

LILIACEA. (LILY FAMILY.) 517

quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of
lateral beak. Radicle inferior !— Stemless small herbs, with grassy and hairy
linear leaves and slender few-flowered scapes, from a solid bulb. (An old
name for a plant having sourish leaves, from ogus, sub-acid.)

l. H. erécta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately
1 —4-flowered scape; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel-
low within. —- Meadows and open woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan..
and Tex.

Orver 115. DIOSCOREACE. (Yam Famtty.)

Plants with twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks,
and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dicecious 6-androus and
regular flowers, with the 6-cleft calya-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the 3-celled ovary. Styles 3, distinet. —Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen.

1 DIOSCOREA, Plier. Yam.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, loculi-
cidally 3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell, flat, with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist,
Dioscorides.)

1. D. villosa, L. (Witp Yam-roor.) Herbaceous. Stems slender, from
knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes; leaves mostly alternate,
sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy beneath, heart-
shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9-11-ribbed; flowers pale greenish-yellow, the
sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple racemes; capsules
8-10” long. — Thickets, 8S. New Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and Tex.

Orver 116. LILIACE ZB. (Lity FAmIty.)

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always
6-androus flowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-
celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in
one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few—many-seeded pod or
berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous
or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax). Flowers not from a spathe,
except in Allium; the outer and inner ranks of the perianth colored
alike (or nearly so) and generally similar, except in Trillium.

ScuBorDER I Smilaceze. Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the petiole
of the 3 - 9-nerved netted-veined leaves often tendril-bearing. Flowers (in
ours) dicecious, in axillary umbels, small, with regular 6-parted deciduous
perianth. Anthers apparently 1-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit a
3-celled berry, with 1-2 pendulous orthotropous seeds in each cell
Embryo minute in horny albumen.

1. Smilax. Characters as above.

518 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

Susorper II. Liliaceze proper. Never climbing by tendrils.
Very rarely dicecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous.

Series A. Floral bracts scarious. Stamens perigynous on the usually
withering-persistent nerved perianth ; anthers introrse. Style undivided,
mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or a berry. Leaves trans-
versely veined.

Scape from a coated bulb; fruit capsular ; leaves linear.

+ Flowers umbellate ; segments l-nerved ; pedicels not jointed.

_ Allium. Perianth 6-parted. Capsule deeply lobed, often crested; cells 1-2-seeded.
Very alliaceous.
. Nothosecordum. Perianth 6-parted. Seeds several in each cell. Not alliaceous.
4. Androstephium. Perianth tubular-funnel-form. Filaments in the throat, united
into a crown.
«+ + Flowers racemose, 6-parted, the segments 3 - several-nerved.

to

Oo

5, Camassia. Flowers light blue, long-racemose. Filaments filiform.
6. Ornithogalum. Flowers greenish white, sub-corymbose. Filaments dilated.

+ + + Flowers densely racemose ; perianth urn-shaped, 6 toothed.
7. Museari. Flowers deep blue, small. Stamens included.

« * Stem or scape not from a bulb, several-flowered ; capsule many-seeded.

io.)

. Hemerocallis. Scape from a fleshy-fibrous root. Flowers few, large, yellow, tubu
lar-funnel-form; limb 6-parted. Stamens and long style declined. Seeds globose.
9. Yueea. Stem woody, leafy. Flowers white, campanulate, 6-parted. Stigmas sessile.
Seeds flat. ,
* * * Leafy stems (scape in n. 10) from running rootstocks ; fruit a berry ; leaves cordate
to lanceolate (except n. 12); flowers white ; pedicels jointed.
+ Perianth gamophyllous, 6-lobed.
10. Convallaria. Leaves sheathing the scape. Flowers racemose ; perianth bell-shaped. —
ll. Polygonatum. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary ; perianth cylindrical.
+ + Perianth-segments distinct, small, spreading, persistent.
12. Asparagus. Stems branching, the apparent leaves thread-like. Flowers axillary.
13. Smilacina. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 6-parted, racemose or paniculate.
14. Maianthemum. Stem low, 2-leaved. Flowers 4-merous, racemose.

Series B. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Stamens hypogynous or at
the base of the distinct segments of the deciduous perianth (persistent in
n. 23); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally. Style undivided, decid-
uous (stigmas sessile and persistent in n. 23). Fruit a loculicidal cap-
sule ora berry. Veinlets anastomosing (transverse in n. 15, 17-19).
x Fruit a berry; stem or scape from a creeping rootstock ; leaves broad, alternate or radi-
eal ; flowers narrowly campanulate.
15. Streptopus. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary, on bent pedicels. Anthers sagittate,
acute ; filaments deltoid or subulate.
16. Disporum. Stem leafy. Flowers few, in terminal umbels. Anthers oblong, obtuse ;
filaments slender. Veinlets anastomosing.
17. Clintonia. Flowers umbellate on a scape, few or many.
* * Fruit a capsule,
+ Stems leafy, from a short or creeping rootstock ; flowers few, solitary, pendulous ; cap-
sule few-seeded.

18. Uvularia. Stem terete. Leaves perfoliate. Flowers terminal. Capsule truncate,
3-lobed.

19. Oakesia. Stem angled. Leaves sessile. Flowers opposite the leaves. Capsule
acutely 3-winged.

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) O19

+ + Stem or scape from a bulb or corm; capsule many-seeded.
20. Erythronium. Scape from a solid bulb, with a pair of leaves. Flower solitary
Seeds angled, obovoid.
21. Lilium. Stem leafy froma scaly bulb. Seeds horizontal, flattened.

* * * Fruit a berry; stem from a tuber-like rootstock, bearing 1 or 2 whorls of leaves:
flowers terminal ; stigmas sessile.

22. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate. Perianth-segments similar, col-

ored, deciduous.

23. Trillium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl, Flower solitary; outer sepals leaf-like,

persistent.

Series C. Floral bracts green or greenish (rarely scarious), or none. Sta-
mens at the base of the distinct 1 —-several-nerved persistent perianth-seg-
ments; anthers small, versatile. Styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Cap-
sule mostly septicidal. Seeds with a loose testa or appendaged. Leaves
with transverse veinlets (except in n. 24 and 25), .

« Stems leafy or bracteate, from a thick tuberous rootstock ; flowers racemose ; anthers

2-celled ; stigmas linear.

24. Helonias, Leaves radical, oblanceolate. Flowers perfect. Capsule broadly obovate,
many-seeded.

25. Chamzelirium. Stem very leafy. Flowers dicecious. Capsule oblong, many-seeded,

26. Xerophyllum. Stem very leafy; leaves very narrow. Flowers perfect. Capsule
few-seeded.

* * Stems distichously equitant-leafy, from a creeping rootstock ; flowers on bracteolate ped-

icels, racemose ; anthers 2-celled ; stigmas small, terminal ; seeds often appendaged.
7. Tofieldia. Bractlets 3, verticillate. Styles short. Seeds horizontal.
8. Narthecium. Bractlet linear. Stigma slightly lobed. Seeds ascending.

* * * Anthers heart- or kidney-shaped, confluently l-celled, and peltate after opening ,;
stigmas terminal; capsule 3-beaked by the persisteut styles; seeds angled or flat-
tened and margined,

+ Stems tall, leafy, froma a thick rootstock, pubescent above; flowers polygamous, race-
mose-paniculate ; seeds flat, winged.

29. Melanthium. Sepals free from the ovary, their long claws bearing the filaments.
30. Veratrum. Sepals without claws, slightly adnate to the ovary. Leaves strongly
nerved and plicate.
+ + Root mostly bulbous ; glabrous ; flowers racemose or panicled ; seeds narrow, angled;
leaves linear.

31. Stenanthium. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, without glands.

32. Zygadenus. Sepals oblong to ovate, glandular toward the base.

33. Amianthium. Flowers ina dense raceme. Sepals ovate-oblong, glandless, free
from the ovary. Cells of the capsule widely divergent, 1- 2-seeded.

1 SMILAX, Tourn. Greensrier. Cart-prier.

Flowers dicecious in umbels or axillary peduncles, small, greenish or yellow:
ish, regular, the perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Filaments linear, in-
serted on the very base, the introrse anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base,
apparently 1-celled. Ovary of fertile flowers 3-celled (1-celled, with single
stigma, inn. 11); stigmas thick and spreading, almost sessile; ovules 1 or 2
in each cell, pendulous, orthotropous ; fruit a small berry. — Shrubby or rarely
herbaceous, usually climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the petiole
of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves. (The ancient Greek name, of
obscure meaning.)

520 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

§ 1. Stems herbaceous, not prickly ; flowers carrion-scented ; ovules 2 in each cell ;
leaves membranous, mucronate-tipped ; berries bluish-black with a bloom.

1. S. herbacea, L. (Carrion-Frower.) Stem climbing,3-15° high;
leaves ovate or rounded, mostly heart-shaped or truncate at base, abruptly acute
to short-acuminate, 7 -9-nerved, smooth; petioles 4-1’ long; peduncles elon-
gated (3- 4’ long, or sometimes even 6-8’ and much longer than the leaves),
20 -40-flowered ; seeds 6.— Moist meadows and river-banks; common, from
the Atlantic to Minn., Mo.,and Tex. June. Very variable.—Var. PULVER-
ULENTA, Gray, has the leaves more or less soft-downy beneath.

2. S. tamnifolia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing; leaves mostly 5-
nerved, smooth, broadly ovate to lanceolate, truncate or cordate at base, ab-
ruptly acute to acuminate, some of them hastate with broad rounded lobes ;
peduncles longer than the petioles; berry smaller, 2 -3-seeded. — Pine-barrens,
N. J. to8.C.

8. S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, $-3° high, without tendrils (or only the
uppermost petioles tendril-bearing), glabrous; lower leaves reduced to narrow
scale-like bracts, the rest thin, 5-7-nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roundish,
acute, mostly cordate at base, 2-5’ long, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pu-
bescent beneath; peduncles about equalling the petioles (1 - 24’ long), on the
lower part of the stem; umbels 10-20-flowered; berry 3-seeded. — Md. to
S.C., west to Mich. and Mo. May, June.

§ 2. Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary ; glabrous throughout. —

* Leaves ovate or roundish, etc., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at base, and
5 - 9-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.

+ Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles (2-6), flattened ; leaves
thickish, green both sides.

4. §. Walteri, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near the base
or unarmed ; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat heart-shaped or
rounded at base (3-4’ long); berrics coral-red. — Pine barrens, N.J. to Fla.

5. S. rotundifolia, L. (Common GREENBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.) Stem
armed with scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches; branchlets more
or less 4-angular; /eaves ovate or round-ovate, often broader than long, slightly
heart-shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2-3’ long); berries blue-black, with a
bloom. — Moist thickets, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Tex. Very vari-
able, passing into var. QUADRANGULARIS, Gray, which has branches, and espe-
cially branchlets, 4-angular, and is more common west.

+- + Peduncle longer than but seldom twice the length of the short petiole, flat
tened ; leaves tardily deciduous or partly persistent ; berries black, with a bloom.

6. S. glatica, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-angular branchlets
armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate,
glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young
(about 2’ long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. — Dry
thickets, E. Mass. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Tex.

7. S. bona-nox, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branchlets
sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; /eaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped or 3-lobed, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the

Liniacka#. (LILY FAMILY.) 524

margins often somewhat bristly-ciliate or spinulose. (S. tamnoides, Mun. ;
probably not 4.) — Thickets; Nantucket, Mass. (ZL. L. Dame); N. J. to Fla.,
west to Il]., Mo., and Tex.

x + + Peduncle 2-4 times the length of the petiole ; leaves ample (3-5’ long),
thin or thinnish, green both sides; berries black ; stem terete and branchlets
nearly so.

8. S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated; stem (climbing
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flows
ering branchlets mostly naked; /eaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped,
pointed, slightly rough-margined, membranaceous and deciduous; peduncles
14-2’ long; sepals lanceolate, almost 3” long. — Moist thickets, Conn. to Va.,
west to Minn. and Tex. June.

9. S. Psetdo-China, lL. Rootstock tuberous; stems and branches un-
armed, or with very few weak prickles; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the
branchlets ovate-oblong, cuspidate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm
in texture; peduncles flat (2-3’ long).— Dry or sandy soil, N. J. to Fla.,
west to S. Ind. and Mo. July.

* * Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at base into a short
petiole, 3-5-nerved, shining above, paler or glaucous beneath, many without
tendrils ; peduncles short, sldom exceeding the petioles, terete; the umbels
sometimes panicled ; branches terete, unarmed.

10. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves thinnish, rather deciduous, ovate-lanceo-
late or lance-oblong ; stigmas 3; berries dull red. — Rich woods and margins
of swamps, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. June.

ll. §. laurifolia, L. Leaves thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanceolate to linear (2}-5’ long); stigmas solitary and ovary 1-celled ;
berries black when ripe, 1-seeded, maturing in the second year. — Pine-barrens,
N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. July, Aug.

9. ALGLIUM, L. Onton. Ganric.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the very
base, l-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent ;
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at base. Style persistent, but jointed upon
the very short axis of the ovary, thread-like; stigma simple. Capsule lobed,
loculicidal, 3-valved, with 1-2 ovoid-kidney-shaped amphitropous or campylo-
tropous black seeds in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent stemless herbs ;
the leaves and scape from a coated bulb; flowers in a simple umbel, some of
them frequently changed to bulblets; spathe scarious, 1—2-valved. (The
ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)

§ 1. Bulbs cespitose, narrowly oblong and crowning a rhizome ; coats membranous.
* Leaves (2 or 3) elliptic-lanceolate ; ovules solitary in each cell.

1. A. tricé6ccum, Ait. (Witp Leex.) Scape naked (4-12’ high from
clustered pointed bulbs, 2’ long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; leaves
5-9’ long, 1-2’ wide; sepals oblong (greenish white), equalling the nearly
distinct filaments ; capsule strongly 3-lobed. — Rich woods, W. N. Eng. to Minn.
and Jowa, south in the mountains to N. C. Leaves appearing in early spring
and dying before the flowers are developed.

522 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

x * Leaves linear; ovules a pair in each cell.

2. A. Schcendoprasum, L. (Cuives.) Scape naked or leafy at base
(6-12 high), bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ;
sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ;
leaves awl-shaped, hollow ; capsule not crested. — From N. Brunswick and the
Great Lakes to the Pacific. (Eu., Asia.)

3. A. cérnuum, Roth. (Witp Onton.) Scape naked, angular ($-2°
high), nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping few —many-flowered
umbel ; leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate,
acute (rose-color), shorter than the slender filaments and style; capsule 6-
crested. — In the Alleghanies to 8. C., west to Minn., Mo., 'Tex., and westward.

§ 2. Bulbs mostly solitary, not rhizomatous ; coats often fibrous ; leaves narrowly
linear, flat or channelled (terete in A. vineale).

4. A. stellatum, Fras. Scape terete (6-18’ high), slender, bearing an
erect umbel; bulb-coats membranous; sepals broad, acute; stamens and style
exserted ; capsule prominently 6-crested. — Rocky slopes, Minn. to W. Ill. and
Mo., and westward.

5. A. reticulatum, Fraser. Scape3-8 high; bulbs densely and coarsely
Jibrous-coated ; spathe 2-valved; umbel rarely bulbiferous; sepals ovate- to
narrowly lanceolate, thin and lax in fruit, a third longer than the stamens ; cap-
sule crested. — Sask. to Iowa and N. Mex.

6. A. Nuttallii, Watson. Scape 4-6’ high, from a very fibrous-coated
bull ; spathe usually 3-valved; sepals usually broader, rather rigid in fruit;
capsule not crested. — Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

7. A. Canadénse, Kalm. (Witp Gartic.) Scape 1° high or more;
bulb-coats somewhat fibrous; wmbel densely bulbiferous or few-flowered ; sepals
narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equalling or exceeding the stamens; capsule not
crested. — Moist meadows, N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf. May, June.

A. vineAce, L. (Fretp Gartic.) Scape slender, clothed with the sheath-
ing bases of the leaves below the middle (1-3° high) ; leaves terete and hollow,
slender, channelled above; wmbel often densely bulbiferous ; filaments much di-
lated, the alternate ones cuspidate on each side of the anther. — Moist meadows
and fields; a vile weed eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. NOTHOSCORDUM, Kunth.

Flowers greenish-or yellowish white. Capsule oblong-obovate, somewhat
lobed, obtuse, with the style obscurely jointed on the summit; cells several-
ovuled and -seeded. Filaments filiform, distinct, adnate at base. Bulb tuni-
cated, not alliaceous. Otherwise as in Allium. (Name from v@os, false, and
oKopdioy, garlic.)

1. N. striatum, Kunth. Scape 1° high or less; bulb small, often bulbi-
ferous at base; leaves narrowly linear; flowers few, on slender pedicels, the
segments narrowly oblong, 4-6” long; ovules 4-7 in each cell. (Allium
striatum, Jacq.) — Prairies and open woods, Va. to Ind., Neb., and southward.

4. ANDROSTEPHIUM, Tor.

Perianth funnel-form, the cylindrical tube equalling the somewhat spreading
limb or shorter; segments l-nerved. Stamens 6, in one row upon the throat;

LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 523

the filaments united to form an erect tubular crown, with bifid lobes alternate
with the oblong versatile anthers. Capsule sessile, subglobose-triquetrous,
beaked by the stout persistent style; seeds large, few to several in each cell.
— Scape and linear leaves from a membranous- or fibrous-coated corm; pale
lilac flowers umbellate ; pedicels not jointed ; involucral bracts several. (Name
from avhp, for stamen, and orégos, crown, referring to the stamineal crown.)

1 A. violaceum, Torr. Scape2-6’ high; flowers 8-12” long or more,
usually exceeding the stout pedicels, the tube nearly as long as the hmb; crown
scarcely shorter than the limb. — Kan. to Tex.

5. CAMASSIA, Lindl.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, 3 -7-nerved, slightly
irregular, mostly deciduous ; the 6 filiform filaments at their base. Style thread-
like, the base persistent. Capsule oblong or obovate, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-
valved, with several black roundish seeds in each cell. — Scape and linear leaves
from a coated bulb; the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed
pedicels. (From the native Indian name quamash or camass.)

1. C. Fraseri, Torr. (Eastern Camass. Witp Hyacrytu.) Scape
1° high or more; leaves keeled; raceme elongated; bracts longer than the
pedicels; sepals pale blue, 3-nerved, 4-7” long; capsule acutely triangular-
globose. (Scilla Fraseri, Gray.) — Rich ground, W. Penn. to Minn. and
KE. Kan., and in the mountains to Ga.

6. ORNITHOGALU M, Tourn. Srar-OF-BETHLEHEM.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3-7-nerved sepals. Filaments 6,
flattened-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 3-angled. Capsule membranous,
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal.
— Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed,
bracted ; pedicels not jointed. (An ancient whimsical name from dpuis, a bird,
and yaaa, milk.)

O. umBELLATUM, L. Scape 4-9’ high; flowers 5-8, on long and spread
ing pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gar-
dens. (Nat. from Eu.)

O. nurans, L. Scape 1° high or more; flowers 5 or 6, large (1’ long), nod-
ding on very short pedicels; filaments very broad.— Rarely escaped from
gardens; Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape-HyacinTHu.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothed (blue). Stamens 6, included ;
anthers short, introrse. Style short. Capsule loculicidal, with 2 black angular
seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb; the
small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the name).

M. sorryoipes, Mill. Leaves linear, 3-4” broad; flowers globular (1-
14” long), deep blue, appearing like minute grapes. — Escaped from gardens
into copses and fence-rows. (Ady. from Eu.)

M. racemosum, Mill. Leaves1-14” broad; flowers oblong-urceolate, 2-
24” long, deep blue, fragrant. — Rare escape, Md. and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Dayv-Liry.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the
spreading limb 6-parted; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in

524 LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.)

Lilium, but introrse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and
ascending; stigma simple. Capsule (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculi-
cidally 3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy per-
ennials, with fleshy-fibrous roots; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked
at the base of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit several bracted and
large yellow flowers; these collapse and decay after expanding for a single
day (whence the name, from 7juépa, a day, and Kaddros, beauty.)

H. rttva, L. (Common Day-Lity.) Inner divisions (petals) of the tawny
orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv.
from Eu.)

So: VUCEAL az Bear-Grass. SpPaNisH BAYOneT.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white or greenish) oval or oblong and acute flat
sepals, withering-persistent, the 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens.
Stigmas 3, sessile. Capsule oblong, somewhat 6-sided, 3-celled, or imperfectly
6-celled by a partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valved
from theapex. Seeds very many in each cell, flattened. — Stems woocy, either
very short or rising into thick and columnar palm-like trunks, bearing per-
sistent rigid linear or sword-shaped leaves, and an often ample compound pan-
icle or branched raceme of showy flowers. (The native Haytian name for the
root of the Cassava-plant.)

1. Y. angustifolia, Pursh. Caudex none or very short; leaves straight
very stiff and pungent, $-2° long by 1-6” wide, filiferous on the margin; ra-
ceme mostly simple, nearly sessile (1-4° long); flowers 14-24’ wide; stigmas
green, shorter than the ovary ; capsule 6-sided (3’ long); seeds 5-6" broad.
— §. Dak. to Iowa, Kan., and N. Mex. May, June.

2. Y. filamentosa, L. (Apam’s NEEDLE.) Caudex 1° high or less,
from a running rootstock ; leaves numerous, coriaceous, more or less tapering
to a short point, rough on the back, 1}-2° long by 1-3’ wide, filiferous on
the margin; panicle pyramidal, densely flowered, on a stout bracteate scape, 4—-
9° high; flowers large; stigmas pale, elongated; capsule 14’ long; seeds 3”
broad. — Near the coast, Md. to Fla. and La. July. Very variable.

10. CONVALLARIA, L. _ Liuy or tHe Vattey.

Perianth bell-shaped (white), 6-lobed, deciduous; the lobes recurved. Sta-
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth; anthers introrse. Ovary
3-celled, tapering into a stout style; stigma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each
cell. Berry few-seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with
slender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 oblong
leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as
to appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty
and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from Lilium convallium, the
popular name.)

1. C. majalis, L.— High mountains of Va. toS.C. Apparently identical
with the European Lity oF THE VALLEY of the gardens.

ll. POLYGONATUM, Tourn. SoLomon’s SEAL.

Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit; the 6 stamens inserted
on or above the middle of the tube, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled,

So

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 525

with 2-6 ovules in each cell; style slender, deciduous by a joint; stigma ob-
tuse or capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells
1 -2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from
creeping thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly
sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers ;
pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient name, composed of odds, many,
and ydvu, knee, alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.) —
Ours are alternate-leaved species, the stem terete or scarcely angled when
fresh.

1. P. biflorum, Ell. (Smatier Sotomoy’s Szat.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which are commonly
minutely pubescent as well as pale or glaucous underneath ; stem slender (1 -3°
high) ; peduncles 1-3- but mostly 2-flowered ; perianth 4-6” long; filaments
papillose-roughened, inserted toward the summit of the perianth.— Wooded
hillsides, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex.

2. P. gigantéum, Dietrich. (Great 8.) Glabrous throughout; stem
stout and mostly tall (2-7° high), terete; leaves ovate, partly clasping (3-8
long), or the upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several-
(2-8-) flowered, jointed below the flower; flowers 5-9” long; filaments smooth
and naked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube. — Meadows and
river-banks, N. Eng. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. June.

12. ASPARAGUS, Tourn. Asparagus.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading above; the 6 stamens on its base; anthers
introrse. Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled; the cells
2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted
rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels.
The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branchlets,
acting as leaves, clustered in the axils of little scales which are the true leaves.
(The ancient Greek name.)

A. orricinAis, L. (GARDEN Asparacus.) Herbaceous, tall, bushy-
branched; leaves thread-like.— A frequent escape from gardens. June.
(Ady. from Eu.)

13. SMILACINA, Desf. Fatse Sotomon’s Srat.

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Stamens 6, in-
serted at the base of the divisions; filaments slender, anthers short, introrse.
Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short and thick stigma ob-
scurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, 1 - 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple
stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile
leaves, and white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or
compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which, however, these
plants bear little resemblance.)

* Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle ; stamens exceed-
ing the small (1” long) segments ; ovules collateral ; rootstock stout, fleshy.

1. §. racemosa, Desf. (Fatse Sprkenarp.) Minutely downy (1-8°
high); leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ciliate, ab-
ruptly somewhat petioled; berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. —
Moist conses, N. Brunswick to 8. C., west to Minn., E. Kan. and Ark.

526 LILIACEE. (LILY FAMILY.)

* * Flowers larger (2-3” long), on solitary pedicels in a simple few-flowered
raceme ; stamens included ; ovules not collateral ; rootstock rather slender.

2 §. stellata, Desf. Plant (1° high or less) nearly glabrous, or the 7 -
12 oblong-lanceolate leaves minutely downy beneath when young, slightly
clasping; raceme sessile or nearly so; berries blackish.— Moist banks, Lab.
to N. J., west to E. Kan., Minn., and westward. (Eu.)

3. §. trifolia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (2- 6’ high); leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme peduncled ; berries red
— Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Mich. and Min. (Sib.)

14. MAIANTHEMUM, Wigs.

Perianth 4-parted, with as many stamens. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed.
Otherwise as in Smilacina. — Flowers solitary or fascicled, in a simple raceme
upon a low 2-3-leaved stem. Leaves ovate- to lanceolate-cordate. (Name
from Maius, May, and &feuov, a flower.)

1. M. Canadénse, Desf. Pubescent or glabrous (3-5’ high); leaves
lanceolate to ovate, cordate at base with a very narrow sinus, sessile or very
shortly petioled; perianth-segments 1” long. (Smilacina bifolia, var. Cana-
densis, Gray.) — Moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn. and Iowa. May.

15. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twisrep-Srarx.

Perianth recurved-spreading from a bell-shaped base, deciduous; the 6 dis-
tinct sepals lanceolate, acute, the 3 inner keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, ex-
trorse, fixed near the base to the short flattened filaments, tapering above to
a slender entire or 2-cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell; style
and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. —
Herbs, with rather stout stems from a creeping rootstock, forking and diver-
gent branches, ovate and taper-pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous
leaves, and small (extra-) axillary flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on
slender thread-like peduncles, which are abruptly bent or contorted near the
middle (whence the name, from orperros, twisted, and mods, foot or stalk).

1. S. amplexifolius, DC. Stem 2-3° high, glabrous; /eaves very
smooth, glaucous underneath, strongly clasping ; flower greenish-white (4-6”
long) on a long abruptly bent peduncle; anthers tapering to a slender entire
point; stigma entire, truncate. — Cold moist woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., south
to Ohio, Penn., and in the mountains to N.C. June. (Eu.)

2. S. roseus, Michx. Lower leaves green both sides, finely ciliate, and the
branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs; flower rose-purple (3-47
jong), more than half the length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-
horned; stigma 3-cleft.—Cold damp woods, N. Eng. to N. Minn., and south
in the mountains to Ga. May.

16. DISPORUM, Salisb.

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate or linear, deciduous.
Filaments thread-like, much longer than the linear-cblong blunt anthers,
which are fixed by a point above the base and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules
{in our species) suspended from the summit of each cell; style one; stigmas

LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 527

short, recurved-spreading, or sometimes united into one! Berry ovoid or ob:
long, pointed, 3-6-seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, with creeping rootstocks,
erect stems sparingly branched above, with closely sessile ovate thin and
transversely veined leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender
terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from 8/s, double, and
otopa, seed, in allusion to the 2 ovules in each cell.)

1. D. lanuginosum, Benth. & Hook. Leaves ovate-oblong, taper-
pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, closely sessile, downy be-
neath; flowers solitary or in pairs; sepals lineax-lanceolate, taper-pointed (+
long), soon spreading, twice the length of the stamens, greenish ; style smooth;
stigmas 3. (Prosartes lanuginosa, Don.) — Rich woods, western N. Y. to Va.
and Ga., west to Ky. and Tenn. May.

17. CLEN TON DAs Rat

Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-chaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 sta-
mens inserted at their base. Filaments iong and thread-like; anthers linear
or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down
the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-38-celled; style long; stigmas 2 or 3, or
in o rs united into one. Berry few -many-seeded.— Short-stemmed peren-
nials, with slender creeping rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at
the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers
rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.)

1. C. borealis, Raf. Scape and leaves 5-8’ long; wmbel 3 -6-flowered ;
perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3-4” long); berry ovoid,
blue ; ovules 20 or more. —Cold moist woods, Lab. to N. C., west to Minn.

2. C.umbellata, Torr. Flowers half the size of the last, white, speckled
with green or purplish dots; umbel many-flowered; berry globular, black;
ovules 2 in each cell. — Rich woods, in the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga.

18. UVULARIA, L. Bettworr.

Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 distinct sepals
spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at base, with a deep honey-
bearing groove within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens
much shorter, barely adherent to their base; anthers linear, much longer than
the filaments, adnate and cxtrorse, but the long narrow cells opening laterally.
Style deeply 3-cleft; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule
truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit. Seeds few in eack
cell, obovoid, with a thin white aril.—Stems rather low, terete, from a short
rootstock with fleshy roots, naked or scaly at base, forking above, bearing
oblong perfoliate flat and membranaceous leaves with smooth margins, and
yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal peduncles. (Name
“from the flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.”)

1. U. perfoliata, L. Glaucous throughout, $-14° high, with 1-3 leaves
below the fork ; leaves glabrous, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, acute; perianth-
segments granular-pubescent within (8 -16” long) ; stamens shorter than the st yles ;
tip of the connective acuminate; cells of the capsule with 2 dorsal ridges and
2-beaked at the apex. — Rich woods, N. Eng. to the Dakotas, and southward.

528 LILIACEZ., (LILY FAMILY.)

2. U. grandiflora, Smith. Yellowish-green, not glaucous ; stem naked
or with a single leaf below the fork; leaves whitish-pubescent beneath, usually
somewhat acuminate; perianth-segments smooth within or nearly so (12-187
long); stamens exceeding the styles, obtusely tipped; capsule obtusely lobed
(U. flava, Smith.) — Rich woods, Canada to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

19. OAKESIA, Watson.

Flowers resembling those of Uvularia, but the segments obtuse or acutish,
earinately gibbous and without ridges within. Capsule membranous, ellipti-
cal, acutish at each end or shortly stipitate, triquetrous and acutely winged,
very tardily dehiscent. Seeds globose, with a very tumid spongy rhaphe. —
Stem acutely angled, from a slender creeping rootstock, with sessile clasping
leaves scabrous on the margin, and 1 or 2 flowers terminal on slender pedun-
cles but soon appearing opposite to the leaves by the growth of the branches. *
creat to William Oakes.)

. O. sessilifolia, Watson. Leaves lance-oblong, acute at each end,
Pa glaucous beneath, sessile or partly clasping ; sepals 7-12” long; anthers
obtuse; capsule short-stipitate, 6-10” long. (Uvularia sessilifolia, L.) — Low
woods, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Neb. and Ark.

2. O. pubérula, Watson. Slightly puberulent; leaves bright green both
sides and shining, oval, mostly rounded at base, with rougher edges; styles
separate to near the base, not exceeding the acute anthers; capsule not stipi-
tate, 10-12” long. (Uvularia puberula, Michx.) — Mountains, Va. to 8. C.

20. ERYTHRONIUM, L. _ Doe’s-roorn Viorer.

Perianth lily-like, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, recurved or spreading
above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the
erect base, and a groove in the middle, Filaments 6, awl-shaped; anthers
oblong-linear, continuing erect. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, con-
tracted at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a
loose membranaceous tip. — Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and
shining flat leaves tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the com-
monly one-flowered scape, rising froma deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather
large, nodding, in spring. (The Greek name for the purple-flowered Euro-
pean species, from épu@pos, red.)

1. E. Americanum, Ker. (YELLow ADDER’s-TONGUE.) Scape 6-9
high; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whit-
‘ish ar commonly minutely dotted; perianth light yellow, often spotted near
the base (10-20 long); style club-shaped; stigmas united. — Rich ground,
N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. BE. albidum, Nutt. (Wire Doa’s-rootu VioLet.) Leaves ellip-
tical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted; perianth pinkish-white; inner
divisions toothless; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short
spreading stigmas. — Rich ground, N. Y. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan.

3. E. proptllans, Gray. Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle ;
leaves smaller and more acuminate ; flowers bright rose-color, yellowish at base
(6” long); style slender; stigmas united. — In rich soil, Minn. and Ont.

LILIACEEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 529

EEE U Me. + Livy.

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading
or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous; the 6
stamens somewhat adhering to their bases. Anthers linear, extrorsely at-
tached near the middle to the tapering apex of the long filament, which is at
first included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly
introrse line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped ; stigma 3-lobed. Cap-
sule oblong, containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated
seeds densely. packed in 2 rows in each cell. Bulbs scaly, producing simple
stems, with numerous alternate-scattered or whorled narrow sessile leaves,
and from one to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical
Latin name, from the Greek Ae/piov.)

* Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed below into claws ; bulbs not rhizomatous.

1. L. Philadélphicum, L. (Witp Orance-repD Lity. Woop Liry.)
Stem 2-3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled or scattered ; flowers (2-4’
long) 1-3, open-bell-shaped, reddish-orange spotted with purplish inside; the
lanceolate sepals not recurved at the summit; bulb of thick fleshy jointed
scales. — Dry or sandy ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

2. L. Catesbiei, Walt. (SourHern Rep Lity.) Leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, scattered ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy
on the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple
and yellow inside; bulb-scales thin, narrow and leaf-bearing. — Pine-barrens,
N. C. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo.

* * Flowers nodding, the sepals sessile ; bulbs rhizomatous.

3. L. supérbum, L. (Turx’s-cap Liny.) Stem 3-7° high; lower
leaves whorled, lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers (3’ long) often
many (3-20 or 40) in a pyramidal raceme; sepals strongly revolute, bright
orange, with numerous dark purple spots inside.— Rich low grounds, N.
Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

4. L. Canadénse, L. (WiLp Yettow Lity.) Stem 2-7° high; leaves
remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough;
flowers few (2-8’ long), long-peduncled, oblong-bell-shaped, the sepals re-
curved-spreading above, yellow or orange, usually spotted with brown. — Moist
meadows and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.

5. L. Grayi, Watson. Stems 2-3° high; leaves in whorls of 4-8, lan-
ceolate, acute or slightly acuminate, smooth; flowers 1 or 2, nearly horizon-
tal, the sepals (14-23 long) but little spreading above the rather broad base,
rather abruptly acute, deep reddish orange, thickly spotted within. — Peaks
of Otter, Va., and southward in the mountains to N. C.

L. tT1¢rinum, Ker. (Tiger Liry.) Tall, pubescent above; leaves scat-
tered, narrowly lanceolate, dark green, 5—7-nerved, the upper axils bulbifer-
ous; flowers large, resembling those of L. superbum.— An escape from
gardens. (Adv. from E. Asia.)

22. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Inp1aAn CucUMBER-ROOT.

Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-
yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6; anthers shorter than the slender filaments,
oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the

530 LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMIL. )

closely contiguous parallel cells lateral or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles,
stigmatic down the upper side, recurved-diverging from the globose ovary,
long and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-celled, few-
seeded. — A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1 —3° high, clotheu
with flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous
white rootstock (which has the taste of cucumber), bearing near the middle a
whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly parallel-ribbed
and netted-veiny, thin leaves ; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller
ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers.
(Named after the sorceress Medea, for its supposed great medicinal virtues.)

1. M. Virginiana, L.— Rich damp woods, N. Eng. to Minn., Ind., and
southward. June.

23. TRILLIUM, L. Waxe Ror. Brrtnroor.

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6; anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, usu-
ally introrse; the cells opening down the margins. Stigmas sessile, awl-
shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovary 3-6-angled, Berry ovate, usually 6-angled or -winged,
3-celled (purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell. — Low
perennial herbs, with a stout and simple stem rising from a short and pre-
morse tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 ample,
commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed but netted-veined leaves, and a
terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from ¢rip/um, triple; all the parts
being in threes.) — Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes
petals changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.

x Ovary and fruit 6-angled and more or less winged.
« Flower sessile; the very broad connective produced beyond the axther-cells.

1. T.séssile, L. Leaves sessile, ovate or rhomboidal, acute, often blotched
or spotted ; sepals spreading ; sessile petals erect-spreading, narrowly lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, dark and dull purple, varying to greenish; fruit glo-
bose, 6” long. — Moist woods, Penn. to Fla., west to Minn. and Ark.

2. T. recurvatum, Beck. Leaves contracted at the base into a petiole,
ovate, oblong, or obovate; sepals reflexed ; petals pointed, the base narrowed into
a claw, oblong-lanceolate to -ovate, dark purple; fruit ovate, strongly winged
above, 9” long. — Rich woods, Ohio and Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

a + Flower pedicelled ; connective narrow, not produced ; leaves subsessile.
++ Pedicel longer than the flower ; filament shorter than the anther.

3. T. eréctum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (2}-6’ wide), shortly
acuminate; pedicel (1-38’ long) usually more or less inclined or declinate ;
petals ovate to lanceolate (9- 18” long), brown-purple or often white or green-
ish or pinkish; stamens equalling or exceeding the stout distinct spreading or
recurved stigmas; fruit ovate, 1’ long, reddish.— Rich woods, N. Scotia to
N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. Flowers ill-scented.

4. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Leaves less broadly rhombic-ovate (14 -4’
wide) ; pedicel erect or ascending ; petals oblanceolate, often broadly so (1}-— 23’
long), white turning rose-color or marked with green; stamens with stout

MiLIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.) 53)

filaments (persistently green about the fruit) and anthers, exceeding the very
sender erect or suberect and somewhat coherent stigmas; fruit globose, 4-1’
long. — Rich woods, Vt. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

++ ++ Pedicel short, recurved or strongly declinate; jilaments slender, about
equalling the anther.

5. T. eérnuum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2-4’ broad);
petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-lanceolate (6 - 12” long), wavy, recurved-
spreading ; stamens with short anthers, shorter than the stout recurved dis-
tinct stigmas; fruit ovate.— Moist woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga.
and Mo.

* x Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or angled, not winged ; filaments slender, about
equalling the anthers ; pedicel erect or inclined ; leaves petiolate.

6. T. nivale, Riddell. (Dwarr Wuite T.) Small (2-4’ high); leaves
oval or ovate, obtuse (1—2’ long); petals oblong, obtuse (6-15” long), white,
scarcely wavy, spreading from an erect base, equalling the peduncle; styles
long and slender; fruit depressed globose, with 3 rounded lobes, 3-4” long.
— Rich woods, W. Penn. and Ky. to Minn. and Iowa.

7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. (Painrep T.) Leaves ovate, taper.
pointed ; petals ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, white
painted with purple stripes at the base, shorter than the peduncle; fruit broad-
ovate, obtuse, 7 - 9” long. — Cold damp woods and bogs, N. Brunswick to Ga.,
west to Wisc. and Mo.

24, HELONIAS, L.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong purple sepals, persistent,
several-nerved, glandless, turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments.
Anthers 2-celled, roundish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic
down the inner side, deciduous. Capsule obcordately 3-lobed, loculicidally
3-valved; the valves divergently 2-lobed. Seeds many in each cell, linear, with
a tapering appendage at both ends. — A smooth perennial, with many oblong-
spatulate or oblanceolate evergreen flat leaves, from a tuberous rootstock, pro-
ducing in early spring a stout hollow sparsely bracteate scape (1-2° high),
sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by a simple and short
dense raceme. Bracts obsolete; pedicels shorter than the flowers. (Name
probably from €Aos, a swamp, the place of growth.)

1. H. bullata, L.— Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Va.; rare and local.

25. CHAMALIRIUM, Willd. Deviv’s-Brr.

Flowers diwcious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-linear (white) spreading I-nerved
sepals, withering-persistent. Filaments and (white) anthers, as in Helonias;
fertile flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stig-
matic along the inner side. Capsule ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin tex-
ture, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, many-seeded. Seeds linear-oblong,
winged at each end.— Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter)
thick and abrupt tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked
raceme (4—12’ long) of small bractless flowers; fertile plant more leafy than
the staminate. Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a

532 LILIACEH. (LILY FAMILY.)

petiole. (Name formed of xaual, on the ground, and Aefpioy, lily, the genus
having been founded on a dwarf undeveloped specimen.)

i. C. Carolinianum, Willd. (Buiazixe-Srar.) Stem 1-4° high. (C.
luteum, Gray.) — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Neb. and Ark. June.

296. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval
distinct, without glands or claws, 5-7-nerved, at length withering, about the
length of the awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2-celled, short, extrorse. Style:
thread-like, stigmatic down the inner side, persistent. Capsule globular,
3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculicidal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds
2 in each cell, collateral, 3-angled, not margined. — Herb with the stem simple,
1 -4° high, from a thick tuberous rootstock, bearing a simple dense bracteate
raceme of showy flowers, and thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the
upper reduced to bristle-like bracts; those from the root very many in a dense
tuft, reclined, a foot long or more, 1” wide below, rough on the margin, re-
markably dry and rigid. (Name from énpds, arid, and @vAdovr, leaf.)

1. X. setifolium, Michx. Stem1-4° high. (X. asphodeloides, Nutt.)
— Pine-barrens, N. J. to Ga. June.

27. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. Fase ASPHODEL.

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Per!
anth more or less spreading, persistent ; the sepals (white or greenish) con-
cave, oblong or obovate, without claws, 3-nerved. Filaments awl-shaped ;
anthers short, innate or somewhat introrse, 2-celled. Styles awl-shaped ;
stigmas terminal. Capsule 3-angular, 3-partible or septicidal; cells many-
seeded. Seeds oblong, horizontal. — Slender perennials, mostly tufted, with
short or creeping rhizomes, and simple stems leafy only at the base, bearing
small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear,
grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tofield, an English botanist of the last century.)

* Glabrous ; pedicels solitary, in a short raceme or head ; seeds not appendaged,

1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (2-6’ high), slen
der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers,
leaves tufted, 4-11’ long. —L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Stem and inflorescence pubescent ; pedicels fascicled in threes ; seeds caudate

2. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem (6-16’ high) and pedicels very glutinous
with dark glands; leaves broadly linear, short; perianth not becoming rigid ;
capsule thin; seeds with a contorted tail at each end. — Moist grounds, Maine
to Minn., and northward; also south in the Alleghanies. June.

3. T. pubens, Ait. Stem (1-3° high) and pedicels roughened with mi-
nute glands; leaves longer and narrower; perianth rigid about the firm cap-
sule; seeds with a short white appendage at each end. — Pine-barrens, N. J.
to Fla. and Ala. July.

28. NARTHECIUM, Moehring. Boc-Aspnopet.

Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments 6, woolly ; an-
thers linear, introrse. Capsule cylindrical-oblong, attenuate upward and bearing

LILIACEZ. (LILY FAMILY.) 533

the slightly lobed sessile stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds ascending,
appendaged at each end with a long bristle-form tail. — Rootstock creeping,
bearing linear equitant leaves, and a simple stem or scape, terminated by a
simple dense bracteate raceme; pedicels bearing a linear bractlet. (Name an
anagram of Anthericum, from ayv@€pikos, supposed to have been the Asphodel.)

1. N. Americanum, Ker. Stem 1° high or more; leaves 1” wide,
7-9-nerved; raceme dense (1~-2’ long); perianth-segments narrowly linear
(2-24” long), scarcely exceeding the stamens. (N. ossifragum, var. Ameri-
canum, Gray,) — Sandy bogs, pine-barrens of N. J, June, July.

29. MELANTHIUM, Lin.

Flowers moneeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped or oblanceolate
sepals, raised on slender claws, cream-colored or greenish, the base marked with
2 approximate or confluent glands, or glandless, turning greenish brown and
persistent. Filaments shorter than the sepals, adhering to their claws often to
near the summit, persistent. Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, conflu-
ently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening, extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped,
diverging, tipped with simple stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3
inflated membranaceous carpels united in the axis, separating when ripe, and
splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds flat, broadly winged. —
Stems tall and leafy, from a thick rootstock, roughish-downy above, as well as
the open and ample pyramidal panicle (composed chiefly of simple racemes),
the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves linear to oblanceolate or oval, not
plaited. (Name composed of péaAas, black, and &yv6os, flower, from the darker
color which the persistent perianth assumes after blossoming.)

* Sepals with a conspicuous doulle-gland at the summit of the claw.

1. M. Virginicum, L. (Buncu-rtower.) Stem 3-5° high, leafy,
rather slender; leaves linear (4-10” wide); sepals flat, ovate to oblong or
slightly hastate (24-4” long); capsule 6” long; seeds 10 in each cell, 2-3”
long. — Wet meadows, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Tex.

2. M. latifolium, Desrouss. Leaves more oblanceolate, often 2’ broad ;
sepals undulate (2-3” long), the very narrow claw nearly equalling the orbicu-
lar or ovate blade; capsule 6-8” long; styles more slender ; seeds 4-8 in each
cell, 3-4” long. (M. racemosum, J/ichx.) — W. Conn. to 8. C.

x * Sepals oblanceolate, without glands.

3. M. parvifiorum, Watson. Stem rather slender (2-5° high), spar-
ingly leafy, naked above; leaves oval to oblanceolate (2-4’ wide), on long
petioles; sepals 2-3” long, oblanceolate or spatulate, those of the sterile flow-
ers on claws; stamens very short; capsule 6” long; seeds 4-6 in each cell, 4”
long. (Veratrum parviflorum, J/ichr.) — In the Alleghanies, Va. to S. C.

30. VERATRUM, Tour. Fatse HELLEBORE.

Flowers moneciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base (but not clawed), nearly free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Fila-
ments free from the sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils,

534 LILIACE. (LILY FAMILY.)

fruit, ete., near.y as in Melanthium.— Somewhat pubescen perennials, with
simple stems from a thickened base producing coarse fibrous roots (very poison-
ous), 3-ranked, plaited and strongly veined leaves, and racemed-panicled dull
or dingy flowers; in summer. (Name from vere, truly, and ater, black.)

1 V. viride, Ait. (AmeRiIcAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN POKE.)
Stem stout, very leafy to the top (2-7° high) ; leaves broadly oval, pointed,
sheath-clasping ; panicle pyramidal, the dense spike-like racemes spreading :
perianth yellowish-green, moderately spreading, the segments ciliate-serrulate ;
ovary glabrous ; capsule many-seeded. — Swamps and low grounds, common.

2. V. Woddii, Robbins. Stem slender, sparingly leafy (2-5° high) ; leaves
oblanceolate, only the lowest sheathing ; panicle very narrow ; perianth greenish-
purple, with entire segments ; ovary tomentose, soon glabrate ; capsule few-seeded.
— Woods and hilly barrens, 8. Ind. to Mo.

31 STENANTHIUM, Gray.

Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate,
tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent
with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the
short stamens. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly asin Veratrum. Seeds nearly
wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a bulbous base, long and
grass-like conduplicate-keeled leaves, and numerous small flowers in compound
racemes, forming a long terminal panicle; in summer. (Name composed of
atevds, narrow, and &véos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)

1. S. angustifolium, Gray. Stem leafy (3 - 4° high), very slender ; leaves
2-3” broad ; panicle elongated, nearly simple, very open, with slender flexuous
branches; flowers nearly sessile or the fertile on short pedicels; sepals linear-
lanceolate (white), 2-3” long; capsule strongly reflexed, narrowly oblong-ovate,
with spreading beaks. — In the Alleghanies from Va. to 8. C.

2. S. robustum, Watson. Resembling the Jast; stem stout, leafy, erect
(3 -5° high) ; leaves 4-10” broad ; panicle or raceme often 2° long, frequently
compound with numerous slender branches; sepals (white or green) 3-4” long;
capsule erect, ovate, with recurved beaks. — Penn. to S. C., Ohio and Tenn.

32. ZYGADENUS, Michx.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading ;
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular near the more or less nar-
rowed but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent
with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length.
Anthers, styles, and capsule nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds angled, rarely
at all margined. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple
stems from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and rather large
panicled greenish-white flowers; insummer. (Name composed of (uyds, a yoke,
and any, « g/and, the glands being sometimes in pairs.)

* Glands on the perianth conspicuous.
+ Rootstock creeping ; glands 2, orbicular, above the broad claw.

1 Z. glabérrimus, Michx. Stems 1-3° high; leaves grass-like, chan-
nelled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering to a point ; panicle pyramidal,

PONTEDERIACE®. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) o3a

many-flowered ; flowers perfect ; sepals nearly free (}’ long), ovate, becoming
Jance-ovate, with a short claw. — Grassy low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala.
+ + Root bulbous; glands covering the base of the sepals.

2. Z. élegans, Pursh. Stem 1-3° high; leaves flat, carinate; raceme
simple or sparingly branched and few-flowered; bracts »vate-lanceolate; base
of the perianth coherent with the base of the ovary, the thin ovate or obovate
sepals marked with a large obcordate gland, the inner abruptly contracted to a
broad claw. (Z. glaucus, Nutt.) — N. Eng. to N. Ill., Minn., and westward.

3. GZ Nuttallii, Gray. Like the last; raceme rather densely flowered,
with narrow bracts; perianth free; sepals with an ill-defined gland at base, not
at all clawed ; seeds larger (3” long). — Kan. to Tex. and Col.

* * Glands of the perianth obscure ; perianth small, rotate ; bulb somewhat fibrous.

4. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem1-4° high, slender; leaves narrowly
linear; flowers small (4” in diameter) and numerous, in a few crowded panicled
racemes; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base of the divisions of the
free perianth. — Low grounds, pine-barrens of N. J., to Ga.

33. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. F y-Porsoy.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments
capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, capsules, etc., nearly as
in Melanthium. Stylesthread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose
coat, 1-4 in eacn cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or
coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand
some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like.
(From dulavtos, unspotted, and &v@os, flower ; a name formed with more regard
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)

1 A. muscetoxicum, Gray. (FrLy-Porson.) Leaves broadly linear,
elongated, obtuse (4- 1’ wide) ; raceme simple ; capsule abruptly 3-horned ; seeds
oblong, with a fleshy red coat.— Open woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and
Ark. June, July.

Orver 117. PONTEDERIACE. (PickereL-wEED FAmIty.)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ;
the petal-like 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary; the 3 or 6
mostly unequal or dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with
the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole
together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away,
or the base thickened-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers in-
trorse. Ovules anatropous. Style 1; stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit
a perfectly or incompletely 3-celled many-seeded capsule, or a 1-celled
1-seeded utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen.

1. Pontederia. Spike many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, its fleshy persistent base en-
closing the 1-seeded utricle. Stamens 6.

2. Heteranthera. Spathe 1-few-flowered. Perianth salver-shaped. Stamens 3. Cap
sule many-seeded,

536 PONTEDERIACEZ. (PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

1 PONTEDERIA, L. Pickeret-weep.

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3.
lobed upper lip; the 3 lower spreading, and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable to the base; after
flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downward, and its fleshy-
thickened persistent base encloses the fruit. Stamens 6; the 3 anterior long-
exserted; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with very short filaments,
unequally inserted lower down; anthers versatile, oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled;
two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-
celled, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-
shaped leaves, and a l-leaved stem, bearing a spike of violet-blue ephemeral
flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole. (Dedicated
to Pontedera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)

1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt, or sometimes tri-
angular-elongated and tapering and scarcely cordate (var. ANGUSTIFOLIA,
Torr.) ; spike dense, from a spathe-like bract ; upper lobe of perianth marked
with a pair of yellow spots (rarely all white) ; calyx-tube in fruit crested with
6 toothed ridges. — N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. July —Sept.

2. HETERANTHER A, Ruiz & Pav. Mup-PLantTaAIN.

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube; the limb somewhat equally 6-
parted, ephemeral. Stamens 3, in the throat, usually unequal; anthers erect.
Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled by intrusion of the placentz, many-
seeded. — Creeping, floating or submerged low herbs, in mud or shallow water,
with a 1 -few-flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a
petiole. (Name from érépa, different, and av@npd, anther.)

* Stamens unequal; 2 posterior filaments with ovate yellow anthers; the other
longer, with a larger oblong or sagittate greenish anther ; capsule incompletely
3-celled ; leaves rounded, long-petioled ; creeping or floating plants.

1. H. reniférmis, Ruiz & Pay. Leaves round-kidney-shaped to cordate
and acute; spathe 3-5-flowered; flowers white or pale blue. — Conn. to N. J.,
west to Il]. and E. Kan., and southward. (S. Am.)

2. H.limosa, Vahl. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ;
spathe 1-flowered ; flowers larger, blue. — Va. to Mo. and La. (S. Am.)

* * Stamens alike, with sagittate anthers ; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal pla-
cente ; leaves linear, translucent, sessile; submerged grass-like herbs, with
only the flowers reaching the surface.

3. H. graminea, Vahl. The slender branching stems clothed with
leaves and bearing a terminal 1-flowered spathe (becoming lateral); flowers
small, pale yellow, with a very long thread-like tube. (Schollera graminifolia,
Willd.) —N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan.

Orper 118. XYRIDACEZE. (YeLLow-ryep-crass Fatty.)

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base of a naked scape.
which is terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse

MAYACEZ. (MAYACA FAMILY.) 587

anthers, gcumaceous calyx, and a regular colored corolla; the 3-valved
mostly 1-celled capsule containing several or many orthotropous seeds with
a minute embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen.

1. XYRIS, Gronoy. YELLOW-EYED GRASS.

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which are densely
imbricated ina head. Sepals 3; the 2 lateral glume-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous with it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, inserted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which are cleft and in our spe-
cies plumose or bearded at the apex. Style 3-cleft. Capsule oblong, free, 1-
celled, with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentz, 3-valved, many-seeded.
— Flowers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials.
(Zupis, a name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from éupéy, a razor.)

1. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Scape slender (10-16’ high), barely flattened at
the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than the
narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish-ovoid
(3-4” long); lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, finely ciliate-scarious on the nar-
row wingless keel, usually with a minute bearded tuft at the apex, shorter than
the bract.— Sandy or peaty bogs, Mass. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

Var. pusilla, Gray. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2-9’ high,
the base not bulbous; head 2-3” long.— White Mts. to Penn., west to L.
Superior.

2. X. torta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9-20’
high, from a dark bulbous base, and with the linear-filiform rigid leaves be-
coming spirally twisted; head ovoid, becoming spindle-shaped, or oblong and
acute (5-9” long); sepals exceeding the bract; /ateral sepals winged on the
keel and fringed above the middle.— Pine barrens, in dry sand, N. J. to Fla.,
Tex. and Ark.

3. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scape flattish, l-angled below, 2-edged at the
summit, smooth, 4-2° high, the base hardly bulbous; leaves linear-sword-
shaped, flat, 2-4” broad; head globular-ovoid (5-7” long) ; lateral sepals ob-
scurely lacerate-fringed above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract.
— Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla.

4. X. fimbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edged above, rough
(2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaped or strap-shaped leaves,
the base not bulbous; head oblong-ovate (6-10” long) ; lateral sepals lanceo-
late-linear, nearly twice the length cf the bract, above the middle conspicuously
fringed on the wing-margined keel, and even plumose at the summit. — Pine-bar-
rens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

Orper 119. MAYACEAR. (Mayaca Famiry.)

Moss-like aquatic plants, densely leafy, with narrowly-linear sessile pel-
lucid leaves, axillary naked peduncles terminated by a solitary perfect 3-
androus flower, herbaceous calyx, white corolla, and a 3-valved 1-celled
several-seedeud capsule.

538 MAYACEE. (MAYACA FAMILY.)

1 MAYACA, Aublet.

The only genus. Perianth persistent, of 3 herbaceous lanceolate sepals,
and 3 obovate petals. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary with 3 pari-
etal few-ovuled placentz ; style filiform; stigma simple. — Creeping or float-
ing in shallow water; the leaves 1l-nerved, entire, notched at the apex; the
peduncle solitary, sheathed at base. (An aboriginal name.)

1. M. Michatxii, Schott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding the
leaves, nodding in fruit. — Va. to Fla. and Tex.

Orper 120. COMMELINACER. (Sprperwort Famiy.)

Herbs, with fibrous or sometimes thickened roots, jointed and often branch-
ing leafy stems, and chiefly perfect and 6-androus, often irregular flowers,
with the perianith free from the 2—3-celled ovary, and having a distinct
calyx and corolla; viz., 3 persistent commonly herbaceous sepals, and
3 petals, ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some
of them often sterile; anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1; stigma
undivided. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-—3-valved, loculicidal, 3 — several-
seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Embryo small, pulley-shaped, partly sunk
in a shallow depression at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate,
lanceolate or linear, parallel-veined, flat, sheathed at base; the upper.
most often dissimilar and forming a kind of spathe. — Chiefly tropical.
1. Commelina. Cyme sessile within a cordate or connate bract (spathe). Petals ux

equal. Perfect stamens 3 ; filaments naked.

2. Tradescantia.~ Bracts leaf-like or small and scarious, Petals equal. Perfect stamens
6; filaments bearded.

1 COMMELINA, Dill. Day-rrower.

Flowers irregular. Sepals somewhat colored, unequal; the 2 lateral partly
united by their contiguous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-
shaped, on long claws, the oddone smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward ; 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers; filaments naked. Capsule 3-celled, two of the cells 2-
seeded, the other 1-seeded or abortive. —Stems branching, often procumbent
and rooting at the joints. Leaves contracted at base into sheathing petioles ;
the floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, forming
a spathe enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are
recurved on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all
summer. Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from
the joints. (Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists .7. and G. Commelin.)

* Ventral cells 2-ovuled (usually 2-seeded), the dorsal 1-ovuled.

1. C. nudiflora, L. Slender and creeping, glabrous; leaves lanceolate,
small (1-2’ long); spathe cordate, acute, with margins not united; seeds re-
ticulated. (C. Cayennensis, Rickard.) — Alluvial banks, Del. to Fla., west to
Ind., Mo. and Tex

2. C. hirtélla, Vahl. Stout, erect (2-4° high); leaves large, lanceolate,
the sheaths brown-bearded ; spathes crowded, with margins united - secds smooth

JUNCACEA. (RUSH FAMILY.) 539

{C. erecta, Gray, Man., not LZ.) — River-banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Mo.
and Tex.

* * Cells 1-ovuled, 1-seeded ; seeds smooth ; spathe cucullate ; roots sub-tuberous.

3. C. erécta, L. Slender, often low; leaves linear; cells all dehiscent. —
Penn. to Fla.

4. C. Virginica, L. Slender, usually tall; /eaves lanceolate to linear;
dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous. — Damp rich woods and banks, southern N. Y.
to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo.

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. _— Spriverworr.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta
mens all fertile; filaments bearded. Capsule 2-3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded.
— Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy.
Leaves keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and ter-
minal, produced through the summer; floral leaves nearly like the others.
(Named for the elder Tradescant, gardener to Charles the First of England.)
* Umbels terminal or sometimes lateral, sessile, subtended by 1 or 2 leaf-like

bracts ; leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate ; flowers blue.

1. T. Virginica, L. (Common Spiperwort.) Roots fleshy-fibrous ,
smooth or only slightly villous, more or less glaucous, often tall and slender
and with linear leaves, rather rarely with 1 or 2 long lateral peduncles; bracts
usually a pair.— Rich ground, N.Y. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the
Rocky Mts. Very variable. — Var. vitLOsa, Watson. Often dwarf, more or
less villous throughout as well as pubescent. Mississippi valley and Gulf
States. — Var. FLEXUOSA, Watson. Stout and dark green, with large linear-
lanceolate pubescent leaves, the stem usually flexuous, and with several short
lateral branches or sessile axillary heads. (T flexuosa, Raf.) — Ohio to Ky
and Ga. T. pilosa, Lehm., is an intermediate form.

* * Umbel pedunculate, subtended by small subscarious bracts; flowers small,
rose-color.
2. T. rosea, Vent. Small, slender (6-10’ high), smooth, erect from a
running rootstock; leaves very narrowly linear, grass-like.— Sandy woods,
Md. to Fla., west to Ky. and Mo.

Orper 121. JUNCACEZE. (Rusa Famtty.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with small flowers, a regular and hypogynous
persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with
2-celled anthers, a single short style, 3 filiform hairy stigmas, and an ovary
either 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal placente, forming a loculicidal
3-valved capsule. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the
base of the fleshy albumen. — Flowers liliaceous in structure, but sedge-
like in aspect and texture.

1. Juncus. Capsule 3-celled (or imperfectly so), many-seeded. Plants never hairy, in

moist ground or water.
2. Luzula. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Plants often hairy, in dry ground.

540 JUNCACEZ. (RUSH FAMILY.)

1. JUNCUS, Tourn. Russ. Boc-Rusu.

Capsule many-seeded, 3-celled, or 1-celled by the placentz not reaching the
axis. Stamens when 3 opposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chiefly perennials, and
in wet soil or water, with pithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems,
and panicled or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in sum-
mer. Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding
to the use of the stems for bands.)

§ 1. Stems leafless and scape-like, from matted running rootstocks, sheathed at
base ; the sheaths sometimes bearing terete knotless leaves like the scape;
flowers in sessile apparently lateral panicles, the involucral leaf being similar
to and continuing the scape. — JUNCUS proper.

*« Flowers solitary on the pedicels or ultimate ramifications of the panicle.
+ Sheaths at base of the stem leafless.
++ Stamens 3.

1. J. effusus, L. (Common or Sorr Rusu.) Scape soft and pliant (2-
4° high); inner sheaths awned; panicle diffusely much branched, many-flow-
ered; flowers small (14” long), greenish; sepals lanceolate, very acute, as long
as the narrow triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown capsule ;
anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds small (about 3”
long), with short pale points. — Marshy ground, very common. (Eu.) —Var.
CONGLOMERATUS, Engelm. Scape more distinctly striate; panicle closely
crowded; capsule short-pointed. In sphagnous swamps.

++ ++ Stamens 6.

2. J. filiférmis, L. Scape very slender (1 -2° high), pliant ; panicle few-
flowered, almost simple; flowers 14” long; sepals lanceolate, the inner a little
shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but mucronate
greenish capsule; anthers shorter than the filaments; style very short; seed
(less than 4” long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. —N.
Eng. to Mich., Neb., and northward. (Eu.)

3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2-3° high) ; panicle few.
flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (134” long); outer sepals lanceolate,
acute, the inner a little shorter, obtusish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather
triangular acute deep chestnut-brown capsule; anthers as long as the filaments ;
style short; seeds large (4” long or more), obtuse, short-appendaged at both
ends, many-ribbed and reticulated. —Sphagnous swamps, on Broad Mt. and
in Lebanon Co., Penn.

4. J. Balticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Scape rigid (2-3°
high) ; panicie loose; flowers larger (2” long), chestnut-brown with green;
sepals ovate-.anceolate, the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as
the elliptical rather triangular obtuse and mucronate deep brown capsule; an-
thers much longer than the broad filaments; style about the length of the
ovary ; seeds rather large (3 long or more), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed
and cross-lined.— Sandy shores, Newf. to Mass., west to Penn., along the
Great Lakes, and westward. — Var. MonTANus, Engelm. Sepals nearly equal ;
anthers 4 times longer than the filament; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled,
beaked ; seeds smaller, narrower, apiculate. — Minn., west and northward.

JUNCACEH. (RUSH FAMILY.) 541

+ + Innermost sheaths leaf-bearing ; stamens 6.

5. J. setaceus, Rostkovius. Scape slender (1-3° high); panicle loose,
rather few-flowered; flowers greenish (2” long); sepals lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as
the nearly globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown capsule; anthers as
long as the filaments ; style conspicuous; seeds (3 long) almost globose, ribbed
and cross-lined. — Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

* * Flowers in clusters, 6-androus ; innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing.

6. J. Reemerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2-3° high), its
apex as well as the leaves pungent; panicle compound, open and spreading,
brown; 3-6 greenish or light-brown flowers (14” long) in a cluster; outer
sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long
as the elliptical rather triangular obtuse mucronate brown capsule; anthers
much longer than the broad filaments; styles shorter than the ovary; seeds
(4” long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed. — Brackish marshes, N. J. to
Fla. and Tex.

7. J. maritimus, L. Resembling the last, but with a rigid contracted
green panicle, an ovary attenuated into a style of nearly its own length, a
greenish acute capsule which usually exceeds the acute sepals, and seeds with
distinct tails and stronger ribs. — Known in this country only from Coney
Island, N. Y., where it is apparently indigenous. (Ku.)

§ 2. Stems simple (rarely branched), leafy at base or throughout ; leaves flat, or
somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never knotted ; panicle or head
terminal. — GRASSY-LEAVED JUNCI.

* Flowers in close heads (produced in late summer).

+ Leaves thread-like, hollow; stamens 6; seeds few, large and caudate; the
single head (sometimes 2) 1 -4-flowered.

8. J. stygius, L. Stems slender (6-16’ high) from slender branching
rootstocks, 1 - 3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3 -4-flowers,
about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and
reddish (25-3” long); sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, ? the length of
the oblong acuminate capsule, as long as the slender stamens; filaments many
times longer than the oblong anthers; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ;
seeds oblong, with a very loose coat prolonged at both ends (13” long). — Peat-
bogs, Newf. to northern N. Y., west to Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.)

9. J. trifidus, L. Stems densely tufted from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5-10 high), sheathed and mostly leafless at base, 2—3-leaved at the
summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head ; flowers brown
(14-2” long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather shorter than
the ovate beak-pointed deep brown capsule; anthers much longer than the
filaments; seeds few, oblong, angled (1” long), short-tailed. — Alpine summits
of N. Eng. and N. Y., and far northward; alsoin N. J. (Eu.)

+ + Leaves flat and grass-like ; stamens 3; stems flattened, simple, leafy.

10. J. repens, Michx. Stems ascending (4-6’ high) from a fibrous an-
nual root, at length creeping or floating; leaves short, linear, those of the stem
nearly opposite and fascicled; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3- 12-flow-

542 JUNCACE#. (RUSH FAMILY.)

ered; flowers green (3” long); sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed,
the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse capsule, the inner much
fonger; stamens as long as the outer sepals; filaments many times longer
than the oblong anthers; seeds small (1” long), obovate, slightly pointed, very
delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Miry banks, Md. to Fla. and La.

ll. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stoloniferous
base (1-3° high); leaves long-linear; heads 3 -8-flowered, panicled; flowers
purplish with green (12” long) ; sepals oblong, the 3 outer acute and slightly
awned, the inner longer, mostly obtuse, as long as the almost globular scarcely
mucronate capsule; stamens exceeding the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter
than the filaments; style very short; seeds (;-}” long) slender, pointed at
both ends and strongly ribbed. — Moist sandy places, S. New Eng. to Fla., west
to Mich., Mo., and Tex. — Var. paucicapiTAtus, Engelm., has few large 8 -
15-flowered heads; and var. BIFLORUS, Engelm., has numerous small 2-3-
flowered heads in much-branched panicles.

* * Flowers solitary, panicled ; stamens 6.
+ Stems slender, simple, tufted, leafy below ; root perennial (fl. early in summer).
++ Seeds tail-pointed at both ends.

12. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1-23° high); leaves nearly terete,
very slightly channelled on the inner side; panicle longer than the involucral
leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2” long or
more) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appressed, shorter than the oblong and retuse
green-brown capsule ; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds
slender (4-2” long), closely ribbed. — N. Maine (Pringie) ; Mich. to lowa and
westward.

13. J. Greénii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (1-2° high); leaves
nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan-
icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense, the
numerous flowers often one-sided (12” long); sepals lanceolate, acute, light
greenish-brown, appressed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-brown
capsule; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds ovqd ($-3”
long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of N. Eng., N. Y., and
N. J., and about the head of Lake Michigan.

++ ++ Seeds merely apiculate at both ends.

14. J. ténuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9- 18’ high) ; leaves flat or channelled;
panicle shorter than the involucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded; flowers
green (2” long or more) ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, spreading in fruit,
jonger than the ovoid retuse scarcely pointed green capsule; anthers nearly
equal to the filaments; style very short; seeds small (about }” long), delicately
ribbed and cross-lined. — Fields and roadsides, very common. (Ku.) — Var.
sectnpus, Engelm.; flowers smaller, secund along the incurved branches.
N. Eng. to Penn. and Del. — Var. concéstus, Engelm.; branches contracted
into a head and the flowers darker-colored. Minn. and westward.

15. J. dichétomus, Ell. Stems rigid (14-2° high) from a tumid base;
leaves filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; panicle loose,
often with 1-sided forked branches, mostly longer than the involucral leaf;
flowers greenish (2” long or more); sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spread:

SUNCACEZ. (RUSH FAMILY.) 543

ing in sruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored capsule ,
anthers nearly as long as the filaments; style short; seeds small (£- 4” long),
coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, N. J. to Fla.

igh Gerardi, Loisel. (BLiack-Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid
(1-2° high); panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow-
ers chestnut-brown with green (1#” long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
as long as the oval obtuse and mucronate capsule; anthers much longer than
the short filaments; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly 4” long) obo
vate, delicately ribbed and cross-lined.—Salt marshes; common along the
coast and in W. New York; rare about the Great Lakes. (i#u.)

4 + Stems branched, diffuse, leafy ; root annual, fibrous.

17. J. bufonius, L. Stems low and slender (3-9’ high), leafy, often
branched from the base; panicle spreading, mostly with one-sided dichoto-
mous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2-32” long) ; sepals linear-lanceo-
late, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much exceeding the inner and the oblong ob-
fuse capsule; stamens short; filaments scarcely longer than the anthers, seeds

elliptical, obtuse (}-4” long). — Low grounds, by roadsides ; common. (Eu.)

§ 3. Stems leafy ; leaves terete or laterally flattened, more or less distinctly knot-
ted by internal transverse partitions ; panicle terminal, with flowers chiefly
in heads. — KNOTTY-LEAVED JUNCI.

x Seeds barely pointed, not caudate.
+ Flowers solitary or 2 together, panicled ; stamens 6.

18. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slender
running rootstock (6-18’ high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted
leaves, branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing the flow-
ers in the forks and along one side of the branches; often with the flowers or
in place of them are tufts of leaves; flowers small (1 -11” long), greenish with
red; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the ob-
long taper-beaked, 1-celled capsule; anthers much longer than the filaments;
style slender; seeds (}” long) obovate, short-pointed. —Sandy, wet or swampy
places, Newf. to Fla., west along the Great Lakes to Minn. The proliferous
plants are usually sterile and much larger, with larger diffuse panicles. —
Var. sUsTiLis, Engelm. Creeping or floating, with a single pair of flowers
at the end of the short stems. — Somerset Co., Maine (C. FE. Smith) ; Canada.

+ + Heads numerous, of 3-12-flowers (rarely more); in early summer

++ Stamens 6.

19. J. articulatus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9-15’ high), tuftee
from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle short,
spreading, the crowded heads 3-8-flowered; flowers brown, rarely pale (14 =
\¥” long); sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and
a little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-
pointed incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining capsule ;
anthers as long as the filaments; ovary attenuate into a short style; seeds
‘less than 4” long) obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above. — Wet
g,ounds, Newf. to Del., west to western N. Y. and Mich. (Eu.)

544 JUNCACEH., (RUSH FAMILY.)

20. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9-18’ high)
from a creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves; panicle meagre, with
erect branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3-6
flowers (14-14” long); sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer mucronate or cuspi-
date and usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long as or shorter
than the obtuse short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown capsule; an-
thers as long as the filaments; style short; seeds (§” or more in length)
spindle-shaped. — Wet sandy banks, L. Champlain, Cayuga Lake, along the
Great Lakes, and far west and northward. (Eu.)

21. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2-4° high) from a thick creeping
rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (-34° long) below the middle,
which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous,
5=—12- (rarely 25-) flowered; flowers brownish (1}” long); sepals lanceolate,
the outer awl-pointed, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked

1-celled capsule ; cary longer than the filaments; ovary attenuate into a
slender style; seeds ({- 4” long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed. —
In bogs and streams, Maine to Md. Sometimes producing, in flowing water,
numberless capillary submersed leaves, 2-3° long, from the rootstock.

++ ++ Stumens 8.

22. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, slender (1-2° long),
bearing about 2 leaves and a very loose spreading panicle ; heads rather few
and large, 5- many-flowered, greenish, at length straw-colored or darker; se-
pals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equal (1}- 2% long), as long as the trian-
gular-prismatic short-pointed I-celled straw-colored or light brown capsule;
anthers a little shorter than the filaments; style almost none; seeds small
(3-2” long), acute at both ends, ribbed-reticulated. — N. Eng. to Ga., Minn.
and Tex May, June. Very variable. Heads often proliferous in autumn.

Var. débilis, Engelm. Stems slender (9-18’ high); heads green, 3-6-
flowered, in a loose panicle; flowers smaller (14-14” long); capsule longer
than the sepals. — Wet sandy soil, N. J. to S. C., west to Ohio, Mo., and Miss.
Stem sometimes decumbent and rooting.

Var. robustus, Engelm. Stems stout, tall (2-4° high), bearing numer-
ous 5-8-flowered light-brown heads in a large much-branched panicle; flow-
ers small (1-14” long) ; ovoid capsule scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep
swamps, Il]. to Mo. and La.

+ + + Heads few, crowded, of numerous flowers.
++ Stamens 3; stem rigid from a thick white horizontal rootstock

23. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (1-23° high), bearing
about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely flowered spherical heads (4-5” wide) ina
slightly spreading crowded panicle much exceeding the involucral leaf ; flow-
ers pale green (2” long); sepals lance-linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much
longer than the inner, and the ovoid pointed 1-celled capsule rather shorter ;
anthers much shorter than the filaments; style very short; seeds (” long)
abruptly apiculate. — Moist places in open woods and prairies, Ohio and Mich
to Mo., Miss., and Tex.

24. J. scirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (1-38° high), rather slender, bear-
ing about 2 terete leaves with wide and open sheaths, and a panicle of few or

JUNCACE. (RUSH FAMILY.) 045

many densely-flowered pale-green spherical heads, much longer than the invo-
Jucral leaf, its branches erect and often elongated ; heads (3- 4” wide) 15 -40-
flowered ; flowers 14-14” long; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the
outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, as long as the stamens and nearly
equalling the oblong-triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers very
small; style elongated or very short; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each
end ({” long). — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to N. J. and 8. C., west to Ind., Mo.,
and Tex.

Var. echinatus, Engelm. Stouter; leaves terete; branches of the com
pact panicle short; heads larger (5 - 6” wide), 40 - 80-flowered; flowers 13-2”
long); sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer
than the inner; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding,
and seeds rather smaller and more slender. — Md. to Fla.

Var. polycéphalus, Engelm. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened
(3-6 wide); panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as
large as in the last; flowers 2-24” long; the 3 outer sepals the longer; an-
thers about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (4” long). — S. Va. to Fla.,
west to Mo. and Tex.

++ ++ Stamens 6.

25. J. nodosus, L. Stem erect (6-15 or 2° high), slender from a creep-
ing thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly with 2 or 3 slender leaves ;
heads few or several, rarely single, 8 - 20-flowered (3}-—4” wide), overtopped
by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (15-2” long) ; sepals lance-linear, awl-
pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender
triangular taper-pointed 1-celled capsule; anthers oblong, shorter than the
filaments; style very short; seeds (about }” long) obovate, abruptly mucro-
nate. — Swamps and gravelly banks, N. J. and Penn. to N. Ind. and Iowa, and
northward. — July, Aug. — Var. MEGACEPHALUS, Torr. Stem stout (1-3°
high), with thick leaves; heads few and large (6-8” wide), 30- 80-flowered ;
flowers pale green (2}-2?” long) ; outer sepals longest ; anthers linear, shorter
than the filaments. — Western N. Y. to Minn. and Mo., and westward.

* * Seeds caudate.
4 Stamens 3.

26. J. Canadénsis, J.Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing
2-3 leaves; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3
outer shorter than the inner, not much longer than the stamens, equal to or
shorter than the triangular-prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed
capsule; style mostly short; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, deli-
sately many ribbed. —Common almost everywhere. Aug., Sept. Easily dis-
tinguished by its late flowering from the similar n. 22. Very variable.

Var. longicaudatus, Engelm. Stem stout and rigid (15-38° high),
bearing in a decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 —50-
flowered heads; flowers greenish or light brown (1}-2” long); sepals awl-
pointed, mostly shorter than the abruptly short-pointed capsule ; seeds slender
(-1” long), conspicuously tail-pointed. — Maine to S. C., west to Minn. and
La. The most common form.

Var. subcaudatus, Engelm. Stem slender, often decumbent (1=2°
high), bearing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 — 20-flowered heads ;

546 JUNCACEE. (RUSH FAMILY.)

flowers greenish, as large as in the last; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid,
capsule mostly tapering; seeds large (4-3 long), with short white membra-
nous appendages, not reticulated. — Conn. to Penn. and Ga.

Var. brachycéphalus, Engelm. Stem slender (1}-24° high), bearing
numerous small 3-5-flowered heads in a large spreading panicle; flowers
greenish or light brown (14-14” long); sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than
the brown abruptly short-pointed capsule; style longer than in other forms;
seeds smaller (4- 3” long), slender, with rather short appendages. — Penn.
and western N. Y., to Wise. and II.

Var. coarctatus, Engelm. Stem slender, shorter (9-18 high), bearing
fewer deep-brown 3 —5-flowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ;
fowers as large as in the last; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter
than the prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown capsule; seeds as in the last.
--N. Eng. to N. J., N. Minn., and westward.

= + Stamens 6.

27. J. Asper, Engelm. Stems tufted, erect (2-3° high), terete, stout,
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough; panicle with rigid slightly spreading
branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with
brown (23” long); sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly
nerved, the outer much shorter than the inner, these a little shorter than the
triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown capsule, ovary tapering
into a conspicuous style; seeds large, oblong, with white or often reddish
appendages (1}” long). —Sphagnous swamps, N. J. Aug.

2. LUZULA, DC. Woon-Russ.

Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials,
often hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves,
and spiked-crowded or umbelled flowers. (From Gramen Luzule, or Luxule,
dim. of /ux, light, — a name given to one of the species from its shining with
dew.)

* Pedicels 1-flowered, in a loose compound cyme or umbel.

1. L. vernalis, DC. Plant 6-9’ high; leaves lance-linear, hairy; umbel
mostly simple; sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; seeds with a
curved appendage. (L. pilosa, Willd.)— Woods and banks, Newf. to the
mountains of N. C., west to Minn. (Eu.)

2. L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. Nearly smooth (1=
3° high) ; leaves broadly linear ; corymb decompound, loose ; pedicels drooping ;
sepals pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown
capsule; seeds not appendaged. (L. parviflora, var. melanocarpa, Gray.) —
Mountains of Maine, Vt., and northern N. Y., to Mich. and N. Minn. (Eu.)

* * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. (Plants 6 - 12’ high.)

3. L. campéstris, DC. Leaves flat, linear; spikes 4-12, somewhat um
helled, ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile ;
sepals bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsules; seeds with a conical
appendage at base. — Dry fields and woods, common. May. (Enu.)

4. L. arcuata, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal
often recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestuut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals

TYPHACEH. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.) 547

taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse capsule ; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine
summits of the White Mts. and far northward. (Eu.)

5. L. spicata, Desvaux. Leaves channelled, narrowly linear; flowers in
sessile clusters, forming a nodding interrupted spiked panicle, brown; sepals
bristle-pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-pointed capsule; seeds
merely with a roundish projection at base.— With the last, and more com-
mon. (u.)

OrpveR 122. TYPHACE. (Cart-tar Famtty.)

Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and mone-
cious flowers on a spadixz or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes.
Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with as many persistent styles and (usually elongated)
1-sided stigmas ; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely
2-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo straight in copious
albumen. Root perennial.

1. Typha. Flowers in a cylindrical compact terminal spike; spathe-like bract deciduous
2. Sparganium. Flowers in globular heads with foliaceous bracts.

1 TYPHA, Toun. (Carram Frac.)

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem;
the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and
intermixed with long hairs; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ova-
ries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of
the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked.—Spathes merely deciduous
bracts, or none. MRoot-stocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of
the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Td7, the
old Greek name.)

1. T. latifolia, L. (Common Cat-ratr.) Stout and tall (4-6° high), the
flat sheathing leaves 3-10” broad, exceeding the stem; the staminate and
dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 3-6’ long or more) usually
contiguous, the latter at length 1’ in diameter; pistillate flowers without bract-
lets ; stigma rhombic-lanceolate ; pollen-grains in fours. —In marshes, through:
out N. Am. (Eu.)

2. T. angustifolia, L. Leaves narrower (3 - 6” broad), taller, somewhat
convex on the back; pistillate and staminate inflorescence usually separated
by a short interval, the light brown spike becoming 5-6’ in diameter; pollen.
grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like bractle:
slightly dilated at the summit.—N. Eng. to N.J., west to Mich. and Mo.:
less frequent, and mainly near the coast. (Eu.)

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Ber-reen.

Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, whicn
are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper sterile, consisting
‘merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or
fertile larger, consisting of numerous sessile 1 - 2-celled pistils, each surrounded
‘by 3-6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped, more

or less corky toward the summit, the hard endocarp perforated at the apex. —
24

548 TYPHACEH. (CAT-TAIL FAMILY.)

Rootstocks creeping and stoloniferous ; roots fibrous. Stems simple or branch
ing, sheathed below by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the
summer. (Name from omdpyavoy, a jillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.)

«x Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often 2-seeded ; stigmas often 2, elongated ;
scales rigid, nearly equalling the fruit ; erect, with branched inflorescence

1. 8. euryearpum, Engelm. Stems stout, erect (2-4° high); leaves
mostly flat and merely keeled; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or
2 elongated stigmas; fruit-heads 2-6 or more, 1’ wide; fruit many-angled
(34-4” long) when mature, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit ab-
ruptly tipped in the centre. — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. Eng. to
Va., west to the Pacific.

* * Fruit comparatively narrow, and mostly somewhat stipitate, 1-celled, longer
than the scales.

2. S. simplex, Huds. Stems slender, erect ($-2° high); leaves more or
less triquetrous (24-4” wide) ; fertile heads (1-4) of the usually simple inflo-
rescence often above the axils, sessile or peduncled, 6-8” wide in fruit; stigma
linear, equalling the rather slender style or shorter; nutlets pale, fusiform or
narrowly oblong (about 2” long), more or less contracted in the middle. — N.
Eng. to N. J., west to Mich., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

Var. andrécladum, Engelm. Stouter (14-3° high), with usually
broader leaves (4-9) and branching inflorescence, the head or peduncles axil-
lary or nearly so; fruiting heads (1-7) often /arger (6- 12” broad), the nutlets
2-3” long. (S. androcladum, Aorong.) — In bogs or shallow water, common ;
N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Mo.

Var. angustifolium, Engelm. Very slender; leaves floating, long and
narrow ($-23” wide), flat; inflorescence simple; heads (4-6” broad) and
nutlets smaller. — Mountain lakes and slow streams, N. Y., N. Eng., and north-
ward; sometimes nearly out of water, dwarf and with shorter erect leaves.

Var. fluitans, Engelm. Floating in deep water, with long slender stems
and flat narrow leaves; inflorescence usually short, sparingly branched ; style
stout with a short oval stigma; fruiting heads 4-6” broad; nutlets dark, as
large as inthe type. (S. androcladum, var. fluctuans, orong.; not S. fluitans,
Fries.) — Ponds, Penn., W. Conn., White Mts., N. Minn., and northward.

3. S. minimum, Fries. Usually floating, with very slender stems and thin
flat narrow leaves; fertile heads 1 or 2, axillary, sessile or peduncled (4-57
wide) ; stigma oval, about as long as the short style, scarcely surpassing the
oval or obovate denticulate scales; fruit oblong-obovate (1-2” long), pointed,
somewhat triangular, the stipe very short or none. — N. Eng. to lenn., N. Ind.,
Minn., north and westward. — Stems 3-6’ high when growing out of water,
much longer when submerged. (Eu.)

OrveER 123. ARACEAS. (Arum FamIty.)

Plants with acrid or pungent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,
and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe.
—Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry.
Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the large fleshy em-

ARACEH. (ARUM FAMILY.) 549

bryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding in slender
rhaphides. — The genuine Aracez have no floral envelopes, and are al-
most all moneecious or divecious; but the genera of the second section,
with more highly developed flowers, are not to be separated.
* Spathe surrounding or subtending the spadix ; flowers naked, i. e. without perianth.
l. Ariszema. Flowers monecious or diccious, covering only the base of the spadix,
2. Peltandra. Flowers monecious, covering the spadix ; anthers above, ovaries below.
3. Calla. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of the short spadix.
Spathe open and spreading.
* * Spathe surrounding the spadix in n. 4, none or imperfect in the rest; flowers with <
calyx or perianth and perfect, covering the whole spadix.

4. Symplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless.
5. Orontium. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.
6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.

1 ARISAIMA, Martius. Inp1An Turnip. Dragon ARuM.

Spathe convolute below and mostly arched above. Flowers moncecious or
by abortion dicecious, covering only the base of the spadix, which is elonga-
ted and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above the fer-
tile, each of a cluster of almost sessile 2-4-celled anthers, opening by pores

‘or chinks at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a 1-celled ovary, tipped
with a depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from
the base of the cell; in fruit a 1-few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the
axis of albumen. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm,
sending up a simple scape sheathed with the petioles of the simple or compound
veiny leaves. (Name from apis, a kind of arum, and aiua, blood, from the spot-
ted leaves of some species.)

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Inp1an Turnip.) Leaves mostly 2, divided
into 8 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; spadix mostly diwcious, club-shaped, ob-
tuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at
the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit. — Rich woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to
Minn. and E. Kan. May.— Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with
an intensely acrid juice; spathe with the petioles and sheaths green, or often
variegated with dark purple and whitish stripes or spots.

2. A. Dracéntium, Schott. (Green Dracon. Dracon-roor.) Leaf
usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ;
spadizx often androgynous, tapering to a long and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed greenish spathe. — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west
to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June.—Corms clustered; petiole 1-2° long,
much longer than the peduncle.

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arvo.

Spathe elongated, convolute throughout or with a dilated blade above
Flowers monecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadix through-
out (or only its apex naked). Floral envelopes none. Anther-masses sessile,
naked, covering all the upver part of the spadix, each of 4-6 pairs of cells
imbedded in the margin of a thick and shield-shaped connective, opening by
terminal pores. Ovaries at the base of the spadix, each surrounded by 4-5
distinct, scale-like, white staminodia, 1-celled, bearing 1-few amphitropous

550 ARACEA. (ARUM FAMILY.)

ovules at the base; stigma truncate. Fruit a leathery or fleshy berry, 1 -3-
seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by tenacious jelly, the base empty, the
upper part filled with a large fleshy spherical embryo; no albumen. — Stem-
less herbs, with arrow-shaped or hastate leaves, palmately 3-nerved and pin-
nately veined, and simple scapes from a thick-fibrous or subtuberous root.
Fruit in a globose cluster, enclosed by the persistent fleshy base of the spathe.
(Name from 7éA77, a target, and avn, for stamen, from the shape of the latter.)

1. P. undulata, Raf. Root of thick tufted fibres ; scape 1 - 14° high, about
equalling the leaves ; basal lobes of the leaves rather long and often acutish 5
spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green, 4-7’ long;
sterile portion of the spadix several times longer than the pistillate ; ovules
several; fruit green; seeds1-3. (P. Virginica, Aunth, and most authors.) —
Shallow water, New Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and Ind. June.

2. P. alba, Raf. Rootstock tuberous, covered with thick-fleshy roots and
propagating by offshoots; lobes of the leaves mostly short and broad, obtuse ;
spathe 3-4’ long, the blade broader, acuminate, somewhat expanded, white ;
sterile part of the spadix scarcely longer than the pistillate ; ovules and seeds
solitary ; berry scarlet,5-6” long. (P. Virginica, Schott. Xanthosoma sagit-
tifolia, Chapm., not Schott. Caladium glaucum, £//. Arum Virginicum, Z.,
in part ?) — Marshes, S. Va. (?) and N. C. to Fla.

38. CALLA, L. Water Arum.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface
white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers; the lower
perfect and 6-androus; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes
none. Filaments slender; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-
celled, with 5 - 9 erect anatropous ovules; stigma almost sessile. Berries (red)
distinct, few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo nearly
the length of the hard albumen. — A low perennial herb, growing in cold
bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-shaped long-petioled leaves,
and solitary scapes. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning.)

1. C. palustris, L.— Cold bogs, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Mich. and
Minn., and northward. June.— Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salish. Skunk Canpace.

Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit.
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely covered with perfect
flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled ovaries immersed in the fleshy
receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length
rather slender filaments; anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise.
Style 4-angled and awl-shaped; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended,
anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and
spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surface, which is
roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled
by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or several
plumules at the end next the base of the ovary; albumen none. — Perennial
herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous ;
a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse fibrous roots,

LEMNACEZ. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.) 551

and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded in earliest
spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the ground.
(Name from ouumAokh, connection, and kaptos, fruit, in allusion to the coales-
cence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.)

1. §. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1 - 2° long, short-
petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate,
incurved ; fruit (in autumn) 2-3’ in diam., in decay shedding the bulblet-like
seeds, which are 4-6” long. —Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to N.C.
west to Minn. and Iowa.

5. ORONTIUM, L. Goxpey-civs.

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade.
Flowers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect; the lower with 6 con-
cave sepals and 6 stamens; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened; an-
thers 2-celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with an anatropous
ovule; stigma sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen.
Embryo thick and fleshy, “ with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the
plumule curved in a groove on the outside.” (Z'orr.) —An aquatic perennial,
with a deep rootstock, long-petioled and entire oblong and nerved floating
leaves, anc the spadix terminating the elongated scape; its rather club-shaped
emersed apex as thick as the spadix. (Origin of the name obscure.)

1.O. aquaticum, L.— Ponds, Mass. to Fla. May.

6. ACORUS, L. SweEer Frac. CALAMUS.

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of asimple 2-edged
scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Se-
pals 6,concave. Stamens 6 ; filaments linear; anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled,
opening across. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous orthotropous ovules
in each cell; stigma minute. Fruit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1 -few-
seeded. Embryo in the axis of albumen.— Pungent aromatic plants, espe-
cially the thick creeping rootstocks (calamus of the shops), which send up 2-
edged sword-like leaves, and scapes somewhat like them, bearing the spadix on
one edge; the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as
a kind of open spathe. (“Axopas, the ancient name, of no known meaning.)

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel-
lowish-green) spadix.— Margins of rivulets, swamps, etc., N. Scotia to Fla.,
west to Minn., Iowa, and E. Kan.

Orpver 124. LEMNACEZ. (Duckweep Famiy.)

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinet
stem and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monecious
flowers from the edge or upper surface, and commonly hanging roots from
underneath ; ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a 1— 7-seeded
utricle, Seed large ; the apex or radicular extremity of the seed-coat sepa-
rable as an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, etc.). Embryo straight, sur-
rounded by fleshy or sometimes very scanty albumen.— The simplest, and

552 LEMNACEZ. (DUCKWEED FAMILY.)

some of them the smallest of flowering plants, propagating by the prolii-
erous growth of a new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the
parent frond, remaining connected for some time or separating, also by
autumnal fronds in the form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom
of the water, but rise and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer)
and fruit scarce, in some species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less
cavernous; the upper surface furnished with stomata. — These plants
may be regarded as very simplified Aracee.

1. Spirodela. Frond 7-11-nerved, with several rootlets.

2. Lemna. Frond 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet.
3. Wolffia. Frond thick, very minute (4- 3” broad), without rootlets.

1. SPIRODELA, Schleiden.

Anther-cells bilocellate by a vertical partition and longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovules 2. Frond 7—11-nerved or more; rootlets several, with axile vascular
tissue. Otherwise as Lemna. (From omeipa, a cord, and d74A0s, evident.)

1. S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Fronds round-obovate (2-4” long), thick,
purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-)
nerved. (Lemna polyrrhiza, L.) — Very common in ponds and pools, througa-
out N. Am., but very rarely found in flower or fruit. (Eu.)

2. LEMNA, L. Dvucxweep. Dvcx’s-mxat.

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to-
gether surrounded by aspathe; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen
only ; the other pistillate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a
single diandrous flower. Ster. F/. Filament slender; anther 2- celled, didy-
mous; the cells dehiscent transversely; pollen-grains large, spherical, muri-
eate. Fert. Fi. Ovary 1-celled; style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma
simple. Ovules and seeds 1 -7.— Fronds 1 ~5-nerved, producing a single root-
let beneath (which is destitute of vascular tissue), proliferous from a cleft in
the margin toward the base, and at length stipitate ; the tissue abounding with
bundles of rhaphides. (An old Greek name of uncertain meaning.)

* Ovule solitary, orthotropous or nearly so; frond 1-—3-nerved, thin.
+ Fronds oblong, stalked at base, remaining connected.

1. L. tristlea, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate (6-9” long), at-
tenuate at base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, very obscurely 3-
nerved, often without rootlets, usually several series of offshoots remaining
connected; spathe sac-like; seeds ovate, amphitropous, with small round oper-
culum. — Ponds and springy places, N. Scotia to N.J., west to the Pacific. (Eu.)

- + Fronds oblong to elliptical or round-ovate, sessile, soon separating.

2. L. Valdiviana, Philippi. Fronds elliptic-oblong, small (about 1” long},
rather thick, usually somewhat falcate, obscurely 1-nerved ; spathe broad-reni-

form; utricle long-ovate, pointed by the long style; seed orthotropous, oblong,
with a@ prominent acute operculum. (L. Torreyi, Austin.) — Pools, N. J. and
southward, westward across the continent. (S. Am.)

3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds obovate or roundish-obovate, oblique (1 =
14” long), obscurely 3-nerved ; utricle ovate; style rather long; seed orthotro

ALISMACEZ. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 553

pous, ovate or oval, obtuse, with scarcely apiculate operculum. —N.Y.and N.J.,
west to Mich. and Wisc. — Var. TRINERVIS, Austin, has larger, distinctly 3-
nerved fronds, and an unequally cordate seed.

4. L. minor, L. Fronds round- to elliptic-obovate (1-24 in diameter),
rather thick, very obscurely 3-nerved ; spathe sac-like ; utricle short-urn-shaped,
tipped with a short style; seed oblong-obovate, amphitropous, with prominent
rounded operculum. — Stagnant waters, throughout N. Am. (Eu.)

* * Ovules 2-7, anatropous; fronds very thick and spongy, flat above, very
obscurely 5-nerved (14-3” long).

5. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate-elliptic to nearly orbicular, almost hemi-
spherical, soon separating ; bract sac-like. — Mo. (¢) to Ariz. and Calif.

38. WOLFFIA, Horkel.

Flowers central, bursting through the upper surface of the globular (or in
- some foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one consisting of a
single stamen with a l-celled 2-valved anther; the other of a globular ovary,
tipped with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous,
rather oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds root-
less, proliferous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring
soon detached; no rhaphides. — The simplest and smallest of flowering plants,
from +- %” long (an African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little
grains on the water. (Named for John Fred. Wolff, who wrote on Lemna in
1801.)

1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Globose or globular, 4-3” long, very
loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted; stomata 1-6; the opening
at the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the sur-
face of stagnant waters, Conn. to N. J., west to Minn. and La.

2. W. Brasiliénsis, Weddell. Oblong, smaller and more densely cellu-
lar, flattish and deep green with many stomata above, tumid and pale below,
brown-dotted ali over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular. — Growing
with the last, but floating on the surface.

Orper 125. ALISMACEZE. (Warter-PLantarn FAmity.)

Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect or mone-
cious or diecious flowers; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and
as many (often conspicuous) white deciduous petals, which are imbricate o7
involute in bud ; stamens 6 or more, included ; ovaries numerous, distinct,
l-celled and mostly 1-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit (in our genera) ;
seeds erect ; campylotropous. — Roots fibrous ; leaves radical, petiolate and
strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without
blade; flowers long-pedicellate, mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or
panicle, with lanceolate scarious bracts slightly connate at base.

1. Alisma. Flowers perfect, usually 6-androus Carpels flattened, in one whorl.
2. Sagittaria. Flowers mostly unisexual. Stamens rarely few. Carpels flattened, in
dense heads, winged.

8. Echinodorus. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels capitate, turgid and
ribbed, often beaked.

bod ALISMACEA. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

1 ALISMA, L. Warer-Prantary.

Flowers perfect. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened
coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots
fibrous. Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with connected veinlets.
Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose
color. (The Greek name; of uncertain derivation.)

1. A. Plantago, L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm; leaves long-
petioled, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate or even linear, acute, mostly rounded or
heart-shaped at base, 3-9-nerved; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered
(1-2° long); carpels obliquely obovate, forming an obtusely triangular whorl
in fruit. — Shallow water and ditches, across the continent. Very variable as
to foliage, but the leaves usually more broadly cordate-ovate than in Old
World forms (var. Americanum, R. & S.); when growing under water thin-
ner and narrowly lanceolate. (Eu., etc.)

2. SAGITTARIA, L. ARrow-HeEap.

Flowers moncecious, or often dicecious in n. 1 and 4, and polygamous in n. 7.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indefinite, rarely few. Ovaries many,
crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular
receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenes. — Marsh or
aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous
roots; the scapes sheathed at base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of
which the primary ones, and sometimes all, are flattened, nerved, and destitute
of any proper blade (i. e. are phyllodia); when present the blade is arrow-
shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross-veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers
produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts; the sterile
above. (Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.)

§1. SAGITTARIA proper. Flowers monecious, with the lower whorls pistil-
late, or diewcious ; stamens few or numerous, covering the receptacle ; sepals
spreading or reflexed in fruit.

* Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the linear-oblong anthers :

bracts 8, distinct ; fruiting heads larger.

1. S. varidbilis, Engelm. Scape ({-4° high) angled, with one or more
of the lower whorls fertile; leaves very various, almost always sagittate ;
bracts mostly pointed; pedicels of the fertile flowers at least half the length
of the sterile ones; petals wholly white; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the
length of the anthers; achenes obovate (about 1” long), winged on both mar-
gins, with a long curved or usually horizontal beak }-4 its length. (S. sagit-
tefolia, Z., var. variabilis, !@. Micheli.) — In water or wet places, very common;
exceedingly variable in size and foliage, ordinarily with narrow halberd-shaped
or sagittate leaves, — sometimes dicecious, with large, broad and obtuse leaves
(var. optusa), or moneecious, with large, broad and acute leaves (var. LATI-
FOLIA), or the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes (var. an-
GUSTIFOLIA), or with some leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, others more
or less sagittate (var. DIVERSIFOLIA), etc. Root propagating by stolons tuber-
iferous at the extremity. — The European species has the fertile pedicels only

i

ee ee ee ee

ALISMACEE, (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 555

4 or i the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple-tinged ; filaments
not longer than the anthers; and achenes almost orbicular, very broadly winged
and with a short straight beak.

Var. pubéscens, Engelm. Upper part of petiole and scape and espe-
cially the orbicular-ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or woolly ; beak
of fruit horizontal. — N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

Var. (?) gracilis, Engelm. Lobes of the sagittate leaves very narrowly
linear (4- 2” wide) ; achene narrowly cuneate-obovate (2” long), the beak long,
stout, and strongly recurved, the sides usually strongly 1—3-crested. (S. cris-
tata, Hngelm.?) — Mass. to westerh N. Y.; Iowa.

2. S. lancifolia, L. Scape 2-5° high, with several of the lower whorls
fertile; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering
base, thick or coriaceous (6-—18’ long and on a long and stout petiole, never
sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib; bracts ovate,
acute or acuminate; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the
sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenes falcate, winged on the back,
pointed with an incurved beak.— Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo., and southward.
(W. Ind.)

* « Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base ; anthers ovate or
short-oblong ; fruiting heads smali; oracts more or less connate ; leaves very
rarely sagittate.

3. S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scape weak (3’-2° high), at length pro-
cumbent; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two narrow
basal sagittate appendages; bracts roundish, obtuse; flowers of the lowest
whorl fertile and a/most sessile; the sterile on long pedicels; filaments glan-
dular-pubescent ; achenes narrowly obovate with a long erect beak. —N. Eng. to
Fla., west to Minn. and Mo. Varies as to foliage, the leaves being broad
(var. ELL{prTica, Engelm.), or rigid and narrowly lanceolate with stout peti-
oles (var. Rfcipa, Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. aNGustiFOLIA, Engelm.)

4. S. graminea, Michx. Scape 3’-2° high; phyllodia flat, mostly
broadly linear, acuminate ; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender
petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely ; bracts rather obtuse ; whorls
of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower fertile ; pedicels slender, spread-
ing, nearly equal ; filaments 15 — 20, glandular-pubescent ; achene small (}” long),
narrowly obovate, almost beakless, w/nged on the back, flat and scarcely costate
on the sides. —N. Eng. to Minn., south to the Gulf; very variable.

5. S. teres, Watson. Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate upward, 3 -
12’ long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade; scape }-14° high; bracts con-
nate at base; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, all very slender and spreading, 1 or 2
fruiting, }-1’ long; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent; achene obovate, 1” long,
with an erect beak, the margins and sides crenately several-crested. — In shallow
water, S. New Eng. to N. J. (Hyannis, Mass., Deane; Wading River, L. L,
Miller ; barrens of N. J.. Torrey.) Phyllodia usually very strongly nodose.

6. S. natans, Michx., var. lorata, Chapm. Usually dwarf; /eaves lin-
ear, strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish, 1-6’ long, equalling or shorter than the
scape, very rarely with a narrow blade; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, only 1 or 2
fruiting, stouter and recurved ; bracts connate or spathe-like ; filaments 6-8,
glabrous ; achene obovate, short-beaked, 1” long, the margins and sides crenately

3D6 ALISMACE. (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

crested. (S. pusilla, Pursh.)—In mud or shallow water, near the coast;
N. Y. to Fla.

Var. (?) gracillima, Watson. Scape and the almost or wholly bladeless
leaves very slender and greatly elongated (2-4° long, 1” wide) ; pedicels all
elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, slender and spread-
ing; fruit unknown. (S. natans, Hngelm. in Torr. Buli. ix. 4.) — In deep water
of streams in E. Mass. (fitchings, Boott, C. EL. Faxon, etc.) Wholly sub-
merged, only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating on the surface. The
fruit, maturing under water, has not yet been collected. |
§ 2. LOPHIOCARPUS. Fertile flowers perfect ; stamens 9-15, at the base

of the receptacle ; sepals erect and embracing the fruit.

7. S. calycina, Engelm. Scape weak (3- 9’ high), at length mostly pro-
cumbent; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as long as those
of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit ; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely pointed ;
filaments slight.y rough, as long as the anthers; achenes cbovate with a short
horizontal style; leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, with wide
spreading lobes, often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to
linear phyllodia. — Maine to Del., west to Wisc., Mo., and Tex. Quite vari-
able, several forms being enumerated, as var. SPONGIOSA, with spongy texture
and bladeless submerged leaves, eastward ; and westward, var. FLUITANS, with
lance-linear floating leaves.

3. ECHINODORUS, Richard.

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more.
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a head, forming thick and ribbed
achenes in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Mostly
annuals, with the habit of Sagittaria, the naked stems sparingly branched or
simple, and the flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3-6 or more.
Fl]. summer and autumn. (Name from éxwéns, prickly, or from éxtvos, and
Sopos, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed
with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)

1. EB. parvulus, Engelm. Scapes 1-3’ high; shoots often creeping and
proliferous; /eaves lanceolate or spatulate, acute (4-14 long, including the
petiole); umbel single, 2-8-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flower 3”
broad; stamens 93; styles much shorter than the ovary; achenes beakless, ob-
tusely few-ribbed. — In mud, Mass. to Mich. and E. Minn., south to Fla. and
ex (S.)Am:)

2. EB. rostratus, Engelm. Scape erect, 3’-2° high, longer than the
leaves ; /eaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse (the blade 1-3’
long) ; umbel proliferous, in a branched panicle; flower 5” broad; stamens 12;
styles longer than the ovary; achenes beaked, acutely many-ribbed. — Swamps
and ditches, ill to Fla., Mo., and Tex.— A low form (var. LANCEOLATUS,
Engelm.) has the leaves lanceolate with an acute base. TIIl., Mo.

3. EK. radicans, Engelm. Stems or scape prostrate, creeping (2-4° long),
proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; leaves somewhat truncately
broadly heart-shaped, obtuse (2 - 8’ broad), long-petioled ; flowers 6-9” broad ;
stamens about 21; styles snorter than the ovary ; achenes short-beaked, the keeled
back denticulate.— Swamps, Ill. to N. C. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

~I

NAIADACEEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) a5)

OrvER" 126. NAILADACEZ. (PoNDWEED FamiIty.)

Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy on
(in Triglochin) naked and scape-like, leaves sheathing at base or stipulate,
and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spathaceous, with perianth of 4 or 6
herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or membranous and tubular or Cup-
shaped, or none. Stamens 1, 2, 4 or 6, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries
1—6, distinct or more or less coherent, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit
follicular or capsular or an indehiscent berry or utricle.

SUBORDER I. Juncagineze. Marsh plants, with terete bladeless
leaves; flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous 6- (rarely
3-) lobed perianth; carpels 3 or 6, more or less united, separating at
maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight.

1. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless,
in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape.
2, Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate in a
loose raceme upon a leafy stem.
: Teno = ]

SuBorRDER II. Naiadeze. Immersed aquatics, with flat leaves;
ovaries solitary or distinct, 1-ovuled.
+ Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered; anthers 4 or 2, sessile ; leaves alternate.

3. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers4. Ovaries 4, sessile.
4. Ruppia. Flowers on an enclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth.
Anther-cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate.
+ + Flowers monecious or dicecious, axillary, naked, monandrous; leaves opposite (alter-
nate in n. 6).

>. Zannichellia. Moncecious. Pistils (2-5) from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.

6. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-like
enclosed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping.

7. Naias. Diccious; pistil solitary, naked. Stamen enclosed in a membranous spathe.
Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves.

1 TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow-crass.

Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta
mens 3-6; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6-
celled compound ovary; stigmas sessile; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting
when ripe into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. —
Perennials, with rush-like, fleshy leaves, below sheathing the base of the wand-
like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless.
(Name composed of rpe?s, three, and yAwxév, point, from the three points of
the ripe fruit in n. 1 when dehiscent.)

* Fruit of 3 carpels.

1. T. palustris, L. Scape (6-18 high) and leaves slender; sepals and
stamens 6; fruit linear-club-shaped ; carpels when ripe separating from below
upward, leaving a triangular axis, awl-pointed at base. — Marshes, western
N. Y. to Ill., Minn., and westward. Aug. (Enu., Asia, etc.)

2. T. striata, Ruiz & Pav. Scape (6-12 high) and leaves slender; flow-
ers very small; sepals and stamens 3; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry
3-lobed. (T. triandra, Michr.) —Sea-shore, Md. to Fla. (S. Am., etc.)

Or
Or
oe)

NAIADACEHZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

* * Fruit of 6 carpels (rarely 5). $
3. T. maritima, L. Scape (1-38° high) and leaves thickish, fleshy;
fruit ovate or oblong, acutish ; carpels rounded at base and slightly grooved
on the back, the edges acute. — Salt-marshes along the coast, Lab. to N. J.,
and in saline, boggy or wet places across the continent. (KEu., Asia, etc.)

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish-yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit form-
ing 8 diverging and inflated 1 - 2-seeded pods, opening along the inside.— A
low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like
conduplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with
sheathing bracts; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for John and John Jacob
Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.)

1. S. palustris, L.— Peat-bogs, N. Brunswick to N. J., westward across
the continent. June. (Eu., Asia.)

3. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Ponpweep.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo-
site the sepals; anthers nearly sessile, 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one),
with an ascending campylotropous ovule; stigma sessile or on a short style.
Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed ; endocarp (nut/et) crus-
taceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing
downward. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with
jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate
or imperfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often
dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united
and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on
a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of
moTauos, a river, and yeitwy, a neighbor, from the place of growth.) — By fruit,
the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended; by nutlet, that with the
fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except n. 19 flower in summer ;
the month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit.

§ 1. Leaves of two sorts; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a dilated
petioled blade, different in form from the thinner submersed ones.

* Submersed leaves reduced to narrowly grass-like or filiform sessile phyllodia.

+ Stems rather stout; stipules free; spikes all emersed, cylindrical and densely
JSruited ; fruits fleshy and turgid, obliquely obovate.

1. P. natans, L. Stem simple or sparingly branched ; floating leaves all
fong-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a
blunt point, 21-29-nerved; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perish-
ing, the lower (later in the season) very slender (3-7 long, barely 1” wide) ;
upper stipules very long, acute ; peduncle about the thickness of the stem; spikes
1-2’ long; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ;

Sai

a

NAIADACE&. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 559

embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Ponds and ditches, N. Sco-
tia to Va., westward across the continent. In deeper or flowing water the
plant becomes more slender and often wholly submersed (var. proLfxus,
Koch).— Aug., Sept. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Oakesianus, Robbins. Stem more slender, much branched ; float-
ing leaves smaller (1-14 long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer-
(17 - 23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only +-4” wide),
continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter (?-1’ long), on
peduncles much thicker than the stem; fruit smaller and more acute; sides of
the turgid nutlet not at all impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular,
its apex directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and
stagnant ditches, Mass. to N. J.; also Anticosti. Aug.

3. P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. Stems compressed, often simple from
the creeping rootstocks; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1 - 33’ long), 11 -17-
nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing
and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approxi-
mate, 2-ranked, linear (2-—5’ long, and 1-24” wide), 5-7-nerved, the lateral
nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely
cellular-reticulated ; stipules very obtuse ; spikes numerous, about the length of
the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovate, flattish, 3-keeled when dry ; nutlet
distinctly impressed on the sides; curvature of the embryo transversely oval.
(P. Claytonii, Tuckerm.) — Still or flowing water, N. Brunswick to 8. C., west
to N. Ind. and Minn. July, Aug.

+ + Like the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate,
only the fertile plants producing floating leaves ; spikes very small and few-
flowered ; propagated by autumn buds.

4. P. Vaseyi, Robbins. Very delicate; stem almost capillary ; floating
leaves obovate (3-5” long) and about the length of their filiform petioles,
with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; submersed leaves
filiform-linear, very attenuate (1-2’ long, }-4” wide) and acute; stipules
not adnate, scarious, /ong, acute ; spikes all emersed, few, interrupted-oblong,
3 -—5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle; fruit oblique, round-obovate (2” long),
compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved style, the
sides impressed and face acute; upper portion of the embryo circularly in-
curved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Canada and N. Eng.; also Ill. The
fruiting form, with floating leaves, rare; the submerged form apparently much
more abundant.

5. P. lateralis, Morong. Stem filiform, branching; floating leaves ellip-
tical (4-6” long by 2” wide), with 5-7 nerves deeply impressed beneath,
tapering at base into a somewhat dilated petiole shorter than the blade; sub-
mersed leaves linear, acute (1-3’ long by 4-4” wide),.1—3-nerved, the mid-
nerve with fine veins or cellular reticulations on each side, bi-glandular at
base; stipules short; peduncles with a very peculiar lateral appearance, widely
spreading at maturity, sometimes even recurved, often thicker than the stem;
spikes often interrupted (2-—4-flowered) ; fruit obliquely obovate (hardly 17
long), the back much curved, with two fine grooves upon it; embryo oval in
its curve, the apex nearly touching the base. — Mass and Mich.; rare. Unde
veloped specimens resemble P. pusillus.

560 NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

+ «+ + Stems slender or filiform, much branched ; floating leaves sometimes
wanting ; stipules adnate to the base of the leaf; spikes of two kinds, one
emersed, cylindrical and many-flowered, on a club-shaped peduncle, the other
submersed, globular and few-flowered ; fruit flat, cochleate, with thin or
scarcely any flesh and a thin nutlet ; embryo spiral.

6. P. Spirillus, Tuckerm. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong and
lanceolate (the largest 10” long, 4” wide), usually obtuse, about equalling the
rather dilated petioles, with 5- many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper
submersed leaves either with or without 2 lance-oblong or broad-linear proper
blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse
apex (¢-14 long, 4- %” wide) ; stipules early lacerate ; submersed flowers usu-
ally solitary on very short erect peduncles ; fruit with the back either winged
and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire; embryo coiled 1% turns. —

tivers, and even far up small streams, N. Eng. to Va., west to Mich. and

Mo. June- Aug.— Stem less slender than in the next.

7. P. hybridus, Michx. Floating leaves oval to lance-oblong (the largest
10” long, 6” wide), often acute, longer than the ji/iform petioles, with about
5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed; submersed leaves very numerous, al-
most setaceous (1-—3’ long, very rarely 4” wide); stipules obtuse; emersed
spikes 4-7” long; submersed spikes 1—4-flowered, their peduncles (of their
own length) frequently recurved ; fruit minute, about 8-toothed on the margin;
embryo coiled 14 turns. — Shallow stagnant waters, N. Brunswick to Fla., west
to Mich., Mo., and N. Mex. June-Aug.

x x Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oval or linear, membranaceous ; spikes

dense, many-fiowered, on stout peduncles.

8. P. ruféscens, Schrad. Stem simple; floating leaves (often wanting)
2-5’ long, rather thin, wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 11-
17-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth
on the margin, fewer-nerved; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones
acuminate ; spike 1-2’ long, often somewhat compound; fruit obovate, len-
ticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the
rather long style; embryo incompletely annular.— In streams or ponds, N-
Brunswick to N. J., west to Minn. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

9. P. fluitans, Roth. Stem often branching below; floating leaves thin-
nish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 17 -23-nerved ;
submersed leaves very long (3-12’, by 2-12” wide), lanceolate and lance-linear,
7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated; peduncles somewhat thickened upward ;
fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when
dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indenta-
tions; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style; nutlet
with the sides scarcely impressed; upper part of the embryo circularly in.
curved. (P. lonchites, Tuckerm.)—In streams or rarely in ponds, N. Bruns-
wick to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Aug., Sept. (Enu.)

10. P. pulcher, Tuckerm. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three
kinds; floating ones becoming very large (44 by 34’), roundish-ovate and cor-
date or ovate-oliong, 25 -37-nerved, all alternate ; upper submersed ones (3-5)
usually lanceolate, acute at base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very
thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled; lowest (2- 4

NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) D601

near the base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base,
or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles; stipules rather short and obtuse ; pe-
duncles thicker than the stem; fruit with a rounded back and angular face,
pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; nutlet with two
deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front; sides flat; embryo
circularly much incurved above. — Ponds, Vt. to Ga. and Mo. July, Aug.

ll. P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length ;
floating leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong or lance-ovate, sometimes
slightly cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long peti-
oles; submersed leaves often very large (reaching 7’ by 2’), lanceolate or oval,
acute at each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ;
stipules very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose; peduncles
thickened upward, in deep water much elongated; fruit very large (over 2”
long), rather obliquely obovate, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak; nutlet
slightly impressed on the sides; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring.

— Ponds and rivers, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. Aug., Sept.

12. P, Illinoénsis, Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the sum-
mit; floating leaves opposite, oval or ovate (2-5’ long by 14-2’ broad), 19 —
25-nerved, rounded or subcordate at base, with a short blunt point at apex, on
short petioles; submersed leaves rather few, oblong-elliptical, acute at each end,
usuaily ample (largest 8’ by 14’); stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate
(2’ long); peduncles often clustered at the summit (2-4’ long), thickening
upward ; fruit roundish-obovate (12-2” long), 3-keeled on the back, middle
keel prominent ; nutlet flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse
or pointed at base; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. — Streams
and ditches, western N. Y. to IIL, Iowa, and Minn. Very near the last.

13. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below;
floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9 — 15-nerved,
usually 1-2’ long and 6-9” wide; submersed ones usually lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, about 7-nerved
on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ;
stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat thickened upward; fruit small,
roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled ; embryo annular above. (i. gramineus,
Fries.) —Still or flowing water, common. Varies exceedingly in its sub-
mersed leaves, peduncles, etc.; the var. GRAMINIFOLIUS (Fries), growing in
rapid streams, with stems much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid
submersed leaves 2-7’ long by 2-10” wide.

Var. (?) myriophyllus, Robbins. Sending up from running rootstocks
many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems; fertile stems
very slender; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform
petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing; those of the branches
(deep-green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (-1’ long), acute, sometimes
minutely serrulate; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the
thickened peduncle. — Apponaug Pond, R.I., without fruit.

13°. P, Gizii, Mert. & Koch. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, much
branched at base; upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, long-petioled and
sometimes emersed, the others subsessile, all usually numerous, undulate and
shining ; peduncle elongated. (P. lucens, var. minor, Nolte. Also P. gramin-
eus, var. (?) spathuleformis, Robbins; P. spatheformis, Tuckerm.; “P. vari

562 NAIADACEE. (PONDWEED FAMILY).

ans, Morong.”) —N. Eng. to Fla., and westward. Connecting with the next

section. (Eu.)

§ 2. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membranaceous and di-
lated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval; stipules obtuse, becoming loose.

14. P. lucens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; /eaves
more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, fre-
quently shining; peduncles often elongated; fruit roundish and compressed,
with obtuse margins, slightly keeled; embryo circularly incurved above. —
Ponds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

Var. (?) Connecticuténsis, Robbins. Stem flexuous; /eaves all sub-
mersed, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, crisped, not shining nor serrulate ;
Sruit larger, distinctly keeled ; nutlet thick and hard. — Lake Saltonstall, East
Haven, Conn.

15. P. preelongus, Wulf. Stem very long, branching, flexuous; leaves
lance-oblong or lanceolate (sometimes 7’ long), half-clasping, obtuse with a boat-
shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure; stipules scarious,
very obtuse; spikes rather loose-flowered ; peduncles very long (sometimes
reaching 20’); fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sharply keeled when dry ;
style terminating the nearly straight face; curve of the embryo oval and lon-
gitudinal. — Ponds and large rivers, N. Scotia to Mass., west to Minn. and
Iowa. Sept., Oct. —Stem white; foliage bright green. (Eu.)

16. P. perfoliatus, L. Stem branching; /eaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo-
late from a cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate ;
peduncles short, cylindrical; fruit irregularly obovate, obtusely margined ;
embryo incurved in an oval.— Ponds and slow streams, common. N. Scotia
to Fla., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

Var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cor-
date-clasping base and acuminaie, wavy, 3-4} long; peduncles thickened up-
ward, — Same range as the species, and extending west to the Pacific.

17. P. erispus, L. Stem compressed ; leaves linear-oblong, half-clasping,
obtuse, serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-nerved ; fruit long-beaked ; upper portion of the
embryo incurved in a large circle. — Flowing and stagnant waters, Mass. to
N. J. and Va., west to western N. Y. June, July. (Eu.)

18. P. Mysticus, Morong. Stem very slender and irregularly branching,
nearly filiform (1-3° high); leaves oblong-linear ($-14 long by 2-3” wide),
5 —7-nerved, finely undulate and entire, obtuse or bluntly pointed, abruptly nar-
rowing at base, sessile or partly clasping ; spikes few, capitate (4 -6-flowered),
on erect peduncles (1-2’ long); fruit (immature) obovate, small (hardly 4”
long), obscurely 3-keeled on the back, a little beaked by the slender recurved
style. — Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass.

§ 3. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and sessile, linear
or setaceous.
* Stipules free from the sheathing base of the leaf.

19. P. zosterzefolius, Schum. Stem branching, wing-flattened ; leaves
linear and grass-like (commonly 4’ by 14”), abruptly pointed, with many fine
and 3 larger nerves; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse; spikes cylin-
drical, 12-15-flowered, not halfas long as the peduncle ; fruit obliquely obovate,
somewhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed,

ee ee

2
Fg

NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 563

the face arching and terminated by the short style; summit of the large embryo
lying transverse to the fruit. (P.compressus, F’ries ; not L.?) — Still and slow-
flowing waters, N. Eng. to N. J., lowa, and Minn. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

20. P. Hillii, Morong. Stem slender, widely branching, flattish; leaves
linear, acute (1-24 long by 4-14” wide), 3-nerved, the lateral nerves delicate
and near the margin; stipules whitish, striate, obtuse (3 -5” long) ; spikes
capitate (3-6-fruited), on short spreading or recurved peduncles; fruit as in
the last. — Mich. and western N. Y.

21. P. obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching ;
leaves linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute,
3- (rarely 5-) nerved ; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike ovate, continuous,
5 —8-flowered, about the length of the peduncle; fruit oval, apiculate with the
style, not keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and /ying
transverse to the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds, Canada and N. Eng. to west-
ern N. Y. and Mich. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

22. P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem filiform, flattish and very branching ;
leaves narrowly linear (1-2 long and seldom }” wide), acute, obscurely 3-
nerved ; stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, 1—4- (usually 2-) flowered, on short
club-shaped peduncles ; fruit roundish -/enticular ; the back more or less crested ;
upper portion of the embryo incurved ia a circle. —Still or stagnant waters,
N. Brunswick to Ga., Iowa, Minn., and westward.

Var. Niagarénsis, Gray. Stem often longer (1 -3°); leaves larger (14-
3¥ long by 1” wide or less), 3-5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate,
narrowed to the subpetiolate base. (P. Niagarensis, Tuckerm.) — Running
water, Great Lakes to S. C.; also in Cal.

23. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, often very
branching ; leaves narrow- or setaceous-linear, acuminate, acute or subacute, 1-
3-nerved, furnished with trans/ucent glands on each side at the base; stipules at
first obtuse ; spikes interrupted or capitate, 2-8-flowered, on rather long pe-
duncles; fruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ; apéx of embryo incurved and
directed obliquely downward.— Pools and ditches, N. Scotia to N. J., west to
Minn. and Mo., and westward. — Leaves sometimes almost setaceous (var.
tenuissimus, Koch).

Var. polyphyllus, Morong. Dwarf form (3-5 high), divaricately branch-
ing from the base, very leafy throughout; leaves very obtuse, not cuspidate,
3-nerved; non-flowering but abundantly provided with propagating buds which
are formed on the thickened and hardened ends of the branches and closely
invested by imbricated leaves. — In a shallow pool, S. Natick, Mass.

24. P. mucronatus, Schrad. Resembling P. pusillus, but stem less
branching ; leaves broader (almost 1” wide), often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted.
(P. pusillus, var. major, Fries.) —N. Brunswick to western N. Y., Mich., and
Minn. July. (Eu.)

25. P. gemmiparus, Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying
greatly in height; leaves hair-like, sometimes not as broad as the stem, often
with no apparent midrib, tapering to the finest point (1 - 3’ long), bi-glandular at
base ; stipules 4-1’ long; spikes few (3-6-flowered), interrupted, on long fili-
form peduncles; propagating buds very numerous ; fruit like that of P. pusillus,
very rare. (P. pusillus, var.? gemmiparus, Robbins.) —Slow-moving streams
and still water, Mass. Aug., Sent,

564 NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

26. P. Tuckermani, Robbins. Very slender and delicate from a creeping
rootstock, of a fine fight green; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly
dichotomous leaf-bearing branches; /eaves thin and flat, but setaceous and ta-
pering to near the fineness of a hair (1-4 long and §” extreme width), obscurely
1—3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather persistent below,
¥’ long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickened upward ; spike 4-
8-flowered, in fruit continuous, oblong ;, fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled ;
nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; shell thick and hard; embryo nearly an-
nular.— Cold ponds, White Mountains of N. H., N. Y., and N. J.

* * Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf.

27. P. pectinatus, L. Stem filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves very
narrowly linear, attenuate to the apex, l-nerved with a few transverse veins ;
spikes interrupted, on long filiform peduncles; fruit obliquely broad-obovate,
compressed, bluntly keeled ; shell of nutlet very thick ; embryo spirally incurved.
—N. Brunswick to Fla., westward across the continent. Aug.-—Oct. (Eu.)

28. P. marinus, L. Resembling narrow-leaved forms of the last species,
low and very leafy ; peduncles much elongated; fruit much smaller (1” long)
and thinner, round-obovate, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the
broad sessile stigma; embryo annular. — Western N. Y., Ill., Mich., and south-
ward. Probably the range of this species is much more extensive than indi-
cated, as it has been confounded with P. pectinatus.

29. P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid,
very branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded
in two ranks, recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear (3 - 5’ long and 2 -
3” wide), acuminate, c7/iate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved; stip-
ules obtuse when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles; spikes numer-
ous, loosely few-flowered, on short peduncles; fruit oblong-obovate (2” long),
keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked ; embryo stout, ovally annular. —
In ponds and slow streams, N. Brunswick to N. J., the N. shore of L. Superior,
and far westward.

4; BU PPA. 1. DITcH-GRASs.

Flowers perfect, 2 or more approximated on a slender spadix, which is at
first enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute of
floral envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate
anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, with solitary campylotropous suspended
ovules; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small obliquely ovate pointed drupes,
each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; the spadix itself
also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, witha
short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyle-
don. — Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking
stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base.
Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to HZ. B.
Ruppius, a German botanical author of the early part of the 18th century.)

1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect,
14” long; fruiting peduncles capillary (3-6 long); stipes 1-12” long. —
Shallow bays, along the entire coast; also occasionally in saline places in the
interior. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

NAIADACEZ. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 065

5. ZLANNICHELLI A, Micheli. HornED PONDWEED.

Flowers moncecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil;
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-
4-celled anther; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, bheaked with a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and
linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules (Named
in honor of Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.)

1. GZ. palustris, L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flat-
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile; or, in var. PEDUNCULATA,
both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. — Ponds and slow
streams, throughout N. America, but not common. July. (Eu., Asia.)

6. ZOSTER Ae 12 Ti: GRASS-WRACK. EEL-GRASS.

Flowers moncecious; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately ar-
ranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which
is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe); the sterile flowers
consisting of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries,
and containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule; stigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclosing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, grow-
ing wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed
by the bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped
leaves (whence the name, from (wornp, a band).

1. 4. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. —Common in shoal
water of bays along the coast, from Newf. to Fla. (Eu.)

To UNATAS= i. NAIAD.

Flowers dicecious or moncecious, axillary, solitary and sessile; the sterile
consisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe; anther at
first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting
of a single ovary tapering into a short style; stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped; ovule
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and separ:
able membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves,
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base.
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the
axis; insummer. (Naids, a water-nymph.)

1. N. marina, L. Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles ;
leaves broadly linear (3 -18” long), coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated base
entire; fruit 2-23” long; seed very finely lineate, oblong, slightly compressed.

566 NAIADACER. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

(N. major, All.) — Marshes and salt-springs of western N. Y. and Mich. Teeth
of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (u.)

Var. gracilis, Morong. Internodes long (1 -3’) and nearly naked, with
only a few teeth above; leaves very narrow, the dilated base also toothed ;
fruit smaller. — Canoga marshes, western N. Y.; also in Fla.

Var. recurvata, Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously
branched, recurved-spreading ; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent,
the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side. — Cayuga marshes, N. Y.

2. N. fléxilis, Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems usually very slender; leaves
very narrowly linear ($-1’ long), very minutely serrulate; fruit 14” long,
narrowly oblong; seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining. — Ponds and slow
streams, N. Scotia to 8. C., lowa and Minn. ‘Teeth on the margins of the
leaves l-celled. (Eu.)— Var. roptsta, Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved,
sparsely branching, elongated ; leaves flat, abruptly acute. — E. Mass., Mich.,
and Tex.

3. N. Indica, Cham., var. gracillima, A. Br. Branches alternate;
leaves very narrowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate, the rounded lobes
of the sheathing base spinulose-ciliate ; fruit linear, impressed-dotted between the
numerous ribs. — Mass. to Penn., west to Ind. and Mo. ‘Teeth of 3 cells each.

Orver 127. ERIOCAULEZ. (Pirewort Famiy.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or short-stemmed, with a tuft of fibrous
roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaves, and
naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of monecious or
rarely dicecious small 2—3-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious
bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse; the
fruit a 2-3-celled 2—3-seeded capsule; seeds pendulous, orthotropous ;
embryo at the apex of mealy albumen. -— Chiefly tropical plants, a few
in northern temperate regions.

1. Eriocaulon. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-form in the staminate
flowers ; stamens twice as many as its lobes (4). Anthers 2-celled.

2. Pzepalanthus. Perianth as in the last ; stamens only as many as the corolla-lobes (3).
Anthers 2-celled.

3. Lachnocaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below.
Anthers 1-celled.

1. ERIOCAULON, L._ Preeworr.

Flowers monecious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dicecious.
Ster. Fl. Calyx of 2 or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or
dilated upward. Corolla tubular, 2-3-lobed, each of the lobes bearing a black
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many, one inserted at the base of each lobe
and one in each sinus; anthers 2-celled. Pistils rudimentary. Fert. Fl. Calyx
as in the sterile flowers, often remote from the rest of the flower (therefore per-
haps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla of 2 or 3 separate narrow
petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-lobed, 2—3-celled; style 1;
stigmas 2 or 3,slender. Capsule membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly
smooth, loosely cellular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or pedun

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 567

‘les verminated by a single head, involucrate by some outer empty bracts.
Flowers, also the tips of the bracts, etc., usually white-bearded or woolly.
(Name compounded of &pioy, wool, and ravads, a stalk, from the wool at the
base of the scape.) — Our species are all stemless, wholly glabrous excepting
at the base and the flowers, with a depressed head and dimerous flowers.

1. EK. decangulare, L. Leaves obtuse, varying from linear-lanceolate to
linear-awl-shaped, rather rigid; scapes 10- 12-ribbed (1 -3° high) ; head hemi-
spherical, becoming globular (2—7” wide); scales of the involucre acutish,
straw-color or light brown; chaff (bracts among the flowers) pointed. — Pine-
barren swamps, N. J. to Fla. July -Sept.

2. KH. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves spreading (2- 5’ long), grassy-awl-
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the 10-ribbed scape; scales of
the involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color; chaff obtuse. — Pine-barren
swamps, N. J. to Fla.

3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (1-3 long), awl-shaped,
nellucid, soft and very cellular; scape 4-7-striate, slender, 2-6’ high, or when
submersed becoming 1-6° long, according to the depth of the water; chaff
acutish ; head 2-3” broad; the bracts, chaff, etc., lead-color, except the white
coarse beard. — In ponds or along their borders, Newf. to N. J., west to Ind.,
Mich., and Minn. July, Aug. (Eu.)- ;

2. PHPALANTHUS, Martius.

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from aardAn, dust
or flour, and &yv@os, flower, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and
flowers of many South American species.)

1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. ‘Tufted, stemless; leaves bristle-awl-shaped
(1’ long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6-12’ high), 5-
angled; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flow-
ers mostly obsolete; perianth glabrous; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers
linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. — Low pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Harry Pirewort.

Flowers moneecious, etc.,asin Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none!
Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 ; filaments below coalescent into a club-shaped tube around
the rudiment of a pistil, above separate and elongated; anthers l-celled! Fert.
Fi. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stig-
‘nas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, bearing
a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy. (Name from Adxvos, woo/, and kavads, stalk.)

1. L. Michat.xii, Kunth.— Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla.

Orper 128. CYPERACEZE. (Sepce Famty.)

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots, mostly solid stems (culms),
élosed sheaths, and spiked chiefly 3-androus flowers, one in the axil of each
Of the glume-like imbricated bracts (scales, glumes), destitute of any perianth,

568 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

or with hypogynous bristles or scales in its place; the 1-celled ovary with a
single erect anutropous ovule, in fruit forming an achene. Style 2-cleft
with the fruit flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleft and fruit 3-angular. Em-
bryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury albumen. Stem-leaves
when present 3-ranked. — A large, widely diffused family.

I. Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistil abortive:
spikes all of one sort.
Tribe I. SCIRPEAE. Spikelets mostly many-flowered, with only 1 (rarely 2) of the
lower scales empty. E
* Scales of the spikelet strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled.
+ Flowers destitute of bristles and of beak to the achene; inflorescence terminal.

i. Cyperus. Spikelets few-many-flowered, usually elongated or slender.
2. Kyllinga. Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a sessile head.

+ + Flower furnished with bristles ; achene beaked ; inflorescence axillary.
3. Dulichium. Spikelets 6-10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle,
* * Scales of the several - many-flowered spikelet imbricated all round (subdistichous in n. 5),

+ Achene crowned with the bulbous persistent base of the style (usually deciduous in n. 7) ;
flowers without inner scales (bractlets).
++ Hypogynous bristles (perianth) generally present; culm naked.
4. Eleocharis. Spikelet solitary, terminating the culm. Stamens 3.
++ ++ Bristles always none; culm leafy.
5. Dichromena. Spikelets crowded into a leafy-involucrate head, laterally flattened, the
scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Many of the flowers imperfect or abortive.
6. Psilocarya. Spikeletsin broad open cymes. Style almost wholly persistent.

. Fimbristylis. Spikelets inan involucrate umbel. Culm leafy at base. Style usually
wholly deciduous.

“I

+ + Style not bulbous at base.
++ Flowers without inner scales, but bristles generally present.
8. Scirpus. Spikelets solitary or clustered, or in a compound umbel, the stem often leafy
at base and inflorescence involucrate. Barbed bristles 3-8 or none. Stamens mostly 3.
9. Eriophorum. As Scirpus, but the bristles naked, exserted and often silky in fruit.
Stamens 1-3. '
++ 4+ Flower with one or more inner scales.

10. Fuirena. Scales ofthe spikelet awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked
petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.

11. Hemicarpha. Flower with a single very minute hyaline scale next the axis of the
spikelet ; bristles none.

12. Lipocarpha. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis, the other in front
of the achene; bristles none.

Tribe II. RHYNCHOSPOREZ. Spikelets mostly 1-2-flowered, with 2-many o.

the lower scales empty.

13. Rhynchospora. Spikelets terete or flattish; scales convex, either loosely enwrapping
or regularly imbricated. Achene crowned with a persistent tubercle or beak, and com-
monly surrounded by bristles.

14. Cladium. Spikelets terete, few-flowered, the scales, etc., asin the preceding. Achers
destitute of tubercle. No bristles.

II. Flowers unisexual.
Tribe III. SCLERIEZE. Flowers monecious; the staminate and pistillate in the
same or in different clustered spikes. Achene naked, bony or crustaceous, supported

on a hardened disk.
15. Seleria. Spikes few-flowered; lower scales empty. No bristles or inner scales.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) og

Tribe IV. CARICEZ. Flowers monecious in the same (androgynous) or in separate
spikes, or sometimes dicecious. Achene enclosed in a sac ( perigynivm).

16. Carex. Hypogynous bristle short and enclosed in the perigynium or none.

l CYPERUS, ‘our. GALINGALE. (PI. 1.)

Spikelets many -few-flowered, mostly flat, variously arranged, mostly in
clusters or heads, which are commonly disposed in a simple or compound ter-
minal umbel. Scales 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled (their decurrent base
below often forming margins or wings to the hollow of the joint of the axis next
below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1-3. No bristles or inner scales. Style
2-3-cleft, deciduous. Achene lenticular or triangular, naked at the apex. —
Culms mostly triangular, simple, leafy at base, and with one or more leaves at
the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel or head. Peduncles or
rays unequal, sheathed at base. All flowering in late summer or autumn.
(Kuzrecpos, the ancient name.)

§1. PYCREUS. Achene lenticular, the edge turned to the rhach's; spikelet
flattened, many-flowered ; rhachis narrow, not winged. Annuals.
* Umbel simple or capitate, rarely slightly compound.

1. C. flavéscens, L. Culms 4-10’ high; spikelets 5-8” long; invo-
lucre 3-leaved, very unequal; spikelets becoming linear, obtuse, clustered on
the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles) ; scales obtuse, straw-yellow ; stamens 3;
achene shining, orbicular, its superficial cells oblong. — Low grounds, N. Eng.
to Mich., Ill., and southward. (Eu., etc.)

2. C, diandrus, Torr. (Pl.1, fig. 1-4.) Spikelets lance-oblong (3 -9”),
scattered or clustered on the 2-5 very short or unequal rays; scales rather ob-
tuse, purple-brown on the margins or nearly all over; stamens 2, or sometimes
3; achene dull, oblong-obovate ; otherwise much like the last. — Low grounds,
common from the Atlantic to Minn., Ark., and N. Mex. — Var. cASTANEUS,
Torr. Scales more firm and browner; with the type.

3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Culms 4-12’ high; spikelets lance-linear, acute
and very flat (}-1’ long), crowded on the few usually very short (or some of
them distinct) rays; scales oblong, yellowish-brown, rather loose; stamens 2;
achene oblong-obovate, very blunt, dull.— Mostly in salt or brackish marshes,
along the coast, from Mass. to the Gulf.

4. C. polystachyus, Rottb., var. leptostachyus, Boeckl. Culms
very slender, 6-15’ high; leaves and elongated involucre very narrow; spike-
lets few to many on the 4-8 rays, linear, acute, 2-9” long; scales thin, ovate,
acute, closely imbricated, pale brown ; stamens 2; achene linear-oblong or clavate,
short-pointed, grayish and minutely pitted. (C. microdontus, Torr.) — Margins
of ponds and streams, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

* * Umbel compound.

5. C. flavicomus, Vahl. Culm stout (1-3° high) ; leaves of the invo-
lucre 3-5, very long; spikelets linear (4-9” long), spiked and crowded
on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed umbel, spreading;
scales oval, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious- (whitish-)
margined ; stamens 3; achene obovate, mucronate, blackish.— Low grounds,
Va. to Fla.

570 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§ 2. CYPERUS proper. Achene triangular ; spikelets usually many-flowered,
more or less flattened, with carinate scales, the rhachis marginless or nearly
so (winged in n. 12).
* Stamen 1; spikelets short and small (14-5” long) in globular heads, ovate or
linear-oblong, many-flowered ; achene oblong-obovate to linear.

+ Low annuals; involucre 2-3-leaved ; heads few; scales pointed.

6. C. aristatus, Rottb. Dwarf (1-5’ high); spikelets chestnut-brown,
ablong becoming linear, 7 -13-flowered, in 1-5 ovate heads (sessile and clus
sered, or short-peduncled) ; scales nerved, tapering to a long recurved point ;
achene oblong-obovate, obtuse. (C. inflexus, Muhl.)—Sandy wet shores ;
common. Sweet-scented in drying.

7. C. acuminatus, Torr. Slender (3-12’ high); spikelets ovate, be-
coming oblong, 16—30-flowered, pale; scales obscurely 3-nerved, short-tipped ;
achene oblong, pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Ill. and southwestward.

++ Tall perennial (1-4° high); heads many, greenish ; scales pointless.

8. C. calearatus, Nees. Culm obtusely triangular; leaves and involucre
very long, keeled; umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets ovate (13 long),
in numerous small heads- achenes pale, linear, on a slender stipe; scales nar-
row, acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C. virens, Grau, in part; not Michr. C.
Luzulz, var. umbellatus, Britt.) — Wet places, Des. to Fla. and Tex.

* * Stamens 3 (2 in C. fuscus) ; spikelets clustered on the rays of a simple umbel
(or ina single sessile head) ; scales mostly green or greenish and many-nerved,
abruptly sharp-pointed ; achene obovate, sharply triangular.

« Low annuals.

9. C. compréssus, L. Culms 3-9’ high, with a simple sessile or a few
umbellate clusters of oblong to linear spikelets (15-30-flowered and 3-8”
long) with crowded strongly keeled and very acute pale scales. — Sterile fields
along the coast, Md. to Fla. and Tex.; also adventive near Philadelphia.

C. Ftscus, L. Of similar habit; spikelets much smaller (2-4” long),
the thin brown scales (greenish only on the keel) barely acutish and very
faintly nerved. — Revere Beach, Mass. ( Young); on ballast at Philadelphia.
(Ady. from Eu.)

+ + Perennial, propagating from hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers.

10. C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles (1 -2° high) ; um
bel 4-8-rayed, rays very unequal, erect ; spikelets loosely or somewhat remotely
6 — 12-flowered, with convex many-nerved scales ; joints narrowly winged. —- Dry
sandy shores and ridges, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn. and Kan.

11. C,. filicilmis, Vahl. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8-15’
high) ; leaves linear (4-2” wide) or filiform ; spikelets numerous and clustered
in one sessile dense head, or in1—7 additional looser heads on spreading rays of
an irregular umbel; joints of the axis naked; scales blunt, greenish. — Dry
sterile soil; common, especially southward.

12. C. Grayii, Torr. Culm thread-form, wiry (6-12’ high); /eaves al-
most bristle-shaped, channelled ; umbel simple, 4-6-rayed ; spikes 5-10 in a
loose head, spreading ; joints of the axis winged ; scules rather obtuse, greenish-
chestnut-color. — Barren sands, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., near the coast.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 571

~“ . .
§3. PAPYRUS. Style 3-cleft ; achene triangular ; stamens 3; spikelets many-
flowered, flattened, the carinate scales decurrent upon the rhachis as searious
wings ; spikes in simple or compound umbels.

* Wings of the rhachis soon separating to the base as a pair of free scales ; annual.

13. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. (PI. 1, fig.5-8.) Culm obtusely trian-
gular (3’-8° high); umbel many-rayed; involucre 4-5-leaved, very long;
involucels bristle-form ; spikelets very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylin-
drical nearly sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontally, linear, flattish (3 -
6” long), bright chestnut-colored ; scales lanceolate, mucronulate. — Alluvial
banks, L. I. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and southward ; also adveuntive in N. Eng.

* * Wings of the rhachis persistently attached ; perennial by slender running
rootstocks.

+ Achene round-obovate ; scales mucronate or acute, free or spreading.

14. C. Haspan, L. Culms sharply angled (1-14° high); leaves linear,
often reduced to membranous sheaths ; umbel spreading, the filiform rays mostly
longer than the 2-leaved involucre ; spikelets narrowly linear ; scales light reddish-
brown, oblong, mucronate, 3-nerved. — Ponds and ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

15. C. dentatus, Torr. (PI. 1, fig. 9.) Culms slender (1° high); leaves
rigid and keeled; wmbel erect, shorter than the 3-—4-leaved involucre; scales
reddish-brown, with green keel, ovate, acute, 7-nerved. — Sandy swamps, N. Eng.
and northern N. Y. to 8. C. and W. Va. Spikes often abortive and changed
into leafy tufts.

++ Achene linear to oblong ; scales appressed, pointless or nearly so.
++ Perennial by tuberiferous stolons.

16. C. rotundus, L. (Nut-Grass.) Culm slender (}-14° high), longer
than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound, about equalling the in.
volucre; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple 12 -40-flowered
acute spikelets (4-9 long); scales ovate, closely appressed, nerveless except on
the keel. — Sandy fields, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; also adventive near Philadel-
phia and New York city. (Eu.)

17. C. esculéntus, L. Culm (1-2$° high) equalling the leaves; umbel
often compound, 4—7-rayed, much shorter than the long involucre; spzkelets
numerous, light chestnut or straw-color, acutish, 12-30-flowered (4-7” long) ;
scales ovate or ovate-oblong narrowly scarious-margined, nerved, the acutish tips
rather loose ; achene oblong-obovate. (C. phymatodes, .Wuh/.) — Low grounds,
along rivers, etc., N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. ; spreading ex-
tensively by its small nut-like tubers and becoming a pest in cultivated grounds.
+ + Perennial, propagating by corm-like tubers from the base ; spikelets narrow,

acuminate, often teretish ; scales oblong-lanceolate ; achene linear-oblongq.

18. C. strigosus, L. Culm mostly stout (1-3° high); most of the rays
_ of the umbel elongated (1 - 5’), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikelets 5 - 25-flowered,
spreading; scales several-nerved, much longer than the achene.— Damp or
fertile soil, Canada to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. Very variable
in the number and length of the rays of the simple or compound umbel, and in
the size of the spikelets (2$-6 or even 12” long), more or less densely crowded
on the axis. 4;

20

572 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

§ 4. DICLIDIUM. Style 3-cleft; spikelets narrow, terete or nearly so, few -
many-flowered, the scales closely appressed and the broad wings of the jointed
rhachis enclosing the triangular achene.

19. C. speciosus, Vahl. Culm stout, mostly low (5-20° high); rays of
the simple or compound umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikelets 10 -20-
flowered, yellowish-brown at maturity (3-7” long), the short joints of its axis
winged with very broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate triangular
achene; the scales ovate, obtusish, imbricately overlapping. (C. Michauxianus,
Gray, Manual; not Schultes.)— Low grounds and sandy banks, N. Eng. to
Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

20. C. Engelmanni, Steud. Resembles n. 19; but the spikelets more
slender and terete, somewhat remotely 5-15-flowered, the zigzag joints of the
axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious sca/es
proportionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the succes-
sive scales not reaching the base of the one above on the same side ; achene oblong-
linear, very small. — Low grounds, Mass. to Wisc. and southward. -

Sb: MARISCUS. Spikelets 1 -—4-flowered, subterete, usually in dense heads ;
scales appressed, several-nerved, the lower empty and often persistent after
the fall of the rest of the spikelet ; joints of the rhachis winged, enclosing the
triangular achene. Perennial.

* Spikelets slender and acuminate, more or less refracted in usually close um-

belled spikes. — Connecting with § 4.

21. C. Lancastriénsis, Porter. Culm (1-2° high) triangular; /eaves
rather broadly linear; umbel of 6-9 mostly elongated rays; spikelets very nu-
merous in short-oblong close heads, soon reflexed, of 3-6 narrow scales, the
upper and lower empty, twice the length of the linear-oblong achene, whicn
is nearly 1” long. — Rich soil, Penn. and N. J. to Ala.

22. C. retrofractus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy
and rough on the obtusish angles (1-3° high); umbel many-rayed; spikelets
slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the
elongated rays, soon strongly reflexed, 1 — 2-flowered in the middle (3 — 5” long) ;
scales usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate
and pointed, the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ; achene linear, 1}” long. —
Sandy fields, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

23. C. refractus, Engelm. Culm 1-2° high; rays usually more or less
elongated ; spikelets very slender, in rather loose heads, divaricate or more or
less reflexed, 2—4-flowered ; achene linear, 14” long. — N. J. to N.C. and Mo.

% x Spikelets very short, blunt, in densely compacted globose or cylindrical heads

24. C. ovularis, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6’-2° high) ; umbel
1-6-rayed; spikelets (50-100) in a globular head, 3-flowered, oblong, blunt (14-
2” long); scales ovate, obtuse, a little longer than the ovate-oblong achene. —
Sandy dry soil, southern N. Y. to Fla., west to Il., Ark., and Tex.— Var.
roptstus, Boeckl., is a form with large heads (4-8 long), the spikelets 3-
4-flowered. (C. Wolfii, Wood.) — Tl. to Ark., and southward.

25. C. Torreyi, Britton. Like the last, but the heads cylindrical or ob-
long, spikelets usually 2-flowered, and achene linear-oblong. — 1. Island to Fla..
west to Tex.

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) O73

2. KYLLINGA, Rottboell. (PI. 1.)

Spikelets of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1-14-flowered; the 2 lower scales
minute and empty, as in Cyperus, § 4, but style oftener 2-cleft and achene
lenticular; spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. —
Culms leafy at base; involucre 3-leaved. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Dan-
ish botanist of the 17th century.)

1. K. pumila, Michx. Annual; culms 2-9’ high; head globular or
3-lobed, whitish-green (about 4” broad); spikelets strictly 1-flowered; upper
scales ovate, pointed, rough on the keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves linear
— Low grounds, Ohio to HL, south to Fla. and Tex. Aug.

38. DULICHIUM, Pers. (P11)

Spikelets many- (6-10-) flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on ax-
illary solitary peduncles emerging from the sheaths of the leaves; scales 2-
ranked, lanceolate, decurrent, forming flat wing-like margins on the joint below.
Perianth of 6-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above.
Achene flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A
perennial herb, with a terete simple hollow culm (1-2° high), jointed and
leafy to the summit; leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (An alteration
of Dulcichinum, an old name for a species of Cyperus.)

1. D. spathaceum, Pers.— Borders of ponds, N. Scotia to Fla., west to
Minn. and Tex. July -Sept.

4. ELEOCHARIS, R.Br. — Sprxe-Rusn. (P1.3.)

Spikelet single, terminating the naked culm, many -several-flowered. Scales
imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3-12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downward, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 2—3. Style 2—3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle jointed
upon the apex of the lenticular or triangular achene. — Leafless, chiefly per-
ennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creeping root-
stocks; flowering insummer. (Name from édos, a marsh, and xalpw, to delight
in; being marsh plants.)

§ 1. Spikelet terete, hardly if at all thicker than the spongy-cellular culm ; scales
Jirmly persistent ; style mostly 3-cleft; bristles 6 (rarely 7), firm or rigid,
mostly barbed downward, equalling or surpassing the triangular or lenticular
achene.

* Spikelet linear or lanceolate-awl-shaped, few-flowered ; scales (only 3-9) few-
ranked, convolute-clasping the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate,
herbaceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scarious
Margins.

1. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Fower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8’—2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or
fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; spikelet 4-
10” long; achene oblong-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half
the length of the bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shal-
low water, N. Eng. to Fla.

574 CYPERACEH., (SEDGE FAMILY.)

« * Spikelet cylindrical, many-flowered, 1-2’ long ; scales in several ranks, firm
coriaceous with scarious margin, pale, nerveless or faintly striate ; culms large
and stout (2-4° high) ; basal sheaths often leaf-bearing.

2. EH. equisetoides, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many
cross-partitions ; achene smooth (the minute reticulation transversely linear-
rectangular), with a conical-beaked tubercle.— Shallow water, R. I. to Fla.,
west to Mich. and Tex.

3. E., quadrangulata, R.Br. (PI. 3, fig.6-9.) Culm continuous and
sharply 4-angled ; achene finely reticulated, with 2 conical flattened distinct tu-
bercle. — Shallow water, central N. Y. to Mich., and southward; rare.

§ 2. Spikelet terete and turgid-ovate, much thicker than the very slender culm;
scales thin-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous, persistent, ovate; style 3-cleft ;
bristles stout, barbed downward (or sometimes upward), as long as the striate
and pitted-reticulated triangular achene and its tubercle ; culms tufted from
Jibrous roots, 1 - 2° high.

4. E. tuberculosa, R.Br. (P1.3, fig. 10.) Culms flattish, striate ; spike-
let 3-6” long, many-flowered; tubercle flattish-cap-shaped, as large us the body
of the achene. — Wet sandy soil, from Mass. along the coast to Fla.

5. BE. tortilis, Schult. Culms sharply triangular, capillary, twisting when
dry ; spikelet 2-3” long, few-flowered ; conical-beaked tubercle much smaller
than the achene. (E. simplex, Torr.) — Eastern shore of Md. to Fla.

§ 3. Spikelets terete, much thicker thanthe culm, many-flowered ; scales imbri-
cated in many or more than 3 ranks, thin-membranaceous or scarious, with a
thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous.

* Style 2-cleft (often 3-cleft inn. 7 and 10) and the smooth achene lenticular :
culms slender or thread-form, terete or compressed.

+ Annuals ; culms tufted, from fibrous roots.

6. E. capitata, R. Br. Culms terete, -8’ high or more; sprkelets ovate
to oblong (1—8” long), obtuse, 15-40-flowered; scales thickish, round-ovate, ob-
tuse, brown or brownish with green keel and paler margins; stamens 2; achene
obovate, black, about equalling the 6-8 bristles, tipped with a flattened or sau-
cer-shaped tubercle. (E. dispar, E. J. Hill.) — In sand or gravel near sloughs,
Md. (Canby) to Fla. and Tex.; N. Ind. (Hiil/). (S. Am., etc.)

7. BE. ovata, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, 8—14’ high; spikelet globose-
ovoid to ovate-oblong, obtuse, 1-6” long (dull brown) ; scales very obtuse, densely
crowded in many ranks ; style 3- (rarely 2-) cleft; achene obovate with narrow
base, pale-brownish, shining, shorter than the 6-8 bristles, broader than the
short-deltoid, acute and flattened tubercle. (EK. obtusa, Schu/t.) — Muddy places,
N. Brunswick to Minn., south and westward. Variable as to the length of its
bristles. A low form, with smaller and more narrowly obovate achenes, and
the bristles very short or none, is E. diandra, Wright. A dwarf form occurs
with very small and few-flowered heads. (Eu.)

8. EK. Engelmanni, Steud. Like the last; spikelets usually narrowly
cylindrical and acute or acutish, 2-8” long; achene broad and truncate, the
tubercle covering the summit; bristles not exceeding the achene. (E. obtusa,
var. detonsa, Gray.) — Mass. to Penn. and Mo.

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) O79

+ + Perennials, with running rootstocks.

9. E. olivacea, Torr. (Pl. 2, fig. 1-5.) Culms flattish, grooved, dif.
fusely tufted on slender matted rootstocks (2-4’ high) ; spikelet ovate, acutish,
20 -30-flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (purple with a
green midrib and slightly scarious margins) ; achene obovate, dull, abruptly
beaked with a narrow tubercle, shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet, sandy
soil, Mass. to N. C., and western N. Y.

10. E. palustris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate, 1 -5° high; spikelet
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated,
yeddish-brown with a broad and translucent whitish margin and a greenish
keel, the upper acutish, the lowest rounded and often enlarged ; achene rather
narrowly obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a short ovate or ovate-tri-
angular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually 4 bristles. — Very common,
either in water, when it is pretty stout and tall, or in wet grassy grounds,
when it is slender and lower. (Eu., Asia.) — Var. GLAUCESCENS, Gray. Culms
slender or filiform ; tubercle narrower, acute, beak-like, sometimes half as long
as the achene. With the type.— Var. cALva, Gray. Bristles none; tubercle
short, but narrower than in the type.— Var. vicEns, L. H. Bailey. Culms
very stout, rigid; achene more broadly obovoid. Lake Champlain and along
the Great Lakes to Minn.

* * Achene triangular or turgid; style 3-cleft
+ Bristles at least equalling the smooth achene, downwardly barbed, persistent.

ll. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect
(1-24° high), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous from the apex
(1 -2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spikelet spindle-shaped, 12 —20-
flowered ; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown) ; achene obovate-triangular, nar-
rowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4-6
bristles. — Marshes, N. Eng. to S. C., west to Mich. and Ky.

12. BE. intermedia, Schultes. Culms capillary, wiry, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6- 12’ long) ;
spikelet oblong-ovate, acutish, loosely 10 -20-flowered (2-3” long) ; scales oblong,
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown: achene obovoid with a nar-
rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which
nearly equals the 6 bristles. — Wet slopes, Penn. to Iowa, north to Canada.

13. E. Torreyana, Boeckl. Like the preceding, but more capillary and
heads smaller (1}-2” long), sometimes proliferous, the one or more short new
culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists as an herbaceous bract ;
achene very much smaller, with sharper angles and a short conical tubercle,
which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. (E. microcarpa, var. fili-
culmis, Torr.) — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla.

-- + Bristles 2-4, shorter than the achene, slender and fragile, or none.

14. E. ténuis, Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root-
stocks, 4-angular and flattish (1° high), the sides concave ; sp/ke/et elliptical, acut-
ish, 20 -30-flowered (3” long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad
scarious margin and green keel; achene obovate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned
with a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles
4 as long as the achene or none. — N. Scotia to N.C., Minn., and Mo. June.

576 CYPERACE#, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

15. BE. compréssa, Sullivant. Culms flat, striate, tufted, erect (1 --2°
high); spikelet ovate-oblong, or at length lanceolate, 20 —-30-flowered (4-7”
long} ; scales lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark purple with broad white pellucid
margins and summit; achene yellowish, obovate-pear-shaped, obtusely triangu-
lar, wrinkled, crowned with a small conical and pointed tubercle ; bristles 1-4,
very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the achene (sometimes none or
a single rudiment). — Wet places, N. Y. and Ont. to Minn. and Mo.

16. EB. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9=
18’ high) ; spikelet cylindrical-ovord or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flow-
ered (3-6” long); scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse,
brownish with broad scarious margins ; achene smooth, obovate-top-shaped, ob-
tusely triangular, the broad summit entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed
tubercle, which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point;
bristles often obsolete ; achene soon blackish. — Wet sand, Mass. to Fla.

17. E. tricostata, Torr. Culms jlattish (1-2° high) ; spikelet soon eylin-
drical, densely many-flowered (6-9” long), thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse,
rusty brown, with broad scarious margins; achene obovate, with 3 prominent
thickened angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute
tubercle; bristles none. — N. J. to Fla.

18. BE. Wolfii, Gray. Culms slender (1° high), from very small creeping
rhizomes, 2-edyed ; spikelet ovate-oblong, acute; scales ovate-oblong, obtuse,
scarious, pale purple; achene pyriform, shining, with 9 nearly equidistant obtuse
ribs and transverse wrinkles between them ; tubercle depressed, truncate, more or
less apiculate ; bristles not seen. — Wet prairies, N. lowa and 8S. Minn.

§ 4. Spikelet more or less flattened, thicker than the slender or capillary culm,
few -many-flowered ; the thin membranaceous scales somewhat 2 -—3-ranked ;
style 3-cleft; bristles of the perianth 3-6, fragile or fugacious. Small or del-
icate species, differing from the last division chiefly in the flattish spikelets.

* Tubercle contracted at its junction with the achene.

19. EB. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2-8’ long), more or
less t-ungulur; spikelet 3-9-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse
(greenish with purple sides) ; achene obovate-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and
2-3 times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer
than the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular.— Muddy
shores, across the continent. (Eu., Asia.)

20. B. pygmiea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1-2
high) ; spikelet ovate, 3 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather
acute; achene ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, tipped with a mi
nute tubercle; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. —
Brackish marshes, from N. Brunswick to Fla.

x * Tubercle continuous with the nutlet and not contracted at base.

21. BE. pauciflora, Link. Culms striate-angled, very slender (3- 9’ high),
scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, with a short truncate sheath at
base ; scales of the ovate spikelet evidently 2-ranked, chestnut-brown, pointless,
all flower-bearing, the two lower larger; bristles 3-6, about as long as the
conspicuously beaked triangular achene. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightfoot.) —
Wet places, N. Y. to N. Ill. ana Minn., north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) o77

5. DICHROMENA, Richard. (PI. 4)

Spikelets aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com-
pressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abor-
tive. Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or
boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth,
bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with
the persistent and broad tubercled base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creep-
ing perennial rootstocks; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base
(whence the name, from dis, double, and xpa@mua, color).

1. D. leucocéphala, Michx. Culm triangular (1-2° high); leaves
narrow ; those of the involucre 4-7; achene truncate, not margined. — Damp
pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Aug., Sept.

2. D. latifolia, Baldwin. (Pl. 4, fig. 1-5.) Culm stouter, nearly te-
rete; leaves broadly linear, those of the involucre 8 or 9, tapering from base to
apex; achene round-obovate, faintly wrinkled, the ee decurrent on its

edges. — Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla.

6. PSILOCARYA, Torr. Batp-rusn. (PI. 4.)

Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbri-
cated, each with a perfect flower. Perianth (bristles) wholly wanting. Sta-
mens mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base or the greater part of it enlarging and
hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more or less wrinkled
achene. — Annuals, with leafy culms, the spikelets in terminal and axillary
cymes. (Name from Ads, naked, and kapva, nut.)

1. P. scirpoides, Torr. Annual (4-10 high), leafy ; leaves flat ; spike-
lets 20-30-flowered; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored; achene
somewhat margined, beaked with a sword-shaped almost wholly persistent
style. (Rhynchospora scirpoides, Gray.) — Inundated places, S. N. Eng.

7, FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (PI1.3.)

Spikelets several-many-flowered, terete; scales all floriferous, regularly
imbricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, etc.) none. Stamens 1-3.
Style 2-35-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except
in n. 4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achene. Other-
wise as in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at base. Spikelets in our species umbelled,
and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of fimbria, a fringe, and
stylus, style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)

* Style 2-cleft, flattened and ciliate; achene lenticular ; tubercle soon deciduous ;
spikelets many-flowered.

1. F. spadicea, Vahl, var. castanea, Gray. Culms (1-23° high)
tufted from a perennial root, rigid, as are the thread-form convolute-channelled
leaves, smooth; spikelets ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-
color (2” thick); stamens 2 or 3; achene very minutely striate and reticulated.
— Salt marshes along the coast, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. July -Sept.— Scales
lighter colored than in the tropical form.

2. F. laxa, Vahl. (PI. 3, fig. 1-5.) Culms slender (2-12’ high) from
an annual root, weak, grooved and flattish: leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate,

078 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

glaucous, sometimes hairy ; spikelets ovate, acute (3” long) ; stamen 1; achene
conspicuously 6 —8-ribhed on each side, and with finer cross-lines. — Low ground,
Penn. to Fla., west to Ill. and La. July -Sept.

* * Style 3-cleft and achene triangular; tubercle soon deciduous; spikelets
smaller and fewer-flowered.

3. F. autumnalis, Roem. & Schult. (Pl. 3, fig. 6-9.) Annual (3-
16’ high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect; leaves flat, acute;
_umbel compound; spikelets oblong, acute (1-2” long), single or 2-3 in a
cluster; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucronate; stamens 1-—3.— Low grounds,
Maine to Fla., west to Ill. and La.

* x « Style 3-cleft, filiform and not ciliate ; achene acutely triangular ; tubercle
more or less persistent.

4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (8-9 high) ; culm
and leaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or panicled ;
spikelets (2” long) oyoid-oblong ; stamens 2; achene minutely wrinkled, very
obtuse. — Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific.

F. VAuuu, Link (F. congesta, Torr.), a diminutive southern species, with
long filiform leaves, sessile capitate spikelets, narrow acuminate scales, and
the style 2-cleft and not ciliate, has been found in ballast-sand along the north-
erp coast.

8. SCIRPUS, Toumn. Burrusn or Ciun-Rusu. (PI. 3.)

Spikelets several — many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which 1s
subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing
like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly imbricated
all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed and the
fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers to all the scales, or to all but
one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3-6 mostly retrorsely barbed
or ciliate bristles (not elongated), or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3.
Style 2-3-cleft, simple, not bulbous at base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes
leaving a tip or point to the lenticular or triangular achene. — Culms sheathed
at base; the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Mostly perennials; flowering in
summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.)

* Spikelets solitary, few-flowered, small, often flattish ; achene triangular, smooth
+ Involucre a short awl-shuped bract ; culms tufted (3 -12’ high), filiform.

1. S. eczespitosus, L. Culms terete, wiry, densely sheathed at base, in
compact turfy tufts; the upper sheath bearing a very short awl-shaped leaf;
spikelet ovoid, rusty-color; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling
the lowest proper scale of the spikelet and scarcely surpassing it; bristles 6,
smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed achene. — Coast of Maine, al-
pine summits of N. Eng., swamps of northern N. Y., N. Il., Minn., and north-
ward; also on Roan Mt., N.C. (Eu.)

2. §. Clintonii, Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like,
sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter
(usually very much shorter) than the culm; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly
shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spikelet, which has potntless scales ;
otherwise as the next. — Rather dry plains, N. Y. June.

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 579

3. §. planifolius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at base ; leaves linear,
fiat, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle-
tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or oblong chestnut-colored spikelet,
the green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points; bristles upwardly
hairy, as long as the pointless achene.— Dry or moist ground, N. Eng. to
Del., west to western N. Y. and Penn.; W. Mo (Bb. F’. Bush.).

+ + One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm.

4. S. subterminalis, Torr. Aquatic; culms (1-3° long, thickish-fili-
form) p rtly and the shorter filiform leaves: wholly submersed, cellular; the
filiform green bract 6-12” long, much surpassing the oblong spikelet; scales
somewhat pointed; bristles 6, bearded downward, rather shorter than the ab-
ruptly-pointed achene. — Slow streams and ponds, N. Eng. to N.J., west to
Mich. and N. Ind. — Var. TERREsSTRIS, Paine; less tall, with firmer stem and
leaves, and fruiting spike more turgid. Growing chiefly emersed; Herkimer
aN. 'Y.

* * Spikelets clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral, the one-leaved invo-
lucre resembling and seeming to be a continuation of the naked culm.

+ Culm sharply triangular, stout, chiefly from running rootstocks ; spikelets mary-
Jlowered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster ; sheaths at base more or
less leaf-bearing.

5. S. pungens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; culm sharply
3-angled throughout (1-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated
(4—10° long), keeled and channelled; spikelets 1-6, capitate, ovoid, usually
long, overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate,
2-cleft at the apex and awn-pointed from between the acute lobes; anthers
tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage ; style 2-cleft (rarely
3-cleft) ; bristles 2-6, shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate
smooth achene. — Borders of salt and fresh ponds and streams, throughout
N. Am. (Eu., S. Am.)

6. S. Torreyi, Olney. Rootstocks slender if any (so that the plant is
readily pulled up from the mud); culm 3-angled, with concave sides, rather
slender (2—4° high), /eafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more than half the length of
the culm, triangular-channelled, slender ; spikelets 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped,
acute, distinct, pale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect inyo-
lucral leaf; scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mucronate; style 3-cleft; bris-
tles longer than the unequally triangu/ar-obovate very smooth long-pointed achene.
— Borders of ponds, brackish and fresh, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., and Minn.

7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm 3-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides,
stout (2-7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short triangular leaf or none;
spikelets 6-12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopped by the short invo-
lucral leaf; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point
shorter than the scarious apex; anthers with a very short and blunt minutelu
bearded tip; style 2-cleft; bristles 6, scarcely equalling the narrowly obovate
plano-convex and mucronate achene.—Salt marshes, S. New Eng. to Fla.,
west to the Pacific.

S. mucronatus, L. Resembling the last, 1-3° high ; spikelets numerous
in a dense cluster, oblong-ovate, 6 — 8” long or less; scales ovate, mucronate

080 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

firm, scarcely at all scarious; style 3-cleft; achene smaller, broadly obovate

—In a single locality in Delaware Co., Penn.; probably introduced from 8.

Europe. .

«+ + Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootstocks ; spikelets
many-flowered, loosely umbellate or corymbed, tnvolucellate-bracted.

8. §. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3-5° high) 3-angled, usually sharply so
above, obtusely below, the sheath at base extended into a long slender trian-
gular and channelled leaf (2-4° long) ; involucral leaf similar (4- 8’ long);
continuing the culm; spikelets oblong (4-67 long), single or sometimes pro-
liferously 2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex of the 5—9 long filiform and
flattened peduncles or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like coryimb, or the cen-
tral one nearly sessile; scales loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale,
thin and scarious, with a greenish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished
above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt
beak of the obovate-triangular shining achene (14° long).— In a pond near
Salisbury, Md.

+ + + Culm terete, very tall and stout, from a deep running rootstock, leafless
or very nearly so; spikelets numerous, clustered in a one-sided compound
umbel-like panicle longer than the involucral leaf; involucellate bracts small,
seale-like and rusty-scarious ; scales of the spikelets rusty or chestnut-brown,
scarious, the midrib extended into a mucronate point.

9. S. lacustris, L. (Great Butrusu.) Culm 3-9° high, $-1’ thick
at base; spikelets ovate-oblong (3-4 long); scales mostly a little downy on
the back and ciliate; style 2-cleft ; achene pale and dull, obovate with a nar-
rowed base, plano-convex, mucronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4-6
slender downwardly barbed bristles. (S. validus, Vahl.) — Common every-
where in still fresh water. (Eu., Asia, etc.)
+++ Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely tri-

angular, naked ; the sheaths rarely bearing a short leaf; spikelets few or
several in a sessile cluster, sometimes solitary, much overtopped by the invo-
lucral leaf’; bristles often few or wanting.

10. S. débilis, Pursh. (PI. 3, fig.1-5.) Culms obtusely triangular, with
somewhat hollowed sides, 1- 2° high, yellowish-green, shining; spikelets 3—
12, capitate, ovate-oblong, obtuse (3-4” long), chestnut-brown ; involucral
leaf often horizontal at maturity; scales roundish; stamens 3; style 2-3
éleft; bristles 6, stout, downwardly barbed, equalling or two surpassing the ob
ovate turgidly plano-convex (or bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed
smoothish achene. —Swamps, Mass. to 8. C., Minn. and Neb. Aug., Sept.

11. S. Smithii, Gray. Culms terete, slender, 3-12’ high, often leaf-
bearing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the 1-3 oblong-ovate acute
spikelets; involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cleft ;
bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none; achene somewhat lenticular, smooth.
deciduous with the scales. — Wet shores, Delaware Bay to L. Ontario, Mich.,
N. Ind., and Ill. July.

12. S. supinus, L., var. Hallii, Gray. Culms filiform, 5-12’ high,
upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikelets 1 —7 in a sessile or some
times geminately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, green

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 8k

ish; scales ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed ; stamens 2 or 3; style

2-clett ; bristles none ; achene obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly

wrinkled transversely. — Wet shores, Ill. to Tex.; also found in E. Mass.

(Hitchings). (Eu.)

* * * Spikelets in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled
clusters, many-flowered, terete ; involucre of mostly several flat leaves ; culm
tall, from tufted or running rootstocks, triangular, leafy, sedge-like ; leaves
rough on the margin; style mostly 3-cleft.

» Spikelets large (6-15” long) ; midrib of the scales extended beyond the mostly

lacerate or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn.

13 §. maritimus, L. (Sea Cius-Rusu.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (1-8° high), those of the involucre 1-4, very unequal ;
spikelets few-—several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1-4 unequal
rays bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikelets ; awns
of the scales soon recurved ; achene obovate-orbicular, compressed, flat on one
side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, minutely pointed, shining, shorter than
the 1-6 unequal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) brist/es.— Saline locali-
ties, on the coast from N. Scotia to Fla., and in the interior across the conti-
nent. (u.)— Var. MacrostTAcuyos, Michx.; larger, with very thick oblong-
cylindrical heads (1-14 long), and longer involucral leaf (often 1° long).

14. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (River C.) Culm very stout, 3-5° high;
leaves flat, broadly linear (4’ wide or more), tapering gradually to a point,
the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the com-
pound umbel; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved-spreading, each bearing 1-5
ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute paler heads; scales less lacerate and awns
less recurved; achene obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously
pointed, opaque, scarcely equalling the 6 rigid bristles. — Borders of lakes and
large streams, W. Vt. to Conn. and Penn., west to Minn. and Iowa.

+ + Spikelets very numerous, small (1-3” long); scales mucronate-pointed or
blunt ; umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound ; culm
2-5° high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft:
bristles very slender, often more or less tortuous and naked below.

15. S. sylvaticus, L. Spikelets lead-colored, clustered 3-10 together at
the end of the mostly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle,
ovoid or lance-ovate, 2” lomg; scales bluntish; bristles 6, downwardly barbed
throughout, rather exceeding the triangular short-pointed achene ; style 3-cleft.
— Along brooks, E. Mass. to N. Y. and E, Penn.

Var. digynus, Boeckl. Style 2-cleft and the achene not at all angled on
che back; stamens 2, and bristles 4. (S. microcarpus, Pres/.) —N. Scotia and
N. Eng. to Minn., and westward.

16. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid ; sp7kelets dull
greenish-brown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also
usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed ; bristles
sparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly
straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular
achene. — Wet meadows and bogs, N. Scotia and N. Eng., west to Minn., Kan.
and the Pacific.

582 CYPERACE#. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

17. 8. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy; spikelets yellow.
brown, ovate, becoming cylindrical, clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the
short ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel ; scales mucronate ; bris-
tles 6, usually twice bent, soft-barbed toward the summit only, about twice the
length of the achene.— Swamps and borders of ponds, western N. Eng. te
N. C., west to Minn. and Ark.

9. ERIOPHORUM, L._ Corron-Grass. (Pl. 3.)

Bristles naked, usually very numerous, often silky and becoming greatly
elongated. Otherwise as in Scirpus. — Spikelets single or clustered or umbel-
late, usually involucrate with erect scale-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked
stem; scales membranaceous, 1 —- 3-nerved. Style very slender and elongated,
3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name composed of épiov, wool or cotton,
and popos, bearing.)

« Bristles 6, rust-colored, becoming tortuous and entangled ; culm very leafy, bear-
ing numerous spikelets in an involucrate decompound cymose-panicled umbel.

1. E. lineatum, Benth. & Hook. Culm triangular, leafy (1-3° high) ;
leaves linear, flat, rather broad, rough on the margins; umbels terminal and
sometimes axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1—3-leaved involucre
much shorter than the long slender rays; spikelets oblong, becoming cylindrical
(2-4” long), on thread-like drooping pedicels; bristles at maturity scarcely
exceeding the ovate green-keeled pointed scales ; achene sharp-pointed. (Scir-
pus lineatus, Michr.) —Low grounds, western N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn.
and Mo.

2, E.cyperinum, L. (PI. 3, fig. 6-10, under Scirpus.) (Woot-Grass.)
Culm nearly terete (2- 5° high); leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of
the involucre 3-5, longer than the umbel, the rays at length drooping ; spikelets
exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral pedicelled, woolly at
maturity (14-3 long); the rust-colored bristles much longer than the pointless
scales; achene short-pointed. (Scirpus Eriophorum, Michx.) — Wet meadows
and swamps, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Iowa. Exceedingly variable
in the character and size of the umbel, the typical form having the spikelets
mostly clustered in small heads.— Var. LAxum has the spikelets scattered,
the lateral long-pedicelled.

« « Bristles 6, crisped, white ; spikelet single, small ; involucre of one short bract.
3. E. alpinum, L. (Pl. 3, fig.1-6.) Culms slender, many in a row

from a running rootstock (6-10’ high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base
awl-tipped. —Cold bogs, Lab. to N. Eng., west to Minn. June. (Eu.)

« « * Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in frutt.
+ Culm bearing a single spikelet ; involucre none.

4. BE. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the
base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths; root-leaves long and thread-form,
triangular-channelled ; scales of the ovate spikelet long-pointed, lead-color at
maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and
vorthward. May, June. (Eu.)

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 583

+ + Culm leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, involucrate.

5. E. Virginicum, L. Culm rigid (2-4° high); leaves very narrowly
linear, elongated, tlat; spikelets nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or
head ; wool rusty or copper-color, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1.
— Bogs and low meadows, Newf. to Fla., west to Minn. and Neb. July, Aug.
— Var. ALBUM, Gray, has the wool white. N. New York.

6. E. polystachyon, L. Culm rigid (1-2° high), obscurely triangular ;
leaves linear, flat, or barely channelled below, triangular at the point; involucre
2-3-leaved ; spikelets several (4-12), on smooth nodding peduncles, some of
shem elongated in fruit; achene obovate; wool white, very straight (1’ long or
more). — Bogs, Newf. to Ga., Minn., and westward. June, July. (Eu.) — Var.
LATIFOLIUM, Gray; peduncles rough; leaves sometimes broader and flatter.

7. HE. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (1-2° high), rather triangular ;
leaves slender, channelled-triangular, rough on the angles; involucre short and
scale-like, mostly 1-leaved ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent; spikelets
3-7, small, when mature the copious white wool 6-9” long; achene elliptical-
linear. — Cold bogs, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo. Scales in our plant

mostly light chestnut and about 3-nerved. June-Aug. (Eu.)

10. FUIRENA, Rottboell. Umpretra-Grass. (PI. 2.)

Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achene
triangular, pointed with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren-
nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fucren, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. squarrosa, Michx., var. hispida, Chapm. (Pl. 2, fig. 1-7.)
Stem (1-3° high) leafy; leaves and sheaths usually densely hairy ; spikelets
ovoid-oblong (4- 6” long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spreading awns
of the scales; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid-ovate, with a short thick awn
or point, the interposed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the achene. —
Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla., west to Ky. and Tex.

Var. pumila, Torr. Usually low (1-6’ high or more), with 1-6 spike-
lets; perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long-stipitate and
attenuate to a long awn; barbed bristles usually exceeding the achene. — Mass.
to N. J., Fla., and La.; Mich. The commonest form.

ll. HEMICARPHA, Nees. (PI. 2.)

Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute translu-
cent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spikelet.
Stamen only one. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name from
Hut, half, and Kapoos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.)

1. H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf or minute annual (1 -5’ high); in-
volucre i-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with
another minute leaf; spikelets 2-3 (barely 2” long); scales brown, tipped
with a short recurved point. — Sandy borders of ponds and rivers, N Eng. to
Fla., west to the Pacific.

584 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

12. LIPOCARPHA, R.Br. (Pl. 2)

Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate by
leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks,
awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to
each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one be-
tween the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Bristles or other perianth none.
Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2—3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the
tip. — Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of Aftos, fat, and kdpoos, chaff,
from the thickness of the inner scales of some species.)

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culm (4-8 high) much longer than
the linear concave leaves; spikelets (1-2” long) green and dark-spotted ; in-
ner scales delicate; stamen one; achene oblong with a contracted base. —
Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla.; near Philadelphia, probably adventive.

13. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beax-Rusu. (PL 4.)

Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped,
terete, or sometimes flattish; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-
shaped nor keeled); the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the
uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth in the form of bristles
(mostly 6). Stamens mostly 3. Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned
with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent indurated base
or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly perennials, with more or less
triangular and leafy culms; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters;
flowering in summer. (Name composed of piyxos, a snout, and omopa, a seed,
from the beaked achene.)

§ 1. RHYNCHOSPORA proper. Spikelets terete or biconvex, few -—many-
flowered ; style conspicuously 2-cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the
mostly lenticular achene; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-
denticulate (not plumose).

* Achene transversely wrinkled ; bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.

1. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culm triangular ; leaves linear (}’ wide); cymes
corymbose, the spikelets crowded and clustered ; achene round-obovate, twice
the length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tuber-
cle. — Low grounds, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to N. Ind. and Il.

2. R. Torreyana, Gray. (PI1.4, figs.1-5.) Culm nearly terete, slender ;
leaves bristle-form ; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the spikelets mostly pedi-
celled ; achene oblong-obovate, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the
broad compressed-conical tubercle. — Swamps; pine-barrens of N. J. to 8. C.

3. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slender; leaves narrowly lin
ear; spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pedicelled, in drooping panicles; achene
oblong, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular.
subulate tubercle. — Low grounds, Va. to Ga.

*.* Achene smooth and even.
+ Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate.

4. R. ftisca, Roem. & Schultes. Culm 6-12’ high; /eaves bristle-form
channelled ; spikelets ovate-oblong, few, clustered in 1-3 loose heads (dark

ad CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 585

chestnut-color) ; achene obovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the tri-
angular-sword-shaped acute tubercie, which is rough-serrulate on the margins.
-— Low grounds, N. Brunswick to N. J., west to L. Superior. (Eu.)

5. R. gracilénta, Gray. Culms very slender, 1-2° high; leaves nar-
rowly linear ; spikelets ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ;
achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles, about the length of the flat awl-
shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, southern N. Y. and N. J. to Fla.

6. R. oligantha, Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 6-12’ high; spike-
‘ets very few (1-4), ovate-oblong; bristles plumose below the middle; achene
ebovate-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle } its length. — Del. (Canby) to Fla.

+ + Bristles none, or 1-3 and minute; spikelets pale, 1-flowered.

7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (1-2° high) acutely triangular;
leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster,
which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny ; achene obovate-lenticular,
tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle; the delicate bristles
4-5 times shorter or obsolete. — Bogs in pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C.

+ «+ + Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in n. 11.
++ Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single
flower ; stamens usually 2; bristles 9-12, or even 20.

8. R. alba, Vahl. Culm slender (1 -2° high), triangular above; leaves
narrowly linear or almost bristle-form; spikelets lanceolate, densely crowded
in a head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones; achene
oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl-
shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, Newf. to Fla., west to N.
Ind., Minn., and Oregon. (Eu.)
++ ++ Spikelets chestnut-colored or darker in n. 10 and 11, few —several-flowered ;

stamens 3; bristles usually 6.

9. R. capillacea, Torr. Culm 6-9’ high, slender; leaves bristle-form :
spikelets 3-6 in a terminal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary
peduncle, ob/ong-lanceolate (pale chestnut-color, 3” long); achene oblong-ovoid,
stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout
bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked tubercle. — Bogs and
rocky river-banks, N. Vt. to Penn., west to western N. Y. and Minn. — Var.
LEVISETA, Hill. Bristles perfectly smooth. N. W. Ind.

10. R. Knieskérnii, Carey. Culm 6-18’ high, slender; leaves nar-
‘rowly linear, short; spikelets numerous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-
ovate (scarcely 1” long); achene obovate, narrowed at base, equalling the bristles,
twice the length of the triangular flattened tubercle. — Pine-barrens of N. J.
(on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va.; rare.

11. EP. glomerata, Vahl. Culm 1-3° high; leaves linear, flat; spike-
lets numerous in distant clusters or heads (often in pairs from the same sheath),
avoid-oblong ; achene obovate, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance-
awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always downwardly barbed
bristles. — Low grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich. and N. Ind.

12. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culm stout (2-3° high); leaves narrowly
linear, flat, keeled ; snikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 8 or more dense
globular heads which are distant (and often in pairs), ob/ong-lanceolate, dark

586 CYPERACE%, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

brown; achene orbicular-obovate, margined, narrowed at base, about as long

as the awl-shaped beak; bristles twice longer, stout, barbed downward and

sometimes also upward. — Sandy swamps, Long Island to N. J. and Fla.

§ 2. CERATOSCHENUS. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flattish,
cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1-4 staminate flowers ; scales few ;
bristles rigid, minutely scabrous upward ; style simple or barely 2-toothed,
Jiliform and gradually thickened downward, in fruit persistent as an exserted,
slender-awl-shaped, upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the
smooth flat obovate achene ; coarse perennials ; spikelets in flower 4”, in fruit
including the projecting beak about 1’ long.

i3. R. corniculata, Gray. (Hornep Rusu.) Culm3-6° high; leaves
about 6” wide; cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal,
shorter than the achene. — Wet places, Penn. to Fla., west to 8. Ind. and Mo.

14. R. macrostachya, Torr. (Pl. 4, fig. 1-4.) Cymes decompound,
or in the northern form somewhat simple and smaller, and the spikelets usually
more clustered ; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achene.— Borders of
ponds, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.; rare.

Me CmAT £U: M, P. Browne. Twic-Rusu. (PI. 5.)

Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales; the lower
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, de-
ciduous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rhynchospora. (Diminutive of
kAados, a branch, from the repeatedly branched cyme of the original species.)

1. C. mariscoides, Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular (1 - 2°
high) ; leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rough-margined ; cymes small; th¢
spikelets clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2-4 peduncles; style 3-cleft.—
Bogs, N. Scotia to Del., west to S. Minn. and Iowa. July.

15. SCLERIA, Berg. Nor-Rusu. (PI. 5.)

Flowers moneecious ; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the
lower empty. Stamens1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony,
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, etc., none. Perennials, with triangular
leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks; flowering in summer; all in:
low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species, of terminal and axillary
clusters, the lower clusters usually peduncled. (Name, cxAnpla, hardness, from
the indurated fruit.)

* Achene smooth.

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (14-3° high) and broadly linea
leaves roughish; fascicles of spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper
somewhat in threes; achene ovate-globose or depressed, on an obscure crusta-
ceous disk. — Mass. and Vt. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex. — Var. GRACILIS,
Britton. Culms slender (1-—2° long); fascicles few-flowered, the lower (2-
3-flowered) on very long filiform peduncles; achene not more than half as
large, acutish. —N. J.

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 587

2. §. oligantha, Ell. Culms slender, 2° high, the angles somewhat
winged ; leaves linear (2” wide), smooth except the scabrous apex ; lateral fas-
cicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles ; achene ovate, on a tuberculate
disk. — Va. to Fla. and Tex.

* * Achene papillose or warty.

3. S. paucifiora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy ; culm slender (9 - 24’ high).
leaves narrowly linear; fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile,
or wanting; bracts ciliate; achene globose-ovate ; the disk a narrow ring
bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles. —N. H. to Ohio, south to Fla. and Tex.

* * * Achene reticulated or wrinkled.

4. §. reticularis, Michx. (Pl. 5, fig. 6-10.) Culms slender, erect,
scabrous (1—23° high); leaves linear (1-14” wide), smooth; lateral fascicles
1-3, loose, remote, nearly erect, on short often included peduncles; bracts gla-
brous; achene globose, regularly reticulated and pitted, not hairy, resting upon
a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed disk, the inner appressed to and de-
ciduous with the achene. — E. Mass. to Fla. — Var. pUBESCENS, Britton. Edges
of reticulations more or less hairy, especially toward the apex ; lateral fascicles
generally on longer peduncles. Pine-barrens of N. J. to Fla. — Var. opsctra,
Britton. Achene bony, its surface with very obscure reticulations, nearly
smooth at the summit. R. I. and N.C.

5. S. Torreyana, Walpers. Culms weak, diffuse, slightly scabrous or
smooth; leaves linear (2—4” wide), smooth; lateral fascicles loose, on more or
less elongated and drooping filiform peduncles ; achene irregularly pitted-reticu-
lated or pitted-rugose with the ridges somewhat spirally arranged and more or
less hairy (sometimes smooth); otherwise as in the last. (S. laxa, Torr.) —
Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

6. S. verticillata, Muhl. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4- 24’ high) ;
leaves narrowly linear; fascicles 3-9-flowered, 4-6, sessile in an interrupted
spikelet; achene globose (3” broad), somewhat triangular at base, rough-
wrinkled with short elevated ridges; disk obsolete. —E. Mass. to Ont., Minn.,
and south to the Gulf.

16. CAREX, Ruppius. Sener. (By L. H. BatLey.)

Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes; the
staminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or scale; the
pistillate comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit
a hard lenticular or triangular achene, which is enclosed in a sac (perigynium)
formed by the complete union of the borders of a bractlet or of connate bract-
lets and borne in the axil of a bract, or sca/e. Staminate and pistillate flow-
ers borne in different parts of the spike (spike androgynous), or in separate
spikes on the same culm, or rarely the plant dicecious. — Perennial grass-like
herbs with mostly triangular culms, 3-ranked leaves, usually with rough mar-
gins and keel, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggre-
gated into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should
be attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. (The classical
Latin name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from ke/pw, to cut, on ac-
count of the sharp leaves —as the English name Shear-grass.) (PI1.5 and 6.)

588 CYPERACE®. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Synopsis of Sections and Groups.

§ 1 CAREX proper. Staminate flowers forming one or more terminal linear or club-shaped
spikes (often pistillate at base or apex). Pistillate flowers usually in distinct and sim.
ple mostly peduncled spikes. Cross-section of perigynium circular, obtusely angleé, or
prominently triangular in outline. Style mostly 3-parted and achene triangular or
triquetrous,

* 1. Physocarpze. Perigynium mostly straw-colored at maturity, papery in texture, usu-
ally more or less inflated, smooth (sometimes hairy in n. 6), nerved, tapering into a beak
as long as or longer than the body; spikes few to many, distinct, compactly flowered -
stigmas 2 (2 in n. 10).

+ 1. Paucifiore. Perigynium greenish, Jinear-lanceolate or almost needle shaped, not in-
flated, strongly deflexed at inaturity, several times longer than the inconspicuous scale ;
spike androgynous, the pistillate flowers at base, few. — Sp. 1.

+ 2. Lupmine. Perigynium green or greenish-tawny or sometimes yellow, more or less
inflated (except in n, 2-4), long, usually very turgid at base, mostly erect or nearly so,
very gradually attenuate to a long slenderly toothed beak exceeding the scale; spikes 3
or more, the staminate mostly 1 and stalked, the pistillate often sessile, usually short
and thick, often becoming dark colored in drying. — Sp. 2-8.

+ 3. Vesicarie. Perigynium smooth and shining, much inflated, at maturity straw-colored
or sometimes purple, beaked and conspicuously short-toothed (entire in n. 10), usually
prominently few-nerved, much shorter than in + 2; staminate spikes commonly 2 or
more ; vistillate spikes as a rule long and densely cyliudrical. —Sp. 9-16.

+ 4, Pseudocypere. Perigynium less inflated, more conspicuously nerved or even costate,
and with more or less setaceous or awned teeth; scale usually awned; spikes mostly
nodding or spreading, comose in appearance, greenish, greenish-yellow, or ochroleucous
—Sp. 17-19.

+ 5. Squarrose. Perigynium obconic or obovoid, squarrose in exceedingly dense short
spikes. — Sp. 20, 2i.

* 2. Trachychlizenze. Perigynium mostly thick and hard in texture, often scabrous or
hirsute, straight-beaked ; pistillate spikes compactly flowered, mostly large, erect or
nearly so; staminate spikes 1 or more; stigmas 3. Generally large and coarse,

+1. Shortiane, Terminal spike androgynous, staminate below ; perigynium small, sca-
brous, nearly beakless, entire. — Sp. 22.

+ 2. Anomale. Terminal spike all staminate ; pistillate spikes long and cylindrical, mostly
dense; perigynium broad and short, short-beaked, the orifice very slightly notched or
entire, mostly granulate. — Sp. 23.

+ 3. Hirte. A heterogeneous group, distinguished from + 2 by the longer and more deeply
cut beak (slightly toothed in n. 24), and by the hairy perigynium (smooth in n. 25). —-
Sp. 24 - 27.

+- 4. Paludose. Staminate spikes 2 or more, long-stalked ; the pistillate 2- several, usually
all peduncled, long and heavy, loose-flowered, erect or nodding ; perigynium large, thick
in texture, strongly nerved, mostly smooth, usually conspicuously beaked. Coarse
species. — Sp. 28, 29.

= 3. Microrhynchee. Parallel with * 2; distinguished in general by the much smaller
and nearly or entirely beakless and mostly entire-mouthed perigynium, which is much
thinner in texture ; stigmas 2 or3, Paludose and alpine species, of various habit, mostly
with colored spikes, often in dense tufts or tussocks.

+ 1. Atrate. Terminal spike club-shaped and androgynous with the staminate flowers be-
low (very rarely all staminate in n. 32); pistillate spikes mostly short and dark-colored,
erect or drooping ;. stigmas 8. — Sp. 30-32.

+ 2. Rigide. Mostly stiff, with short erect closely flowered spikes, an entirely staminate
terminal spike, dark colored scales, and bracts with purple or black auricles at base;
stigmas 2 or 3. —Sp. 33.

#8. Acute. Mostly larger and more slender, usually paludose, with green or light-colored
large and long spikes; stigmas 2(3 in n. 39). Distinguished from + 2 mainly by habit.
— Sp. 34-39.

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 583

# 4, Cryptocarpe. Large, with nodding or drooping large spikes, their dark scales very
long and conspicuous; stigmas 2.— Sp. 40, 41.

+ 5. Penduline. Distinguished from + 4 by the smaller size, smaller spikes, sheathlesa
bracts, and whitish, more or less granulated, nearly pointless perigyuium ; stigmas 3. —
Sp. 42-45.

* 4, Hymenochlene. Perigynium mostly light green or whitish, usually thin and mem-
branous, often somewhat inflated or loosely investing the achene, commonly smooth
and shining (hairy in n. 46, sometimes in n. 47), slender or oblong, attenuate to a dis-
tinct or long minutely toothed straight beak (or beakless or nearly so in + 1 and n. 55);
pistilate spikes several or many, mostly loosely flowered and on filiforin nodding or
widely spreading peduncles ; bracts leaf-like; terminal spike staminate or androgynous ;
stigmas 3. Mostly rather tail and slender upland species.

«- 1. Virescentes. Terminal spike pistillate at top ; pistillate spikes oblong or cylindrical,
dense, erect; perigyniuin ovate or obovate, nearly or quite beakless, often hairy. — Sp.
46, 47.

a 2, Sylvatice, Terminal spike all staminate ; pistillate spikes mostly long-exserted, slen-
der; perigynium few-nerved, contracted into a cylindrical beak which is longer than the
body. —Sp. 48. |

+ 3, Fleviles. Terminal spike all staminate; pistillate spikes rather thick (very small in
n. 50), more or less drooping; perigynium beaked, few-nerved or nerveless, tawny or
whitish. — Sp. 49, 50.

«+ 4. Debiles. Terminal spike alj staminate (occasionally pistillate above in n. 53); pistil-
late spikes very narrow and slender, long-exserted and nodding, mostly very loosely
flowered ; perigynium rather small, not turgid, prominently beaked. — Sp. 51-53,

+ 5, Gracillime. Terminal spike pistillate at top ; pistillate spikes habitually thicker than
in + 4; perigynium ovate-oblong, more or less turgid; the beak short or none, — Sp.
54 - 57.

+ 6. Grisee, Terminal spike staminate ; perigynium more or less turgid or plump, often
glaucous, scarcely beaked, finely striate ; spikes erect. —Sp. 58, 59.

* 5. Spirostachyze. Perigynium smooth or minutely granulated or rarely somewhat ser
rate on the margins, prominently nerved, mostly yellowish, squarrose, mostly beaked
(entirely beakless in n. 63), the orifice entire ; staminate spike mostly single ; pistillate
spikes 2-5, short (usually 1’ long or less), yellow or fuscous, compactly flowered ; stig-
mas 3. — Medium-sized species, growing in meadows and grassy swales,

+1. Granulares. Spikes scattered, cylindrical, the lowest long-stalked ; bracts erect, long
and leafy ; sheaths short or nearly obsolete. — Sp. 60, 61.

+ 2. Extense. Spikes mostly approximate or aggregaved at the top of the culm (becoming
remote in C. extensa), the lowest 1 or 2 subtended by a long and leafy mostly abruptly
spreading and nearly or entirely sheathless bract. Terminal spike sometimes andro-
gynous. — Sp. 62.

+ 3. Pallescentes. Spikes globular or short-oblong, obtuse, sessile or short-peduncled, ap-
proximate at the top of the culm ; bracts short, leaf-like, sheathless ; perigynium entire
at the orifice, the beak none or very short and stout. — Sp. 63, 64.

* 6. Dactylostachyze. Perigynium mostly short and triangular, mostly with a short and
straight or curved beak, green or greenish, scarcely inflated; scales of the pistillate
spikes mostly whitish (sometimes dark-colored in the Digitate), often small; staminate
spike mostly one ; pistillate spikes short (seldom exceeding 1’), commonly rather loosely
flowered and slender (spike single and plant diccious in n. $3); bracts sheathing, the
sheaths of'en conspicuous and colored. — Low and lax or slender species inhabiting
meadows and copses.

1. Oligocarpe. Slender and narrow-leaved, with leafy bracts and inconspicuous green
sheaths; perigynium rounded on the angles, finely many-striate, often somewhat pune-
tulate as in n. 58, to which tie group forms a transition. — Sp. 65 - 67.

+ 2, Laxiflore. Slender and more or less broad-leaved, with mostly leafy bracts, green 01
purple sheaths, and loosely flowered spikes: perigynium mostly conspicuously three
angled, witk a more or less curved beak. —Sp. 68-74.

590 CYPERACEZ, (SEDGE FAMILY.)

+ 3. Panicee. Mostly stouter and narrow-leaved, with thinner spikes; perigynium often
strongly nerved, not conspicuously triangular, often somewhat turgid; bracts and
sheaths various, — Sp. 75-78.

+ 4. Bicolores Small species with a beakless, more or less round or pyriform perigynium,
which is commonly glaucous; terminal spike androgynous or all staminate ; stigmas
mostly 2.— Sp. 79.

+ 5. Digitate. Low species ; sheaths membranaceous or hyaline and colored, either not
prolonged into a bract or the bract very short and not foliaceous; perigynium more or
less three-angled, often hairy, the beak straight or nearly so. —Sp. 80-83.

* 7. Spheridiophorez. Perigynium mostly short and rounded, three-angled in the T7i-
quetree, tirm or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous, tne beak straight and
usually bifid ; staminate spike one ; pistillate spikes short (1’ long or less), usually glob-
ular or short-oblong, more or less sessile and approximate or the longer ones radical
(spike single in n. 84) ; bracts sheathless, short, or obsolete ; stigmas rarely two. — Low
species of dry ground, with leaves all radical.

+ 1. Scirpine. Spike one, unisexual; plant dicecious. — Sp. 84.

+ 2. Montane. Spikes two to several, the lowest occasionally long-peduncled and radical ;
perigynium rounded, contracted above and below, mostly bearing two prominent ribs,
more or less hairy. — Low species of dry soils. —Sp. 85-91.

+ 3. Triquetre. Taller; spikes mostly approximate at the top of the culm, oblong or cylin-
drical ; perigynium conspicuously 3-angled. — Sp. 92.

# 8. Phyllostachyz. Perigynium much as in the Montane; spike one, staminate above ;
pistillate flowers few, often remote, usually on a more or less zigzag rhachis ; scales pro
longed and leaf-like. — Sp. 93-98.

« 9. Leptocephalz. Perigynium thin in texture, green, oblong or lanceolate or linear in
general outline, beakless ; spike one, staminate above, thin and slender ; stigmas mostly
three. — Small, slender and grass-like. —Sp. 96.

* 10. Physocephale. Spike one, globular or short-oblong, staminate at the apex ; peri-
gynium straw-colored, paper-like, more or less inflated; stigmas three. Leaves remark-
ably broad in our species. — Sp. 97.

§ 2. VIGNEA. Staminate flowers few and inconspicuous, borne at the base or apex of the
pistillate spikes. Pistillate flowers in short sessile spikes (or spike single in some
cases), which are commonly more or less aggregated into heads or even panicled. Peri-
gynium planosconvex. Styles two and achene lenticular. — The spikes, especially the
uppermost, usually have contracted bases when the staminate flowers are borne below
the pistillate ones, and empty scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne
at the summit.

#11. Acroarrhenz. Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes (or, in the Multi-
flore and Arenaric, spikes often wholly staminate and the plants occasionally dicecious).

«1. Fetide. Spikes tawny or brown, not elongated, very densely aggregated into a con-
tinuous globose somewhat chaffy head; perigynium ovate or ovate-lanceolate, nerveless
or nearly so, mostly thin in texture. — Sp. 98, 99.

--2. Vulpine. Spikes mostly yellow or tawny when mature, densely aggregated or some-
times somewhat scattered below or even panicled ; perigynium thick in texture, spongy
at base, mostly stipitate, bearing very conspicuous nerves, which converge below and
are especially prominent on the outer side. —Sp. 100-102.

+ 3. Multiflore. Heads various, mostly loosely flowered, sometimes a panicle, yellow or
tawny; spikes short (rarely longer than broad), staminate flowers sometimes occupy-
ing whole spikes in the middle or at the apex of the head; perigynium mostly small
and short and nearly nerveless, or in some species becoming nearly lanceolate and mora
or less prominently nerved, firm in texture, usually numerous. — Sp. 103-108.

4. Arenarie. Spikes longer than in the last section, linear or nearly so, aggregated into
short, almost globose heads ; perigynium lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly larger
and more delicate in texture ; scales awn-pointed or very acute. Staminate flowers
variously situated. —(C. arenaria-d

CYPERACEM. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 591

= 5. Muhlenberg.ane. Spikes green or nearly so when mature, aggregated o1 scattered,
never in compound heads ; perigynium mostly short-ovate, staminate flowers always at
the top of the spike. — Sp. 109-114,

+ 6. Dioice. Spike commonly one, small, plants small and slender, often dicecious. —Sp
115 - 117.

* 12. Hyparrhenze. Staminate flowers borne at the base of the spikes (or in n. 124 and
125 variously situated),

+1. Elongate. Spikes silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature, distinct, mostly
small ; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicuously broadened, mostly nearly flat
on the inner surface. — Sp. 118 - 124.

= 2. Ovales. Spikes tawny or dark, rather large, sometimes crowded ; perigynium with a
more or less thin or winged margin, which is mostly incurved at maturity, rendering
the perigynium concave inside. — Sp. 125-132.

« 3. Cyperoidee. Spikes green, oblong, densely crowded into a short head subtended by
two or three leafy bracts which are erect and prolonged from six inches to a foot; peri-
gynium linear-lanceolate, scarcely margined. — Sp. 133.

Artificial Key.

Spike 1, staminate at top ; scales of pistillate flowers leaf-like . : Sp. 93-95
Spike 1, scales not leaf-like.

Usually dicecious; stigma2 . ‘ : 2 : 5 e : - e . 115-117

Stigmas 3.— Perigynium densely hairy : : . : 5 5 - ; 84

Spike staminate at base; perigynia squarrose ‘ 5 7 ; 21

Spike staminate at top. — Globose ; leaves broad : . 3 : 97

Perigynium nearly linear, beakless . oO

Perigynium long, spindle-shaped + 5 1

Spikes several or numerous, sessile, spicate or capitate ; stigmas 2.
All in a globose or ovoid uninterrupted head.

All staminate above. — Usually green at maturity . ; ° « 112) 114
Usually yellow or tawny or brown . : - 98, 99, 104, 105

All staminate below. — Leafy-bracteate . > eeiteas ; ‘ ° Sass
Not leafy-bracteate. — Gren Z F : - 118-120

Usually tawny or noes ~ 25 —129

Some or all of the spikes distinct or the head interrupted.
Staminate and pistillate flowers variously disposed, some of the spikes often unisexual.

Head large andlong. 5 2 ; ; ; a : 108, C. arenaria.
Head short or linear . . ° . : ° : 5 . ° - 124, 125
Spikes staminate above . : . A ° . . : - - 100-114
Spikes staminate below ‘ . A 4 5 . 18-133

Spikes usually more or less pedicelled, the oily or r narHially stints spikes uppermost.
Terminal spike (rarely the 2 or 3 uppermost) staminate only at base.
Stigmas2 . : - : . . ° ° : e . ° « 34-38, 79
Stigmas 3 ; spikes erect,
Short and squarrose . : ° ; SC : ° ° ° : ° - 20, 21
Not squarrose : ; 6 ° - . 22; 30; 32,46, 47, 54,79
Stigmas 3; spikes more or leas drooping . = e ° . - 31, 51-53, 55-57
Terminal spike or spikes staminate.
Stigmas 2. — Spikes spreading or pendulous . ° ° 5 “ 34, 37, 40, 41
Spikes erect or nearly so 5 , ° : . 9-16, 34-41, 85-91, 79
Stigmas 3: spikes spreading or drooping.

Perigynium prominently 3-angled 5 ° 5 e A ; . 68=74
Perigynium large, thin, much inflated . a A x 3 2 9-16
Perigynium firmer, not inflated.

Beakless . 3 ° ‘ : : . 42-45

Beaked or peor iently a tnted Srreeti ign. stiff and Stare ‘ c - 17-19
Teeth short and thin, or none 30, 31, 39, 48-53

agZ CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.’

Stigmas 3 ; spikes erect or ascending.

Perigynium hairy. —Spikes very large, globose. . ~ - - A ao 8

Spikes very small, sessile ornearlyso $1 ~ 83, 85-92

Spikes cylindrical, heavy . > ° : 5 : 24-28

Perigynium granular-roughened . ° 5 ; ; < “ > 28
Perigynium smooth,

Thin and turgid, loosely enclosing the achene. — Beakless x : : 58, 59

Beaked - 4 ° . 5-17
Firm in texture, not inflated,

Long-beaked, deeply toothed . : ° Z : 2-4, 26, 28
Less prominently beaked, short-toothed, Sarpy 3- oe 5 fe - 69-74
Wholly beakless and pointless... S 5 «= 158; SONGS 518.062
Very small, black and shining; leaves expat A - : : 3 : 80
Culm and leaves thinly pubescent . . : : - : . . 64
Perigynium more or less pointed or beaked.

Spikes spreading or drooping 5 . = . - 51-53, 68-70, 75

Spikes erect : : : H ‘ . : : . 60-62, 65-68, 71-78

* 1. PuysocArpa.—+ 1. Pauciflore.

1. C. pauciflora, Lightf. (Pl. 5, fig. 1-16.) Very slender but erect,
6-18’ high; leaves very narrow, much shorter than the culm; staminate and
pistillate flowers 2-5; perigynium at maturity easily detached. — Cold sphag-
num swamps, New Eng. to N. Penn. and Minn.; local. (Eu.)

* 1l.—-+ 2. Pe
++ Teeth of the perigynium strongly reflexed.

2. C. subulata, Michx. Green, very slender but erect, 6’-2° high;
leaves narrow, somewhat shorter than the culm; bracts leafy, sheathing ;
pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, 2—6-flowered; perigynium deflexed. — Deep
sphagnum swamps, R. I. to E. Penn., and southward; very local.

++ ++ Teeth erect or spreading.
= Whole plant yellowish ; perigynium little or not at all inflated.

3. C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. Slender but stiff and erect, 1-2° high;
leaves narrow and firm, shorter than the culm; spikes 2-3, the lowest
usually remote and short-peduncled, the remainder aggregated and sessile ;
staminate spike sn.all, wholly sessile ; perigynium not inflated, erect or spread-
ing, twice longer than ae blunt scale. (C. rostrata, Wichr.) — Bogs and lake-
borders, mountains of N. H. and N. Y., and westward to L. Superior ; local.

4. C. folliculata, L. Stout, 2-3° high; leaves very broad and flat,
lax ; pistillate spikes 3-4, scattered, all but the uppermost prominently pe-
duncled; staminate spike short-peduncled; perigynium larger, inflated, the
scale awned and nearly as long. — Cold swamps, New Eng. to N. J. and Penn.,
and west to Mich.; rather local.

= = Plant green; perigynium much inflated.

5. C. intuméscens, Rudge. Slender, 18-30’ high; leaves narrow;
pistillate spikes two, loosely 1-8-flowered, the perigynium erect-spreading,
not prominently many-nerved. — Wet pastures and swamps; common.

6. C. Grayii, Carey. Larger and stouter; leaves broad and flat, 3-4”
wide; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, the lowest often peduncled, perfectly glob-
ular and compactly 12-30-flowered, the perigynium spreading or deflexed
and prominently many-nerved. — Meadows and copses, Vt. to IIl., and south

CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) O98

to Ga.; rare eastward. — In var. nIspfpULA, Gray, the perigynium is sparsely
hispidulous.

7. C. lupulina, Muhl. Very stout and leafy; leaves rather broad and
loose ; pistillate spikes 2-6, approximate at the top of the culm, all closely
sessile or the lower sometimes short-peduncled, oblong or short-cylindrical,
very heavy and densely flowered ; staminate spike small and sessile; peri-

gynium large and rather soft, erect or but slightly spreading, giving the spike
a hop-like aspect (whence the name). (C.lurida, Bailey.) —Swamps and wet
pastures ; frequent.

Var. pedunculata, Dewey. Spikes more or less scattered, some or all
prominently peduncled; staminate spike usually conspicuous, often long-
peduncled, very variable in size; perigynium more spreading. (C. gigantea,
Rudge.) — With the species, but more common.

Var. polystachya, Schwein. & Torr. Stouter, the leaves very broad
(often }’); bracts broad and far exceeding the culm; pistillate spikes 4-6,
all long (3-4’) and cylindrical, more or less short-peduncled, somewhat scat-
tered, becoming yellow; perigynium very large, ascending. (C. lupuliformis,
Sartw.) —N. Y. and N. J.; not common.

C. LupuLina X ReETRORSA, Dudley. Distinguished from C. lupulina by its
straw-colored perigynium, which is less inflated and more spreading, standing
at nearly right angles to the axis of the spike; scales acute to short-awned,
rough. (C. lurida X retrorsa, Bailey).— Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley), and Lansing,
Mich. (Bailey). Resembles n. 16.

8. C. grandis, Bailey. Distinguished from C. Inpulina, var. polystachya,
by its much more scattered and mostly shorter slim spikes, which are com-
paratively loosely flowered; perigynium swollen below but very abruptly con-
tracted into a slender beak 3-4 times as long as the body, spreading at right
angles or nearly so, never becoming yellow; scales narrow, smooth. (C. gi-
gantea of previous editions.) —Swamps, Ky., Del., and southward ; local.

* 1.—+ 38. Vesicarie.
++ Spikes very small, globular or short-oblong.

9. C. oligospérma, Michx. *Very slender, but stiff, 18-30’ high;
leaves and bracts very narrow, becoming involute; staminate spike single,
peduncled ; pistillate spikes 1 or 2, sessile or the lowest very short-peduncled,
3-8-flowered; perigynium turgid, short-ovoid, gradually contracted into a
very short and minutely toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, nearly
twice longer than the blunt scale. — Deep swamps and borders of lakes, N.
Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; frequent.

10. C. miliaris, Michx. Culm very slender but erect, 12-18’ high,
smooth, or slightly rough above on the angles; leaves almost filiform, mostly
shorter than the culm; staminate spikes 1-2, exceedingly narrow, elevated
an inch or two; pistillate spikes 1-3, the upper one sessile and the lowest
very short-stalked, 9” long or less, the lower subtended by a short leafy bract ;
perigynium very small, broad- or round-ovate or ovate-oblong, thin but firm,
bearing a nerve on each side but otherwise nerveless or very nearly so, rounded
into a very short terete entire or somewhat erose beak ; scales brown, lance-
ovate, whitetipped, about as long as the perigynium. (C. rotundata? of last
ed.) — Outlet of Moosehead Lake, Maine, and northward.

594 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. major, Bailey. Culm much stouter (often over 2° high), thick and
very sharply angled ; leaves stout and channelled or involute; staminate spikes
short-stalked; the pistillate 1-5, darker, mostly longer and larger; scale
varying from wholly obtuse to acutish. — Outlet of Moosehead Lake (Porter),
and northward.

Var.(?) alirea, Bailey. Taller and mostly stouter than the type; pis-
tillate spikes one or two, often staminate at top, yellow or stramineous; peri-
gynium longer, gradually produced into a conspicuous and more or less
toothed beak, prominently few-nerved, yellow, broader and usually longer
than the blunt scale. (C. pulla, and var. miliaris, last ed.) — Outlet of Moose-
head Lake (Smith), and northward.

++ ++ Spikes much larger, cylindrical.
= Scales all, or all but the very lowest, smooth.

11. C. utriculata, Boott. Very stout and robust, 3-4° high; leaves
broad (4-6”) and flat, very prominently nodulose, particularly below; spikes
3-4, 3-6’ long, very thick and dense above but usually more or less attenu-
ate below, erect or nearly so, all but the lowest sessile or very short-stalked ;
perigynium ovate, only moderately inflated, rather abruptly contracted into a
short toothed beak, at maturity usually squarrose, rather prominently few-
nerved, the upper longer than the sharp scale, the lower shorter than or only
equalling the sharper or awned scale. (C. rostrata, Bailey, etc.) — Swamps,
everywhere ; common. Passes imperceptibly into var. Minor, Boott, which is
distinguished by its much smaller size, spikes 2}’ long or less, smaller peri-
gynium, blunt scales, and narrower and little nodulose leaves. With the
ty pe.

12. C. monile, Tuckerm. Rather slender but erect, 2-3° high, the culm
sharply angled and usually rough above; pistillate spikes 2-3, the lowest one
or two short-stalked, erect or spreading, 1-3’ long, narrowly cylindrical ;
perigynium turgid, prominently beaked, about 10-nerved, ascending, longer
than the very sharp scale. (C. Vaseyi, Dewey.) — Meadows and swales ;
common. — In var. MonsTROSA, Bailey, the plant is very slender throughout,
and the terminal spike more or less pistiJlate, while the remaining spikes are
reduced to one or two which are very small and loosely flowered and usually
on very long filiform peduncles. IE. Mass. (Swan).

13. C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Differs from the last chiefly in the com-
paratively shorter (1-2’ long) spikes, which are much thicker (usually } or
more) ; perigynium greatly inflated and very thin and papery, the body broader
than long (about 3” thick); scale thin and narrow, acute, all but the very
lowest less than half the length of the perigynium. — Swamps, W. New Eng.
to N. J., and west to Minn.; frequent.

14. C. bullata, Schkuhr. (P1.6, fig.15-20.) Slender, 1-2° high; culm
very sharply and roughly angled, thin but stiff; leaves narrow, rough-edged,
stiff; spikes 1 or 2, remote, short and thick (rarely 14’ long), sessile or the lower
short-peduncled, more or less spreading; perigynium turgid but very firm,
dull straw colored and shining as if varnished, prominently few-nerved, the long
beak usually minutely roughened; scale membranaceous and blunt, about 3
as long as the perigynium.— Swamps from E. Mass. to N. J. and E. Penn.,
and southward ; frequent.

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 9995

C. puLtAra X utricutAra, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller aud
more spreading, less shining; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, Loott.)
— Providence, R. I. (Olney).

15. C. retrorsa, Schwein. Stout, 2-3° high; culm obtusely angled
and smooth or nearly so; leaves broad and soft, roughish, much longer than
the culm; spikes 3-5, approximate near the top of the culm or the low-
est remote, all but the lowest 1 or 2 sessile, 1-2’ long and very compactly
flowered, erect or spreading ; perigynium very thin and papery, much inflated,
prominently nerved, strongly reflexed ; scale very short and small. — Swamps,
from Penn. northward, common.—In var. HArtu, Gray, a common mon-
strous form, the spikes are more or less scattered and peduncled, loosely flow-
ered, and the perigynium less reflexed or spreading.

= = Scales all rough-awned.

16. C. lurida, Wahl. Variable in size, mostly ranging from 14-3°
high, stout ; cul-n rather obtusely angled and smooth; leaves long and loose,
rough; spikes 2-4, variously disposed, the 1 or 2 upper sessile, nearly erect
or often drooping, very densely flowered; perigynium thin and turgid, often
somewhat shining, rather lightly about 10-nerved, very long and slenderly
beaked, ascending; staminate spike single, scales linear, half as long as the
perigynium or more. (C.tentaculata, Muh/.) —Swamps, N. Eng. to S. Ill., and
southward; abundant eastward. Very variable.— Var. GRAcILIs, Bailey.
Plant more slender; spikes 2-3, very small and narrowly cylindrical (1’
long or less, and 3” broad or less). Mts. of Vt., Penn., and Tenn.

Var. flaccida, Bailey. Lower, scarcely exceeding 12-15’ in height;
spikes 2-4, all sessile and approximate at the top of the culm, small and
straight (1’ long or less), dull brown or reddish-brown, loosely flowered and en-
tirely lacking the dense and comose appearance of the type; perigynium very
thin and much inflated, the body usually larger than in the type and more
gradually contracted into the beak.— N. Y. to N. J.; apparently scarce.

C. cura X tuputtna, Bailey. Very like C. lurida, but the spikes usu-
ally all approximate or only the lowest separated, erect or spreading, all sessile,
green or greenish, often curved; perigynium very long-beaked and ascending ;
staminate spike one, sessile or very nearly so, strongly resembling that of C.
lupulina. (C.tentaculata, var. altior, boott.) — Mass., Conn.,and N. Y.; little
known. C. lupulina X retrorsa is distinguished from this by its yellow or
straw-colored more scattered spikes which are shorter and always straight,
and the loose, larger and more inflated perigynia.

* 1.—+ 4. Pseudocypere.
++ Spikes all erect or ascending.

i7. C. Schweinitzii, Dewey. Soft but erect, 1-2° high, stoloniferous,
yellowish-green and becoming straw-colored in drying; culm flattish and
smooth; leaves broad (3-4”), the radical longer than the culm, the others
mostly short; spikes 3-4, the lower one or two short-peduncled, narrowly
long-cylindrical (14-3’ long, 4” broad); perigynium thin and somewhat in-
flated, prominently few-nerved, the long beak short-toothed, ascending ; scale
awned and commonly rough at the tip, a little shorter than the perigynium.

— Swamps, W. New Eng. to N. J., and west to Mich. ; local.
26

596 CYPERACEEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

a+ ++ Spikes widely spreading or drooping.

18. C. hystricina, Muhl. Slender but erect, 1-2° high; culm very
sharply angled and rough, at least above; leaves rather narrow, roughish;
spikes 1-3, borne near the top of the culm, the upper one often sessile, the
remainder on more or less filiform stalks, short (rarely 13’ long) and com-
pactly flowered; perigynium greenish, very strongly 15-20-nerved, the very
slender beak strongly toothed ; scale linear and rough-awned, nearly or quite
as long as the perigynium. — Swales, throughout ; frequent. Often confounded
with n. 16.

Var. Dudléyi, Bailey. Taller; spikes larger and slimmer (14-24 long),
light straw-colored, all secund and widely divaricate or nodding ; perigynium
stronger toothed; scales usually more prominent. — Swales, Conn. ( Wright),
Ithaca, N. Y. (Dudley), Wisc. (Lapham).

19. C. Psetdo-Cypérus, L. Tall and stout, 2-3° high; culm thick
and very sharply triangular, rough throughout; leaves very long, rough-mar-
gined; spikes 3-5, all slenderly peduncled and more or less drooping, all
somewhat contiguous, long (mostly 2-3’) and narrowly cylindrical, very com-
pactly flowered; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate, more or less 2-edged, many-
costate, the beak shorter than the body, with erect short teeth, strongly reflexed ;
scale very rough-awned, about the length of the perigvnium.— Swamps and
lake-borders, N. Eng. to Penn., and Mich.; rare. (Eu.)

Var. Americana, Hochst. Mostl) stouter, the leaves broader (about +’);
spikes thicker and commonly more drooping; perigynium longer, the beak
mostly longer than the body and the teeth long and prominently spreading.
(C. comosa, Boott.) —Swamps ; common.

* 1.—+ 5. Squarrose.

20. C. stendlepis, Torr. Stout and very leafy, 1-2° high; culm ob-
tusely angled, very smooth; leaves about 3” broad, rough on the nerves, the
upper and the bracts very much longer than the culm; terminal spike often
pistillate at top; other spikes 3-5, the uppermost sessile on the zigzag rha-
chis. short (1-14 or less) and evenly cylindrical, often staminate at top ; peri-
gynium very abruptly contracted into a short but slender toothed beak, shorter
than the long-linear and rough scale. — Swamps and meadows, central Penn.,
to N. Ohio, west and southward ; frequent.

21. C. squarrosa, L. Cespitose,2-3° high; culm sharply angled, more
or less rough above; leaves broad and weak, roughish, exceeding the culm;
bracts much less prominent than in the last; spikes 1-3, thick, the terminal
always two-thirds pistillate or more, the remainder more or less stalked, erect
or slightly nodding, globular or oblong-cylindric, brown, exceedingly densely
flowered; perigynium larger, the beak rough; scale short and usually invis-
ible. — Bogs, throughout; infrequent.

* 2. TRACHYCHLEN®.— + 1, Shortiane.

22. C. Shortiana, Dewey. Tall and slender but strict, in small clumps,
2-3° high; leaves about }’ broad, flat, rough on the nerves; spikes 3-5,
somewhat approximate near the top of the culm, the lowest 2 or 3 short-pe-
duncled, erect, small (1 long or less, and 2” wide), evenly cylindrical, exceed-
ingly densely flowered; perigynium small, circular or round-ovate, flat,

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 597

sharp-edged, nerveless, the orifice entire, perfectly squarrose; scale thin and
blunt, about the length of the perigynium. — Wet meadows, S. Penn. and Va.
to Ill.; rare eastward.

* 2.—+ 2. Andmale.

23. C. scabrata, Schwein. Tall and rather stout, very leafy, 1-8° high,
culm sharply and very roughly angled; leaves broad and flat, very rough;
spikes 3-5, scattered, the upper 1 or 2 sessile, the remainder often long-pe-
duncled and sometimes nodding, 1-2’ long, narrawly cylindrical and com-
pactly flowered; perigynium broadly ovate, prominently few-nerved, rough,
the beak nearly as long as the body and slightly toothed; scale acute and
rough-tipped, green-nerved, about as long as the body of the perigynium. —
Wet meadows and glades, as far west as Mich.; common eastward.

* 2.—+ 3. Hirte.

24. C. vestita, Willd. Stout and stiff, 2-3° high; culm sharply an-
gled, smooth or somewhat rough; leaves narrow and rather short, rough-
ish; staminate spike 1, rarely 2, sessile or nearly so; pistillate spikes 2-5,
approximate and sessile, or rarely the lowest sub-radical, often staminate at
top, oblong or short-cylindric (rarely 1’ long), compactly flowered; perigyn-
ium ovate, nerved, stify hairy, short-beaked, the beak often purple, and white-
hyaline at the orifice, which becomes more or less split with age; scale thin
and blunt or acute, shorter than the perigynium. — Tufted in sandy soils, from
N. Eng. to N. Y., and southward; frequent.

25. C. striata, Michx., var. brévis, Bailey. Stiff, 14-2}° high; culm
sharply angled, smooth or slightly rough above, mostly exceeding the leaves,
leaves narrow and stiff, becoming involute; spikes 1 -2, mostly closely sessile,
considerably separated when two, short (rarely 14’ long) and rather thick,
erect ; perigynium broad-ovate with impressed nerves, smooth, ascending, short-
beaked and very short-toothed; scale thin, obtuse or acutish, mostly about 4 as
long as the perigynium. — Pine-barren swamps, N.J., and southward; local.

26. C. Houghtonii, Torr. Stiff, 1-2° high, extensively creeping ;
culm rather sharply angled, rough, exceeding the leaves; leaves flat and very
sharp-pointed ; spikes 1—3, sessile or the lowest short-stalked, erect, varying
from nearly globular to cylindric (14’ long), compact ; perigynium short-ovate,
stifly pubescent, prominently nerved and toothed ; scale thin-margined, acute
or awned, shorter than the perigynium. — Sandy knolls and banks from Maine
to Minn. along our northern borders, and northwestward ; rather local.

27. C. filiformis, L. Tall and very slender but erect, 2-3° high; culm.
obtuse, smooth; leaves very long, involute-filiform, rough; spikes 1-3, ses
sile, somewhat scattered, erect, short and thick (rarely over 1’ long); perigyn-
ium very short-ovate, the teeth very short, the few nerves obscured by the
dense stiff hairs; scale thin and blunt, about as long as the perigynium. —
Bogs, throughout, north of Penn.; frequent. (Eu.)

Var. latifolia, Boeck]. Culm mostly rough above; leaves flat, 1-2”
broad; spikes usually somewhat slimmer and scales often sharper and longer
(C. lanuginosa, Michx.) —Swales and low meadows, throughout ; common.

C.ufrra, L. Variable in size ([-2° high), widely creeping; culm rather
slender but erect, obtuse and smooth or slightly rough above; leaves soft and

598 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

flat, generally sparsely hairy and the sheaths very hirsute, rarely smooth;
spikes 2-3, distant, more or less shortly-peduncled, erect or nearly so, 13’ long
or less and rather loose; perigynium long-ovate, nerved, soft-hairy, the prom1-
nent beak slenderly toothed ; scale thin and green-nerved, awned, mostly a
little shorter. — E. Mass. to central N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from En.)

* 2.—+ 4. Paludose.

++ Teeth slender, mostly spreading.

28. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Stout and tall, 2-3° high; culm sharply
angled, rough above; leaves very numerous, flat and very rough, but not
hairy, much exceeding the culm; spikes 2-5, scattered, the lower stalked
and more or less spreading, long and heavy (1-4’) but loosely flowered at
base; perigynium long-ovate, many-costate, sparsely short-hairy, about twice
as long as the membranaceous, acute or acuminate scale. — Marshes ; frequent.
— Var. Impbreis, Gray. Mostly smaller throughout; perigynium smooth ;
scales usually sharper and longer. Drier places, N. Y. to Mo.; infrequent.

Var. Deweyi, Bailey. Leaves narrower, often becoming somewhat invo-
lute, smoother; spikes short (seldom over 14’ long), all but the lowest one
sessile; perigynium smooth, thick in texture, becoming polished with age, the
nerves impressed ; scales sharp, mostly a little shorter than the perigynium.
— Dakota (Seymour), and northwestward. Resembles small forms of n. 29.

Var. aristata, Bailey. Mostly stouter; leaves more or less hairy on the
under surface and sheaths; perigynium usually longer, smooth, the teeth longer
and more spreading. (C. aristata, R. br.) — N. Eng. to Minn.; rare eastward.

++ ++ Teeth short, erect or very nearly so.

29. C. riparia, W. Curtis. Very large and stout, 2—4° high, stolonifer-
ous; leaves mostly broad, flat, rough, glaucous, much longer than the sharply
angled culm; spikes 2—4, scattered and all more or less peduncled, the lowest
often very long-stalked, varying from almost globular in starved plants to 3-
4’ long, erect or the lower somewhat drooping, loosely flowered below; peri-
gynium ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, rather lightly many-nerved, becoming pol-
ished, the beak short and thick; scale varying from blunt to awned, shorter or
longer than the perigynium.—Swales; common. (Eu.)

C. acutrrormis, Ehrh. Stout, 2-3° high; culm thick and sharp, mostly
smooth; leaves broad, flat and glaucous, much prolonged; spikes 3-5, all but
the uppermost peduncled, spreading or drooping, narrowly cylindric (2-3°
long), loosely flowered below; perigynium ovate, very strongly many-nerved,
the short beak slightly toothed ; scale rough-awned and longer than the peri-
gynium. (C. paludosa, Gooden.) —Swales, Dorchester, and New Bedford
Mass (Nat. from Eu.) The former station has been recently destroyed.

* 3. MICRORHYNCHE.— + 1. Atrate.
++ Alpine; plant small.

30. C. alpina, Swartz. Small and slender, $-2° high; culm thin and
obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above; leaves narrow and flat, shorter than
the culm; spikes commonly 3, sometimes 2 or 4, aggregated, globular and
very small, all closely sessile or rarely the lowest exceedingly short-stalked ;
perigynium orbicular or obovate, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly
notched, a little longer than the ovate and black mostly obtuse scale. — Isle
Royale, L. Superior. (Eu.) — ‘

s

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 599

31. C. atrata, L., var. ovata, Boott. Very slender but erect, 1 — 2° high;
eulm rather sharp, roughish above; leaves narrow but flat, shorter than the
culm; spikes 3-5, all but the terminal one on slender stalks 4-2’ long, droop-
ing when mature, 1’ long or less, ovate-oblong or short-cylindric, reddish-
brown; perigynium broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short-beaked,
the orifice slightly notched; scale blunt, thin-margined, about as long as the
perigynium. (C. atrata, Man.) — White Mountains, N. H., Smugglers’ Notch,
Vt. (Brainerd), and northward.

++ ++ Paludose ; plant larger.

32. C. fusca, All. Rather slender but stiff, 1-3° high; culm sharp,
roughish above; leaves very narrow, rough, mostly shorter than the culm;
spikes 2-4, the terminal rarely all staminate, all sessile and approximate or
the lowest sometimes very short-stalked, varying from globular to narrowly
cylindric (often becoming 13’ long), dark brown or variegated; perigynium
elliptic and beakless, whitish and granular, nearly nerveless, the orifice entire ;
staminate scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp,
conspicuously longer than the perigynium. (C. Buxbaumii, Wahi.) — Bogs,
throughout; frequent. (Ku.)

* 3.—+ 2. Rigide.

33. C. vulgaris, Fries. Low and stiff, about 1° or sometimes 18’ high;
culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above; leaves narrow and stiff, shorter
than the culm, glaucous-bJue ; staminate spike sessile or nearly so; spikes 2-
4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short and erect (1’ long or
less), very densely flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest
subtended by a bract 1-3’ long; perigynium appressed, oval or round-oyate,
mostly finely striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright
green until over-mature ; scale ovate and very obtuse, purple with a faint white
nerve, conspicuously narrower and shorter than the perigynium, thus causing
the spike in the growing plant to assume a characteristic green-and-black ap-
pearance. —Swales and low meadows along the sea-board, from Mass. north-
ward; common. (Eu.)

Var. strictiformis, Bailey. Taller (1$}- 24° high) and looser ; culms slen-
der; leaves long and narrow, lax, scarcely glaucous; staminate spike longer
peduncled ; pistillate spikes looser and often longer, mostly brown or tawny-
green. (C. limula, J/an.)—Swales from E. Penn. northward, near the sea-
board; frequent. Often confounded with n. 34, but easily distinguished by the
non-cespitose habit, sheaths not fibrillose, and the short scales very obtuse.

Var. hyperborea, Boott. Somewhat stoloniferous, low, often smaller
than the type; spikes shorter and mostly loosely flowered, often becoming
very thin; scales generally longer, giving the spikes a darker color; stigmas
often 3. (C. rigida, var. (?) Bigelovii, Z’uckerm.) — Alpine summits of N. H..
Vt.,and N.Y. (Eu.)

* 3.—+ 3. Acute.
++ Stigmas 2; scales not conspicuously acute, or if so, divaricate.
== Spikes erect, or rarely spreading in n. 34.

34. C. stricta, Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 2-4° high, generally
in dense clamps when old, or rarely in small tufts; culm sharp, rough above:

600 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

leaves long and narrow, rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths usually becom-
ing prominently fibrillose; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equalling the culm;
spikes 3-5, variable in size and shape, scattered, the lowest usually more or
less peduncled and clavate and the others sessile, erect or spreading, oblong or
cylindric ($-2’ long and 2-3” broad), all compactly flowered above but often
attenuate at base (or rarely alternate-flowered throughout), the upper mostly
staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid; perigynium ovate and small,
tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short
and commonly entire; scale obtuse to nearly acute, about equalling the peri-
gynium or a little shorter. — Swales, throughout ; abundant and variable.

Var. angustata. Stricter; spikes longer and narrower (3-4’ long and
about 14” broad), never clavate, more approximate and always erect, the stami-
nate portion usually much longer (often 1-2’), rust-colored; scales narrower
and sharper, mostly longer than the perigynium. (C. angustata, oott, in part.)
— Same range as the type, but less common.

Var. decora, Bailey. Usually smaller; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose ;
spikes shorter (seldom over 1’ long), sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate
at base, spreading, the terminal staminate flowers few, rust-colored; bracts
more spreading ; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than the perigynium.
(C. aperta, Man.) —N. Eng. to Wisc.; rather rare.

C. stricta X FILirORMIS. Leaves and culms very slender; spikes short
(1’ long or less), sessile and compact, the upper 1 or 2 scarcely bracted, pallid ;
perigynium small, smooth. — Keweenaw Co., Mich. (Farwell.) Exactly inter-
mediate between the two species.

35. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Large and stout, glaucous, 2-4° high; culm
very obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, broader than in the last, the
bracts broad and prolonged far beyond the culm; spikes 3-5, 1-2’ long, very
compact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect, thick (3” broad or less) ;
perigynium round-ovate or broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated ;
scale obtuse and much shorter and narrower than the perigynium. — Swamps
and lake-margins, N. Eng. to Minn.; not common. (Eu.)

36. C. lenticularis, Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout,
1-2° high; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above; leaves very narrow,
numerous, much surpassing the culm; spikes 3-6, more or less aggregated or
the lowest remote, the terminal androgynous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect ;
perigynium ovate, minutely granular, brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire ;
scale pale and obtuse, about 4 the length of the perigynium. — Gravelly borders
of ponds and lakes, northern N. Eng. to Minn.; mostly local.

= = Spikes widely spreading or drooping.

37. C. torta, Boott. Slender but erect, 14-—24° high, in clumps, with ex-
ceedingly tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or roughish
above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very short; spikes 3-5,
mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascend-
ing but the others drooping, long and slender (often 3’ long, 2” broad or less) ;
perigynium lance-ovate, thin and green, nerveless, the slim upper half empty
and more or less tortuous, the beak entire or erose ; scale purple-margined and
very obtuse, shorter than the perigynium.— Cold banks and swamps, Vt. ta
N. C.; infrequent.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 601

++ ++ Stigmas 2; scales long-acute and ascending.

38. C. salina, Wahl. var. cuspidata, Wahl. Rather stout, 1-24°
high; culm rather sharp, smooth; leaves narrow but flat; spikes 2-4, some-
what approximate, the lowest 1 or 2 very short-stalked, erect, short (14 or less)
and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts 3-4’ long; perigyn-
ium elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves or neryeless, the
minute beak entire; scale brown-margined, produced into a lighter and rough
awn much exceeding the perigynium. (C.salina, J/an.) — Salt marshes, Mass.,
and along the coast northward; rare in the United States. (Eu.) Anomalous
forms, which appear to be hybrids, have been separated as

C. srricta X sativa, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more
inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding the
perigynium. — Near Boston, Mass., W. Boott, Morong.

we te +e Stigmas 3.

39. C. prasina, Wahl. Slender, somewhat flexuose, 1}-24° high; culm
rather sharp, smooth; leaves very narrow, soft and flat, rough; spikes 2-3,
peduncled and spreading or drooping, somewhat approximate, green, 1-2’
long, narrow and loosely flowered ; perigynium pale, narrowly triangular-ovate,
thin, nearly nerveless, produced into a short but slender entire or minutely
toothed beak; scale very thin and acute, nearly colorless, shorter than the
perigynium. (C. miliacea, Juhl.) — Meadows and bogs, Vt. to Mich., and
southward; infrequent.

* 3.—+ 4. Cryptocdrpe.

40. C, maritima, O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout, 1- 24° high; culm sharp,
smooth or rough above; spikes 2-6, scattered, all or all but the upper one
on very long weak stalks and pendulous, 1-3’ long and thick and bushy,
usually staminate at top; perigynium nearly orbicular, pale, few-nerved or
nerveless, the beak very short and entire or nearly so; scale produced into a
greenish rough awn 3-8 times as long as the perigynium. — Salt marshes of
the coast, Mass., Maine, and northward; not common. Leaves smooth, broad
and flat. (Eu.)

41. C. crinita, Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 2- 4° high; culm sharp
and rough or sometimes smooth; leaves about 3” broad, flat, more or less
rough on the nerves and margins ; spikes 3 - 6, somewhat scattered, all variously
peduncled, mostly secund, curved and drooping (or in small forms rarely nearly
erect), 1-4’ long, narrowly and evenly cylindric, compact or attenuate below,
often staminate at top; perigynium ovate, thin and puncticulate, obscurely
nerved, the minute point entire; scale greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2-3
times as long as the perigynium. (C. gynandra, Schwein.) —Swales; com-
mon. — Var. MINoR, Boott. Much smaller in all its parts, 10-18’ high; leaves
narrow; spikes 3-4, J¥’ long or less, less drooping; scales less prominent. —
Maine to N. Y.; scarce. Somewhat resembles n. 39.

, CC. crinira X TORTA, Bailey. More slender than C. crinita, the leaves nar-
rower ; spikes nearly as slender as those of C. torta; scales blunt or simply
acute and little longer than the perigynium, or sometimes very short-awned.
— Moist meadows near the Glen House, White Mts. (Brainerd). Might be
mistaken for drooping-spiked forms of n. 34.

602 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* 3.—+ 5. Penduline.
++ Spikes narrowly cylindrical.

42. C. littoralis, Schwein. Somewhat slender but erect, 1-2° high;
leaves narrow and rather stiff, flat, glaucous, shorter than the sharp and nearly
smooth culm ; staminate spikes 1-3, dark purple, 13’ long or less, the scales
obtuse; pistillate spikes 2-4, somewhat approximate, on thread-like pedun-
cles, 1-2’ long, usually staminate at top; perigynium lance-oval, faintly
nerved, the minute beak entire, mostly longer than the obtuse purple scale;
bracts prominently purple-auricled. (C. Barrattii, Schwein. g Torr.) —
Marshes near the coast, N. J. and southward; rare.

++ ++ Spikes glovular or oblong.
= Scales very sharp, prominently longer than the perigynium.

43. C. Magellanica, Lam. Slender but erect, 8-18’ high; leaves flat
and lax, somewhat shorter than the culm; lowest bract as wide as the leaves
or nearly so and exceeding the culm; spikes 2-3, approximate, all slenderly
stalked and drooping; perigynium orbicular or broad-ovate, nerved in the
centre, $-2 the length of the scale. (C. irrigua, Smith.) — Deep swamps,
throughout, north of Penn. ; local. (Eu.)

= = Scales biunt, little exceeding the perigynium.

44. C. rariflora, Smith. Very small but stiff,4-10’ high, somewhat
stoloniferous; culm obtuse and very smooth; leaves very narrow, becoming
involute, shorter than the culm; spikes 1-2, only 3-10-flowered, drooping,
borne in the axil of a minute awl-like and purple-auricled bract; perigynium
ovate, nearly pointless, obscurely nerved, mostly a little shorter than the en-
veloping scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (Goodale). (Eu.)

45. C. limosa, L. Slender but rather stiff, 1-2° high, stoloniferous ;
culm sharp, rough above; leaves very narrow, strongly keeled or involute;
spikes 1-2, nodding on short stalks or the upper one erect, oblong, springing
from the axil of a very narrow bract which is nearly always shorter than the
culm; perigynium very short-pointed, about the length of the broad scale. —
Deep swamps, throughout, north of Penn.; local. (Eu.)

x 4. HyMENOCHLENE.—+ 1. Virescéntes.

46. C. viréscens, Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 1 -14° high:
leaves very narrow, more or less hairy; spikes 3-5, green, short-oblong, all
somewhat stalked and often spreading, compact (14” thick or less); perigyn-
ium ovate ana costate, very hairy, longer than the thin and white acute scale.
— Var. costAta, Dewey, usually the commoner form, is taller (often reach-
ing 24°), with spikes long-cylindric, 4-2’ long, and a stronger ribbed perigyn-
ium. — Banks and copses, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward ; common eastward.

47. C. triceps, Michx., var. hirstita, Bailey. Usually stiffer; leaves’
hairy; spikes 2-4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the lowest some-
what removed, sessile, short-oblong or globular, green or brown (2-—3” thick) ;
perigynium broad-oyate, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute when
young but smooth at maturity; staminate scales very sharp; pistillate scales
acute or short-awned, about the length of or shorter than the perigynium. —
Dry copses and fields, N. Eng. to Mo., and southward ; rare northward. — Var.

CYPERACEZ, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 605

Smituu, Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly
smooth; spikes small, globular or short-cylindrical (3° long or less), the lowest
often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled ; perigy nium globu-
lar and turgid, brown, squarrose, giving the spikea characteristic plump ap-
pearance. — Fields and woodlands, southern N. J., E. Penn., and southward;
also in Ark.; frequent.

* 4,—+ 2. Sylvdtice.

48. C. longirdstris, Torr. Very slender but erect, 1} - 3° high, growing
in stools; leaves narrow, flat, loose; spikes 3-5, 1-2’ long, loosely flowered,
drooping; perigynium thin, slightly inflated, green, nearly nerveless, spread-
ing, the beak longer than the body, about the length of the awned scale. —
Shady banks from N. Eng. to Neb., and northward; frequent.— Var. MINor,
Boott. Smaller and slenderer; spikes 9” long or less, very narrow and very
loosely or even alternately few-flowered; perigynium smaller. Neb. and
westward.

* 4.—+ 3. Fléziles. :

49. C, castanea, Wahl. Slender but erect, 1-24° high; leaves broad
and flat, hairy, much shorter than the rough culm; spikes 2-4, approximate,
widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks, 1’ long or less, rather dense,
tawny ; perigynium broad-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a beak 4as long
as the body, thin, with a nerve on each side, longer than the light brown or
whitish acute thin scale. (C. flexilis, Rudge.) — Banks, Conn. to Minn.; local.

C. arcrATa X CASTANEA, Bailey. Leaves mostly narrower, less hairy or
smooth ; spikes very slender and loosely flowered (scarcely over 1” wide), erect
or drooping, chestnut color; perigynium thin, long-ovate, shorter-beaked,
lightly nerved, mostly surpassing the pointed whitish scale. (C. Knieskernii,
Dewey.) — Oneida Co., N. Y.; Keweenaw Co., Mich. (Farwell) ; N. Minn.

50. C. capillaris, L. Very slender but erect, 2-12’ high; culm smooth,
longer than the narrow flat or at length involute leaves; spikes 2-4, either
scattered or approximate, all more or less long-peduncled and drooping, borne
in the axils of conspicuous sheathing bracts, very small (3 - 12-flowered) ; peri-
gynium thin, very small, oblong-ovoid, the beak hyaline-lipped, longer than
the very obtuse white scale.— Alpine summits of the White Mts.; Cortland,
N.Y., Alcona Co., Mich., and Point de Tour, L. Huron. (Eu.)

* 4.—+ 4. Debdiles.
++ Perigynium thin, rarely with more than two prominent nerves.

51. C. arctata, Boott. Slender, erect, 1 - 2° high; radical leaves mach
shorter than the culm and very broad (24-5”), flat; bracts broad and short,
long-sheathing ; spikes 3-5, all widely spreading or drooping on filiform stalks,
1-3’ long and exceedingly slender; perig‘ynium short (2” long or less), ab-
ruptly and conspicuously stipitate and abruptly contracted into a beak, 3-cor-
nered, prominently nerved, green, mostly spreading, scarcely longer than the
very sharp or cuspidate scale. — Woods and copses, N. Eng. to !’enn. and Minn. ;
common.

Var. Faxoni, Bailey. Spikes shorter and usually short-peduncled, erect
or nearly so, much more densely flowered, part of them commonly contiguous
at the top of the culm, rendering the shorter staminate spike inconspicuous:

604 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

perigynium usually larger.— Lisbon, N. H. (Faxon); Keweenaw Co., Mich
(Farwell) ; extreme northern Minn. (Sai/ey); also in Canada.

52. C. débilis, Michx., var. Rudgei, Bailey. Very slender and diffuse,
1-—23° high (or rarely reduéed to 3-4’!); leaves narrow and lax, longer than
the culm; spikes mostly heavier than in the last; perigynium much longéy,
very gradually narrowed at each end, scarcely angled and not prominently
nerved, rusty when ripe, erect, twice longer than the obtuse or acutish scale
(C. debilis, of last ed.) —Copses, N. Eng. to N. Mich., and southward; fre-
quent east and southward. — Var. strictior, Bailey. Usually taller, strict;
leaves broader (about 2” wide) and firmer; spikes stiffer, simply spreading
or even erect; perigynium mostly shorter and greener, often little exceeding
the scale. White Mts. (f’axon).— Var. pUBERA, Gray. Perigynium usually
more slender, more nerved and minutely pubescent. Center and Lancaster
Counties, Penn. (Porter, Lumsden), and Bedford Co., Va. (Curtiss).

C. DEBILIS X VIRESCENS, Bailey. Plant slender and very green; leaves
flat, rough, mostiy longer than the culm, spikes 2-3, 2’ long, thin and slen-
der, erect or nearly so, the terminal one bearing a few pistillate flowers at top ;
perigynium exactly intermediate between the two species, lance-ovate, nerved
and slightly hairy, short-beaked, thin, twice longer than the scale. — Revere,
near Boston, Mass. (Faxon).

++ ++ Perigynium firm, prominently many-nerved.

53. C. venusta, Dewey, var. minor, Boeckl. Slender but strict; 14-
2° high; leaves narrow and strict, about as long as the culm; spikes 1-2’
long, scattered, the upper usually ascending, the terminal one sometimes
staminate at top; perigynium ascending, the very short and stout beak prom-
inently toothed, thrice longer than the rusty narrow scale. (C. glabra, Boott.)
— Sphagnous swamps, Oneida Co., N. Y., N. J., and southward ; local.

* 4,—+ 5. Gractllime.
++ Perigynium small, scarcely turgid.

54. C. eestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Slender but erect, 1-14° high; leaves
very narrow, flat, shorter than the culm, the sheaths pubescent; spikes 3-4,
erect or spreading, 1-2’ long and very loosely flowered, all but the lowest
short-stalked ; perigynium very small, ovate, scarcely pointed and the orifice
entire, few-nerved, about twice longer than the obtuse scale. — Saddle Moun.
tain, W. Mass., and southward in the mountains to N. C.; rare.

55. C. gracillima, Schwein. ‘Tall and slender, sometimes diffuse, 14~
3° high; leaves broad and flat (the radical about 3” wide), very dark and
bright green; spikes 3-4, scattered, the terminal rarely staminate, densely
flowered except at base, peduncled and drooping, green; perigynium ovate,
thin and slightly swollen, nerved, obtuse, orifice entire, twice longer than the
very obtuse scale. — Woodlands and low meadows, throughout ; common. —
In poorer soil and sunny places, it runs into var. HUMILIs, Bailey, and is then
smaller, has much narrower leaves and very small erect spikes (2-12-flow-
ered), and mostly smaller perigynia.

C. cracfrtima X urrstta, Bailey. In habit like var. humilis; spikes
tawny ; perigynium like that of C. triceps, var. hirsuta; plant smooth, or very
minutely pubescent under a strong lens. — Philipstown, N. Y. (Barratt).

=. Se

CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 605

CG. eracfiuima X rpuséscens, Bailey. Tall and “erect; leaves narrowe1
than in the last, usually slightly hairy ; spikes slender, erect or slightly spread-
ing, often staminate at top; perigynium exactly intermediate between the two
species, ovate, obscurely nerved, sparsely hairy, beaked, about the length
of the ovate ciliate rough-awned scale. (C. Sullivantii, Loott.) — Columbus,
Qhio (Sullivant) ; Yonkers, N. Y. (£. C. Howe); Stanton, Del. (Commons).

++ a+ Perigynium large, prominently inflated,

56. C. formosa, Dewey. Slender, erect, 1 -24° high; leaves flat, mostly
rather broad, those of the culm very short; spikes 3-5, scattered, oblong or
short-cylindrical (1’ long or less), compact, all flexuose or drooping; perigyn-
ium ovate, puncticulate, obscurely nerved, short-beaked with a slightly notched
orifice, all but the lowest one or two twice longer than the blunt or cuspidate
scale. — Woods and copses, Vt. to Mich.; local.

57. C. Davisii, Schwein. & Torr. Always taller; spikes heavier; peri-
gynium more inflated, strongly nerved and prominently toothed, no longer or
shorter than the conspicuously awned and spreading scale. — Wet meadows,
W. Mass. to 8S. Minn., and southward; rare east and northward.

* 4.—+ 6. Grisee.

58. C. grisea, Wahl. Stout, 1-2° high; leaves broad (2- 3”) and slightly
glaucous; bracts broad and leaf-like, diverging, very much exceeding the culm ;
staminate spike small and sessile; pistillate spikes 3-4, short (1° long or less),
the highest two usually contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile, the others
somewhat remote and peduncled, all erect, compact ; perigynium oblong, point-
less, marked with impressed nerves, turgid and cylindric, all but the lowest
longer than the narrow, cuspidate or blunt, nerved scale.— Moist grounds,
throughout, except along our northern borders; common. — Var. ANGUSTI-
FOLIA, Boott. Much more slender; leaves scarcely half so wide, the bracts,
especially, much narrower and shorter and more erect; spikes slender; peri-
gynium scarcely inflated, triangular-oblong, bearing a sharp beak-like point,
2-ranked ; scale nerveless, long-awned and spreading. N.J. to S. Ohio, and
southward ; common. — Var. GLOBOsA, Bailey. Low, 3-12’ high, often spread-
ing; spikes few-flowered, often with but 2 or 3 perigynia; perigynium short,
inflated, very blunt, nearly globose or obovate; scale short, not prominently
cuspidate or the upper ones wholly blunt. Mo., Kan., and southward.

Var.(?) rigida, Bailey. Rigid; leaves rather narrow, long and erect;
staminate spike prominently peduncled ; pistillate spikes scattered, all more
or less stalked, conspicuously 2-ranked ; perigynium triangular-oblong, hard,
longer than the cuspidate ascending scale. — Sellersville, Penn., and Del.

59. C. glaucodéa, Tuckerm. [Lax or somewhat strict (6-18’ high),
densely glaucous; leaves flat, variable in width, spikes as in n. 58; perigy-
nium firm, not inflated, prominently impressed-nerved, glaucous, longer than
the short-cuspidate or blunt thin and appressed scale. (C. flaccosperma, last
ed.) — Meadows and swamps, Mass. to S. Ill., and southward; local.

* 5. SprrosTAcHy&.—~+ 1. Granulares.

60. C. granularis, Muhl. Erect or spreading, 8’ - 2° high, somewhat
glaucous; leaves flat, various; bracts broad and long, much exceeding the
culm; spikes 3-4, scattered, all but the upper peduncled, erect or ascending

606 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

compact, short-oblong to cylindric, never exceeding V’ in length; staminate
spike small and usually sessile; perigynium ovoid, very strongly Peas the
nearly entire short beak usually bent; scale thin and pointed, about 4 the
Jength of the perigynium.— Moist grassy places ; common. — Var Hineals
Porter. Habitually lower and more slender ; radical leaves very broad (3 - 4”)
and more glaucous; pistillate spikes 4’ long or less, thinner; perigynium a
half smaller, narrower. Wisc. to Va.; infrequent.

. C. Crawei, Dewey. Low, strict, stoloniferous (4-12’ high) ; leaves
narrow ; bracts scarcely exceeding the culm; spikes 2-4, scattered, the lowest
radical or nearly so, short-peduncled or the upper sessile, erect, compact, 9”
long or less; staminate spike generally peduncled; perigynium ovate, usually
resinous-dotted, obscurely or few-nerved, very short-pointed, longer than the
obtuse or short-pointed scale. —: Moist places, N. Y. to Ill. and Minn.; local,

especially eastward.
* 5.—+ 2. Heténse.

C. exténsa, Gooden. Slender but strict, 1-2° high; leaves involute,
spikes about 3, the lowest remote and short-peduncled, the remainder approx-
imate and sessile, short (about 4’ long) and compact; perigynium ovate, very
strongly nerved, ascending, the short stout beak sharply toothed, longer than
the blunt brown- ‘edged scale. — Long Island and Coney island, N. ¥: ; Norfolk,
Va., McMinn. (Nat. from Eu.)

62. C. flava, L. Very slender but strict and stiff, 1-2° high, yellowish
throughout; leaves flat but narrow, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate
spike sessile or nearly so, usually oblique; pistillate spikes 2-4, all contigu-
ous or rarely the lowest one remote, all but the lowest sessile, short-oblong or
globular, densely flowered, the lowest subtended by a long divaricate bract;
perigynium ovate, produced into a deflexed beak as long as the body, strongly
adows, N. Eng.
to L. Superior; rare westward. (Eu.) — Var. GrAmINIs, Bailey. Smaller and
green, 6-12’ high; leaves mostly longer than the culm; bracts erect; peri-
gynium straight or nearly so, the beak often rough. Grassy places, probably
common and generally distributed.

Var. viridula, Bailey. Small and slender, very strict, green or greenish-
white; leaves narrow, equalling or exceeding the culm; bracts long and
strictly erect ; spikes very small or sometimes becoming cylindric, more closely
aggregated; perigynium conspicuously smaller, the beak very short and
straight. (C. Cideri, last ed.) — Cold bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., and northwest-
ward ; local.

* 5.—+ 3. Boceneen:
++ Perigynium wholly beakless.

C. palléscens, L. Slender, erect, 4’-2° high, tufted; leaves nar
sit flat, the lower slightly pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; spikes 2-
, 3 long or less, densely flowered, all but the upper one very shortly pedun-
SEL erect or spreading; perigynium globular-oblong, thin and very nearly
nerveless, about the length of the cuspidate scale. — Glades and meadows,

N Eng to Penn., Wisc. and L. Superior; rare westward. (Eu.)

Pees Perigynium very stout-beaked.

64. C. Torréyi, Tuckerm. Stiff, 1-14° high; culm and leaves thinly
pubescent ; spikes all sessile, very short; perigynium obovate, very strongly

CYPERACEA. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 607

many-nerved, retuse, the beak short and straight, equalling or exceeding the
mostly cuspidate scale. — Supposed to have been collected, a half-century ago,
in N. Y. by Torrey,.and in Penn. by Schweinitz. It occurs in the Rocky
Mountain region, and high northward.
* 6. DacryLosTAchy&®.— + 1. Oligocdrpe.
«+ Sheaths smooth.

65. C. conoidea, Schkuhr. Slender but strict, 1-13° high; staminate
spike long-peduncled or rarely nearly sessile; spikes 2-3, scattered, short-
stalked or the upper one sessile (the lowest frequently very long-stalked), ob-
long (rarely 1’ long) and rather loosely flowered, erect; perigynium oblong-
conical, impressed-nerved, gradually narrowed to a point, the orifice entire;
scale loosely spreading and rough-awned, equalling or exceeding the perigyn-
ium. — Moist grassy places, N. Eng. to Ill., and southward; rare westward.

66. C. oligocarpa, Schkuhr. Diffuse, 10-18’ high; bracts flat and
spreading ; staminate spike sessile or stalked; spikes 2-4, scattered, stalked
or the uppermost sessile, loosely 2-8-flowered, erect ; perigynium small, hard,
finely impressed-nerved, abruptly contracted into a conspicuous mostly oblique
beak, the orifice entire; scale very loosely spreading and rough-awned, longer
than the perigynium.— Dry woods and copses, W. New Eng. to Mo., and
southward; rare westward. Often confounded with small forms of n. 58.

++ ++ Sheaths pubescent.

67. C. Hitchceockiana, Dewey. Erect, 1}-2° high; spikes 2-4, all
more or Jess peduncled, very loosely few-flowered, erect; perigynium trian-
gular-ovate, many-striate, the strong beak prominently oblique, shorter than
the rough-awned scale. — Rich woods, W. New Eng. to IIl., and southward to

Penn. and Ky.; frequent.
* 6.—+ 2. Lariflore.

++ Sheaths green.
= Perigynium mostly obscurely triangular, the beak very prominent.

68. C. laxiflora, Lam. Slender but mostly erect, 1-2° high; leaves
rarely over 2” wide, rather soft; staminate spike peduncled or at least con-
spicuous; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered, pedurcled or the upper one sessile,
loosely flowered, cylindric or sometimes reduced to short-oblong, erect or the
lower loosely spreading ; perigynium obovate, conspicuously nerved, the short
entire beak much bent or recurved; scale thin and white, blunt or cuspidate,
mostly shorter than the perigynium. — Grassy places, throughout ; common.
Exceedingly variable. — Var. vARIANS, Bailey. Mostly stouter than the type,
the leaves broader; pistillate spikes 4-1’ long, the two upper more or less
contiguous to the staminate spike and sessile or nearly so; bracts leafy and
prolonged. — Copses and grassy places, throughout; common. Counterfeits
var. patulifolia.— Var. srriATuLa, Carey. Diffuse; pistillate spikes rarely
over ¥’ long, the upper sessile and aggregated about the inconsnicuous stami-
nate spike, the lowest usually long-exserted. Grassy places, throughout ; very
common. — Var. LaTIFOLIA, Boott. Rather low; leaves } broad or more;
staminate spike sessile or very nearly so; pistillate spikes cylindric and loose,
the upper one or two contiguous; bracts very broad. Deep rich woods, E.
Mass. (Deane) to Penn. and Mich.; common westward. — Var. PATULIFOLIA,

508 CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Carey. Glaucous; leaves 3” broad or more ; staminate spike prominent, mostly
stalked; pistillate spikes long and alternately flowered, scattered and pedun-
cled; perigynium (as in the following varieties) elliptic, attenuate at both ends,
mostly less prominently nerved, and the beak not strongly recurved. Open
places, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward; frequent. — Var. DIVARICATA,
Bailey. Tall and stout; leaves narrower; staminate spike large and stalked;
pistillate spikes scattered, all but the upper one prominently peduncled, long ;
perigynium very large, divaricate, triangular, contracted into a stipe-like base
at least half as long as the body. Near Washington, Vasey.— Var. sTYLo-
FLEXA, Boott. Very weak and slender; leaves 2” wide or less; staminate
spike usually peduncled ; pistillate 2-3, scattered, few-flowered, lowest droop-
ing; perigynium very long-pointed. §S. E. Penn., and southward; frequent.

= = Perigynium sharply triangular, short, and mostly not prominently beaked.
a. Spikes drooping or flexuose.

69. C. digitalis, Willd. Very slender, bright green, tufted, 6-18’ high,
leaves very narrow (1-2” wide); staminate spike short-stalked; pistillate
spikes 2-4, all on filiform stalks and all but the upper widely spreading or
drooping, linear, alternately flowered; perigynium very small, impressed-
nerved, longer than the acute whitish scale. — Dryish woods and glades, N.
Eng. to Mich., and southward; frequent. — Var. copuLAta, Bailey. Leaves
much broader, and the culms weak and reclined; spikes heavier and mostly
shorter; perigynium larger, very sharp. Rich woods, central Mich., and
probably elsewhere westward.

70. C. laxiculmis, Schwein. Differs from the variety of n. 69 chiefly
in its more cespitose habit, its densely glaucous-blue covering, very slender
culm, and very long and filiform peduncles. (C. retrocurva, Dewey.) — Glades,
N. Eng. to Mich. and Va.; rare westward.

b. Spikes erect.

71. C. ptychocarpa, Steudel. Low, glaucous, 3-10’ high; leaves flat
and rather broad (2” or more), much exceeding the culm; bracts leafy and
much prolonged; staminate spike very small and sessile, mostly overtopped
by the upper pistillate spike; pistillate spikes 2-3, sessile or short-stalked or
rarely the lowest long-peduncled, erect; perigynium tawny, much as in n. 69,
twice longer than the very thin obtuse scale. — Low grounds or swamps, E
Mass., N. J., Del., and southward ; local.

72. C. platyphylla, Carey. Low, spreading, glaucous, 6-12’ high,
leaves }’ broad or more, mostly shorter than the culms; bracts with thin and
sharp-pointed leaf-like tips 1-2’ long; staminate spike stalked; pistillate
spikes 2-3, scattered, all more or less peduncled, alternately 2-10-flowered ;
perigynium short, strongly many-striate, about the length of the acute or
cuspidate scale. — Rich shady woods and banks, N. Eng. to Mich., and south-
ward to Va.; mostly local.

73. C. Careyana, Torr. Tall and slender, mostly erect, 1-2° high,
leaves bright green, firm, 3-4” wide or more, shorter than the long culm;
bracts leafy, longer than in the last; staminate spike heavy and stalked ; pis-
tillate spikes 2-3 (mostly 2), the upper usually near the terminal spike, and
nearly sessile, the other remote and long-peduncled, loosely 2-8-flowered ;

CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMI1uy. ) 609

perigynium very large and very sharply angled, the beak oblique, finely many-
nerved, twice longer than the sharp scale.— Rich woods, N. Eng. to Mich.,
and southward to Washington; rare.

++ ++ Sheaths usually purple.

74. C. plantaginea, Lam. Slender but erect, 1- 2° high; leaves 4-1’
broad, very firm, appearing after the flowers and persisting over winter, shorter
than the culm; staminate spike purple and clavate, stalked ; pistillate spikes
3-4, scattered, loosely few-tlowered, erect, the peduncles included in the leaf-
less sheaths ;*perigynium smaller than in n. 73, prominently beaked, about as
long as the sharp scale. — Rich woods, N. Eng. to Wisc., and southward ; local.

* 6.—+ 3. Panicee.
++ Beak cylindrical and prominent; plant not glaucous.

75. C,. Saltuensis, Bailey. Very slender and more or less diffuse, strongiy
stoloniferous, 1-13° high; leaves narrow and soft, shorter than the culm;
spikes 2-3, scattered, all peduncled and more or less spreading, loosely 3 -10-
flowered; perigyuium small, nearly nerveless, thin, the beak straight and
sharply toothed; scale loose, acute, shorter than the perigynium. (C. vagi-
nata, last ed.) — Deep swamps, Vt. to Minn.; local.

76. C. polymorpha, Muhl. Stout, 1-2° high; leaves rather broad
short; spikes 1-2, short-stalked, erect, compact or rarely loose, usually
staminate at the apex, 1}’ long or less; perigynium long-ovate, obscurely
nerved; the very long and nearly straight beak oblique or lipped at the ori-
ice; scale reddish-brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigyuium. — Moist
meadows, Mass. to N. C.; local.

++ ++ Beak short or none ; plant often glaucous.
= Plants of ordinary habit.

77. C. tetanica, Schkuhr. Rather slender, rarely glaucous, somewhat
stoloniferous ; culm scabrous, at least above ; spikes all peduncled, the upper
one very shortly so, pale, all more or less attenuate below, the lower borne in
the axils of bracts 3’ long or more; perigynium not turgid, zreenish, promi-
nently many-nerved, the beak strongly bent; scale obtuse or abruptly mucro-
nate, all except the lowest mostly shorter than the perigynium.— Meadows
and borders of ponds from W. Mass. westward; common westward. — Var.
Woonn, Bailey. Very slender and strongly stoloniferous; leaves narrow,
very long and lax; spikes mostly alternately flowered throughout; scales
often sharper. (C. Woodii, Dewey.) Rich woods, N. Y. to Mich., and south
so Washington; frequent.— Var. Méapu, Bailey. Stiffer; leaves mostly
broader and stricter; spikes thick and densely flowered, not attenuate at base,
the upper one often sessile; perigynium larger. (C. Meadii, Dewey.) R. I.
to Neb., and southward; rare eastward.— Var. CAnsy1, Porter. Stout and
stiff; leaves still broader (about 2” wide) and flat; spikes thick, often 1’ wide;
perigynium long, straight or very nearly so; scale large, nearly equalling or
exceeding the perigynium. E. Penn. (Canby); Ill. and Wisc.; little known.

C. panfcra, L. Strict, often stiff, glaucous-blue 1 - 2° hi gh; culm smooth ;
bracts 1-2’ long; spikes 1-3, scattered, colored, peduncled, erect, rather com-
pact or loose below, seldom 1’ long; perigynium ovoid, yellow or purple, some-
what turgid, scarcely nerved, the point usually curved, mostly longer than the
purple-margined scale. — Fields, K. Mass. and R. I. (Nat. from Ku.)

610 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

= = Very strict, densely yiaucous.

78. C. livida, Willd. Culms 18’ high or less; leaves narrow, often becom.
ing involute; spikes 1 or 2 and aggregated or approximate, or rarely a third
nearly radical, sessile or nearly so, erect, narrow; perigynium ovoid-oblong,
nerved, granular, beakless, the point straight or nearly so, orifice entire; scale
obtuse, mostly a little shorter than the perigynium.— Pine-barrens of N. J.,
and sphagnum swamps northward to N. Eng. and L. Superior; local. (Eu.)

x 6.—~+ 4. Bicolores.

79. C. atirea, Nutt. Low and slender, 1° high or less; bracts exceeding
the culm; spikes 2-4, all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled or
the upper one or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or sometimes becoming
8’ long, at maturity yellow or brown, the terminal one frequently pistillate
above; perigynium fleshy at maturity, nerved, longer than the blunt scale. —
Wet meadows and springy banks, throughout; rather common.

* 6.—+ 5. Digitate.
++ Spikes two or more.

so. C. ebtrnea, Boott. Exceedingly slender and capillary, erect, 4-12’
high, stoloniferous ; leaves shorter than the culm; staminate spike very small
and very short-peduncled, overtopped by the two upper pistillate spikes; pistil-
late spikes 2-4, approximate or the lowest remote, all stalked, erect, 2 — 6-flow-
ered ; perigynium very small, almost nerveless, smooth and becoming black and
shining at full maturity ; scale white and thin, obtuse, shorter than the perigyn-
ium. — Tufted in sandy or light soils from N. Eng. to Ky. and Neb.; frequent.

81. C. Richardsoni, R.Br. Rather stiff, 4-9’ high, stoloniferous;
sheaths short, purple or brown; staminate spike stout and mostly short-pedun-
cled; pistillate spikes 1-2, approximate, the very short stalks included, erect,
compact, less than } in length; perigynium obovoid, firm, hairy, the very short
beak entire or erose; scale brown with a conspicuous white-hyaline margin,
obtuse or pointless, and longer than the perigynium.— Dry ground, western
N. Y. to Ill., and northwestward; rare. }

82. C. peduneculata, Muhl. Low and diffuse, 3-10’ high, forming
mats; leaves abundant, very green, flat and firm; longer than the weak culms;
staminate spike very small, with the uppermost pistillate spike sessile at its
base; pistillate spikes 2-4 on each culm, scattered and long-peduncled from
green sheaths, erect or spreading, many other spikes nearly or quite radical
and very long-stalked, all 3 - 8-flowered ; perigynium triangular-obovate, smooth
or very slightly pubescent above, the short and nearly entire beak somewhat
oblique; scale green or purple, truncate and cuspidate, mostly a little longer
than the perigynium. — Dry woods and banks, N. Eng. to Va. (Kennedy) and
Minn. ; frequent northward.

++ +» Spike one or rarely a rudiment of a second ; plant diccious.

83. C. picta, Steudel. Rather weak, 1° high or less ; leaves flat and firm,
persisting through the winter, at least twice longer than the culm; a sheath-
ing purple scale at the base of the spike; staminate spike about 1’ long, clavate
in anthesis, the purple scales ending in a very short and blunt whitish tip ;
pistillate spike narrower and mostly longer, the scales more abruptly contractec

CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 611

into a colored cusp and at length deciduous; perigynium obovate, much con
tracted below into a stipe-like base, very strongly nerved, entirely pointless,
hairy above, covered by the scale. (C. Boottiana, Benth.) — In a wooded ravine
with Hepatica and Epigza, near Bloomington, Ind. (Dudley) ; also Ala. and La.

* 7. SPHHRIDIOPHORE. —+ 1. Scirpine.

84. C. scirpoidea, Michx. Strict, the pistillate plant mostly stiff, 6-18’
high; leaves flat, shorter than the culm; spike 1’ long or less, densely cylin-
drical, very rarely with a rudimentary second spike at its base; perigynium
ovate, short-pointed, very hairy, about the length of the ciliate purple scale. —
Mountains of N. New Eng.; Drummond’s Island, L. Huron. (Norway.)

* 7.—+ 2. Montane.

++ Some or all of the culms longer than the leaves (or in the type of nu. 85 fre-
quently shorter).
= Staminate spike minute, wholly or partially concealed in the head; leaves
always very narrow ; radical spikes often present.

85. C. defléxa Hornem. Diffuse and low, tufted; culms 1-6’ high,
setaceous, more or less curved or spreading, little exceeding or shorter than
the leaves ; staminate spike exceedingly minute and nearly always entirely in-
visible in the head; pistillate spikes 2-3, 2-5-flowered, green, or green and
brown, all aggregated into a head, the lowest one always more or less short-
peduncled and subtended by a leafy bract 3’ long or less; radical spikes few ;
perigynium very small and much contracted below, sparsely hairy or nearly
smooth, the beak flat and very short, mostly longer than the acutish scale.
(C. Nove-Angliz, last ed., mostly.) — High mountains of N. H. and Vt.

Var. Deéanei, Bailey. Taller and lax, the culms 6-12/ high and some
or all prominently longer than the longer and loose leaves; staminate spike
much larger (2-3” long), erect or oblique, sessile ; pistillate spikes larger (4-
8-flowered), less aggregated or the lowest usually separated, though rarely more
than }’ apart ; radical spikes usually numerous; bract mostly longer. — Swales
or dryish places, high or subalpine regions, Mt. Desert, Maine (and) ; Essex,
Mass.; N. H., Vt., and N. Y.; scarce. In aspect like n. 86.

Var. media, Bailey. Rather stiff, 4-12’ high, in dense tufts; most of the
spikes equalling or exceeding the leaves, the staminate prominent, erect (3-
5’ long), sessile or very short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2-3, all scattered,
the uppermost at or near the base of the staminate spike, the lowest usually
very prominently peduncled and subtended by a conspicuous bract which sur-
passes the culm, all rather compactly 3 - 8-flowered, green, or brown and green ;
radical spikes several; perigynium larger, much like that of short-beaked forms
of n. 90. — Keweenaw Co., Mich. (Farwell) ; also far westward.

86. C. varia, Muhl. Erect, mostly strict, 6-15’ high, tufted and some-
what stoloniferous; culms variable in length, often twice longer than the
leaves ; staminate spike 3” long or less; pistillate spikes closely aggregated,
or rarely somewhat loosely disposed but never scattered, all strictly sessile,
green ; radical spikes none; lower bract usually present; perigynium longer-
pointed than in the last, about the length of the sharp scale. (C. Emmonsii,
Dewey.) — Banks and dry woods; frequent.—In var. coLorAra, Bailey, the
scales are purple. Mostly southward.

612 CYPERACEE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

== = Staminate spike very prominent (or in the variety of n. 89 very smali, but
the leaves broad); radical spikes none.

a. Scales smooth.

87. C, Novee-Angliz, Schwein. Very slender and soft, erect, stolon-
iferous, 6-8 high; culms little longer than the very narrow leaves ; stami-
nate spike exceedingly narrow (3-8” long by about $” wide), mostly minutely
peduncled ; pistillate spikes 2, or rarely 3, the upper one near the base of the
staminate spike, the lower very short-peduncled and removed 3-1’ and sub-
tended by a leafy bract which nearly or quite equals the culm, both rather
loosely 3-6-flowered; perigynium very narrow, often nearly oblanceolate,
small, very thinly hairy, the beak sharp and prominent; stigmas often 2.—
Mountain swamps of W. Mass., and Mt. Desert, Maine (Rand); rare.

ss. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. A foot high or less, erect, strongly sto-
loniferous, forming large patches ; leaves narrow and more or less involute, dark
or dull green, mostly nearly as long as the culm; staminate spike 4’ (rarely }’)
long, usually dull brown or brown-purple, sessile or very nearly so; pistillate
spikes 1-3, contiguous or the two lower rarely } apart, all sessile and usually
dark-colored, the lowest bract very short or at least rarely prominent; peri-
gynium short- or round-ovate, hairy. — Dry fields; our commonest species.

89. C. communis, Bailey. Habitually taller and stricter, 8-18’ high,
in small tufts, never stoloniferous; leaves proportionately shorter, broad
(about 2”), flat and pale; staminate spike mostly longer, often short-peduncled
and usually paler; pistillate spikes 2-4, scattered on the upper part of the
culm, green or tawny, the lowest one or two sometimes peduncled and often
with prominent leafy bracts. (C. varia, last ed.) — Dry hillsides; common.

Var. Wheéleri, Bailey. Mostly greener, 3-14’ high; leaves soft and
flat and much shorter than the culm; staminate spike }’ long or less, very
narrow, sessile and oblique; pistillate spikes mostly closer together. — Knolls
in woods, Ionia Co., Mich. (Wheeler), and Alcona Co. (Bailey); Middletown,
Conn. (Barratt), and Cheshire Co., N. H. It has much the aspect of n. 86, but
is readily distinguished by the broad leaves and more scattered spikes.

b. Scales rough-cuspidate.

C. pr&cox, Jacq. Rather stiff, the culm sometimes curved, 3-10 hign,
leaves flat, shorter than the culm; staminate spike prominently clavate, mostly
sessile; pistillate spikes 2-3, all contiguous, sessile or the lowest very short-
peduncled and subtended by a bract scarcely as long as itself, all oblong or
short-cylindric, the lowest about 6” long; perigynium triangular-obovoid, the
very short beak entire or erose, thinly hispid-hirsute, about the length of the
scale. — Fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu. early in the century.)

ex. ++ Part or usually all of the culms much shorter than the leaves.

90. C. umbellata, Schkuhr. (PI. 6, fig. 11-14.) Low, growing in small
and dense mats (1 -3’ across) ; leaves short and often stiff (2-6’ long), flat, the
earliest very narrow but the later often 2” broad; spikes all on separate scapes
which rarely exceed 1-2’ in length (or rarely one or two short true culms),
usually densely aggregated at the surface of the ground and hidden by the
leaves, the pistillate spikes green or tawny and rather loosely few-flowered ;
perigynium slenderly beaked, toothed, very lightly pubescent, about the length
of the acute and often rough-tipped scale.—- Dry banks and knolls, N. Eng.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 6138

to N.J. and N. Y.,and perhaps farther westward ; infrequent..— Var. vfcrna,
Dewey. ‘Tufts looser and larger; leaves longer (often 1° or more) and laxer,
sometimes broader ; some pistillate spikes borne near the base of the staminate
on a true culm which is 3-8’ high, one or two on each culm. With the spe-
cies and farther westward ; infrequent.

91. C. nigro-marginata, Schwein. Leaves mostly stiffer than in n. 90,
often broader, and some of the culms prolonged; perigynium smooth or nearly
so, shorter beaked ; scales purple-margined, giving the spikes a very dark or
variegated appearance, considerably larger and longer than in the last. — Dry
hillsides, N. J., and southward; local.

* 7.—+ 3. Triquétre.

92. C. pubéscens, Muhl. Strict, 1-2° high, pubescent throughout;
leaves flat and soft, shorter than the culm; spikes 2-4, the lower 1 or 2 short-
peduncled, and about 3’ long, loosely flowered, erect; perigynium very hairy,
conspicuously beaked and minutely toothed, straight, about the length of the
truncate and rough-cuspidate thin scale. —Copses and moist meadows, N.
Eng. to Ky., and westward ; frequent.

* 8. PHYLLOSTACHY.

93. C. Jamésii, Schwein. (Pl. 5, fig. 17-21.) Diffuse, 6-10’ high;
leaves very narrow (1” or less), much surpassing the culm; spike very small,
the staminate portion inconspicuous, the pistillate flowers 1-3 and loosely dis-
posed; perigynium globular, produced into a very long and roughened nearly
entire beak; scale narrow, the lowest often 1-2’ long, che upper often shorter
than the perigynium. (C.Steudelii, Aunth.) — Woods, N. Y. to Ill., and south-
ward; frequent.

94. C. Willdenovii, Schkuhr. Lower, stiffer, the leaves broader and
pale; spike larger, the pistillate flowers 3-9, compact; perigynium bearing
a prominent two-edged very rough beak; scales chaffy, nerved, as broad as
and somewhat longer than the perigynium, or the lowest rarely overtopping
the spike. — Copses, Mass. to Mich., and southward; rare.

95. C. Backii, Boott. Forming dense mats; leaves still broader (2” or
more), very abundant ; staminate flowers about 3; pistillate 2-5; perigynium
more gradually beaked, smooth throughout; scales very broad and leaf-like,
all exceeding the culm and entirely enveloping the spike. — W. Mass. to Ohio,
and far westward ; local and rare, especially eastward.

* 9. LEPTOCEPHAL2.

96. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Capillary, erect or slightly diffuse, 6 -
18’ high; leaves mostly shorter than the culm; spike 2-4” long, linear, the
staminate portion very small; perigynium thin and green, nerved, about twice
longer than the obtuse caducous scale. — Bogs; common.

* 10. PHYSOCEPHAL2.

97. C. Fraseri, Andrews. Cespitose; culm 6-15’ high, naked or the
lower portion included in loosely sheathing abortive leaves, smooth and stiff ;
leaves 1’ broad or more, destitute of midrib, very thick and persistent, pale,
1-2° long; spike whitish; perigynium ovoid, faintly nerved, much longer
than the scale.— Rich mountain woods, Va. and southward; very local and
rare. A most remarkable plant.

614 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.}

§2. VIGNEA.—# 11. Acroarrnitns.—~+ 1. Fétide

98. C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Very extensively stoloniferous, cann
mostly erect, 1-14° long; leaves involute, shorter than the culm; perigynium
globular, very strongly nerved, short-pointed and entire, about the length of
the acute scale. — Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, Vt. to lowa, and north-
ward; infrequent. (Eu.)

99. C. stenophylla, Wahl. Stiff, 3-8’ high; leaves involute and shorter
than the culm; perigynium ovate, flat on the inner face, lightly nerved, grad-
ually contracted into a short and entire rough-edged beak, tightly enclosing
the achene, at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale. — Dry grounds,
Thayer Co., Neb. (Bessey); Emmet Co., lowa (Cratty), and westward. (Eu.)

* 11.—+ 2. Vulpine.
++ Beak shorter than or about as long as the body of the perigynium.

100. C. conjuncta, Boott. Strict but rather weak, 1}-34° high; culm
soft and sharply triangular or nearly wing-angled, becoming perfectly flat
when pressed ; leaves soft, about 3” broad; head 1-3’ long, interrupted, often
nearly green, infrequently bearing a few setaceous bracts; perigynium lance-
ovate, light colored, whitish and thickened below, the beak lightly notched
and roughish, about equalling or a little exceeding the cuspidate scale. —
Swales and glades, N. J., Ky., and westward ; usually rare.

++ ++ Beak twice the length of the body of the periqgynium or longer.

101. C. stipata, Muhl. Stout, 1-3° high, in clumps; culm rather soft,
very sharp; head 1-3’ long, rarely somewhat compound at base, interrupted,
the lowest spikes often }’ long; perigynium lanceolate, brown-nerved, the beak
toothed and roughish, about twice the length of the body, and much longer
than the scale. — Swales; common and variable.

102. C. crus-cérvi, Shuttlew. Stout, glaucous, 2-3° high; culm
rough, at least above; leaves flat and very wide; head much branched and
compound, 3-6’ long; perigynium long-lanceolate, the short base very thick
and disk-like, the roughish and very slender beak thrice the length of the body
or more, 3-4 times the length of the inconspicuous scale. — Swamps, 8S. Minn
to Neb. and Ky., and southward ; rare northward.

* 11.—+ 3. Multiflore.
++ Spikes conspicuously panicled.

103. C. decompésita, Muhl. Stout, exceedingly deep green, 1}~3°
high, m stools; culm very obtusely angled, almost terete below; leaves firm,
channelled below, longer than the culm; head 2-4’ long, the lower branches
ascending and 1-2’ long; perigynium very small, round-obovate, few-nerved,
hard and at maturity shining, the abrupt short beak entire or very nearly so;
scale acute, about the length of the perigynium. — Swamps, N. Y. to Mich.,
and southward ; local.

++ ++ Spikes ina simple or nearly simple head.
= Leaves very narrow (1” broad or less), becoming more or iess involute.

104. C. teretitiscula, Gooden. Stender but mostly erect, 14-249 high,
in loose stools; culm rather obtuse, rough at the top, mostly longer than the
leaves; head 1-2’ long, compact or somewhat interrupted, narrow (}’ wide or

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 615

less) ; perigynium very small, ovate and truncate below, bearing a few incon-
spicuous short nerves on the outer Side, stipitate, firm and at maturity blackish
and shining, the short beak lighter colored; scale chaffy and acute, about the
length of the perigynium. — Swales, N. Eng. to Penn., and westward ; common.
(Eu.) — Var. RAmOsA, Boott. More slender; head mostly longer, the upper
portion often somewhat nodding, the spikes scattered and the lowest ones
often slightly compound. N. Y., and westward; common.
= = Leaves broader and flat (occasionally involute in n. 106).
a. Scales very sharp, mostly rough-tipped.
1. Perigynium large (2” long or more), nerveless on the inner face.

105 C. alopecoidea, Tuckerm. Stout but rather soft, 2-3° high;
culm rather sharp, thick and soft in texture; leaves 2-3” wide, about the
length of the culm, very green; head 14 long or less, sometimes green, and
occasionally a little compound, the spikes many and compactly or somewhat
loosely disposed or the lowest often separate and all mostly short-oblong ;
perigynium ovate, tapering into a rough beak, very prominently stipitate,
with a few brown nerves on the outer face, ascending, about equalling or a
little exceeding the scale. — Open swales, N. Y., Penn., and Mich.; local. In
aspect like n. 101.

Var. sparsispicata, Dewey. Weak, the leaves much narrower and lax;
head 1-3’ long and linear or nearly so, the spikes smaller and separated or
scattered. —S. E. Mich. (Cooley, Clark) ; little known.

106. C, gravida, Bailey. Lower and the culm thinner and more sharply
angled, 1-2° high; leaves rather narrower and firmer, shorter than the culm;
head short, always simple, globular or short-oblong, the lowest spikes rarely
distinct ; spikes few (4-7), globular, or broader than long ; perigynium broadly
ovate, nearly twice larger, sessile, phump and somewhat polished at maturity,
prominently spreading. — N. Il. to lowa and Neb. — Var. Laxtro.ia, Bailey.
Much larger, 2-3}° high; leaves broader (about 4’) and lax ; head large and
dense, ovoid or oblong, scarcely interrupted. N. Ill. toS. Dak.

2. Perigynium very small, mostly nerved on the inner face.

107. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Mostly rather stiff, 1-24° high; culm
very rough, at least above; leaves various, mostly flat and longer than the
culm; head 1-4’ long, usually much interrupted and frequently somewhat
compound, varying from dull brown to almost green at maturity, commonly
provided with many very setaceous short bracts; spikes very numerous, as-
zending and densely flowered ; perigynium ovate or lance-ovate, mostly ascend.
ing. — Low places, variable ; very abundant, especially northward.

b. Scales blunt, smooth and hyaline-tipped.

108. C. Sartweéllii, Dewey. Stiff and strict, 1}-23° high; leaves pro-
duced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than the culm; staminate
flowers variously disposed, frequently whole spikes being sterile; head 1-3’
long and rather narrow, the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occa-
sionally the head interrupted below, tawny-brown; perigynium elliptic or
lance-elliptic. nerved on both sides, very gradually contracted into a short
beak; scale about the length of the perigynium. (C. disticha, last ed.) —~
Bogs, central N. Y., west and northward; frequent.

616 CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

* 11.— + 4. Arenarie.

C. arenArta, Linn. Extensively creeping, 1° high or less; leaves very
narrow and. very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; head about 1’ long,
dense or sometimes interrupted, ovoid or oblong; spikes few to many, those
at the apex of the head usually staminate, the intermediate ones staminate at
the summit, the lowest entirely pistillate and subtended by a bract about 1’
long; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing-margined above,
sharply long-toothed, about the length of the scale. — Sea-beaches near Nor-
folk, Va. (icJdlinn). (Ady. from Eu.)

* 11.—+ 5. Muhlenbergiane.

++ Heads narrow, the spikes scattered (or often aggregated in C. muricata.}

= Perigynium almost terete.

109. C. tenélla, Schkuhr. Exceedingly slender, 6’-2° high, in tufts; leaves
flat, soft, and weak, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 1-—3-flowered, or
the terminal 4 — 6-flowered, all distinct and scattered on the upper part of the
culm, the bracts obsolete or the lowest present and very short; perigynium
elliptic-ovate, very plump, finely nerved, the minute beak entire, longer than
the white scale, usually at length splitting and exposing the blackish acheue.
— Cold swamps, N. Eng. to Penn., and far westward; common. (Eu.)

= = Perigynium fiattish.

110. C. rosea, Schkuhr. Always slender and weak, erect, 1 - 23° high,
exceeding the narrow leaves; spikes 5-8, 6-14-flowered, the upper 3-4 ag-
gregated, the others 3-9” apart, the lowest usually with a setaceous bract ;
perigynium lance-ovate, thin and shining, nerveless, scarcely margined, rough
on the edges above, perfectly squarrose, very green, about twice longer than
the translucent white scale.— Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Neb.; fre-
quent. — Var. RADIATA, Dewey. Lower and much more slender, the culms
sometimes almost capillary ; spikes 2-5, scattered, 2-4-flowered ; perigynium
mostly narrower and more ascending. Open places and drier woods ; common.

Var. Texénsis, Torr. Very slender but strict, 1° high or less; spikes
3-4, all contiguous or the lower ones approximate, 2 - 6-flowered ; perigynium
lanceolate, the base prominently spongy, smooth or nearly so, conspicuously
divaricate. — Dry places, S. Ill. (Schneck), and southward.

Var. retrofléxa, Torr. Often rather stiff, 1-1}° high; spikes 4-8, the
upper ones aggregated, the lower 1 or 2 separated and commonly subtended
by a conspicuous bract, often brownish; perigynium ovate, smooth through-
out, very prominently corky and swollen at the base, which is frequently con-
tracted almost to a stipe, at maturity usually widely spreading or reflexed ; scale
brownish and sharp, at length deciduous. (C. retroflexa, JZuhl.) — Copscs,
throughout; rare northward. |

111. C. sparganioides, Muhl. Stouter, stiff; culm 2-3° high; leaves
very broad (usually }’ or more) and flat, their sheaths conspicuously clothing
the base of the culm; spikes 6 —10, the 2 or 3 upper ones centiguous, the remain-
der entirely separate, very green, oblong or short-cylindric, the lowest often
compound, all truncate at top; perigynium ovate, wing-margined, rough on
the short beak, often obscurely nerved on the outer face, considerably longer
than the rough-pointed scale. — Rich woods; frequent.

C. muricAra, L. Culm 1-2° high, rough, longer than the narrow leaves;
spikes 5--10, variously disposed, but usually some of them scattered, frequently

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 617

all aggregated, rarely tawny; perigynium heavy, ovate, thin and shining,

nerveless, the long beak minutely rough, spreading, a little longer than the

sharp green or brownish scale. — Dry fields, E. Mass., where it is common,

and sparingly south and westward to Va. and Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ ++ Heads short-oblong or globular, the spikes all aggregated, or only the lowest
one or two separate.

= Plant very stiff throughout.

112. C. Muhlenbérgii, Schkuhr. Pale, growing in small tufts, 1 - 24°
high; culms much prolonged beyond the few narrow and at length involute
leaves; head 2° long or less, the individual spikes clearly defined; spikes
globular, 4-8; perigynium nearly circular, very strongly nerved on both
faces, broader than the rough-cuspidate scale and about as long. — Open ster-
ile soils; frequent.— Var. ENERVIS, Boott. Perigynium nearly or entirely
nerveless. Southeastern N. Y., and southward; rare.

= = Plant strict but not stiff.

113. C. cephaloidea, Dewey. Lax, very green, 2—3° high; leaves
broad (2-3”’) and thin, shorter than the long culm; head rather loose, }#’ long
or more, all but the very uppermost spikes clearly defined; perigynium ovate,
entirely nerveless, long rough-pointed, spreading, twice longer than the very
thin scale or more. — Shady banks, W. Mass. to Mich.; frequent.

114. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Mostly smaller and stricter, pale; leaves
half as wide or less; head small, rarely 4’ long, globular or very short-oblong,
never interrupted, the lower 1 or 2 spikes usually bearing a very setaceous
short bract; perigynium twice smaller than in the last, scarcely longer than
the rough-cuspidate scale. — Dry and mostly sterile knolls ; common.

Var. angustifolia, Boott. Low, 8’ high or less ; leaves very narrow; head
smaller, usually tawny; perigynium mostly broader.— West and southward ;
rare.

* 1l.—+ 6. Didice.
++ Perigynium nerveless or very nearly so.

115. C. capitata, L. Rigid, 3’-1° high; leaves filiform, shorter than
the culm; head globular, uniformly staminate above, brown, very small; pert-
eynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish, prominently beaked, erect and ap-
pressed, longer than the very thin and obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the
White Mountains. (Eu.)

++ ++ Perigynium prominently nerved.

116. C. gynocrates, Wormsk. Stiff but very slender, 3-6’ high, dice
sious; leaves filiform and setaceous, about the length of the culm; spike ob
long, 2-4” long; perigynium elliptic-ovate, nearly terete, stipitate, widely
spreading or reflexed at maturity, 1 om 2 sometimes borne at the base of the
staminate spike. — Cold sphagnum swamps, Penn., north and westward ; local,
particularly southward.

117. C. exilis, Dewey. Very stiff, slender, 1-2° high; leaves involute
filiform and very stiff, shorter than the culm; spike varying from almost
globular to cylindrical (frequently 1’ long), either unisexual or the sexes vari-
ously placed, very rarely a supplementary spike at base; perigynium elliptic-
ovate, flattish, stipitate and somewhat cordate at base, strongly brown-nerved

618 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

on the outer face, rather faintly nerved on the inner, rough-edged above,
sharply toothed, spreading, a little longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and
lake-borders, N. Eng. and eastern N. Y. to N. J.; rare.

* 12. HyparRHENaZ.—-+ 1. Elongate.

++ Perigynium very sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at base, spreading in
open and at maturity stellate spikes.

118. C. echinata, Murray, var. cephalantha, Bailey. Rather stiff
but slender, 1—2° high; leaves very narrow and involute, about the length of
the culm; spikes 5-8, approximate or even aggregated into a head, green,
compactly 15 - 30-flowered, short-oblong or nearly globular ; perigynium ovate-
lanceolate, rough on the margins above, nerved on both faces, spreading or
reflexed at maturity, the beak long and prominent, longer than the sharp
white scale. (C. stellulata, last ed.) — E. Penn. (Porter) to Mass. (J/orong),
and westward to L. Superior; rare. — Var. CONFERTA, Bailey. Very stiff;
spikes contiguous or scattered, spreading, short-oblong or globular, dense ;
perigynium broadly ovate or even nearly round-ovate, very strongly nerved,
reflexed or widely spreading. Near the sea-coast; uncommon. The peri-
gynia resemble those of n. 112.— Var. micrdéstacuys, Boeckl. Mostly very
slender; spikes few, 3-10-flowered, usually tawny; perigynium small, lance-
ovate, nerved on the outer face but usually nerveless on the inner, erect or
spreading, the beak rather long or prominent. (C. scirpoides, Schkuhr. ©,
sterilis, Willd.) Swales, throughout ; very common and variable. — Var. AN-
GusTATA, Bailey. Exceedingly slender; spikes few and very few-flowered,
mostly all contiguous ; perigynium lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, twice the
length of the scale or more. N. Y., Vt., and northward; rare.

++ ++ Perigynium scarcely sharp-margined, thin in texture, not thickened at base,
mostly in closely flowered and rounded or oblony spikes.
= Perigynium ovate or nearly so, the beak short or none.
a. Bracts not prolonged.

119. C. eanéscens, L. Stiff and rather stout, 1 - 24° high, glaucous and
pale throughout, growing in stools; spikes 4-8, globular or oblong, very
densely 20-50-fiowered, approximate or somewhat scattered on the upper
part of the culm, usually prominently contracted below with the staminate
flowers; perigynium short-ovate, silvery-white and minutely puncticulate,
never thickened at base, faintly few-nerved, smooth throughout, ascending,
the beak very short and entire; scale obtuse or acutish, about the length of
the perigynium.— Cool swamps and bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., west and north.
ward; frequent northward. (Eu.)

Var. vulgaris, Bailey. Very slender, lower, not glaucous, in small and
loose tufts; spikes smaller and usually fewer, loosely flowered; perigynium
mostly more beaked, prominently spreading. — Mostly in drier places; very
common. Perigynium much shorter than in any form of n. 118.

Var. alpicola, Wahl. Low and stiff, or at lower altitudes becoming some-
what slender, seldom much over 1° in height; spikes small, globular or nearly
so, dense, well defined and brown or tawny ; perigynium as in the type, ascend-
ing. (C. vitilis, Fries.) — Mountains from N. Eng. to Ga., sparingly along
our northern boundary, and far westward. (Eu.)

CYPERACEX. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 619

Var. polystachya, Boott. Erect and mostly strict, not glaucous, 14-2}°
high, scarcely tufted ; leaves very lax and exceeding the culm; spikes oblong,
more or less aggregated in an oblong interrupted head, the lowest 1 or 2 sub-
tended by short scale-like bracts; perigynium somewhat spreading. (C. arcta,
Boott.) Low woods, N. New Eng. to N. Minn.; rare. Resembles C. echinata,
var. cephalantha.

120. C. Norvégica, Willd. Low and stiff, but rather slender, 1° high
or less; leaves very narrow, mostly shorter than the culm; spikes 3-5, some-
what scattered, brown, globular or oblong, compactly many-flowered, the
terminal one long-contracted below with the staminate flowers; perigynium
very short-ovate, thick, the beak rough, a little longer than the very obtuse
scale. — Salt marshes, Maine, and northward, rare. (Ku.)

121. C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Very slender and diffuse, 1-14° high, in
tufts; leaves very narrow and lax, shorter than the filiform culm; spikes 2-
4, all loosely few-flowered and silvery-green, and aggregated into a small
globular head ; perigynium elliptic, obscurely nerved, smooth, beakless, spread-
ing, about the length of the white thin scale.— Bogs, N. New Eng. to N.
Minn.; local. (Ku.)

b. Lracts much prolonged, the lowest 2-3’ long.

122. C. trispérma, Dewey. (PI. 6, fig. 1-5.) Exceedingly slender, in
small and loose tufts, the weak reclining culms 1-2° long; leaves soft and
narrow, shorter than the culm; spikes 2-3, 1-3’ apart, silvery-green, 2 -3-
flowered; perigynium very thin, finely nerved, the beak entire or nearly so ;
scale acute, very thin, usually shorter than the perigynium.— Cold bogs.
throughout ; common northward. .

= = Perigynium ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate.

123. C. Deweyana, Schwein. Weak, 1-13° high; leaves flat and soft,
shorter than the culm, yellowish-green ; spikes 3-6, mostly oblong or some-
times but 2-3-flowered, loose, the upper ones contiguous but the lower 1 or 2
usually considerably separated on the zigzag rhachis and mostly subtended
by a bract, all silvery-green; perigynium ovate-lanceolate or narrower, very
thin in texture, nerveless, somewhat thickened below on the outer face, the
iong beak rough; scale very thin, acute or cuspidate, about the length of the
perigynium.— Dry woods; common.

124. C. bromoides, Schkuhr. Lax, 1-2° high, in dense stools; leaves
very narrow, about as long as the culm; staminate flowers variously situated
in the head, sometimes a few spikes wholly sterile, rarely the plants dicecious ;
spikes 3-6, oblong or short-cylindric, erect, silvery-tawny or brown; peri-
gynium linear-lanceolate, firm especially at the base, prominently nerved, the
long and roughened beak toothed ; scale sharp, shorter than the perigynium.
— Open bogs; common.

* 12.—+ 2. Ovdles.
++ Perigynium ovate-lanceolate, with winged margins.

125. C. siccata, Dewey. Extensively creeping, 1 - 2° high, erect; leaves
firm, narrow, about the length of the culm; staminate flowers variously situ-
ated, usually some of the spikes wholly sterile; spikes 3-5, aggregated or

separated, ovoid or short-oblong, silvery-brown; perigynium firm, nerved on
27

620 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

both faces, the Jong beak rough and toothed, the margins prominent or seme

times very narrow; scale acute, about the length of the perigynium. — Sandy

fields and banks, N. Eng. to Ohio, west and northward; frequent.

++ ++ Perigynium ovate-lanceolate or narrower, scale-like, with little distinction
between body and margin.

126. C. Muskinguménsis, Schwein. Robust, erect, 2-3° high; leaves
many and lax, loosely sheathing, those on the sterile shoots crowded near the
top, all flat and long-pointed; spikes 6-12, contiguous, erect, narrowly cylin-
dric (often 1’ long), becoming light brown and presenting a dried appearance,
very densely flowered; perigynium linear-lanceolate (3” long), prominently
nerved, ciliate on the white margins above, appressed, twice the length of the
scale or more. (C. arida, Schwein. § Torr.) — Woods and copses, Mich. and
Ohio to Il. and Wisc. ; local.

127. C. tribuloides, Wahl. Stout and erect, 2-3° high; leaves nar-
rower than in the last, loosely sheathing; spikes 6-15, aggregated into an
oblong or somewhat interrupted heavy head, short-oblong or sometimes nearly
globular, green or tawny-green, compact, not narrowed above; perigynium
linear-lanceolate (3” long), obscurely nerved, erect but the points conspicuous,
rough-margined, nearly twice the length of the scale. (C. lagopodioides,
Schkuhr.) — Open swales; frequent.— Var. TurBATA, Bailey. Culm softer
and often lax ; the leaves broader ; spikes more loosely disposed, forming a head
1-2’ long, which is slender and more or less interrupted but always erect,
green, becoming tawny, if at all, only when the perigynia begin to fall, obovate-
oblong (4 to rarely 3’ long), contracted below ; perigynium ascending and more
appressed, the points therefore not conspicuous. Woods, throughout; rare.
— Var. rEDUcTA, Bailey. Very slender, 1 —- 2° high, the culm projecting be-
yond the leaves; spikes 2-10, small and nearly globular (usually less than 3”
broad), all usually distinct, the lowest separated, brown, especially at maturity,
the head often flexuose; perigynium small, the points spreading and conspicu-
ous. Copses, N. Eng. to the Dakotas; infrequent.

Var. Bébbii, Bailey. Stiff or rather slender, erect, 1-23° high; head
dense, ovoid or oblong (4-2 or very seldom 1’ long), the lowest spike only
rarely distinct, straw-colored ; spikes small (3” long or less), their axes ascend-
ing; bracts at the base of the head small or none ; points of the small perigynium
conspicuous. (C. Bebbii, Olney.) — Dry low grounds, throughout; common.

Var. cristata, Bailey. Stout and stiff, 14-3° high; head more or less
open or at least the lower 1 or 2 spikes commonly distinct, 1’ long or more,
green; spikes larger than in the last and almost exactly globular, their axes
more divergent or fully horizontal; bracts usually conspicuous, sometimes
one of them foliaceous; perigynium spreading, the points more conspicuous.
(C. cristata, Schwein.) — Moist ground, throughout from Penn. northward ;
common.

128. C. scoparia, Schkuhr. Rather slender but erect, 1 - 24° high; leaves
very narrow, shorter than the culm ; head short and comparatively thick, always
tawny or brown, bractless or nearly so; spikes 3 - 8, all contiguous or bunched,
ovate-oblong, always prominently narrowed or cone-shaped above, ascending ;
perigynium as in n. 127, but erect or ascending. — Open swales, threughout;
common eastward.

CYPERACEH. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 621

Var. minor, Boott. Much smaller, 6-10’ high, the leaves very narrow;
head very small and darker brown; spikes very small (2-4” long). — Rocky and
sterile places, northward; frequent.

at +e ++ Perigynium ovate or broader, thickened in the middle, wing-margined-
(tn n. 129 marginless).
= Head silvery-brown, silvery-green, or silvery-whitish.

129. C. adusta, Boott. Very stiff and stout, 14-22° high, in dense tufts ;
head very heavy, erect, varying from globular to oblong, silvery-brown ; spikes
5-10, globular and heavy, all aggregated or sometimes distinct, the lowest 1
or 2 subtended by a short and very broad-based, nerved and pointed bract;
perigynium broadly ovate, wingless or very nearly so, plump, shining, nerved
on the outer face but nerveless on the inner, filled by the large achene; scale
acute, about the length of the perigynium. (C. pinguis, Bailey.) — Dry and
mostly hard soils, Mt. Desert, Maine (Greenleaf), and northward, and Craw-
ford Co., Mich. (Bailey), to N. Minn., and far northwestward ; local.

130. C. foenea, Willd. Slender, erect or the top of the culm flexuose,
1-2° high; head long and weak, often nodding; spikes 5-8, small, nearly
globular and much contracted below, silvery-green, alternately disposed ; peri-
gynium varying from ovate to long-ovate, very thin, much longer than the
small achene, prominently rough-margined, strongly many-nerved on both
faces, especially on the small inner face; bracts entirely wanting or inconspic-
uous. (C.adusta, last ed.) — Dryish copses, N. Eng. to Penn. and Minn.; not
common. — Var. PERPLEXA, Bailey. Mostly taller and stouter; spikes larger
and less attenuated or even truncate below, approximate or even aggregated,
the head erect or nearly so and the lowest bract occasionally prominent; pevi-
gynium thicker and firmer in texture. N. Eng. to Minn.; infrequent.

131. C. silicea, Olney. Stiff, 1-2° high, in clumps; leaves very narrow,
becoming involute, not exceeding the culm; head 1-3’ long, usually flexuose
or nodding above the middle at maturity ; spikes 5 - 8, silvery-white or silvery-
tawny at full maturity, all more or less separated, ovate, conspicuously con-
tracted below and cone-shaped above, erect on the culm; perigynium very
broad-ovate and very thin, obscurely nerved, appressed, about as long as the
acute colorless scale. (C. foenea, var. sabulonum, last ed.; C. straminea, var.
moniliformis, Tuckerm.) — Sands of the sea-shore, Maine to N. J.; frequent.

= = Head dull brown or green (usually somewhat silvery in var. foeenea of n. 132).

132. C. straminea, Willd. Very slender, erect, but the top of the culm
often flexuose, 1-3° high; leaves narrow and long-pointed, stiff, shorter than
the culm; spikes 3-8, tawny, very small (2-3” broad), globular or sometimes
a little tapering below from the presence of many staminate flowers, usually all
entirely distinct on the very slender, often zigzag or flexuose rhachis; bracts
none, or only the lowest conspicuous; perigynium small and ovate, nerved on
both faces but never unusually prominently nerved on the inner face (as is the
perigynium of n. 130), the points spreading and rather conspicuous; scale
acute, about the length of the perigynium. (C. straminea, var. tenera, last
ed.) — Dryish copses and fields; common. Immensely variable.

Var. mirabilis, Tuckerm. Culm long and mostly weak, often 4° high,
much longer than the loose leaves; spikes 4-8, larger, usually all contiguous

622 CYPERACEZ. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

or occasionally the lowest 1 or 2 separate, spreading, loosely flowered, tawny
or frequently greenish; perigynium narrowly ovate, thin, longer than the
scale, the points much spreading and very conspicuous. (C. mirabilis, Dewey.)
— Shady places, throughout; frequent.

- Var. brévior, Dewey. (PI. 6, fig.6-10.) Culm always stiff, 1;-23°
high, longer than the stiff long-pointed leaves; spikes 3-8, all distinct, con-
tiguous or more or less separated, large (3-5” broad), globular, the head
always short and erect; perigynium orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often cor-
date at base, mostly very broadly winged. (C. straminea, and vars. typica,
hyalina, and Meadii, last ed.) — Dry soils, throughout ; common.

Var. apérta, Boott. Culm slender but strict below the head, 1-2° high,
growing in dense tufts; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter than the
culm; spikes 4-6, large, heavy, much contracted below, usually all separated,
becoming zusty, disposed in a weak or nodding head; perigynium narrowly
ovate. — Bogs, throughout; rare westward. Transition to n. 128, from which
the ovate perigynia distinguish it. |

Var. invisa, W. Boott. Culm very slender, weak above; leaves very nar.
row with exceedingly long thin points, about the length of the culm; spikes
small (3” broad or less), ovate, variously disposed in dense or open heads or
sometimes the lowest remote or even subradical, rusty, the lower ones sub-
tended by filiform bracts 2-5’ long. — Swales near the sea-board, Maine to
Del.; infrequent. Apt to be confounded with n. 128.

Var. alata, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 14-3° high, longer than the stiff
leaves; spikes very large, oblong or conical, always pointed, usually all con-
tiguous, green or sometimes becoming tawny ; perigynium orbicular or orbic-
ular-obovate, very abruptly contracted into a short beak which is prominent
in the spike. (C. alata, Torr.) — Swales, Mass. to Ill., and southward; rare
and uncharacteristic far inland.

Var. cumulata, Bailey. Culm very stiff, 2-3° high, greatly exceeding
the firm leaves; spikes 5-30, all aggregated or densely capitate, green, widely
divergent, pointed above, very abruptly contracted or even truncate at base,
very densely flowered; perigynium small, broad, very obscurely nerved, the
points inconspicuous.— Dry grounds, Penn. to N. Eng., and northward ; rare.

Var. féenea, Torr. Culm very stiff, longer than the leaves, 1-2° high;
spikes 4—8, contiguous or separated, never densely aggregated, prominently
contracted both above and below, very densely flowered, green, or often silvery-
green. (C. foenea, last ed., excl. vars.; not Willd.) — Near the sea-coast;
frequent.

C. teportya, L. Distinguished from C. straminea, var. brevior, as follows:
— Usually lower; spikes rusty-brown, ovoid or oblong, erect or appressed, more
or less contracted both above and below, contiguous in an interrupted head 1’
long or less; perigynium lance-ovate, thin, very narrowly margined, erect and
appressed, obscurely nerved.— About Boston (W. Boott, Morong). (Adv.
from Eu.)

* 12.—+ 3. Cyperotdee.

133. C. sychnocéphala, Carey. Erect, 3-18’ high, leafy; head 4-1’
long; perigynium very slender, faintly nerved, 5-6 times longer than the ex-
eeedingly small achene, mostly a little longer than the sharp scale. —. Glades.
central N. Y. to Minn., and far westward; rare.

GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.) 623

Orver 129. GRAMINEZ. (Grass Fatty.)

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate
2-ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ;
the hypogynous flowers solitary in the axils of imbricated 2-ranked glumes,
forming a 1-many-flowered spikelet; the lower glumes (1 or usually 2)
empty, the succeeding flowering glumes enclosing each a somewhat
smaller and usually thinner scale (called the pale) and 2 or 8 very mi-
nute hyaline scales (lodicules) at the base of the flower. Stamens 1-6,
commonly 3; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the cells distinct. Styles mostly
2 or 2-parted; stigmas hairy or feathery. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Embryo small, on the
outside and at the base of the floury albumen. — Roots fibrous. Sheath
of the leaves usually more or less extended above the base of the blade
into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets panicled or spiked. Palet
usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed or partly covered by the glume.
Grain sometimes free from, sometimes permanently adherent to, the
palet.— A vast and most important family, as it furnishes the cereal
grains, and the principal food of cattle, etc. The terms flowering giume
and palet are now adopted in place of the outer and inner palets of pre-
vious editions, while for convenience the term flower is often retained
for the flower proper together with the enclosing flowering glume. (See
Plates 7-15.)

Series A. Spikelets jointed upon the pedicel below the glumes, of one ter-
minal perfect flower (sometimes a lower staminate or neutral flower in
n. 5), or some or all of the 1-flowered spikelets unisexual in n. 10-12.
Glumes 4 (rarely only 2 or 3).

Tribe I. PANICE®. Spikelets of one perfect flower, in spikes or panicles. Flowering
glume awnless, in fruit more rigid than the empty glumes.
* Spikelets in 2-4 ranks on a more or less flattened rhachis. — See also n. 5 (§ Digitaria).
+ Rhachis produced beyond the upper spikelet ; glumes 3.
1. Spartina. Spikelets much flattened laterally in 2 close ranks.
-- + Rhachis not produced above the upper spikelet (rarely in n. 8).
. Beckmannia. Spikelets obovate, in 2 close rows. Glumes 3 (or 4), strongly concave,
carinate.
3. Paspalum. Spikelets plano-convex, sessile or nearly so. Glumes 3 (rarely 2).
4. Eriochloa. Spikelets plano-convex, lanceolate, with a basal callus, short-pedicelled.
* * Spikelets irregularly paniculate or spicate.
. Panicum. Spikelets ovate, not involucrate nor the pedicels bristly. Glumes 4, the
lowest usually small or minute.
. Setaria. Spikelets in dense cylindrical spikes or panicles, the pedicels bristle-bearing.
. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1-5) enclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre.
. Amphicarpum. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, the other subter
ranean on radical peduncles.

bo

On

on Oo

Tribe II. ORYZEZE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles, with only 2
glumes (in our genera) and palet none. Stamens often 6.

9. Leersia. Flowers perfect. Spikelets much flattened. Glumes carinate.
\0. Zizania. Spikelets unisexual. Glumes convex, narrow

624 -GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Tribe III. MAYDEZ. Spikelets of a single perfect or unisexual or rudimentary
flower, in jointed spikes, in pairs at each joint, mostly imbedded in the thick rhachis,

1l. Tripsacum. Spikelets monecious, the staminate above in the spike.

12. Rottbeellia. One spikelet of each pair sterile and shortly pedicelled, the other fertile,

sessile and sunk in the rhachis,

Tribe IV. ANDROPOGONEZ. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the (usually jointed
and bearded) rhachis of a spike or branches of a panicle, one sessile and fertile, the lat-
eral pedicelled and often sterile or rudimentary; 2 upper glumes smaller and hyaline,
that of the fertile flower mostly awned.

13. Erianthus. Spikelets in pairs, spicate, all alike fertile, involucrate with a silky tuft.

i4. Andropogon, Spikelets spicate, in pairs, the pedicellate sterile or rudimentary ;

rhachis bearded.

15. Chryscpogon. Spikelets in open panicles, in pairs or threes, only the sessile fertile.

Series B. Rhachis of the spikelet usually jointed above the persistent lower
glumes (jointed below the glumes only in n. 19, 31, and 36). Spikelets
1-many-flowered, the uppermost flowers often imperfect or rudimentary.

Tribe V. PHALARIDEZ. Glumes 5, only the uppermost fertile, the 2 middle ones
rudimentary or empty or staminate; palet l-nerved. Panicle mostly contracted and
spike-like.

16. Phalaris. Middle glumes mere rudiments each side of the shining triandrous flower.

17. Anthoxanthum. Middle glumes empty, awned on the back. Stamens 2.

18. Hierochloe. Middle glumes triandrous. Fertile flower diandrous.

Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEZ. Glumes 3; flower solitary, perfect (rarely a rudimentary
or perfect second flower in n. 23 and 32 - 34); palet 2-nerved.

« Flowering glume with a terminal awn (none in n. 22), closely embracing the grain in fruit,
spikelets in panicles or loose spikes, the rhachis not produced beyond the flower (except
in n, 24 and a single species of n. 23). —STIPE&.

+ Fruiting glume firm and indurated, with a callus at base (none in n. 22).

19. Aristida. Awn 3-fid, the branches divaricate. Callus acute.

20. Stipa. Awn simple, twisted. Callus mostly acute.

21. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous. Flower oblong; callus short, obtuse.

22. Milium. Awnnone. Flower small, ovoid, without callus.

+ + Fruiting glume thin and membranous ; outer glume smaller or minute.

23. Muhlenbergia. Flower mostly hairy at base, the glume mucronate or awned.
24. Brachyelytrum, Rhachis produced into a bristle above. Outer glumes very small,
the flowering one long-awned. Stamens 2.

* * Flowering glume awnless or short-awned, loosely embracing the grain, thin, the lower
glumes complicate-carinate ; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles, the rhachis not pro-
duced. — PHLEOIDEA.

. 25. Heleochloa. Awns none. Spikes short and scarcely exserted.

26. Phleum. Glumes somewhat truncate, mucronate or short-awned. Spike cylindric.

27. Alopecurus. Lower glumes united at base, the flowering awned on the back. Palet

none. Spike cylindric.

* = * GJumes membranous, the lower rarely strongly complicate, the flowering with a dor
sal awn or awnless; spikelets variously panicled. — AGROSTE&.
+ Flowering glume 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, awnless; grain loosely enclosed or naked.
28. Sporobolus. Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute.

«+ + Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, mostly awned ; grain enclosed.
++ Rhachis not roduced above the single flower.
29. Agrostis. Spikelets in an open panicle.
30. Polypogon. Empty glumes long-awned. Panicle spike-liix
31. Cinna. Spikelets flattened, in a loose panicle. Palet l-nerved. Stamens

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625

++ ++ Rhachis bearing a rudimentary second flower or short bristle (except in species of
n. 32).
32. Apera. Flowering glume bifid, awned. Panicle very loose and delicate,
33. Calamagrostis. Flowers hairy-tufted at base. Glumes membranaceous. Palet thin.
34. Ammophila. Spikelets large. Flowers hairy-tufted at base. Glumes and palet
chartaceous.

Tribe VII. AVENEZ. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled, the rhachis or base
of the flowers often bearded ; upper flower imperfect or rudimentary (except in n. 37).
Flowering glume bearing a twisted, bent or straight awn on its back or below the apex.

* One of the flowers staminate only.
35. Arrhenatherum. Lower flower staminate, long-awned ; middle flower perfect, nearly
awnless ; the upper rudimentary. 7
36. Holeus. Flowers 2, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate, awned,
* * Flowers all perfect or the uppermost usually rudimentary.

37. Aira. Spikelets very small, in a diffuse panicle. Flowers 2, perfect, awned toward

the base. ;

38. Deschampsia. Spikelets 2-flowered, with a hairy rudiment. Glumes thin-scarious,

the flowering one erose-truncate, awned near the middle.

39. Trisetum. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Flowering glume thin, compressed, cari-

nate, 2-toothed, awned above by the excurrent mid-nerve.

40. Avena. Spikelets 2-several-flowered. Flowering glume hard and firm, rounded on

the back, 5-9-nerved, the mid-nerve long-excurrent at or below the 2-toothed apex.

41. Danthonia. As Avena, but the 3 middle nerves of the flowering glume running into

a flattish twisted awn from between the teeth.

Tribe VIII. CHLORIDE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered with one or more of the
upper flowers imperfect (flower 1 and perfect in n. 45), arranged in 2 rows upon the
rhachis of a 1-sided spike.

* Spikelets with one perfect flower.

42, Cynodon. Spikes 3-5, slender, digitate. Flower and the rudiment awnless,

43. Ctenium. Spike solitary, terminal. Flowers 4-6, the middle one perfect.

44, Gymnopogon. Spikes filiform, racemose. Spikelets remote, of a perfect flower and

an awned rudiment.

45. Schedonnardus. Spikes 3-9, slender, scattered, distant. Spikelets small, 1-flow-

ered, awnless,

46. Bouteloua. Spikes scattered (rarely 1 and terminal), dense. Glume of perfect flower

8-toothed. Rudimentary flowers 1 -3-awned.
* * Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers ; awns none,
47. Eleusine. Spikes digitate, dense.
48. Leptochloa. Spikes racemose, slender. Spikelets small, alternate,
* * * Spikelets dicecious; spikes small, very dissimilar.
49. Buchloe. Pistillate spikes capitate, sessile, the spikelets 1-flowered ; staminate spikes
(2 or 3) on a peduncle, the spikelets 2~-3-flowered.

Tribe IX. FESTUCEZ. Spikelets few-many-flowered, panicled, the uppermost
flowers often imperfect or abortive. Glumes pointless or the flowering ones tipped with
a straight awn or bristle.

* Flowering glume 1 -3-nerved, 2-3-toothed. Rhachis short-bearded or glabrous.

50. Triodiae Rhachis of the spikelet bearded. Nerves of the flowering glume 3, villous,

at least the middle one more or less excurrent.

51. Diplachne. Rhachis glabrous. Glume 1-3-nerved, with 2 small teeth, and a short

awn in the cleft.

* * Glume 3-nerved, entire or 2-toothed and mucronate between the teeth. Rhachis and

flowers long-villous, Tall reeds with ample panicles.

52. Phragmites. Spikelets 3-7-flowered: lowest flower naked, staminate or neutrut

Glume entire. :
538. Arundo. Asn. 52, but flowers all perfect. Glume bifid.

626 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* x * Glume 3-nerved, the nerves (at least the mid-nerve) excurrent; spikelets few, in the
axils of floral leaves.

54. Munroa. Low or prostrate much-branched annual.
* * * * Glume 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, obtuse or acute, awnless 3 rhachis and flower naked.

55. Keeleria. Panicle contracted. Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Glumes compressed-keeled,
acute or mucronate.

56. Eatonia. Panicle slender, more or less dense. Spikelets 2-flowered. Glumes very
dissimilar, usually obtuse, the upper empty one enclosing the flowers.

57. Eragrostis. Spikelets flattened, 2-many-flowered. Glumes acute or acutish. Palet
persistent.

% * « * * Glume 3-5-nerved, obtuse or abrupt-cuspidate ; spikelet 3-5-flowered ; upper
5 sterile flowers convolute around each other.

58. Melica. Glumes 5-nerved or more, scarious, obtuse. Panicle simple or nearly so.
59. Diarrhena, Glumes 3-nerved, coriaceous, the flowering one abruptly cuspidate. Pan.
icle loosely few-flowered.

* * x * * * Flowering glume 5-nerved or more (sometimes obscurely so). Only the ter
minal flower abortive, or none.

4+ Glumes more or less strongly compressed and carinate (ventricose in n. 63).

60. Uniola. Spikelets broad, flat and 2-edged, in usually loose panicles. Glumes coria-
ceous, acute, the 3-6 lower ones empty.

61. Distichlis. Dicecious. Spikelets large, flattened, in a close panicle. Empty glumes
2, acute.

62. Dactylis. Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters. Glumes herbaceous, awn-pointed,
rough-ciliate on the keel.

63. Briza. Spikelets heart-shaped, in lax panicles. Glumes roundish, ventricose, scarious-
margined.

64. Poa. Spikelets small, flattened, ovate to lance-ovate, in a loose panicle. Flowering
glumes membranous and scarious-margined, pointless, usually webby or pubescent
toward the base.

65. Graphephorum. Spikelets compressed, in a loose panicle, the hairy jointed rhachis
produced into a hairy pedicel. Glumes thin-membranous, faintly nerved, entire.

+ + Glumes convex on the back, not carinate (or somewh it so in n. 70).

&6. Scolochloa. Spikelets subterete, in a lax panicle, the r? .chis villous at the base of
the flowers, ending in a naked pedicel. Glumes cori‘.ceous, prominently 7-nerved,
toothed at the apex. In water.

67. Glyceria. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glumes scarious at the usually blunt
summit, prominently 5 -7-nerved.

68. Pueccinellia. Mainly as Glyceria, but the glumes obsoletely 5-nerved.

69. Festuca. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume acute, pointed or awned at the
tip, few-nerved. Styles terminal.

70. Bromus. Glume rounded or keeled on the back, mostly awned below the 2-cleft tip.
5-Q9-nerved. Styles scarcely terminai.

Tribe X. HORDEZ. Spikelets 1-several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a zig-
zag jointed channelled rhachis, forming a spike. Empty glumes sometimes abortive or
wanting. Uppermost flower imperfect or abortive.

* Spikelets single at each joint of the solitary spike.

71. Lolium. Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the spike, with

one empty glume.

72. Agropyrum. Spikelets 3-several-flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis. Empty

glumes 2, right and left.

73. Lepturus. Spikelets small, 1-2-flowered; empty glumes 1 or 2. Spike very slender,

* * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the solitary spike ; the empty glumes side by side in

front of the spikelets (none or rudimentary in n. 76.)

#4. Hordeum. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, the lateral ones usually sterile,

GRAMINES. (GRASS FAMILY.) 627

75. Elymus. Spikelets 1 -several-flowered, all perfect and similar.
76. Asprella. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1-3 at each joint. Glumes
none or small and deciduous,

Tribe XI. BAMBUSEZ. Tall woody reeds, the flat leaves with a short petiole jointed
upon the sheath. Spikelets few-many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes.

77. Arundinaria. Flowering glumes rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or
bristle-pointed ; empty glumes very small.

1 SPARTINA, Schreber. Corpor Marsu Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, very much flattened laterally, jointed and sessile in 2
ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes 3, unequal, lanceo-
late, strongly compressed-keeled, acute or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly
on the keel ; palet thin, equalling or longer than the flowering glume. Stamens
3. Styles long, more or less united. — Perennials, with simple and rigid often
reed-like culms, from extensively creeping scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes,
very smooth sheaths, and long tough leaves (whence the name, from omaprtivn,
a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or Broom).

* Spikelets compactly imbricated very rough-hispid on the keels; spikes (2-4
long) more or less peduncled ; culm and elongated leaves rigid.

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (FresH-watreR Corp-Grass.) Culm rather
slender (2-6° high) + leaves narrow (2- 4° long, 3’ wide below or less), taper-
ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth
except the margins ; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading; rhachis rough on the
margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the middle one (its awn about }’ long),
strongly serrulate-hispid on the keel, the lower equalling the upper, whose strong
midrib abruptly terminates below the membranous apex. — Banks of rivers
and lakes, or in rich soil, especially northward. Aug.

2. S. polystachya, Willd. (Sarr Rerep-Grass.) Culm tall and stout
(4 -9° high, often 1’ in diameter near the base) ; /eaves broad (4-1’), roughish
underneath, as well as the margins; spikes 20-50, forming a dense oblong ra-
ceme (purplish) ; glumes barely mucronate, the lower half the length of the flower-
ing one, of which the rough-hispid midrib reaches to the apex. — Salt or
brackish marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.

3. S. juncea, Willd. (Rusw Sart-Grass.) Culms low (1-2° high) and
slender ; leaves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute, very smooth ; spikes 1-5,
on very short peduncles, the rhachis smooth ; glumes acute, the lower scarcely
half the length of the middle one, not half the length of the upper.~— Salt
marshes and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets loosely imbricated, or somewhat remote and alternate, the keels only
slightly hairy or roughish under a lens; spikes sessile and erect, soft; leaves,
rhachis, etc., very smooth; culm rather succulent.

4. §. stricta, Roth. (Sarr Marsn-Grass.) (PI. 9, fig. 1-3.) Culm
1-4° high, leafy to the top; leaves soon convolute, narrow; spikes few (2-4),
the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets;
glumes acute, very unequal, the larger 1-nerved, a little longer than the
flower. — Salt marshes, Penn., etc. — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.)

Var. glabra, Gray. Culm and leaves longer; spikes 5-12 (2-3’ long):
spikelets imbricate-crowded. — Common on the coast.

628 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Var. alterniflora, Gray. Spikes more slender (3 —5’ long), and the spike-
lets remotish, barely overlapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspic-
uous bract-like appendage; larger glume indistinctly 5-nerved ; otherwise as
in the preceding form, into which it passes. — Common with the last; also
Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine.

2. BECKMANNIA, Host. (Pl. 15.)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1 - 2-flowered (only one fercile), obovate
and laterally compressed, imbricated in 2 rows upon one side of the angled
rhachis of a spike. Glumes 3 or 4, the 2 lower strongly concave and carinate,
obtuse or acutish, the 1 or 2 flowering glumes narrower, lanceolate, acute or
acuminate and a little exserted, becoming rather rigid ‘and with the thin palet
enclosing the oblong grain.— A stout erect subaquatic perennial, with the
short spikes erect and simply spicate or in a strict narrow panicle. (Named
for John Beckmann, professor of botany at Goettingen.)

1. B. eruczseférmis, Host, var. uniflora, Scribn. Glumes 3 and spike-
lets 1-flowered ; spikes (6” long or less) panicled. — N. W. Iowa, W. Minn.,
and westward. The Old World form, which also is found in the far north-
west, has 2-flowered spikelets.

3. PASPALUM, L._ (P1.13,)

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed, in 2-4 rows on one side of a flat-
tened or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed upon very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, 1-flowered. Glumes 3 (rarely only 2), the terminal one
flowering. Flower coriaceous, mostly orbicular or ovate, flat on the inner
side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. Spikes one or more, at or toward the
summit of an elongated peduncle. (IMaomddos, a Greek name for Millet.)

* Spikes with a (1) broad and thin membranaceous or foliaceous and keeled
rhachis, the incurved margins partly enclosing the small two-rowed spikelets.
(Smooth, aquatic, or nearly so, decumbent or floating.)

1. P. fluitans, Kunth. Annual; leaves lanceolate, flat (3-8), broad;
spikes numerous in a raceme, the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the
minute and slightly pubescent spikelets into a tapering point, scabrous on the
back. — River-swamps, Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. Sept., Oct.

2. P. Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial; /eaves linear, short ; spikes
3-7, the lowest partly included in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rha-
chis blunt; spikelets glabrous. — Low or wet grounds, N. J. (Cape May,
Nuttall), Del., and southward.

x x Spikes with a narrow wingless rhachis ; perennials, or mostly so.
+ Spikelets very obtuse, orbicular ; spikes one terminal and often 1-5 lateral.

3. P. setaceum, Michx. Culm ascending or decumbent (1-2° long);
slender; leaves (2” wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs ;
spikes very slender (2-4’ long), smooth, mostly solitary on a long peduncle, and
usually one from the sheaths of each of the upper leaves on short peduneles or in-
cluded ; spikelets (3 wide) narrowly 2-rowed.— Sandy fields; common from
E. Mass. to Il., and southward. Aug.

4. P. lve, Michx. (PI. 13, fig. 1-3.) Bright green, sparingly villous,
rather stout; stems somewhat decumbent ; leaves and spikes widely spread-

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 629

ing; spikes (2-4) approximate, 2-4’ long, smooth or nearly so; spikelets
about 1’’ wide, 2-rowed. — Moist soil, S. New Eng. to Ky., and southward.

5. P. Floridanum, Michx. Stout, erect, 3-6° high, glaucous; sheaths
and leaves more or less villous, the latter and the spikes erect or ascending ;
spikes (2-5) broader, 2-5’ long, the smooth spikelets nearly 2” broad, in 2
rows. — Moist soil; Del. to Fla., Ark., and Tex.

+ + Spikelets acute ; spikes several, racemose.

6. P. dilatatum, Poir. Stout, erect, 2-5° high, villous at the top of the
sheath ; spikes few on a naked peduncle, erect, 2-3’ long; spikelets 1” long
or more, the lower glume soft-villous on the margin. — Va. to Tex.

«+ + + Spikelets acute; spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked
peduncle.

7. P.distichum, L. (Joryt-Grass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous;
culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-
lanceolate (2-3 long); peduncle usually short; spikes short and closely-flow-
ered (9” —2’ long), often slightly separated ; rhachis flat on the back; spikelets
ovate, slightly pointed (barely 14” long), approximate on one side of the rhachis.
— Wet fields, Va. and southward. July —-Sept.

8. P, Elliottii, Watson. Culms ascending (1 - 24° high) from a creeping
base ; leaves lanceolate (3 - 6’ long, 4-6” wide) ; spikes slender, rather sparsely
flowered (1-4’ long), both sessile upon the long slender peduncle; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate (2” long), on nearly opposite sides of the rhachis. (Milium
paspalodes, L//. P. Digitaria, Chapm.; not Poir.) — Va. and southward.

4. ERIOCHLOA, HBK. (PI. 15.)

Spikelets ovate, subsessile or shortly pedicelled upon one side of the rhachis
of aspike, with a callus at base and jointed on the pedicel, 1-flowered. Glumes
3, the 2 empty ones slightly unequal, membranaceous, acute, the flowering one
shorter, indurated, obtuse, enclosing the free grain.— Coarse tufted grasses,
with flat leaves, the spikes more or less scattered along a common peduncle,
and the pedicels and rhachis of the spike usually pubescent or hairy (hence
the name, from épiov, wool, and xAéa, grass).

1. E. polystachya, HBK. Culms erect or decumbent, 2° high ; spikes
6-12, erect or ascending, 1-2’ long, forming a compound spike 3-6’ long;
spikelets glabrous, very shortly pedicelled, oblong-lanceolate, nearly 2” long.
5S. Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

5. PANICUM, L. _ Panic-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, ovate, panicled, racemed, or sometimes
spiked, not involucrate, with one perfect and sometimes a second lower rudi-
mentary or staminate flower. Glumes 4, but the lower one usually short or
minute (rarely even wanting), and the third empty or sterile, membranaceo-
herbaceous. Upper flower perfect, closed, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually
flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless (except in § 3), enclosing the free
and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose, usually purple. (An
ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P. Italicum (now Setaria Italica), of
uncertain origin and meaning.)

630 GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.)

$1. DIGITARIA. Spikelets crowded 2-3 together in simple and mostly 1
sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, wholly awnless and pointless,
1-flowered ; lower glume minute or obsolete or wanting ; annual, often purplish.

* Spikes erect; the rhachis filiform and nearly terete.

1. P. filiférme, L. Culms very slender (1—2° high), upright; lower
sheaths hairy ; spikes 2-8, alternate, approximate, filiform ; spikelets oblong,
acute (¥” long); lower glume almost wanting.— Dry sandy soil, Mass. to
N. J. along the coast, to lowa, Neb., and southward. Aug.

x * Spikes spreading ; the rhachis flat and thin.

P. crAsrum, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5-12’ long), glabrous; spikes 2-6, widely diverging, nearly digitate ; spike-
lets ovoid (about 1” long); upper empty glume equalling the flower, the lower
almost wanting. — Cultivated grounds and waste places; common, especially
southward ; sometimes appearing indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

P. sanGuinaALe, L. (Common Cras- or Fincer-Grass.) (Pl. 13, fig.
1-3.) Culms erect or spreading (1-2° high); leaves and sheaths glabrous
or hairy; spikes 4-15, spreading, digitate; spikelets oblong (13% long); sec-
ond glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small.— Cultivated and
waste grounds. Aug.-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. PANICUM proper. Spikelets scattered, in panicles, awnless.
* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and
usually pointed spikelets short-pedicelled, excepting n. 3 and 4.
+ Sterile flower none ; lower glume short; spikelets 4-14” long; annuals except
n. 4; leaves flat; sheaths flattened.
++ Glabrous and smooth throughout ; spikelets appressed, short-pedicelled.

2. P. proliferum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent,
branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base; sheaths flat-
tened ; ligule ciliate; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the
slender primary branches at length spreading; spikelets pale green, rarely
purplish; lower glume broad, 4 to 4 the length of the upper, which is little
longer than the flowering one. — Marshy river-banks and shores, especially if
brackish, but also in the interior, from Mass. to Iowa, and southward. Aug.

++ ++ Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower ; spikelets mostly scattered
on slender pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle; culms
mostly branched from the base, erect or ascending (10-20° high).

3. P. capillare, L. (Oxp-wircn Grass.) (Pl. 13, fig. 4,5.) All the
sheaths and usually the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very
compound, the branches divaricate when old; spikelets from ovoid to narrowly
oblong, pointed ; lower glume half the length of the upper empty one, which is
longer than the elliptical obtuse perfect flower.— Sandy soil and cultivated
fields everywhere. Aug.-Oct.— Varies extremely in size and appearance,
the culms erect and simple, or decumbent, geniculate and branched; in de-
pauperate forms the spikelets only 2”, in the larger forms 14” in length.

4. P. autumnale, Bosc. Root perennial (?), lower sheaths and margins
of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some
bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much
elongated divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with
solitary spindle-shaped spikelets ; lower glume minute ; perfect flower lanceolate:

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 631

oblong and pointed. nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish empty glumes.
— Sand-hills, Il. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

+ + Sterile flower rudimentary (staminate inn. 7), its glume fully twice the
length of the lower glume ; spikelets small (1 or 14” long); root perennial.

5. P. anceps, Michx. Culms flat, upright (2-4° high); leaves rather
broadly linear (1-2° long, 4-5” wide), smooth; panicle contracted-pyrami-
dal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved; second glume 5-7
nerved ; neutral flower one third longer than the perfect one.— Wet sandy
soil, N. J. and Penn. to 8. Il., and southward. Aug.— Spikelets larger and
branches of the panicle longer and narrower than in the next.

6. P. agrostoides, Muhl. Culms flattened, upright (2 -4° high); leaves
long, and with the sheaths smooth; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4-8 long); spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; second glume 5-nerved, longer than
the neutral flower; perfect flower shorter, bearded at the apex.— Wet mead-
ows and shores, E. Mass. to Minn., Neb., and common southward, Aug.

7. P. Curtisii, Chapm. Culms stout, 3-4° high, often rooting below;
mostly glabrous; panicle slender, simple, spike-like (6-8’ long), the spikes
appressed ; spikelets lanceolate, acute; lower glume half the length of the
5-nerved second one. — Ponds, Del. to Fl. and Tex.

- + + Sterile flower staminate ; lower glume more than half the length of the
next; spikelets large (2-24 long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, etc. ;
perennials, glabrous, with tall or stout and rigid upright culms.

8. P. virgatum, L. (PI. 13, fig. 8,9.) Tall (8-5° high) ; leaves very
long, flat; ligule silky-bearded ; branches of the compound loose and large pani-
cle (9’-2° long) at length spreading or drooping ; spikelets scattered, usually
purplish. — Moist sandy soil; common. Aug.

9. P. amarum, Ell. Culms (14° high or more) sheathed to the top;
leaves involute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted pan-
icle, the simple racemose branches of which are appressed; spikelets pale. —
Sandy shores, Conn., Va., and southward. Aug., Sept.— The northern form
(var. Minus, Vasey & Scribn.) somewhat smaller than the southern.

#* * Panicle short or small, loosely spreading or diffuse ; perennials,
«— Sterile flower none; spikelets warty roughened.

10. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading,
very slender (1-2° long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2-3” wide),
shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets
dark green, oval, acute, ?” long; lower glume 4 as long as the faintly nerved
second. — Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

+ + Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in n. 12 and sometimes in n. 11 staminate,
the palet scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous.
+ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9-15 principal nerves (obscurs
or none in n. 17).
= Spikelets 1-14” long.
11. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culm simple, or at length branched
near the base (9-15’ high) ; sheaths hairy ; leaves lanceolate, very acute (4-6

632 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

long by # wide), not dilated at the ciliate-bearded clasping base, smooth except
the margins, strongly 9-ll-nerved ; punicle lony-peduncled, very simple, the
appressed branches bearing a few roundish-obovate spikelets (about 14” long) ;
lower glume ovate, acutish, 4-3 the length of the 9-nerved second. — Dry
sandy soil, Maine to Penn., Wisc., lowa, and northward; rare. June.— Yel-
lowish-green ; spikelets minutely downy ; sterile flower sometimes staminate.

12. P. latifolium, L. Culm (1-2° high) smooth; the joints and the
throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded with soft woolly
hairs ; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base (often 1’ wide),
taper-pointed, 11 -15-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy ; panicle more
or less exserted (2- 3’ long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spreading ;
spikelets obovate, 14” long, downy ; lower glume ovate, not half the length of
the many-nerved second; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens. —
Moist thickets; common. June - Aug.

13. P. clandestinum, L. (PI. 13, fig. 6,7.) Culm rigid (1-3° high),
very leafy to the top, at length producing appressed branches, the joints naked ;
sheaths rough with papilie bearing very stiff and spreading bristly hairs ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and
usually also the terminal panicle more or less enclosed in the sheaths, or with
the terminal one at length long-peduncled ;— otherwise resembling n. 12;
but the spikelets more ovoid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always ?) neutral.
— Low thickets and river-banks, N. Eng. to Mich., Mo., and southward.
June -—Sept.

14. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms stout, upright or ascending, at length
much branched, leafy to the top, densely velvety-downy all over, as also the
sheaths, with reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each
joint; leaves likewise velvety, lanceolate (}’ wide), 11-13-nerved; panicle
spreading, the lateral ones included ; spikelets obovate, 1 or 14’ long, downy ;
the roundish lower glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved sec-
ond one. — Damp soil, N. J. to Va., and southward. Aug.

15. P. scoparium, Lam. Culms upright, at length much branched and
reclining (1—2° long), roughish ; leaves lanceolate (3-5’ long by $-¥ wide),
rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the whole margin or next
the base with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with
similar hairs; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or
smoothish spikelets about 14” long ; lower glume roundish, about half ora
quarter of the length of the upper one. (P. pauciflorum, Ell.) — Wet mead-
ows and copses, E. Mass. to Minn., west and southward. June, July.

16. P. commutatum, Schultes. Rather slender, erect, 1- 2° high,
nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate (3-6 long), the margins to-
ward the base and the sheaths sparsely ciliate ; panicle spreading, often short-
peduncled ; spikelets scattered, glabrous, oblong, acutish, little more than 1”
long; lower glume ovate, often acute. —N. Y. to Fla.— A frequent variety
with smaller spikelets (not 1” long) approaches the next, and has also been
confused with P. dichotomum. — Ont. to Va. and southward.

= = Spikelets less than 1” long.

17. P. nitidum, Michx. (Lam.?) Resembles the last, leaves rather
thick and the principal nerves very obscure or none except at the base; pan

it?s

GRAMINE#. (GRASS FAMILY.) 633

icle broad, more slender ; spikelets smaller (3” long), breadly ovate and very
obtuse; lower glume very obtuse. (P. sphxrocarpon, Hil.) —N. Y. to Ga.,
and westward.

18. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Like the last; the broadly lanceolate
leaves nearly similar, but usually longer (8 long or less), distinctly nerved ;
panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, rather narrower, with numerous
slender branches and very many-flowered (3-7’ long); spikelets about 3”
long, ovoid, smooth or smoothish; lower glume orbicular and very small. —
Dry or moist thickets, Penn. to Mich., Neb., and southward, July —Sept.

e+ ++ Culm-leaves linear or sometimes narrowly lanceolate (basal often lanceolate) ;
primary nerves often indistinct or none; spikelets small.

19. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6-12’ high), terminated by a simple and few-flow-
ered contracted panicle, often much overtopped by the narrowly linear and
elongated (4-7’) upper leaves; spikelets $- 14” long, oval-obovate, commonly
pointed when young; lower glume ovate. — Varies, with the leaves involute,
at least when dry (P. involutum, Z’orr.), and with the sheaths either beset
with long hairs or nearly smooth; the panicle either partly included, or on a
long and slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills; rather common. June.

20. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Culms slender, 1 - 2° high, often de-
cumbent and rooting below; nearly glabrous or the sheaths and leaves some-
what pubescent or villous; panicie small, with rather few spreading few-
flowered branches ; spikelets 1-14” long, oblong-obovate, acutish. — Dry woods,
Norfolk, Va., and south to Fl. and Tex.

21. P. dichétomum, L.! Culms (8’- 2° high) at first mostly simple,
bearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (1 —3’ long), and
linear to linear-lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-
lanceolate and very short, thickish); but commonly branching later in the
season, the branches often clustered, and bearing nearly simple and included
small panicles; spikelets 4-3” long, elliptical, obtuse, downy or smooth;
lower glume roundish.— Common everywhere. Very variable both in habit
and in the amount of villosity (depending upon the soil, exposure, season, etc.),
go that it is difficult to specify any well defined varieties. The more conspic-
uous forms are (a) commune, with simple culms erect or ascending, and leaves
suberect, usually pale green — (6) fasciculatum, with clustered leafy branches
and short peduncles, a common autumnal state —and (c) grdcile, the culms
lax, very slender and elongated, with rather distant spreading leaves (usually
bright green), and mostly long-pedunculate panicles.

22. P. laxiflorum, Lam.! Closely resembling the last species, in its
several forms ; distinguished by the larger acutish spikelets (nearly or quite
1” long). — Common.

§ 3. ECHINOCHLOA. Spikelets imbricated-spiked on the branches of the
simple or compound raceme or panicle, usually rough with appressed stiff
hairs ; lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or awned.

P. Crus-chiir, L. (Barnyarp-Grass.) Root annual; culms stout,
branching from the base (1—4° high); leaves lanceolate (}’ wide or more),

rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (1 -3’
long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed; glume

(34 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies
greatly ; sometimes awnless or nearly so; sometimes long-awned, especially
in the var. HfspIDUM, a very large and coarse form with the sheaths of the
leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly manured soil; the variety in ditches, espe
cially of brackish water ; possibly indigenous. Aug.-Oct. (Nat. frem Eu.)

6. SETARIA, Beauv. Bristry Foxrary Grass. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
yeduncles bearing below the joint of the spikelet solitary or clustered bristles
resembling awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked
panicle, or apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated or manured
grounds, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves. (Name from seta, a bristle.)

* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downward.

S. verticirtata, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2-3’ long, pale green),
composed of apparently whorled short clusters; bristles short, adhesive. —
Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Bristles in clusters, roughened or barbed upward.

S. eiatca, Beauv. (Foxtrait. Piceon-Grass.) (PI. 13, fig. 1,2.) Spike
cylindrical, dense, tawny yellow (2-4 long); bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much
longer than the spikelets; perfect flower transversely wrinkled. — Very com-
mon, in stubble, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. viripis, Beauv. (GreEN FoxtarLt. Borrie-Grass.) Spike nearly
cylindrical, more or less compound, green; bristles few, ionger than the spikelets;
flower striate lengthwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. IrAtica, Kunth. Spike compound, interrupted at base, thick, nodding
(6-9 long), yellowish or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, either much longer
or else shorter than the spikelets. — Cultivated under the name of MILLET, or
HunGarian or BenGaL Grass; rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. CENCHRUS, L. Heneenoc- or Bur-Grass. (PI. 14.)

Spikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly or spiny involucre, which becomes coriaceous and forms a decidu-
ous hard and rigid bur; the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Styles
united below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.)

1. C. tribuloides, L. Annual; culms branched and ascending (1° high
or less); leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre prickly
all over with spreading and barbed short spines, more or less downy, enclosing
2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on river banks, etc. Aug.— A vile weed.

8. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. (P113)

Spikelets jointed upon the pedicels, 1-flowered, oblong or ovoid, of two
kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, deciduous from the joint without fruit,
although the flower is perfect; the other kind solitary at the extremity of
slender runner-like radical peduncles (more or less sheathed toward the base),
much larger than the others, perfect and fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the
bud. Glumes 3, nearly equal, 5-nerved in the panicle, many nerved in the fer-
tile spikelets ; palet a little shorter; all becoming indurated and enclosing the
very large grain. Stamens 3 (small in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose,
deep purple. (Name from audleapmos, doubly fruit-bearing.)

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial (2), erect, 1-4° high; leaves
lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 635

sheaths; panicle strict, naked; grain ovoid or oblong (2-3” long), terete. -—
Moist sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. :

9. LEERSIA, Swartz. Wuirte Grass. (PI. 7.)

Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but those
in the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed
in the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets
1-flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed upon the short
pedicels. Glumes 2, chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally or conduplicate,
awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in length, but the
lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Palet none. Stamens 1-6.
Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses; the flat
leaves, sheaths, etc., rough upward, being clothed with very minute hooked
prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)

* Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded.

1. L. Virginica, Willd. (Wuite Grass.) Panicle simple; the spikelets
closely appressed on the slender branches, around which they are partly curved
(13” long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; glumes sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white). — Wet woods; Maine to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Cur-crass.) (PI. 7, fig.1-3.) Panicle
diffusely branched ; spikelets flat, rather spreading (2}-3” long); stamens 3;
glumes strongly bristly-ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places; Mass. to Minn.,
and southward; common. Aug. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other (24-3” lonq).

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. (Catcu-rry Grass.) Smoothish; panicle
simple; glumes very flat, strongly bristly-ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ;
stamens 2; otherwise like the preceding. —Low grounds, Va, Ul, and
southward. ;

10. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Warer or Inpran Rice. (PI. 7.)

Flowers moncecious ; the staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowered spike-
lets in the same panicle. Glumes 2, subtended by a small cartilaginous ring,
herbaceo-membranaceous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower one tipped
with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Palet none. Stamens 6. Stig-
imas_pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed
upon the club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. (Adopted from ¢:{avior, the
ancient name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aquatica, L. (Inpran Rice. Water Oars.) (PI. 7, fig. 1-4.)
Annual; culms 3-9° high; leaves flat, 2-3° long, linear-lanceolate ; dower
branches of the ample pyramidal panicle staminate, spreading ; the upper erect,
pistillate ; lower glume long-awned, rough; styles distinct; grain iinear, slen-
der, 6” long. — Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common,
especially northwestward. Aug.

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Perennial; panicle diffuse, ample, the staminate
and pistillate flowers intermixed ; awns short; styles united; grain ovate. —
Penn. (/), Ohio, and southward. Aug.— Leaves involute-

636 GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.)

ll. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. Sesame-Grass. (PI. 14.;

Spikelets moncecious, in jointed unilateral spikes, staminate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets in pairs, sessile at each triangular joint of the
narrow rhachis, both alike, 2-flowered, longer than the joints; glumes 4, cori-
aceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the second boat-shaped, the upper with
the palets very thin and membranaceous, awnless; anthers opening by 2 pores
at the apex. Pistillate spikelets 2-flowered (the lower flower neutral), single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rha-
chis, occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and carti-
laginous ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, the
upper with the palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united; stig-
mas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. —Culms stout and tall,
solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes ax-
illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name
from tpiBw, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloides, L. Spikes (4-8’ long) 2-3 together at the summit
(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and also solitary from
some of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical); in var. mo-
NOSTACHYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Conn. to
Penn. and Fla., near the coast, and from Ill. southward. Aug.— Culm 4-79
high; leaves like those of Indian Corn. This is one of our largest and most
remarkable Grasses ; sometimes used for fodder at the South.

12, ROTTBGELLIA, Lf (Pl. 15)

Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender spike, awnless; one im-
perfect or rudimentary on a short and thick appressed pedicel; the other ses-
sile and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 1-flowered or
rarely with a second staminate flower. Glumes 4, obtuse, the outer hard and
cartilaginous, with a transverse depression next the base, the inner one boat-
shaped and membranaceous, the 2 upper thin and delicate. Stamens 3. Styles
2. — Tall or coarse perennials, with rigid stems, and single cartilaginous spikes
terminating the stem and axillary branches, chiefly subtropical. (Named for
Prof. C. F. Rottboell, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon
Graminez, Cyperacez, etc.)

1. R. rugosa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2-4° high; leaves linear; spikes
1-2’ long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often
partly included in the sheaths of the leaves; sterile flower neutral; lower
glume transversely rugose. — Low pine-barrens, from S. Del. (W. I. Canby)
southward near the coast. Sept.—- Oct.

13. ERIANTHUS, Michx. Woorry Bearp-Grass. (PI. 14.)

Spikelets spiked, in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, one sessile,
the other pedicelled, both 1-flowered, alike. Glumes 4, the 2 lower nearly
equal, one 4—5-nerved, the other many-nerved; the 2 upper hyaline, one
empty, the upper awned from the tip. Stamens 3. Grain free.— Tall and
stout reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed
with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet
(whence the name, from épiov, wool, and &v@os, flower).

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 637

i. E. saccharoides, Michx. (PI. 14, fig. 1,2.) Culm (4- 6° high)
woolly-bearded at the joints; panicle contracted ; the silky hairs longer than the
spikelets, shorter than the awn; stamens 2. (KE. alopecuroides, ///.) — Wet
pine-barrens, from N. J. and IJ]. southward; rare. Sept., Oct.

2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2-5° high), somewhat bearded at the
upper joints; panicle rather open; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. ~
Low grounds, Va., and southward.

14. ANDROPOGON, Royen. Bearp-Grass. (Il. 14.)

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemed,
one of them pedicelled and sterile (staminate, pistillate or neutral), often a
mere vestige, the other sessile, 1-flowered and fertile; lower glume the larger,
coriaceous and nerved, blunt, the second carinate and acute, the 2 upper hya-
line, the flowering glume awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free.—
Coarse, mostly rigid perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil; with lateral
or terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plu-
mose-bearded, and often the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the
name, composed of dyqp, man, and méywr, beard).

* Spikes digitate, thickish, short-bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate ; stamens 3.

1. A. furcatus, Muhl. (PI. 14, fig.1-3.) Tall, 3-4° high, rigid, the
naked summit of the culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by
2-5 rigid spikes; spikelets approximate, appressed ; hairs at the base of the
fertile spikelet, on the rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless stami-
nate spikelet short and rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent;
leaves flat, roughish, the lower ones long. (“ A. provincialis, Zam.”) — Com-
mon in dry sterile soil. Aug. — Oct.

* * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silky-villous,

+ Single and scattered along the branches, with the silky hairs shorter than the
Slowers ; sterile spikelet conspicuous but mostly neutral ; the fertile triandrous.

2. A. scoparius, Michx. Culms slender (1-3° high), with numerous
paniculate branches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender,
scattered, mostly peduncled (1 -2’ long), very loose, often purplish, silky with
lax dull-white hairs; sterile spikelet awn-pointed or awnless; the fertile about
half the length of its twisted or bent awn.— Dry ground. July -Sept.

3. A. maritimus, Chapm. Smooth and glaucous; culms ascending
from creeping rootstocks, 1-14° high; leaves rather rigid, divaricate, thei:
compressed sheaths imbricated; panicle short; peduncles included within
the conspicuous bracts; rhachis and pedicels copiously ciliate with spreading
hairs; glumes larger, 3-4” long. — Sandy sea-coast; Cape May, ana south
to Fla.

+ + In pairs or clustered ; the copious soft-silky hairs much longer than the flow-
ers; sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in n. 4 and 5), or altogether
wanting on the very plumose-hairy pedicel; fertile flower monandrous, its
awn capillary ; leaves narrow, the lower or their sheuths often rather hairy.

4. A. argénteus, Ell. Smooth; culms rather slender (1-3° high) ;
spikes in pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosely panicu-

638 GRAMINEZ, (GRASS FAMILY.)

late peduncles, densely flowered (1-2 long), very silky with long bright white
hairs. (A. argyreeus, Schultes.) — Md. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

5. A. Eihottii, Chapm. Closely resembling the last; sheaths and leaves
villous ; upper nodes of the branches densely bearded. — Md. to Fla. and Tex.

6. A. Virginicus, L. Culm flattish below, slender (2-3° high), spar-
ingly short-branched above, sheaths smooth; spikes 2 or 3 together in distant
appressed clusters, shorter than their sheathing bracts, weak (1’ long), the spike-
lets loose on the filiform rhachis, the soft hairs dull white. (A. dissitiflorus,
Michx. A. vaginatus, H//., a form with larger and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy
soil, E. Mass. to Va., Ill., and southward. Sept., Oct.

7. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2-3° high), bushy-branched at
the summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters ;
sheaths rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the
sterile spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plu-
mose. — Low and sandy grounds, N. Y. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

8. A. laguroides, DC. Culms slender, tall, the elongated peduncle
bearing numerous sessile spikes in a spike-like panicle 2—4’ long; spikes
slender, 1’ long or more, very silky; spikelets glabrous, the sterile a narrow
convolute empty glume. — Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

«+ + Spikes digitate-clustered, very silky; sterile spikelet larger than the
fertile one.

9. A. Hallii, Hackel. Culm stout, 2-8° high; lateral peduncles few,
scarcely exserted from the sheaths; spikes 2-5, 1-3’ long, dense; spikelets
3-4” long. — Central Kan. to Dak., and westward.

15. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. (Pl. 14)

Spikelets in pairs on the ramifications of an open panicle (those at the ends
of the branches in threes), the lateral ones pedicellate, sterile or often reduced
merely to their pedicels; only the sessile middle or terminal one fertile, its
glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless; otherwise nearly as in
Andropogon. Stamens 3. (Name composed of xpuods, gold, and méyay, beard.)

1. C.ntitans, Benth. (Inp1An Grass. Woop-Grass.) Root perennial ;
culm simple (3-5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous ; sheaths
smooth; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (6-12’ long) ; the perfect
spikelets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-brown and shining), clothed
especially toward the base with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than
the twisted awn; sterile spikelets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced
to a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon avenaceus, Michz. Sorghum
nutans, Gray.) — Dry soil; common, especially southward.

16. PHALARIS, L. Canary-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets crowded in a clustered or spiked pan:-le, 1-flowered. Glumes 5,
the third and fourth reduced to mere rudiments (a scale or a pedicel), one on
each side, at the base of the flowering glume and palet, which are flattish,
awnless and shining, shorter than the equal boat-shaped and keeled persistent
empty glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilaginous, and closely enclosing the
flattened free and smooth grain. Stamens 3.— Leaves broad, mostly flat
{The ancient name, from adds, shining, alluding to the shining seed.)

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 639

§ 1. PHALARIS proper. Panicle very dense, spike-like ; glumes wing-keeled.

P. Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Annual, 1-2° high; spike eval;
empty glumes white with green veins, the rudimentary ones small lanceolate
scales. — Waste places and roadsides; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

§ 2. DIGRAPHIS. Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis; glumes
not winged on the back.

1 P. arundinacea, L. (Reep C.) (PI. 13, fig. 1, 2.) Perennial,
2-4° high; leaves flat (3-5” wide); glumes open at flowering, 3-nerved,
thrice the length of the fertile flower; rudimentary glumes reduced to a mi-
nute hairy scale or pedicel. — Wet grounds; common, especially northward.
June, July — Var. pfora, the leaves striped with white, is the familiar Ris-
Bon-Grass of the gardens. (Eu.)

17. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweer Vernar-Grass. (Pl. 13.)

Spikelets spiked-panicled, 1-flowered. Glumes 5, the third and fourth empty,
hairy, 2-lobed and awned on the back, the flowering glume and palet small,
hyaline and obtuse; basal glumes persistent, very thin, acute, keeled, the
lower half as long as the upper. Squamulez none. Stamens 2. ‘Grain ovate, .
adherent. (Name compounded of &v@os, flower, and &v@wv, of flowers. L.)

A. oporAtum, L. Spikelets (brownish or tinged with green) spreading at
flowering-time; one middle glume bearing a bent awn from near its base, the
other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, etc. Low slender
perennial; very sweet-scented in drying. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. Hoty Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets 3-flowered, open-panicled, the two lower (lateral) flowers staminate
only, 3-androus, sessile, the carinate glumes often awned on the middle of the
back or near the tip, the uppermost flower perfect, short-pedicelled, scarcely
as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Basal glumes persistent, carinate,
acute, somewhat 3-nerved, equalling or exceeding the spikelet. — Perennials ;
leaves flat. (Name composed of fepis, sacred, and xAon, grass; these sweet-
scented grasses being strewn before the church-doors on saints’ days, in the
North of Europe.)

1. H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes. (Vanttia or Seneca Grass.) (PI.
13, fig. 1,2.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (2-5’ long); peduncles
smooth; staminate flowers with the glume mucronate or bristle-pointed at or
near the tip; rootstock creeping. — Moist meadows, chiefly northward near
the coast and along the Great Lakes. May.—Culm 1-2° high, with short
lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color; the staminate flowers strongly
hairy-fringed on the margins, and the fertile one at the tip. (Eu.)

2. H. alpina, Roem. & Schultes. Panicle contracted (1-2’ long); one
of the staminate flowers with its glume barely pointed or short-awned near
the tip, the other long-awned from below the middle; lowest leaves very nar-
row. — Alpine mountain-tops, N. Eng., N. Y.,and northward. July. (Eu.)

19. ARISTIDA, LL. Trirere-awnep Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, not jointed on the pedicels. Outer glumes unequal,
often bristle-pointed; the flowering glume tipped with three awns; the palet
much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stipa.— Culms branching; leaves nar-

640 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

row, often involute. Spikelets in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. Grain
linear. All grow in sterile, dry soil, and all ours have the awns naked and
persistent, and flower late. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.)

* Awns separate to the base, not jointed with the glume.

- Awns very unequal ; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect, the elongated
middle one horizontal or turned downward ; low (5-18 high) and branch-
ing, mostly tufted annuals, and the spikelets in nearly simple spikes.

«++ Middle awn more or less coiled.

i. A. ramosissima, Engelm. Culms much branched; spikes loose,
usually exserted; lower glumes 6-10” long, exceeding the upper, usually
rather strongly 3-5-nerved; middle awn 1’ long, soon abruptly hooked-re-
curved, the lateral ones 1-3” long.— Dry prairies of Ill, Ky., and Mo.—
Also var. UNIARISTATA, Engelm., with the lateral awns wanting.

2. A. basiramea, Engelm. Spikes closer, mostly enclosed at base, at
all the lower nodes (even to the base of the culm) very short and sessile ; lower
glumes 4-8” long, mostly thin and 1-nerved or rather faintly 3-nerved ; middle
awn very slender, 6” long, the lateral 2” long. — Ill. to Neb. and Minn.

3. A. dichétoma, Michx. (Poverty Grass.) Culms low, very slen-
der, much branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in narrow strict simple
or compound spikes; lower glumes nearly equal (3-4” long), longer than the
flowering glume and fully equalling its minute lateral awns (or unequal and
shorter, in var. Curtfssu, Gray), the soon reflexed middle awn about as long.
— Dry, sandy or gravelly fields; common, Maine to Il., and southward.

++ ++ Middle awn nearly straight (not coiled).

4. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6 - 18’ high), naked above and
terminating in a slender raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle; lower glumes
1-nerved, about the length of the upper, the exserted lateral awns varying from
one third to fully half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in
var. DEPAUPERATA, from one fifth to one third its length. — Sandy soil, coast
of Mass., and from Il. southward. — Middle awn 3-9” long in the ordinary
forms, but not rarely shorter, and very variable often on the same plant.

«— + Awns all diverging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter, rarely
at all coiled.

++ Glumes equal or the middle one longer.

5. A. stricta, Michx. Culms (2-3° high) densely tufted from a peren
nial root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle ; leaves involute-thread-form, long,
rigid, sometimes downy ; awns about the length of the glumes (6”) or the lat-
eral one third shorter. — Va. and southward.

6. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (6-20’ high) tufted from an annual
root, bearing a loosely few-flowered raceme; leaves short, somewhat involute
when dry ; lower glume 3-5-nerved (nearly 1’ long); awns capillary, 14-3
long, much exceeding the slender spikelet. — Va. to Ill., and common south-
westward.

7. A. purpurea, Nutt. Perennial; culms (1° high or less) densely tufted,
spreading; leaves revolute and filiform, short; panicle loose, of rather few
slender-pedicellate spikelets; lower glumes thin, i-nerved, loose, the outer

GRAMINEEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 641

about half the length of the inner, which is 8-10” long ; awns 2-4” long. —
Miun. and the Dakotas to Tex. — Very variable.

++ ++ Middle glume shorter than the lower ; perennials, simple-stemmed, 2 — 4° high.

8. A. purpurascens, Poir. (Pl. 8.) Glabrous; leaves long, rather
involute ; spikelets in a (10-18’) long spiked panicle ; lower glumes i-nerved ;
awns much longer than the spikelet, the middle one about 1’ long. — Mass. te
Mich., Minn., and southward; common.

9. A. lanata, Poir. Tall and stout; /eaves tardily involute, rough above,
rigid; sheaths woolly ; panicle (1-2° long) spike-like or more compound and
open; glumes I-nerved, 6-8” long; middle awn 1’ long. — Del. to Fla.

* * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of the glume; root annual.

10. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6-18’ high), tumid
at the joints; panicles rigid, loose, the branches in pairs, one of them short and
about 2-tlowered, the other elongated and several-flowered ; lower glumes (1’
long, including their slender-awned tips) longer than the upper, which is
tipped with the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal diver-
gently-bent awns (14- 2° long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E.
Mass. to N. J.; also Wisc., Minn., and southward.

20. STIPA, L. Featuer-Grass. (Pl. 8)

Spikelets 1-flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with the
conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem-
branaceous persistent lower glumes. Fertile glumes coriaceous, cylindrical-
involute and closely embracing the smaller palet and the cylindrical grain,
having a long and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex.
Stamens mostly 3. Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute
leaves and a loose panicle. (Name from orvzn, tow, in allusion to the flaxen
appearance of the feathery awns of the original species. In our species the
awn is naked.)

* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt ; lower glumes pointless.

1. §. Richardsonii, Link. Culm (1$-2° high) and leaves slender;
panicle loose (4—5’ long), with slender few-flowered branches; lower glumes
nearly equal, oblong, acutish (24-4” long), about equalling the pubescent
linear-oblong fertile one, which bears a tortuous awn 6-9” long. — Pleasant
Mountain, near Sebago Lake, Maine, Mt. Marcy, N. Y., north shore of L.
Superior, Mont., and northward.

* * Callus pungently pointed, at maturity villous-bearded ; flowering glume slen:
der and minutely bearded at the tip; empty glumes taper-pointed.

2. S. avenacea, L. (Brack Oat-Grass.) (PI. 8.) Culm slender (1 -
2° high); leaves almost bristle-form; panicle open; fertile glume blackish,
nearly as long as the lower ones (about 4” long); the awn bent above, twisted
below (2-3’ long). — Dry woods, S. New Eng. to Wisc., and southward.

3. §. spartea, Trin. (Porcupine Grass.) Culm rather stout (14-3°
high) ; panicle contracted ; fertile glume linear, 3-1’ long (including the long
callus), pubescent below, shorter than‘ the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed

642 GRAMINEEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

greenish lower glumes ; the twisted strong awn (34-—7’ long), pubescent below,
cough above. — Plains and prairies, from I]. and N. Mich. northwestward.

4. §. viridula, Trin. Culms clustered, 1-3° high or more; panicle
narrow and usually dense, 6-18’ long; glumes very thin, 3-4” long; fertile
glume usually somewhat silky, with a short callus; awn 1’ long, slender, gla-
brous or a little pubescent below.—W. Minn., the Dakotas, and southwestward.

21. ORYZOPSIS, Michx. Movunrary Rice. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly terete. Lower glumes herbaceous or thin-mem-
branaceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the
oblong flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a very short obtuse
callus or scar-like base. Flowering glume coriaceous, at length involute so
as closely to enclose the equal palet and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted
and deciduous awn jointed on its apex. Stamens 3. Squamule 2 or 3, con-
spicuous. Stigmas plumose.— Perennials, with rigid leaves and a narrow
raceme or panicle. Spikelets greenish, rather large. (Name composed of
dpu¢a, rice, and 6yus, likeness, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.)

* Styles distinct, short ; culm leafy to the summit; leaves broad and flat.

1. O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed; sheaths
bearded in the throat; panicle simple or sparingly branched ; awn thrice the
fength of the blackish glume (nearly 1’ long).— Rocky woods, N. Eng. to
Penn., Minn., Mo., and westward. Aug.— Culm 2-3° high.

« * Styles united below, slender ; culms tufted, naked ; leaves concave or involute.

2. O. asperifodlia, Michx. (PI. 8, fig. 1,2.) Culms (9-18’ high), with
sheaths bearing a mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid
linear leaf from the base; very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn
2-3 times the length of the rather hairy whitish glume. — Hillsides, etc., in rich
woods; common, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward. May.— Leaves without
keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting through the winter. Squamule
Janceolate, almost as long as the palet !

3. O. Canadénsis, Torr. Culms slender (6-15 high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearing ; leaves involute-thread-shaped ; panicle contracted (1 - 2’
Jong), the branches usually in pairs; glume pubescent, whitish; awn short and
very deciduous, or wanting. — Rocky hills and dry plains, Maine to W. New
Eng., the mountains of Penn., Wisc., Minn., and northward; rare. May.—
Glumes 1-2” long, sometimes purplish.

22. MILIUM, Tourn. Murzer-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, diffusely panicled, not jointed with their pedicels, con-
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless persistent glumes, with
a coriaceous awnless flowering glume and narrow palet. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas branched-plumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed in its glume and palet,
all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet, which how-
ever belongs to a different genus, of uncertain meaning.)

1. M. effusum, L. Smooth perennial, 3-6° high; leaves broad and
flat, thin; panicle spreading (6-9’ long); flower ovoid-oblong. — Cold damp
woods and mountain meadows, N. Eng. to Il., and northward. June. (Eu.}

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645

23. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-snenG. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Empty glumes
mostly acute or bristle-pointed, persistent, usually thin; the lower rather
smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile, the glume and palet
usually minutely bearded at base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed
grain, often equal, the glume 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex
Stamens 3. (Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished
American botanist of the early part of this century.)

§ i. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or glomerate, on branch-
ing rigid culms from scaly creeping rootstocks ; leaves short and narrow.
* Flowering glume barely mucronate or sharp-pointed.

1. M. sobolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (1 - 2° high), rarely branch-
ing; the simple contracted panicle very slender or filiform; lower glumes barely
pointed, almost equal, one third shorter than the flower; flowering glume ab-
ruptly short-mucronate, equalling the palet.— Open rocky woods, Mass. to
Mich., Minn., and southward. Aug.— Spikelets less than 1” long.

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms upright (1 -3° high), sparingly branched
or simple; panicle (2-3’ long) oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted
glomerate spike, long-peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly
equal, and (with the bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the unequal
very acute flowering glume and palet.— Bogs and wet rocks, common, espe-
cially northward. Aug.— Var. Ramosa, Vasey. A stout strict much-branched
leafy form, the lower glumes but little longer than the flower. Ill. to S. Dak.

3. M. Mexicana, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2 -3° high) ;
panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the branches
densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish); lower glumes awnless,
sharp-pointed, unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute flowering
one.— Low grounds; common. Aug. Varies with more slender panicles.

* * Flowering glume bristle-awned from the tip ; flowers short-pedicelled.
+- Lower glumes long and bristle-pointed.

4. M. sylvatica, Torr.& Gray. (PI1.8, fig.1,2.) Culmsascending, much
branched and diffusely spreading (2-4° long); contracted panicles densely
many-flowered ; lower glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the
flowering one, which bears an awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet.
— Low or rocky woods; common. Aug., Sept.

5. M. ambigua, Torr. Culms ascending, clustered and branching, 1°
high; panicles contracted, densely many-flowered ; spikelet 2-flowered, the up-
per flower like the lower and perfect, or more frequently reduced to a mere
awn at the base of the lower flower; lower glumes nearly equal, long-pointed ;
flowering glume villous, as long as the lower and equalling the palet, its awn
nearly twice longer. — Minn. (shore of Elysian Lake, Waseca Co., Geyer). —
A remarkable species, approaching Brachyelytrum in the structure of the
spikelet, but with wholly the habit of Muhlenbergia.

+ + Lower glumes short or minute, not or scarcely pointed.

6. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms upright (3° high), slender, simple or
sparingly branched; contracted panicle slender, loosely flowered ; lower glumes

644 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the flowering one, which bears
an awn 3-4 times the length of the spikelet.— Rocky woods; rather com
mon. Aug.

7. M. diffusa, Schreber. (Drop-seED. NimBie Wi.) (PI. 8, fig.
3-5.) Culms diffusely much branched (8-18’ high); contracted panicles
slender, rather loosely many-flowered, terminal and lateral; empty glumes
extremely minute, the lower obsolete, the upper truncate; awn once or twice
longer than the flowering glume.— Dry hills and woods, from 5. New Eng
to Mich., Iowa, and southward. Aug., Sept.— Spikelets only 1” long.

§ 2. TRICHOCHLOA. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillary ; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form.

8. M. ecapillaris, Kunth. (Harr-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2°
high) from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (6 - 20’ long, purple) ;
empty glumes unequal, the lower mostly pointless, the upper more or less
bristle-pointed, one third or half the length of the long-awned flowering glume.
—Sandy soil, W. New Eng. to N.J., Ky., Mo., and southward. Sept. —
Pedicels 1-2’ long, scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1’ long.

24. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. (Pl. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a conspicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive sec.
ond flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed ra-
cemed panicle. Lower glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the
lower one almost obsolete. Flowering glume and palet chartaceo-herbaceous,
involute, enclosing the linear-oblong grain, somewhat equal, rough with scat-
tered short bristles, the first 5-nerved, extended into a long straight awn, the
palet 2-pointed ; the awn-like sterile pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its
back. Stamens 2; anthers and stigmas very long. — Perennial, with simple
culms (1-3° high) from creeping rootstocks, downy sheaths, broad and flat
lanceolate pointed leaves, and spikelets }’ long without theawn. (Name com-
posed of Bpaxis, short, and €Autpoy, h usk, from the minute glumes.)

1. B. aristatum, Beauv. Rocky woods; common. June.— Var. En-
GELMANNI, Gray, is a western form, with the second glume awn-pointed,
nearly half the length of the flowering one.

25. HELEOCHLOA, Host. (Pl. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a dense spike or spike-like panicle. Lower
lumes persistent, membranaceous, acute, ciliate-carinate, awnless ; flowering
glume similar, a little longer, and a little exceeding the palet. Stamens 3.—
Low cespitose annuals; spike often scarcely exserted from the upper sheath.
(Name from €Aos, a meadow, and xAéa, grass.)

H. scnanotpes, Host. Usually nearly prostrate and tufted; leaves rather
rigid, tapering to a sharp point; spike oblong, thick, 7-20” long. (Crypsis
schoenoides, Lam.) — Waste places, N. J. to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. PHLEUM, L. Car’s-rait Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a very dense cylindrical spike-like panicle. Lower
elumes persistent, membranaceous, folded-carinate, subtruncate, mucronate or
short-awned ; flowering glume hyaline, shorter, truncate. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. — Perennials. (From ¢Aéws, a Greek name for a kind of reed.)

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645

P. pratense, L. (Trwotuy. Herp’s-Grass in New Eng. and N. Y.)
Tall; spike long-cylindrical ; lower glumes ciliate on the back, tipped with a
short bristie. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. P. alpinum, L. Low; spike ovate-oblong; lower glumes strongly
ciliate on the back, tipped with a rough awn about their own length. — Alpine
tops of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. (Eu.)

27. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxram Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, jointed on the pedicel. Lower glumes boat-shaped,
strongly compressed and keeled, nearly equal, united at base, equalling or ex-
ceeding the flowering glume, which is awned on the back below the middle;
palet mostly wanting! Stamens3. Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and
feathered. — Clusters contracted into a cylindrical and soft dense spike; peren-
nial. (Name from dAd@mrné, for, and ovpa, tail, from the shape of the spike.)

A. pratensis, L. (Meapow Foxtai.) Culm upright, smooth (2° high) ;
the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath; spike stout, 1}- 24 long;
flowering glume equalling the acute lower glumes; awn exrserted more than half
its length, twisted. — Meadows and pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. cenicorAtus, L. (Fioatine F.) (PI. 7, fig. 1-4.) Culm ascending,
often bent at the lower joints; upper leaf as long as its sheath; spike slender,
1-2’ long; flowering glume rather shorter than the obtuse lower glumes, the awn
from near its base and projecting from half to twice its length beyond it.— Moist
meadows, eastward. June-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. aristulatus, Torr. The awn very slender and scarcely exserted.

(A. aristulatus, Michxr.) — In water and wet places; common. June- Aug.

28. SPOROBOLUS, R.Br. Drop-srrp Grass. Rusu-Grass.
(Pz)

Spikelets small, 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in an open or contracted or spiked
panicle. Lower glumes persistent, 1-3-nerved, not awned or pointed, the
lower smaller; flowering glume of the same texture as the lower ones
(membranaceo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and
mostly pointless, l-nerved (rarely somewhat 3-nerved) ; palet similar, 2-nerved.
Stamens chiefly 3. Stigmas simply feathery. Grain globular to oblong or
cylindrical, deciduous, often very thin, containing the loose seed. — Culms
wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, the throat usually bearded, and sheaths often
enclosing the panicles. (Name from omopd, seed, and Baddw, to cast forth.)

* Panicle contracted, often simple ; grain oval or oblong ; perennial, except n. 2.

1. S. asper, Kunth. Culms tufted (2-4° high); lowest leaves very
long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and thread-like
point, the upper short, involute; sheaths partly or at first wholly enclosing
the contracted panicle; flower much longer than the unequal lower glumes ;
grain oval or oblong. (Vilfa aspera, Beau.) — Sandy fields and dry hills,
especially southward. Sept.— Spikelets 2-3” long. Flowering glume and
palet rough above, smooth or hairy below, the palet tapering upward, acute,
and one half to twice longer than the glume, or else obtuse and equalled or
even considerably exceeded by the glume!

2. S. vagineeflorus, Vasey. (P1.7, fig. 4, 5.) Culms slender (6-12’
high), ascending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped (1-4’ long); panicles simple
and spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; jlower-

646 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

ing glume and palet somewhat equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal
lower glumes, only } longer than the oval grain. (Vilfa vaginzflora, Torr.)
— Barren and sandy dry fields; common, especially southward. Sept.

3. §.cuspidatus, Torr. Erect culms and appressed leaves more slen-
der than in the preceding; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow; spike-
lets smaller, the lower glumes acuminate, little shorter than the cuspidate upper
one. (Vilfa cuspidata, Torr.) — Maine (on the St. John’s River, G. L. Good.
ale) ; also Iowa, Minn., and common westward.

4. S. depauperatus, Vasey. Resembling n. 3, but the culms decum-
bent at base and matted, the leaves short and usually widely spreading, and
the lower glumes barely acute, not half the length of the upper one. — W.
Minn. to Kan., and southwestward.

5. S. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms tufted, slender (5-12’ long), often
procumbent, branched ; leaves convolute, rigid; palets rather shorter than the
nearly equal acute glumes. (Vilfa Virginica, Beauv.) — Sandy seashore, Vir-
ginia (Clayton) and southward. — Spikelets much smaller and more numerous
than in the others.

6. S. minor, Vasey. Culms tufted, very slender, geniculate and ascend.
ing, simple, 1° high; leaves short and narrow; peduncles little exserted from
the sheaths; spikelets (1}-2” long) in a very narrow simple compressed pan-
icle (1—2’ long), not crowded; glumes and palet nearly equal, acute or some
what acuminate. — Va. to MN. C., Tenn. and Tex.

S. fxpicus, R. Br. Culms stout, erect, 2-3° high; leaves elongated, at-
tenuate; panicle very narrow, 6-18’ long, the densely crowded spikelets }”
long. — On ballast, and naturalized southward. (From Trop. Am.)

* * Panicle pyramidal, open; glumes very unequal ; grain globose, utricular ,
perennials.

7. S. jumceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon-
gated; culm (1-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle;
empty glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper
equalling, the nearly equal flowering glume and palet.— Dry soil, Penn. to
Wisc. and Minn., and (chiefly) south to Fla. Aug.— Spikelets 1-2” long,
shining.

8. S. heterdlepis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-form, rigid, the lowest as
long as the culm (1-2°) which is naked above; panicle very loose; empty
glumes very unequal; the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad
base) and somewhat shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer,
than the equal flowering glume and palet.— Dry soil, Conn. and N. Y. to Minn.,
Neb.,and Mo. Aug.— Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant), stouter
than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle 1” in diameter, shining,
thick and coriaceous!

9. S. eryptandrus, Gray. (PI. 7, fig. 1-3.) Culm 2-3° high; /eaves
flat, pale (2” wide); the pyramidal lead-colored panicle bursting from the up-
per sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading branches hairy in the
axils; spikelets 1” long; upper empty glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the
length of the lower one, as long as the nearly equal flowering glume and palet ;
sheaths strongly bearded at the throat. — Sandy shores, coast of New Eng.
and of the Great Lakes, Minn. to Kan., and westward. Aug., Sept.

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647

10. S. airoides, Torr. Culm tufted, often stout, erect, }-3° high,
leaves strongly revolute and attenuate, rather rigid; panicle open and diffuse,
broadly pyramidal, glabrous; spikelets solitary on slender pedicels, 1” long;
lower glumes unequal, rather obtuse. — Neb. to Tex., and westward.

S. ASPERIFOLIUS, Thurb., a similar but smaller species, with thinner and
shorter leaves very rough on the margin, the inflorescence scabrous, and spike-
lets smaller, with the glumes nearly equal, is very common westward, and prob-
ably occurs within our limits —as also S. conrtsus, Vasey (S. ramulosus of
authors, not Kunth), a low slender annual, with very short culms and a deli-
cate diffuse panicle, the very small spikelets (#” long) on filiform-clavate
pedicels.

* * x Empty glumes almost equal; panicle racemose-elongated, open, the pedi-
cels capillary ; sheaths naked at the throat; spikelets not unfrequently two-
flowered ; perennial.

11. S. compréssus, Kunth. Very smooth, leafy to the top; culms tufted,
stout, very flat; sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; leaves
erect, narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; empty glumes acutish, about one third
shorter than the obtuse flowering one.— Bogs, on Long Island and in the
pine-barrens of N. J. Sept.— Forming strong tussocks, 1-2° high. Panicle
8-12’ long; spikelets 1” long, purplish.

12. S. serdtinus, Gray. Smooth; culms very slender, flattish (8-15’
high), few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much exserted,
the diffuse capillary branches scattered; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the
length of the flower. — Sandy wet places, Maine to N. J. and Mich. Sept.—
A very delicate grass; the spikelets half a line long.

29. AGROSTIS, L. BenrGrass. (P17)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes somewhat equal,
or the lower rather longer, usually longer than the flowering one, pointless.
Flowering glume and palet very thin, pointless, naked; the first 3-5-nerved,
frequently awned on the back; the palet often minute or none. Stamens
chiefly 3. Grain (caryopsis) free. — Culms usually tufted, slender ; root com-
monly perennial. (Name from éypos, a field, the place of growth.)

§ 1. AGROSTIS proper. Palet manifest, but shorter than the glume.

A. Aupa, L. (Frormy or Waite Bent-Grass.) . Rootstocks creeping
or stoloniferous; culms 1-2° high, often decumbent at base; leaves short,
flat, the ligule long and acute; panicle contracted after flowering, greenish,
purplish or brownish, the branches slightly rough; flowering glume nearly
equalling the empty ones, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palet about half as
long, — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass; naturalized from Eu. and cul-
tivated, and perhaps native north and westward.

Var. vuLGARIS, Thurb. (RED Tor. HeErp’s-Grass of Penn., etc.) (PI. 7,
fig. 1, 2.) Panicle more or less spreading after flowering ; ligule short and
truncate. (A. vulgaris, With.) — Low meadows and pastures; nat. from Eu.
and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.

1. A. arachnoides, Ell. Culms (1° high) and leaves very slender;
panicle open, weak and drooping; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel
and margins, the flowering glume shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the trun-
cate apex and a long exceedingly delicate awn on the back above the middle,
palet minute. — Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and 8S. Car.

648 GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.)

2, A. exarata, Trin. Culms erect, 1-2° high; leaves mostly erect;
panicle narrow, crowded, greenish, the rays mostly flower-bearing to the base ;
spikelets 14-2” long; glumes nearly equal, acute, the flowering ones shorter,
sometimes awned above the middle.— Wisc. (Vasey) to Sask., and far
westward.

§ 2. TRICHODIUM. Palet abortive, minute, or none.

3. A. elata, Trin. Culms firm or stout (2-3° high); leaves flat (1-2”
wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2-3” long) ; spikelets crowded on the branches
of the spreading panicle above the middle (14” long); flowering glume awnless,
slightly shorter than the rather unequal lower ones; the palet wanting. —
Swamps, N. J. and southward. Oct.

4. A.perénnans, Tuckerm. (Tury-Grass.) Culms slender, erect from
a decumbent base (1 —2° high); leaves flat (the upper 4-6’ long, 1-2” wide) ;
panicle at length diffusely spreading, pale green; the branches short, divided
and flower-bearing from or below the middle ; flowering glume awnless (rarely
short-awned), shorter than the unequal lower ones; the palet minute or ob-
solete. — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelets, etc., as in n. 5, into
which it seems to vary.

5. A. seabra, Willd. (Harr-Grass.) (Pl. 7, fig. 3.) Culms very slen-
der, erect (1-2° high) ; leaves short and narrow, the lower soon involute (the
upper 1-3’ long, less than 1” wide); panicle very loose and divergent, pur-
plish, the long capillary branches flower-bearing at and near the apex; flowering
glume awnless or occasionally short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather
unequal very acute empty ones; the palet minute or obsolete; root biennial ?
— Exsiccated places; common. June- Aug. — Remarkable for the long and
divergent capillary branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled,
rough with very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes.
Spikelets 1” long. A dwarf mountain form occurs, growing in tufts in hol-
lows of rocks, etc. — A variety (?) from about the White Mountains, etc. (var.
montana, Z'uckerm.), has a more or less exserted awn.

6. A. canina, L. (Brown Bent-Grass.) Culms 8’-2° high; root
leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader; panicle loose;
lower glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, the flowering one
exsertly awned on the back at or below the middle; spikelets brownish or pur-
plish, rarely pale or greenish (1 - 14” long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized
eastward. A mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A.
Pickeringii & A. concinna, Tuckerm., A. canina, var. alpina, Oakes, & Ed. 2,
and essentially A. rubra, L.ex Wahl., and A. borealis, Zartm.) is indigenous
en mountain-tops, Maine to N. Y.; also an ampler form in the Alleghanies of
Penn. and southward (A. rupéstris, Chapman, etc.). July~Aug. (Eu.)

30. POLYPOGON, Desf. Brarn-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Empty
glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous
flowering one which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain free. (Name composed of road, much, and rwyéyr, beard.)

P. Monsretiénsis, Desf. Panicle interrupted; lower glumes oblong, the
awn from a notch at the summit, the flowering one also awned; root annual.
-— Isles of Shoals (Aobbins), ballast heaps, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

GRAMINEE®. (GRASS FAMILY.) 649

31. CINNA, L. Woop Reep-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle.
Empty glumes persistent, lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate
on the keel; the Lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the flower,
which is manifestly stalked, smooth and naked; flowering glume much like
the lower, longer than the palet, usually short-awned or mucronate on the
back below the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved palet!
Grain linear-oblong, free. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with
simple and upright somewhat reed-like culms (2-7° high), bearing an
ample compound terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives; the broadly
linear-lanceolate flat leaves (4-6 wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets
green, often purplish-tinged. (From «évva, a name in Dioscorides for a kind
of grass.)

1. C. arundinacea, L. (PI. 8, fig. 1,2.) Panicle 6-15’ long, rather
dense, the branches and pedicels spreading in flower, afterward erect; spike-
lets 24-3” long; awn of the glume either obsolete or manifest. — Moist woods
and shaded swamps; rather common. July, Aug.

2. C. péndula, Trin. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough; glumes thinner, the
lower less unequal; spikelets 15-2” long; palet obtuse. (C. arundinacea,
var. pendula, Gray.) — Deep damp woods, N. New Eng. to Lake Superior and
northward, and on mountains southward. (Eu.)

32. APERA, Adans.

With the characters of Agrostis; distinguished by the presence of a second
rudimentary flower in the form of a short bristle, and by the 2-toothed palet
little shorter than the flowering bifid glume, which is dorsally awned.— A
rather late annual, with narrow flat leaves, and a contracted or spreading pan-
icle with numerous filiform branches and very numerous small shining spike-
lets. (Name from &rnpos, unmaimed ; application obscure.)

A. spica-vENTI, Beauv. Spikelets 3-1” long.—Sparingly naturalized
(Nat. from Eu.)

33. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reep Bext-G. (P18)

Spikelets 1-flowered, and (in our species) often with a pedicel or rndiment
of a second abortive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle.
Lower glumes mostly membranaceous, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute.
commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower, which bears at the base
copious white bristly hairs; flowering glume thin, bearing a slender awn on
she back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless; the palet mostly shorter.
Stamens 3. Grain free.— Perennials, with running rootstocks, and mostly
tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of kaAayos, a reed, anc
aypdoTts, a grass.)

§ 1. DEYEUXIA. Rudiment of a second flower present in the form of a plu-
mose or hairy small pedicel behind the palet (very rarely more developed and
having a glume or even stamens); glumes membranaceous, or the flowering
one thin and delicate, the latter 3—5-nerved and awn-bearing.

* Panicle loose and open, even after flowering ; the mostly purple-tinged or lead-
colored strigose-scabrous glumes not closing in fruit; copious hairs of the

650 GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.)

rhachis about equalling the flowering glume, not surpassed by those of the
rudiment ; awn delicate, straight.

1. C. Canadénsis, Beauv. (Biue-Jomnr Grass.) (PI. 8, fig. 1, 2.)
Culm tall (3-5° high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong;
glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, 14-14” long; awn from near the middle of the
upper glume, not exceeding and scarcely stouter than the basal hairs. (Dey-
euxia Canadensis, Hook.f.) — Wet grounds; common northward. July.

2. C. Langsdorffii, Trin. Spikelets larger, 24-3” long; glumes lancec
late or oblong-lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed ; awn stouter; otherwise
like the preceding. (Deyeuxia Langsdorfiii, Aunth.) — Mountains of N. New
Eng., L. Superior, and northward. (Ku.)

x * Panicle strict, its short branches appressed or erect after flowering, and the
glumes mostly closed ; flowering glume less delicate, roughish, sometimes of as
Jirin texture as the lower ; awn stouter.

« Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute ; awn straight.

3. C. stricta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict, 2-4’ long;
glumes 14-2” long, ovate-oblong, not acuminate; hairs scarcely or little
shorter than the flower, and as long as those of the rudiment; awn from the
middle of the thin flowering glume or lower, and barely exceeding it. (Dey-
euxia neglecta, Aunth?)— Mountains of N. New Eng., Lake Superior, and
north and westward. (Eu.)

4. C. Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter than in C. stricta,
the narrow panicle less dense, and purplish spikelets larger; glumes fully 2”
long, tapering to a point; awn from much below the middle of the glume,
stout. (Deyeuxia Lapponica, Aunth.) — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, to Lab.,
north and westward. Aug. (Eu.)

« + Leaves broader, flat; awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry.

5. C. confinis, Nutt. Tall; panicle elongated (4-6), its rather slender
branches spreading at. flowering-time, afterward appressed; glumes lance-
oblong, very acfte, 2” long, pale; hairs of the flower copious, equal, slightly or
one third shorter than the thin flowering glume and than those of the rudi-
ment ; awn borne much below the middle of the glume, somewhat surpassing
it; grain glabrous. (Deyeuxia confinis, Kunth.) — Swamps, N. and W. New
York (especially Penn Yan, Sartwell) and Penn. ; Minn., and westward. July.

6. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (3-5° high) ; panicle contracted
and spike-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips,
3” long; hairs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm
and keeled flowering glume, on the other side longer and equalling the copious
suft on the summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle
and the tapering tip of the glume, stout, not twisted; grain bearded at the top.
(Deyeuxia Nuttalliana, Vasey.) — Moist grounds, E. New Eng. to Penn., Va.,
and southward. Aug.

7. C. Pérteri, Gray. Culm slender (2-4° high) ; a woolly-bearded ring
at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; panicle long and
narrow, With the branches appressed; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2-23”
long ; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment scanty, and both reaching
about to the middle of the flower behind the palet, but very short or none at the

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 651

base of the firm-membranaceous flowering glume, which bears near its base @
twisted awn of its own length. (Deyeuxia Porteri, Vasey.) — Dry woods,
Pulpit Rocks and vicinity, Huntingdon Co., Penn., Prof. T. C. Porter.

8. C. Pickeringii, Gray. Culm 1-14° high; leaves short; panicle py-
ramidal, purplish; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntish or bluntly pointed (14-27
long) ; hairs both of the flower and of the rudiment very short and scanty, one
fourth or fifth the length of the flower, none behind the obtuse flowering glume,
which bears between its middle and base a short stout (straight or bent, not
twisted) awn. (Deyeuxia Pickeringii, Vasey.) — White Mts., in the alpine
region of Mt. Washington, and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets
at Echo Lake, Franconia; Andover, Mass. (J. Robinson) ; Cape Breton.

§ 2. CALAMOVILFA. Rudiment of second flower wanting; glumes and
palet rather chartaceous, compressed-keeled ; flowering glume 1-nerved, en-
tively awnless ; palet strongly 2-keeled ; panicle at length open and loose.

9. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle cap-
illary (purplish); empty glumes ovate, mucronate; the upper slightly, the
lower nearly one half shorter than the flowering glume and palet, which are
more than twice the length of the hairs and bristly-bearded along the keels.
(Ammophila brevipilis, Benth.) — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J.; rare.
Sept. — Culm 2-4° high; leaves nearly flat; spikelets 2” long.

10. C. longifolia, Hook. Culm (1-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long
thread-like point; panicle at first close, becoming open and pyramidal, the
branches smooth ; glumes lanceolate, the upper as long as the flower, the lower
4 Shorter; the copicus hairs more than half the length of the naked flower. (Am-
mophila longifolia, Benth.) — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes, from Tl.
and Mich. tu the Dakotas, Kan.,and westward. Aug.—Spikelets 2}~3” long.

34. AMMOPHILA, Host. (PI. 15.)

Spikelets large, in a contracted spike-like panicle, 1-flowered, with a pedicei
like rudiment of a second flower (plumose above), the flower hairy-tufted at
base. Empty glumes scarious-chartaceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled,
nearly equal; flowering glume and palet similar, a little shorter, the glume
5-nerved, slightly mucronate or obscurely awned near the tip, the palet 2-
keeled. — A coarse perennial maritime species, with running rootstocks.
(Name from &upos, sand, and piAéw, to love.)

1 A. arundinacea, Host. (Sea Sanp-Reep.) Culm stout and rigid
(2-3° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle
contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (5-9’ long); spikelets 5-6” long;
hairs only one third of the length of the flower. (Calamagrostis arenaria,
Roth.) — Sandy beaches, N. J. to Maine and northward, and on the Great
Lakes. Aug. (Eu.)

35. ARRHENATHERUM, Beavy. OarGrass. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets open-panicled, 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third flower; the
middle flower perfect, its glume barely bristle-pointed from near the tip; the
lowest flower staminate only, bearing a long bent awn below the middle of
the back (whence the name, from &pinv, masculine, and a@jp, awn) ; — other
wise as in Avena, of which it is only a peculiar modification

652 GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.

A. AvENAcEUM, Beauv. Root perennial; culm 2-4° high; leaves broad,
flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal. — Meadows and lots;
absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May-July. (Nat from Eu.)

36. HOLCUS, L. (partly). | Meapow Sorr-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets crowded in an open panicle, 2-flowered ; the boat-shaped membra-
naceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the remotish flowers. Lower
flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous glume awnless and pointless; the
upper flower staminate, otherwise similar, but bearing a stout bent awn below
the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Grain free. (A name in
Pliny for a kind of grass, from 6Akés, attractive, of obscure application.)

H. vanarus, L. (Vervet-Grass.) Perennial, soft-downy and pale; pan-
icle oblong; upper empty glume mucronate-awned under the apex; awn of
the staminate flower curved. — Moist meadows. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. AIRA, L. HareGrass.

Spikelets very small, in an open diffuc> panicle, of 2 perfect contiguous flow-
ers. Glumes thin-membranaceous, the two lower persistent, nearly equal, acute,
keeled; the flowering ones obscurely nerved, acutely 2-cleft at the apex, bear-
ing a slender twisted awn below the middle. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to
the base. Grain oblong, adnate. — Low annuals, with short setaceous leaves
(An ancient Greek naine for Darnel.)

A, caryopuyiiea, L. Culms 5-10’ high, bearing 4 very diffuse panicle
of purplish and at length silvery scarious spikelets. — Dry fields, Nantucket ;
also Newcastle, Del., W. W/. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. pricox, L. Culms tufted, 3-4’ high; branches of the small and dense
panicle appressed ; awn from below the middle of the glume. — Sandy fields,
N.J.to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) .

38. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets small, panicled, of 2 perfect flowers and the hairy pedicel or rudi
ment of a third (rarely staminate); rhachis hairy. Empty glumes persistent,
membranaceous and shining, carinate, acute, nearly equal; flowering glumes
toothed or erose-denticulate at the truncate summit, usually delicately 3-5-
nerved, with a slender twisted awn near or below the middle. Grain oblong,
free. — Root perennial. (Named for Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, a French bot-
anist.)

« Empty glumes somewhat shorter than the flowers.

1. D. flexuosa, Trin. (Common Hair-Grass.) (Pl. 12, fig. 1-3.)
Culms slender, nearly naked (1-3° high) above the small tufts of involute
bristle-form root-leaves (1-6’ long); branches of the small spreading panicle
capillary ; awn longer than the palet, at length bent and twisted. (Aira flexuosa.
1.) — Dry places; common. June. (Eu.)

2. D. ezespitosa, Beauv. Culm tufted (2-4° high); eaves flat, linear ;
panicle pyramidal or oblong (6’ long) ; awn straight, barely equalling the glume.
(Aira czespitosa, L.) — Shores of lakes and streams; N. Eng. to Penn., Mich.,
and northward. June, July. (Eu.)

* * Empty glumes longer than the flowers, 2-23” long.

3. D. atropurptrea, Scheele. Culms 8-15’ high, weak; leaves flat,
rather wide; panicle of few spreading branches; awn stout, twice longer than
she nerveless truncate ciliolate-denticulate glume. (Aira atropurpurea, Wahi.)
— Alpine summits of N. H. and N. Y., to Lab. and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 693

39. TRISETUM, Persoon. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets 2-several-flowered, often in a contracted panicle; the flowering
glume compressed-keeled, of about the same thin-membranaceous texture as
the empty glumes, bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn at or below
the sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed apex (whence the name, from ¢ris, three,
and seta, a bristle) ; otherwise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials.

1. T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. mdlle, Gray. (Pl. 12, fig. 1, 2.)
Minutely soft-downy ; panicle dense, much contracted, oblong or linear (2-3
Jong); glumes about the length of thc 2-3 smooth flowers; awn dorsal, di.
verging, much exserted. — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New Eng. to
L. Superior, and northward. July.— About 1° high; leaves flat, short. (Eu.)

2. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; panicle rather long and narrow (5’ long),
loose, the branches capillary; spikelets flat (3’” long); lower glumes shorter
than the two smooth lanceolate flowers; the upper flower on a slightly hairy
joint of the rhachis, with a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-
pointed tip, the /ewer commonly awnless or only mucronate-pointed. — Low
grounds, southern N. Y. to Ill., and southward. June.— Culm slender, 2-39
high; leaves flat, short ; spikelets yellowish-white, tinged with green.

40. AVENA, Toun. Oar. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, panicled ; the flowers herbaceo-chartaceous, or
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal empty
glumes; the uppermost flower imperfect ; rhachis and base of the flower often
bearded. Flowering glume rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-nerved, bear-
ing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or between the two acute
teeth at the apex, proceeding from the mid-nerve only. Stamens 3. Grain
oblong-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but
invested by the palet. (The classical Latin name.)

* Spikelets large (1’ long); annual.

A. rdtua, L. Resembling the common oat (A. sativa), the few spikelets
in a loose panicle, mostly pendulous; flowering glumes covered with long
brownish hairs and bearing a bent awn 1-2’ long.— Wisc., Minn. (Nat.
from Eu.)

x * Smaller-flowered perennials.

1. A. striata, Michx. (PI. 12, fig. 1,2.) Glabrous and smooth through-
out, slender (1-2° high); leaves narrow ; ligule short, truncate ; panicle sim-
ple, loose; spikelets (6” long) on capillary pedicels, 3-6-flowered, much
exceeding the scarious-margined purple acute empty glumes; lower g/ume 1-,
upper 3-nerved ; rh-chis smooth; flowers short-bearded at base ; flowering glume
7-nerved, much longer than the ciliate-fringed palet (4” long), mostly shorter
than its soon bent or divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very
sharply cuspidate 2-cleft tip. — Rocky, shaded hills, N. New Eng., N. Y., and
northwestward. June.

2. A. Smithii, Porter. Taller (2}-44° high), rather stout; leaves broadly
linear (3 - 6” wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths and culm re-
trorsely scabrous; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger \6-12’ long), the
few branches at length spreading; empty glumes slightly purplish, the lower
3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved, scabrous on the nerves; rhachis minutely hispid,

654 GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.)

Jlowers (3-5) naked at base; awn straight, 4-4 the length of the 7-nerved
glume. — N. Mich. and Isle Royale, L. Superior. April, May.

41. DANTHONIA, DC. Wi OarGrass. (PI. 12.)

Flowering glume (oblong or ovate, rounded-cylindraceous, 7 — 9-nerved) bear-
ing between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of the tip an awn usually com-
posed of the 3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at base;
otherwise nearly as in Avena. Empty glumes longer than the imbricated
flowers. Ours perennials, 1 -2° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves,
hairy sheaths bearded at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of
about 7-flowered spikelets. (Named for Danthoine, a French botanist.)

1. D. spicata, Beauv. (Pl. 12, fig. 1-3.) Culms tufted, low; leaves
short, very narrow; spikelets few, 3-5” long, subspicate; flowering glume
loosely hairy, its teeth short and pointless. — Dry and sterile or rocky soil.

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Culms taller and not tufted (1-3° high), terete;
leaves larger, at least the sheaths silky-villous ; spikelets more numerous and
panicled, 6-9” long; flowering glume very silky-villous, tipped with slender
awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, southern Mass., N. J., and south-
ward; rare. June.

3. D. compréssa, Aust. Culms slender, 2° high, somewhat compressed,
paler and subcaniculate on the narrower side; leaves elongated, very narrow,
villous only at the summit of the sheath; spikelets 6-12, loosely panicled, 5”
Jong; flowering glume loosely hairy or pubescent, the teeth very long-awned.
— Dry banks; Vt. (Pringle); E. Mass., N. Y., Penn., and mountains of N. C.

42. CYNODON, Richard. Bermvpa or Scurcu-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicelled rudiment of a sec-
ond flower, imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Empty glumes keeled,
pointless, rather unequal; flowering glume and palet pointless and awnless,
the glume larger, boat-shaped. Stamens 3.— Low diffusely branched and
extensively creeping perennials, with short flattish leaves. (Name composed
of kiwv, a dog, and ddovs, a tooth.)

C. DAcryton, Pers. Spikes 3-5; flowering glume smooth, longer than
the blunt rudiment. — Penn., and southward, where it is cultivated for pas-
turage. (Nat. from Eu.)

43. CTENIUM, Panzer. Toornacue-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rha
chis of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent; the lower (interior)
much smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a
horn, on the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral; the one
or two lower consisting of empty awned glumes, and the one or two uppermost
of empty awnless glumes; the perfect flower intermediate, its glume membra-
naceous, awned or mucronate below the apex and densely ciliate toward the
base, 3-nerved. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name kreviov, a small comb,
from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)

1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Culm (3-4° high from a perennial root)
simple, pubescent or roughish; larger glume warty-glandular outside, con.
spicuously awned.— Wet pine-barrens, 8S. Va. and southward. — Taste very
pungent.

GRAMINEA., (GRASS FAMILY. ) 655

44, GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. (P1.9.)

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile and remotely alter-
nate on long filiform rays or spikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lance-awl-shaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the mem-
branaceous flowering glume, which is cylindrical-involute, with the midrib
produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and slender bristle
like awn; palet nearly as long, with the abortive rudiment at its base. Sta
mens 3. Stigmas pencil-form, purple.— Root perennial. Leaves short and
flat, thickish, 1-3’ long. (Name composed of yuuvés, naked, and réywvr, a
beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn.)

1. G. racemosus, Beauv. (PI. 9, fig. 1,2.) Culms clustered from a
short rootstock (1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; spikes flower-
bearing to the base (5-8’ long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower
shorter than its stalk, equalling the pointed glumes, not more than half the
length of the awn of the fertile flower. — Sandy pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and
southward, Aug., Sept.

2. G. brevifolius, Trin. Filiform spikes long-peduncled, ¢. e. flower-
bearing only above the middle; flowering glume ciliate near the base, short-
awned; awn of the abortive flower obsolete or minute ; glumes acute. — Sussex
Co., Del., and southward.

45. SCHEDONNARDUS, Steud. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets small, acuminate, 1-flowered, appressed-sessile and scattered along
one side of the slender rhachis of the distant sessile and divaricately spreading
spikes. Empty glumes persistent, narrow, acuminate, more or less unequal,
the longer usually a little shorter than the rather rigid acuminate flowering
one. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain linear.— A low slender annual,
branching from the base, with short narrow leaves. (Name from cx¢doy, near,
and Nardus, from its resemblance to that genus.)

1. S. Texanus, Steud. Stem (6-20 long) naked and curved above,
bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular spikes 1-3’ long;
spikelets 14” long. (Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt.) — Open grounds and sals-
licks, Ill. to Mont., Col., and Tex. Aug.

46. BOUTELOUA, Lagasca. Musxft-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened
rhachis, comprising one perfect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter.
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved glume 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the %
nerved palet 2-toothed; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or subulate-
awned. Stamens 3; anthers orange-colored or red. — Rudimentary flowers
mostly 1-3-awned. Spikes solitary, racemed or spiked; the rhachis some-
what extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutelou, a Span-
ish writer upon floriculture and agriculture.)

§ 1. CHONDROSIUM. Spikes pectinate, of very many spikelets, oblong or
linear, very dense, solitary and terminal or few in a raceme; sterile flowers
1-3 on a short pedicel, neutral, consisting of 1-38 scales and awns.

656 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

1. B. oligostachya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6-12’ high); leaves
very narrow; spikes 1-5, the rhachis glabrous; glumes all sparingly soft-hairy,
the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously villous-tufted at the summit of
the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume. — N. W. Wisc. to
N. Dak., and south to Tex. and Mex. — Glumes obscurely if at all papillose
along the keel, the middle lobe of the flowering one 2-cleft at the tip. Sterile
lowers often 2, the second mostly a large awuless scale, becoming hood-iike
and coriacevus.

2. B. hirsttta, Lag. Tufted (8-20’ high), perennial; leaves flat, lance-
Tinear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; upper empty glume hispid with
strong bristles from dark warty glands ; flowering glume pubescent, 3-cleft into
awl-pointed lobes; sterile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than
the glumes and fertile flower. — Sandy plains, Il., Wisc., Minn., and souti:
westward to Mex.

§ 2. ATHEROPOGON. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate one.
sided spike or raceme, spreading or reflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets ;
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.

3. B. racemosa, Lag. (PI. 9, fig. 1, 2.) Culms tufted from perennial
rootstocks (1-3° high) ; sheaths often hairy; leaves narrow; spikes }’ or less
in length, nearly sessile, 20-60 in number in a loose general spike (8 - 15’
long); flowers scabrous; glume of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ;
sterile flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 awns shorter than
the fertile flower, and 1 or 2 small or minute scales. (B. curtipendula, Gray.)
— Dry hills and plains, southern N. Y. to Minn., and south to Tex. and Mex.
July —Sept. — Passes by transitions into var. ARISTOSA, with spikes shorter ;
sterile flower of a large saccate glume, awned at the 2-cleft tip and from the
lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of a palet. — IL.
(Geyer), and southward.

47, ELEUSINE, Gaertn. Cran-Grass. Yarp-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 2-6-flowered, with a terminal imperfect flower or naked rudi-
ment, closely imbricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis; the spikes
digitate. Glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers; flowering glume
and palet awnless, the glume ovate, keeled, larger than the palet. Stamens 3.
Pericarp (utricle) containing a loose wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat
leaves, and flowers much as in Poa. (Name from ’EAevoly, the town where
Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped.)

KB. fxpica, Gaertn. (Doe’s-rary or Wire Grass.) (Pl. 9, fig. 1-6.)
Culms ascending, flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2’ long, greenish); glumes
oointless ; terminal flower a mere rudiment. — Yards, etc., chiefly southward.
(Nat. from Ind. 7)

EK. Zcypriaca, Pers. (Pl. 9, fig. 1-4, as Dactyloctenium.) Culms often
creeping at base; leaves ciliate at base; spikes 4—5; lower glume awned and
the flowering one pointed. (Dactyloctenium Mgyptiacum, Wi//d.) — Culti-
vated fields and yards, Va., Ill., and southward. (Adv. from Afr. ?)

48. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (PI. 15.)

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a long filiform rhachis; the spikes racemed. Glumes mem-
branaceous, keeled, rarely awned, nearly equal; flowering glume 3-nerved

GRAMINE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 657

sometimes simply awned, larger than the palet. Stamens 2 or 3. Seed
closely enclosed. — Ours annuals. Leaves flat. (Name composed of Aeros,
slender, and xAéa, grass, from the long attenuated spikes.)

1. L. mucronata, Kunth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20 - 40,
2-4’ in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelets small; glumes more *
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. —
Fields, Va. to Il., Mo., and southward. Aug.

49. BUCHLOE, Engelm. Burrato Grass. (PI. 15.)

Spikelets dicecious (rarely moncecious), very unlike; the staminate 2-5.
4owered, sessile in 2 rows in short 1-sided spikes, the empty glumes blunt,
l-nerved, very unequal, the flowering larger, 3-nerved, a little exceeding the
2-nerved palet; fertile spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted, capita.e, 1-sided
spike, the large outer glumes indurated, 3-fid at the apex, united at base and
resembling an involucre, the inner (lower) much smaller and membranaceous,
or in the lowest spikelet resembling the outer; flowering glume narrow, hya-
line, bifid or nearly entire, enclosing the 2-nerved palet. Styles distinct.
Grain ovate, free. — A perennial, creeping or stoloniferous, with narrow flat
leaves; staminate spikes (2-3) in a pedunculate spike, the pistillate pair ses-
sile in the broad sheaths of the upper leaves. (Name a contraction of buba-
lochloé, from BovBados, buffalo, and xAdn, grass.)

1. B. dactyloides, Engelm. Low (3-8’ high) and broadly tufted;
sterile spikes 3-6” long, the fertile heads 3” long. — Plains of the Sask. to
Minn., Kan., and Tex. One of the most valuable grasses of the plains.

50. TRIODIA, R.Br. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets 3 -12-flowered, somewhat terete, the rhachis with bearded joints;
terminal flower abortive. Empty glumes unequal; flowering glumes mem-
branaceous or somewhat chartaceous, much larger than the 2-testhed palet,
convex, 2~—3-toothed or cleft at the apex, conspicuously hairy-bearded or vil-
lous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are marginal or nearly so
and usually excurrent, as is the mid-nerve especially, into a short cusp or awn.
Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain oblong, nearly gibbous. —
Leaves taper-pointed; sheaths bearded at the throat. Panicle simple or com-
pound ; the spikelets often racemose, purplish. (Name from rpc, three, and
od0vs, a tooth, alluding to the flowering glume.)

§ 1. TRIODIA proper. Glumes shorter than the crowded flowers, the flowering
one 3-cuspidate by the projection of the nerves, and usually with intermediate
membranaceous teeth; palet naked.

1. T. cuprea, Jacq. (Tari Rep-rop.) Perennial; culm upright (3-5°
high), very smooth, as are the flat leaves; panicle large and compound, the
rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below; spikelets very numerous,
5 —7-flowered, shining, purple (4” long); the flowering glumes hairy toward
the base, their points almost equal, scarcely exceeding the intermediate teeth,
thus appearing 5-toothed. (Tricuspis seslerioides, Torr.) — Dry or sandy
fields, southern N. Y. to Mo., and southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with
the spreading panicle sometimes 1° wide,

698 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

§ 2. TRIPLASIS. Gilumes much shorter than the somewhat remote flowers ,
flowering glume and palet strongly fringe-bearded, the glume 2-cleft at the
summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the truncate or awn:
pointed divisions.

2. T. purptirea, Hack. (Sanp-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from
the same annual root, ascending (6-12’ high), with numerous bearded joints;
leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few
2—5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually exserted, the axillary ones
included in the commonly hairy sheaths; awn much shorter than the glume,
seldom exceeding its eroded-truncate or obtuse lateral lobes. (Tricuspis pur-
purea, Gray.) —In sand, Mass. to Va. along the coast, and southward ; also
L. Erie, near Buffalo, and Ill. Aug., Sept. — Plant acid to the taste.

51. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets several-flowered, narrow, erect and scattered along the slender
rhachis of the long spicate spikes; flowers all perfect or the uppermost stami-
nate. Empty glumes membranaceous, carinate, acute, unequal; flowering
glume slightly longer, 1 -3-nerved, 2-toothed, and mucronate or shortly awned
between the teeth. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain free. — Coarse grasses,
with narrow flat leaves, and several or many slender spikes sessile upon an
elongated peduncle. (Name from 6:Ados, double, and &xvn, in the sense of
chaff, with reference to the 2-lobed glume.)

1. D. fascicularis, Beauv. Smooth; leaves longer than the geniculate-
decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the panicle-
like spike, which is composed of many strict spikes (3-5’ long) ; spikelets
slightly pedicelled, 7 -11-flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes;
Jowers hairy-margined toward the base, the glume with 2 small lateral teeth
and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Leptochloa fascicularis, Gray.) —
Brackish meadows, from R. I. southward along the coast, and from IIL. south-
ward on the Mississippi. Aug.—Sept.

52. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reep. (PI. 11)

Spikelets 3-7-flowered ; the flowers rather distant, silky-villous at base, and
with a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
the lowest, which is either neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed,
very unequal; flowering glume and palet membranaceous, slender, the glume
narrowly awl-shaped, thrice the length of the palet. Squamule 2, large.
Styles long. Grain free.— Tall and stout perennials, with long running root-
stocks, numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. (®payyires,
ji owing in hedges, which this aquatic grass does not.)

1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding ; spikelets 3 — 5-flowered ;
flowers equalling the beard.— Edges of ponds. Sept.— Looks like Broom-
Corn at a distance, 5-12° high; leaves 2’ wide. (Eu.)

53. ARUNDO, L.

Flowers all perfect ; flowering glume bifid, short-awned ovetween the teeth
Otherwise as Phragmites. (The Latin name of the species.)

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 659

A. Donax, L. Very tall (10-18°); spikelets 3-4-flowered. — Closely re-
sembling Phragmites communis. Cultivated for ornament, and naturalized
in Bedford Co., Va. (A. H. Curtiss.) (Nat. from Eu.)

54, MUNROA, Torr. (PI 15.)

Spikelets usually 3-flowered, few (2-4) and nearly sessile in the axils of
floral leaves; flowers perfect, or the uppermost abortive. Empty glumes
lanceolate, acute, hyaline and l-nerved; flowering glumes larger, 3-nerved
rather rigid, the mid-nerve stout, excurrent, the lateral ones scarcely so. —
Low or prostrate many-stemmed annuals, fasciculately branched, with crowdea
short flat rigid or pungent leaves, the short sheaths strongly striate. (Named
for the English agrostologist, Maj.-Gen. William Munro.)

1. M. squarrosa, Torr. Glaucous, somewhat pubescent and villous at
the nodes or glabrous; leaves 3-12” long. — Dry plains, central Kan. to the
Dakotas, west to Mont., Utah, and New Mex.

55. KGiLERIA, Pers. (Pl. 10)

Spikelets 3—7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes membranaceous, compressed-keeled, obscurely 3-nerved, barely acute,
or the flowering glume often mucronate or bristle-pointed; the empty ones
moderately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free.
— Tufted with simple upright culms, the sheaths often downy; allied to Dac-
tylis and Poa. (Named for Prof. G. L. Koeler, an early writer on Grasses.)

1. K. cristata, Pers. Culms 1-2° high; leaves flat, the lower sparingly
hairy or ciliate; panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at base; spike-
lets 2-4-flowered ; flowering glume acute or mucronate.— Var. GRACILIS,
Gray, with a long and narrow spike, the flowers usually barely acute. — Dry
hills, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., thence north and westward. (Eu.)

56. EATONIA, Raf. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, with an abortive rudiment or pedicel, numer-
ous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Empty glumes some-
what equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers;
the lower narrowly linear, keeled, l-nerved; the upper broadly obovate, folded
round the flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Flow-
ering glume oblong, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the
palet very thin and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved.
— Perennial, tall and slender grasses, with simple tufted culms, and often
sparsely downy sheaths, flat lower leaves, and small greenish (rarely purplish)
spikelets. (Named for Prof. Amos Eaton, author of a popular Manual of the
Botany of the United States, which was for a long time the only general
work available for students in this country, and of other popular treatises.)

* Upper empty glume rounded-obovate and very obtuse ; panicle usually dense.

1. K. obtusata, Gray. (P1.10.) Panicle dense and contracted, somewhat
interrupted, rarely slender; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches ;

upper glume rough on the back; flowers lance-oblong. — Dry soil, N. Penn. te
Fla., Mich., and far westward. June, July.

660 GRAMINEXZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

x x Glume narrower, sometimes acutish ; panicle more loose and slender.

2. BE. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Leaves mostly 3-6’ long; panicle long
and slender, loose, the racemose branches lax and somewhat elongated ;
glumes thin and broadly scarious, the lowest half the length of the flower,
yery narrow, the upper obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ; the 2 (rarely 3)
flowers lanceolate, with pointed glumes. — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6 — 8’
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. MAgor, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palet minutely mucronate-pointed ! — Moist woods and meadows ; common.

3. E. Dudleyi, Vasey. Culms very slender; leaves shorter, 1-2’ long;
panicle very slender, the branches few, short and mostly appressed; empty
glumes nearly equal, the lower oblong, the upper broadly elliptical, apiculate ;
flowering glumes shorter than in n. 2, acutish. — Long Island to central N. Y.,
south to 8. C.

57. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 2—70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the flowering glume
is but 3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby-haired at the base, and is deciduous ;
palet persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat
of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (Name from
fip, spring, and &ypootis, a grass.)

*« Prostrate and creeping, much branched ; root annual ; spikelets flat, imper-
fectly diwcious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.

1. E. réptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10 -30-flowered ; flow-
ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. — Gravelly river-
borders; common. Aug.— Flowering branches 2-5’ high.

* * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6-15’ high),
annual; spikelets often large, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.

E. minor, Host. Sheaths often hairy; leaves flat,smooth; spikelets snort-
pedicelled, lance- or oblong-linear, 8 - 20-flowered, lead-colored (2—5% long) ;
flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves becoming evident, and keel smooth.
(I. poxoides, Beauv.) — Sandy waste places, eastward; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. mAsor, Host. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3-10 long),
becoming linear, whitish when old, 10—50-flowered ; flowers more spreading,
their glumes larger, with very strong lateral nerves and rough on the keel.
(5. pozoides, var. megastachya, Gray.) — Similar situations, and more com-
mon. Aug.— Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)

x * * Erect, or in group + diffusely spreading and ascending ; panicle open,
its branches capillary; spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute.
(Number of flowers in the spikelet very variable, according to age, etc.)

«= Annual ; culms slender, branching and decumbent or spreading at base ; leaves
narrow, flat, soft; branches of the narrow panicle rather short and thickly-
flowered, not bearded in the axils, or sometimes the lowest sparingly.

E. priosa, Beauv. (Pl. 10, fig. 1-4.) Panicle elongated-oblong, with
rather erect branches (except at flowering-time) ; spzkelets 5 —12-flowered (2 -
4” long, purplish-lead-color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels ;
empty glumes (small) and flowering ones obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, 1-nerved

(lateral nerves obsolete). — Sandy or gravelly waste places, 8. New Eng. to IL,
and southward. Aug.— Plant 6-12’ high. (Nat. from Eu.)

GRAMINE®. (GRASS FAMILY.) 661

2. EB. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched and diffuse (3-8 high) ; panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading ; spikelets 2-5-flowered (1-14” long), on
slender pedicels ; glumes very acute; the flowering one ovate, acute, rather ob-
securely 3-nerved.— Low or sandy ground, 8. Penn. to Kan., and southwest-
ward. Aug.

3. E. Purshii, Schrader. - Sparingly branched at the decumbent base,
then erect ($-2° high); panicle elongated, the branches widely spreading,
very loose; spikelets 5 - 18-flowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear (2 - 44”
long), mostly much shorter than their capillary pedicels ; glumes all ovate and
acute, or the flowering ones acutish, 3-nerved.— Sandy or sterile open grounds,
Penn. to Mo., and southwestward; also introduced northward.

+ + Culms simple, or branching only at the very base, firm, erect, mostly form-
ing thick tufts ; leaves very long ; panicle very large, compound, often longer
than the culm, with elongated loosely-flowered branches, their axils often
bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or n. 5 annual.)

4. K.téenuis, Gray. Panicle virgately elongated (1-24° long), very loose,
the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets 2-6- (sometimes 7 - 12-) flow-
ered, pale or greenish; lower glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (14-
2” long), membranaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; flowering
glume distinctly 3-nerved ; the upper ciliate-scabrous. — Sandy soil, Ohio to IL,
Kan., and southward. Aug.-Oct.— Leaves rather rigid, 14-2° long, gla-
brous or sparingly hairy; the sheaths hairy or glabrous; the throat strongly
bearded ; flowers much larger than in the next, fully 13” long.

5. BK. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long
diverging pedicels capillary ; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2 -4-flowered,
greenish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1” long) ; flow-
ering glume obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled ; the palet rough-ciliate. — Sandy
dry soil and fields; common, especially southward. Aug., Sept. — Leaves and
sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous; the former about 1° long, not rigid;
panicle 1- 2° long, soon diffuse.

6. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main
branches bearded in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or less appressed on
the secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5-15-flowered, becoming linear, purple
or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; flowering
glume strongly 3-nerved ; palet hirsute-ciliate. — Leaves long, rigid, mostly hairy,
the sheaths especially so; plant 1-38° high; spikelets 2-3” long, 1” wide,
closely flowered. — Var. specTABILIS, Gray. Leaves and sheaths mostly gla-
brous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels
shorter; spikelets rather larger. — Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the
coast, and from Ohio and IIl., southward. Aug.-Oct.

7. EK. campéstris, Trin. Glabrous or the sheaths villous at the throat ;
culm short, bearing an elongated and very open panicle with divaricate branches
bearded at base; spikelets linear, flat, 8 - 12-flowered, sessile or nearly so along
the branchlets; glumes very acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, roughish on the keel ;
palet minutely ciliate. (E. pectinacea, var. refracta, Chapm. Poa refracta,
Ell.) — Del. and Md. to Fla. and Ala.

662 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

58. MELICA, L. Metic-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 2 - 8-flowered ; the 1 -3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Empty
glumes usually large, scarious-margined, convex, obtuse; the upper 7-—9-
nerved. Flowering glume papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indu-
rating with age, rounded or flattish on the back, 5-many-nerved, scarious at
the entire blunt summit. Stamens 3.— Perennials with soft flat leaves. Pan-
icle simple or sparingly branched; the rather large spikelets racemose-one-
sided. (An old Italian name for Sorghum, from me/, honey.)

1. M. mtttica, Walt. (PI.10.) Slender, with usually narrow leaves, the
panicle often reduced to a simple raceme; lower glumes nearly equal and
almost equalling the spikelet; fertile flowers usually 2; flowering glumes
broad, smooth, obtuse. — Rich soil, Penn. to Fla., west to Wisc., lowa, and Tex.

2. M. diffusa, Pursh. Taller, 24-4° high, with mostly broader leaves
and a more usually compound and many-flowered panicle ; lower glumes more
unequal, the outer very broad; fertile flowers usually 3; flowering glumes
somewhat scabrous and more acute. (M. mutica, var. diffusa, Gray.) — Penn.
to IL, and southward.

59. DIARRHENA, Raf. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Empty glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coria-
ceous ; the lower much smaller; flowering glume ovate, convex on the back,
rigidly coriaceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate
or awl-shaped tip. Squamule ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large,
obliquely ovoid, obtusely pointed, rather longer than the glume, the cartilagi-
nous shining pericarp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial,
with running rootstocks, producing simple culms (2-3° high) with long linear-
lanceolate flat leaves toward the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedi-
celled spikelets (2-3” long) in avery simple panicle. (Name composed of
dis, two, and &ppnv, man, from the two stamens.)

1. D. Americana, Beauv. Shaded river-banks and woods, Ohio to {I1.,
and southward. <Aug.

60. UNIOLA; EL. Sprke-Grass. (Pl. 11.)

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged; 3-6 of the lowest
glumes empty, lanceolate, compressed-keeled ; flowering glume coriaceo-mem-
branaceous, strongly laterally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually
acute or pointed, entire, enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled palet
and the free laterally flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata
3). — Upright smooth perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping root-
stocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle.
(Ancient name of some plant, a diminutive of unio, unity.)

x Spikelets large (4-2 long), ovate or oblong, 9-30-flowered ; panicle open.

1. U. paniculata, L. (Sea Oars.) Culm and panicle elongated (4-
8° high) ; leaves narrow, when dry convolute ; spikelets ovate, short-pedicelled ;
glumes glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile ; stamens 3. — Sand-hills
on the seashore, 8. Va. and southward.

GRAMINEX. (GRASS FAMILY.) 663

2. U. latifolia, Michx. (PI. 11, fig. 1-3.) Culm 2-4° high; panicle
loose; /eaves broad and flat (nearly 1’ wide); spikelets at length oblong, hang-
ing on long pedicels; glumes acute, ciliate on the keel, all but the lowest with
perfect monandrous flowers. — Shaded slopes, S. Penn. to Il., and southward.

* * Spikelets small ; panicle contracted, wand-like ; perfect flowers long-pointed.

3. U. gracilis, Michx. Culm 3° high, slender; spikelets short-pedicelled
(2-3” long), broadly wedge-shaped, acute at base, 4 — 8-flowered ; glumes ovate
and divergently beaked, long, the 3 lowest empty.— Sandy soil, from Long
Island to Va., near the coast, and southward. Aug.

61. DISTICHLIS, Raf. Srrxe-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous, the lower faintly
many-nerved ; flowering glumes rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened,
faintly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dicecious, rather large.
Leaves crowded, involute, usually rigid. (Name from 8fo7txos, two-ranked.)

1. D. maritima, Raf. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9-18
high); spike oblong, flattened (1’ long) ; spikelets ovate or oblong, 5 —10-flow-
ered; glumes smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Brizopyrum spicatum,
Hook.) —Salt marshes and shores. Aug.—Glumes of the pistillate flowers
more rigid and almost keeled; stigmas very long, plumose; the staminate
glumes smaller and somewhat rounded on the back.

/

62. DACTYLIS, L. OrcHARD Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branch-
ing dense panicle. Glumes all herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate
on the keel; the flowering one 5-nerved, the upper most commonly smaller
and thinner. Stamens3. Grain lance-oblong, acute, free. — Stout tufted per-
ennial; leaves keeled. (Dactylos,a name in Pliny for a grass with digitate
spikes, from daKTvAos, a finger.)

D. cromerAta, L. Rough, ratner glaucous (3° high); leaves broadly
linear; branches of the panicle naked at base ; spikelets 3 — 4-flowered. — Fields
and yards, especially in shade. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

63. BRIZA, L. Quaxine Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal, purplish, very concave or
ventricose, 3-5-nerved; the flowering ventricose on the back, heart-shaped at
the base, papery-membranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-margined, ob-
scurely many-nerved; the palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the glumes, adhering to
the palet. — Leaves flat ; panicle loose, diffuse, with large showy spikelets often
drooping on delicate pedicels. (Bpi¢a, the Greek name of a kind of grain.)

B. mepia, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 - 9-flow-
ered (3” long); lower glumes shorter than the first flowering one; root per-
ennial. — Pastures; sparingly eastward. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

64. POA, L. MeEapow-Grass. Sprar-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2—10-) flow.
ered, in an open panicle. Empty glumes mostly shorter than the flowers, the

664 GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

lower smaller; flowering glume membranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate sca-
rious margin, compressed-keeled, pointless, 5-nerved (the intermediate nerves
more obscure or obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed with sots
hairs at and toward the often cobwebby base; palet membranaceous, 2-toothea.
Stamens 2 or 8. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. — Culma
tufted, from perennial roots, except n. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat ane
soft. (Toa, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.)

x Low and spreading (3-6 high) from an annual or biennial root, flaccid ,
branches of the short panicle single or in pairs.

P. Annua, L. (Low Spear-Grass.) Culms flattened; panicle often 1
sided, usually short and pyramidal, sometimes more slender (P. cristata
Chapm.); spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3-7-flowered. — Culti
vated and waste grounds, everywhere. April—Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

x * Low; the culms (6-20’ long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstock,
rigid, very much flattened ; panicle simple and contracted.

P. compressa, L. (Wrre-Grass. EncGiish Biue-Grass.) (PI. 10, fig.
1-4.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves short; panicle dense and narrow, some.
what one-sided (1 - 3’ long), the short branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets almost
sessile, 3-—10-flowered, flat. — Dry, mostly sterile soil, in waste places; rarely
in woods. (Nat. from Eu.)

x * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufts.

+ Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearly so, even to the branches of the panicle ; leaves
short and flat, short-pointed ; ligule elongated.

1. P. alpina, L. Culms rather stout (8 - 14’ high) ; leaves broadly linear,
especially those of the culm (14-2 long, 14-3” wide) ; panicle short and broad ;
spikelets broadly ovate, 3-9-flowered (about 3” long); flowering glume vil-
lous on the midrib and margins. — N. Maine (¢), Isle Royale and north shore
of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. P. laxa, Haenke. Culmsslender (4-9 high) ; leaves narrow ; panicle
somewhat raceme-like, narrow, often one-sided and nodding ; spikelets 2 —4-flow-
ered, one half smaller. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, N. H., and N. New
York, and high northward. (Eu.)

+ + More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle ; ligule short.

3. P. nemoralis, L. Culms 6-20’ high; leaves narrow, short, soon in
volute ; branches of the panicle 2-5 together, very scabrous; spikelets purplish
(or sometimes pale), 2—5-flowered; lower glumes ovate-lanceolate and taper.
pointed, the flowering lanceolate, somewhat webby at base, villous on the keel
and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. cesia, Smith.)— The
more common form has a usually narrow somewhat nodding panicle, with sbort
ascending branches, the small pale or purplish spikelets 2-flowered. Lab. to
N. Maine and N. Vt.; Lake Champlain (Pringle); N. shore of L. Superior
to N. Iowa, and westward. — A form with somewhat stouter and stricter habit,
the darker or often pale spikelets 3 -5-flowered (P. cesia, var. strictior, Gray),
corresponds nearly to the European P. cesia. High mountains of N. H. and
Vt., and Gardner’s Island, L. Champlain (C. E. Faxon), Isle Royale and N.
shore of L. Superior, and westward. — Also a form with the branches of the
short panicle broadly divaricate; N. Wisc. (Lapham). (Eu.)

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 665
* * * & Taller (1-3°) meadow or woodland grasses ; panicle open.

e- Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches
(usually in fives) of the oblong or pyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes
violet-tinged ; flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base.

4. P. serdétina, Ehrhart. (Fase Rep-rorp. Fowr Meapow-Grass.}
Culms tufted without running rootstocks; leaves narrowly linear, soft and
smooth; ligules elongated ; spikelets 2—4- (rarely 5-) flowered (1-2” long), ali
short-pedicelled in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple; flowers
and glumes narrow; flowering glume very obscurely nerved. — Wet meadows
and low banks of streams; common, especially northward. July, Aug.—A
good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.)

5. P. pratensis, L. (June Grass. Spear Grass. Kentucky BLue
Grass.) Culms sending off copious running rootstocks from the base, and the
sheaths smooth ; ligule short and blunt ; panicle short-pyramidal; spikelets 3 -5-
flowered, crowded, and mostly almost sessile on the branches, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate ; flowering glume 5-nerved, hairy on the margins as well as keel. — Common
in dry soil; imported for pastures and mcadows. Indigenous in mountain re-
gions from N. Penn. to New Eng., and northward. May-July. (Eu.)

P. rriviAtis, L. (RoucHisH MEApow-Grass.) Culms erect from asome
what decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks; sheaths and leaves
more or less rough; ligule oblong, acute; panicle longer or with the branches
more distant; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upward; flowering glume
prominently 5-nerved, naked at the margins ; otherwise nearly as in the preced-
ing. — Moist meadows, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

+ + Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels; plants soft and
smooth, flowering early. (No running rootstocks, except in n. 10.)

++ Spikelets small (1-2” long), pale green, rather loosely 2-4-flowered ; flowers
oblong, obtuse ; flowering glume scarcely scarious-tipped ; culm-leaves lance-
linear, acute, 1-3 long.

6. P. sylvéstris, Gray. Culm /flattish, erect; branches of the oblong-
pyramidal panicle snort, numerous, in fives or more; flowering glumes villous
on the keel its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingiy
webbed at base. — Rocky woods and meadows, western N. Y. to Wisc., Kan.,
and southward. June.

7. P. débilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak; branches of the small panicle
few and slender (the lower 14-2’ long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes;
flowers very obtuse, smooth and glabrous, except a sparing web at base. — Rocky
woodlands, R. I. to Penn. and Wisc. May.

xe ++ Spikelets 2” long, light green; oblong-lanceolate flowers and glumes acute.

8. P. alsodes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper-
most (2}-4’ long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle,
the capillary branches appressed when young. mostly in threes or fours; flow-
ering glume very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a narrow
_ cobwebby tuft at base, otherwise glabrous. — Woods, on hillsides, N. Eng. to
Penn. and Va., west to Wisc. May, June.
w+ ++ ++ Spikelets larger (3-4” long), pale green, rarely purple-tinged, few and

scattered at the ends of the long capillary branches (mostly in pairs or
threes) of the very diffuse panicle ; flowers 3-6, lapse, oblong and obtuse, as

666 GRAMINE&. (GRASS FAMILY.)

is the larger glume; flowering glume conspicuously scarious at the apex,
villous below the middle on the keel and margins ; culms flattish, smooth.

9. PB. flexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms 1-3° high, tufted, its
leaves all linear (2-5 long), gradually taper-pointed ; panicle very effuse (its
branches 2-4’ long to the 4—6-flowered spikelets or first ramification) ; flow-
ering glume prominently nerved, no web at the base. — Dry woods, Penn. and
Del. to Ky., and southward. Feb.- May. — Near the last.

10. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms 1-14° high from running rootstocks,
2=3-leaved, the upper leaves very short ($- 2’ long), lanceolate, all abruptly cus-
pidate-tipped ; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs; spikelets 3-4-
flowered; flowering glume rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at base. — Rocky
or hilly woodlands, Penn., Va., and sparingly westward to Ky. and Ill. April,
May. — Culm scarcely surpassing the long root-leaves.

65. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 2-4-flowered, compressed, the rhachis pilose on one side, jointed,
produced above the flowers into a hairy pedicel. Empty glumes thin-membra-
naceous, acute, carinate, mostly nearly equalling the remote flowers; flowering
glume thin and membranaceous or scarious, convex, scarcely keeled, faintly
nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary
glabrous. — Perennial, with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at base, the
spikelets in a loose panicle. (Named from ypadis, a pencil, and pépa, to bear,
from the terminal hairy pedicel.)

1. G@. melicoideum, Desv. Culm 1-2° high; leaves roughish; pan-
icle open; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough. —
N. Maine, N. Vt., Upper Mich., and northward; rare. — Var. MAuus, Gray, is
a luxuriant form, 2—3° high, with ampler panicle; borders of a swamp, Ma-
comb Co., Mich. Aug.

66. SCOLOCHLOA, Link. (Pl. 15.)

Spikelets 2-4-flowered, subterete. Rhachis hairy at the base of the flowers,
ending in a naked pedicel. Empty glumes concave, membranaceous, unequal,
the outer 3-nerved, acute, the inner 5-nerved, toothed at the apex, nearly equal-
ling the flowers; flowering glume more rigid, prominently 7-nerved, toothed
at the apex; nerves all parallel. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. Ovary hairy.
— Tall perennials, growing in water, with loosely sheathing leaves, and spike
lets in a lax panicle. (Name probably from ox@dos, a prickle, and xAéa, grass.)

1. §. festucacea, Link. Stout, 3-4° high, smooth; leaves rough on
the margins; panicle suberect; spikelets 3-4” long. (Festuca borealis
Hook.) —Emmet Co., Iowa (Cratty), and northward.

67. GLYCERIA, R.Br. Manna-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
unequal 1 -3-nerved membranaceous lower glumes behind. Flowering glume
and palet naked, of a rather firm texture, nearly equal; the glume rounded on
the back, scarious (and sometimes obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely

GRAMINEE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 667

acute summit, glabrous, prominently 5-7-nerved, the nerves parallel and sep-
arate. Squamulx fleshy and truncate, or none. Stamens commonly 2. Styles
present ; stigmas compoundly plumose. Ovary smooth, Grain oblong, free,
the furrow very narrow or none. — Perennial smooth marsh grasses, mostly
with creeping bases or rootstocks; spikelets panicled. (Name from yAukepés,
sweet, in allusion to the taste of the grain.)
x Spikelets ovate, oblong, or linear-oblong, 1-3” in length,
+ At length nodding in an open panicle, flattish laterally but turgid.

1. G. Canadénsis, Trin. (RatrLesnake-Grass.) Culm stout, 2—3°
high; leaves long, roughish; panicle oblong-pyramidal, at length drooping ;
spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tumid, Briza-like, 2” long, pale, with
purplish glumes; flowering glume acute or blunt-pointed, firm, with not very
prominent nerves, longer than the rounded palet. — Bogs and wet places ; com-
mon from Penn. to E. Kan., and northward. July.

+ + Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid.

2. G. obttsa, Trin. Culm stout, 1-2° high, very leafy; leaves long,
smooth; panicle narrowly oblong, dense (3-5’ long); spikelets 3—7-flowered,
2-3” long; flowering glume obtuse. — Bogs, E. New Eng. to Penn. and
southward, near the coast.

3. G. elongata, Trin. Leaves very long (1° or more), rough; panicle
narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long), recurving ; the branches and 3 —4-flow-
ered spikelets appressed ; flowering glume obtuse. — Wet woods, N. Eng. to
Mich., Minn., and northward; Roan Mt., N. C. (Scribner). July - Aug.

+ + + Diffuse ; flower-glume truncate-obtuse, strongly 7-nerved ; palet 2-toothed.

4. G. nervata, Trin. (Fowr Meapow-Grass.) (PI. 10, fig. 1-3.)
Culm erect, 1-3° high; leaves rather long; branches of the loose panicle
capillary, at length drooping, the numerous small spikelets (1 - 2’ long, commonly
purplish) ovate-oblong, 3-7-flowered. — Moist meadows; common. June.

5. G. pallida, Trin. Culms slender, 1—3° long, ascending from a creep-
ing base ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale ; branches of the rather simple panicle
slender, erect-spreading, rough; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed,
oblong-linear, 5-9-flowered (pale, 2-3” long); flowering glume minutely 5-
toothed ; the palet lanceolate, conspicuously 2-toothed. — Shallow water ; Maine
to Va., west to Ky., Ind., and Mich.; common, especially northward. July.

6. G. grandis, Watson. (REED Meapow-Grass.) Culm stout, up-
right, 3-5° high; leaves large (1- 2° long, 4—-}’ wide) ; panicle much branched,
ample (8-15 long), the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age ; spike-
lets oblong or linear-oblong, 3—6-flowered (usually purplish, 2-3” long) ; flow-
ering glume entire. (G. aquatica of Amer. authors.) — Wet grounds; N. Eng.
to western N. Y., Mich., Minn., and westward.

x x Spikelets linear (4-1 long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long nar-
row racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis ; palets minutely roughish,
the upper 2-toothed ; squamule unilateral or united ; ligule long; culm flat-
tened (1—5° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.)

7. G. fluitans, R. Br. Panicle 1° long; the simple branches appressed,
finally spreading below ; leaves short and rather broad, very smooth ; spikelets

668 GRAMINE&, (GRASS FAMILY.)

7 —13-flowered ; flowering glume oblong, obtuse, or the scarious tip acutish, entire
or obscurely 3-lobed, usually rather longer than the blunt palet. — Shallow
water; common. June- Aug.

8. G. acutiflora, Torr. Spikelets 5-12-flowered, few and scattered;
flowering glume oblong-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the long tapering point of the
palet.— Wet places, Penn. to Maine; rather rare. June. — Resembles the
last; but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (47
long), and less nerved.

68. PUCCINELLIA, Parl. (Pl. 15.)

Characters as in Glyceria, but the flowering glumes inconspicuously or ob
soletely 5-nerved ; squamule thin and distinct; stigmas sessile and simply plu-
mose; grain compressed, often broadly furrowed.— Mostly saline species;
perennial. (Named for Prof. Benedetto Puccinelli, an Italian botanist.)

1. P. maritima, Parl. (Goose-Grass. Sea Spear-Grass.) Root
stoloniferous ; culms erect, 1-14° high; leaves involute, acute or pungent ; lower
branches of the narrow panicle often solitary or in pairs, appressed or more or
less spreading; spikelets 3-6” long, oblong or linear, 4-9-flowered ; flower-
ing giumes rounded at the summit, 14” long. (Glyceria maritima, Wahl.
Atropis maritima, Griseb.) —— Marshes along the coast; not rare, and some-
what variable in the form of the panicle and size of the glumes. (Eu.)

Var. (?) minor, Watson. Culms low and slender, from very slender
creeping rootstocks; leaves very narrow and involute ; ligule long; panicle
short and very narrow; spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers 1” long or less. —
Shore of Mt. Desert Island (£. L. Rand); Labrador (J. A. Allen). — Proba-
bly rather a form of the western P. airoides (Poa airoides, Nutt.).

2. P. distans, Parl. Not stoloniferous ; culms rather stout, geniculate
below; leaves mostly flat, short; ligule short; lower branches of the panicle
in fours or fives, usually more or less naked at base, soon spreading and at
length deflexed; spikelets 2-3’ long, 3-6-flowered ; flowering glume trun-
cate-obtuse, $-1” long. (Glyceria distans, Wahl. Atropis distans, Griseb.)
—Salt marshes along the coast and on ballast; apparently much rarer than
the last, and perhaps not native. (Eu.)

69. FESTUCA, L. Fescun-Grass. (Pl. 10.)

Spikelets 3-many-flowered, panicled or racemose; the flowers not webby
at base. Lower glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Flowering glumes charta-
ceous or almost coriaceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less
3 —5-nerved, acute, pointed, or often bristle awned from the tip, rarely blunt;
the palet mostly adhering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1-3.
— Flowers, and often the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin
name of some kind of grass, of uncertain meaning.)

* Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or awned from the tip; panicle contracted.

+ Annuals or biennials, slender, 5-18’ high; leaves convolute-bristle-form.

F. Mywtrvs, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowered ;
lower glumes very unequal; awn much longer than the flowering gli:me, fully
6” in length; stamen 1.— Dry fields, Nantucket, Mass., to Del., and south:
ward. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

GRAMINEH. (GRASS FAMILY.) 669

1. F. tenélla, Willd. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound
and open; spikelets 7-13-flowered; awn 1-3” long or more, usually shorter
than or about equalling the glume; stamens 2.— Dry sterile soil, especially
southward. June, July.

+ + Perennial, tufted, 6-24’ high; stamens 3.

2. F. ovina, L. (SuHeerp’s Fescue.) Glaucous, $+-2° high; leaves mostly
radical, very narrow and convolute; panicle somewhat one-sided, short, usu-
ally more or less compound, open in flowering; spikelets 3-8-flowered ; awn
not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost
wanting. — Indigenous in porthern New Eng., about Lake Superior, and
northward; naturalized farther south as a pasture grass. June.— Varies
greatly. — Var. vivfpara, L. (which with us has running rootstocks), a state
with the spikelets partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine
summits of the White Mts., and high northward.— Var. puritscuLa, Koch,
is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more compound pani-
cle; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with their sheaths
either smooth or hairy. New Eng. to Va., and westward, as a naturalized
plant, and indigenous northward. A native form of this variety with a lax
panicle, 2—4-flowered spikelets, and slender awns nearly as long as the glume
(var. rubra, of last ed.), is found on Keweenaw Peninsula (Aolbins) and Isle
Royale, L. Superior (Gilman). (Eu.)

*« * Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (14-4 long) ; grain often
free! (Root perennial ; culms mostly tall; leaves flat.)

3. F. nutans, Willd. Culm 2-4° high, naked above; leaves broadly
linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy; panicle of several long
and slender spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping when old, rough,
naked below, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 3 -5-flowered spikelets
(3” long) on pretty long pedicels; flowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close to-
gether, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely 5-nerved. — Rocky woods and copses.
July. — A common form with the panicle more or less contracted and some-
what erect has been distinguished as F. Shortii.

F. evatior, L. (TaLvLer or Meapow Fescve.) (PI. 10, fig.1-3.) Pani-
cle narrow, contracted before and after flowering, erect, with short branches ,
spikelets crowded, 5-10-flowered ; flowers rather remote, oblong-lanceolate ;
flowering glume 5-nerved, scarious-margined, blunt, acute, or rarely with a
distinct but very short awn. — The type is large, 3-4° high; spikelets about
6” long, in an ample and compound panicle. Rich grass-land.— Var. pra-
TENSIS, Gray (F. pratensis, Huds.), is lower (1-3° high), with a simpler or
close panicle of smaller or narrower spikelets, and abounds in grass-lands.
June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

F. cicantéa, Vill. Erect, glabrous, 3-4° high; leaves bright green, 3-6”
broad ; panicle very loose, nodding ; spikelets 3 -6-flowered ; flowering glumes
3” long, with a slender awn of twice the length. — Of rare occurrence near the
coast. (Nat. from Eu.)

70. BROMUS, L. _ Brome-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 5-many-flowered, panicled. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ;
the lower 1-5-, the upper 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume either convex on

670 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

the back or compressed-keeled, 5-9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from
below the mostly 2-cleft tip; palet at length adhering to the groove of the
oblong or linear grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the
ovary. — Coarse grasses, with large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels
thickened at the apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from Bpowos, food.)

§ 1. Flowering glume oblong, turgid, and convex on the back ; the flowers imbri-
cated over one another before expansion ; lower empty glume distinctly 3 -5-
nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved.

* Perennial; indigenous. Lower glume strongly 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved.

1. B. Kalmii, Gray. (Witp Cuess.) Culm slender (1}-3° high) ;
leaves and sheaths conspicuously or sparingly hairy; panicle simple, small
(3 -4’ long); spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 — 12-flowered,
densely silky all over; awn only one third the length of the lance-oblong
flower; flowering glume 7 -9-nerved, much longer and larger than the palet.
— Dry ground, N. Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. June, July.

* * Annuals or biennials, introduced into grain-fields, or rarely in waste grounds.

B. sechuinus, L. (Cueat or Cuess.) (PI. 10, fig. 1, 2.) Panicle spread-
ing, even in fruit, the drooping peduncles little branched; spikelets oblong-
ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8-10 rather distant flowers; glume rather longer
than the palet, short-awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous. — ‘Too com-
mon in wheat-fields. June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. mouuis, L. (Sorr Curess.) Whole plant downy; panicle more erect,
contracted in fruit; spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; flowers closely
imbricated ; glume acute, equalling the awn. — Wheat-fields, N. Y. to Va.;
scarce. June. (Ady. from Eu.)

B. racemosus, L. (Upricur Cuess.) Very similar to the last, but nearly

labrous or the sheaths sometimes hairy; glumes glabrous and shining.

(Ady. from Eu.)

§ 2. Flowering glume somewhat convex, but keeled and laterally more or less com-
pressed, at least above ; flowers soon separating from each other ; lower empty
glume }-nerved, the upper 3-nerved, or with an obscure additional pair.

* Perennial, tall (3-5° high); flowers oblong or lanceolate.

2. B. eiliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches
at length divergent, drooping; spikelets 7-12-flowered; flowering glume
tipped with an awn 4-2 its length, silky with appressed hairs near the mar-
gins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back ; —
or, in var. PURGANS, Gray, clothed all over with short and fine appressed
hairs. — River-banks and moist woodlands; common. July, Aug.— Culm
and large leaves (3-6” wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths in the
larger forms often hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising
several forms.

B. Asper, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller; spikelets 5—9-flowered ;
glume linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather longer
than the awn; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — N. Brunswick to
Mich. and Ky. (Nat. from Eu.)

x * Annual or biennial ; flowers slender ; palet pectinate-ciliate on the nerves.

B. sréricis, L. Culm glabrous; leaves rather downy; panicle open ;
spikelets on elongated nearly straight simple peduncles, of 5-9 rather distant
7-neryed roughish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1’ long). —
Waste places and river-banks, E. Mass. to Penn.; rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

od

GRAMINEM. (GRASS FAMILY.) 671

B. recrorum, L. Leaves short; panicle lax, somewhat 1-sided, the more
numerous pubescent spikelets on very slender curving pedicels. — More com:
mon, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

71. hOwEe MG Dinner.) (Pl11.)

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise; empty glumes, except in the terminal spikelet, only one
(the upper) and external. Otherwise nearly as in Agropyrum. (Ancient
Latin name.)

L. perenne, L. (Common Darnet, Ray- or Rye-Grass.) Root peren:
nial; glume shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short-
awned. — Fields and lots; eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. temuvéntum, L. (BearpEp DarnNet.) Root annual; culm taller;
outer glume fully equalling the 5-7-flowered spikelet ; awn longer than the flower
% long).— Grain-fields; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

72. AGROPYRUM, Gaertn. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 3- many-flowered, compressed, 2-ranked, alternate on opposite
sides of a solitary terminal spike, single at each joint (the lowermost, or all,
rarely in pairs) and sessile with the side against the axis. Glumes trans-
verse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and opposite, lanceolate, herbaceous,
nerved. Flowering glumes rigid, convex on the back, 5-7-nerved, pointed
or awned from the tip; palet flattened, bristly-ciliate on the nerves, adherent
to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3.— Our species rather coarse perennials,
of difficult definition. (Name from dypés, a field, and rupés, wheat.)

* Multiplying by long running rootstocks ; awn shorter than the flower or none.

1. A. repens, Beauv. (Covucu-, Quitcn-, or Quick-Grass.) Spikelets
4—8-flowered, glabrous or nearly so; glumes 3-7-nerved; rhachis glabrous,
but rough on the edges; awns when present straight; leaves flat and often
roughish or pubescent above. (Triticum repens, L.)— Nat. from Europe in
cultivated grounds, fields, etc., and very troublesome ; indigenous in some of
its forms northwestward and on the coast.— Varies greatly. The ordinary
form has a narrow spike, with 3—5-flowered spikelets, the glumes merely
acute and rigid-cuspidate, or acuminate, or short-awned. A tall form, rather
bright green, bears awns nearly as long as the glumes. Other forms abound,
especially on or near the coast. A maritime variety, much resembling var.
glaucum, Boiss. (A. glaucum, R. § S.), with large crowded 5- 10-flowered
spikelets and glumes very blunt or mucronate, glaucous and the leaves
rather rigid and pungent, occurs on the coast of Maine (Cape Elizabeth,
Tuckerman). In the more usual form of this variety, with the large spikes
often elongated (3-9) and the leaves less rigid, the glumes are acuminate
“or rarely short-awned. The rhachis or the whole inflorescence and the lower
sheaths are sometimes very pubescent. The glabrous state, or a very similar
glabrous variety, is also abundant in the western region, from Kan. and Neb. to
the Dakotas, and westward, where it is known as Blue-joint or Blue-siem. (Eu.)

2. A. dasystachyum, Vasey. Resembling the last; glaucous; leaves
narrow and often involute ; the 5-9-flowered spikelets densely downy-hairy all
over; glumes thinner with scarious margins, mostly long-acuminate. (Triti-
cum dasystachyum, Gray.) — Sandy shores of Lake Huron and Superior, and
northward. Aug.

672 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* * No obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves some-
times hairy above; glumes as well as flowers mostly awned or awn-pointed.

3. A. violaceum, Lange. Spike short, dense, strict and rigid, usually
tinged with violet or purple; spikelets 3-5-flowered ; glumes conspicuously 5-
nerved, rather abruptly narrowed into a cusp or short awn. (Triticum viola-
ceum, Hornem.) — Alpine region of the White Mts., L. Superior, north and
westward. (Eu.) — Passing into a variety with longer usually pale nar-
row spikes and attenuate often long-awned glumes, which sometimes ap-
proaches A. caninum. N. Brunswick, White Mts., N. H., Penn. (Porter), L.
Superior, and westward.

4. A.caninum, R.& S. (Awnep Wueat-Grass.) Spike usually more
or less nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (3-6‘ long); spikelets 3 —-5-
flowered; glumes 3-5-nerved ; awns straight or somewhat bent or spreading,
fully twice the length of the palet. (Triticum caninum, 4.) — Sparingly natu-
ralized in cultivated ground and meadows. Indigenous along our northern
borders, and westward. (Eu.)

5. A. ténerum, Vasey. Culms 1-3° high; leaves narrow; spike very
narrow, 2-7’ long; spikelets 3 -5-flowered; glumes short-acuminate. — Minn.
to Kan., and very common westward.

73. LEPTURUS, R.Br.

Spikelets 1 -2-flowered, solitary and alternate upon the opposite sides of a
narrow spike, sessile and appressed in the concave joints. Empty glumes
transverse, narrow, rigid, 5-nerved, the flowering much shorter, thin and hya-
line. — Low annuals, branching at the base, with narrow leaves and rigid
often curved spikes. (Name from Aemrds, narrow, and ovpa, tail, or spike.)

L. meurvAtus, Trin. Much branched, decumbent, 6’ high or less; spikes
terminal and lateral, 1-4’ long, the base included in the broad sheath. —
Borders of brackish marshes, Md. to 8. Va., and on ballast northward. (Nat.
from Eu.)

74. HORDEUM, Toum. Bartey. (Pl. 11)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three
at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, but the iateral ones usually
imperfect or abortive, and short-stalked. Empty glumes side by side in front
of the spikelets, 6 in number, forming a kind of involucre, slender and awn-
pointed or bristle-form. Flowering glume and palet herbaceous, the former
(anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3. Grain oblong,
commonly adherent. — Spike often separating into joints. Ours annuals or
biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. H. jubatum, L. (Squrrrer-rait Grass.) (PI. 11, fig.1,2.) Low;
lateral flowers abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower
bearing a capillary awn (2’ long) about equalling the similar capillary glumes,
all spreading. — Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June.

2. H. praténse, Huds. Low (6-18 high), lateral flowers imperfect or
neutral, awnless or merely pointed; perfect flower with awn as long as those
of the glumes (3-6); spike linear, 1 - 2’ long. — Plains, especially in saline
soil, Ohio to Ill. and westward; also sparingly introduced, Va., and south-
ward along the coast. May, June. (Eu.)

GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.) 673

75. ELYMUS, LL. Lyme-Grass. Witp Rye. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhachis of a terminal spike, all fertile
and alike, sessile, each 1-7-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by
side in front of the spikelets, 2 for each spikelet, forming an involucre to the
cluster. Flower coriaceous; the glume rounded on the back, acute or awned
at the apex. Grain adherent to the involving glume (whence the name, ap
ancient one for some grain, from éAva, to roll up).

* Glumes and flowers firm or rigid, all or only the latter awned ; spikelets 1 —5

flowered ; slender perennials, with rather harsh and broad flat leaves.
+ Spike large and stout.

1. E. Virginicus, L. (Pl.11, fig.1-3.) Culm stout, 2-3° high; spike
rigidly upright, dense (2 -3’ long, 6” thick), the short peduncle usually included
in the sheath; spikelets 2-3 together, 2-3-flowered, smooth, rather short-
awned, about the length of the thickened strongly-nerved and bristle-pointed
lanceolate glumes. — River-banks; common. Aug.

2. EK. Canadénsis, L. Spike soon nodding (5-9 long), on an exserted
peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3-5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy
flowers ; the awl-shaped glumes tipped with shorter awns. — Var. GLAUCIFOLIUS,
Gray, is pale or glaucous throughout, the flowers with more spreading awns
(1}’ long). — Var. INrERMEDIUS, Vasey, has the awns scarcely longer than the
glumes. — River-banks ; common.

+ + Spike and culm more slender

3. E. striatus, Willd. More or less pubescent ; spike dense and thickish
(2-4 long), upright or slightly nodding; spikelets mostly in pairs, 1 -2- (or
rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy ; glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned,
1 -3-nerved, about thrice the length of the flowers, which are only 3” long ex-
clusive of the capillary awn (1’ long). — Var. viLLosus, Gray, has very hairy
flowers and glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July,
Aug.

4. Bj. Sibiricus, L., var. Americanus. Glabrous; spike wand-like
(2-6 long, 2-3” thick), often somewhat nodding; spikelets in pairs, 3 -6-
flowered ; glumes linear-lanceolate, 3 -5-nerved, acuminate and smooth or often
scabrous on the nerves, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which bear an
erect awn of once or twice their length. — Marquette, Mich. (Porter), N. Minn..
and westward.

* * Glumes and palet awnless and soft in texture ; reed-like perennials.

5. E. mollis, Trin. Culm (3° high) velvety at top; spike thick, erect
8’ long); spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5-8-flowered; the lanceolate pointed
5—7-nerved glumes (1’ long) and the pointed flowers soft-villous; rhachis of
the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes, Maine, and
northward. (Near E. arenarius.)

* * * Kmpty glumes very narrow, and all very long-awned ; spike disarticu-
lating at maturity.

6. E. Sitanion, Schultes. Low (4-2° high), stout; spike 1-4’ long, the
peduncie slightly exserted ; the spreading scabrous awns 2-3’ long. — Central
Minn. to Kan., and westward.

674 GRAMINEZ. (GRASS FAMILY.)

76. ASPRELLA, Willd. Borrre-nrusn Grass. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 2-3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis of a ter-
minal spike, raised on a very short callous pedicel, loosely 2 —4-flowered (when
solitary flatwise on the rhachis). Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and de-
ciduous. Otherwise nearly as in Elymus. (Name a diminutive of asper,
rough or prickly.)

1. A. Hystrix, Willd. Perennial; culms 3-4° high; leaves and sheaths
smoothish ; spike loose (3-6’ long); the spreading, spikelets 2-3 together,
early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy, tipped with an awn
thrice their length (1’ long). (Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb.) — Moist
woodlands. July, Aug.

77. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets flattened, 5 - 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Empty glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one
larger. Flowering glumes and palet herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous,
the glume convex on the back, many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point
or bristle. Squamulz 3, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain oblong,
free. — Arborescent or shrubby grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and
with large spikelets in panicles or racemes; blade of the leaf jointed upon the
sheath; flowers polygamous. (Name from arundo, a reed.)

1. A. macrospérma, Michx. (Larce Cane.) (PI. 11, fig. 1,2.) Culms
arborescent, 10-40° high and 4-3’ thick at base, rigid, simple the first year,
branching the second, afterwards at indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after
decaying; leaves lanceolate (1-2 wide), smoothish or pubescent, the sheath
ciliate on one margin, stoutly fimbriate each side of the base of the leaf; pan-
icle lateral, composed of few simple racemes; spikelets 1-3’ long, purplish
or pale, erect; flowering glume lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous or
pubescent, fringed (5-12” long). — River-banks, S. Va. (4), Ky., and south-
ward, forming cane-brakes. April.

Var. suffruticosa, Munro. (Swirco Cane. Smarty Cane.) Lower and
more slender (2—10° high), often growing in water; leaves 4”-1’ broad;
spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches, or fre-
quently on leafless radical culms. (A. tecta, Muh/.) —Swamps and moist soil,
Md., S. Ind. to S. E. Mo., and southward. Sometimes fruiting several years
in succession. |

SERIES IL

CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

VEGETABLES destitute of proper flowers (i. e. having no
stamens nor pistils), and producing instead of seeds minute
one-celled germinating bodies called spores, in which there
is no embryo or rudimentary plantlet.

Cuass II]. ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis or stem, grow-
ing from the apex, and commonly not with later increase
in diameter, usually furnished with distinct leaves ; repro-
duction by antheridia and archegonia, sometimes also by
gemmation.

Susctass I. VASCULAR’ ACROGENS, or PTERI-
DOPHYTES2

Stems containing woody fibre and vessels (especially scalari-
form or spiral ducts). Antheridia or archegonia, or both,
formed on a minute prothaJlus which is developed from the
spore on germination, the archegonium containing a nucleus,
which after fertilization becomes an odspore and at length
grows into the conspicuous spore-bearing plant.

Orper 130. EQUISETACEZE. (Horsetam FAmrty.)

Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems
from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when fertile,
terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-
shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. — A single genus.

1 The orders of this Subclass have been elaborated arvew for this edition by
Prof. DANIEL C. Eaton of Yale University

676 EQUISETACEZ. (HORSETAIL FAMILY. }

l. EQUISETUM, L. Horsetatt. Scourtne Rusu. (PI. 21)

Spore-cases (sporangia, thece) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the an-
gled shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side
and discharging the numerous loose spores. To the base of each spore are
attached 4 thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely
around the spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Rootstocks perennial,
wide-creeping, hard and blackish, jointed, often branched and sometimes bear-
ing small tubers. Stems erect, cylindrical, hollow, jointed ; the surface striated
or grooved with alternate ridges and furrows, the cuticle in most species con.
taining silica in the form of minute granules, rosettes, or tubercles; the joints
containing besides the central air-cavity a circle of smaller hollows beneath
the furrows and a set of still smaller ones beneath the ridges; the nodes closed
and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath which is divided into teeth
corresponding in number and position to the principal ridges of the stem;
stomata in the furrows, each with two pairs of guard-cells, of which the outer
pair is marked with radiating lines of silica. Branches, when present, in
whorls from the base of the sheath, like the stem, but without the central air-
cavity. Prothallus green, formed upon the ground, often variously lobed,
usually dicecious. (The ancient name, from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.)

§ 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter.

* Fruiting in spring from soft and rather succulent pale or brownish fertile stems,
the sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and very different.

« Fertile stems unbranched, destitute of chlorophyll and soon perishing ; the
sterile branching copiously.

1. KE. arvénse, L. (Common H.) Fertile stems (4-10’ high) with loose
and usually distant about 8-12-toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at lengtn
1 -2° high), 10- 14-furrowed, producing long and simple or sparingly branched
4-angular branches, their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist, especially
gravelly soil; very common. March-May. Rootstocks often bearing little
tubers.— Var. CAMPESTRE, Milde, is a not uncommon state, in which the ster-
ile stem bears a small fruiting spike at the summit. (Eu.)

+ + Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting
through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fructification.

2. E.praténse, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing
simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth,
those of the branches 3-toothed ; stems more slender and the branches shorter
chan in the last. — Mich. to Minn., and northward. April, May. (Eu.)

3. E. sylvaticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro-
ducing compound racemed branches; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt
teeth, those of the branches bearing 4 or 5, of the branchlets 3, lance-pointed
divergent teeth. — Wet shady places; common northward. May. (Eu.)

* * Fruiting in summer ; stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous
with and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostly simple branches,
or sometimes nearly naked.

4. EB. palustre, L. Stems (10-18’ high) slender, very deeply 5 -9-
grooved, the ridges narrow and acute, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped teeth

*

EQUISETACE®. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 677

whitish-margined; branches always hollow, 4—7-angled, rather few in a
whorl. — Wet places, Niagara River (Clinton), Wisc. (Austin), and northward.
June. (Ku.)

5. H. littorale, Kiihlewein. Stems (8-18’ high) slender, deeply 6 -16-
grooved, the ridges rounded, the teeth shorter than in the last, narrowly white-
margined ; branches often solid, 3-4-angled, 2-6 in a whorl. — Wet sandy
shores, Vt. and N. Y., and northward.— Spores always abortive, whence the
plant has been considered a hybrid, perhaps of E. arvense and E. limosum
July. (Eu.)

6. EK. limosum,L. (PI.21, fig.1-5.) Stems (2-5° high) slightly many-
furrowed, smooth, sometimes continuing unbranched, but usually producing
ascending branches after fructification ; sheaths appressed, with 10-22 (com.
monly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth.—In shallow water :
tather common. — Air-cavities none under the grooves, but small ones under
ghe ridges. A form in which the branches bear numerous small spikes is var.
POLYSTACHYUM, Briickner. June, July. (Eu.)

§ 2. Stems all alike, evergreen, unbranched, or producing a few slender erect
branches ; fruiting in summer. Central avr-cavity of the stem very large.

Stems tall and stout (14-4° or even 6° high), simple, or casually branched,
evenly many-grooved ; sheaths appressed.

7. KE. hyemale, L. (Scourrne-Rusw. Suave-Grass.) Stems 1}-4°
high, 8-34 grooved, the ridges roughened by two more or less distinct lines of
tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb :
ridges of the sheaths obscurely 4-carinate, the teeth blackish, membranaceous,
soon falling off.—Wet banks; commen northward. Formerly in common
use for polishing wood and metal. (Eu.)

8. HE. robustum, Braun. Stems tall and stout (sometimes 8-10° high
and nearly an inch thick), 20-48-grooved, the redges roughened with one line
of transversely oblong tubercles ; sheaths rather short, with a black girdle at base
and a black limb; ridges of the sheaths tricarinate, the blackish teeth soon
falling off. — River-banks, Ohio and westward.

9. BE. levigatum, Braun. Stems 1-4° high, rather slender, pale green,
14-30-grooved, the ridges almost smooth; sheath slightly enlarged upward,
with a black girdle at the base of the mostly deciduous white-margined teeth,
and rarely also at the base of the sheath; ridges of the sheath with o.e keel,
or sometimes obscurely tricarinate. — By streams and in clayey places, Ohie
co Minn., and westward.

* * Stems slender, in tufts, 5-10-grooved; sheaths looser.

10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending (6 - 18’ long), usually
simple from a branched base, 5—10-grooved; sheaths green variegated with
black above, the 5-10 teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-
banks, N. H. (Bellows Falls, Carey) and Niagara to Minn, and northward;
rare. (Eu.)

ll. E. scirpoides, Michx. Stems very numerous ina tuft, filiform (3- 6’
high), fleruous and curving, mostly 6-grooved, with acute ridges; sheaths 3-
toothed, the bristle-pointed teeth more persistent; central air-cavity wanting.
—- Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

678 FILICES. (FERNS.)

OrpeR 131. FILICES. (Ferns,)

Leafy plants, with the leaves (fronds) usually raised on a stalk or peti-
ole (stipe), rising from a (sometimes greatly elongated) rootstock, sepa-
rately rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bearing on the under surface
or along the margin small reticulated sporangia, which at length split open
and discharge the numerous minute spores. Prothallus green, above ground, _
normally moncecious.

SuporpER I. Polypodiaceze. Sporangia collected in dots, lines,
or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit-dots) on the back or margins
of the frond or its divisions, cellular-reticulated, stalked, the stalk run-
ning into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening
at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, dis-
charging the spores. Fruit-dots often covered (at least when young) by
a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre), growing
either from the back or the margin of the frond. (Plates 16-19.)

Tribe I. POLYPODIE. Fructification on the back of the frond, in round or
roundish fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, without indu-
sium of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstock, leaving a distinct scar when
separated. Veins free (not reticulated) in our species.

1. Polypodium. Sori round, in one or more rows, on each side of the midrib or of the
seginents of the frond.
Tribe Il. GRAMMITIDE2. Sori more or less elongated, without indusium, placed
on the back of the frond, usually along the veins or near their extremities. Veins free
in our species. ,

2. Notholzena. Sori short, of few rather large sporangia, placed near the tips of the
veins ; under surface of the frond usually either chaffy, woolly, or powdery.

Tribe III. PTERIDEZ&. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes
not articulated to the rootstock. Veins free in all our species.

* Sporangia at the ends of the veins, on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond.
3. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules marginal or none. Stipe black and polished.

* * Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, connecting the apices of
the veins, and covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin.

4. Pteris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored.

* * * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface
of the frond ; indusium various.

5. Cheilanthes. Sori minute, at the ends of the veins ; indusium continuous or inter-
rupted. Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly, or pulverulent, rarely smooth.

6. Pellzea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub-
marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely wanting.
Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike ; stipes dark-colored ; fronds smooth.

7. Cryptogramme. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins,
at first covered by the very broad continuous indusium, at length exposed and con-
fluent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different ; stipes light-colored ; fronds smooth.

Tribe IV. BLECHNE2&. Sori oblong or linear, borne on a veinlet parallel to the
midrib, and covered with a special usually concave or arched indusium attached to the
fruiting veinlet, and opening along the inner side.

8. Woodwardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein.
Veins reticulated.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 679

Tribe Ve ASPLENIEZ.. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides of
oblique veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one side to the fertile
vein, and is free on the other. Stipes uot articulated.

9. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side or rarely on both sides of a veinlet. Veins free
in all our species.
10. Scolopendrium. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single
sorus with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free.
11. Camptosorus. Sori oblong, variously curved, or some of them in opposite pairs.
Veins reticulated.
Tribe VI. ASPIDIEZ.. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of
the vein, with a special indusium, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to the rootstock,
* Indusium obsolete or none.
12. Phegopterise Sori round, rather small, Veins free in our species,
* * Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young.
Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species.
13. Aspidium. Indusium flat or slightly convex, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by
the centre, opening all round the margin.
14. Cystopteris. Indusium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com-
monly reflexed as the sporangia ripen.

* * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular, Fertile fronds much contracted and very
unlike the sterile ones.

15. Onoclea. Sporangia on an elevated receptacle ; divisions of the fertile frond pod-like
or berry-like.
Tribe VII. WOODSIE2. Sori round, borne on the veins; indusium fixed under the
sorus, divided into segments or into slender filaments.

16. Woodsia. Small ferns with free veins. Indusium very delicate.

Tribe VIII. DICKSONIEZ2. Sori roundish, marginal or submarginal. Indusium
cup-shaped or two-valved, the outer portion composed of a reflexed lobule of the frond,
or more or less united to it,

17. Dicksonia. Indusium in our species small, membranaceous, nearly globular. Frond
elongated, decompound,
SuporDEeR II. Hymenophyllaceze. Sporangia sessile on a
bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped or bivalvular involucre, the
ring transverse and complete. Fronds delicately membranaceous.

18. Trichomanes. Involucres funnel-form or cup-shaped.

SuporpeER III. Sehizzeaceze. Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a
complete transverse articulated ring at the apex, and opening by a longi-
tudinal slit. (Pl. 19.)

19. Schizzea. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile
segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched.

20. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo-
rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium.
Fronds leafy, climbing.

SuporpDER IV. Osmundaceee. Sporangia naked, globose, mostly
pedicelled, reticulated, with no ring or mere traces of one near the apex,
opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Stipes winged at base
and almost stipulate! (Pl. 19.)

21. Osmunda. Fertile pinnz or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and
large sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free.

680 FILICES. (FERNS.)

1 POLYPODIUM, L. _ Poryropy. (PI. 16.)

Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more
rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched,
often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which
the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from modus, many,
and mous, foot, alluding to the branching rootstock.)

1. P. vulgare, L. (PI. 16, fig. 1-3.) Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth
both sides, 4-10’ high, simple and deeply pinnatifid; the divisions linear-ob-
long, obtuse or somewhat acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once
or twice forked ; fruit-dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. —
Rocks; common. July. (Ku.)

2. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong,
2-6! high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pin-
natifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse; fruit-dots rather small, near the
margin; veins forking, free in the N. American plant!— Rocks and trunks
of trees, Va. and Ohio to Il, and southward. Aug.

2. NOTHOLZANA, R. Brown. CLoAK-FERN.

Fruit-dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more
or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre.
Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1 - 4-pinnate, the lower surface almost
always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or
yellow powder. (Name from vé60s, spurious, and Aatva, a cloak, the woolly
coating of the original species forming @ spurious covering to the sporangia.)

1. N. dealbata, Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 1-3’ long, 3-4-pin-
nate; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining; ultimate pinnules
scarcely a line long, white and powdery on the lower surface. — Clefts of cal-
careous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestward. July — Aug.

3. ADIANTUM, L. Marennarr. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe
or tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium; the sporangia attached to
the approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pin-
nules none (in our species), or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished.
(The ancient name, from a- privative and diaivw, meaning unwetted, the smooth
foliage repelling rain-drops.)

1 A. pedatum, L. (PI. 17, fig. 1-3.) Frond forked at the summit of
the upright slender stalk (9- 15’ high), the recurved branches bearing on one
side several slender spreading pinnate divisions; pinnules numerous, short-
stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from
which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich,
moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern.

2. A. Capillus-Véneris, L. Fronds with a continuous main rhachis,
ovate-lanceolate, 9 - 18’ long, often pendent, 2—3-pinnate at the base, the upper
third or half simply pinnate; pinnules wedge obovate or rhomboid, 6-12”
long, deeply and irregularly incised; veinlets flabellately forking from the

FILICES. (FERNS.) 681

base, involucres lunulate or transversely oblong. — Moist rocky places, Va
to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)

4. PTERIS, L. BrakE or BRACKEN. (PI. 17.)

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire
margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted
transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins. —
Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns,
from mrepov, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina, L. (Common Brake.) Frond dull green (2—3° wide),
ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (1-2° high), the widely spread-
ing branches twice pinnate; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ;
the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round
with the indusium, which is really double in this species. — Var. cAUDATA,
with the lobes very narrow and revolute, the terminal ones much elongated,
is a southern form, which extends in a modified condition as far north as New
Jersey. — Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Eu.)

5. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lir-Fern. (Pl. 17.)

Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and
roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly
whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed
of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly
with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and
fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some spe-
cies with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next.
(Name composed of xe7Aos, a lip, and alos, flower, from the shape of the in-

dusium.)
* Fronds smooth, or at most hairy.

1. C. Alabaménsis, Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (2 -8’ long),
ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnz numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pinnules tri-
angular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed; zndusium continuous,
rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. —On rocks, mountains of Va. to
Ky., and southward.

2. C. vestita, Swartz. (Pl. 17, fig. 1,2.) Fronds (6-15’ high), lanceo-
late-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish promi-
nently articulated rusty hairs, twice pinnate; pinne rather distant, triangular-
ovate; pinnules oblong, crowded (2-4” long), more or less incised, the ends
of the roundish or oblong lobes reflered and forming separate herbaceous involucres,
which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia. — Clefts of rocks, Manhattan
Island (W. W. Denslow) and N. J. to Ill., and southward.

* * Fronds woolly or tomentose.

3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds (12-20’ high) lanceolate-oblong, densely
tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice
pinnate; primary and secondary pinne oblong or ovate-oblong; pinnules dis-
tinct, minute ($-1” long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the
upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous some-

682 FILICES. (FERNS. )

what membranaceous indusium. — Mountains of Va. and Ky.; thence west and
southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy
scales and whitish hairs.

4. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown,
shining ; fronds (3-6 high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly
articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate;
pinne (5-—6” long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous; pinnules
crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely
crowded segments ($-1” long), the herbaceous margin recurved forming an al-
most continuous indusium. — In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Il. to Minn.,
thence west and southward.

6. PELLAA, Link. CumrrBraxe. (PI. 16.)

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free
veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous
line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous
and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the
reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns,
with 1-3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the
sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and
shining. (Name from weAAds, dusky, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. gracilis, Hook. (PI1.16.) Fronds smooth (3-6’ high), delicately
membranaceous and slender, of few pinne, the lower ones once or twice pin-
nately parted into 3-5 decurrent divisions, those of the fertile frond oblong
or linear-oblong, entire or sparingly incised; of the sterile ovate or obovate,
crenate or incised; veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. —
Shaded calcareous rocks, Mass. to Minn., and northward; rare. July. —
Rootstock very slender, creeping; stipes polished, brownish, darker and
sparingly chaffy at base.

2. P. atropurptrea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs
on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis,
6-15’ high; frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate; the divisions
broadly linear.or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some-
what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice
forked. — Dry calcareous rocks; not common, but of wide range. July. —
Rootstock short and stout; stipes clustered.

7. CRYPTOGRAMME, R.Brown. Rock-Brake.

Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking
veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile
segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat
and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low ferns, with smooth, 2 — 3-pinnate
fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divis-
ions. (Name from xkpumtos, hidden, and ypaupnh, a line, alluding to the lines
of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.)

1. C. acrostichoides, R. Brown. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored °
fronds 2-3-pinnate (6-10’ high); fertile segments stalked, linear or linear-
oblong (3-5” long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost

FILICES. (FERNS.) 683

to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now
fully opened segments; sterile fronds on much shorter stipes, with ovate or
obovate decurrent and crenately toothed or incised segments. (Allosorus
acrostichoides, Sprengel.) — On rocks, from L. Superior westward and north-
ward. -— Very near C. crispa of Eu.

8. WOODWARDIA, Smith. Cuary-Fern. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans-
verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed
by its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next
the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the
frond. — Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas
J. Woodward, an English botanist.)

§1. ANCHISTEA. Sterile and fertile fronds alike; veins forming only one
row of meshes (areoles).

1. W. Virginica, Smith. (Pl. 17, fig. 4,5.) Fronds (2-3° high) pin-
nate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinne; segments oblong; veins
forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinne and of
the lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, con-
fluent when ripe.— Wet swamps, Maine to Ark., and southward. Rootstocks
creeping, often 6-8° long! July.

§ 2. LORINSERIA. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile
fronds forming many rows of meshes.

2. W. angustifolia, Smith. (PI. 17, fig. 1-3.) Fronds pinnatifid;
sterile ones (12-18 high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad
wing; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions,
the areoles and fruit-dots (4-5” long) in a single row each side of the second-
ary midribs; rootstocks creeping. — Wet woods, New Eng., near the coast, to
Ark., and southward; rare. Aug., Sept.

9. ASPLENIUM, L. _ Sprreenworr. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight, or rarely curved,
indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile
vein ;—in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double, the fertile vein bear-
ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name
from a- privative and oman, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)

§1, ASPLENIUM proper. IJndusium straight or slightly curved, attached to
the upper side of the vein, rarely double.

* Small evergreen ferns; fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate only near the base.

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Fronds (3-6 long) lanceolate, pinnatifid,
or pinnate below, tapering above into a slender prolongation, “ the apex sometimes
rooting”; lobes roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-
dots irregular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolonga-
tion fertile. — On cliffs and rocks, Penn. to Mo., and southward; very rare.
July. — Resembles the Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free
Stipes brownish, becoming green above. and so passing into the broad pale green
midreb.

684 FILICES. (FERNS.)

2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4-9’ long) broadly lanceolate
pinnatifid, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender; divisions lanceolate
from abroad base, the lower ones shorter, often proliferous, as is the apex of the
frond; fruit-dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower
part of the midrib, especially beneath. — Limestone cliffs, Conn. and Penn., and
southward; very rare, usually growing with Camptosorus and Asplenium
ebeneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley considered it a probable hybrid.

* * Smallevergreen ferns ; the narrow fronds simply pinnate with numerous pinne.
+ Pinne not auricled.

3. A. viride, Hudson. Fronds (2-5 long) tufted, linear in outline, pale
green, softly herbaceous ; pinne roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short-stalked,
crenately toothed (2-4” long), the midvein indistinct and forking; the slender
stipe brownish and passing into a green herbaceous rhachis. — Shaded clifts ;
northern New Eng., west and northward; rare. (Eu.)

4. A. Trichémanes, L. Fonds (3-8 long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, dark green and more rigid ; pinne roundish-oblong or oval (3 - 4”
long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-trun-
cate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent ;
the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shining. — Shaded cliffs ;
common. July. (Eu.)

+ + Pinne more or less auricled.

5. A. parvulum, Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (4-10 high), narrowly
linear-oblanceolate ; pinne (2 - 6” long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly
sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenu/ate, auricled on the
upper or both sides; sori rather few, as near the margin as the continuous
midvein; stipe and rhachis black and shining. — Mountains of Va. to Mo.,
and southward. — Nearly intermediate between the last and the next.

6. A. ebéneum, Ait. Fronds upright (9 - 18’ high), linear-oblanceolate
in outline, fertile ones much the taller; pinne (6-18” long) jsirmly membra-
naceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong-linear, finely ser-
rate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides; sori many,
nearer the elongated midvein than the margin; stipe and rhachis blackish-
purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods; rather common.

« x * Small evergreen ferns ; the broader fronds 1-3-pinnate ; pinne incised.

7. A. Bradléyi, D.C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 4-7’ long, besides
the blackish and somewhat shining stipe, membranaceous, pinnate; pinne
rather numerous, the /ower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. — On
rocks, Ky. and southward; rare. A single plant has been gathered near New-
burg, N. Y. — Intermediate between A. ebeneum and A. montanum.

8. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (2-
5’ long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinne ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler; rhachis
green, broad and flat; stipe brown at base. — Cliffs and rocks, from Conn. and
Penn. to Ky., and southward. July.

9. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (1-23 long), subcori-
aceous, laxly 2-—3-pinnate at base, the pinne alternate; u/t/mate segments few,

FILICES. (FERNS.) 685

stalked (2-5” long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or in-
cised at the apex; veins forking; sori 2-4 on a segment. — Limestone cliffs,
Vt. to Mich., and southward; scarce. July. (Eu.)

* * x» * Tall ferns (2-4° high), not evergreen; fronds pinnate or sub-hipinnate.

10. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds thin, simply pinnate; pinne
numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate (3 - 4’
long), those of the fertile frond narrower ; fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side of
the midvein; indusia slightly convex. — Rich woods, W. New Eng. to Wisc.
and southward along the mountains. Sept.

ll. A. thelypteroides, Michx. (PI. 18, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds (2-3°
high) pinnate ; pinne deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (3 — 5’ long) ; the lobes
oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong
fruit-dots, some of them double. — Rich woods; not rare. July —Sept.

§2. ATHYRIUM. Jndusium delicate, curved, often crossing the vein, and at-
tached to both sides of it, thus becoming reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe.

12. A. Filix-fomina, Bernh. Fronds (1-3° high) ovate-oblong or
broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnz lanceolate, numerous; pinnules con
fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate,
or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit-dots short,
variously curved, at length confluent. — Moist woods ; common and presenting
many varying forms. July. (Ku.)

10. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Harr’s-Toneur. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of
the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening
along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, so called because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.)

1. S. vulgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (7-18 long, 1 - 2’ wide), bright green.
— Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs; central N. Y.; also in Canada
and Tenn.; very rare. Aug. (Ku.)

ll. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WaLkinc-LEaF. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenixm, but irregularly scattered on
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib
single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indu-
sia open face to face), or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked
lines (whence the name, from kaumrés, bent, and cwpds, for fruit-dot.)

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, sub-coriaceous, growing
in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4-12’ long), gradually narrowed from a
cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots
at the end and forms a new plant. — Shaded rocks, especially calcareous rocks,
N. Eng. to Minn., and southward to Kan. and Ala.— The auricles are some-
times greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are lacking,
as in the thinner leaved C. Sibiricus. July.

686 FILICES. (FERNS.)

12. PHEGOPTERIS, Fée. Bercu Ferry.

Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free
veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn.
(Name composed of ¢nyés, an oak or beech, and mrepis, fern.)

«x Fronds twice pinnatifid ; pinne all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis.

1. P. polypodioides, Fée. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (4-9
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnz linear-lanceolate, the low-
est pair deflered and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire.
the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis; fruit-dots all near the margin. —
Damp woods; common northward. July. — Rootstock slender, creeping, bear
ing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer than the fronds. (Eu.)

2. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, usually broader than
long (7-12 broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath ;
pinne lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those o7
the very large lowest pinne elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much
decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rha-
chis; fruit-dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid-
rib. — Rather open woods, New Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July.
— Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rhachis wingless.

3. P. Dryopteris, Fée. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4- 6’ wide) ,
the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1 — 2-pinnate ; seg-
ments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. — Rocky
woods; common northward. July. (Eu.)

4. P. calearea, Fée. Fronds minutely glandular and somewhat rigid,
the lateral divisions ascending ; lowest inferior pinne of the lateral divisions
smaller in proportion than in the last species, which it otherwise closely re-
sembles. — Iowa and Minn.; rare. July. (Eu.)

13. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Surmetp Fern. Woop Fern. (Pl. 19.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of the veins. In-
dusium covering the sporangia, flat or flattish, scarious, orbicular and peltate
at the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus,
opening all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the
rootstock. — Our species have free veins and 1-—3-pinnate fronds. (Name,
domtdiov, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.)

§ 1. DRYOPTERIS. JIndusium reniform, or orbicular with a narrow sinus.

x Veins simple or simply forked and straight; fronds annual, decaying in au-
tumn, the stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked.

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pin-
nz horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the low-
est pairs scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when
in fruit from the strongly revolute margins ; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon
confluent) fruit-dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.
— Marshes; common. Aug.— Stalk 1°long or more, usually longer than the
frond, which is of thicker texture than the next, and slightly downy.. (Eu.)

ra

FILICES. (FERNS.) 68%

2g. A. Noveboracénse, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline,
tapering both ways from the middle; pinnzx lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more
pairs gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often en-
larged and incised; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes; fruit-dots dis-
tinct, near the margin ; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous.— Swamps
and moist thickets; common. July.— Frond pale green, delicate and mem-
branaceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins.

* * Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked or somewhat pinnately
branching ; fruit-bearing veinlets often obscure or vanishing above the fruit-
dot ; fronds, at least the sterile ones, often evergreen; stalks and apex of
the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main rhachis also.

«- Fronds small, pinnate ; pinne pinnatifid ; indusia very large, persistent.

8. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4-12’ high) glandular and aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinne ; their crowded
divisions (2” long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be-
neath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicular with a
narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. —On
rocks, especially near waterfalls, mountains of northern New Eng., west and
northward. — Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded
stipes and rhachis. (Asia, and barely reaching S. E. Eu.)

+ + Large (1-23° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed
and incised pinnules ; indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous.
4. A. spinulosum, Swartz. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous

scales ; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinne oblique to the rhachis,

elonguted-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely
on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely ser-
rate or pinnatifid with spinulosely-toothed lobes; indusium smooth and without
marginal glands. — In damp woods, New Eng. to Ky., and northward. July.

— The common European type, rare in North America. (Eu.)

Var. intermédium, D.C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few, brown with
a darker centre; frond broadly oblong-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate;
pinne spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pin-
nules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided; the oblong lobes
spinulose-toothed at the apex; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset
with minute stalked glands. — Woods, everywhere.

Var. dilatatum, Hook. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark cen-
tre; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate ;
pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated; indus‘um (in the
North American plant) smooth and naked.— A dwarf state, fruiting when
only 5-8’ high, answers to var. dumetorum. — N. New Eng. to Minn., chiefly
in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.)

5. A. Boottii, Tuckerman. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; fronds (1 -23°
long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base ; lowest pin-
nz triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower; pinnules oblong-ovate,
sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular.
(A. spinulosum, var. Boottii, of lasted. A.cristatum, var. uliginosum, Milde.)
— Wet thickets and about ponds, New Eng. to Del. and Minn. July. —Sier-
ile fronds much smaller and simpler than the fertile. (En.)

688 FILICES. (FERNS.)

+ + + Large (2-4° high); fronds once pinnate and the pinne deeply pinnati-
Jid, or nearly twice pinnate ; fruit-dots not very near the margin; the indu-
sium large, thinnish and flat, persistent.

6. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline
(1-2° long) ; pinne short (2-3 long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly
triangular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ;
the divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the
lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit-dots as near the midvein as the margin; indusium
round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. — Swamps, ete. ;
common. July.— Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and
deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

Var. Clintonianum. Frond in every way much larger (24—4° long),
pinne oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4-6’ long, 1 - 2’ broad), deeply pin-
natifid ; the divisions (8-16 pairs) crowded or distant, /inear-oblong, obtuse,
obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed ; veins
pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the /ruit-dots near the
midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. —
Swampy woods, New Eng. to N. J., N. Y. (G. W. Clinton, ete.), and west-
ward. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large
bright-brown scales. A showy fern, unlike any European form of A. crista-
tum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum.

7. A. Goldianum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-
oblong in outline (2-3° long); pinne (6-9 long), oblong-lanceolate, broad-
est in the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) oblong-linear,
slightly scythe-shaped (9-15” long), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins pin-
nately forking and bearing the fruit-dots very near the midvein; indusium very
large, orbicular with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal
glands. — Rich and moist woods, from Conn. to Ky., and northward. July.
— A stately fern, often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout
ascending chaffy rootstock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the
sides of the sinus often overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as
in § Polystichum.
+++ + Large (1-3° high); stipes very chaffy at base; fronds twice pinnate,

but the upper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toothed ; fruit-
dots rather large; indusium convex, without marginal glands, persistent.

8. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (1-3° high);
pinne linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very
obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely
lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the
margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. —
Rocky woods, N. Mich. to the Dakotas and Col. — Frond thickish but not sur-
viving the winter. (Eu.)

9. A, marginale, Swartz. (PI. 19, fig.1,2.) Frond evergreen, smooth,
thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (1-—2° long); pinne
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly broadest above the base; pinnules oblong or
oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenately-toothed ;
fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in rich woods; common, 29
pecially northward. Ang.

FILICES. (FERNS.) 689

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM. Jndusium orbicular and entire, peltate, fired by the
depressed centre ; fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen, very chaffy on the
rhachis, etc. ; pinne or pinnules auricled at base on the upper side, crowded,
the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped.

* Fronds simply pinnate.

10. A. acrostichoides, Swartz. (CHristmas Fern.) (PI. 19, fig. 3, 4.)
Frond lanceolate (1-23° high), stalked ; pinne linear-lanceolate, somewhat
seythe-shaped, l:alf-halberd-shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with
appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (upper) contracted and smaller, bearing con-
tiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which are confluent with age, covering the
surface. — Var. 1ncIsuM is a state with cut-lobed pinne, a not unfrequent case
in the sterile fronds; sometimes with all the tips fertile. — Common in rocky
woods, especially northward. July.

11. A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Frond linear-lanceolate (9 - 20’ high), scarcely
stalked, very rigid ; pinne broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest trian-
gular, strongly auricled on the upper side, and wedge-truncate on the lower,
densely spinulose-toothed (1’ or less in length), copiously fruit-bearing ; fruit-
dots contiguous and near the margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Su-
perior, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Fronds bipinnate.

12. A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Bratinii, Koch. Fronds spreading
(14-2° long), oblong-lanceolate in outline, with a tapering base, the lower of
the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinne gradually reduced in size and ob-
tuse; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at
base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long
and soft as well as chaffy hairs. — Deep woods, mountains of New Eng., N. Y.,
and Penn., and northward. (Eu.)

14. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. Brapper Fern. (PI. 19.)

Fruit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the in-
ner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit-dot, early opening free at
the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat
jagged, soon thrown back or withering away.— Tufted ferns with slender
and delicate 2~—3-pinnate fronds; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of
Kvoris, a bladder, and mrepis, fern, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbifera, Bernh. (PI.19, fig. 1-3.) Frond lanceolate, elongated
{1-2° long), 2-pinnate; the pinne lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (1 -
2’ long); the rhachis and pinne often bearing bulblets underneath, wingless ;
pinnules crowded, oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, trun-
cate on the free side. — Shaded ravines, not rare from N. Eng. to Ark., com-
moner on calcareous rocks. July.—Specimens from Tenn. and Ark. have
sometimes shorter fronds and few or no bulblets, indicating an approach to the
next species.

2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond oblong-lanceolate (4-8’ long, besides the
brittle stalk which is fully as long), 2—3-pinnate; the pinne and pinnules ovata
or lanceolate in outline, irregularly vinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute,

690 FILICES (FERNS.)

decurren. on the margined or winged rhachis; indusium tapering or acute at
the free end. — Shaded cliffs and rocky woods; common and greatly varying
in the shape and cutting of the pinnules. July. (Eu.)

15. ONOCLEA, L._ (Pl. 16 and 19.)

Sporangia borne on elevated receptacles, forming roundish sori imperfectly
rovered by very delicate hood-shaped indusia attached to the base of the re-
ceptacles. Fertile fronds erect, rigid, with contracted pod-like or berry-like
divisions at first completely concealing the sporangia, and at last, when dry
and indurated, cracking open and allowing the spores to escape. Sterile
fronds foliaceous. Rootstocks creeping and constantly forming new plants
(Name apparently from évos, a vessel, and kAelw, to close, from the singularly
rolled up fructification.)

§ 1. ONOCLEA proper. Sterile frond with anastomosing veins.

1. O. sensibilis, L. (Sensitive Fern.) (PI. 19, fig. 1, 2.) Fronds
scattered; the sterile ones long-stalked (2-15 long), triangular-ovate, pin-
natifid into a few oblong-lanceolate sinuately lobed or nearly entire segments ;
veins reticulated with fine meshes; fertile fronds contracted, closely bipinnate,
the pinnules rolled up into berry-like bodies. — Moist meadows and thickets,
very common and variable. July.— Imperfectly fertile fronds sometimes
occur, with the still foliaceous pinne cut into obovate segments with free veins
and abortive sori; the so-called var. OBTUSILOBATA.

§ 2. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Sterile frond with free veins.

2. O. Struthidpteris, Hoffmann. (Pl. 16, fig.1-5.) Fronds growing
in a crown ; sterile ones short-stalked (2-10° high), broadly lanceolate, nar-
rowed toward the base, pinnate with many linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid pinne ;
veins free, the veinlets simple; fertile frond shorter, pinnate with pod-like
or somewhat necklace-shaped pinne. (Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.) —
Alluvial soil, common northward. July.—The rootstock sends out slender
underground stolons, which bear fronds the next year. (Eu.)

16. WOODSIA, R.Brown. (PI. 19.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins; the very
thin and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the recep-
tacle, under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the
top into irregular pieces or lobes. — Small and tufted pinnately-divided ferns
(Dedicated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

* Stalks obscurely articulated some distance from the base; fronds chaffy or
smooth, never glandular ; indusium divided nearly to the centre into slender
hairs which are curled over the sporangia.

1. W. Ilvénsis, R. Brown. Frond oblong-lanceolate (2-6’ long by 12-
18” wide), smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as
the stalk with rusty bristle-like chaff, pinnate; the pinne crowded, oblong, ob-
tuse, sessile, pinnately parted, the numerous crowded segments oblong, obtuse,
obscurely crenate; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat confluent when
old. — Exposed rocks ; common, especially northward, and southward in the
Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

FILICES. (FERNS. ) 691

2. W. hyperborea, R. Brown. Frond narrowly oblong-lanceolate (2-
6’ long by 8-12” wide), smooth above, sparingly paleaceous-hirsute beneath,
piunate ; the pinnz triangular-ovate, obtuse, pinnately lobed, the lobes few
and nearly entire; fruit-dots rarely confluent.— Mountain ravines, northern
Vt. and N. Y., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

3. W. glabélla, R. Brown. (PI. 19, fig. 1-3.) Smooth and naked
throughout ; frond linear and very delicate (2- 5’ high), pinnate; pinne round-
ish-ovate, the lower ones rather remote (2-—4” long), obtuse, crenately lobed ;
fruit-dots scanty ; the hairs of the indusium fewer than in the last two species.
—QOn moist mossy rocks, mountains of northern New Eng., north and west-
ward. First found at Little Falls, N. Y., by Dr. Vasey. (Eu.)

* * Stalks not articulated ; fronds never chaffy, often glandular-pubescent.

~ Indusium of a few broad segments, at first covering the sorus completely.

4. W. obtusa, Torr. (Pl. 19, fig. 4,5.) Frond broadly lanceolate, mi-
nutely glandular-hairy (6-12’ high), pinnate, or nearly twice pinnate; pinne
rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong (1-2 long), bluntish, pinnately
parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, the lower pinnatifid with
toothed lobes; veins forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the mi-
nutely toothed lobes; indusium at length splitting into several spreading
jagged lobes. — Rocky banks and cliffs; not rare.

+ + Indusium entirely concealed beneath the sorus, divided into very narrow
segments or reduced to minute hairs.

5. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth, with fronds (2-8’ high, 8-12”
wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinne triangular-
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed,
and in larger fronds incised; fruit-dots near the margin; indusium very small,
divided almost to the centre into a few necklace-like-jointed cilia. — Crevices
of rocks, south shore of Lake Superior (/tobbins), and westward.

6. W. scopulina, D.C. Eaton. Much like the last, but the rather larger
fronds puberulent beneath with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands; in-
dusium deeply cleft into narrow segments ending in jointed hairs. — Rocky
places, Minn., southward and westward.

17. DICKSONIA, LHer. — (Pl. 18.)

Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the
outer side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for
James Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.)

1. D. pilosiuseula, Willd. Fronds minutely glandular and hairy (2-—3°
high), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate in outline, pale green, very thin, with
strong chafHless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked root-
stocks, mostly bipinnate; primary pinne lanceolate, pointed, the secondary
pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit-dots minute, each on
a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. punc-
tilobula, Avwnze.)— Common in moist and shady places, from New Eng. to
Minn. — Frond sweet-scented in drying.

Ov

692 FILICES. (FERNS.)

18. TRICHOMANES, L._ Fry Fern.

Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, sessile on a cylindrical receptacle
which is produced from the end of a vein and enclosed in a funnel-form or
cup-shaped involucre of the same substance with the frond. Fronds very
thin and pellucid, often consisting of a single layer of cells. (An ancient
Greek name for some fern.)

1. T. radicans, Swartz. Fronds very delicate, oblong-lanceolate in out-
line (4-8 long, 6-18” wide), bipinnatifid ; rhachis narrowly winged; pinne
triangular-ovate, the divisions toothed or again lobed; involucres tubulare
funnel-shaped, margined, the mouth truncate; receptacle often much exserted.
— On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky., and southward ; rare. — Though
the fronds are so very delicate, yet they survive for several years ; they begin
to fruit the second or third year, and thereafter the receptacle continues to
grow and to produce new sporangia at its base. (Eu.)

19. SCHIZABA, Smith. (Pl. 20.)

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal
cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar-
row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and
simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft
fronds (whence the name, from oxi¢a, to split).

1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and
tortuous; the fertile ones equally slender (4” wide), but taller (3-4’ high),
and bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 pairs of
crowded pinne (each 1-14” long).— Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J.;
very local. Sept. (Also in Nova Scotia and Newf.)

20. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Cximpine Fern. (PI. 20.)

Fronds twining or climbing, bearing stalked and variously lobed (or com-
pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on separate
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizea, but oblique, fixed to
the veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
indusium. (Name from Avyédns, flexible.)

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smooth; stalks slender, flexile and
twining (1-3° long), from slender running rootstocks; the short alternate
branches or petioles 2-forked; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped pal-
mately 4-7-lobed frondlet; fertile frondlets above, contracted and several
times forked, forming a terminal panicle.— Low moist thickets and open
woods, Mass. to Va., Ky., and sparingly southward; rare. Sept.

21. OSMUNDA, L. FLoweErinc Fern. (PI. 20.)

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond destitute of chlorophyll, very
much contracted, and bearing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divis-
ions short-pedicelled and naked sporangia; these are globular, thin and reticu-
lated, large, opening by a longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near

.

OPHIOGLOSSACE&. (ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY.) 693

the apex a small patch of thickened oblong cells, the rudiment of a transverse
ring. — Fronds tall and upright, growing in large crowns from thickened root-
stocks, once or twice pinnate; veins forking and free. Spores green. (Os-
munder, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

* Sterile fronds truly bipinnate.

1. O. regalis, L. (FLowrerinG Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2-
5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-ovat to lance-oblorg,
finely serrulate, especially toward the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed
toward the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate
base, sessile or short-stalked (1 -2’ long); the fertile racemose-panicled at the
summit of the frond. — Swamps and wet woods; common. The cordate pin-
nules sometimes found here are commoner in Europe. May, June. (Eu.)

* * Sterile fronds once pinnate; pinne deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes entire.

2. O. Claytoniana, L. (PI. 20, fig. 1-3.) Clothed with loose wool
when young, soon smooth; fertile fronds taller than the sterile (2-4° high) ;
pinne oblong-lanceolate, with oblong obtuse divisions ; some (2-5 pairs) of
the middle pinne fertile, these entirely pinnate; sporangia greenish, turning
brown. — Low grounds, common. May. — Fruiting as it unfolds.

3. O. cinnamomea, L. (Cryxamon Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool
when young; sterile fronds tallest (at length 3-—5° high), smooth when full
grown, the lanceolate pinne pinnatifid into broadly oblong obtuse divisions ;
fertile fronds separate, appearing earlier from the same rootstock and soon
withering (1-2° high), contracted, twice pinnate, covered with the cinnamon-
colored sporangia. — Var. FRONDOSA is a rare occasional state, in which some
of the fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit, or
rarely in the middle. — Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May.

OrpeR 132. OPHIOGLOSSACEZ. (Apper’s-ToNGUE
FAMILY.)

Leafy and often somewhat fleshy plants; the leaves (fronds) simple
or branched, often fern-like in appearance, erect in vernation, developed
from underground buds formed either inside the base of the old stalk or
by the side of it, and bearing in special spikes or panicles rather large
subcoriaceous bivalvular sporangia formed from the main tissue of the
fruiting branches. Prothallus underground, not green, moneecious. — A
small order, separated from Ferns on account of the different nature of
the sporangia, the erect vernation, ete.

1. Botrychium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.
2. Ophioglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.

1 BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. (PI. 20.)

Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of
starch, in very minute, irregular granules!); the base of the naked stalk con-
taining the bud for the next year’s frond; frond with an anterior fertile and
a posterior sterile segment; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate, the contracted
divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct,
rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open trans-

694 OPHIOGLOSSACEA. (ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY.)

versely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately

divided or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name

a diminutive of Bdrpus, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the

fructification.)

§ 1. BOTRYCHIUM proper. Base of the stalk containing the bud completely
closed ; sterile segment more or less fleshy ; the cells of the epidermis straight.

* Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so at or above the middle of the
plant. Plants small.

1. B. Lunaria, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the
middle of the plant, oblong, simply pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped very
obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised at
the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and
repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2 -3-pinnate. — N. Eng. to Lake
Superior, and northward ; rare.— Very fleshy, 4-10’ high. (Ku.)

2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2-4’, rarely 5-6’ high), the
sterile segment short-petioled from near the middle of the piant, thickish and fleshy,
simple and roundish, or pinnately 3 -7-lobed ; the lobes roundish-obovate, nearly
entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis; the veins all
forking from the base; fertile segment simple or 1-2-pinnate.— Maine to
N. Y., Minn., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

3. B. lanceolatum, Angstroem. Fronds small (3 - 10’ high) ; the sterile
segment closely sessile at the top of the long and slender common stalk, scarcely
fleshy, triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid ; the acute lobes lanceolate, incised
or toothed ; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pin-
nate. — N. Eng. and N. J. to Ohio and Lake Superior. July- Aug. (Eu.)

4. B. matricariefolium, Braun. Fronds small (3-10’ high); the
sterile segment nearly sessile at the top of the long and slender common stalk,
moderately fleshy, ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to bipinnatifid ;
the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse ; midvein dissipated into forking veinlets; fer.
tile part 2-3.pinnate. — Same range as the last. June, July. (Eu.)

* * Sterile portion of the frond long-stalked ; the common stalk short in propor-
tion to the size of the plant. Plants usually larger.

5. B. ternatum, Swartz. (Pl. 20.) Plant very fleshy (4-16’ high).
sparsely hairy; sterile segment long-petioled from near the base of the plant,
broadly triangular, ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions ;
ultimate segments varying from roundish-reniform and sub-entire to ovate.
Innceolate and doubly incised; fertile segment erect, 2-4-pinnate. — The fol-
lowing varieties pass into each other : — Var. AUSTRALE ; frond ample ; ultimate
segments rhomboid-ovate with a denticulate margin. — Var. INTERMEDIUM;
frond of moderate size; ultimate segments as in var. australe. (B. lunarioides,
of last ed.) — Var. ruraFoLium; frond small; ultimate segments few, ovate
and semicordate. — Var. LUNARIOIDES; frond small; ultimate segments round-
ish-reniform. — Var. oBLiqguUM; frond moderate ; ultimate segments obliquely
lanceolate, denticulate or toothed. — Var. pissEcTUM ; segments dissected into
innumerable narrow lobes or teeth. — Pastures and hillsides, sometimes in
dry woods, rather common, especially vars. intermedium and obliquum. — Var
rutefolium occurs in Europe.

Ee

ag

LYCOPODIACEH. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) 696

§ 2. OSMUNDOPTERIS. Base of the stalk containing the bud open along one
side; sterile segment membranaceous ; the cells of the epidermis flexuous.

6. B. Virginianum, Swartz. Fronds tall and ample; sterile segment
sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin and membrana-
ceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and
then once or twice pinnatifid; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex;
veins forking from a midvein; fertile part 2 -3-pinnate.— Rich woods; com-
mon. — Plant 1=2° high, or often reduced to a few inches, in which case it is
B. gracile, Pursh. June, July. (Ku.)

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Apper’s-Tonevr. (PI. 20.)

Rootstock erect, fleshy and sometimes tuberous, with slender fleshy roots
which are sometimes proliferous; bud placed by the side of the base of the
stalk; fronds with anterior and posterior segments as in Botrychium, but
the coriaceous sporangia connate and coherent in two ranks on the edges
of a simple spike. Sterile segment fleshy, simple in our species; the veins
reticulated. Spores copious, sulphur-yellow. (Name from éqis, a serpent, and
yAaooa, tongue.)

1. O. vulgatum, L. Fronds from a slender rootstock (2-12’ high),
mostly solitary ; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or
elliptical (1 -3’ long); midvein indistinct or none; veins forming small meshes
enclosed in larger ones. — Bogs and pastures; not common. July. (EKu.)

OrpER 133. LYCOPODIACEZ. (CLusB-Moss FAMILY.)

Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much
branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong
or rounded, persistent entire leaves; the sporangia 1 —3-celled, solitary
in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening
into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which
are all of one kind. — The Order, as here defined, consists mainly of the
large genus

1 LYCOPODIUM, L. CtrusMoss. (Pl. 21.)

Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved,
mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in
the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, witi
evergreen one-nerved leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name
compounded of Avkcos, a wolf, and mods, foot, from no obvious resemblance.)

§ 1. Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary (dark green and shining, rigid,
lanceolate, about 8-ranked) leaves.

1. L. Selago, L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, forming a level-
topped cluster (3 - 6’ high) ; leaves uniform, crowded, ascending, glossy, pointed,
entire or denticulate ; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. — Mountain-
tops, Maine to Lake Superior, and northward. — The leaves of this and the next
species often bear little gemme, with the lower bracts pointed, and the 2-3
uppermost broadly obovate and fleshy, as figured in 1768 by Dillenius. These
gemme fall to the ground and their axis grows into the stem of a new plant,

696 LYCOPODIACEZ. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

as specimens collected in 1854 show very plainly. (For their true nature see
Sachs’ Lehrbuch, Engl. trans., p. 411.)

2. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems assurgent, less rigid, dichotomous (6 -
12’ long); leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, arranged
in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more fre-
quently bearing sporangia in their axils; proliferous gemme usually abun-
dant. — Cold, damp woods; common northward. Aug.

§ 2. Spore-cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, thus forming a
spike.
* Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches and
those of the simple spike nearly alike, many-ranked.

3. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid ;
the fertile solitary (1-4’ high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate
or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the prostrate
stems curving upward. — Var. BicgeLovu, Tuckerm., has fertile stems 5-7’
high, its leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often
somewhat teeth-bearing. — Sandy bogs, northward, not common; the var.,
eastern New Eng. to N. J., and southward. Aug. (KEu.)

4. L. alopecuroides, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout ;
the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping; the fertile of the same
thickness, 6-20’ high; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed,
spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle; those of the cylindrical
spike with long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps, N. J. to Va., and south-
ward. Aug., Sept.— Stems, including the dense leaves, }’ thick; the comose
spike, with its longer spreading leaves, $- 1’ thick.

* * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scale-like, imbricated, yellowish, ovate
or heart-shaped, very different from those of the sterile stems and branches.
+ Spikes sessile (i. e. branches equally leafy to the top), single.

5. L. annotinum, L. Much branched; stems prostrate and creeping (1-
4° long); the ascending branches similar (5-8’ high), sparingly forked, the
sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit; /eaves equal, spreading,
in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green) ;
spike solitary, oblong-cylindrical, thick. — Var. pUNGENs, Spring, is a reduced
sub-alpine or mountain form, with shorter and more rigid-pointed erectish
leaves. — Woods; common northward; the var. on the White Mountains,
with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. L. obsctrum, L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scat-
tered, erect, tree-like stems dividing at the summit into several densely dichoto-
mous spreading branches; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute,
6-ranked, those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed,
the lateral ones incurved-spreading ; spikes 1 - 10, erect, mostly sessile; bracts
scarious-margined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. — Var. DENDROfDEUM
(L. dendroideum, Michz.) has all the leaves alike and incurved spreading. —
Moist woods. Aug.— Remarkable for its tree-like appearance.

L. avpetnoum, L., or its var. SABINZFOLIUM, occurs from Labrador to Wash-
ington, and is to be expected in northern Maine and Minn. It has slender
branches with rigid nearly appressed leaves.

— =

SELAGINELLACEA. 697

4 + Spikes peduncled, i. e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.
++ Leaves homogeneous and equal, many-ranked ; stems terete.

7. L. clavatum, L. (Common Crius-Moss.) Stems creeping exten
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches; the fertile ter-
minated by a slender peduncle (4 - 6’ long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4)
linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods; common.
especially northward. July. (Ku.)

++ ++ Leaves of two forms, few-ranked ; stems or branches flattened.

8. L. Carolinianum, L. (PI. 21.) Sterile stems and their few short
branches entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly
clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique l-nerved /ateral
leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed
on the upper side; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2-4 high,
clothed merely with small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves), bearing
a single cylindrical spike. — Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

9. L. complanatum, L. (Grounp-Pine.) Stems extensively creeping
(often subterranean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked
above; bushy branchlets crowded, flattened, fan-like and spreading, all clothed
with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks, with decurrent-
united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading tooth-like tips, those
of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly appressed; peduncle
slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Var. CHAM&CYPARfssUS has nar-
rower, more erect and bushy branches, and the leaves less distinctly dimor-
phous. — Woods and thickets; common, especially northward. (EKu.)

Orpver 134. SELAGINELLACEZ.

Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large; the stems
branching or short and corm-like; the leaves small and 4-6-rowed, or
subulate and elongated ; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne
on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins,
some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores (micro-
spores). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid
with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles.
In germination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia
to be fertilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores.

1. Selaginella. Terrestrial; stems slender ; leaves small ; sporangia minute and axillayy.

2. Isoetes. Aquatic or growing in mud; stems corm-like ; leaves elongated and rushelike ,
sporangia very large, enwrapped by the dilated bases of the leaves.

1. SELAGINELLA, Beauv. (Pl. 21.)

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore-
cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores ; and of mostly
2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 8 or 4 (rarely 1-6) much larger globose.
angular macrospores; the former usually in the upper and the latter in the
lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds

698 SELAGINELLACER.

are on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an
ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which
the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.)

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar.

1. S. spinosa, Beauv. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and
slender; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (1-3 high); leaves lanceolate
acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (S. selaginoides, Link.) — Wet
places, N. H. (Pursh), Mich., Lake Superior, Colorado, and northward; rare.
— Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.)

2. S. rupéstris, Spring. (Pl. 21, fig. 1-4.) Much branched in close
tufts (1-3 high) ; leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, con-
yex and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped; those of the
strongly quadrangular spike rather broader.— Dry and exposed rocks; very
common. — Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid Moss. Very variable
farther west and south. (Eu.)

x * Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like ; the lateral larger, 2-ranked

3. S. apus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading horizontally,
ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ; those of
the short spikes nearly similar; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part
of the spike. — Low, shady places; not rare, especially southward.— A deli-
nate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia.

2. ISOETES, L. Quittworr. (PI. 21.)

Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed corm, rooting just above its 2-
lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated
and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular
leaves, which include four air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia
pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the axils of
the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin edges
of the excavation folding round partly cover them, forming the velum). trav-
ersed internally by transverse threads; those of the outer leaves filled with
large spherical macrospores, their whitish crustaceous integument marked by
one circular, and on the upper surface by three radiating elevated lines (cireum-
scribing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like
in germination) ; those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and pow
dery grayish microspores; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular.
— Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always sub-
merged, others amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their
fruit in late summer and early autumn, except n. 7 and some forms of n. 6.

This genus is left essentially as it was elaborated for the 5th edition by the
late Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN. The present editor has added to the range
of a few species, and given var. robusta of n. 3.

* Growing under water, only accidentally or in very dry seasons out of water ;
leaves without stomata (except in forms of n.3) and peripherical bast-bundles.
1. I. lactistris, L. (PI. 21, fig. 1-5.) Leaves (10-25 in number, 2-6’
‘ong) dark green, rigid; sporangium ovoid or circular, the upper third, or les,

SELAGINELLACEA. 699

covered by the velum, the free part pale and unspotted; both kinds of spores
the largest of our species; macrospores (0.32 - 0.38” wide) covered with short
and twisted crested ridges, which often anastomose ; microspores (0.017 — 6.020”
long) smooth. — Mountain lakes, Penn., N. Y., and New Eng. to Lake Supe-
rior, and northward, often with n. 3. (Eu.)

2. I, Tuckermani, Braun. Leaves (10-30, 2-3’ long) very slender,
awl-shaped, olive-green, the outer recurved ; sporangium ovoid or circular, the
upper third covered by the velum, the free part sometimes brownish-spotted ;
macrospores (0.22 —0.28’° wide) on the upper segments covered with parallel
and anastomosing ridges, the lower half reticulated; microspores (0.013 =
0.015” long) smooth or very delicately papillose.— Mystic and other ponds
near Boston, together with the next (Zuckerman, W. Boott).

3. I. echindspora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped; sporangium
ovoid or circular; macrospores (0.20-0.25” wide) beset ali over with small
2ntire and obtuse or slightly forked spinules. (Eu.) — In this European form,
the leaves are very slenderly attenuated (3-—4° long), the upper margin of the
sporangium only is covered with the narrow velum, the free part is unspotted,
and the slightly papillose microspores are larger (0.015 - 0.016” long).

Var. Bratinii, Engelm. Leaves (15-30 in number, 3-6’ long) dark and
often olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the
sporangium covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots;
macrospores as in the type; microspores smaller (0.013 — 0.014” long), smooth.
(I. Braunii, Durzeu.) — Ponds and lakes, New Eng. to N. Y., Penn., Mich., and
northward, often with the two preceding. — Frequently with a few stomata,
especially in Niagara specimens.

Var. robusta, Engelm. Stouter; leaves (25-70, 5-8’ long) with abun-
dant stomata all over their surface ; velum covering about one half of the large
spotted sporangium ; macrospores 0.18 - 0.27” wide. — Lake Champlain, north
end of Isle La Motte (Pringle).

Var. muricata, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 6-10’ long) straight or flac-
cid, bright green ; about one half of the almost circular sporangium covered by
the velum, unspotted ; macrospores (0.22 - 0.27” wide) with shorter and blunter
spinules; microspores as in the last varisty, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata,
Durieu.) — In some ponds north of Boston ( W. Boott).

Var. Boottii, Engelm. Leaves (12-20, 4-5’ high) awl-shaped, stiffly
erect, bright green, with stomata; sporangium as in the last; macrospores as
in the type, but a little smaller and with very slender spinules. (1. Boottii,
Braun, in litt.) —- Pond in Woburn, near Boston, partly out of water (W. Boott).
* *« Growing partly out of water, either by the pond drying up or by the receding

of the ebb tide; leaves with stomata, and in n. 6 and 7 with four or more
peripherical bast-bundles.

4. I. saccharata, Engelm. Leaves (10-15, 2-3’ long) slender, olive-
green, curved; sporangium small, ovoid, only the upper edge covered by the
velum, nearly unspotted; macrospores (0.20-0.22” wide) minutely tubercu-
late; microspores (9912” long) papillose. —On Wicomico and Nanticoke
Rivers, eastern shore of Maryland, between high and low tide (Canby).

5. I. riparia, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 4-8’ long) slender, deep green,
erect; sporangium mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the

700 SELAGINELLACE.

velum, the free part spotted; macrospores very variable in size (0.22 - 0.307
wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower
hemisphere run together forming a network; microspores larger than in any
other species except n. 1 (0.013- 0.016” long), mostly somewhat tuberculated.
— Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadelphia to Wilmington,
between flood and ebb tide ; margins of ponds, Lake Saltonstall, Conn. ( Setchell),
and northward. — Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the sto-
mata of the leaves, the spotted sporangium, the smaller size of the macrospores
and their reticulation on the lower half.

6. I. Engelmanni, Braun. Leaves long (25-100, 9-20 long), light
green, erect or at last prostrate, flat on the upper side; sporangium mostly
oblong, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0.19 —0.24” wide)
covered all over with a coarse honeycomb-like network; microspores (0.012 -
0.014” long) mostly smooth. — Shallow ponds and ditches, from Mass. (near
Boston, W. Boott, H. Mann) and Meriden, Conn. (F’. W. Hall), to Penn. and
Del. and (probably through the Middle States) to Mo. — By far the largest of
our species, often mature in July.

Var. gracilis, Engelm. Leaves few (8-12 only, 9-12’ long) and very
slender; both kinds of spores nearly as in the type.—Southern New Eng.
(Westville, Conn., Setchell) and N. J. (Ennis); entirely submersed !

Var. valida, Engelm. Trunk large and stout (often 1-2’ wide); leaves
(50-100, even 200, 18-25’ long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side;
sporangium oblong or linear-oblong (4-9” long), 4-4 or more covered by
the velum; spores very small; macrospores 0.16-0.22” wide; microspores
0.011 - 0.013” long, spinulose. — Del. (Canby) and Penn. (Porter). Sept.

7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15-50, 6-10’ long) very slender,
keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black
shining bases; sporangium mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown
or spotted ; macrospores very small (0.14 - 0.18” wide), smoothish, or with faint
tubercles or ridges; microspores (0.010-0.012” long) spinulose.— Shallow
ponds, and wet prairies and fields, central and northern Ill. (#. Hall, Vasey),
and westward. June, and sometimes again in Nov.— Trunk more spherical
and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kinds of spores smaller than in any other of
our species; leaves disappearing during the summer heat. Closely approach-
ing the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean region.

OrDER 135. MARSILIACEA.

Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome
and either filiform or 4-parted long-petioled leaves; the somewhat crus-
taceous several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the
rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the
latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores.

lL. MARSEERTA, Lo 1. (PEs)

Submersed or emersed aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks,
sending up elongated petioles, which bear at the apex a whorl of four nervose-
veined leaflets, and at or near their base, or sometimes on the rootstock, one

SALVINIACEZ. 701

or more ovoid sporocarps. ‘These sporocarps or fruit usually have two teeth
near the base, and are 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, and
split or burst into 2 valves at maturity. The sporocarps have a ring along
the edges of the valves, which at length swells up and bears the sausage-
shaped compartments from their places. ‘The compartments contain macro-
sporangia and microsporangia intermixed. (Named for Aloysius Marsili,
an early Italian naturalist.)

1. M. quadrifolia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; spo-
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pedicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small, obtuse, or the
upper one acute. — In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface;
Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn., and now introduced in many places. (Eu.)

2. M. vestita, Hook. & Grey. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy,
entire (2-—7” long and broad); petioles 1-4’ long; peduncles free from the
petiole ; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled (about 2” long), very hairy when
young; upper basal tooth of sporocarp longest, acute, straight or curved, lower
tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. (M. mucronata, Braun.) — In
swamps which become dry in summer; Iowa and southwestward.

Orver 136. SALVINIACE A.

Floating plants of smali size, having a more or less elongated and
sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves; sporo-
carps or conceptacles very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a com-
mon stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle
which bears either macrosporanzia containing solitary macrospores, or
microsporangia with numerous microspores.

1 AZOLLA, Lam. (PI. 21.)

Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute
2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Concepta-
cles in pairs beneath the stem; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at
the base a single macrospore with a few corpuscles of unknown character
above it; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears
many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores.

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (4-127
broad), much branched ; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the
upper one green with a reddish border; macrospores with three attendant cor-
puscles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. —
Floating on quiet waters, from Lake Ontario westward and southward, — ap-
pearing like a reddish hepatic moss.

SatvfnrA NATANS, L., was said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface
of small lakes in Western New York, and has more recently been said to occur
in Missouri. It has oblong-oval fioating leaves 4-6” long, closely pinnately-
veined, which bear conceptacles and branching plumose fibres on their under
surface.

702 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES.')

Suspctass IJ]. CELLULAR ACROGENS, cr
BRYOPHY TES:

Plants composed of cellular tissue only. Antheridia oi
archegonia, or both, formed upon the stem or branches of the
plant itself, which is developed from the germinating spore
usually with the intervention of a filiform or conferva-like
prothallus. — Divided into the Musci, or Mosses, and the He-
patice.

Division I HEPATIC} (LIVERWORTS. }

Plants usually procumbent, consisting of a simple thallus, a
thalloid stem, or a leafy axis; leaves when present 2-ranked,

with uniform leaf-cells and no midvein; thalloid forms with.

or without a midvein, smooth or scurfy or scaly beneath and
usually with numerous rootlets. Sexual reproduction by an-
theridia and archegonia, which are immersed in the thallus,
or sessile or pedicelled upon it, or borne on a peduncled re-
ceptacle. The fertilized archegonium develops into a capsule
(sporogonium) closely invested by a calyptra, which ruptures
above as the ripened capsule (containing numerous spores and
usually elaters) pushes upward. It is also commonly sur-
rounded by a usually double involucre, the inner (often called
perianth) more or less tubular, the outer tubular or more often
foliaceous, sometimes wholly wanting. Propagation is also
effected by offshoots (innovations), runners (flagella), or by
gemme, which appear at the margin of the leaves or on the
surface of the thallus, often in special receptacles.

OrveR 137. JUNGERMANNIACE2. Scate-Mossss.

Plant-body a leafy axis or rarely thallose. Capsule borne on a slender
often elongated pedicel, splitting at maturity into 4 valves. Elaters

mixed with the spores, mostly bispiral (unispiral in n. 1-3, 32, and 33, '

1—3-spiral in n. 5 and 28). Antheridia and archegonia dixcious or
moneecious, in the latter case either mingled in the same inflorescence,
or separated upon the same branch, with the antheridia naked in the
axils of the lower leaves, or on separate parts of the same plant. Leaves

1 Elaborated for this edition by Prof. L. M. UnpErwoop, of Syracuse. N. Y

= tt pla

et ae eT ee .

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES. ) 703

2-ranked, incubous (i. e. the apex of each leaf lying on the base of the
next above), or succubous (i. e. the apex of each leaf lying under the base
of the next above), or sometimes transverse, with frequently a third row
of rudimentary leaves beneath the stem.

Artificial Key te the Genera.
§ 1. Plant-body a leafy axis.
* Leaves complicate-bilobed (i. e. folded together) or with a smal! basal lobe.
+ Lower lobe smaller than the upper.
++ Root-hairs borne on the stems or underleaves.

1. Frullania. Lower lobe mostiy saccate, more or less remote from the stem. Branches
intra-axillary, the leaves on either side free.
2. Jubula. Lower lobe saccate ; branches lateral, a basai leaf borne partly on the stem,
partly on the branch.
3. Lejeunea. Lower lobe incurved, more or less inflated.
5. Porella. Lower lobe ligulate. Perianth triangular, the third or odd angle ventral.
++ ++ Root-hairs rising from the lower lobes.
4. Radula. Perianth compressed. Underleaves none.
+ + Upper lobe smaller than the lower, or the two somewhat equal.

++ Leaves succubous as to their lower lobes.

j_l
or

. Seapania. Involucral leaves 2; perianth dorsally compressed, the mouth truncate,
bilabiate, decurved.
16. Diplophyllum. Involucral leaves few; perianth erect, round, the mouth denticulate

++ ++ Leaves transverse.

25. Marsupella. Perianth tubular or somewhat compressed. (Compare also Junger.
mannia § Sphenolobus. )

* * Leaves palmately 3-4- (or many-) cleft.
+ Divisions numerous, capillary. Plants large, usually in conspicuous mats.
6. Ptilidium. Leaves palmatifid with ciliate margins.
7. Trichocolea. Leaves setaceously multifid.
+ + Leaves 3-4-cleft or parted; plants smali, mostly inconspicuous.

10. Lepidozia. Leaf-divisions two cells wide or more.
11. Blepharostoma. Leaf-divisions only one cell wide.

* * * Leaves entire, emarginate, or 2 -3-toothed or -lobed.
+ Leaves closely imbricate on short julaceous stems.
27. Gymnomitrium. Involucre double, the inner shorter.
+. -- Leaves deeply bilobed.

8. Herberta. Underleaves large. Perianth fusiform on an elongated branch.
12. Cephalozia. Underleaves mostly wanting; perianth mostly triangular on a short

branch.
+ + + Leaves incubous, mostly plane or depressed.

9. Bazzania. Leaves mostly 2-3-toothed. Perianth fusiform on a short branch.
14. Kantia. Leaves mostly entire. Perianth fleshy, pendulous, subterranean.
+ + + + Leaves succubous or transverse.
4+ Underleaves entire or nearly so.
13. Odontoschisma. Involucral leaves numerous, small, incised, those of the stem
rounded or retuse.
21. Mylia. Involucrai leaves 2, connate at base. Large.
22. Harpanthus. Involucral leaves few, smaller than the semi-vertica] cmarginate stem
leaves. Sinall.

704 JUNGERMANNIACE®. (SCALE-MOSSES.)

24. Jungermannia. Involucral leaves few, mostly larger than the entire or bidentate
stem-leaves. Medium-sized or large.

++ ++ Underleaves 2—4-cleft, -parted, or -divided.

17. Geocalyx. Involucre fleshy, saccate, pendent. Leaves bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft.
18. Lophocolea. Fruit terminal on the main stem ora primary branch. Involucral leaves

distinct. -
19. Chiloscyphus. Fruit on a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves distinct. (See

also Jungermannia. )

++ 4+ ++ Underleaves mostly wanting.
a, Leaves entire or barely retuse.

23. Liochlzena. Involucral leaves distinct, like those of the stem; perianth truncate
depressed at the apex.
26. Nardia. Involucral leaves connate at base and adnate to the perianth.

b. Leaves bidentate or bilobed, rarely 3-lobed.

12. Cephalozia. Branches all from beneath. Perianth on a short branch, mostly tri-
gonal with the odd angle beneath.
24. Jungermannia. Simple or branching laterally. Perianth terminal, mostly laterally

compressed.
c. Leaves mostly spinulose or dentate.

20. Plagiochila. Involucral leaves large ; perianth laterally compressed.
$2. Plant-body pseudo-foliaceous with succubous leaf-like lobes,
28. Fossombronia. Perianth large, campanulate.
§ 3. Plant-body a thallus.
* Thallus with a distinct costa.

29. Pallavicinia. Thallus 3-6” wide, mostly simple, the margins sinuate or undulate.
Perianth tubular, at length dorsal.

30. Blasia. Thallus 3-6” wide, lobed, dichotomous, or radiate, the margins pinnatitid-
sinuate.

32. Metzgeria. Thallus narrow (1-2”), ciliate at the margins or on one or both sides.

* * Thallus with an inconspicuous costa or none.

33. Aneura. Thallus rather narrow, mostly palmately or pinnately lobed. Sporogonium
rising from the under side near the margin.

31. Pellia. Thallus wider, mostly simple or forked. Sporogonium rising from the upper
surface,

l FRULLANIA, Raddi. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, the lower lobe usually inflated, helmet-
or club-shaped ; underleaves bifid, rarely entire, with basal rootlets. Dicecious
or moneecious. Fruit terminal on the branches. Involucral leaves 2 or 4,
larger than the stem-leaves; perianth 3—4-angled, mucronate. Calyptra
pyriform, fleshy. Capsule globose, the lower third solid. Elaters truncate at
each end, unispiral, adherent to the valves. Spores large, reddish, minutely
muricate. Antheridia most often on a short branch, globose-oblong or cylin-
dric. Archegonia 2-4, long-styled. (Named for Leonardo Frullani, an Italian
Minister of State.)

§1. TRACHYCOLEA. Perianth triangular in section, rough with tubercles or
scales, or villous ; lower leaf-lobe helmet-shaped, truncate at base.
* Lower leaf-lobe about three fourths the size of the upper.

1. F. Oakesiana, Aust. Stems widely branching ; fertile branches short ,
leaves obliquely orbicular, loosely imbricate, the lower lobe rotund, contigu-
ous to the stem; underleaves ovate-rotund or suboboyate. little wider than the

JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES. ) (05

stem, bifid; involucral leaves more or less connate, equally bilobed, the lobes
entire, obtuse; perianth small, subobovate-pyriform, smooth or 1 - 7-nerved or
alate both sides. — White Mts., on stunted spruce and birch trees.

* * Lower leaf-lobe much smaller than the upper.

+ Underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, ovate, bifid, the divisions entire,
acute ; perianth 1-carinate or smooth, except in n. 2; stems creeping.

2. F. Virginica, Lehm. Stems short, irregularly branching; leaves
crowded, ovate, entire, somewhat concave, the lower lobes sometimes expanded
into a lanceolate lamina; underleaves round-ovate, bifid, twice the width of
the stem; perianth compressed-pyriform, tuberculate, 2—4-carinate dorsally,
4-carinate ventrally. — On bark of trees, rarely on rocks; common.

3. F. Eboracénsis, Lehm. Branches clustered; leaves loose, imbricate
on the branches, round-ovate, entire; perianth pyriform, slightly compressed
and repand, smooth, obscurely carinate beneath and gibbous toward the apex.
(F. saxatilis, Lindenb.) — On trees and rocks; common northward.

4. F. Pennsylvanica, Steph. Stems dichotomous; leaves imbricate,
flat, ovate, mucronate or rarely obtuse, entire; lower lobe marginal, large,
round-cucullate ; underleaves broadly ovate, deeply parted, the divisions long-
acuminate ; dicecious ; antheridial spikes on short lateral branches, elongated ;
lobes of the involucral leaves acuminate, much narrowed at base, and the
large underleaves carinate-concave, deeply parted, their apiculate divisions
entire or toothed. —Shaded rocks, Stony Creek, Carbon Co., Penn. (Rau).
Known only from the original description.

5. F. saxicola, Aust. Stems numerous, widely branching; leaves or-
bicular, scarcely oblique, flat ; lower lobe near the stem, small, or rarely larger
and round-galeate ; underleaves scarcely wider than the stem, subovate, bifid;
perianth broadly oblong, bowl-shaped with very short mouth, papillose, abruptly
broad-carinate beneath, 1-many-nerved each side of the keel, 2-angled. —
Sloping dry trap rocks, Closter, N. J. (Austin).

+ + Underleaves 2-3 times wider than the stem, round or subquadrate, bifid,
the divisions blunt or truncate.

++ Leaves lax, rather distant ; lower lobe mostly expanded, ovate-lanceolate.

6. F. eoldtis, Nees. Procumbent, irregularly branched or subpinnate ;
leaves semi-vertical, subsquarrose, obliquely cordate, the lower lobe expanded ;
underleaves ovate, acutely bifid, the upper margin angular-dentate or entire ;
sporogonium unknown. — On trees and rocks, chiefly in mountain regions.

++ ++ Leaves close-imbricate ; lower lobe galeate, seldom expanded except on
terminal leaves.

7. F. squarrosa, Nees. Decumbent, pinnately branching, the short
fertile branch lateral; leaves subvertical, suborbicular, obtuse, entire; lower
lobe obovate-cucullate or galeate, subappressed ; underleaves cordate or rounded,
sinuate-subdentate, slightly bifid; perianth oblong, triquetrous, convex dor-
sally, strongly keeled ventrally.—On rocks and trees, N. Y. to Ohio, and
southward; rather common.

8. F. plana, Sulliv. Procumbent, widely branching or subpinnate;
leaves orbicular, subimbricate ; lower lobe very small, as broad as long, close
to the stem; underleaves rather large, flat, rounded, slightly bifid; mone-

706 JUNGERMANNIACEZ. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

cious ; perianth oblong-oval or subobovate, triquetrous, dorsally sulcate, acutely
keeled ventrally ; antheridial spikes globose. — Shaded rocks, N. Y. and N. J.
to E. Tenn.

9. F. dilatata, Nees. Loosely and widely pinnate; leaves round, entire,
opaque; lower lobe subrounded, cucullate, close to the stem; underleaves
subquadrate, toothed at the anterior angles; involucral leaves with 2 or 3
entire lobes; perianth tuberculate, retuse. — Rocks and trunks of trees; rather
common. (Eu.)

§ 2. THYOPSIELLA. Perianth smooth ; leaves semicordate at base (marked
by a central moniliform row of cells, or sometimes in n. 12 by a few scattered
large cells); lower'lobe near the stem (except in n. 11), cylindric-saccate,
mostly erect ; underleaves round-oval, the margin entire, recurved ; dicecious.

x Leaves orbicular.

10. F. Asagrayana, Mont. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, simply pinnate ; leaves
concave, obtuse, decurved; lower lobe oblong-clavate, emarginate at base;
underleaves oblong, flat, 2-cleft, the sinus obtuse ; involucral leaves unequally
2-cleft, the dorsal segment oblong, pointed, nearly entire, the ventral subulate ;
perianth pyriform, 3-sided, obtusely keeled beneath. (FF. Grayana of authors.)
— Rocks and bark of coniferous trees; frequent.

ll. F. Tamarisci, Nees. Bipinnately branching, somewhat rigid; leaves
obtuse, mucronately acute or subacuminate, decurved, entire ; lower lobe dis-
tant from the stem, oval or oblong; underleaves quadrate-ovate or obovate,
emarginate, the margin revolute; involucral leaves bifid, serrulate ; perianth
oblong, sulcate dorsally, obtusely keeled ventrally. — N. Eng. and southward ;

rare. (Eu.)
* * Leaves oblong from a narrowed base.

12. F. fragilifolia, Tayl. Procumbent, subpinnate, the alternate flat-
tened branches subremote; leaves subimbricate, ascending, recurved, entire ;
lower lobe oblong-galeate; underleaves round-obovate, flat, appressed, bifid,
the margins entire or angled; perianth obovate-cordate, concave dorsally,
keeled ventrally; involucral leaves subequally lobed, obtusely few-toothed.
(F. polysticta, Mont. F. Sullivantiz, Aust.) On trees in a cedar swamp,
Urbana, Ohio (Sullivant). (Eu.)

2. JUBULA, Dumort. (PI. 25.)

Characters nearly as in Frullania. Leaves large and flat, an axillary one —

at the base of each branch without a lower lobe. Calyptra turnip-shaped,
abruptly globose above. Moncecious, with 2 antheridia in each leaf of a spike-
like branch, and the archegonia mostly solitary. (Name from juba,a mane,
alluding to the persistent elaters.)

1. J. Hutchinsize, Dumort., var. Sullivantii, Spruce. Subdichoto-
mously branching; leaves dark olive-green, subimbricate, obliquely ovate,
acute, entire or subrepand; lower lobe saccate, rather remote from the stem,
not spurred as in the European form ; underleaves roundish, serrate or entire ;
involucral leaves bifid, serrate; perianth triangular-obpyriform. (Frullania
Hutchinsiz, Nees, in part.) — Wet rocks, N. Eng. to 8. C.; more common in
the mountains.

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES. ) 107

3. LEJEUNBA, Libert. (PI. 24.)

Leaves decurrent at the folds, the lower lobe incurved and ventricose ; under-
leaves usually present, entire or bifid. Archegonium with a slender persistent
style, solitary on a usually very short brancb ; the perianth free from the invo-
lucral leaves, oval or oblong, terete or angular, variously carinate, cristate, or
ciliate. Capsule globose, 4-cleft to the middle, the valves recurved. Spores
large (40-50 mw broad), globose or oblong, tuberculate. Antheridia at the
base of ordinary leaves or in the axils of the leaves of a spike-like branch. —
Otherwise as Frullania. (Named for A.-L.-S. Lejeune, a French botanist.)

* Underleaves entire.

1. L. eclypeata, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Stems procumbent, somewhat pin-
nately branched, 2-1’ long; leaves whitish-green, round-ovate, cellular-crenu-
late, deflexed ; lower lobe flat, oblong-quadrate ; underleaves round-quadrate ;
moneecious ; involucral leaves larger than those of the stem, the perianth
round-obovate, 2—3-carinate dorsally, 1-carinate ventrally, the keels rough.
(L. calyculata, Zay/.) —On rocks aud trees; common south and westward.

* * Underleaves bifid ; leaves entire.

2. L. serpyllifolia, Libert, var. Americana, Lindb. Stems long,
somewhat branching, pale, pellucid and fragile; leaves rather remote, flat,
opening from a basilar sac, scarcely decurved, obliquely roundish-ovate, ob-
tuse, often slightly repand; underleaves about half as large, round-oval with
a broad obtuse sinus and acute lobes; moncecious ; the vbovate-clavate perianth
on a lateral branch. (L. cavifolia, Aust.) — On cedars, etc., Catskill Mts.
(Cleve), Belleville, Ont. (AZacoun), and southward ; rather common.

3. L. lucens, Tayl. Whitish, filiform, pinnately branched; leaves remote,
rarely subimbricate, obliquely ovate-triangular, rounded or obtuse, semi-cor-
date at base; lower lobe ovoid, acute or apiculate; underleaves 4 as large as
the lateral, round-oval, deeply bifid, the lobes broad-subulate ; dicecious ; invo-
lucral leaves rather longer, with lanceolate lobes; perianth scarcely emersed,
broadly pyriform, 5-carinate. (L. cucullata, Sulliv.; not Nees.) — Near Cin-
cinnati; moist rocks, Alleghany Mts. and southward (Su/livant). Minute
and flaccid.

* * * Underleaves obsolete ; leaves muriculate-denticulate.

4. L. calearea, Libert. Very minute; stems slender, loosely branch-
ing; leaves ovate, falcate-decurved, sinuate-complicate at base; moncecious;
involucral leaves bifid, the divisions entire; perianth on a very short lateral
branch, pyriform-clavate, acutely 5-angled, the margin echinate-muriculate.

(L. echinata, Tay/.) — On rocks and roots of trees; rather common. (Eu.)

4. RADUL A, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves large, complicate-bilobed, incubous ; lower lobe small, bearing root-
hairs; underleaves none. Dicecious, rarely moneecious. Fruit usually ter-
minal. Involucral leaves 2, slightly smaller than the cauline, 2-lobed ; perianth
tubular, compressed or nearly terete, truncate, entire or crenate. Calyptra
pyriform, persistent. Capsule oval-cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores
large, globose, minutely tuberculate. Antheridia in the ventricose bases of

708 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES.)

spicate leaves. (Radula, a scraper or spatula, in allusion to the form of the
perianth. )
* Lower lobe subquadrate, barely incumbent on the stem.

1. R. complanata, Dumort. Creeping, widely subpinnately branch-
ing; leaves imbricate, spreading. rounded, the lower lobe obtuse or acute ;
moneecious ; perianth obconic, compressed, the mouth entire, truncate; anthe-
ridia in the bases of 2-3 pairs of strongly imbricate tumid leaves. — On rocks
and roots of trees; common. (Eu.)

2. R. obcdnica, Sulliv. (Pl. 24.) Smaller, indeterminately branched ;
leaves somewhat remote, round-obovate, convex; moncecious; periauth cla-
vate-obconic, obliquely truncate ; antheridia axillary on short lateral branches
rising near the terminal involucre. — On trees in cedar swamps, N. J. to Ohio.

x * Lower lobe small, rounded, more or less transversely adnate.

3. R. tenax, Lindb. Stems brownish-green, rigid, tenacious; leaves
remote, scarcely decurrent, obliquely elliptic-ovate, opaque, the cells round
and strongly chlorophyllose ; dicecious; the antheridial spike lateral below
the keel of a leaf, long, linear, somewhat obtuse. (R. pallens, Sulliv.; not
Gottsche.) — On rotten trunks, in the Catskill Mts., and southward, especially
in the mountains.

5. PORELLA, Dill. (P1.24,)

Leaves large, incubous, complicate-bilobed; lower lobe ligulate, suberect ;
underleaves similar, decurrent at base, the apex entire. Dicecious. - Fruit on
a short lateral branch. Involucral leaves usually 4, 2-lobed, the margin ciliate
or denticulate ; perianth somewhat oval, compressed, bilabiate, incised or entire.
Calyptra globose, persistent. Capsule globose, reddish, short-stalked. Elaters
very numerous, 2-—3-spiral, free. Spores large, rough. Antheridia solitary in
the saccate bases of leaves, crowded in short spikes. (Name a diminutive of
porus, an opening.)

x Leaves more or less remote; stems bipinnate.

1. P. pinnata, L. Stems irregularly pinnate, fastigiate at the ends,
leaves scarcely incubous, ovate-oblong, the rounded apex sometimes slightly
decurved ; lower lobe minute, flat, oblong, obtuse, as long but not half as wide
as the flat, entire, ovate-rectangular, scarcely decurrent underleaves. (Mado-
theca Porella, Nees.) —On rocks and trees subject to inundation; common.
(Eu.)

* * Leaves mostly closely imbricate ; stems mostly simply pinnate (or bipinnate
in n. 2).

2. P. platyphylla, Lindb. (Pl. 24.) Yellowish or fuscous-green ;
stems irregularly pinnate, often fastigiate at the ends; leaves obliquely ovate,
more or less concave at base and the rounded upper margin curved upward
and undulate, mostly entire; lower lobe obliquely ovate, the margin strongly
recurved, with an acute tooth at base; underleaves semicircular, with strongly
reflexed margins. (Madotheca platyphylla, Dumort.) — On rocks and trees;
common eastward. (Eu.)

3. P. Thuja, Lindb. Fuscous-green or blackish, somewhat regularly
pinnate; leaves convex, closely appressed, obliquely round-ovate, the rounded

he

—

JUNGERMANNIACE. (SCALE-MOSSES.) 709

apex decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe oblong, obtuse, with an
acute tooth at base, longer but narrower than the quadrate underleaves, both
with strongly recurved sparsely denticulate margins. (Madotheca Thuja, Du-
mort.) — On rocks and trees; more common westward. (Eu.)

4. P. dentata, Lindb. Mostly fuscous-green, irregularly pinnate or sub-
dichotomous ; leaves more remote on the branches, obliquely round-ovate, the
rounded summit slightly decurved, more or less denticulate; lower lobe de-
current, twisted, obliquely ovate, acute, with recurved undulate denticulate
margin and a large acute tooth at base; underleaves twice as wide as the
lower lobes, quadrate-oval, the undulate reflexed margin dentate, especially
near the base. (Madotheca rivularis, Nees.) — Shaded rocks, Yellow Springs,
Ohio (Sullivant). (Ku.)

5. P. Sullivantii, Underw. Stems strongly decurved at the ends in
drying ; leaves suberect, the straight ventral margin strongly involute toward
the apex; cells large, punctate-stelliform ; perianth broadly keeled beneath,
the keel 2-angled. (Madotheca Sullivantii, Aust.) — Alleghany Mts. (Sulli-
vant) ; rare.

6. PTILIDIUM, Nees. (PI. 24.)

Leaves incubous, complicate-bilobed, each lobe divided and lacerately cili-
ate; underleaves 4-5-lobed, ciliate. Diccious. Fruit terminating short
branches. Involucral leaves 2-4, 4-cleft; perianth terete, obovate, the mouth
connivent, plicate, denticulate. Calyptra pyriform, coriaceous. Capsule ovate.
Spores globose. Antheridia in the base of closely imbricated leaves. (Name
a diminutive of mridoyv, a feather, from the fringed foliage.)

1. P. ciliare, Nees. Stems crowded, subpinnate ; fringes of the foliage
long-setaceous. (Blepharozia ciliaris, Dumort.) — On rotten logs and stumps ;
common. (EKu.)

7. TRICHOCOLEA, Dumort. (PI. 24.)

Leaves succubous, 4-5-divided, and with the underleaves setaceously
fringed. Dicecious. Fruit terminal, or axillary from the growth of inno-
vations. Involucral leaves coalescent into an oblong truncate hairy tube,
blended in our species with the calyptra; perianth none. Capsule oblong, its
pedicel bulbous at base. Elaters free. Antheridia large, in the axils of leaves
on terminal branches. (Name from 6pié, hair, and koAeds, a sheath, from the
hairy involucre.)

1. T. tomentélla, Dumort. Stems pinnately decompound, densely
tufted, glaucous, 2-6’ long; leaves nearly uniform; underleaves subquadrate,
as wide as the stem. — Among mosses in swamps; common. (Eu.)

T. BippLecomi®, Aust., very imperfectly described from specimens col-
lected in Urbana, Ohio, is said to be simply and rather distantly pinnate.

8. HERBERTA, S.F.Gray (PI. 24.)

Leaves large, incubous or nearly transverse, narrow, 3-ranked, the under-
leaves being scarcely smaller, cleft to or below the middle, the lobes acute.
Diecious. Fruit terminal on a long branch. Involucral leaves numerous,
equitant ; perianth ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform, 3-angled, deeply 6 -8-

710 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

lobed. Calyptrasmall, obovate, deeply trifid. Capsule large, globose. Elaters
free. Spores large, muriculate. Antheridia in the bases of leaves of a short
terminal spike. (Named for William Herbert, an English botanist.)

1. H.adunea, 8. F. Gray. Stems long and slender, erect, brownish, nearly
simple; leaves and underleaves almost alike, curved and one-sided, the lobes
Sanceolate. (Sendtnera juniperina, Sulliv.; not Nees.) —On rocks, Green-
wood Mts., N. J., Catskill Mts., N. Y., and probably northward. (Eu.)

9. BAZZANIA, S.F. Gray. (PI. 24.)

Leaves incubous, oblique, decurved, mostly truncate-tridentate ; underleaves
wider than the stem, mostly 3—4-toothed or crenate. Dicecious. Fruit on a
short branch from the axil of an underleaf. Involucral leaves much imbri-
cate, concave, orbicular or ovate, incised at the apex; perianth ovate-subulate
or fusiform, somewhat 3-keeled. Calyptra pyriform or cylindric-oblong. Cap-
sule oblong. Antheridial spikes from the axils of underleaves. (Named for
M. Bazzani, an Italian Professor of Anatomy.)

1. B. trilobata, 8. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, dichotomous, prolifer-
ous; leaves ovate, the broad apex acutely 3-toothed; underleavyes roundish-
quadrangular, spreading, 4—6-toothed above; perianth curved, cylindric, pli-
cate at the narrow apex and 3-toothed. (Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees.
M. tridenticulatum, Lindenb.) — Ravines, wet woods and swamps; ¢ommon
and variable. (Eu.)

2. B. defiéxa, Underw. Stems forked or alternately branched; leaves
strongly deflexed, cordate-ovate or ovate-oblong, falcate, the upper margin
arcuate, the narrow apex 2-3-toothed or entire; underleaves roundish-quad-
rate, the upper margin bifid, crenate, or entire; perianth cylindric, arcuate,
plicate above and denticulate. (Mastigobryum deflexum, Nees.) — On rocks
in the higher mountains eastward. (Eu.)

10. LEPIDOZIA, Dumort. (PI. 24.)

Leaves small, incubous, palmately 2-4-cleft or -parted; underleaves simi-
lar, often smaller. Dicecious or rarely monecious. Fruit terminal on short
Lranches from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves small, appressed,
concave, 2—4-cleft; perianth elongated, ovate-subulate or narrowly fusiform,
obtusely triangular above, entire or denticulate. Calyptra included, pyriform
or oblong. Capsule oblong-cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish.
Antheridia large, pedicelled, solitary in the axils of 2-cleft spicate leaves.
(Name from Aemis, a scale, and 60s, a shoot, for the scale-like foliage.)

1. L. réptans, Dumort. (PI. 24.) Creeping, pinnately compound, the
branches often flagellate; leaves decurved, subquadrate, 3 — 4-cleft ; involucral
leaves ovate, truncate, unequally 4-toothed ; perianth incurved, dentate. — On
the ground and retten wood, N. J., and common northward. (Eu.)

2. L. setacea, Mitt. Leaves deeply 2-3-cleft or -parted, incurved, the
lobes subulate, formed of a somewhat double series of cells; underleayves sim.
ilar; perianth ciliate. (Jungermannia setacea, Web.) —On the ground and
rotten wood; common. Resembling the next in its leaves, but smaller and
browrish. (Eu.)

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES. ) (1

ll. BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dumort. (PI. 25.)

Leaves transverse or slightly incubous, 3 -4-parted, the divisions capillary ;
underleaves smaller, mostly 2-—3-parted. Dicecious or monecious. Fruit ter-
minal. Involucral leaves numerous, verticillate, deeply 4-cleft; perianth ex-
serted, pyriform-cylindric, laciniate. Calyptra short, oblong, bilabiate. Cap-
sule cylindric-oblong. Elaters large, very obtuse. Spores large, smooth.
Antheridia solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. (Name from BAépapoy, an
eyelid, and oroua, mouth, in allusion to the fringed orifice of the perianth.)

1. B. trichophyllum, Dumort. Flaccid, branched, creeping; leaf-
divisions straight, spreading, each composed of a single row of cells; perianth
ovate-cylindric. (Jungermannia trichophylla, Z.)—On the ground and rot-
ten wood. Minute, light green. (Eu.)

12. CEPHALOZIA, Dumort. (PI. 23.)

Leaves mostly succubous, chiefly 2-lobed, the margins uniformly plane or
subincurved ; underleaves smaller, often wanting except on fruiting branches.
Branches from the under side of the stem. Moncecious or diccious. Invyo-
lucral leaves numerous, capitate, 3-ranked, usually 2-lobed; perianth long,
triangular-prismatic, the constricted mouth variously dentate. Calyptra small.
Capsule somewhat oblong. FElaters free. Spores minute. Antheridia in
the base of inflated spicate leaves. (Name from kepadn, head, and dos, bud,
for the capitate involucre.)

§ 1. CEPHALOZIA proper. Perianth more or less 3-angled or 3-carinate ;
leaf-cells large (mostly 25-50 p broad) ; plants mostly medium-sized.

* Underleaves rarely present except on fruiting branches.

1. C. Virginiana, Spruce. Without runners, usually pale ; leaves small,
obliquely round-ovate, acutely 2-lobed nearly to the middle; cells quadrate-
hexagonal, opaque; dicecious, rarely moncecious; involucral leaves round-
quadrate, with slender acuminate lobes; perianth large, widest above the
middle, unequally ciliolate; capsule large, long-exserted ; antheridial spike
long. (C. catenulata of authors; not AZuebn.) —On rotten wood or swampy
ground, N. Eng. to Va., and southward.

2. C. multiflora, Spruce. (PI. 23.) Often subpinnate, without runners,
pale green ; leaves small, round-rhombic, decurrent, bifid 4 their length; cells
quadrate-hexagonal, pellucid; dicecious; inner involucral leaves 3-4 times as
long as the outer; perianth linear-fusiform, 3-plaited when young, trianvular
only above when mature, ciliate or toothed, fleshy ; calyptra fleshy, oval-glo-
bose; capsule rather short-pedicelled ; spores cinnamon-color. — On the ground
and rotten wood; common. (Eu.)

3. C. pleniceps, Underw. Stems very short, branching, densely ces-
pitose, pale green or whitish; leaves thick, orbicular, strongly concave, sub-
clasping but not decurrent, bifid 4 their length, the acute lobes incurved and
strongly connivent ; involucral leaves oblong, palmately 2-4-cleft, the ventral
like the underleaves; perianth large, oblong-cylindric, obtusely angled, the
plicate mouth denticulate. (Jungermannia pleniceps, Ast.) — Among Sphag:
num in the White Mts. (Oakes).

712 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES.)

4. C. bicuspidata, Dumort. Prostrate or assurgent, cespitose, usually
greenish or reddish, with runners; lower leaves small and distant, the upper
larger, round-ovate, cleft nearly to the middle, the lobes ovate-lanceolate ana
acute, the lower lobe narrower and acuminate; cells large, pellucid; mone-
cious; involucral leaves about 3 pairs, the innermost nearly three times as
long as the outer, cleft their length; perianth four times as long as the leaves,
linear-prismatic or fusiform, thin, denticulate or ciliate; capsule cylindric-
oblong; spores purple. (Jungermannia bicuspidata, 1.) — On the ground,
mountains of N.-Eng., N. Y.,and N. J. (Eu.)

5. C. ecurvifolia, Dumort. Slender, rarely forked, without runners,
greenish, reddish, or often purple; leaves imbricate, ascending, obovate, con-
cave, semicordate at base, lunately bifid below the middle, the lobes incurved
or hooked; cells small, quadrate; moncecious or dicecious; involucral leaves
complicate, the lobes subovate, spinulose-denticulate; perianth large, rose-
purple, triquetrous, the wide mouth ciliate; calyptra thin; capsule oblong-
globose. (Jungermannia curvifolia, Dicks.) — On rotten logs in swamps, etc. ;
common. (Eu.)

* * Underleaves usually present; leaves rarely subimbricate.

6. C. fllitans, Spruce. Stems 2-3’ long, loosely creeping, with short
thick runners; leaves large, ovate-oblong, lobed to near the middle, the lower
lobe larger, lanceolate, obtuse; cells large, mostly hexagonal; underleaves
linear, appressed ; dicecious; involucral leaves cleft to the middle; perianth
oval-cylindric, nearly entire ; calyptra short, pyriform ; capsule oblong ; spores
small, minutely tuberculate; antheridia globose, pedicelled, solitary in the
axils. —In bogs, on mosses or partly floating; rare. (Eu.)

§2. CEPHALOZIELLA. Perianth 3 -6-angled ; leaf-cells small (14-20 p

broad) ; plants small, often minute ; underleaves present in n. 9.

7. C. divaricata, Dumort. Sparingly branched, without runners;
leaves very small, cuneate or round-quadrate, the ovate-triangular lobes acute ;
cells pellucid or subopaque ; involucral leaves larger, the lobes acute, denticu-
late ; perianth linear or narrowly fusiform, prismatic, denticulate or subentire ;
capsule oblong-globose, long-exserted. (Jungermannia divaricata, Smith.) —
Dry rocks and sand, pine barrens of N. J., and northward. (Eu.)

8. C. Macotinii, Aust. Slender, much branched, dark green; leaves
scarcely broader than the stem, wide-spreading, bifid with a broad or lunate
sinus, the broad-subulate lobes mostly acute; cells subquadrate, somewhat pel-
lucid ; dicecious ; involucral leaves appressed, 2 - 3-lobed, irregularly spinulose ;
perianth small, whitish, obovate or ovate-fusiform, obtusely 3-angled, setu-
lose or ciliate. — Rotten logs, mountains of N. Eng., and northward (Austin,
Macoun).

9- C. Sullivantii, Aust. Stems 3-6” long, fleshy, rootlets numerous;
fertile branches suberect, clavate; leaves imbricate, often narrower than the
stem, subquadrate-ovate, more or less serrate, the sinus and lobes subacute;
dicecious ; involucral leaves 3, erect, free; perianth broadly oval or subobovate,
obtusely and sparingly angled, the apex slightly plicate, the mouth connivent,
dentate, sometimes narrowly scarious; capsule oval.— On rotten wood, N. J.
Ohio, and J].; rare. Our smallest species.

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JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE*MOSSES. ) 716

13. ODONTOSCHISMA, Dumort. (Pl. 24.)

Leaves succubous, ovate or roundish, entire or retuse, rarely bidentate,
underleaves minute, sometimes obscure or wanting. Dicecious or sometimes
moneecious. [Fruit terminal on a short branch from the lower side of the
stem. Involucral leaves few, 3-ranked, bifid or rarely 3-4-cleft; perianth
large, triangular-fusiform, ciliate or dentate. Calyptra membranous. Cap-
sule cylindric-oblong. Antheridia in small whitish spikes on the under side
of the stem. (Name from ddovs, a tooth, and cxicua, a cleft, alluding to the
perianth. )

1. O. Sphagni, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Leaves spreading or ascending,
ovate, rounded or oblong, entire or retuse, subconcave; underleaves mostly
wanting; perianth 3-6 times longer than the leaves, subulate-fusiform, la-
ciniate or ciliate. (Sphagneecetis communis, Nees.) — Among mosses, N. J.
to Ill., and southward. (Ku.)

2. O. denudata, Lindb. Stems densely rooting, somewhat leafless at
base, flagellate, branching above; leaves spreading, broadly ovate, entire;
underleaves broadly oval, entire or subdenticulate; perianth close-connivent
above, at length bursting irregularly. — On rotten wood, Canada to Ohio, and
south along the mountains. (Eu.)

144. KANTIA, S.F.Gray. (PI. 24,)

Leaves large, incubous, flat or convex, entire or retuse; underleaves small,
roundish, the apex entire, retuse or bifid. Dicecious or monecious. Involucre
pendulous, subterranean, clavate or subcylindric, fleshy, hairy, attached to
the stem by one side of its mouth. Calyptra membranous, partly adnate to
the involucre. Capsule cylindric, the valves spirally twisted. Spores minute,
roughish. Antheridia solitary in the reduced leaves of short lateral branches.
(Name from J. Aant, a physician at The Hague.)

1. K. Trichomanis, 8. F. Gray. (Pl. 24.) Creeping, without ventral
runners; leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, roundish-ovate, obtuse.
(Calypogeia Trichomanis, Corda.)—On the ground and rotten logs; very
common. (Eu.)— Var. rrvuLARIs, Aust. Leaves dusky green or blackish,
more scattered, flaccid; cells large. N. J. (Austin.) — Var. T&NuIS, Aust.
Very slender, innovate-branching ; leaves smaller, especially above, dimidiate-
ovate or subfalcate, subdecurrent. Southern N. J. (Austin).

2. K. Sullivantii, Underw. Prostrate, with ventral runners; leaves
flat, subcontiguous or imbricate, obliquely round-ovate, minutely 2-toothed
with a lunulate sinus, abruptly decurrent; cells large, uniform; underleayes
minute, the upper orbicular, bifid, the lower twice 2-lobed, the primary lobes
round-quadrate, divaricate, the secondary ovate or subulate. (Calypogeia
Sullivantii, Aust.) — Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (Austin).

15. SCAPANIA, Dumort. (PI. 24.)

Leaves complicate-bilobed, the upper lobe smaller, the lower succubous;
margins entire or dentate or ciliate; underleaves none. Diccious. Fruit
terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline but more equally lobed; peri-
anth obovate, dorsally compressed, bilabiate, the mouth truncate, entire or
toothed, decurved. Capsule ovate. Elaters long, attached to the middle of

(14 JUNGERMANNIACE&. (SCALE-MOSSES.)

the valves. Antheridia 3-20, in the axils of small saccate leaves, which are
scarcely imbricate or crowded into terminal heads. (Name from cxamanov. a
shovel, from the form of the perianth.)

* Leaf-lobes somewhat equal.

1. §. subalpina, Dumort. Leaves equidistant, imbricate, cleft nearly to
the middle, the roundish obtuse lobes denticulate on the outer margin; peri-
anth much exceeding the involucral leaves, obovate from a narrow base,
denticulate. — Mountains of N. Eng. (Oakes, Austin); L. Superior ( Gillman,
Macoun). (Eu.)

2. S. glaucocéphala, Aust. Stems short, cespitose, creeping or as-
sending, subsimple, with numerous offshoots; leaf-lobes broadly ovate, entire,
mostly obtuse and apiculate; involucral leaves sometimes denticulate; peri-
anth small, subcuneate, entire. (Jungermannia glaucocephala, Tayl.; S.
Peckii, Aust.) —On rotten wood, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Canada.

« « Lower lobe about twice the size of the upper, except near the sximmt.
+ Leaves broader than long ; upper lobes rounded or blunt.

3. S. undulata, Dumort. (Pl. 24.) Ascending or erect, slightly branched ;
leaves lax, spreading, entire or ciliate-denticulate, the lobes round-trapezoidal,
equal at the summit of the stem; perianth oblong-incurved, nearly entire,
twice as long as the outer involucre.— In woods, damp meadows, and rills;
common, especially in mountain districts. — Var. PURPUREA, Nees; a form
with long lax stems and rose-colored or purplish leaves. (Ku.)

4. §.irrigua, Dumort. Creeping; leaves somewhat rigid, repand, deeply
lobed; lobes rounded, submucronate, the lower appressed, the upper convex
with incurved apex; perianth ovate, denticulate. (S. compacta, var. irrigua,
Aust.) — Wet places, N. J., Catskill Mts., mountains of N. Eng., and north
ward. (Eu.)

+ + Leaves longer than broad ; upper lobes more or less acute.

5. S. nemordsa, Dumort. Rather stout, flexuose, creeping at base,
leaves rather distant, decurrent on both sides, ciliate-dentate, the lower lobe
obovate, obtuse, slightly convex, the upper cordate, acute, concave; perianth
densely ciliate; capsule large, roundish-ovate, reddish-brown. (S. brevifiora,
Tayl.) —On rocks, etc., in swamps and rills; common and variable. (Eu.)

6. S. Oakesii, Aust. Leaves obovate, somewhat spreading, often de-
flexed, closely complicate, convex, the lower lobe coarsely dentate, and with
deep purple spur-like teeth on the keel, the upper roundish and less dentate
perianth usually dentate. — White Mts. (Oakes, Austin).

* * « Lower lobes 3 - 4 times the size of the upper.

7. S. exsécta, Aust. Ascending ; leaves subcomplicate, entire, tie iower
lobe ovate, acute or bidentate, concave, the upper small and tooth-like; invo-
lucral leaves 3 -5-cleft; perianth oblong, obtuse, plicate. (Jungermannia ex-
secta, Schmidel.) — High mountains, far northward; rare. — Perhaps better
. retained in Jungermannia. (Eu.)

8. S. umbrosa, Dumort. Stems short, decumbent, slightly branched;
leaf-lobes ovate, acute, serrate; perianth incurved, naked at the mouth. —
White Mts.; rare.— The tips of the shoots are frequently covered with a
dark mass of gmmex. (Eu.)

eh, i

JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES.) 715

16. DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort. (PI. 25.)

Leaves rather narrow, complicate-bilobed, the lobes subequal or the upper
smaller, the lower succubous; underleaves none. Fruit terminal. Involu-
cral leaves few. Perianth cylindrical, scarcely or not at all compressed, pluri-
plicate, denticulate. (Name from 6:mAds, double, and pvXror, lea/, on account
of the folded 2-lobed leaves.)

1. D. albicans, Dumort., var. taxifolium, Nees. Stems ascending,
almost rootless; leaves closely folded, subdenticnlate, with a rudimentary
pellucid line near the base or none, the lobes obtuse or acutish, the lowei
sblong-scy mitar-shaped, the upper smaller, subovate ; perianth ovate, plicate.
(Jungermannia albicans and J. obtusifolia of Sulliv.; not of L. and Hook.) —
Under rocks in mountain ravines and on the ground. (KEu.)— The typical
form occurs in N. Scotia, distinguished by a broad pellucid mediai ‘ine L
both lobes.

17. GEOCALYX, Nees. (PI. 23.)

Leaves succubous, bidentate; underleaves 2-cleft, with linear divisions.
Fruit lateral, pendent. Involucre simple, fleshy, saccate, oblong, truncate,
attached to the stem by one side of the mouth. Calyptra membranous,
partly adnate to the involucre. Capsule oblong. Elaters free. Auntheridia
in the axils of small leaves on spike-like lateral branches. (Name from yea,
the earth, and KdéAvé, a cup, from the subterranean involucres.)

1. G. gravéolens, Nees. Leaves ovate-quadrate, 2-toothed, light green ;
-nderleaves oval-lanceolate, cleft to the middle. — On the ground, and rotten
logs; not rare. (Ku.)

18. LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, obliquely ovate-oblong, broadly trun-
cate or bidentate; underleaves smaller, more or less quadrate, bifid or with
4-8 capillary lobes. Dicecious or monecious. Fruit terminal on the main
stem or primary branches. Involucral leaves 2-4, large, often spinulose;
perianth triangular-prismatic, 3-lobed, ciliate or laciniate. Calyptra short,
obovate, at length lacerate above. Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia
mostly solitary in or near the base of ordinary leaves. (Name from Ad¢os,
a crest, and Kodeds, a sheath, from the crested perianth.)

* Underleaves mostly bifid (or 8-4-cleft in n. 1); divisions mostly entire.

1. L. bidentata, Dumort. Stems 1-2’ long, procumbent, sparsely
branching; leaves pale green, ovate-triangular, acutely 2-toothed, the teeth
oblique with a lunulate sinus; moneecious; perianth oblong-triangular, lacin-
iate; antheridia 2-3 in a cluster, axillary. — On rocks in shady rills; not com-
mon. (Eu.)

2. L. Austini, Lindb. Creeping; leaves uniformly deeply lobed, the
lobes and usually the sinus acute; underleaves comparatively smai!, the lobes
subulate; cells small; moncecious; antheridia solitary in the upper axils. (L.
minor, Aust.; not Nees.) — On roots of trees in woods (Austin). Imperfectly
known.

3. L. Macotnii, Aust. Stems very short, prostrate, ascending at the
apex, aca aaa leaves suberect, ovate-subquadrate, 2-lobed with ob-

716 JUNGERMANNIACES. (SCALE-MOSSE¥.)

tuse lobes and sinus, or retuse or often entire; underleaves light pink, deeply
bifid, the setaceous lobes spreading-incurved ; moncecious; involucral leaves
somewhat oblong, repandly 2-4-toothed at the apex; perianth subobovate,
slightly angled. — On logs, Little Falls, N. Y. (Austin) ; Ont. (Macoun).

4. L. minor, Nees. Diffusely branching; leaves pale green, oval-sub-
yuadrate, expanded, convex, slightly rigid, equally and acutely bifid with a
lunate sinus; underleaves 4 as large, deeply bifid, the lanceolate lobes acumi-
nate; dicecious; involucral leaves like the cauline; perianth obtusely trian-
gular-plicate at the apex. (L. crocata, Aust.; not Nees.) —On the ground
and dry rocks in limestone regions (Austin). (Eu.)

x x Divisions of the underleaves more or less dentate.

5. L. heterophylla, Nees. (PI. 23.) Stems short, creeping or ascend-
ing, much branched; leaves ovate-subquadrate, entire, retuse and bidentate on
the same stem; underleaves large, 2 - 3-cleft; involucral leaves lobed and den-
tate; perianth terminal, the mouth crested. — On the ground and rotten logs
in woods and swamps; very common. (Eu.)

6. L. Hallii, Aust. Creeping, very slightly rooting; leaves subvertical,
oblong, cleft nearly to the middle with obtuse sinus and erect mostly obtuse
lobes; lower underleaves small, subequally 2-parted with an obtuse sinus, the
upper ones larger, with a single tooth on each side or palmately 3—4-parted.
the apical sublanceolate and narrowly bifid. — On the ground, Ill. (Hall).

19. CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda. (PI. 23.)

Leaves succubous, dorsally decurrent, mostly rounded and entire; under:
leaves rooting at the base, usuaily deeply 2-cleft. Fruit terminal on a very
short lateral branch. Involucral leaves 2-6, the outer smaller, the inner va-
riously cut; perianth small, obconic or campanulate, 3-angled and 3-lobed only
at the apex, the lobes usually spinose. Calyptra fleshy, subglobose or clavate
Capsule oblong-globose. Antheridia in the saccate bases of stem-leaves,
(Name from xeiAos, a lip, and cxv¢os, a bowl, from the form of the perianth.}

* Underleaves 4-parted.

1. C. ascéndens, Hook. & Wils. (Pl. 23.) Prostrate; leaves large,
pale green, ascending, roundish-oblong, slightly emarginate ; involucral leaves
two, 2-cleft; perianth 2-3-lobed, the lobes long and irregularly lacerate-
toothed. — On rotten logs; rather common.

x * Underleaves bifid.

2. C. palléscens, Dumort. Procumbent, creeping; leaves flattened,
>vate-subquadrate, obtuse or retuse ; underleaves ovate, distant, free ; involucral
leaves two, 2-toothed ; perianth deeply trifid, the lobes spinose-dentate, mostly
shorter than the conspicuous calyptra. — Mountains of N. Eng. (Qakes).

3. C. polyanthos, Corda. Procumbent, creeping ; leaves subascending,
ovate-subquadrate, truncate or subretuse; underleaves ovate-oblong, distant,
free; involucral leaves 2, slightly 2-toothed ; perianth 3-lobed, the short lobes
nearly entire, shorter than the calyptra.— Var. rRIvULARIS, Nees. Larger,
more branching, succulent; leaves mostly rounded above; underleaves often
divided in halves or wanting. —On the ground among mosses or on rotten
logs, common : the variety in shaded rills or still pends. (Eu.}

oo

ce ee

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES.) 17

20. PLAGIOCHILA, Dumort. (PL. 24)

Leaves large, succubous, rounded or truncate above, dentate or spinose or
rarely entire, the dorsal margin reflexed ; underleaves usually none. Disecious
or monecious. Fruit terminal, or axillary by the growth of offshoots. Invo-
lucral leaves larger than the cauline; perianth laterally compressed, erect or
decurved, obliquely truncate and bilabiate, the lobes entire or ciliate-dentate.
Capsule thick, oval. Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Antheridia
oval, 2-3 in the axils of spicate leaves. (Name from mAdyios, oblique, and xetAos,
‘up, from the form of the perianth.)

* Underleaves 2-3-cleft, fugacious.

1. P. porelloides, Lindenb. Branches ascending; leaves subimbricate,
convex-gibbous, round-obovate, the uppermost repand-denticulate, the rest en-
tire, the dorsal margin reflexed; perianth terminal, oblong-ovate, the mouth
compressed, denticulate. — Among mosses in swamps and river-bottoms;
common.

2. P. interrupta, Dumort. (PI.24.) Prostrate, horizontally branched,
copiously rooting ; leaves imbricate, horizontal, oval, entire or slightly repand ;
underleaves lanceolate; perianth terminal, broadly cbconic, the mouth com-
pressed, repand-crenulate. (P. macrostoma, Sulliv.)—— Moist banks and de-
cayed logs, N. Eng., Ohio, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Underleaves wanting.

3. P. spinulosa, Dumort. Creeping, branches ascending; leaves re-
mote, obliquely spreading, obovate-cuneate, the dorsal margin reflexed, entire,
the ventral and apex spinulose-toothed; perianth rounded, at length oblong,
the mouth spinulose. — Shaded rocks in mountain regions; rare. (Eu.)

4. P. asplenoides, Dumort. Branched, creeping or ascending; leaves
subimbricate, obliquely spreading, round-obovate, entire or denticulate, the
dorsal margin reflexed; perianth much exceeding the involucral leaves, ob-
long, dilated at the truncate or ciliate apex.— In rocky rivulets; common.
(Eu.)

21. MYLIA, S.F.Gray. (PI. 25.)

Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, circular, or ovate and pointed ; underleaves
subulate. Dicecious. Fruit terminal or pseudaxillary. Involucral leaves 2,
clasping; perianth ovate-oblong, laterally compressed above a subterete base,
the apex at length bilabiate, denticulate. Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Elaters
free. Antheridia 2 in the axils of bracts clustered near the apex of distinct
branches. (Name from Mylius, an early botanist.)

1 M. Taylori, S.F.Gray. Stems erect, nearly simple, radiculose ; leaves
large, convex, orbicular, entire, purplish; cells large; underleayes lance-subu-
late, entire or subdentate; perianth terminal, oval; calyptra finally long-
exserted. (Jungermannia Taylori, Hook.) — Wet rocks, high mountains of
N. Eng. and N. Y. (Eu.) i

22. HARPANTHUS, Nees. (PI. 23.)
Leaves succubous, semi-vertical, ovate, emarginate; underleaves connate
with the leaves, ovate or lanceolate, 1-toothed at base JDiceciougs. Fruit on
short shoots from the axils of the underleaves, finally sublateral. Involucra

718 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

leaves 2 or 4. Perianth terete, the lower half thickened. Calyptra fleshy, con:
fluent with the perianth for 3 its length. Capsule oval. Antheridia 1 or 2 in
the axils of bracts terminal on slender branches. (Name from dpzn, a sickle,
and &v@os, flower.)

1. H. scutatus, Spruce. Stems filiform, decumbent, usually simple;
leaves smaller at the base and apex of the stems, roundish-ovate, concave,
sharply bidentate, the apex lunate or acute; underleaves large, acuminate
involucral leaves two, 2—3-cleft, the upper adnate to the perianth; perianth
ovate, becoming obovate, obscurely 3 -4-plicate, splitting above on one side;
capsule deep brown. (Jungermannia scutata, Weber.) —On rotten logs in
damp places; common. (Eu.)

H. Frorovrianus, Nees. (PI. 23.) Stems flexuous, procumbent, mostly
unbranched; leaves ovate-orbicular, horizontal, the apex contracted and emar-
gimate with a shallow sinus; underleaves large, ovate or lanceolate, obliquely
inserted, entire or more often toothed on one or both sides near the middle;
dicecious; perianth subcylindric, slightly sickle-shaped, the mouth pointed at
first, notched on one side and finally crenulate; antheridia elliptic, single in
the base of swollen leaves. (Pleuranthe olivacea, 7’ay/.) — “ North America ”
(Drummond), but not collected recently ; certainly extralimital.

23. LIOCHLASNA, Nees. (PI. 25.)

Leaves succubous, ovate-oblong, entire or slightly retuse ; underleaves none.
Dicecious or moneecious. Involucral leaves 2 or 4, like the cauline; perianth
pyriform, becoming cylindric, incurved, abruptly rounded at the summit,
the minute orifice prominently ciliolate. Capsule oblong, long-exserted.
Elaters attached to the middle of the valves. Spores minute, globose. An
theridia in the axils of ordinary leaves. Archegonia 5-12. (Name from
Actos, smooth, and xAaiva, a cloak, referring to the perianth.)

1. L. lanceolata, Nees. Closely creeping, branched ; leaves sometimes
decurrent ; involucral leaves vertical; perianth at right angles with the stem;

moncecious. — On banks and rotten logs; not rare. (Iu.)

24. JUNGERMANNIA, Micheli. (PI. 25.)

Leaves succubous, rarely subtransverse, entire, lobed or dentate, the margins
never recurved; underleaves present or none. Dicecious or monecious. Fruit
terminal. Involucral leaves 4 or fewer, like the cauline or more incised, free;
perianth laterally compressed or terete, usually 3-10-carinate, the usually
small mouth entire or toothed. Calyptra oval-pyriform. Capsule globose o1
oblong, rarely cylindric. Spores minute, smooth or roughish. Archegonia
8-70. (Named for LZ. Jungermann, a German botanist of the 17th century.)

§ 1. JUNGERMANNIA proper. Leaves orbicular or ovate, entire or barely
retuse ; underleaves none (very small in n. 1).

1. J. Schraderi, Martius. (P1.25.) Creeping, flexnous; leaves round-
elliptic, entire, ascending ; underleaves broadly subulate, not apparent on old
stems; involucral leaves large, elongated, the inner smaller and more or less
laciniate; perianth oval-obovate, ascending. — On the ground and rotten logs;
common. (Eu.) ©

2. J. spheerocarpa, Hook. Stems creeping, the tips ascending, sub-
simple, greenish: leaves semi-vertical, rather rigid, orbicular, obliquely spread-

JUNGERMANNIACE®. (SCALE-MOSSES.) 409

ing, decurrent dorsally, pale green; involucral leaves separate; perianth

exserted, obovate-oblong, the mouth 4-cleft; capsule globose. — Mountains

of N. Eng. (Austin); rare. (Eu.)

3. J. pumila, With. Stems creeping, the tips somewhat ascending,
subsimple, rooting, pale; leaves ascending, ovate, obtuse, concave, entire;
involucral leaves like the cauline, erect; perianth terminal, fusiform, plicate
above and denticulate; capsule oval.—On shaded rocks along rivulets, Clos
ter, N. J. (Austin). (Eu.)

§ 2. LOPHOZIA. Leaves roundish or subquadrate, bidentate, bifid, or some-
times 3-—5-cleft ; underleaves none, or small and mostly 2-parted ; perianth
usually strongly plicate.

* Underleaves present.
+ Leaves bifid or 2-lobed.

4. J. Gillmani, Aust. Stems short, densely cespitose, prostrate, strongly
radiculose; leaves vertical, round-ovate, subconcave, bifid, the lower leaves
with usually acute sinus and lobes, the upper much larger with rounded lobes
and obtuse sinus; underleaves entire or the broader bifid; perianth without
involucral leaves, dorsal, sessile, obovate, subgibbous, ciliate, at length much
incised. — In a sandstone cave, ‘Traine Island, L. Superior (Gi//man).

5. J. Wattiana, Aust. Stems rather thick, 2-4” long, fragile, subflex-
uose, strongly radiculose; leaves subvertical or spreading, subovate, concave,
emarginately 2-lobed, the lobes acute or the upper obtuse; underleaves some-
what obsolete, hair-like or subulate, incurved ; involucral leaves little larger,
less deeply lobed ; perianth terminal, small, ovate-gourd-shaped, whitish, ciliate.
— On the ground, northern shore of L. Superior (J/acoun).

+ + Leaves 3-5-cleft.

6. J. barbata, Schreb. (Pl. 25.) Procumbent, sparingly branched;
leaves roundish-quadrate, with obtuse, acute, or mucronulate lobes and obtuse
undulate sinuses; underleaves broad, entire or 2-toothed, sometimes obsolete ;
perianth ovate, plicate-angled toward the apex, denticulate.—On rocks in
mountain regions; common. (Eu.)

Var. attenuata, Martius. Ascending, with numerous offshoots; stem-
leaves semi-vertical, obliquely spreading, roundish, acutely 2—4-toothed, those
of the shoots closely imbricate, premorsely 2—4-denticulate ; involucral leaves
two, 3-toothed ; perianth oblong. — In similar localities. (Eu.)

7. J. setiformis, Ehrh. Erect or ascending, dichotomous; leaves
toothed at base, 3-4-cleft, the lobes ovate-oblong, acute, channelled; under
leaves ciliate-dentate at base, deeply bifid, the divisions lanceolate, acuminate ;
involucral leaves more toothed than the cauline; perianth terminal, oval,
plicate. — Alpine summits of N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

x * Underleaves wanting.
+ Leaves 2-toothed ; involucral leaves 2-4-cleft.

8. J. alpéstris, Schleich. Stems creeping, crowded, bifid-branching, the
ends ascending ; leaves semi-vertical, ovate-subquadrate, obliquely toothed, the
teeth unequal, acute or mucronulate, distant ; involucral leaves wider, 2 —3-cleft;

perianth twice as long, oblong, smooth, the mowth complicate ; capsule oval. —
Alpine region of N. H. (Oakes). (Eu.)

720 SUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

9. J. ventricosa, Dicks. Stems dense, close-creeping, branching from
beneath; leaves semi-vertical, subquadrate, mostly flat, broadly and acutely
emarginate-bidentate, often bearing globules; involucral] leaves larger, round,
erect-spreading, 3-—4-cleft, subdentate; perianth ovate, inflated, narrowly com-
plicate above; capsule oval.— On the ground and rotten wood in the moun-
tains, and far northward; common. (Eu.)

10. J. Wallrothiana, Nees. Minute, blackish; stems creeping, strongly
rooting, subsimple; leaves clasping, semi-vertical, closely imbricate, ovate-
quadrate, concave, obtusely bidentate with an obtuse sinus, or acute in the
upper leaves; involucral leaves larger, erect, connate at base, 3-toothed, wavy-
plicate ; perianth oval-cylindric, plicate and subdentate, pellucid, reddish below.
— On coarse sand in the White Mts. (Oukes). (Eu.)

+ + Leaves bifid or 2-lobed, the ventral lobe often inflexed or subcomplicate ;
involucral leaves merely toothed, except in n. 11.

11. J. laxa, Lindb. Widely creeping, mostly simple, usually purplish-
black; leaves imbricate, or distant on the erect fertile stems, 2-3-lobed, the
lobes obtuse, wavy; cells very large, lax; involucral leaves 2, wide, short,
cristate-undulate, obtusely many-lobed; perianth exserted, long-clavate, sub-
plicate above, minutely ciliate. (J. polita, Aust. ; not Nees.) — Among Sphag-
num near Closter, N. J. (Austin).

12. J. excisa, Dicks. Stems closely creeping, short, subsimple, rather
rigid; leaves semi-vertical, erect-spreading, pellucid, roundish, with straight
acute lobes and deep obtuse sinus; involucral leaves erect, quadrate, usually
4—5-toothed; perianth erect, oblong, pale, banded and spotted with pink, pli-
cate above, irregularly denticulate.— Sterile grounds in open woods; com-
mon. (Eu.)

Var. ecrispa, Hook. Leaves round-quadrate, closely imbricate, deeply and
obtusely 2-3-cleft; involucral leaves 3-4-cleft, connate at base, subserrate.
(J. intermedia, Lindenb.) —In crevices of rocks, N. Y.and N.J. (Austin). (KEu.)

13. J. ineisa, Schrad. Stems thick, rooting, closely creeping or ascend-
ing; leaves crowded, semi-vertical, complicate, subquadrate, 2-6-cleft, the
acute lobes unequal, more or less spinulose-dentate ; involucral leaves similar,
more plicate and dentate, free; perianth short, oval or obovate, plicate above,
denticulate. — On rotten wood in the mountains, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 3. SPHENOLOBUS. Leaves 2-lobed, subtransverse, complicate-concave ;
underleaves none; involucral leaves 2—3-cleft. (Verging toward Marsu-
pella on one side and Diplophyllum on the other.)

-4. J. Michauxii, Weber. Stems ascending, flexuous by repeated
innovations below the summit; leaves crowded, subvertical, erect-spreading,
subsaccate at base, subquadrate, bifid with straight acute lobes and a narrow
sinus; involucral leaves similar, the outer serrulate, the inner smaller; peri-
anth ovate-subclayate, obtuse, plicate above, fringed. — Fallen trunks, moun-
tains of N. Y. and N. Eng.; common. (Eu.)

15.ed3, mintita, Crantz. Rvotless; leaves cleft }-4 their length, the
lobes ovate, subequal, acute or obtuse, entire, or gemmiparous ones subdentate ;
involucral leaves trifid; perianth oval-oblong or subcylindric.— On rocks in
high mountain regions, and northward. (Eu.)

Se ae ae

ee eg ae ee

JUNGERMANNIACE4, (SCALE-MOSSES. j “Zt

i6. J. Helleriana, Nees. (P1.25.) Creeping, entangled; leaves spreau
ing, subascending, cleft 4-4 their length, the lobes equal, acute, entire or ser-
rate ; involucral leaves 2 —3-cleft, spinulose-serrate ; perianth ovate, the mouth
contracted. — On rotten wood, N. Y., N. Eng., and northward. (Eu.)

§ 4. GYMNOCOLEA. Leaves 2-lobed; underleaves none; involucral leaves
like the cauline; perianth pedunculate, denticulate.

17. J. inflata, Huds. (PI. 25.) Procumbent or ascending, loosely radicu-
lose, branching; leaves semi-vertical, roundisi-elliptic, inequilateral, the sinus
and unequal lobes obtuse; perianth terminal or at length dorsal, oval or pyri-
form, smooth, the mouth connivent; capsule oblong. — On sterile ground and
rocks, N. J. (Austin), and northward in the mountains. (Eu.)

25. MARSUPELLA, Dumort. (PI. 23.)

Stems dorsally compressed, with rootlets at the base and often producing
somewhat leafless runners. Leaves transverse, complicate-bilobed ; involucral
leaves 2 or 4, connate with the perianth. Perianth tubular or oval, subcom-
pressed parallel to the base of the leaves. LElaters free. Spores round, rufous
(in our species). Antheridia mostly terminal. (Name a diminutive of mar-
supium, a pouch, from the form of the perianth.)

1. M. sphacelata, Dumort. Stems erect, subflexuous, pale brown;
leaves rather distant, concave, obovate to obcordate, somewhat clasping, the
sinus narrow ; dicecious; involucral leaves larger than the cauline, cordate ;
perianth free at the apex, with 4-5 broad acute teeth; antheridia 1-3, in
short terminal spikes. — Wet rocks, mountains of N. Eng. to N. J., and south-
ward. (Eu.)

2. M. emarginata, Dumort. (PI. 23.) Stems simple or innovating at
the summit, rigid, somewhat thickened upward; leaves usually broader than
long, round-cordate or subquadrate, lobes obtuse or mucronate, sinus acute;
dicecious; involucral leaves 4-8, usually larger, more deeply and acutely
emarginate ; perianth urceolate, the closed apex splitting into 4-5 triangular
lobes ; antheridia 2-3, oval, axillary in terminal spikes. (Sarcoscyphus Ehr-
harti, Corda.) — On wet rocks, chiefly in mountain rivulets, N. Y. and N. Eng.
Floating forms are longer with distant leaves. (Eu.) |

3. M. adusta, Spruce. Stems minute, clavate; leaves (5-8 pairs) im-
bricate, round or broadly ovate from a sheathing base, acutely lobed with
angular sinus; monoecious; perianth included, campanulate, crenate becoming
irregularly lobed; spores punctate; antheridia 1 or 2, oval, in the axils of the
lower involucral leaves. (Gymnomitrium adustum, Nees.) — Alpine region
of the White Mts. (Oakes, Austin). (Eu.)

26. NARDIA, S.F.Gray. (Pl. 25)

Stems laterally compressed, usually without runners. Leaves succubons,
subconcave or flat, the apex rounded, rarely retuse or bidentate; underleaves
none (in our species). Moncecious or dicecious. Involucral leaves 2-4 pairs,
connate at base. Perianth subcompressed laterally, connate with the involu-
eral leaves. Antheridia terminal on somewhat spike-like stems. (Named for
S. Nardi, an Italian abbot.)

(22 JUNGERMANNIACE. (SCALE-MOSSES.)

§ 1. EUCALYX. Perianth connate at base with the inner involucral leaves
somewhat surpassing them, 3-8-carinate, the mouth constricted.

1. N. hyalina, Carring. Creeping, with ascending tips, the branches
dichotomous-fastigiate, with claret-colored rootlets; leaves loosely imbricate,
decurrent, roundish, repand-undulate; monoecious or dicecious; involucral
leaves broader, appressed, one connate with the lower third of the perianth,
which is somewhat exserted, obovate, plicate with acute rough angles, rostel-
late, at length 4-cleft; capsule round-ovate. (Jungermannia hyalina, Lyell.)
— On banks in woods, Closter, N. J. (Austin), Ohio (Lesquereux). (£u.)

2. N. crenulata, Lindb. (Pl. 25.) Prostrate, branching; leaves orbicu-
lar, entire, larger toward the involucre and with large marginal cells; dic-
cious; involucral leaves 2, rarely 3, adnate to the base of the perianth, which
is flattened or terete, more or less regularly 4-5-plicate, the angles smooth ;
mouth much contracted, toothed. (Jungermannia crenulata, Smith.) — On the
ground in old fields, N. Y. and southward. (Eu.)

3. N. crenuliformis, Lindb. Densely cespitose ; fertile stems creeping,
thickened upward, with numerous purple rootlets, the sterile subascending, at-
tenuate upward; leaves subdecurrent, obliquely spreading, orbicular, concave,
entire or nearly so; perianth small, subobovate, more or less connate with the
involucral leaves, not exserted or slightly so, rooting at base, triquetrous above,
becoming 4-7-plicate; calyptra often violet-purple; capsule oval-globose.
(Jungermannia crenuliformis, Aust.)—On rocks in rivulets, Closter, N. J.
(Austin), Coshocton Co., Ohio (Sullivant).

4. N. biformis, Lindb. Densely cespitose, much branched, innovating

from beneath; rootlets numerous; leaves scarcely imbricate, alternate, spread-_

ing, obliquely semicircular or broadly ovate, retuse or entire, decurrent dorsally ;

cells large, hyaline; branch-leaves half as large, ovate or obovate, scarcely

decurrent; dicecious; antheridia solitary; fruit unknown. (Jungermannia

biformis, Aust.) — On steep wet rocks, Delaware Water Gap, N. J. (Austin).

§ 2. CHASCOSTOMA. Ferianth exserted, subcampanulate and open, deeply
laciniate, connate with the involucral leaves.

5. N. fossombronioides, Lindb. Stems densely cespitose, ascending ;
rootlets numerous, purple; leaves 2-ranked, subvertical, spreading-subrecurved,
rooting, closely imbricate, orbicular, clasping by a slightly cordate base, sub-
ventricose, undulate-repand, the apex uniplicate and slightly emarginate ;
moncecious; perianth very large, 6 - 10-plicate, the lobes entire; calyptra vio-
let ; capsule short-oval. (Jungermannia fossombronioides, Aust.) — On rocks
in a rivulet, Closter, N. J. (Austin), and southward.

27. GYMNOMITRIUM, Corda. (PI. 23.)

Leaves closely imbricated, 2-ranked on fascicled ascending julaceous stems,
emarginate-bidentate ; underleaves none. Diccious. Involucre double, the
inner shorter, of 2 or more dentate and deeply cleft leaves. Calyptra short,
campanulate. Capsule globose, the valves at length reflexed. Elaters cadu-
cous. Antheridia in the axils of leaves, oval, stipitate. (Name from yupvés,
naked, and puitptoy, a liitle cap.)

1. G. conecinnatum, Corda. Stems simple or imbricately branching,
thickened at the apex; leaves ovate, bifid, with a narrow scarious margin.

re asaya

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES.) 723

(Cesia concinnata, S. ’. Gray.) — Alpine regions of the White Mts. (Oakes).
— Grayish or silvery-olive. (Ku.)

28. FOSSOMBRONIA, Raddi. (PI. 23.)

Stems thalloid, with large subquadrate succubous leaves; underleaves none.
Dicecious or monecious. Fruit terminal or by innovation dorsal on the main
stem. Involucral leaves 5-6 (in our species), small, subulate, adnate. Peri-
anth open-campanulate or obpyramidal, crenate-lobed. Calyptra free, sub-
globose. Capsule short-pedicelled, globose, irregularly valved. Elaters very
short, 1—3- (mostly 2-) spiral, free. Spores large, very rough. Antheridia
2-3, short-pedicelled, naked. Perfect archegonia 2-3. (Named for V. Fos-
sombroni, an Italian Minister of State.)

* Plant large or of medium size; stems mostly simple.

1. F. pusilla, Dumort. (Pl. 23.) Stems 6-10” long; leaves retuse,
entire or irregularly indented; perianth obconic, dentate; elaters short and
thick; spores brown, depressed-globose-tetrahedral, 40 « broad, crested, the
slender crests pellucid, rarely becoming confluent.— On damp ground. Its
occurrence in America is doubtful. (Eu.)

2. F. Dumortiéri, Lindb. Cespitose, greenish or brownish-yellow;
stems 3-6” long, 1” wide, shortly bifurcate ; rootlets copious, purple; leaves
numerous, smaller toward each end of the stem; moncecious; perianth large,
broadly obpyramidal; calyptra nearly as long; elaters scanty ; spores globose-
tetrahedral yellowish-brown, regularly pitted. — White Mts. (farlow), N. J.
(Austin), and perhaps elsewhere; confused with n. 1.

3. F. angulosa, Raddi. Stems narrowly forked at the apex; leaves
horizontal, subquadrate, the upper undulate-lobed ; dicecions ; perianth dilated-
conic, crenate; spores brownish-yellow, globose-tetrahedral, not depressed,
30 uw broad, deeply reticulated, the reticulations large, 5 — 6-angled. — Brackish
meadows, common; fruiting in early spring. (EKu.)

* * Plant minute; stems forked or fastigiately divided.

4. F. cristula, Aust. Stems 1-2” long; leaves whitish, quadrate or
round-obovate, subentire, strongly crisped-undulate ; capsule immersed on a
short pedicel ; elaters short, more or less diverse, with a single narrow annular
and spiral fibre; spores pale fuscous, more or less tuberculate.—On moist
sand in unfrequented paths, Batsto, N. J. (Austin).

29. PALLAVICINIA, S.F.Gray. (Pl. 22.)

Thallus with a distinct costa. Fruit arising from the costa, at first terminal.
becoming dorsal. Dicecious. Involucre cup-shaped, short-lacerate. Perianth
long-tubular, denticulate. Calyptra irregularly lacerate. Capsule slender-
cylindric. Elaters slender, free. Spores minute. Antheridia dorsal, covered
with minute fimbriate scales. (Named for ZL. Pallavicinit, Archbishop of
Genoa.)

1 P. Lyéllii, S. F. Gray. Thallus thin, 1-4’ long, 3-5” wide, simple or
bifid, the margin entire, slightly creuate or serrate; cells large, oblong-hex-
agonal; perianth erect, fleshy (5 cells thick below), the somewhat constricted
mouth lobate-ciliolate ; pedicel long, exceeding the thallus; capsule cylindric,

124 JUNGERMANNIACE. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

five times as long as broad. (Steetzia Lyellii, Lehm.) — Among mosses in
swamps and 9n dripping rocks; common, especially southward. (Eu.)

30. BLASIA, Micheli (PI. 23.)

Thallus simple or forked or stellate, with sinuous margins Dicecious.
Fruit from an oval cavity in the costa. Involucre mostly none. Calyptra
obovate. Capsule oval-globose. Antheridia immersed in the thallus, covered
with dentate scales. Gemme globose, issuing by a slender ascending tube
from large flask-shaped receptacles which are immersed in the thallus.
(Named for Blasius Biagi, a monk of Valombrosa and companion of Micheli.)

i. B. pusilla, L. Thallus #-1} long, 2-3” wide, narrowly obovate,
the margins pinnatifid-sinuous.— Wet banks; common. (Eu.)

31. PELLIA, Raddi. (PI. 23.)

Thallus with a broad indeterminate costa. Moncecious or dicecious. Fruc-
tification dorsal near the end of the thallus. Involucre short, cup-shaped,
lacerate-dentate. Calyptra membranous, oval, longer or shorter than the in-
volucre. Capsule globose. Elaters long, free. Antheridia globose, immersed
in the costa. (Named for A. LZ. Pelli, an Italian botanist.)

* Moneciouse

1. P. epiphylla, Raddi (PI. 23.) Thallus oblong, lobed and sinuate,
somewhat fleshy, much thickened in the middle; capsule exserted. — On the
ground in wet places; not uncommon eastward. (EKu.)

* * Diecious.

2. P. endivizfdlia, Dumort. Thallus flat, green or purplish, broadly
linear, dichotomous, the margin mostly undulate or crisped. — On the ground
and in ditches; common, but often confused with n.1. (Ev.)

3. P. ealyeina, Nees. Thallus dichotomous, proliferous, the early di-
visions linear-oblong, the margins ascending and remotely sinuate, the later
divisions linear-palmatifid, coarsely nerved; cells large, hexagonal; involucre
ciliate-fringed or lacerate; calyptra smooth, included.— Wet limestones and
shales. (Eu.)

32. METZGERIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23)

Thallus linear, dichotomous, with well defined costa. Dicecious. Frnctifi
cation arising from the under side of the costa. Involucre 1-leaved, scale-like,
at length ventricose. Calyptra clavate or pyriform, fleshy. Capsule short-
pedicelled. Elaters unispiral, some remaining attached to the tips of the
valves. Spores minute, mostly smooth. Antheridia globose, enclosed in a
scale on the under surface of the costa. (Named for J. Metzger,a German
botanist.)

* Densely villous throughout.

1. M. pubéscens, Raddi. Thallus 1-2’ long, 1” wide, alternately pin-
nate or somewhat decompound, the short linear branches of uniform width,
flat, the margin undulate; hairs longer beneath, single or in twos and threes
near the margin, irregularly curved; midrib nearly without cortical layer,
with 6- 10 {mostly 8) rows of very uniform peripheral cells; dicecious — In
mountain regions, eastward {Eu.}

JUNGERMANNIACEE. (SCALE-MOSSES. ) 425

« *« Hairy on the margins and midrib beneath, smooth above ; diwcious (n. 4
monacious ).

2. M. myridpoda, Lindb. Thallus elongated (2’ long, 4” wide), dichot-
omous, the long linear branches of uniform width, convex above, the reflexed
margins not undulate; midrib densely pilose beneath; hairs rather long,
straight or nodding, the marginal mostly in clusters of 3-6, some with dis-
coid tips; midrib covered above with 2 rows of enlarged cells, and beneath
with 3-7 (usually 4-6) rows of smaller cells, lax and often indistinct. (M.
furcata, Sulliv., in part; not Nees.) — Shaded rocks and trees in the Alle-
ghanies (Sullivant), and southward.

3. M. hamata, Lindb. Like the last; thallus much elongated (4’ long,
1—1}” wide); hairs very long, divaricate and hooked-deflexed, the marginal
in twos, rarely with discoid tips; midrib covered above and below with two
rows of enlarged lax cells. (M. furcata, Sulliv., in part.) — Alleghany Mts.
(Sullivant).

4. M. conjugata, Lindb. Thallus 14 long, 4-1” wide, usually dichoto-
mous, the short branches irregular in width, convex above, the margins more
or less undulate ; hairs rather long, straight, divaricate, the marginal usually
in twos, very often disk-bearing; midribs covered above with 2, below with
3-6 rows of enlarged lax cells. — On shaded rocks and trunks of trees, central
N. Y., and southward. (Eu.)

33. ANEURA, Dumort. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus fleshy, prostrate or assurgent from a creeping base; costa obscure.
Diccious or moneecious. Fructification arising from the under side near
the margin. Involucre cup-shaped, short and lacerate, or none. Calyptra
large, fleshy, more or less clavate. Capsule iarge, oblong-cylindric. Elaters
unispiral, in part adherent to the tips of the valves. Spores minute, smooth
or minutely roughened. Antheridia immersed in the surface of receptacles
proceeding from the margin of the thallus. (Name from a- privative, and
vevpov, a nerve.)

* Thallus narrow (about 1” wide), palmately divided.

1. A. latifrons, Lindb. Thallus cespitose, ascending or erect, usually
dark green, 6-9” long, mostly pellucid; branches linear, obtuse and emargi-
nate, plano-convex ; cells large, oblong-rhombic; moncecious; archegonia 3-
10, short, conic; calyptra white, verrucose, pyriform-clavate; capsule oval.
brown; spores 124-14} mw broad, globose, minutely and densely papillose;
antheridia globose. (A. palmata of authors; not Dumort.) — On rotten logs ;
common.

* * Thallus narrow (about 1” wide), pinnate or bipinnate.

2. A. multifida, Dumort. Thallus prostrate, brownish-green, pinnately
divided, the primary portion biconvex, somewhat rigid, the branches horizontal,
pectinately pinnate with narrow linear divisions; moncecious; fructification
rising from the primary part or from the branches; involucre fleshy ; calyptra
tuberculate. — Var. MAgor, Nees. Primary portion and branches thick, the
branches interruptedly pinnate with short obtuse divisions. — On decayed
wood and moss in swamps, N. J. (Austin), and south in the mountains. (Eu.)

726 JUNGERMANNIACEH. (SCALE-MOSSES. )

3. A. pinnatifida, Nees. Thallus pinnately divided or subsimple, flat
or somewhat channelled; branches horizontal, the broader pinnatifid or den
tate, obtuse; calyptra somewhat smooth.—On dripping rocks, Hokokus, N. J
(Austin), N. Haven, Conn. (Katon). (Eu.)

* * * Thallus wider (2” or more), simple or irregularly lobed.

4. A. séssilis, Spreng. Thallus decumbent, irregularly lobed, 1 — 2’ long
3-5” wide; involucre none; pedicel $-1’ long, sometimes folded upon itseli
and remaining within the calyptra, the capsule thus appearing sessile ; anther.
idia on elongated receptacles. — Wooded swamps. Elongated floating forms
5-6’ long, have been found in the White Mts. (Farlow, Faxon).

5. A. pinguis, Dumort. Thallus 1-2’ long, decumbent or ascending,
fleshy, linear-oblong, simple or slightly lobed, the margin sinuate ; dicecious ;
involucre short, lacerate; calyptra cylindric, smooth; capsule brownish, fur
rowed; antheridia in 2-lobed receptacles. — Wet banks, N. J. to Ohio, and
southward. (Eu.)

Orper 138. ANTHOCEROTACE®. (Hornep Liverworts.)

Plant-body a thallus, irregularly branching, flaccid, without epidermis
or pores, and more or less vesiculose. Involucre single, tubular. Calyptra
rupturing early near the base, and borne on the apex of the- capsule.
Capsule dorsal, pod-like, erect or curved outward, more or less perfectly
2-valved, usually stomatose, tapering into a pedicel or often sessile with a
bulbous base. Columella filiform. Elaters with or without spiral fibres.
Spores flattish, more or less convex-prismatic, papillose or smooth.

1. Anthoceros. Capsule narrowly linear, exsertly pedicelled, 2-valved. Elaters present.
2. Notothylas. Capsule very short, sessile, not valved below the middle. Elaters not
obvious.

1 ANTHOCEROS, Micheli. (PI. 22.)

‘Thallus dark green or blackish, usually depressed, variously lobed, with
large chlorophyll-grains, frequently glandular-thickened at the apex or in
lines along the middle so as to appear nerved. Moncecious or dicecious.
Capsule linear, 2-valved, exsertly pedicelled. Elaters simple or branched,
often geniculate, more or less heteromorphous, the fibres wanting or indistinct.
(Name from &y6os, flower, and képas, horn, from the shape of the capsule.)

1 A. lxvis, L. (Pl. 22.) Thallus smooth, nearly flat above; dicecious ;
involucre 1-2” long, trumpet-shaped when dry, repand-toothed ; capsule pale
brown or yellowish, 1-14’ long; elaters rather short, yellowish; spores yel-
low, nearly smooth, angular. — Wet clay banks, from Canada south and west-
ward. (Eu.)

2. A. punctatus, L. Thallus small, depressed, or often cespitose and
erect, more or less glandular; moneecious; involucre rather short, oblong-
linear, slightly repand, sometimes scarious at the mouth; capsule 1’ high,
black; elaters fuscous, flattish, geniculate ; spores black, strongly muriculate.
sharply angled. — Wet banks, Canada to Mo., and southward. (Eu.)

Fe | ety na ed —

*,

ee ee ee

—o |

ee

MARCHANTIACEE. (LIVERWORTS.) 727

2. NOTOTHYLAS, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.

Thallus orbicular, tender, laciniate and undulate or crisped, papillose-reticu- -
late. Monecious. Involucre sessile, continuous with the thallus, opening
irregularly above. Capsule very short, oblong-globose or ovate-cylindric, pedi-
celled from a thickened bulb, 2-valved to the middle or rupturing irregularly.
Elaters none, or fragmentary and inconspicuous. Spores subglobose, smooth-
ish. Antheridia elliptic-globose, immersed in the thallus. (Name from véros,
the back, and @vAds, a bag, from the shape and position of the involucre.)

1. N. orbicularis, Sulliv. (Pl. 22.) Thallus 3-8” wide; capsules 1 =
2” long, erect or decurved, wholly included or slightly exserted, of thin and
Joose texture, with a suture on each side; spores light yellowish-brewn. (In-
cluding N. valvata, Su//iv.) — Wet places, Canada to the Gulf.

2. N. melanospora, Sulliv. Thallus small, depressed or sometimes
cespitose, of lax texture; capsule often without sutures; spores dark brown,
a half larger. — Moist ground, Ohio (Sullivant).

Orper 139. MARCHANTIACEZ. Liverworts.

Plant-body a thallus, dichotomous or subpalmately branching, usually
innovating from the apex or beneath it, more or less thickened in the
middle, and bearing numerous rootlets beneath and usually colored or
imbricating scales. Epidermis usually more or less distinct and strongly
porose above. Capsules globose, rarely oval, opening irregularly, pen-
dent from the under side of a peduncled disk-like receptacle (carpocepha-
lum). Elaters present, mostly 2-spiral.

* Thallus plainly costate, distinctly porose except in n. 6.
+ Gemme present on sterile stems.
1. Marchantia. Gemme in cup-shaped receptacles. Fertile receptacle 7-11-rayed.
8 Lunularia. Gemme in crescent-shaped receptacles, Fertile receptacle cruciform.
+ + Gemme wanting.
++ Receptacle conic-hemispherical, 2-4-lobed; perianth lobed or fringed.

2. Preissia. Receptacle 2-4-lobed, with as many alternate rib-like rays. Perianth 4-5-
lobed.
3. Fimbriaria. Receptacle 4-lobed. Perianth conspicuous, split into 8-16 fringe-like
segments.
++ ++ Receptacle more or less conical; perianth none.
4. Conocephalus. Thallus very large, strongly areolate. Receptacle conical, membranous.
5. Grimaldia. Thallus small. Peduncle chaffy at base and apex. Receptacle conic-
hemispheric, truncately 3-4-lobed.
6. Asterella. Thallus eporose. Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, acutely
4- (1-6-) lobed.
* * Thallus thin, ecostate or barely costate.

« Dumortiera. Receptacle convex, 2-S-lobed. Perianth none.

1 MARCHANTIA, Marchantf. (PI. 22.)

Thallus large, forking, areolate, porose, with broad diffused midrib; gemme
in a cup-shaped receptacle. Dicecious. Fertile receptacle peduncled from an
apical sinus of the thallus, radiately lobed. Involucres alternate with the rays,
membranous, lacerate, enclosing 3-6 1-fruited cleft perianths. Calyptra per-

728 MARCHANTIACEEH. (LIVERWORTS.)

sistent. Capsule globose, exserted, pendulous, dehiscing by several revolute
segments. laters long, attenuate to each end. Sporessmooth. Antheridia
immersed in a peduncled disk-like radiate or lobed receptacle. (Named for
Nichovas Marchant, a French botanist.)

i. M. polymorpha, L. Thallus 2-5’ long, 4-1} wide, numerously
porose, venulose; receptacle divided into usually 9 terete rays; peduncles 1—-
3’ high; antheridial disk crenately or palmately 2—8-lobed, on a peduncle 1’
high or less. — Everywhere common. (Ku.)

2. PREISSIA, Nees. (Pl. 22)

Thallus obcordate, sparingly forked, increasing by joints; pores conspicu-
ous; gemmz none. Dicecious or moneecious. Fertile receptacle hemispheric,
1 - 4-lobed, with as many alternating shorter rib-like rays. Outer involucres
attached beneath the lobes, 1-3-fruited, opening outward by an irregular
line; perianth obconic-campanulate, angular, unequally 4-5-lobed. Calyptra
persistent. Capsule large, distinctly pedicelled, dehiscing by 4—8 revolute
segments. Elatersshort. Spores coarsely tuberculate. (Named for L. Preiss,
a German botanist.)

1. P. commutata, Nees. Thallus 1-2’ long, with conspicuous white
pores above, and dark purple scales beneath; usually moncecious; peduncle
4-1’ high; capsules conspicuous, dark purple ; antheridia in a peduncled disk-
like receptacle. (P. hemisphzrica, Cogn.) —On slaty and limestone rocks,
from N. J. north and westward. (Eu.)

3. FIMBRIARIA, Nees. (PI. 22.)

Thallus thickened in the middle by a keeled costa, usually conspicuously
porose, with dark purple scales beneath; gemmz none. Moneecious. Recep-
tacle rising from the apex, conic or hemispheric, concave beneath and expanded
into usually 4 large campanulate 1-fruited involucres. Perianth oblong-oval
or subconic, exserted half its length and cleft into 8-16 fringe-like segments.
Calyptra with a long style, fugacious. Capsule nearly sessile, irregularly cir-
cumscissile. Elaters rather short, 1—4-spiral. Spores angular, subreticulated.
Antheridia immersed in the thallus. (Name from j/imbria, a fringe, alluding
to the perianth.)

1. F. tenélla, Nees. Thallus of one or more long-wedge-shaped emar-
ginate divisions about 6-9” long, grayish-green and porose above, purple on
the margins; peduncle 1’ high or more, usually purple; receptacle obtusely
conic; perianth white, 8-cleft.— On damp ground in sandy fields or on rocks,
central N. Y. to Mo., and southward.

4. CONOCEPHALUS, Neck. (P1. 22.

Thallus dichotomous, copiously reticulate and porose, with a narrow costa;
gemmez none. Receptacle conic-mitriform, membranous. Involucres 5-8,
tubular, 1-fruited, suspended from the apex of the peduncle; perianth none.
Calyptra persistent, campanulate, 2—4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pedicelled,
oblong-pyriform, dehiscing by 5-8 revolute segments. Elaters short, thick.
Spores muriculate. - Antheridia imbedded in an oval disk sessile near the apex
of the thallus. (Name from kévos, a cone, and kedadn, a head.)

MARCHANTIACE®. (LIVERWORTS. ) 729

t. C. ednicus, Dumort. Thallus 2-6’ long, $-% wide; receptacle
conic, striate, crenate. (Fegatella conica, Corda.) — Shady banks; common.
(Eu.)

5. GRIMALDIA, Raddi. (Pl. 23.)

Thallus thick, more or less channelled, dichotomous, innovating from the
apex, with thick epidermis, closely areolate and porose-scabrous above, purple
and more or less scaly beneath; gemme none. Moncecious or dicecious. Re-
ceptacle peduncled, hemispherical or conoidal, 3-4-lobed. Involucres as many,
1-fruited, each a distention of the lobe. Capsule filling the involucre, circum-
scissile in the middle, the calyptra persistent at its base. Antheridia in an
oval or obcordate disk immersed in the apex of the thallus. (Named for D.
Grimaldi, an Italian botanist.)

1. G. barbifrons, Bisch. (P1.23.) Thallus linear-obcuneate, 3-6” long,
1-2” wide, 2-lobed at the apex, pale green with usually distinct whitish pores,
the scales beneath often extending far beyond the margin and becoming
whitish ; peduncle profusely chaffy at base and apex, sometimes much re-
duced ; antheridial disks obcordate. (Including G. sessilis, Sud/’v.) — Thin
soil on rocks, Conn. and N. J. to lowa; rare or local. (Eu.)

2. G. rupéstris, Lindenb. Thallus 3-6” long, 1-3” wide, with mem-
branous margins; receptacle small, hemispherical, 1 —- 4-fruited, the peduncle
about 1’ high, sparingly scaly at base, barbulate at the apex; involucre short,
crenulate ; spores tuberculate. (Duvalia rupestris, Nees.) — On calcareous or
shaly rocks, N. Y. and Ohio. (Eu.)

6. ASTERELLA, Beauv. (PI. 22.)

Thallus rigid, very indistinctly porose, the midrib broad, strong and distinct.
Receptacle conic-hemispheric, becoming flattened, 1-6- (usually 4-) loled.
Moneecious. Involucres coherent with the lobes, 1-fruited, 2-valved. Calyp-
tra mirute, lacerate, persistent at the base of the capsule. Capsule greenish,
rupturing by irregular narrow teeth or by a fragmentary operculum. Elaters
moderately long, mostly 2-spiral. Spores tuberculate. Antheridia in sessile
lunate disks. (Diminutive of aster, a star, from the form of the receptacle.)

1 A. hemisphzerica, Beauv. Thallus forking and increasing by joints,
pale green, purple beneath; receptacle papillose on the summit (Jess so at ma-
turity); peduncle bearded at base and apex, ?- 1’ long, often 2-3 times longer
after maturity. (Reboulia hemispherica, Radd/.) —Shaded banks, chiefly
along streams; more common southward.— A smaller form or perhaps vari-
ety (Reboulia microcephala, Nees; R. Sullivantii, Zehm.) occurs in Penn.,
Ohio, and southward. (Eu.)

7. DUMORTIERA, Nees. (PI. 22.)

Thallus large, thin, soft, with a slight costa, dichotomous, usually with scat-
tered hair-like rootlets beneath; gemmz none. Receptacle convex, 2 — 8-lobed.
Involucres 1-fruited, connate with the lobes beneath, horizontal, opening by a
vertical terminal slit. Capsule distinctly pedicelled, oblong-globose, dehiscing
by 4-6 irregular valves. Elaters 2-3-spiral, parietal, very long, straight, at-
tenuate both ways. Spores muriculate. Antheridia in a short peduncled disk
paleaceous beneath. (Named for b. C. Dumortier, a Belgian botanist.)

730 MARCHANTIACEZ. (LIVERWORTS.)

1. D. hirstita, Nees. Thallus 2-5’ long, 6-9” wide, deep green, be-
coming blackish, entire on the margins, naked above or with a delicate ap-
pressed pubescence; dicecious; receptacle many-fruited, the margin closely
hairy ; peduncle rather long, chaffy at the apex.— On moist calcareous rocks,
Easton, Penn. (Porter), and southward.

8. LUNULARIA, Micheli. (PI. 25.)

Thallus oblong with rounded lobes, distinctly areolate and porose, with im-
bricate sublunate scales beneath; gemme in crescent-shaped receptacles.
Diccious. Fertile receptacle usually cruciately divided into 4 horizontal seg-
ments or involucres, which are tubular, vertically bilabiate and 1-fruited.
Calyptra included, persistent. Capsule exserted, 4-8-valved. Elaters short,
very slender, mostly free. Spores nearly smooth. Antheridia borne in the
apical sinus of the thallus. (Name from /unula, a little moon.)

L. vuieAris, Raddi. Thallus 1-2’ long, forked, innovating from the
apex, with a somewhat diffuse costa; peduncle very hairy, 1-14’ long. —
Introduced into greenhouses; always sterile, but easily recognized by the
characteristic receptacles. (L. cruciata, Dumort.) (Int. from Eu.)

OrverR 140. RICCIACEA.

Plant-body a dichotomously branching thallus, terrestrial or aquatic.
Capsules short-pedicelled, or sessile on the thallus, or immersed in its
substance, free or connate with the calyptra, globose, at length ruptur-
ing irregularly. Calyptra crowned with a more or less de: iduous point.
Elaters none. Spores usually angular, reticulate or muriculate. An-
theridia ovate, immersed in the thallus in flask-shaped cavities with
protruding orifices (ostivles).

1. Riceia. Capsule immersed in the thallus. Involucre none.
2. Sphzerocarpus. Capsule sessile on the thallus. Involucre inflated-pyriform.

1. RICCIA, Micheli. (PI. 22.)

Thallus at first radiately divided, the centre often soon decaying; the divis-
ions bifid or di-tri-chotomouns, flat or depressed or channelled above, usually
convex and naked or squamulose beneath; margins naked or spinulose-ciliate ;
epidermis usually distinct, eporose; air-cavities evident or wanting. Capsule
immersed, sessile. Calyptra with a persistent style. Spores alveolate or mu-
riculate, usually flattened and angular. (Named for P. F’. Ricci, an Italian
nobleman, patron of Micheli.)

§ 1. LICHENODES. Fruit mostly protuberant above; spores about 84u broad,
issuing through openings in the upper surface of the thallus; terrestrial spe-
cies (on damp, usually trodden or cultivated ground), without air-cavities.

* Thallus naked, without cilia or scales.

1. R. Froéstii, Aust. Thallus orbicular, 6-12” broad, thinnish, grayish-
green, the apex and narrowly membranous margins sometimes purplish, mi-
nutely pitted; divisions linear or subspatulate, subtruncate and slightly
emarginate ; rootlets smooth or obsoletely papillose within; capsules very
prominent beneath; spores barely 50 broad, nearly round, somewhat mar-
gined, with depressed sides when dry, fuscous. — Ohio, I]]., and westward.

a

—S

RICCIACER. ioe

* * Thallus with white scales beneath (dark purple in n. 4), the margin naked.

2. Rk. sorocarpa, Bisch. Thallus 3-8” in diameter, pale green becom-
ing whitish, finely reticulate, subradiately or dichotomously divided, the ob-
long-linear segments subacute, deeply sulcate, with a few inconspicuous scales
toward the apex not extending beyond the margin ; margins erect when dry;
spores issuing through chinks early appearing along the groove above. —
Thin rocky soil and cultivated fields, Closter, N. J. (Austin), western N. Y.
_ (Clinton), and Tl. (Hall). (Eu.)

‘3. R. lamellosa, Raddi. Thallus pale green, elegantly reticulated, sub-
radiately divided, the divisions obovate or obcordate, bifid or 2-lobed, 2-5”
long, channelled at the apex, with membranous ascending margins, and fur-
nished beneath with transverse scales which extend considerably beyond the
margin; spores much as in n. 2.— Thin rocky soil, Closter, N. J. (Austin).

4. R. nigrélla, DC. Thallus dichotomously divided, the divisions linear,
channelled, with entire narrowly membranous margins, green aboye, dark
purple beneath and furnished with transverse semicircular scales not ex-
ceeding the margin.— Rocky ground, N. Y. (Yorrey), and Chester, Penn.
(Porter). (Eu.)

* * * Thallus more or less ciliate, naked beneath or obsoletely squamous along
the extreme edge.

5. R. arvénsis, Aust. Thallus much divided, 3-9” broad, papillose-
reticulate, dull green both sides, becoming fuscous above, the flat margins at
length purple; divisions sulcate, dichotomous, the linear-elliptic or subspatu-
late lobes acutish and obsoletely emarginate; cilia whitish, very short and
inconspicuous or nearly wanting; capsules aggregated toward the apex;
spores 71-84 broad, dark fuscous, reticulate, with pellucid margin. — Var.
Hirta, Aust., decidedly ciliate and with spine-like hairs scattered over the
upper surface; divisions broader, more obtuse; spores nearly black, larger
(84-101 «) and smoother. — Cultivated fields and (the var.) rocky places,
Closter, N. J. (Austin).

6. R. Lescuriana, Aust. Stellately or subcruciately divided, the obcor-
date or cuneate-linear divisions 2-6” long, punctate-reticulate, subglaucous
or ashy-green both sides or becoming purple beneath, the slightly concave
lobes emarginate, closely ciliate with short obtuse spine-like white hairs ;
capsules scattered, chiefly near the base of the divisions; spores 71 — 83 mw broad,
dark brown, reticulate, not margined. — Cultivated fields and rocky grounds,
N. J. to Ill., and southward.

§ 2. SPONGODES. Thallus with large air-cavities usually opening by pits
through the upper surface, and with slight depressions over the capsules
which are prominent beneath ; spores 41-51 wu broad, obtusely angular or
globose ; terrestrial.

7. R. erystallina, L. Orbicular, 6-9” broad, the obcordate or cuneate
divisions bifid or 2-lobed, flat above and the surface much broken up into pits,
the margins subcrenate ; capsules scattered ; spores issuing through the upper
surface. — On mud flats, I]]. (#/all), west and southward. (Eu.)

8. R. lutéscens, Schwein. Orbicular, 1-14 in diameter, light green ;
divisions 6-8, linear, 2-3 times forked, narrowly channelled, obcordate and

732 RICCIACEAS.

thickened at the apex, with delicate whitish obliquely ovate appressed scales ;
rootlets wanting beneath above the middle; fruiting plant unknown. — Dried
up pools and ditches, Canada to Mo., and southward. An analogous form has
been developed by Lindberg from R. natans.

9. R. ténuis, Aust. Thallus thin, olive or yellowish-green, shining, the
¢—4 divisions roundish-obovate, 2-4” long, flat, with sinuate margins, green
beneath with a slender costa and few rootlets; capsule very delicate, closely
adherent to the substance of the thallus, minutely apiculate; spores round or
short-oval, conspicuously depressed at one end when dry.— Wet ground in —
open woods, Closter and Lawrence, N. J. (Austin), and Mo. (Hail).

§3. RICCIELLA. Thallus linear, dichotomous, floating or rarely terrestrial ;
capsule protuberant from the lower surface.

10. R. fluitans, L. Thallus often in extended patches, thin, green, ra-
diately expanding, the often imbricate divisions 4-14” wide, parallel-nerved,
flat, without rootlets, cavernous only toward the slightly dilated very obtuse
or subtruncate apex; capsules present only in some terrestrial forms, very
prominent below, rupturing beneath the apex. —Very variable. The most not
able form is var. SULLIVANTI, Aust., with divisions about 4” wide, channelled,
cavernous throughout, the margins crisped-crenulate, and rootlets numerous
on the costa tumid with abundant capsules, which are tivped. with a long
funnel-mouthed point; spores obscurely angled, reticulate and margined.
(R. Sullivanti, Aust.) — In ponds or ditches or growing in wet places upon
the ground ; the variety often in cultivated fields. (Ku.)

§ 4. RICCIOCARPUS. Thallus obcordate, floating or rarely terrestrial ; cap-
sules not protruding, at length exposed by a cleft in the central groove.

1l. R. natans, L. (Pl. 22.) Divisions obcordate or cuneate, broadly
emarginate, 3-6” long, purplish, very narrowly channelled, with numerous
uniform air-cavities beneath the epidermis, rooting toward the base and at
length with dark purple scales beneath the apex; capsules in 1 or 2 rows
beneath the groove; spores black, angular, strongly papillose. — Canada to
the Gulf. (Eu.) .

2. SPHHROCARPUS, Micheli. (PI. 22.)

Thallus lobed, without costa or epidermis. Involucres sessile, obconic or
pyriform, perforated at the apex, continuous with the thallus at base. Calyp-
tra closely investing the single globose indehiscent capsule, crowned with a
deciduous point. Spores globose, muriculate, remaining united in a coccus.
Antheridia borne in follicular bodies on the surface of a separate thallus. —
An anomalous genus, perhaps more closely related to the Jungermanniacez.
(Name from gcgaipos, a sphere, and kxaprés, fruit.)

1. S. terréstris, Smith. Thallus orbicular, 3-6” broad, covered by
the clustered inflated involucres, which are nearly 1” long, 3-4 times the
jength of the capsule; coccus 102-127 wide, indistinctly lobed. (S. Michelii,
Gellardi.) —In cultivated fields, mostly southern. (Eu.)

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 59.—ARGEMONE Mexicana. Collected at Merodosia, I., with white
flowers, by A. B. Seymour.

Page 75. — Insert after Cleome integrifolia —

C. spinosa, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3-4° high; a pair of short stipular
spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers
large, rose-purple to white ; stamens 2—3’ long; stipe of the linear pod about
2’ long. (C. pungens, Willd.) — An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Car-
mel, Hl. (Schneck), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int.
from Trop. Amer.)

Page 86.— Arenaria Groenlandica. Found on Mt. Desert Island,

Maine (Rand).

Page 87.—Stellaria borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J.

S. humifusa. This species has also been found on Cranberry Island,
near Mt. Desert, Maine, by J. H. Redfield.

Page 91.— Under Talinum teretifolium add the character — style
equalling the stamens. — Insert
2. T. calycinum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and
capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens,
declined. — Central Kan. to W. Tex.

Under Claytonia insert —

3. C. Chamissonis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting
below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several
pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1-2’ long; inflorescence racemosely 1 -9-flowered ;
petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1-3-seeded. —In a cold ravine, Winona
Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.

Page 211.— Hydrocotyle Americana. Add — propagating by fili
form tuberiferous stolons.

Page 230. —Insert after the genus Dipsacus—
2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. Scaprovs.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels
not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from scabies, the itch, from its use as a
remedy. )

S. austTRALis, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 14-
3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly
toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla
pale blue. — Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Ady. from Eu.)

734 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 395.— After OROBANCHE MINOR insert —

O. ramosa, L. Often branched, 6’ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flow-
ers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small ; calyx 4-toothed, split at the "back;
corolla pale blue, 6-8” long. — On the roots of hemp and tobacco ; Ky. (Int.
from Eu.)

Page 421.— After LAMIUM PURPUREUM insert —,

L. INTERMEDIUM, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth
longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within
near the base, and the nutlet lon Rae (3 times as long as broad). — Cultivated
fields near Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague). (Adv. from Eu.)

Page 427.— Insert in the generic key —
5 Cladothrix. Flowers perfect, minute, axillary. Densely white-tomentose.

Page 430. — Insert after the genus Freelichia—

5. CLADOTHRIX, Nutt.

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect, rigid-scarious, somewhat pilose.
Stamens 5, the filaments united at base; anthers large, l-celled. Stigma
large, capitate, 2-lobed. Utricle globose, indehiscent. — Densely stellate-
tomentose low herbs or woody at base, with opposite petiolate leaves and very
small flowers solitary or few in the axils. (Name from kAdéos, a branch, and
Opié, hair, for the branching tomentum.)

. C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Prostrate or ascending, much branched;
leaves round-obovate to rhomboidal, 3-10” long. — Central Kan. (J/eehan)
and southwestward.

Page 435.—Salsola Kali. This species has been found in Emmet Co.,
Towa (Cratty), at Yankton, S. Dak. (Bruhin), and in river-bottoms in N. W-
Neb. and central part of the Dakotas.

Page 437.— After Eriogonum annuum insert —

2. E. Alléni, Watson. Perennial, white-tomentose throughout, the tall
scape-like stem repeatedly dichotomous above; radical leaves lanceolate, long-
petiolate, the upper in whorls of 4 or 5, ovate to oblong-ovate, very shortly
petiolate, much reduced above; involucres mostly sessile; flowers glabrous,
yellow, the segments elliptical — Near White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
(T. F. Allen).

Page 445.— Asarum Canadense. In this species there are rudimentary
subulate petals, alternate with the calyx-lobes.

Page 463.— Celtis Mississippiensis. Common in low river-bottoms
of W. Mo. (Ff. Bush); described as having a very smooth trunk, like a
sycamore, and soft yellowish brittle wood, not coarse-grained as in C
occidentalis.

Page 491.— Under Pinus add —

10. P. ponderosa, Dougl., var. secopulorum, Engelm. Leaves in
twos or usually threes from long laa 3-6’ long, rather rigid; staminate
flowers 1’ long; cones subterminal, 2-3’ long, oval, often 3-5 together, the
prominent summit of the thick bees bearing a stout straight or incurved
prickle. — Central Neb. and westward in the Rocky Mountains. — A large tree
with very thick bark.

ay}
Os
or

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 514. — After Iris CAROLINIANA insert —

23, JT, hexagona, Walt. Stems flexuous, often low and slender {1 -3°
high), leafy , leaves much exceeding the stem, 6-12” broad; flowers solitary
and sessile in the axils, large, deep blue, variegated with yellow, purple, and
white; tube }#’ long; segments about 3’ long, the inner narrow; capsule ob-
long-cylindric, 6-angled, 2’ long. — Prairies, Ky. (Short) to W. Mo. (bush),
and on the coast from 8S. Car. southward.

Page 515.—S. angustifolium. What appears to be a form of this species
with pale yellow flowers is found near Independence, Mo. (bush).

Page 516.— Under Zephyranthes Atamasco insert the synonym
(Amaryllis Atamasco, L.).

Page 555.—§. teres has been collected also at Brewster, Mass. (Farlow).

Page 575.— After Kk, Torreyana insert —

138. KE. albida, Torr. Like n. 12 and 13 in habit, somewhat stouter;
spikelet dense, ellipsoidal or oblong, 1-4” long, acutish, with pale obtuse
scales; achene very small, triangular-obovate, very smooth, with a broadly
triangular tnbercle upon a narrow base, shorter than or exceeding the red-
dish bristles. — Salt marshes, Northampton Co., Va. (Canby), and south to
Fla. and Tex.

Page 653.— T. subspicatum, var. molle, is reported from Roan Mt.,
N.C. (Scribner), and probably occurs on the higher Alleghanies northward.

Page 662. — After M. diffusa insert —

3. M. Porteri, Scribn. Tall and slender; panicle very narrow, the slen-
der branches erect or the lower slightly divergent; pedicels flexuous or re-
curvcd, pubescent; glumes very unequal and shorter than the spikelet ; fertile
flowers 3-5, the glumes scabrous. — Mountains of Col. and southward ; re-
ported from Cass Co., Neb. (J. G. Smith).

Page 663.—D. maritima, On alkaline soil in Neb., and very common in
similar localities west and southwestward ; chiefly the var. stricta, Thurb.,
with setaceously convolute leaves, the many- (10 - 20-) flowered spikelets in
a loose panicle.

Page 5.— Under *1 read — (sometimes opposite or whorled, stipulate in
Magnoliacee and rarely in Ranunculacez).

Page 8. — Under Ilicineée read — and usually deciduous stipules.

Page 38.— A. Pennsylvanica. Reported from Aroostook Co., Maine
(Je Parlin).

Page 40.—M. minimus. Reported from Accomac Co., Va., (E. Mears).

Page 41.—R. ambigens. An earlier name is R. /axicaulis, Darby.

Page 44.— Add— 2. C. natans, Pall. Stem prostrate or floating; leaves
crenulate or entire; sepais oval, 2-3! long, white or pinkish. —'Tower,
Minn. (F. J. Ail/), and northward.

30° _ ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 73. —IL, RUDERALE. Reported at Buckfield and Orono, Maine (Parlin).
Page 75.—P. graveolens. Said to range to the Chesapeake (Porter).

Add at bottom — R, Area, L. Leaves pinnate, undulate, glaucous ; flow-
ers white; sepals and petals 5 or 6, the latter all 3-fid. — Buffalo, N. Y.
(Clinton); Youngstown, Ohio (/ngraham). (Ady. from Eu.)

Page 83.— D, preLroipes. Read — glabrous or roughish.— On the downs,
Martha’s Vineyard (Hdith Watson).

Page 84.—§. antirrhina. A very slender form with much smaller apeta
lous flowers, and capsules only 2!’ long, occurs at Rockford, II.

Page 85.—L,. piurna. Flowers sometimes white.

Page 87.— Under S. uliginosa read — veiny, often ciliate at base.

Page 89.—S. procumbens. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear.
— Champion Mine, Marquette Co., Mich. (F. J. Hill).

Page 95. — Under genus 3 read — with small usually rather close clusters.

Page 99 —M. angustum. Also found in W. IIl. along the Mississippi.
Under S. Napezea read — along and near the Alleghanies.

Page 107. — Under OrpEr 25 insert — Stipules small or minute, usually soon
deciduous. — Add — The Agquifoliacee of previous editions.

Page 108.—I. mollis. Common on the Pocono plateau, Penn. (Porter).

Page 127.—C, scoparius. At -Osterville, Mass. (Miss S. Minns).

Page 140.— D. sessilifolium. Also at Norwich, Conn. (Graves), and in
Plymouth Co., Mass. (Boott).

Page 152.—P, spinosa. The garden Plum, a thornless derivative from var.
INSITITIA, rarely occurs as an escape. — Add—P, Avium, L., the Bird
Cherry, with drooping pubescent acutely serrate leaves on long petioles, lax
spreading petals, and sweet fruit—and P. Crrasus, L., the garden Cherry,
with spreading glabrous crenate-serrate leaves on short petioles, firm sub-
erect petals, and acid fruit — are found by roadsides, etc.,in N. Y. and Penn.

Page 155.—To R. Canadensis add — Var. roribaccus, Bailey. Leaf-
lets triangular-ovate, unequally and sharply doubly serrate, often nearly
lobed; peduncles longer and straighter, overtopping the leaves; flowers
very large, 1-2’ broad, the sepals foliaceous and incised; fruit large. —
W. Va., and probably southward. Cultivated as the Lucretia Dewberry.

Page 159. -- After P. Pennsylvanica insert— P. récta, L. A tall
herbaceous pérennial, sparsely villous and glandular-puberulent, with digi-
tate 5-7-foliolate leaves, incisely pinnatifid leaflets, and large yellow flow-
ers in a broad cyme.— Central N. Y. (Introd. from Eu.)

Page 164. — Add — R. crnnamomea, L. (Cinnamon Rose.) With brown-
ish-red bark, some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy beneath, and small
double pale-red flowers. — An escape about old gardens and by roadsides. —
N. Hing; N: Y-; etc.

insert — P. MAtus, L., the Apple, and much more rarely the Pear, P.
comMUnIs, L., occur self-sown in pastures, ete.

Page 176.—R. rubrum. The garden form sometimes occurs as an escape.

Page 177. — In the last line read — from western N. Y. to Ga. and S. Ind.

Page 181.— M. scabratum. Keweenaw Co., Mich. (0. A. Farwell).

Page 185. — Under A. coccinea read — west to S. Ind., N. Ill., Kan., ete.
Add—2. A. auriculata, Willd. Flowers smaller, in loose peduncled
axillary cymes; capsule 1” in diameter. (A. Wrightii, Gray.) — Fillmore
Co., Neb. (Rev. J. H. Wibbe). A Texan species, perhaps introduced.
Under L, Saricari1a add—and central N. Y.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 135"

Page 201.— D. Carora. Flowers occasionally purple or reddish.

Page 207.— Under B. angustifolia read — Mass. (?), Mich., N. Ill., and
westward.

Page 214.~C. circinata. Calyx-teeth minute; stone globular, not fur-
rowed. —C, sericea. Stone large, more or less acute at base, oblique
and irregularly sharp-ridged. —C, asperifolia. Stone nearly globular
or somewhat oblique, smooth or slightly furrowed. — C. stolonifera.
Stone very variable, oblique, flattened or scarcely so, more or less furrowed
—C. stricta. Stone small, nearly globular, smooth. This species ap-
pears to include C. paniculata. C. candidissima, Marsh., is a little earlier
name, but the identification is somewhat doubtful. — Add —

5%. C. Baileyi, Coult. & Evans. Intermediate between nos. 5 and 6 in
foliage and pubescence; branches reddish-brown; fruit white; stone com-
pressed, truncate, furrowed on the prominent edges, broader than high. —
About the Great Lakes (Erie to Superior) and westward. Perhaps a hybrid.
Page 215.— Add 1%. N. biflora, Walt. Leaves smaller than is usual in

n. i (i-3/ long); fertile flowers 1-3; stone decidedly flattened and more

strongly furrowed. — N. J. to Fla., Tenn. and southward.

Page 226.— G. Moriueo. Occurs in eastern N. Eng. — Flowers in this
species loosely panicled, in @. veRuM densely so.

Page 233. — Enter — 43*. Franseria. As Ambrosia, but fruit 1 -4-celled,
1 — 4-beaked.

Page 250.—S. neglecta, var. linoides. At Turner, Maine (J. A. Allen).

Page 252.—§. Ohioensis. Read — central N. Y., and from Ohio to Wise.

Page 269.— G. purpureum. At Youngstown, Ohio (fh. H. Ingraham).

Page 273. — Add —43*. FRANSERIA, Cav.

Resembling Ambrosia, but the fertile involucre enclosing 1-4 flowers, the
fruit 1 —4-celled and 1 -4-beaked, more or less bur-like with scattered prickles.
(Named for A. Franser, a Spanish botanist )

1. F. tomentosa, Gray. Low, erect and rather stout, densely silky-
tomentose ; leaves very white beneath, more or less pinnately cleft or nearly
entire. — Macpherson, Kan. (Ae//erman), and southwestward.

Page 275. — H. scabra. , Reported from Oxford Co., Maine (Parlin).
Page 284.— B. connata, var. comosa. leported from central N.Y.

(Dudley).

Page 297.— Under C, niara read — black or brown pectinately-ciliate fringe :
rays usually wanting.

Page 302.— P. altissima. Glabrous or somewhat hispidulous.

Page 320 — Under R. nudiflorum read — Swamps and open woods.

Page 329.— Under D. Meadia add — Var. Frénechii, Vasey. Often
dwarf, glabrous or pubescent above; leaves ovate or ovate-elliptical, some-
times cordate at base. — Penn. to 8. Il. and Ark.

Page 354.— L. trachyspermum. Reported from southern N. J. (ritton).

Page 361. — ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS. At New Bedford, Mass. (Hervey).

Page 378.— Enter — 72. Paulownia. Corolla tubular with spreading
limb. Sterile stamen none. Seeds winged. <A Catalpa-like tree.

Page 382.— P. albidus. Reported from S. W. Minn. (McMillan).

735° ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Add — 72, PAULOWNIA, Sieb. & Zuce.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, woolly. Corolla declined, funnelform, with 5 rounded
obliquely spreading lobes. Stamens 4, included. Pod turgid, thick, loculi-
cidal. Seeds small, winged. — A tree with large opposite cordate entire or
3-lobed pubescent leaves, and large terminal panicles of showy violet flowers.
(Named for Anna Paulowna, daughter of Czar Paul I.)

P, impeRIALIs, Sieb. & Zucc. A handsome tree resembling the Catalpa ;
cult. from Japan. — Growing wild in N. J. and Del.

Page 388.— B. Americana, Also found in S. E. Penn. and southward.

Page 391. — Add— 14. C. indivisa, Engelm. Winter-annual; leaves lin-
ear-lanceolate, entire or with 2 or 3 slender lateral lobes; bracts and calyx-
lobes obovate, bright red. — Shannon Co., Mo. (S. M. Tracy). May-June.

Page 396.—U. clandestina. Reported from mountain bogs, central
Penn. (Porter).

Page 397.— U. resupinata. Reported from Lake Co., Ind. (Hill), and
Tonia Co., Mich.

Page 401.— Add —3. R. pedunculata, Torr. Slightly puberulent ;
leaves ovate-oblong, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, about as long as the
leaf, 1-3-flowered, bracteate; calyx-lobes about equalling the narrow co-
rolla-tube. — Jefferson Co., Mo. (Hasse), and south to La.

Page 405.—T. dichotomum. Western Maine (Parlin).

Page 419.— P. Virginiana. At Hanover, Maine (Parlin).

Page 426 —P.argyrocoma. Whitecap Mt., Oxford Co., Maine (Parlin).
Page 487.—P. heterophylla. This has 3-valved capsules and large
seeds, and probably dilated styles — and should therefore be placed in § 2.

Page 502.—S. Romanzoffiana. Reported from N. W. Penn. (Porter).

Page 505.— P. affinis. Also reported from E. Penn. (Porter).

Page 525. — Under genus 13 read — ; cells 1 -2-seeded.

Page 529. — Under L. Canadense read — flowers 1-16, usually few.

Page 543.— J. pelocarpus, var. sustitis. Lake Hopatcong, N. J.

Page 544. —J. acuminatus, var.debilis. At Rumford, Maine (Parlin).

Page 545. — Under J. scirpoides read — Mich., Ind., Mo., and Tex.

Page 563. — Under P. Hillii read — Mich., northern Ohio, and western
N. Y.— P. obtusifolius. Reported from Tower, Minn. (Hill).

Page 564.—P. Tuckermani. Reported from eastern and central Penn.
(Porter). P. confervoides, Reichenb., appears to be an earlier name. —
P. Robbinsii. Reported from Lake Co., Ind., Marquette Co. Mich.,
and Chesago Lake, E. Minn. (Hill).

Page 574. — Under K. Engelmanni, for E. obtusa, read E. Engelmanni.

Page 577.— F. spadicea. Also in Kankakee, Henderson and St. Clair
Cos., Ill. (Hill).

Page 589. — Under + 4. Cryptocarpe read — stigmas 2 or 8.

Page 590. — Under * 7 add — + 1%. Filifolie. Spike one, androgynous.

Page 599.— For C. vulgaris, Fries, read—C. rigida, Gooden., var.
Goodenovii, Bailey —and at end insert — (C. vulgaris, Fries.). — For
Var. hyperborea, Boott, read — Var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm., — and at
end substitute the synonym — (C. vulgaris, var. hyperborea, Boott.).

Page 601.— Add — 41%. C, verrucdsa, Muhl. Glaucous, stout and stiff,
2~-4° high: leaves long, rough-angled, becoming revolute: spikes 3-10,

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. W35%

stout, scattered to loosely aggregated, then erect or ascending, usually
somewhat staminate above, variously peduncled; scales thin, brown, emar-
ginate, shorter than the broadly ovate or obovate strongly few-nerved glau-
cous perigynium, but the hispid awn from 2-3 times longer to nearly
obsulete; beak short, entire; stigmas 3. (C. glaucescens, E//.) — Swamps
and ponds; extreme southern Va., Mo., and southward.
Page 606.—C. Torreyi. Found in Hennepin Co., Minn. (Sandberg).
Page 611. — Add — *7.—+ 1. Filifolie.

84%. C. filifolia, Nutt. Culm slender, obtusely angled, smooth, 3-12’
high; leaves filiform, rigid; perigynium broadly triangular-obovoid, thin, with
a short white-hyaline entire beak, usually about equalling the broad hyaline-
margined clasping scale. — Ft. Lincoln, N. Dak. (Havard), and westward.
Page 626.— Under 69. Festuca read — tip (rarely blunt), few-nerved.
Page 635.—L. oryzoides. Reported as common in Oxford Co., Maine

(Parlin). — Z. miliacea. Reported at Poconoke City, Md. (#. Mears).
Page 646.—§. heterolepis. Reported from S. E. Penn. (Porter).

Page 650.—C. Porteri. Reported from Tompkins Co., N. Y. (Dudley).

Page 651.— A. arundinacea. Reported at Ocean City, Md (Mears).

Page 652.— Under genus 37 read — in a contracted or open. — A. caryo-
phyllea. Lower flowers sometimes awnless. Accomac Co., Va. (Mears).

Page 653.— A. striata. Reported from N. Penn. (Porter).—T. palus-
tre. Occurs in southern Conn.

Page 657. —T. cuprea. Occurs in southern Conn.

Page 658.—D. fascicularis. In saline localities in central N. Y. (Dudley).

Page 659. — E. obtusata. Read—central N. Y. to Fla., ete.

Page 677.— E. littorale. Banks of the Susquehanna, Penn.

Page 682.— P. gracilis. Found in Lycoming and Sullivan Cos., Penn.,
and in Iowa.

Page 683. — W. angustifolia. Reported from S. Haven, Mich. (Bailey).

Page 694.— B. simplex. Reported from Pocono Mt., Penn. (Porter), and
Ellicott’s Mills, Md. (J. B. Egerton).

Page 695.—L. Selago. Add—and south in the mountains to Ga.

Page 698. — Substitute — * * Leaves in 4 ranks, two lateral and spreading, and
two above, which are smaller and ascending.

Page 700.— Var. valida. On Salt Pond Mt., Va., in wet ground (Canby).

Page 734.— Salsola Kali. At Madison, Wisc. ; introduced (L. 8. Cheney).

In the Index add — A gurrotrace”, 107 — Asimina, 50 — Franseria, 7355 —
Pastinaca, 202 — Paulownia, 735° — Prunus, 151.

Notrre.—“ Western New York,” as used throughout the Manual, is to be un-
derstood as including the lake-region of central New York.

Several additional species are reported as rarely escaped or as growing wild
in cemeteries, about old gardens or deserted homesteads, etc., — as Lunaria
biennis, Moench, Honesty or Satin-flower — Lychnis Coronaria, L., Mullein
Pink — Levisticum officinale, Koch, Lovage — Lonicera Xylosteum, L., and
L. Tatarica, L., Honeysuckles — Valeriana officinalis, L., Valerian — Ar-
temisia Abrotanum, L., Southernwood — Vinca minor, L., Periwinkle, etc.

32

LIST OF ORDERS,

WITH THE NUMBER OF GENERA AND SPECIES,
NATIVE AND INTRODUCED.

—
ANGIOSPERMOUS | Seer: | Species. |) 4 nGrospERMOUS | Genera. | Species.
EXOGENS. Rt cee on ome EXOGENS. sigi sia
Sees ce h Se + Eee lees
Div. 1. Potypetanous.| & | £ | = ae cee abeeaane| ae Want s =
1. Ranunculacee 19; 5j| 62] 141] 51. Caprifoliacese : | 8| —j| 81] —
2. Magnoliaceze Ps) = 6 52 Rubiacee . : % ao e255
8. Anonaceze : 1. — 1} — || 58. Valerianaceze 2/ — | 7 1
4. Menispermacee. 3) 3} — || 54 Dipsacee . _ Boo 8
5. Berberidaceze oe 5 1 55. Composite 78 | 20 356! 51
6. Nympheaceze a ee 8 | — || 56. Lobeliaceee . . 1) — |; By] —
7. Sarraceniaceze 1 — 2| — || 57. Campanulacee . 2 > — 6 2
8. Papaveracez . 3 8 3/ 6 | 58. Ericacee . |: 26: | 3) 698)
9 Fumariacee . . 3 1 9| 1'| 59. Diapensiaceze 3} — 3
10. Cruciferze . 15 8) 46) 25 | 60. Plumbaginacee . pS 2
11. Capparidaceze 3 — 4| 1 | 61. Primulacee . . 10) 1) de) 3
12. Resedacee . == 1| — Ziin025 (Sapotacese, Teh n = 1; —1! 2] —
13. Cistaceze 30 9} — || 63. Ebenacee. 1 — 1), =
14. Violacee . . 3 19 1 | 64. Styraceze . : 8 | -- a
15. Caryophyliaceze . 6 Gil. caV | “22654 Oleacese’ (7 a 8 hbo Jt 8 1
16. Portulacaceze 3 7| 1 | 66. Apoecynacee . . 3) — #).
17. Elatinaceze 1 3) — || 67. Asclepiadaceze 5) eyes 1
18. Hypericacee. . 38 — | 20 1 | 68. Loganiaceee . 4, — | Ay lyees
19. Ternstroemiacese 2 — 3/ — || 69 Gentianacee . 9 ul | 3l 3
20. Malvacez . 7 4) 15! 10 | 79. Polemoniaceze 8} — |} 14} —
21. Tiliaceze 1 — 3) — || 71. Hydrophyllacee . 5|— | 13
22. Linacez 1 — 5 1 | 72. Borraginacese .. Sal es a e8)| Maal
23. Geraniicese + 1] 10} 7 | 78. Convolvulaceze . 6| — | 20] 7
24. Rutacee . 2 — 3) — || 74. Solanaceze 3 ie pee!
25. Llicineze 2 =} 10) — || 75. Scrophulariacese 24 [> St Gaeeto
26. Celastraceze . : 30 4) — || 76. Orobanchacese 3 Sos 2
27. Rhamnacee. . .}| 3 — 6; 1 | 77. Lentibulariacese 2. | =e se
SR) Witacoss! A) edit iiiewsy Gare plc: Llong Bignoniacee . 3) Se
29. Sapindacez . 5A = elle | 79. Pedaliacese 1} — 1, =
30. Anacardiaces 1 — 7 | — || 80. Acanthacez . 38] — a
3l. Polygalacee . 1; — | 15) — || 81. Verbenacee . 4) = 3 1
32. Leguminose . 41 5 | 137 | 19 || 82. Labiatee | 20 83
33. Rosaceze Lee 17 1| 87| 8 || 838. Plantaginacee . , 7 1
34. Calycanthacez - 1, — 3, = Sle as
85. Saxifragacee. . Tape ly 43 hoy 254 874. 148
36. Crassulacez . 3] — Si 3 Div. 8. APETALOUS. | im |
37. Droseraceze i 4}; — :
38. Hamamelidee . B= 3 | — || 84. Nyctaginacee . .| 2] — | 41) —
89. Haloragee . . 4) — | 13] — || 85. Illecebraceze . |) 32, 1 5 1
40. Melastomacese 1} — 4 | 86. Amarantaceze 4° =a Bae
41. Lythraceze : 6 | — 8 | 1.)| 87. Chenopodiacee. . 8 23" Apal ee
42. Quagraceze . . 7| — | 48 1 || 88. Phytolaccacee . .| 1] — 1
43. Loasacez . 1); — 3| — || 89. Polygonacee . 6; 1} 33), 18
44. Passifloracee . 1) — 2| — || 90. Podostemaceze LS Ne
45. Cucurbitacee . 6 anes. 5 | — | QL. Aristelochiacee . 2) — 6 1
46. Cactacesee . . 2h 6| — |; 92. Piperaceze . : Lk EE)
47 Ficoidese 3 1 1 1 feu legos, luauracess!.— 254". 4| — 5) —
48. Umbellifere .. 26} 10| 49| 13 | 94. Thymeleaceze 1) 3 2) eat
49. Araliacese. . . 1); — 6| — || 95. Eleeagnaceee . 2| -= 3 0-
50. Cornacese 2 9 ss 11 | ~ I} 98. Loranthacese | 2 == 2 =
— |—_—_ | 97. Santalaceze 2) SS ee
251) 461 7717 141 | 98. Euphorbiacew . 10°) 2 esses

ANGIOSPERMOUS
EXOGENS.

Div. 3. — Continued.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104,
105.
106.

Urticaceze

Platanacee .
Juglandaceze
Myricacee ..
Cupulifere .
Salicaceze

Empetraceze

GYMNOSPERMOUS
EXOGENS.

107. Coniferze

ENDOGENS.
108.

109. Burmanniaceze

. Orchidacee .

. Bromeliaceze

. Hemodoracee .

. Iridacee . ‘

. Amaryllidaceze

. Dioscoreacez
Liliaceze . :

. Pontederiacee .

. Xyridaceew . .

. Mayaceze

. Commelinacese

. Juncacez

. Typhaceze

. Araceze

. Lemnacee ..

. Alismaceze . .

. Naiadacez .

. Eriocaulez .

. Cyperaceze .

. Gramineze

Ceratophyllaceze .

Hydrocharidacee .

LIST OF

Genera

£|¢

see

mal Ss

11 etd 4
= 1); —
74\\ ole
ce 3) —
Si 87 1 —
2) el 25) 5
2| — 2); —
18) 2 ra
76 (ANP || aa
10; — | 22) —
aol
se
17; — | 68) —
ee oe
38); — 4) —
3 ae) 2
4| — 4
Ty 3, ee

29 4) 74 8
2 4); —
ai
ee 1}; —
Ff fe WAG) Ree
2; — | 82] —
Faas ce
6) — 8
Selec, ==
38}; —| 1ll| —
7| — 39
3); — 5) —
16| — | 287 8
60 | 17 | 204] 46

170 | 22 | 7211. 64

ORDERS.

PTERIDOPHYTES.

130.
181.
182.
133.
134.
135.
136.

Equisetacez
Filices :
Ophioglossaceze
Lycopodiacee .
Selaginellaceze
Marsiliacez .
Salviniacez .

BRYOPHYTES.

Div.

137.
138.
139.
140.

HEPATICA,

Jungermanniaceze
Anthocerotacez
Marchantiacese
Ricciaceze

Exogens.
Poly petalous
Gamopetalous .
Apetalous .

Gymnospermous ,
Endogens . .
Total Phenogams .

Cryptogams ..

Total of Genera
Total of Species

737

ois “
ead aa
2 | 8 Ae
1 ee
| 2 Se aot
Pi ee hare ta
ea te
PAM 10.
eae alee | eae
nda ie
29 102
A alee els 8 Es
2 rs re
1] ene fg s
2 DM pee
rv ee ie ee |
951} 46| 777 | 141
954| 53 | 874 | 148
76 |__ 7) 257 |) _ 51
581 | 106 1908) 340
107} Es ew
|
170| 22| 721| 64
761 | 128 2651! 404
73|. 1/242) 1
| 884 | 129 |2893! 405
963
3298

GLOSSARY.

Abnormal. Differing from the normal or
usual structure.

Abortion. Imperfect development or non-
development of an organ.

Abortive. Defective or barren.

Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so.

Accumbent (cotyledon). Having the edges
against the radicle.

Acerb. Sour and astringent.

Achene. A small, dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-
seeded, indehiscent fruit.

Achlamydeous. Without calyx or corolla.

Acicular. Slender needle-shaped.

Acrogenous. Growing from the apex bya
terminal bud or by the apical cell only.

Aculeate. Prickly ; beset with prickles.

Aculeolate. Beset with diminutive prickles.

Acuminate. Tapering at the end,

Acute. Terminating with a sharp or well-
defined angle.

4#éstivation. The arrangement of the parts
of the perianth in the bud.

Adnate. United, as the inferior ovary with
the calyx-tube. Adnate anther, one at-
tached for iss whole length to the inner or
outer face of the filament.

Adventive. [ecently or imperfectly natu-
ralized.

Alate. Winged.

Albumen. Any deposit of nutritive material
accompanying the embryo.

Albuminous. Having albumen.

Alliaceous. Having the smell or taste of
garlic.

Alternate. Not opposite to each other, as
sepals and petals, or as leaves upon a stem.

Alveolate. Honeycombed; having angular
depressions separated by thin partitions.

Ament, Acatkin, or peculiar scaly unisexual
spike.

Amphitropous (ovule or seed). Half-inverted
and straight, with the hilum lateral.

Amplexicaul. Clasping the stem.

Anastomosing. Connecting by cross-veins
and forming a network,

Anatropous (ovule). Inverted and straight,
with the micropyle next the hilum and the
radicle consequently inferior.

Androgynous (inflorescence). Composed of
both staminate and pistillate flowers.

In composition, having stamens.
Having the seeds borne

-androus.

Angiospermous.
within a pericarp.

Annual. Ot only one year sduration. Win-
ter annual, a plant from autumn-sown
seed which bloonis and fruits in the follow-
ing spring.

Annular. In the form ofa ring.

Anterior. On the tront side of a ower and
next the bract, remote from the axis of in-
florescence ; equivalent to interior and (less
properly) exterior.

Anther. ‘The polliniferous part of a stamen.

Antheridium. In Cryptogams, the organ
corresponding to an anther.

Antheriferous. Auther-bearing.

Antherizoid. One of the minute organs de-
veloped in an antheridium, corresponding
to pollen-grains.

Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.

Apetalous. Having no petals.

Apical, Situated at the apex or tip.

Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip

Appressed. Lying close and flat against.

Aquatic. Growing in water.

Arachnoid. Cobwebby; of slender entan
gled hairs.

Archegonium. The organ corresponding to
a pistil in the higher Cryptogams,

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Areolate. Marked out into small spaces;
reticulate.

Aril. An appendage growing at or about the
hilum of a seed.

Arillate. Having an aril.

Articulate. Jointed; having anodeor joint.

Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, or
curving upward. Ascending ovule, one
that is attached above the base of the ovary
and is directed upward.

Assurgent. Ascending.

Attenuate. Slenderly tapering; becoming
very narrow.

Auricle. An ear-shaped appendage.

Auriculate. Furnished with auricles.

Awl-shaped. Narrowed upward from the
base to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.

Axil. The angle formed by a leaf or branch
with the stem

GLOSSARY.

Avile. Situated in the axis.

Axillary. Situated in an axil. ‘

Avis. ‘The central line of any organ or sup-
port of a group of organs; a stem, etc.

Baccate. Berry-like; pulpy throughout.

Barbed. Furnished with rigid points or
short bristles, usually retlexed like the barb
of a fish-hook. .

Barbellate. Finely barbed.

Barbulate. Finely bearded.

Basal, Basilar, At or pertaining to the

- base.

Basijixed, Attached by the base.

Beaked. Ending in a beak or prolonged tip.

Bearded. Bearing a long awn, or furnished
with long or stiff hairs,

Berry. A fruit the whole pericarp of which
is fleshy or pulpy.

Bi- or Bis-. A Latin prefix signifying two,
twice, or doubly.

Bidentate. Having two teeth.

Biennial. Of two years’ duration.

Bifid. Two-cleft.

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.

Bilocellate. Having two secondary cells.

Bilocular, Two-celled.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils.

Bladdery. Thin and inflated.

Blade. The limb or expanded portion of a
leaf, etc.
Bract. Amore or less modified leaf subtend-

ing a flower or belonging to an inflorescence,
or sometimes cauline.

Bracteate. Having bracts,

Bracteolate. Having bractlets,

Bracteose. With numerous or conspicuous
bracts.

Bractlet, A secondary bract, as one upon
the pedicel of a flower.

Bristle. Astiff hair or any similar outgrowth.

Bud. The rudimentary state of a stem or
branch; an unexpanded flower,

Bulb. A subterranean leaf-bud with fieshy
scales or coats.

Bulbiferous. Bearing bulbs.

Bulblet. A small bulb, especially one borne
upon the stem.

Bulbous. Having the character of a bulb.

Caducous. Falling off very early.
Calcarate. Produced into or having a spur.
Callus. A hard protuberance or callosity.

Calyculate. Having bracts around the calyx
imitating an outer calyx.

Calyptra. The membranous hood or cover-
ing of the capsule in Hepaticze and Mosses.

Calyx. The outer perianth of the flower.

Campanulate. _Bell-shaped; cup-shaped
with a broad base.
Campylospermous. Having seeds with lon-

gitudinally involute margins, as in some
Umbelliferee.

Campylotropous (ovule or seed). So curved

739

as to bring the apex and base nearly to-
gether.

Canaliculate. Uongitudinally channelled,

Canescent. Hoary with gray pubescence.

Capitate. Shaped like a head; collected into
a head or dense cluster.

Capitellate. Cotlected into a small head.

Capsular. Belonging to or of the nature of
a capsule.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of
more than one carpel; the spore-case of
Hepatice, etc.

Capsuliferous, Capsule-bearing.
Carinate. Having a keel or a projecting lone
gitudinal medial line on the lower surface.
Carpel. A simple pistii, or one member of a

compound pistil.

Cartilaginous. Of the texture of cartilage ;
firm and tough.

Caruncle. An excrescence or appendage at
or about the hilum of a seed,

Carunculate. Having a caruncle.

Caryopsis. A grain, as of grasses; a seed-
like fruit with a thin pericarp adnate to the
contained seed.

Castaneous. Of a chestnut color; brown.

Catkin. An ament.

Caudate. Having a slender tail-like ap-
pendage,

Caudex. The persistent base of an otherwise
annual herbaceous stem.

Caulescent. Having a manifest stem,

Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Cavernous Hollow ; full of air-cavities.

Cell. One of the minute vesicles, of very va-
rious forms, of which plants are formed.
Any structure containing a cavity, as the
cells of an anther, ovary, etc.

Cellular (tissue). Composed of short trans-
parent thin-walled cells, in distinction from
fibrous or vascular,

Cespitose. Growing in tufts; forming mats
or turf.

Chaff. A smal} thin scale or bract, becoming
dry and membranous.

Chaffy. Having or resembling chaff.

Channelled. Deeply grooved longitudinally,
like a gutter.

Chartaceous. Having the texture of writing
paper.

Chlorophyll.
cells of plants.

Chlorophyllose. Containing chlorophyll.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.

Cinereous Ash-color.

Circinate. Coiled from the top downward,
as the young frond of a fern.

Circumscissile. Dehiscing by a regular
transverse circular line of division.

The green grains within the

Clavate. Club-shaped; gradually thick-
ened upward.
Cleistogamous. Fertilized in the bud, with-

out the Opgning of the flower.

740

Cleft. Cut about to the middle.

Climbing. Ascending by laying hold of sur-
rounding objects fur support.

Cluster. Any assemblage of flowers on a
piant.

Clustered. Collected in a bunch of any sort.

Coalescence. ‘he union of parts or organs
of the same kind.

Coccus (pl. Cocci}. One of the parts into
which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits.

Cochleate. Spiral, like a snail-sheil.

Cohesion. The union of one organ with
another.

Columella. The persistent axis of some

capsules, spore-cases, etc.

Columnar. Like a column,

Commissure. ‘the surface by which one
carpel joins another, as in the Umbelliferee.

Comose. Furnished with a coma or tuft of
hairs,

Complicate. Folded upon itself.

Compound. Composed of 2 or more similar
parts united into one whole. Compound
leaf, one divided into separate leaflets.

Compressed. Flattened laterally.

Conceptacle. In some Cryptogams a case or
receptacle containing the organs of fruc-
tification.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.

Confluent. Running into each other ; blend-
ed into one.

Coniferous. Cone-bearing.

Connate. United congenitally.

Connective. The portion of a stamen which
connects the two cells of the anther.

Connivent. Coming into contact; con-
verging.

Conoidal. Nearly conical.

Convergent. Approaching each other.

Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.

Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point
upward.

Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corm. The enlarged fleshy base of a stem,
bulb-like but solid.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or
connate petals.

Coroniform. Shaped like a crown.

Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds,

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-
cluster, in the stricter use of the word equiv-
alent to a contracted raceme and progressing
in its flowering from the margin inward.

Corymbose. In corymbs, or corymb-like.

Cosmopolite. Found in most parts of the
globe (of plants).

Costa. A rib; a midrib or mid-nerve.

Costate. Ribbed; having one or more lon-
gitudinal ribs or nerves.

Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves
(one, two, or more) of the embryo as found
in the seed.

Crateriform. Yn the shape of a saucer or
cup, hemispherical or more shallow.

GLOSSARY

Creeping. Running along or _under the
ground and rooting.

Crenate. Dentate with the teeth much
rounded
Crenulate. Finely crenate

Crested, Cristate. Bearing an elevated ap-
pendage resembling a crest.

Crown. An inner appendage to a petal, or
to the throat of a corolla.

Cruciate. Cross-shaped.

Crustaceous. Of hard and brittle texture.

Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped ; cowled.

Culm. The peculiar stem of sedges an&
grasses.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped; triangular with

the acute angle downward.
Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp, or sharp
and rigid point.
Cylindraceous.
lindrical.
Cyme. A usually broad and flattish deter-
minate inflorescence, i. e. with its central
or terminal flowers blooming earliest.
Cymose. Bearing cymes or cyme-like.

Somewhat or nearly cy-

Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen.
Decompound. More than once compound or
divided.
Decumbent.
ascending.

Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem
below the insertion.

Decurved. Curved downward.

Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right
angles, or in threes.

Definite. Of a constant number, not ex-
ceeding twenty.

Defiexcd. Bent or turned abruptly down-
ward.

Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves,
slits, ete , as a capsule or anther.

Deltoid. Shaped like the Greek letter A.

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth
directed outward.

Reclining, but with the summit

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Di-, Dis-. A Greek prefix signifying two or
twice.

Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in twe
sets.

Diandrous. Uaving two stamens.
Dicarpellary. Composed of two carpels.
Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.
Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.
Didymous. Twin; found in pairs.
Didynamous (stamens). In two pairs of un-
equal length.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Digitate. Compound, with the members
borne in a whorl! at the apex of the support.
Dimerous (flower). Having all the parts in
twos. |
Dimidiate.
wanting.

In halves, as if one half were

GLOSSARY.

Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms.

Diecious. Unisexual, with the two kinds of
flowers on separate plants.

Discoid. Resemblingadisk. Discoid head,
in Composite, one without ray-flowers.

Disk. A development of the receptacle at or
around the base ofthe pistil. In Compcsite,
the tubular flowers of the head as distinct
from the ray. |

Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous
segments.

Dissepiment. A partition in an ovary or
fruit.

Distichous. In two vertical ranks.

Distinct. Separate; not united; evident,

Divaricate. Widely divergent.

Divergent. Tnclined away from each other.

Divided. Lobed to the base.
Dorsal. Upon or relating to the back or
outer surface of an organ,

Drupaceous. Reserhbling or of the nature
of a drupe.
Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit with the in-

ner portion of the pericarp (1-celled and 1-
seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or
stony.

Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

E- or Fz-. A Latin prefix having often a
privative signification, as ebracteate, with-
out bracts.

Echinate. Beset with prickles.

Effuse. Very loosely spreading.

Elater. A usually spirally marked thread
found in the capsules of most Hepaticee.

Ellipsoidal. Nearly elliptical ; of solids, el-
liptical in outline.

Llliptical. In the form of an ellipse; oval.

Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at the
extremity.

Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within
the seed.

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.

Endogenous. Growing throughout the sub-
stance of the stem, instead of by superficial
layers,

Entire. Without toothing or division.

Ephemeral, Wasting only for one day.

Epidermis. The cuticle or thin membrane
covering the outer surface.

Epigynous. Growing on the summit of the
ovary, cr apparently so.

Epiphyte. <A plant growing attached to an-
other plant, but not parasitic ; an air-plant.

Eporose. Without pores.

Equitant. Astride, used of conduplicate
leaves which enfold each other in two ranks,
as in Iris.

Erect. Vertical; upright as respects the
plane of the base.

Erose. Asif gnawed.

Ezxalbuminous. Without albumen.

Excurrent. Running out, as a nerve of a
leaf projecting beyond the margin.

_Extrorse.

Fibro-vascular.

741

Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.

Exogenous. Growing by annular layers
near the surface ; belonging to the Exogens,

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope,
as stamens from a corolla.

Facing outward.

falcate, Scythe-shaped; curved and flat,
tapering gradually.

Farinaceous. Containing starch ; starch-
like.

Farinose. Covered with a meal-like powder

Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster,

Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near to-
gether.

Ferruginous. Rust-color.

Fertile. Capable of producing fruit, or pro-
ductive, as a flower having a pistil, or an
anther with pollen.

Fibrillose. Furnished or abounding with
fine fibres.
Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibres.

Fibrous tisswe, a tissue formed of eion-

gated thick-walled cells.

Composed of woody fibres
and ducts.

Filament. The part of a stamen which sup-
ports the anther; any thread-like body,

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Filiferous. Thread-bearing.

Filiform. Thread-shaped ; long, slender,
and terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fimbrillate. Having a minute fringe.

Fingered. Digitate.

Fistular. Hollow and cylindrical.

Flaccid. Without rigidity ; lax and weak.
Fleshy. Succulent; juicy ; of the consist-
ence of flesh.
Flexuous. Zigzag ;
opposite directions.
Floccose. Clothed with locks of soft hair or
wool.
Foliaceous.
ance.
Sfoliate.

bending alternately in

Leaf-like in texture or appear-

Having leaves.

Soliolate. Having leaflets.

Follicle. A fruit consisting of a single car-
pel, dehiscing by the ventral suture.

Follicular. ike a follicle.

Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches
Fornicate. Arched over, as the corona of
some Borraginaceze. closing the throat.

Free, Not adnate to other organs.

Friable. Easily crumbled.

Frond, The leaf of Ferns and some other
Cryptogams; also in some Phzenogams, as
in Lemnaces, where it serves for stem as
well as foliage.

Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant,
simple, compound, or aggregated, of what-
ever form.

Fugacious. Falling or fading very early.

funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed

742

Fuscous. Grayish-brown.
Fusiyorm. Spindie-shaped; swollen in the
middle and narrowing toward each end.

Galea. A hooded or helmet-shaped portion
uf a perianth, as the upper sepal of Aconi-
tum, and the upper lip of some bilabiate
corollas.

Galeate. Helmet-shaped ; having a galea.

Gamopetalous. Having the petals of the
corolla more or less united.

Gamophyllous. Composed
leaves, sepals, or petals.

Gemma. A bud cr body analogous to a bud
by which a plant propagates itself.

of coalescent

Gemmiparous. Producing gemme.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly, like a knee.

Gibbous. Protuberant or swollen on one
side.

Glabrate. Somewhat glabrous, or becoming
glabrous.

Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent,
or hairy.

Gland. A secreting surface or structure;

any protuperance or appendage having the

appearance of such an organ.

Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature
of a gland.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a
bloom.

Globose, Globular. Spherical or nearly so.

Glochidiate. Barbed at the tip.

Glomerate. Compactly clustered.

Glumaceous. Furnished with or resembling
glumes.

Glume. One of the chaffy bracts of the in-

florescence of Grasses.
Granular. Composed of small grains.
Gregarious. Growing in groups or clusters.
Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds,
without an ovary.
Gynandrous. Having the stamens borne
upon the pistil, as in Orchidacez.
Gynobase. An enlargement or prolongation
of the receptacle bearing the ovary.

Habit. The general appearance of a plant.

Halberd-shaped. The same as Hastate.

Hastate. Like an arrow-head, but with the
basal lobes pointing outward nearly at right
angles.

Head. A dense cluster of sessile or nearly
sessile flowers on a very short axis or re-
ceptacle.

Heart-shaped. Ovate with a sinus at base.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem
above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the characters of an
herb ; leaf-like in color and texture.

Heterocarpous. Producing more than one
kind of fruit.

Reterogamous. Bearing two kinds of
flowers,

/

GLOSSARY.

Hilum. The scar or point of attach mentof
the seed.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or
stiff hairs.

Hispid. Beset with rigid or bristly hairs or
with bristles.

Hispidulous. Minutely hispid.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close
pubescence.

Homogamous. Bearing but one kind of
flowers.

Hooded. Shaped like a hood or cowl

Hyaline. Transparent or translucent.

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle be-
neath the ovary and free from it and from
the calyx ; having the petals and stamens
so situated.

Imbricate. Overlapping, either vertically or
spirally, where the lower piece covers the
base of the next higher, or laterally, as in
the zestivation of a calyx or corolla, where
at least one piece must be wholly external
and one internal.

Immersed. Growing wholly under water;
wholly covered by the involucral leaves, as
sometimes the capsule in Hepatice.

Incised, Cut sharply and irregularly, more
or less deeply.

Included. Not atall protruded from the sur-
rounding envelope.

Incubous (leaf). Having the tip or upper
margin overlapping the lower margin of
the leaf above.

Incumbent (cotyledons). Lying with the
back of one against the radicle.

Indefinite (stamens). Inconstant in number
or very numerous.

Indehiscent. Not opening by valves, etc.;
remaining persistently closed.

Indigenous. Native and original to the
country.

Indurated. UHardened.

Indusium. The proper (often shield-shaped}
covering of the sorus or fruit-dot in Ferns.

Inequilateral. Unequal-sided.

Inferior. Lower or below ; outer or anterior.
Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the
calyx,

Inflated. Bladdery.

Inflorescence. The flowering part ofa plant,
and especially the mode of its arrangement.

Infra-. Yn composition, below; as infra-
axillary, below the axil.

Innovation. An offshoot from the stem.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Inter- or intra-. In composition, between.

Interfoliaceous. Between the leaves of a
pair, as the stipules of many Rubiacez.

Internode. The portion of a stem between
two nodes.

Intramarginal. Within and near the
margin.

——

GLOSSARY. 743

Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.

Involucel. A secondary involucre, as that of
an umbellet in Umbelliterz.

Involucellate, Waving an involucel.

(rnvolucral. Belonging to an involucre.
(mvolucrate. Having an involucre.
{nvolucre. <A circle or collection of bracts

surrounding a flower cluster or heud, or a
single Hower.

Involute. Rolled inward.

[rregular (flower). Showing inequality in
the size, form, or union of its similar parts.

Julaceous. Resembling a catkin in ap-
pearance.
Keel. A central dorsal ridge, like the keel of

a boat; the two anterior united petals of a
papilionaceous flower.

Kidney-shaped. Crescentic with the ends
broad and rounded; reniform.

Labiate. Lipped; belonging to the Labiate.

Lacerate. Irregularly cleft as if torn.

Laciniate. Slashed ; cut into narrow pointed
lobes.

Lamella. A thin flat plate or laterally flat-
tened ridge.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head,
broadest above the base and narrowed to
the apex.

Lateral. Belonging to or borne on the side.

Zaz. loose and slender.

Leaflet. A single division of a compound
leaf.
Legume. The fruit of the Leguminose,

formed of a simple pistil and usually dehis-
cent by both sutures.

Leguminous. Pertaining to a legume or to
the Leguminose.

Lenticular. Lentil-shaped; of the shape of
a double-convex lens.

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.
Ligulate. Furnished with a ligule.
Ligule. A strap-shaped corolla, as in the

ray-flowers of Composite; a thin scarious
projection from the summit of the sheath
in Grasses.

Tiliaceous. Lily-like; belonging to the
Liliaceae.
Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopet-

alous corolla, above the throat; the ex-
panded portion of any petal, or of a leaf.

Linear. Wong and narrow, with parallel
margins,

Lip. Each of the upper and lower divisions
of a bilabiate corolla or calyx; the peculiar
upper petal in Orchids.

Zobe, Any segment of an organ, especially
if rounded.

Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.

-Icenlar. In composition, having cells.

Lezulicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a
cel! through the dorsal suture

Innate.
crescent.

Lunulate. Diminutive of Lunate.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded
terminal lobe, and the lower lobes small.

Of the shape of a half-moon

Macrospore. The larger kind of spore in
Selaginellacez, etc.

Marcescent. Withering but persistent.

Marginal. Along or near the edge.

Marginate. Furnished with a border pe-

culiar in texture or appearance.

Mealy. Farinaceous.

Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and
rather soft and more or less translucent.

Meniscoid. Concavo-convex.

Mericarp. One of the achene-like carpels of
Umbelliferee.

-merous. In composition, having parts, as
2-merous, having two parts of each kind.
Micropyle. The point upon the seed at

which was the orifice of the ovule.
Microspore. The smaller kind of spore in
Felaginellacez, ete.
Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.
Mitriform. Shaped like a mitre or cap.
Monadelphous (stamens). United by their
filaments into a tube or column.
Moniliform. Resembling a string of beads;
cylindrical with contractions at intervals.
Monocotyledonous. Having but one coty-
ledon.
Monecious. With stamens and pistils in
separate flowers on the sanie plant.
Mucilaginous. Slimy ; containing mucilage.
Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip.
Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.
Multifid. Cleft into many lobes or segments,
Muricate. Rough with short hard points,
Muriculate. Very finely muricate.

Naked. Bare; without the usual covering or
appendages,

Nectary. Any place or organ where nectar
is secreted.

Nectariferous. Producing nectar.

Nerve. A simple or unbranched vein or
slender rib.

Node. The place upon a stem which nor-
mally bears a leaf or whorl of Jeaves.

Nodose. Knotty or knobby.

Nucleus. The germ-cell of the ovule, which
by fertilization becomes the seed; the ker
nel of a seed.

Numerous. Indefinite in number.

Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-
seeded fruit, though usually resulting from
a compound ovary.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut.

Ob-. A Latin prefix, usually carrying the
idea of inversion. >

Obcompressed, Compressed dorso ventrally
instead of laterally.

744

Obconically. Inversely conical, having the
attachment at the apex.

Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the broadest
part toward the apex

Oblique. Unequal-sided or slanting.

Oblong. Considerably longer than broad and
with nearly parallel sides.

Obovate. Inverted vuvate.

Obovoid. Having the form ofan inverted egg.

Obsolete. Not evident; rudimentary.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Ocrea. A leggin-shaped or tubular stipule.

Ocreate. Having sheathing stipules.

Ochroleucous. Yellowish-white.

Ojficinal. Of the shops; used in medicine
or the arts.

Oéspore. The fertilized nucleus or germ-cell
of the archegonium in Cryptogams, from
which the new plant is directly developed.

Opaque. Dull; not smooth and shining.

Operculate. Furnished with a lid.

Operculum. A lid; the upper portion ofa
circumscissile capsule.

Orbicular. Circular.

Orthotropous (ovale or seed). Erect, with
the orifice or micropyle at the apex.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. ‘he part of the pistil that contains
the ovules.

Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like
that of an egg, with the broader end down-
ward.

Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.

Ovule. The body which after fertilization
becomes the seed.

Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Palate. A rounded projection of the lower
lip of a personate corolla, closing the throat.

Paleaceous. Chaffy.

Palet. The upper thin chaffy or hyaline
bract which with the glume encloses the
flower in Grasses.

Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.

Palmately. Ina palmate manner.

Panicle. A loose irregticrly compound in-
florescence with pedicellate flowers.

Panicled, Paniculate. Borne in a panicle;
resembling a panicle.

Papilionaceous (corolla). Having a stand-
ard, wings, and keel, as in the peculiar co-
rolla of many Leguminosz.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped
projections.

Pappus. The modified calyx-limb in Com-
posite, forming a crown of very various
character at the summit of the achene.

Parasitic. Growing on and deriving nour-~
ishment from another plant.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall
or inner surface of a capsule.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the
base,

GLOSSARY.

Partial. Of secondary rank.

Pectinate. Pinnatifid with narrow closely
set segments ; comb-like.

Pedate. Palmately divided or parted, with
the lateral segments 2-cleft.

Pedicel. The support of a single flower.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, support-
ing either a cluster or a solitary flower.

Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.

Peiltate. Shield-formed and attached to the
support by the lower surface.

Pendulous. More or less hanging or de-
clined. Pendulous ovule, one that hangs
from the side of the cell.

Perennial. Wasting year after year.
Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and
stamens.

Perfoliate (leaf). Having the stem appar-
ently passing through it.

Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of
the calyx and corolla (when present), what-
ever their form ; in Hepatice, the inner usu-~
ally sac-like involucre of the archegonium,

Pericarp. The matured ovary.

Perigyniwm. The inflated sac which encloses
the ovary in Carex. :

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and
therefore around the ovary and not at its
base.

Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx
upon the fruit, leaves through winter, etc.
Personate (corolla). Bilabiate, and the throat

closed by a prominent palate.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.

Phenogamous. Having flowers with stamens
and pistils and producing seeds.

Phyllodium. A somewhat dilated petiole
having the form of and serving as a leaf-
blade.

Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.

Pinna (pl. Pinne). One of the primary di-
visions of a pinnate or compoundly pinnate
frond or leaf.

Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets
arranged on each side of a common petiole

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft. :

Pinnule. Asecondary pinna; one ofthe pin
nately disposed divisions of a pinna.

Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower,
consisting of the ovary, stigma, and style
when present.

Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its
more proper sense, without stamens.

Pitted. Marked with small depressions or
pits.

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the
ovary which bears ovules.

Plane. Flat; with a flat surface or surfaces,

Plicate, Folded into plaits, usually length-
wise.

GLOSSARY.

Piumose. Having fine hairs on each side,
like the plume of a feather, as the pappus-
bristles ot Thistles.

Plumule. The bud or growing point of the
embryo.
Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pointed. Acuminate.

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained
in the anther.

Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.

Pollinium (pl. Pollinia). A mass of waxy
pollen or of coherent pollen-grains, as in
Asclepias and Orchids.

Polypetalous, Having separate petals.

Pome. Akind of fleshy fruit of which the
apple is the type.

Porose. Pierced with small holes or pores.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side
nearest to the axis of inflorescence.

Posticous. On the posterior side; extrorse.
Premorse. Appearing as if bitten off.
Prickle. A small spine or more or less slen-

der sharp outgrowth from the bark or rind.
Prismatic. Of the shape ofa prism, angular,

with flat sides, and of nearly uniform size

throughout.
Procumbent.
Proliferous.

Lying on the ground.
Producing offshoots.
Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.
Proterogunous. Having the stigma ripe for

the pollen before the maturity of the an-
thers of the same flower.

Prothallus. A cellular usually flat and
thallus like growth, resulting from the
germinatlon of a spore, upon which are
developed sexual organs or new plants.

Pseudazillary. Terminal but becoming
apparently axillary by the growth of a lat-
eral branch.

Pseudo-costate. Falsz-ribbed, as where a
marginal vein or rib is formed by the con-
fluence of the true veins.

Pteridophytes. Fern-plants; Ferns and
their allies.
Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially
if short, soft and downy.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with
translucent internal glands or colored dots.

Puncticulate. Minutely punctate.

Pungent. Terminating in a rigid sharp
point; acrid.

Putamen. The shell of a nut: the bony
part of a stone-fruit.

Quadrate. Nearly square in form.

Raceme. Asimple inflorescence of pedicelled
flowers upon a common more or iess elon-
gated axis.

Racemose.
raceme. _

In racemes; or resembling a

745

Radiate. Spreading from or arranged arour<
acommon centre; bearing ray-flowers.

Radical. Belonging to or proceeding from
the root or base of the stem near the ground.

Radicle. The portion of the embryo below
the cotyledons, more properly called th
caudicle.

Radiculose. Bearing rootlets.

Rameal, Belonging to a branch.

Ramijication. Branching.

Ray. The branch of an umbel ; the margin.
flowers of an inflorescence when distinct
from the disk.

Receptacle. The more or less expanded or
produced portion of an axis which bears the
organs of a flower (the torus) or the col-
lected flowers of a head ; any similar struc-
ture in Cryptogams.

Recurved, Curved downward or backward.

Refleced, Abruptly bent or turned down-
ward,

Regular, Uniform in shape or structure

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a slightly uneven and some-
what sinuate margin.

Resiniferous. Producing resin.

Reticulate. In the form of network; net-
veined.

Retrorse.

Retuse.
apex.

Revolute. Rolled backward from the mat
gins or apex.

Directed back or downward.
With a shallow notch at a rounded

Rhachis. The axis of a spike or of a com-
pound leaf.
Rhaphe. The ridge or adnate funicle which

in an anatropous ovule connects the two
ends.

Rhizome. Any prostrate or subterranean
stem, usually rooting at the nodes and be-
coming erect at the apex. Very variable in
character, and including morphologically
the tuber, corm, bulb, etc.

Rhombic, Rhomboidal. Somewhat lozenge-
shaped; obliquely four-sided.

kib. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf.

Ringent. Gaping, as the mouth of an open
bilabiate corolla.

Root. The underground part ofa plant which
supplies it with nourishment,

Rootstock. Same as Rhizome.

Rostrate. Waving a beak or spur.

Rosulate. In the form of a rosette.

Rotate (corolla). Wheel-shaped; ‘dat and
circular in outline.

Rotund. Rounded in outline.

Rudiment. A very partially developed or:
gan ; a vestige.

Rudimentary. But slightly developed.

Rufous. Reddish brown.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Runcinate. Sharply incised, with the seg
ments directed backward.

Runner. A filiform or very slender stolon.

746 GLOSSARY.
Saccate. Sac-shaped. Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth
Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow-head, the from the stem.

basal lobes directed downward. Spinose. Spine-like, or having spines.
Salver-shaped (corolla). Having a slender | Sporangium, A spore-case.

tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb. Spore. The reproductive organ in Crypto-

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.

Scabrous Rough to the touch.

Scalariform (vessels). Having transverse
markings like the rounds of a ladder.

Scape. A peduncle rising from the ground,
naked or without proper foliage.

Scapose. Bearing or resembling a scape.

Scarious. Thin, dry, and membranaceous,
not green.

Scorpioid (inflorescence). Circinately coiled
while in bud.

Scurf. Small bran-like scales on the epi-
dermis.

Scymitar-shaped (leaf). Curved with a flat-
triangular section, the straighter edge the
thickest.

Seed. The ripened ovule, consisting of the
embryo and its proper coats.

Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other
like organ that is cleft or divided.

Sepal. A division of a calyx.

Septicidal (capsule). Dehiscing through the
partitions and between the cells,

Septum. Any kind of partition.
Serrate. Having teetb pointing forward.
Serrulate. Finely serrate.

Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.
Setaceous. Bristle-like.

Setose. Beset with bristles.

Setulose. Having minute bristles.

Sheath. A tubular envelope, as the lower
part of the leaf in Grasses.

Sheathing. Enclosing as by a sheath.

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a
tree.

Silicle. A short silique.

Silique. The peculiar pod of Crucifere.

Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft and
straight pubescence.

Simple. Of one piece ; not compound.

Sinuate. With the outline of the margin
strongly wavy.

Sinus. The cleft or recess between two
lobes.

Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.

Sorus (pl. Sori). A heap or cluster, applied
to the fruit-dots of Ferns.

Spadiz. A spike with a fleshy axis.

Spathe. A large bract or pair of bracts en-
closing an inflorescence.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward
from a rounded summit.

Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a spike

Spiciform. Spike-like.

Spike. A form of simple inflorescence with
the flowers sessile or nearly so upon a more
or less elongated common axis.

Spikelet. A small or secondary spike.

Spindle-shaped. Same as Fusiform.

gams which corresponds to a seed.

Sporocarp. The fruit-cases of certain Cryp-
togams containing sporangia or spores.

Spur. A hollow sac-like or tubular exten=
sion of some part of a blossom, usually
nectariferous,

Squamula. Areduced scale,as the hypogy-
nous scales in Grasses. .

Squarrose. Having spreading and project-
ing processes, such as the tips of involucral
scales.

Squarrulose. Diminutively squarrose.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or fer-
tilizing organs of the ficwer.

Staminodium. A sterile stamen, or any
structure without anther corresponding to
a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a
papilionaceous corolla.

Stellate, Stelliform. Star-shaped.

Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.

Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without
pistil, or stamen without an anther.

Stigma. That part of a pistil through
which fertilization by the pollen is ef-
fected.

Stigmatic.
the stigma.

Stipe. The stalk-like support of a pistil;
the leaf-stalk of a Fern.

Belonging to or characteristic of

Stipitate. Having a stipe.

Stipular. Belonging to stipules.

Stipulate. Having stipules.

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a peti-

ole or on each side of its insertion.

Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that
is disposed to root.

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stoma (pl. Stomata). An orifice in the epi-
dermis of a leaf communicating with inter-
nal air-cavities.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines
or ridges.

Strict. Very straight and upright.

Strigose. Beset with appressed sharp

straight and stiff hairs.

Strobile. An inflorescence marked by im-
bricated bracts or scales, as in the Hop and
Pine-cone.

Strophiole. An appendage at the hilum of
certain seeds.

Style. The usually attenuated portion of the
pistil connecting the stigma and ovary.

Stylopodium. A disk-like expansion at the
base of a style, as in Umbelliferze.

Sub-. A Latin prefix, usually signifying
somewhat or slightly.

Subulate. Aw)-shaped.

Succubous (leaves). Having the upper mar.

GLOSSARY.

gin of a leaf covered by the base of the one
above.

Succulent. Juicy; fleshy.
Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely
shrubby.

Suffruticose. Very low and woody; dimin-
utively shrubby.

Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior (ovary). Free from the caiyx.

Suspended (ovule). Hanging from the apex
of the cell.

Suture. A line of dehiscence.

Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to the
number of its parts; having the same num-
ber of parts in each circle.

Synonym. A superseded or unused name.

Tail. Any slender terminal prolongation.

Terete. Havingacircular transverse section.

Terminal. At or belonging to the apex.

Ternary. Consisting of three.

Ternate. In threes.

Tetradynamous. Having four long and two
shorter stamens,

Tetragona'. Four-angled.

Thalamijiorous. Having the parts of the
flower hypogynous.

Thalloid, Thallose. Resembling a thallus.
Thallus. In Cryptogams. a cellular expan-
sion taking the place of stem and foliage.
Throat. The orifice of a gamopetalous co-
rolla or calyx; the part between the proper

tube and the limb.

Thyrse. A contracted or ovate and usually
compact panicle.

Thyrsoid. Resembling a thyrse.
Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted
wool.

Tooth. Any small marginal lobe.

Torose. Cylindrical with contractions at in-
tervals.

Torulose. Diminutive of Torose.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower.

Transverse. Across; in a right and ieft
direction.

Tri-. In composition, three or thrice.

Triandrous. \aving three stamens,

Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets,

Trigonous. Three-angled.

Trimorphous. Occurring under three forms.

Triquetrous. Having three salient angles,
the sides concave or channelled.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off
transversely

Tuber. A thickened and short subterranean
branch having numerous buds or eyes.

Tubercle. A smal! tuber or tuber-like body.

Tuberiferous. Bearing tubers.

Tuberous. Having the character of a tuber ;
tuber-like in appearance.

Tumid. Swollen

Tumcated. Having concentric coats, as an
onion

!

74%

Turbinate. Top-shaped ; inversely conical
Twining. Winding spirally about a support.

Umbel. An inflorescence in which a eluster
of peduncles or pediceis spring from the
same point,

Umbellate. In or like an umbel.

Umbelleé. A secondary umbel.

Umbonate. Bearing a stout projection in
the centre; bossed.

Underleaves. The small accessory leaves or
stipules on the under side of the stem in
Hepatice.

Undulate.

Unguiculate.
claw.

Uni-. Yn composition, one.

Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or
pistillate only.

Urceolate. Hollow and cylindricai or ovoid,
and contracted at or below the mouth, like
an urn.

Utricle. A small bladdery 1-seeded fruit;
any small bladder-like body.

With a wavy surface; repand.
Contracted at base into a

Valvate. * Opening by valves, as a capsule;
in estivation, meeting by the edges without
overlapping.

Valve. One of the pieces iato which a cap-
sule splits.

Vascular. Furnished with vessels or ducts.

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a
leaf or other organ, especially those which
branch (as distinguished from nerves).

Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner
face of an organ ; the opposite of dorsal.

Ventricose. Swelling unequally, or inflated
on one side.

Vernation. The arrangement of leaves in
the bud.

Verrucose. Covered with wart-like eleva-
tions.

Versatile (anther). Attached near the mid
dle and turning freely on its support.

Vertical. Perpendicular to the horizon;
longitudinal.

Verticillate. Disposed in a whorl.

Vesicle. A small bladder or air-cavity

Vesicular, Vesiculose. Composed of or
covered with vesicles.

Villous. Bearing long and soft hairs.

Virgate. Wand-shaped; slender, straight
and erect

Viscid. Glutinous ; sticky.

Whorl. An arrangement of leaves, etc., in
a circle round the stem.

Wing. Any membranous or thin expansion
bordering or surrounding an organ; the
lateral petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or
matted hairs.

. «

% “a 4 7a 7 n,

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Abele 486 | Alopecurus 645
Abies 492, 492 | Althea 97
Abronia 425 | Alum-root 171
Abutilon 99 | Alyssum 68
Acacia, Rose 134 | AMARANTACEZ 427
Acalypha 459 | Amarantus(Amaranth) 427
ACANTHACEE 399 | AMARYLLIDACEX 515
Acer U7 Amaryllis 78d
Acerates 339, 343 Ambrosia 273
Achillea 289 Aimelanchier 166
Acnida 429 Amianthium 535
Aconitum (Aconite} 46 Ammannia 184, 185, 185 |
Winter 45 Ammophila 651, 651
Acorus 551 | Amorpha 131
Actzea 47 Ampelopsis 115
Actinella 287 | Amphiachyris 243
Actinomeris 281, 281 | Amphicarpzea 146
Adam-and-Eve 499 Amphicarpum 634
Adam/’s Needle 524 | Amsonia 337
Adder’s-mouth 498 | ANACARDIACEE 118
Adder’s-tongue 695 | Anacharis 496
Yellow 528 | Anagallis 331
Adenocaulon 269 Anaphalis 268
Adiantum 680 | Andromeda 316
Adlumia 60 | Andropogon 687, 638
Adonis 40 | Androsace 029
Adoxa 216 | Androstephium 522
igopodium 208 | Anemone 36
7Bscaynomene 137 Rue 39
Bsculus 115 Anemonella 38
AAthusa 205 | Aneura 725
Agave 516 Angelica 201
Agrimonia (Agrimony) 161 Angelica-tree 210
Agropyrum 671 | ANONACER 50
Agrostemma 85 | Antennaria 267, 268
Agrostis 647 | Anthemis 288
Ailanthus 07 | Anthoceros 726
Aira 652, 652 | ANTHOCEROTACES 726
Ajuga 406 | Anthoxanthum 639
Alchemilla 161 | Anthriscus 206
Alder 472 Antirrhinum 3880
Black 109 | Anychia 426
White 3822 Apera 649
Aletris 512 Aphanostephus 253
Alfalfa 129 Aphyllon 394
Alisma 554 Apiastrum 209
ALISMACEE 553 Apios 144
Alligator Pear 446 Apium 209
Allium §21, 522 Aplectrum 499
Allosorus 683 Aplopappus 245
Allspice, Carolina 167 APOCYNACEE 837
Wild 447 | Apocynum 338
Alnus 472 Apple 164
Aloe, American 516 | Balsam 195
False 516 | 164

INDEX.

[SyNonyMsS IN Iraxics.]

Crab

Apple, May
Thorn
Apple-of-Peru
Aquilegia
Arabis
ARACEX
Aralia
ARALIACEE

| Arbor-vitze
Arbutus, Trailing
| Arceuthobiuin

Archangelica
Archemora
Arctium
Arctostaphylos
Arenaria
Arethusa
Argemone

| Argythamnia

Ariszema

| Aristida

Aristolochia

ARISTOLOCHIACE

Arnica
Arrhenatherum
Arrow-grass
Arrowhead
Arrow-wood
Artemisia

Artichoke, Jerusalem

Arum
Arrow
Dragon
Water
Arundinaria
Arundo
Asarabacca
Asarum
ASCLEPIADACES
Asclepias
Asclepiodora
Ascyrum
Ash
Mountain
Prickly
Asimina
Asparagus
Aspen
Asperugo
Asphodel, Bog
False
Aspidium
Asplenium
Asprella
Aster
acuminatus

45
201, 202, 205

750

Aster estivus
amethystinus
angustus
anomalus
azureus
carneus
concinnus
concolor
cordifolius
corymbosus
diffusus
Drummondii
dumosus
ericoides
Fendleri
Jlexwosus
gracilis
grandiflorus
Herveyi
infirmus
junceus
leevis
linariifolius
Lindleyanus
linifolius
longifolius
macrophvllus
miser
modestus
multifiorus
nemoralis
Novee-Anglize
Novi-Belgii
oblongifolius
paludosus
paniculatus
patens
patulus
polyphyllus
prenanthoides
ptarmicoides
puniceus
radula
sagittifolius
salicifolius
sericeus
Shortii
simplex
spectabilis
subulatus
surculosus
tardifiorus
tenuifolius
Tradescanti
turbinellus
umbellatus
undulatus
vimineus
virgatus

Aster, Golden
White-topped

Asterella

Astilbe

Astragalus

Atamasco Lily

Atriplex

Atropis

Avena

Avens

Awlwort

Azalea
Alpine

Azolla

Baccharis
Baked-apple Berry
Baidwinia

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INDEX.

262 | Ballota

260 | Balm

26+ Bee

258 Horse

258 | Balm-of-Gilead
| Balsam
Balsam Poplar
Baneverry
Baptisia

| Barbarea
Barberry

| Barley
Bartonia

Bartsia

Basil
Bass-wood

Bay, Loblolly

Red

Le we
Siver
ce

409,

Rose
Bay berry
Bazzania
Bean, Indian
Kidney
Sacred
Wild
| Bearberry
Beard-tongue
| Beckmannia
Bedstraw
Beech
Blue
Water
Beech-drops
False
255 | Beggar-lice
Beggar-ticks
Belamcanda
Bellflower
| Bellis
| Bellwort
Benjamin-bush
BERBERIDACEE
Berberis
Berchemia
Bergamot, Wild
Berlandiera
Berula
| Betony, Wood
| Betula
| Bidens
| Bigelovia
Bignonia
| BIGNONIACEE
| Bilberry
Bilsted
Bindweed
Black
Birch
Birthroot
Birthwort
Bishop’s-cap
Bishop- weed, Mock
Bitter-nut
Bittersweet
Climbing or Shrubby
Bitter-weed
Blackberry
Bladder Ketmia
Bladdernut
69 Bladderwort
Blasia
Blazing-star
Blepharostoma
| Blepharozia--
Blephilia
Bletia
Blite, Coast

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242. :

420
412
414

Blite, Sea 485
Strawberry 432

| Blitum 482, 433
| Bloodroot 58
| Bloodwort Family 612
| Bluebeil 3864
Blueberry 312
7 } Bluebottle 297
Biue-curls 405
Blue-hearts * 888
Blue-joint 650, 671
Blue-stem 671
Blue-tangle dll
Bluets 2238
Blue-weed 3867
Boehmeria 466
Bois @’ Are 464
Boltonia 253
Bonamia 70
Boneset 241
Borage Family 360
BoRRAGINACER 360
Borrichia 277
Botrychium 693
Bouncing Bet 83
Bouteloua 655
Bowman’s-root 154
Boxberry 316
Box-elder 118
Boykinia 170
Brachycheeta 253
Brachyelytrum 644
Bracken 681
Brake 681
Cliff 682
Rock 682
Bramble 154
Brasenia 55
Brassica 72
Breweria 3870
Brickellia 241
Briza 663
Brizopyrum 663
BROMELIACEZE 511
Bromus 669
Brooklime, American 3886
Brookweed 332
Broom 127
Broom-rape 3895
Naked 394
Brunella 418
Brunnichia 443
Bryanthus 318
Buchloé 657
Buchnera 388
Buckbean 353
Buckeye 115
Buckthorn 111, 332
Buckwheat 443
Climbing False 443
Buda 83
Buffalo-berry 449
| Buffalo-nut 451
| Bugbane 47
False 39
Bugleweed 408
Bugloss 367
Bugseed 434
Bulrush 578
Bumelia By]
Bunchberry 214
Bunch-flower 5383
Bupleurum 206
Burdock 295
Burmannia 497
BURMANNIACEZ 496
Burnet 161

Burning-bush
Bur-reed
Butter-and-eggs
Buttercup
Butterfiy-weed
Butternut
Butterweed
Butterwort
Button-bush
Buttonweed
Buttonwood

Cabbage, Skunk
Cabomba
Cacalia
CACTACEE
Cactus Family
Cakile
Caladium
Calamagrostis
Calamint
Calamintha
Calamus
Calico-bush
Calla
Callicarpa
Callirrhoé
Callitriche
Calluna
Calophanes
’ Calopogon
Caltha
CALYCANTHACEE
Calycanthus
Calycocarpum
Calypogeia
Calypso
Calystegia
Camassia
Camelina
Camellia Family
Campanula
CAMPANULACEZE
Campion
Camptosorus
Cancer-root
Cane
Cannabis
Caper Family
CAPPARIDACEE
CAPRIFOLIACEE
Capsella
Caraway
Cardamine
Cardinal-flower
Carduus
Carex
acutiformis
adusta
zestivalis
alata
alopecoidea:
alpina
angustata
aperta
aquatilis
arcta
arctata
arenaria
arida
aristata
atrata
aurea
Backii
Barrattii
Bebbii
Boottiana

INDEX. 7
110 | Carex bromoides 619 | Carex miliacea
547 bullata 594 miliaris
379 Buxbaumir 599 mirabilis
40 canescens 618 monile
340 eapillaris 603 Muhlenbergii
467 capitata 617 muricata
265, 293 Careyana 608 Muskingumensis
BUT castanea 603 nigro-marginata
224 cephaloidea 617 Norvegica
225 cephalophora 617 Nove-Anglie 611,
464 chordorhiza 614 Ederi
communis 612 oligocarpa
550 comosa 596 oligosperma
ais) conjuncta 614 Olneyi
294 conoidea 607 pallescens
196 Crawei 606 paludosa
196 erinita 601 panicea
74 cristata 620 pauciflora
450 Crus-corvi 614 pedunculata
649, 651 Davisii 605 Pennsylvanica
411 debilis 604, 604 picta
411 decom posita 614 pinguis
557 deflexa 611 plantaginea
319 Deweyana 619 platyphylla
550 digitalis 608 polymorpha
403 disticha 615 poly trichoides
98 eburnea 610 praecox
182 echinata 618 prasina
818 Emmonsii 611 Pseudo-Cyperus
400 exilis f 617 ptychocarpa
504 extensa 606 pubescens
44 filiformis 597 pulla
167 flaccosperma 605 rariflora
167 flava 606 retrocurva
51 fiexilis ~ 603 retroflexa
713 foenea 621, 622 retrorsa
499 folliculata 592 Richardsoni
869, 370 formosa 605 rigida
23 Fraseri 613 riparia
69 fusca 599 rosea
95 gigantea 593 rostrata
308 glabra 604 rotundata
307 glaucodea 605 salina
83 gracillima 604 Ss ltuensis
685 grandis 593 Sart wellii
394 granularis 605 scabrata
674 gravida 615 Schweinitzii
463 Grayii 592 scirpoidea
v4 grisea 605 scirpoides
74 gynandra 601 scoparia
216 gynocrates 617 Shortiana
73 hirta 597 siccata
208 Hitchcockiana, 607 silicea
64 Houghtonii 597 sparganioides
805 hystricina 596 squarrosa
256 intumescens 592 stellulata
587 irrigua 602 stenolepis
598 Jamesii 613 stenophylla
621, 621 Knieskernii 603 Steudelii
604 lagopodioides 620 stipata
622 lanuginosa 597 straminea
615 laxiculmis 608 striata
598 laxiflora 607 stricta
600 lenticularis 600 | subulata
600 leporina 622 | Sullivantii
600 limosa 602 sychnocephala
619 limula 599 | tenella
603 littoralis 602 tentaculata
616 livida 61) tenuiflora
620 longirostris 603 teretiuscula
598 lupuliformis 593 tetanica
599 | lupulina 593 Torreyi
610 lurida 593, 595 torta
613 Magellanica 602 tribuloides
602 maritima 601 triceps
620 Meadii 609 trichocarpa
611 Michauxiana 592 trisperma

732

Carex Tuckermani

umbellata
atriculata
vaginata
varia
Vaseyt
venusta
vestita
virescens
vitilis
vulgaris
vulpinoidea
Willdenovii
Woodir
Carnation
Carpetweed
Carpinus
Carrion-fiower
Carrot
Carum
Carya
CARYOPHYLLACEX
Cashew Family
Cassandra
Cassena
Cassia
Cassiope
Castanea
Castilleia
Castor-oil Plant
Catalpa
Cat-brier
Catchfly
Catgut
Catmint
Catnip
Cat-tail Flag
Caucalis
Caulophyllum
Ceanothus
Cedar, Red
White
Cedronella
Celandine
C8ELASTRACEE
Celastrus
Celtis
Cenchrus
Centaurea
Centaury
Centrosema
Centunculus
Cephalanthus
Cephalozia
Cerastium

CERATOPHYLLACEE

Ceratophyllum
Cercis
Cesia
Cheerophyllum
Cheetopappa
Chaffseed
Chaffweed
Chamecy paris
Chameelirium
Chamesaracha
Chamomile
Wild
Charlock
Cheat
Checkerberry
Cheilanthes
Chelidonium
Chelone
CHENOPODIACES
Chenopodium
Cherry

INDEX.

Che Ground 875
‘Sand 152
Chervil 206
Chess 570
Chestnut 479
Horse 115
Chickweed 86
Forked 426
Indian 198
Jagged 87
Mouse-ear 88
Chicory 298
Chiloscyphus 716
Chimaphila 822
Chinquapin 479
Water 5d
Chiogenes 314
Chionanthus 887
Chives 522
Chokeberry 164
Chondrilla 803
Chrysanthemum 289
Chrysogonum 271
Chrysopogon 638
Chrysopsis 244
Chrysosplenium 172
| Cichorium 298
Cicuta 208
| Cimicifuga 47
Cinna 649
Cinquefoil 158
Ciresea 193
‘Cirsium 295, 296
Cissus 1l4
CisTaCcEE 76
Cladium 586
Cladothrix 734
Cladrastis 126
Clary 413
Clay tonia 91, 733
Clear-weed 465
Cleavers 225
Clematis 385
Cleome 75, 733
Cleomella 7a
Clethra 322
Clintonia 527
Clitoria 145
Clotbur 274
Cloudbe 154
Clover aA 128
Bush 141
Prairie 132
Sweet 129
Club-moss 695, 697
Cnicus 295, 297
Cocculus 51
Cochlearia 70
| Cockle 85
Cocklebur 274
Celopleurum 205
Coffee, Wild 219
Coffee-tree, Kentucky 148
Cohosh 02
Colic-root 512
Collinsia 380
Collinsonia. 406
Collomia 856
Coltsfoot 291
Sweet 292
Columbine 45
Columbo, American 852
Comandra 450
Comfrey 367
Wild 862
Commelina 538
COMMELINACES} §38

Compass-plant 270
Compositz 236
Comptonia 470
Cone-flower 270
Purple 278
CoNIFERZ 489
Conioselinum 202
Conium 209
| Conobea 383
Conocephalus 728
Conopholis 394
Convallaria 524
CONVOLVULACEZ 867
Convolvulus 369
Coptis 45
Coral-berry 220
Coral-root 500
Corallorhiza 500
Corema 488
Coreopsis 281
Corispermum 434
CORNACER 213
Cornel 214
Corn-salad 228
Cornus 214
Coronilla 188
Corpse-plant 825
Corydalis 61
Corylus 473
Cottonwood 487
Cowberry 314°
Cowslip 821
American 328
Virginian 364
Cow-wheat 3893
Crab-apple 164
Cranberry 812, 314
Cranberry-tree 217
Cranesbill 103
Crantzia 205
RASSULACEZ 176
Crategus 165
Cress, Bitter 64
Mouse-ear 72
Penny 73
Rock 65
Spring 65
Swine ‘ 74
Water 69
Winter 7
Crepis 3800
Cross-vine 898
Crotalaria 127
Croton 457
Crotonopsis 458
Crowberry 487
Broom 488
Crowfoot 40
Crown-beard 280
CRUCIFERE 61
Crypsis 640
Cry ptogramme 682
Cry ptoteenia 207
Ctenium 654
| Cuckoo-flower 65
| Cucumber 194
Bur 195

Cucumber-root Indian 529

Cucumber-tree 49
Cucurbita 196
CUCURBITACEZ 194
Cudweed 268
Culver’s-physic 386
Culver’s-root 886
Cunila 409
Cuphea 186-
Cup-plant 273

Cupressus
Cupseed
CUPULIFERE
Currant
Indian
Cuscuta

Custard-apple Family

Cyclanthera
Cycloloma
Cymopterus
Cynodon
- Cynoglossum
Cynthia
CYPERACEE
Cyperus
Cypress
Cypress-vine
Cypripedium
Cystopteris
Cytisus

Dactylis

Dactyloctenium

Dehoon Holly
Daisy
Ox-eye
White
Dalea
Dalibarda
Dame’s-violet
Dandelion
Dwarf
Fall
False
Dangleberry
Danthonia
Daphne
Darnel
Datura
Daucus
Day-flower
Dead-nettle
Decodon
Decumaria
Deerberry ,
Delphinium
Dentaria

Deschampsia -

Desmanthus
Desmodium
Devil’s-bit
Dewberry
Deyeuxria
Dianthera
Dianthus
Diapensia
DIAPENSIACER
Diarrhena
Dicentra
Dichondra
Dichromena
Dicksonia
Didiplis
Diervilla
Diodia
Dionza
Dioscorea
DIOSCOREACE
Diospyros
Diphylleia
Diplachne

Piplopappus °

Diplophyllum
DipsacEz&
Dipsacus
Direca
Discopleura

INDEX.
493 Disporum 526
51. Distichlis 668, 735
470 Dittany 409
174 | Dock 437
220 Prairie 270
369 Spatter 55
50 Dockmackie 213
196 Dodder 310
431 Dodecatheon 3828
203 | Dogbane 338
654 | Dogwood 214
363 Draba 67
298 | Dracocephalum 415
567 | Dragon-head 415
569 False 419
493 } Dragon-root 549
368 | Drosera 178
510 | DRosERACEE 178
689 | Dryas 157
127 | Duck’s-meat 552
Duckweed 552
663 | Dulichium 573
€56 | Dumortiera 729
108 | Dutchman’s-breeches 60
253 | Dutchman’s-pipe 445
289.| Duvalia 729
289 ) Dyer’s-weed 75
182 | Dysodia 288
156 |
71 | Eatonia 659
803 | EBENACER 333
297 | Ebony Family Ba:
299 | Echinacea 275
3803 | Echinocystis 195
811 | Echinodorus 5d6
654 | Echinospermum 802
448 | Echium 867
671 | Eclipta 274
877 | Eel-grass 496, 5c |
201 | Eglantine 164 |
5388 | ELZAGNACER 448
420 | Elaagnus 448
186 | ELATINACEE 91
173 | Elatine 91
812 | Elder 217
46 Box 118
64 Marsh 272
652 Wild 213
149 | Elecampane 269
138 | Eleocharis 573, 735
531 | Elephantopus 237
155 | Elephant’s-foot © 237
650 | Eleusine 656
401 | Ellisia 858
83 | Elm 462
826 | Elodea 495
826 | Elodes 95
662 Elymus 673
60 | EMPETRACER 487
868 | Empetrum 487
577 Enchanter’s Nightshade 193
691 Engelmannia 272
184 | Enslenia 348
222 | Epigeea 815
225 | Epilobium 188
179 | Epipactis 504
517 | Epiphegus 394
517 | EQuisETACE 675
333 | Equisetum 676
53 | Eragrostis 660
658 | Eranthis 45
263 | Erechtites 294
715 | Erianthus 636
229 | Erica 318
229 | ERICACES 3809
448 | Erigenia 210
209 | Erigeron 264

ERIOCAULER 566
Hriccauion 566
Eriociiloa 329
Eriogonum 486, 734
Eriophorum 582
) | Erodium 104
Eryngium 211
Eryngo 211
Erysimum 71
Erythreea O47
Erythronium 528
Eulophus 206
Euonymus 110
Eupatorium 239
Euphorbia 452
EUPHORBIACE 451
Euphrasia 3891
Eustoma 349
Evax 267
| Evening Primrose Family 186
Everlasting 267, 268
Evolvulus 370
Eyebright 391
Fagopyrum »z 443
Fagus 4 479
False-mermaid 104
Farkleberry 812
Featherfoii 328
| Fedia 22
| Legatella 729
Fennel 205
Dog 239
Fennel-flower 48
; | Fern, Beech 686
Bladder 689
Chain 683
Christmas 689
Cinnamon 693
Climbing 692
Cloak 680
Filmy 692
Flowering 693
Lip 681
Sensitive 690
Shield 686
Wood 686
Ferns 678
Fescue 668
Sheep’s 669
Festuca 666, 668
Fever-bush 447
Feverfew 289
Feverwort 219
FICOIDEZ 198
Fig, Indian 197
Figwort 380
Filago 267
Filbert 473
Finices 678
Fimbriaria 728
Fimbristylis 577
Fiorin 647
Fir 492
Fire-weed 188, 294
Five-finger 158
Flag 513
Cat-tail 547
Sweet 551
Flax 101
Fleabane 264
Marsh 266
Floating-heart 353
Floerkea 104
Flower-de-luce 513
Fly-poison 585
Foeniculuuw: 208

704

Fog-fruit 402
Forestiera 3836
Forget-me-not 364
Forsteronia 838
Fossombronia 723
Fothergilla 179
Four-o’clock 425
Foxberry 314
Foxglove, False 3853
Mullein 3888
Foxtail 634 |
Fragaria 158
Frangula 112
Frasera 852
Fraxinus 835
Fringe-tree 837
Freelichia 430
Frog’s-bit, American 496
Frost-weed 7
Frullania 704, 706
Fuirena 583
Fumaria 61
FUMARIACER 59
Fumitory 61
Climbing 66
Gaillardia 288
Galactia 146
Galax 827
Gale, Sweet 469
Galeopsis 421
Galingale 569
Galinsoga 234, 286
Galium 225
Gall-of-the-earth 3801
Garget 436
Garlic 21
Gaultheria 815
Gaura 192
Gay lussacia 811
Gelsemium 3845
Genista 127
Gentian 349
Horse ~ 219
Spurred 3852
Gentiana 3849
GENTIANACEE 846
Geocalyx 715
GERANIACER 102
Geranium 103
Feather 433
Gerardia 888
Germander 406
Geum 156
Gilia 856
Gillenia 154
Gill-over-the-ground 416
Ginger, Wild 444
Ginseng 212
Glasswort 434
Glaucium 58
Glaux 3el
Gleditschia 148
Globe-flower 45
Glyceria 666, 668
Glycyrrhiza 137
Gnaphalium 268
Goat’s-beard 158, 298
False 169
Goat’s-rue 133
Golden-club 5dL
Goldenrod 246
False 253
Rayless 245
Goldthread 45
Gonolobus 344
Good-King-Henry 432

INDEX.
Goodyera 503 | Grass, Rippie 428
Gooseberry 174 Rush 645
Goosefoot 431 Rye 671, 673
Gordonia 96 Salt 627
Gourd Family 194 Sand 658
Gout-weed 208 Scorpion 864
GRAMINES 623 Scurvy yal
Grape 113 Scutch 654
Grape Hyacinth §23 Seneca, 639
Graphephorum 666 Sesame 635
Grass Family 623 Shave 677
Grass, Barnyard 633 Soft 652
Beak 584 Spear 6638, 665, 668
Bear 524 Spike 662, 663
Beard 686, 637, 648 Squirrei-tail 672
Bengal 634 Star 512, 516
Bent 647, 648, 649 Sweet Vernal 639
Bermuda 654 Tape 496
Biue, English 664 Thin 648
Blue, Kentucky 665 Timothy 645
Blue-eyed 515 Toothache 657
Blue-joint 650, 671 Triple-awned 639
Blue-stem 671 Umbrella 583
Bottle 634 Vanilla 652
Bottle-brush 674 Velvet 652.
Brome 669|. Wheat, Awned 672
Buffalo 657 White 336
Bur 634 Whitlow 67, 68
Canary 638 Wire 656, 664
Catchfly 636 Wood 638
Cat’s-tail 644 Worm 846
Cord 627 Yard 656
Cotton §82 Yellow-eved 5387
Couch 671 | Grass-of-Paruassus 173
Crab 6380, 656 | Grass-wrack 565
Cut, Rice 636 | Gratiola 884
Deer 183 | Greenbrier 519
Ditch 564 | Green-dragon 549
Dog's-tail 656 | Greenweed, Dyer’s 127
Drop-seed 643, 645 | Grimaldia 729
Eel 496, 565 | Grindelia 244
Feather 641 | Gromwell 865
Fescue 668 False 866
Finger 630 | Groundnut * 144, 213
Foxtail 634, 645 | Groundsel 292
Gama 635 | Groundsel-tree 266
Goose 226, 668 | Guelder-rose 218
Hair §44, 648, 652 | Gum-tree 215
Hedgehog 634 Sweet 180
Herds 645, 647 | Gutierrezia 243
Holy 639 | Gymnocladus 148
Hungarian 634 | Gymnomitrium 721,722
Indian 638 | Gymnopogon 655
Joint 629 | Gymnostichum 674
June 665 | Gypsophila 83
Lyme 673 °
Manna 666 | Habenaria 506, 50€
Marsh 627 | Hackberry 463
Meadow 663, 665, 667 | Hackmatack 493
Melic 662 | H2MODORACER §12
Millet 642 | Halenia 852
Muskit 655 | Halesia 3834
Oat 641, 651, 654 | HatoraGEz 180
Old-witch 630 | HAMAMELIDEE 179
Orange 95 | Hamamelis 17
Orchard 663 | Harbinger-of-spring 210
Panic 629 | Hardhack 153
Pigeon 634 | Harebell 308
Porcupine 641 | Harpanthus 717
Quaking 663 | Hart’s-tongue 685
Quick, or Quitch 671 | Haw 166
Rattlesnake 667 Black 219
Ray 671 | Hawkbit 298
Redtop 647, 657, 665 | Hawkweed 299
Reed §27, 649 | Hawthorn 165
Rib 423 | Hazel, Witch 179
Ribbon 639 | Hazelnut 473

Heal-all
Heart’s-ease
Heather

Heath Family
Hedeoma
Hedysarum
Helenium
Heleochloa
Helianthemum
Helianthus
Heliophyitum -
Heliopsis

Heliotropium (Heliotrope) 361

Hellebore
False
Helleborus
Helonias
Hemerocallis
Hemicarpha
Hemlock
Ground
Water
HEMODORACEZ
Hemp
Indian
Water
Henbane
Hepatica
HEPATIC
Heracleum
Herb-Robert
Herba-impia
Herberta
Hercules’ Clu
Herpestis
Hesperis
Heteranthera
Heterotheca
Heuchera
Hexalectris
Hibiscus
Hickory
Hieracium
Hierochloé
High-water Shrab
Hippuris
Hobble-bush
Hoffinanseggia
Hogweed
Hoicus
Holly
Dahoon
Mountain
Holosteum
Honewort -
Honeysuckle
Bush
Honkenya

Hornwort
Horse-brier
Horse-chestnut
Horseradish
Horse-sugar
Horsetail
Horse-weed
Hosackia
Hottonia
Hound’s-tongue

| Hous

INDEX.

tonia
Huckleberry
Squaw
Hudsonia
Humulus
Huntsman’s-cup
iyacinth, Grape
Wild
Hydrangea
Hydrastis
HYDROCHARIDACEE
Hydrocotyle
Hydrolea
HYDROPHYLLACEX
Hydrophyllum
Hymenocallis
Hymenopappus
Hyoscyamus
HYPERICACEE
Hypericum
Hy poxis
Hyssopus (Hyssop}
Giant
Hedge

Ilex
ILICINES
ILLECEBRACEZ
Llysanthes
Impatiens
Indian-physic
Indian-pipe
Indian-poke
Indigo
False
Wild
Indigofera
Inkberry
Innocence
Inula
Tonidium
Ipecac, American
Ipomcea
Tresine
IRIDACEE
Iris
Tronweed
Tron-wood
Isanthus
Tsoetes
Isopyrum
ltea
Iva
Ivy, American
Ground
Poison

Jacob’s-ladder
Jamestown-weed
Jatropha
Jeffersonia
Jessamine, Yellow
Jewel-weed
Joe-Pye Weed
Jubula
Judas-tree
JUGLANDACEE
Juglans
JUNCACEZ
Juncus
Juneberry

210,

125,

222
dll
312

166

Jungermannia 710-712, 714,
715, 717, 718, 118, 722

JUNGERMANNIACEX

Juniperus (Juniper)

JUSSLEA

702

Kalmis

Kantia

Ketmia, Bladder
King-nut
Kinnikinnik
Knapweed
Knawel
Knotweed
Knotwort Family
Kochia

Koeleria
Kosteletzkya
Krigia

Kry nitzkia
Kuhbnia
Kyllinga

LABIATE
Lachnanthes®
Lachnocaulon
Lactuca
Lady’s-mantle
Lady’s-slipper
Lady’s-thumb
Lady‘s-tresses
Lambkill
Lamb’s-quarters
Lamium
Lampsana
Laportea
Larch
Larix
Larkspur
Lathyrus
LAURACEE
Laurel
American *
Ground
Mountain
Laurestinus
Lavender, Sea
Lead-plant
Leadwort Family

| Leaf-cup

Leather-flower
Leather-leaf
Leatherwood
Leavenworthia
Lechea
Ledum
Leek, Wild
Leersia
LEGUMINOSE
Leiophyllum
Lejeunea
Lemna
LEMNACEZ
LENTIBULARIACEZ
Leontodon
Leonurus
Lepachys
Lepidium
Lepidozia
Lepigonum
Le ptocaulis
Leptochloa
Leptopoda
Lepturus
Lespedeza
Lesquerella
Lettuce

Lamb

White
Leucanthemum
Leucothoé
Lever-wood

756

Liatris
Ligusticum
Ligustrum
LiIAcExX
Lilium
Lily
Atamasc¢
Blackberry
‘Day
Pond
Water
Lily-of-the-valley
Limnanthemum
Limnobium
Limoselia
LINACES
Linaria
Linden
Lindera
Ling °
Linnea
Linun
Liochlzena

Lion’s-foot
Lip#ris

Lipocarpha
Lippia
Liquidambar
Liquorice
Wiid-=

Listera~= = =

Bi thospermunm =e :

Litsew

Littorella

Live-forever
Liver-leaf
Liverworts ~ «
Lizard’s-tail
LOASACEE
Lobelia
LOBELIACER
Loblolly-bay
Locust
Honey
Water
LOGANIACEE
Loiseleuria
Lolium
Lonicera
Loosestrife
False
Swamp
Lophanthus
Lophiola
Lopbhocolea
Lopseed
LORANTHACE
Lousewort
Lovage
Lucerne
Ludwigia
Lungwort
Lunularia
Lupinus (Lupine)
Luzula
Lychnis
Lycium
Lycopsis
LYCOPODIACEE
Lycopodium
Lycopus
Lygodesmia
Lygodium
Lysimachia
LYTHRACEE
Lythrum

eS.
Liriodendron - = : a

INDEX.

242, or | Maclura » 464
Madder Family 222

337 Madotheca 708, 709
517 Magnolia 49
529 | MAGNOLIACEE 45
529 Maianthemum 526
516 Maidenhair 680
515 | Mallow 97
§23 | False 98
56 | Glade 98
55 | Indian 99
524 | Marsh 97
858 | Rose 100
496 Malva 97
384 | MALVACEE 96
101 | Malvastrum 98
879 | Mamiilaria 197
101 | Mandrake 53
447 | Man-ot-the-earth 869
318 | Maple 117
219 Ash-leayed 118
101 | Marchantia 727
718 | MARCHANTIACEE 127
. 801 | Mare’s-tail 182
499 | Marigold, Bur 284
5 Fetid 288
40) Marsh 44
179, 180 Water 285
137 | Marjoram, Wild 411
226 | Marrubium 419
50 | Marshallia 286
501 | Marsilia 700
365 | MARSILIACEX 700
447 | Marsupella 721
424 | Martynia 399
178 | Marvel-of-Peru 425
33 | Mastigobryum 710
702 | Matricaria 989
446 | Matrimony-vine 376
193 | Mayaca 538
805 | MAYACEs 637
805 | May-apple 53
96 | Mayflower 3815
134 | May-weed 288
148 | Meadow-beauty 183
149 | Meadow-sweet 158
845 | Medeola 529
22 | Medicago 129
671 | Medick 129 |
220 | Melampyrum 3893
185, '830 ; Telanthium 583
i 187 BLASTOMACES 183
186 | Melica ~~. > 735
415 | Melilotus (Meliiot) 129
512 | Melissa. 412
715 | Melothria | 196
403 | MzNISPERMACES 51
449 | Menispermum 51
892 | Mentha 407
205 | Mentzelia 193
129 | Menyanthes 353
187 | Menziesia 819
863 | Mercury, Three-seeded 459
730 | Mermaid-weed 181
128 | Mertensia 863
546 | Metzgeria 724
85 | Mezereum 448
376 | Micranthemum 885
367 | Microstylis . 498
695 | Mignonette 75
695 | Mikania 239
408 | Milfoil 289
302 Water 181
692 | Milium 642
330, 330 | Milkweed 3839
184 Green 3848
185 | Milkwort 120

Mitella
Mitreola
7 | Mitrewort
|

Milkwort, Sea
Millet
Mimulus
Mint
Cat
Horse
Mountain
Pepper
Spear
Mirabilis
} ist-flower
Mistietoe
False
Mitchella

False
Moccasor-flower
Moeker-1-ut
Modiola
Mollugo
Monarda ”
Moneses
Moneywort
Monkey-flower
Monkshood
Monotropa
Montelia
Moonseed
Moonwort
Moosewood
Moruing-glory
Morus
Moschatel
Moss, Black, or Long

Club

Flowering
Motherwort
Mouse-tail
Mudwort
Mugwort
Muhlenbergia
Mulberry

Freuch
Mulgedium
Mullein

: | Munroa

Muscari
Mustard
Hedge
Tansy
Tower
Treacle
Wormseed
Mylia
Myosotis
Myosurus
Myrica
MYRICACEE
Myriophyllum
Myrtle, Sand
Wax

Nabalus
Naiad
NAIADACE
Naias
Napeea
Nardia
Nardosmia
Narthecium
Nasturtium
Neckweed
Negundo
Nelumbium
Nelumbo

171, 346

695, 697

Nemasty lis
Nemopauthes
Nemophila
Nepeta
Nesea
Nettle

Dead

Ty ettl-t. ee
Nicandra
Nicotiana
Nigella
Nightshade

Enchanter’s
Nimble-Will
Ninebark’
Nipplewort
Nonesuch
Notholena
Nothoscordum
Notothylas
Nuphar
NYCTAGINACE
Nymphezea
NYMPH HACEE
Nyssa

Oak
Jerusalem
Poison

Oakesia

Oat
tea
Water
Wild

Obolaria

Odontoschisma

(Enothera

Oil-nut

Oldenlandia

OLEACE.®

Oleaster Family

Olive Family

ONAGRACEZ

Onion

Onoclea

Onopordon

Onosmodium

OPHIOGLOSSACER

Ophioglossum

Opuntia

Orache

Orange, Mock
Osage

Orange-root

ORCHIDACEE

Orchis
Crane-fly
Rein
Showy

Origanum

Ornithogalum

OROBANCHACEE

Orobanche

Orontium

Orpine
Orthocarpus
Oryzopsis
Osier
Osmorrhiza
Osmunda

INDEX.

A | Ostrya

Oxalis
Ox-eye

Sea
| Oxybaphus
Oxydendrum
| Oxyria
Oxytropis
| Oyster-plant

Pachysandra
Pachystima
Peepalanthus
| Painted-cup
| Pallavicinia
Pancratium
| Panicum
Pansy
| Papaver
PAPAVERACEE
Papaw
Pappoose-root
Pardanthus
Parietaria
Parnassia
Paronychia
Parsley Family
Parsley, Fool’s

Hemlock
Parsley-piert
Parsnip

Cow

Meadow

Water
-Parthenium
Partridge berry
Paspalum
Pasque-flower
Passiflora
PASSIFLORACEX
Passion-flower
Pastinaca

| Pea, Beach

Butterfly
Everlasting
Hoary
Milk
Partridge
Peanut, Hog
Pear
Alligator
Prickly
Pearlwort
Pecan-nut
PEDALIACEZ
Pedicularis
Pellwa
Pellia
Pellitory
Peltandra
| Pennycress

Bastard

False

Mock
Pennywort, Water
Penthorum
Pentstemon
Pepper Family
Pepper, Water
Pepper-bush
Peppergrass
Pepperidge
Peppermint
Pepper-root
Pepperwort
| Perilla

Pennyroyal, American

| Periploca

Persea
Persim non

| Petalostemon

Petasites
Petroselinum
Peucedanum
Phacelia
Phalaris
Phaseolus
Pheasant’s-eye

| Phegopteris

Phelipea
Philadelphus
Phleum
Phlomis

Phlox
Phoradendron
Phragmites
Phryma :
Phyllanthus
Phyllodice

| Physalis

Physoearpus
Physostegia
Phytolacea
PHYTOLACCACEE
Picea
Pickerel-weed
Picris

| Pigeon-berry

Pig-nut
Pigweed
Winged
Pilea
Pimpernel
False
Water
Pimpinella
Pine
Ground
Pine-apple Family
Pine-drops
Pine-sap
Pine-weed

| Pinguicula
| Pink

Fire
Pink-root

| Pinus

Pinweed
Pinxter-flower
PIPERACEE
Pipe-vine
Pipewort
Hairy
Pipsissewa

| Pitcher-plant

Plagiochila
Plane-tree Family
Planer-tree
PLANTAGINACE
Plantago
Plantain

Indian

Mud

Rattlesnake

Robin’s

Water
PLATANACEE
Platanus
Pleuranthe
Pleurisy-root
Pleurogyne
Pluchea
Plur

Date

798

Plum, Ground
Red
PLUMB AGINACEX
Poa
Podophyllum
PopDOSsTZMACE
Podostemon
Pogonia
Pokeweed
Polanisia
POLEMONIACEB
Polemonium
Polygala
POLYGALACEZ
POLYGONACEX
Polygonatum
Polygonella
Polygonum
Polymnia
Polypodium
Polypody
Polypogon
Polypremum
Polytenia
Pomme-blanche
Pond-spice
Pondweed
Horned
Pontederia
PONTEDERIACER
Poplar
White
Poppy
Celandine
Corn
Horn
Mexican
Prickly
Populus
Porella
Portulaca
PorRTULACACEE
Potamogeton
Potato-vine, Wild
Potentilla
Poterium
Preissia
Prenanthes
Prim
Primrose
Evening
Primula
PRIMULACEE
Prince’s-featier
Prince’s-pine
Prosartes
Psilocarya
Psoralea
Ptelea
Pteris
Pterospora
Ptilidium
Puccinellia
Puccooin
Yellow
Pulse Family
Purslane
Sea
Water
Putty-root
Pycnanthemum
Pyrola
Pyrrhopappu:
Pyrularia
Pyrus
Pyxidanthera
Pyxie

INDEX.

| Quamoclit

Queen-of-the-prairie
Quercus
Quillwort

Radish
Radula
Ragged-Robin
Ragweed
Nagwort
Ramsted

| RANUNCULACEAE

Ranunculus
Rape, Eroom
Raphanus

| Raspberry

Rattlebox
lattlesnake-master

| Rattlesnake-root

Rattlesnake-weed
Reboulia

| Redbud

Red-root

| Redtop

False
Tail

| Reed

Bur
Reseda
RESEDACE
RHAMNACEX
Rhamnus
Rheumatism-root
Rhexia
Rhinanthus
Rhododendron
Rhodora
Rhus
Rhynchosia

| Rhynchospora
| Ribes

Ribgrass
Ribwort
Riccia
RICCIACER

Rice, Indian

Water

| Richweed

Ricinus
Riverweed
Robinia

| Rocket

Dyer’s

Sea

Yellow
Rock-rose
Rosa
ROSACEE
Rose

Cotton

Guelder

Rock
Rosebay
Rosemary, Marsh
Rosin-weed
Rotala
Rottbeellia
Roubieva
RUBIACEX
Rubus
Rudbeckia
Rue Family
Rue, Meadow
Ruellia
Rumex
Ruppia
Rush

| Rush, Bald 57?
Bog 540
Club 578
Horned 586
Nut 586
Scouring 676
Spike 573
Twig 586
Wood 546

RUTACEZ 106
Rye, Wild 678
Sabbatia 847
Sage 412

Jerusalem 420

Wood 406
Sagina 88
Sagittaria 554, 735
St. Andrew’s-cross 92
St. John’s-wort 92

Marsh 95
St. Peter’s-wort 92
SALICACE 480
Salicornia 434

| Salix 480

Salmon-berry 154
Salsify 298
Salsola - 435, 734
Saltwort 485
Salvia 412
Salvinia 701
SALVINIACEZ sad

| Sambucus 217
Samolus 832

| Samphire 434
Sandal-wood Family 450
Sandweed, Sea 651
Sandwort 85
Sanguinaria 58

| Sanicula (Sanicle) 212
SANTALACEE 450
SAPINDACEZS 115
2 | Sapindus 116
| Sapodiila Family 332
| Saponaria 83
SAPOTACER 3832
Sarcoscyphus 721
Sarracenia 57
SARRACENIACER 57
Sarsaparilla 212, 213
Sassafras 447
Satureia 411
Saururus 446
Savin 494
Savory 411

| Saxifraga 169
| SAXIFRAGACEZS 168
Saxifrage 169

Golden 17
Seabiosa (Scabious) 229, 732
Scale-mosses 702
Scapania 713
Schedonnardus 655
Scheuchzeria 558
Schizzea 690
Schollera 536

| Schrankia 149

| Schwalbea 391

Schweinitzia 3825
Scilla 523
Scirpus 576, 578, 582
Scleranthus 427
Scleria 586
Sclerolepis 238
Seolochioa 666

Scolopendrium 685
Scrophularia 380

ScROPHULARIACEA
Scutellaria
Sedge

Sedge Family
Sedum
Seed-box
Selaginella
SELAGINELLACEA,
Selenia

Self-heal
Sendinera
Senebiera
Senecio

Senne
Sensitive-brier

Sensitive-plant, Wild

Sericocarpus
Service-berry
Sesuvium
Setaria
Sey meria
Shad-bush
Sheep-berry
Shepherdia
Shepherd’s-purse
Sherardia
Shin-leaf
Shooting-star
Sibbaldia
Sickle-pod
Sicyos
Sida
Side-saddle Flower
Silene
Silkweed
Silphium
Silver-bel! Tree
Silver-berry
Silver-weed
Sinapis
Sisymbrium
Sisyrinchinm
Sium
Skullcap
Skunk-cabbage
Sloe
Smartweed
Smilacina
emilax
Snake-head
Snake-root
Black
Button
Seneca
Virginia
White
3rapcragon
Sneezeweed
Sneezewort
Snowball-tree
Snowberry
Creeping
Snowdrop
Soadberry
soapwort
ScLaANACEA
Solanum
Solea
Solidago
altissima
arguta
bicolor
Bigelovii
Soottii
czxesia
Canadensis
Curtisii

INDEX.

377 | Solidago Drummondii

416

Eliiottii
elliptica
gigantea
Houghtonii
humilis
juncea
lanceolata
latifolia

Lindheimeriana

linoides
macrophylla

Missouriensis

monticola

Muhlenbergit

neglecta
nemoralis
odora
Ohioensis
patula
petiolaris
pilosa
puberula
radula
Riddellii
rigida
rugosa
rupestris
sempervirens
serotina
Shortii
speciosa
squarrosa
stricta
tenuifolia
thyrsoidea
tortifolia
uliginosa
ulimifolia
virgata
Virgaurea
Solomon’s-seal
False
Sonchus
Sophora
Sorrel
Mountain
Wood
Sorrel-tree
Sour-gum
Sour-wood
Spanish-bayonet
Spanish-needles
Sparganium
Spartina
Spatter-dock
Spearmint
Spearwort
Specularia

| Speedwell

Spergula
Spergularia
Spermacoce
Spheeralcea
Spherocarpus
Sphagnecetis
Spice-bush
Spiderwort

| Spigelia
| Spikenard

False

| Spindle-tree
| Spirzea
| Spiranthes

Spirodela
Spleenwort
Spoonwood

153,

252 | Sporobolus

250

Spring-beauty

| Spruce

Spurge
Spurrey
Sand
Squaw-root
Squaw-weed

| Squirrel-corn
Stachys

Staff-tree
Stagger-bush
Staphylea
Star-flower
Star-grass ©
Star-of-Bethlehem
Starwort
Water
Statice
Steeple-bush
Steetzia

| Steironema

Stellaria
Stenanthium
Stenosiphon
Stickseed
Sticktight
Stillingia
Stipa
Stitchwort
Stonecrop
Ditch
Stone-rvot
Storax
Storksbill
Stramonium
Strawberry
Barren
Strawberry bush
Streptopus
Strophostyles
Struihwopteris
Stuartia
Styloshorum
Stylosanthes
STYRACACEE
Styrax
Suzeda
Subularia
Succory
Sugar-berry
Sullivantia
Sumach
Sundew
Sunflower
Supple Jack
Sweetbrier
Sweet-cicely
Sweet-flag
Sweet-gale
Sweet-gum
Sweet-leaf

Sweet-scented shrub

Sweet- William

Wild
Sycamore
Symphoricarpos
Symphytum
Symplocarpus
Symplocos
Synandra
Synthyris
Syringa

Tacamahac
Talinum
Tamarack

760

Tanacetum
Tansy
Taraxacum
Tare
Taxodium
Taxus
Tea-berry
Tea Family
Tea, Labrador
Mexican
New Jersey
Oswego
Tear-thumb
Teasel
Tecoma
Tephrosia
TERNSTREMIACER
Tetragonotheca
Tetranthera
Teucrium
Thalictrum
Thaspium
Thelesperma
Thely podium
Thermopsis
Thimbleberry
Thistle
Canada
Cotton
Plumeless
Scotch
Sow
Star
Thiaspi
Thorn
Black
White
Thoroughwax
Thoroughwort
Thuya
Thyme
Basil
Creeping
THYMELZACRE
Thymus
Tiarella
Tickseed
Tiedemannia
Tilia
TILIACEE
Tillea
Tillandsia
Timothy
‘Tinker’s-weed
Tipularia
Tissa
Toadflax
‘Bastard
Tobacco
Indian
Tofieldia
Toothache-tree
Toothwort
Touch-me-not
Townsendia
Trachelospermum
Tradescantia
Tragia
Tragopogon
Trautvetteria
Tread-softly
Tree-of-heaven

Trichocolea
Trichomanes

INDEX.

Trichostema
Tricuspis
Trientalis
Trifolium
Triglochin
Trilisa
Trillium
Triodia
Triosteum
‘Tripsacum
Trisetum
Triticum
‘Trollius
Troximon
Trumpet-creeper
Trumpet-flower
Trumpets
Trumpet-weed
Tsuga
Tulip-tree
Tumbleweed
Tupelo
Turnip, Indian
Turnsole
TVurtlehead
Tussilago
Tway blade
Twin-flower
Twin-leaf
Twisted-stalk
Typha
TYPHACER

Ulmus
UMBELLIFERZ
Umbrella-leaf
Umbrella-tree
Unicorn-plant
Uniola

Urtica
URTICACE
Utricularia
Uvularia

Vaccaria
Vaccinium

Valeriana (Valerian)

Greek
VALERIAN ACER
Valerianella
Vallisneria
Vanilla-plant
Velvet-leaf
Venus’s Fly-trap

Looking-glass
Veratrum
Verbascum
Verbeua
VERBENACES
Verbesina
Vernonia
Veronica
Vervain
Vesicaria
Veteh

Joint, Sensitive

Milk
Vetchling
Viburnum
Vicia
Vilfa
Vincetoxicum
Vine Family
Viola
VIOLACEE
Violet

Violet, Dame’s” 7
Dog’s-tooth 628
Greet 81
Water ~ 828

Virginian-creeper 115

Virgin’s-bower 35

VITACEE 112

Vitis 118, 114

Waahoo 110

Wake-robin 530

Waldsteinia 157

Walking-leaf 685

Wallfiower, Western 71

Walnut 467

Watercress 63

Waterleat - 857

Water-nymph 55

Water-shield 55

Waterweed 495

Waterwort 91

Wax-work 110

Way faring-tree 217

Weigela 222

Weld 75

Wheat, Cow 393
India 443

Whin 127

Whiteweed 289

Whitlow-wort 426

Wicky 319

Willow 480

Willow-herb 188

Wind-flower 36, 38

Winterberry 109

Wintergreen 815, 823
Aromatic 815
Chickweed By
Creeping 315
Spotted 313

Wistaria 134

Witch-hazel 179

Wolf-berry 220

Wolfsbane 46

Woodbine 115, 220

Woodsia 690

Woodwardia 683

Wood-waxen 125

Wormseed 484

Wormwood 289
Roman 273

Xanthium 274

Xanthorrhiza 48

XAanthosoma 550

Xanthoxylum 106

Xerophyllum §32

XYRIDACER 536

Xyris 537

Yam 517

Yarrow 289

Yaupon 108

Yellow-eyed Grass 537

Yellow-rattle 392

Yellow-root 48

Yellow-wood 126

Yew 494

Yucea 524

Zannichellia 565

| Zephyranthes 516, 738

Zizania 6

Zizia : 206, 207

Zostera ~ 665

Zygadenus 534

PLATS

Ware Pk Pb ANATE ONS:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Tf.

CYPERUS. — (1) Small plant of C. diandrus; (2) a spikelet magnified ; (3) a
piece of the rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower; (4) a separate
flower more magnified. — (5) C. erythrorhizos, a spikelet magnified; the
lower scales and flowers have fallen, showing the small internal scales of
the section Papyrus, formed of the winged margins of the joints of the
rhachis detached ; (6) a separate one, more enlarged; (7) a flower; (8) an
achene, cut ip two. — (9) C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike
with the lower part of one scale, showing how it 1s decurrent on the joint
beneath (cut across) to fourm scale-like wings.

DULICHIUM. — (1) Upper part of a plant of D. spathaceum ; (2) part of a
spikelet somewhat enlarged ; (3) piece of rhachis, and one scale decurrent
on the joint beneath ; (4) magnified flower.

KYLLINGA. — (1) Plant of K. pumila; (2) one-flowered spikelet on a
piece of the rhachis, enlarged; (3) the same, more enlarged and open;
(4) achene; and (5) section of same magnified.

Genera of byperaces Plate 1

Cyperus

EXPLANATION OF PLATE ILI.

HEMICARPHA.— (1) Plant of H. subsquarrosa, uatural size; (2) a spike.
let enlarged, with its bract; (8) magnified scale of the same ; (5) a flower,
with its single stamen and minute internal scale, magnified; (6) achene,
magnified.

LIPOCARPHA.— (1) Upper part of plants of L. maculata, with spikelets ;
(2) diagram of a flower, representing the ovary between the two internal
scales, a single stamen, the scale of the spikelet on one side, and the axis
of the spikelet on the other; (3) scale of spikelet detached ; (4) a flower
with its two inner scales; (5) achene, magnified.

FUIRENA.— (1) Upper portion of plant of F. squarrosa, var. pumila;
(2) scale of spike enclosing a flower; (3) open scale of same; (4) flower;
(5) one of the scales and one of the bristles of the perianth ; (6) achene,
and (7) section of same.

Genera of Lypereaces Plate it

Hemicarpha, Lipocarpha Fuirenca

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

ELEOCHARIS.—(1) Small plant of E. olivacea; (2) the spikelet enlarged ;
(3) detached scale; (4) flower; (5) achene and bristles. — (6) E. quad-
rangulata, spikelet; (7) a scale; (8) flower; (9) achene and bristles. —
(10) E. tuberculosa; the achene with its great tubercle, and bristles.

SCIRPUS. — (1) Summit of plant of small S. debilis; (2) a spikelet; (3) a
scale of the same, and (4) flower; (5) achene with its bristles.

ERIOPHORUM. — (1) Small plant of E. alpinum, in flower; (2) spikelet;
(3) a scale, and (4) a flower from the same; (5) the spikelet, in fruit, the
bristles forming a cottony tuft; (6) achene and its bristles. — (6, under
Scirpus) a small portion of the inflorescence of E. cyperinum; (7) a
flower; (8) a spikelet in fruit; (9) achene from the same, with the tor-
tuous bristles; (10) section of the achene.

FIMBRISTY LIS. — (1) Summit of asmall flowering stem of F. laxa; (2) a
spikelet of the same ; (3) a detached scale, and (4) a flower of the same;
(5) achene.— F. autumnalis; (6), a spikelet, enlarged; (7) flower;
(8) achene, and (9) section of the same.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

DICHROMENA.—(1) Head and involucre of D. latifolia; (2) a scale
from one of the spikelets, and (3) the same cut across; (4) a flower;
(5) achene with its tubercle.

PSILOCARYA. — (1) Part of plant, (2) enlarged spikelet, (3) detached scale,
(4) flower, and (5) achene with its beak, of P. scirpoides.

RHYNCHOSPORA.— (1) Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana;
(2) a spikelet ; (3) detached flower; (4) achene, with short bristles at
its base; (5) one of these bristles more magnified.

R. (§ CERATOSCHCENUS).— (1) Upper part of fruiting plant, (2) de-
tached spikelet, (3) flower, and (4) beaked achene, with its bristles, of R.
macrostachya.

Genera of byperaces Plate IV

Pp

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Ssiloca ryw Cerateschcenus | Rhynchospora

EXPLANATION OF PLATE’ Y.

CLADIUM.— (1) Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides; (2) detached spike-
let ; (3) same, open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower; (4) the
nut-like achene, and (5) the longitudinal section of the same.

SCLERIA. — (6) Summit of a flowering stem of 8S. reticularis; (7) three
spikelets from a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones stami-
nate ; (8) staminate spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments
of two of them haying lost their anthers; (9) pistillate spikelet display-
ing a single pistillate flower; (10) achene with the 3-lobed double cup
underneath.

CAREX.— (11) Plant of C. pauciflora; (12) a staminate flower with its
scale; (13) scale, and (14) mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium ;
(15) cross-section of perigynium and of the contained achene; (16) achene
on its stalk, style aud stigmas. — (17) C. Jamesii, upper part of flowering
plant; (18) the spike enlarged; (19) a staminate flower and its scale ;
(20) pistillate flower in its perigynium ; (21) the same with half the peri-
gynium cut away to show the contained achene and style.

Pleas i

Genera of byperaces

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

CAREX.— (1) C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit; (2) enlarged
spike displayed, with three staminate and two pistillate flowers; (3) a
scale, and (4) a ripe perigynium, of the latter; with (5) a section of the
perigynium near the base, and of the contained achene. — (6) C. straminea,
var. brevior, summit of a fruiting plant; (7) a spike enlarged; (8) scale
of a pistillate flower; (9) the winged perigynium and the contained
achene cut across; (10) detached achene with persistent style and stig-
mas. — (11) C. umbellata, whole vlant; (12) a perigynium and its scale;
(13) cross-section toward the base of perigynium and its contained achene;
(14) detached achene with its persistent style and stigmas. — C. bullata;
(15) upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and two staminate
spikes; (16) one of its staminate flowers with the scale ; (17) a pistillate
scale, and (18) mature perigynium; (19) longitudinal section of the lat-
ter, showing the achene and its style, and (20) cross section of the same.

Plate WI

era of Lbyperaces{

Gen

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

LEERSIA.— (1) Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size; (
the same, with its spikelets, of the natural size; and (3
let in flower, enlarged.

ZIZANIA.—(1) A staminate, and (2) a pistillate flower or spikelet of Z.
aquatica; (3) a magnified pistil with a pair of squamule or hypogynous
scales; (4) a grain, and a magnified longitudinal section of the lower
part of the same, showing the embryo at the outside of the base of the
albumen.

ALOPECURUS. — (1) Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower ; (2) a few
spikelets from the spike-like inflorescence, moderately magnified; (3) an
open spikelet in flower, more magnified, and (4) the single flowering
glume detached.

PHLEUM.-—A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its
glume and palet raised above the empty glumes, magnified.

HELEOCHLOA.— (1) Inflorescence of H. scucnoides; (2) a separate en-
larged spikelet ; and (3) the same open, in flower.

SPOROBOLUS. — (1) A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified ; (2) the same,
with the flower open, raised above the empty glumes; and (3) the fruit,
more magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle). — (4) An
enlarged spikelet of E. vaginzflora ; and (5) the same displayed.

AGROSTIS. — (1) Panicle of A. alba, var. vulgaris, with (2) an enlarged
open spikelet of the same; also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of
A. scabra, with the flower separated, the latter having no palet.

2) a branchlet of
) an open spike-

Genera of Lbrasses Plate VII

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Heleochloa © poroholus

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

POLYPOGON. — (1) Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis ;
(2) an enlarged detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the empty
elumes; (3) the same open in flower; and (4) a separate flower without
the empty glumes.

CINNA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea; and (2) the same
open, displaying the flowering glume and palet, the single stamen, and
the pistil.

MUHLENBERGIA. — (1) A magnified closed spikelet of M. sylvatica ;
(2) the same with the open flower raised out of the empty glumes. — (3) A
magnified spikelet of M. diffusa; (4) its minute and unequal empty glumes
more magnified; and (5) an open spikelet of the same.

BRACHYELYTRUM. — (1) A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged; (2) the
same displayed.

CALAMAGROSTIS. — (1) An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged,
displaying all the parts; (2) the same with the flower raised out of the
empty glumes, showing the hairy rndiment behind the palet.

ORYZOPSIS. — (1) An oper magnified spikelet of O. asperifolia; and (2) the
flower of the same removed from the empty glumes. Notice the remark-
ably long squamulz or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the
glume in length.

STIPA.— Empty glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea,
enlarged.

ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

Genera of Grasses Plate VIII

f 2
/ 3}
Gala Y 1ag rOSstts

Aristida Drachyelytrum

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

SPARTINA.— (1) Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural
size; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and (3) the same displayed, the flower
raised above the empty glumes.

CTENIUM. — (1) Spike of C. Americanum; (2) a single spikelet magnified ;

_ and (3) the same displayed, the empty glumes separated.

BOUTELOUA.— (1) A portion of the compound spike of B. racemosa, of
the natural size; and (2) a spikelet displayed and magnified, the flowers
raised out of the empty glumes.

GY MNOPOGON. — (1) Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size; and
(2) a magnified spikelet with the parts displayed.

CYNODON. —(1) Inflorescence of C. Dactylon, of digitate spikes; (2) a
spikelet magnified and displayed, showing a perfect flower and a rudiment.

ELEUSINE. — (1) One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E.
Indica; (2) a magnified spikelet ; (3) the same with the flowers more
displayed ; (4) a flower from the last, showing its parts; (5) the fruit
magnified, showing the seed loose in the utricle; and (6) the wrinkled
seed detached. — (1, under Dactyloctenium) Inflorescence of E. Aégyp-
tiaca, of digitate spikes; (2) one of the spikelets magnified; (3) the fruit
magnified, showing the seed loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and
(4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

DIPLACHNE.— (1) Small portion of the inflorescence of D. fascicularis;
(2) one of its spikelets displayed and magnified; (3) an open flower of
the same.

[Fenera of Grasses ea eee

wy - ATi

GE

~
SN pee
x

‘s le‘us me

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

TRIODIA. — (1) Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides ; (2) the same displayed
and the lowest flower open; (3) back view of the flowering glume spread
out.

GRAPHEPHORUM.— (1) A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed ;
(2) a part of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same.

DIARRHENA.— (1) A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged ; (2) the grain
in its glume and palet.

DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KCLERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing
the empty glumes, the three flowers, and a rudiment; (2) lower half of a
flowering glume, partly spread open; it is much more folded and keeled
in its natural condition.

EATONIA.—A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the
empty glumes, the two flowers, and a rudiment.

MELICA.—A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the empty
glumes, two perfect flowers, and an abortive one.

GLYCERIA.—(1) A magnified spikelet of G. nervata; (2) a separate flower
with one joint of the rhachis; and (3) the lower half of a flowering
glume, showing its form (rounded on the back, not keeled).

DISTICHLIS. — (1) A pistillate spikelet of I. maritima, enlarged; (2) a
flower from the same; and (3) a flower from a staminate spikelet.

POA. — (1) Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size; (2) a magnified spike-
let ; (3) a separate flower more magnified; (4) a flowering glume cut
across and somewhat outspread.

ERAGROSTIS.— (1) A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged; (2) the same, from
which the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the palets have
fallen away ; (3) a magnified flower, open; (4) the flowering glume of the
same outspread.

BRIZA.— (1) A spikelet of B. media, enlarged; (2) a separate flower.

FESTUCA. — (1) A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged; (2) a separate flower;
(3) lower part of a flowering glume, outspread.

BROMUS. — (1) A spikelet of B. secalinus, or Chess; and (2) a separate
flower, enlarged.

Genera of brasses Plate xX

hena
(i

\

i \

\ \\}
\\
\ Wa
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! \ \ | G
/
\

y
mol
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\ \ SF
SY
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; ‘ &
N
MS } a
\ y
\ \
Wy 2

Sy agro stts

\f iy YY My Rit

4 { Wd / WNeti4 “4

eee 2 y ,
Darastruchlis Festuca

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

UNIOLA.—(1) A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size; (2) a
flower, enlarged; (3) empty flowering glume of the lowest (sterile) flower.

PHRAGMITES. — (1) A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged; (2) one of the
perfect flowers, enlarged; and (3) the lowest flower, which has stamens
only.

ARUNDINARIA.— (1) A spikelet of A. macrosperma; and (2) a separate
flower, magnified.
SCHEDONNARDUS. — (1) Portion of the spike of S. Texanus, enlarged ;

and (2) a flower, magnified.

LOLIUM.— (1) Portion of the spike of L. temulentum; and (2) a separate
flower, magnified.

AGROPYRUM.— (1) Portion of the spike of A. repens, or Couch-Grass, of
about the natural size; (2) a flower, magnified.

HORDEUM. — (1) The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the
spike of H. jubatum, with their awn-like empty glumes, the lateral flowers

abortive and neutral, the middle one alone perfect ; (2) this perfect flower
(with an awn-like rudiment) open and enlarged.

ELYMUS. — (1) The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus,
about the natural size; (2) the empty glumes and the flowers of one spike-
let, enlarged and displayed; and (3) an open flower, more magnified.

ASPRELLA.—(1) A spikelet of A. Hystrix; and (2) an expanded flower,
magnified.

Plate XI

[Senera of Grasses

ndinarrva

Car w

t—-

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

DESCHAMPSIA. — (1) Panicle of D. flexuosa; (2) a spikelet, magnified, the
parts displayed; and (3) one of the flowers detached and open.
DANTHONIA.—(1) Panicle of D. spicata; (2) a spikelet enlarged; and
(3) a separate flower from the same.

TRISETUM.— (1) A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. molle, expanded and
magnified ; and (2) a separate open flower.

AVENA.— (1) A spikelet of A. striata, displayed and magnified; and (2) a
separate flower.

ARRHENATHERUM.—A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and mag-
nified ; (1) the empty glumes; (2) the flowers, the lower one staminate
only, the next perfect, and the third a rudiment.

HOLCUS.— (1) A spikelet of H. lanatus, magnified; (2) the same displayed
to show the two flowers, the lower perfect and awnless, the upper stami
nate and awned.

Genera of brasses Piate XII

im 5
Aarhenatherum Holeus

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

HIEROCHLOE. — (1) A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged; (2) the same dis-
played, the flowers separated from the empty glumes, the two lateral ones
with 3 stamens and no pistil, the middle or terminal one with a pistil and
only 2 stamens.

ANTHOXANTHUM.—(1) The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum ;
(2) a spikelet magnified; (3) another with the parts displayed, the flowers
raised from the lower empty glumes, the lateral glumes empty and awned,
the terminal flower perfect and diandrous.

PHALARIS.—(1) A spikelet of P. arundinacea, enlarged; (2) the empty
glumes, and a perfect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it.
MILIUM.—(1) Portion of the panicle of M. effusum; (2) a closed spikelet,

magnified ; and (3) the same displayed.

AMPHICARPUM.—(1) A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magni-
fied ; (2) the same, with the parts displayed; and (3) a radical (fertile)
spikelet, enlarged.

PASPALUM.— (1) Inflorescence of P. leve; (2) a closed spikelet, enlarged ;
(3) the same with the parts displayed.

PANICUM.— (1) Part of a spike of P. sanguinale; (2) one of its spikelets,
magnified; (3) the same with its parts displayed, the three lower glumes
empty. — (4) A spikelet of P. capillare, magnified; (5) the same displayed,
the three lower glumes empty. — (6) A spikelet of P. clandestinum, mag-
nified ; (7) the same displayed, the lower flower represented by a glume
and palet only. — (8) A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified; (9) the same
displayed, the lower flower staminate.

SETARIA. — (1) A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying
cluster of bristles; (2) the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower
flower, of a glume and palet only, and the perfect flower.

Plate Xe1il

PSisleme: jo Eacsisses

halaris

§

dierochtoa

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

CENCHRUS.— (1) Involucre of C. tribuloides, in flower, enlarged; (2) lon.
gitudinal section of the same; (3) a spikelet displayed (the stigmas
should belong to the right-hand flower; the left-hand or lower flower is
only staminate).

TRIPSACUM. — (1) Piece of the spike (of the natural size), pistillate below,
staminate above; (2) a longitudinal section of one of the pistillate spike-
lets; (3) a pistillate spikelet with its parts displayed; (4) a staminate
(two-flowered) spikelet, with its parts displayed.

ERIANTHUS. — (1) Part of the hairy inflorescence with two spikelets of E.
saccharoides, enlarged ; (2) one of the spikelets displayed.

ANDROPOGON. — (1) Small portion of the spike of A. furcatus, enlarged,
with one fertile and awned spikelet,and one staminate and awnless spike-
let; (2) the fertile spikelet, and (3) the staminate spikelet, displayed.

CHRYSOPOGON.—(1) A fertile spikelet of C. nutans, enlarged, with a
sterile pedicel on each side; (2) the spikelet displayed.

L-enetea of Grasses Plate XIV

AOE \
Rig

~

S y 2 SF
Erianthus Cheysopogon

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

BECKMANNIA.— (1) Inflorescence of B. eruczeformis, var., reduced in size;
(2) a spike, enlarged; (3) a spikelet, and (4) the same opened; (5) the
flower.

ERIOCHLOA. — (1) Inflorescence of E. polystachya, reduced; (2) a spikelet,
enlarged, and (3) the same opened ; (4) the flower opened.

ROTTBGCELLIA. — (1) Portion of the spike of R. rugosa, somewhat reduced,
and (2) a portion enlarged, with (3) the fertile spikelet and (4) the pedi-
celled sterile spikelet of the middle joint displaced ; (5) the fertile spikelet
opened ; (6) the third empty glume, and (7) the flower.

AMMOPHILA. — (1) Inflorescence of A. arundinacea, reduced ; (2) a spike-
let, enlarged, and (3) the flower, with a hairy rudiment at the base of the
palet.

LEPTOCHLOA.— (1) Inflorescence of L. mucronata, reduced ; (2) portion
of rhachis of a spike, bearing two spikelets; (3) a 3-flowered spikelet; and
(4) a flower removed.

BUCHLOE. — (1) Staminate and (2) pistillate inflorescence of B. dactyloides ;
(3) astaminate spikelet, and (4) one of its flowers removed; (5) a pistil-
late spikelet, enlarged; (6) vertical section of same; and (7) the outer
empty glume removed.

MUNROA. — (1) Inflorescence of M. squarrosa; (2) a spikelet, enlarged; and
(3) a flower, opened. —

SCOLOCHLOA. — (1) Inflorescence of S. festucacea, reduced; (2) a spikelet,
enlarged; and (3) a flower.

PUCCINELLIA. — (1) Inflorescence of P. maritima, reduced; (2) a spikelet,
enlarged; and (3) a flower.

#

Pape soe pesess vate oo

Saale ikaw fae eremea ie

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

POLY PODIUM. — Plant of P. vulgare; piece of the frond; a magnified spo-
rangium with its stalk, and another bursting and discharging spores.
ONOCLEA.— (1) Pinna of the sterile frond of O. Struthiopteris; (2) portion
of a fertile frond; (3) a piece of one pinna cut off to show the manner in
which it is rolled up; and (4) a portion of the last, magnified, with one
side unrolled; toward the base the sporangia all removed, to show how

the fruit-dots are borne each on the middle of a vein.

PELLZA. — Sterile and fertile plants of P. gracilis, and (1) a portion of the
fertile frond enlarged, with a piece of the marginal indusium turned back
to display the fruit; the sporangia are all removed from the fruit-bearing
tips of the two forks of the lower vein.

Genera of Filices Plate Wl

|

CREE
aS ABV se

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

PTERIS.—A pinnule of P. aquilina, and (2) a piece of one of the lobes,
enlarged, the marginal indusium rolled back on one side, displaying the
fruit; the sporangia all removed from the lower part to show the recep-
tacle that bears them, viz. a cross-line connecting the tips of the veins.

ADIANTUM.—(1) Piece of the frond of A. pedatum; (2) a pinnule some-
what enlarged; and (3) a piece of one more enlarged, with the indusium
of one fruit-dot turned back to show the attachment of the fruit.

CHEILANTHES.—(1) Small plant of C. vestita; and (2) a fruit-bearing
pinnule, enlarged.

WOODWARDIA.— (1) Portion of the sterile and (2) of the fertile frond of
W. angustifolia; (3) a piece of the latter, enlarged ; (4) piece of the frond
of W. Virginica; and (5) part of a fruiting lobe, enlarged.

iouiRey isles GAVGILIL

[fenera of Filices

a) 7, ae

38
Tord
ay
se
3
>
2
—
9
S

| )

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

CAMPTOSORUS. — Plant of C. rhizophyllus, and (1) a portion of a frond,
with fruit-dots, enlarged.

SCOLOPENDRIUM.— Tip of a fertile frond of S. vulgare; and (2) a piece
enlarged, with two fruit-dots.

ASPLENIUM.— (1) A pinna of A. thelypteroides; and (2) part of a lobe in
fruit, enlarged.

DICKSONIA.— (1) Pinna of D. pilosiuscula; (2) portion of a pinnule, en-
larged; and (3) a fruit-dot in its cup-shaped indusium.

Beperel or biuces Plate xX Will

=
icksonia

~
~ |
—

S
S

a,

Camp Losowmas § colop endrium

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

CYSTOPTERIS. — (1) Piece of the frond of C. bulbifera; (2) a lobe in fruit,
enlarged; and (3) a small portion more magnified, bearing a fruit-dot
with its indusium thrown back.

WOODSIA. — (1) Small frond of W. glabella; (2) a part of a fruiting pinna
of the same, magnified; and (3) a separate indusium, more magnified ;
(4) a piece of a fruitful pinnule of W. obtusa, enlarged; and (5) a fruit
with the opened indusium beneath, more magnified.

ASPIDIUM. — (1) Pinna of A. (Dryopteris) marginale; and (2) a magnified
fruiting portion; (3) piece of A. (Polystichum) acrostichoides; and (4) a
small fruiting portion, magnified.

ONOCLEA.—Sterile and fertile frond of O. sensibilis; (1) front view of a
fruiting contracted pinnule, enlarged; and (2) the same laid open and

viewed from the other side; on one lobe the sporangia are removed from
the veins.

lee Sees

(Menshsneel: (ape. eadavetsts

Cy,

TLO clew,

C

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

SCHIZ A. — Plant of S. pusilla, of the natural size; (1) a fertile pinna with
eleven sporangia, magnified; and (2) a separate sporangium, more mag-
nified.

LYGODIUM. — (1) Summit of frond of L. palmatum, with fertile and sterile
divisions; (2) a fruiting lobe enlarged, with two of the lower scales, or
indusia, removed, displaying a sporangium under each; and (3) a spo-
rangium more magnified.

OSMUNDA.—(1) Small piece of the frond of O. Claytoniana, with a fertile
and a sterile pinna; (2) a portion of the fruit magnified ; and (3) one spo-
rangium more magnified.

BOTRYCHIUM.— Plant of B. ternatum, and (1) a portion of the fruit, with
six sporangia, magnified.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. — Frond of QO. vulgatum, and (1) a portion cf the fruit-
ing spike enlarged.

Plate XX

GES

1

eoera of Fil

Ee

al
om)

}
SUD

OL

kes

al

Osmun.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

EQUISETUM. — (1) Upper part of fertile plant of E. limosum; (2) one of
the shield shaped scales or receptacles of the spike, with the six sporangia
underneath, enlarged; (3) same seen from below, discharging the spores ;
(4) a magnified spore with the club-shaped filaments spreading; and
(5) the same with the filaments coiled up.

LYCOPODIUM.— Plant of L. Carolinianum, and (1) a magnified scale of
the spike removed, with the sporangium in its axil, discharging powdery
spores.

SELAGINELLA. — Plant of S. rupestris; (1) part of a fertile spike, enlarged ;
(2) scale from the upper part of it, with its sporangium, containing innu-
merable powdery spores; (3) scale from the base, with its sporangium
containing few large spores; and (4) three large spores.

ISOETES. — (1) Plant of I. lacustris; (2) sporocarp containing the minute
spores, cut across, enlarged; (5) same divided lengthwise; (3) sporocarp
with the large spores, divided lengthwise; and (4) three large spores
more magnified.

AZOLLA.— (1) Plant; (2) a portion magnified, with conceptacles of both
kinds; (3) the macrosporic one, more magnified; (4) the microsporie
one, more magnified; (5) the same burst open, showing the stalked micro-
sporangia; (6) one of the latter more magnified; (7) another bursting ;
and (8) three masses of microspores beset with glochidiate or barbed
bristles.

Gen, of Lycopodiacess, Equisetaces, &co. Fl XXI1

p

y
Qo 2

ne a
pig

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIL

RICCIA. — Plant of R. natans; section of thallus, showing two imbedded
capsules and numerous air-cavities; spores enclosed in a mother-cell;
three free spores; and calyptra with style.

ANTHOCEROS. — Plant of A. levis; portion of the columella and valves of
the capsule, with spores and elaters; two spores and two elaters.

NOTOTHYLAS. — Plants of N. orbicularis; section of the thallus through
the involucre; apex of protruding capsule; lower half of capsule showing
the columella; upper half of capsule; a gemma; an antheridium; twelve
free spores, and two clusters of spores (4 in each).

ASTERELLA.— Plant of A. hemispherica; @ receptacle viewed from
above; the same from below; capsule dehiscing, with remains of calyp-
tra at base; section of g disk; an elater, a portion of same, and spores.

SPH HZ ROCARPUS. — Plant of S. terrestris; cluster of five involucres; in-
volucre enclosing a capsule; capsule filled with spores; and three spores.

DUMORTIERA. — Portions of and @ plants of D. hirsuta; 9? receptacle
showing three involucres, two with capsules; capsule with calyptra; sec.
tion of @ disk; elater and portion of same; spores.

AITONIA. — Plant of A. Wrightii; upper view of 2 receptacle with three
involucres; side view of same; involucre partly cut away showing cap
sule and remains of calyptra; a capsule closed, and dehiscent ; an elater,
a piece of same, and spores.

CONOCEPHALUS. — Parts of ¢ and 9 plants of C. conicus; section of 9
receptacle, showing two involucres and capsules; capsule with ruptured
calyptra; section of g disk; elaters, a portion of one, and spores.

PREISSIA. — Parts of ¢ and 9 plants of P. commutata; section of ? re-
ceptacle; perianth opened showing calyptra and capsule; section of part
of @ disk; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

MARCHANTIA.— Parts of g and 9 plants of M. polymorpha; section of
9 receptacle; perianth, calyptra, and capsule ; section of part of J disk;
an elater, part of same, and spores.

FIMBRIARIA.— Plant of F. tenella; 9 receptacle, and section of same;
capsule dehiscing ; elaters aud spores.

PALLAVICINIA. — Plant of P. Lyellii; part of thallus with involucre, peri-
anth, and calyptra; perianth cut away showing young calyptra; capsule
closed, and dehiscent ; antheridium enclosed in a leaf; elater and spores

Genera of Hepaticae Flate XXII

drithes eros.

ds sterella. Sehaeroe arp i rtiera.

an

3,

hf
$j

5 / Ni)
Y os Vale y
4 i)
‘
}

oe

,
Lore

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

PELLIA. — Plant of P. epiphylla; calyptra with base of pedicel; capsule; an
elater, part of same, two spores, and two antheridia.

BLASIA.— Plants of B. pusilla; section of cavity at the end of the midrib
showing young perianth and calyptra; end of thallus with calyptra and
protruding capsule; capsule dehiscing ; elaters and spores; part of elater
and two spores; @ thallus with two antheridia; gemmiparous thallus
with two receptacles; section of a receptacle showing enclosed gemmz
and the protruded orifice.

METZGERIA. — Plants ( @, 9, and gemmiparous) of M. furcata, and parts
of same enlarged; hispid perianth with 2-lobed involucral leaf and base
of pedicel; a gemma; an antheridium; elaters and spores.

ANEURA. — Plants (¢ and 9 ) of A. sessilis; section of fleshy calyptra with
base of pedicel; dehiscing capsule bearded by persistent elaters; elater,
part of same, and spores; part of thallus with long deflexed @ recepta-
cles, and one cut transversely showing antheridia.

FOSSOMBRONIA. — Plant of F. pusilla, and a part enlarged; capsule de-
hiscing, with perianth and involucral leaves; part of stem with two leaves
and dorsal antheridia; an antheridium, elaters, and spores.

GEOCALYX.— Plant of G. graveolens ; two pairs of leaves with underleaves ;
part of stem with an underleaf ; section of involucre showing calyptra and
base of pedicel; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

GRIMALDIA. — Parts of g and 9 plants of G. barbifrons; section of ¢
disk; 9 receptacle and section of same; dehiscent capsule; elaters and
spores.

CHILOSCYPHUS. — Plant of C. ascendens ; a leaf with underleaf; a pair of
leaves with antheridia; a part of stem with involucral leaves, perianth,
and calyptra; dehiscent capsule; elaters and spores.

HARPANTHUS.— Plant of H. Flotovianus, and same enlarged; a pair of
leaves with underleaf; perianth with involucral leaves, and section show-
ing calyptra; elaters, a part of one, and spores.

LOPHOCOLEA. — Plant of L. heterophylla; a part enlarged with involucral
leaves and perianth; cross-section of perianth; three pairs of leaves with
underleaves ; a leaf and antheridium; an underleaf; an elater and spores.

CEPHALOZIA. — Plant of C. multiflora; two pairs of leaves; perianth with
involucral leaves; an involucral leaf; calyptra; capsule closed, and dehis-
cent; an elater and spores:

GYMNOMITRIUM. — Plants of G. concinnatum ; three pairs of leaves ; apex
of stem with involucral leaves and dehiscent capsule; two involucral
leaves; calyptra.

MARSUPELLA.— Plant of M. emarginata; part of same with involucral
leaves; involucre and perianth opened showing calyptra and base of pedi-
cel; capsule; elater and spores.

degltehe spe. Cah Elh

an)

cd

| pak

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A :

Ay

aa]

44

O = —

cd - ‘iy

an] peek

; : aE
vs

. i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

SCAPANIA.— Plant of S. undulata; apex of stem with involucral leaves
and perianth enclosing calyptra; three pairs of leaves, a capsule, elater,
and spores.

PLAGIOCHILA. — Plant of P. interrupta; five leaves; an underleaf; peri-
anth enclosing calyptra; antheridia, capsule, elaters, and spores.

ODONTOSCHISMA. — Plant of O. Sphagni; parts of stems, one bearing
gemme, the other a perianth with involucral leaves; an involucral leaf;
a capsule, elaters, and spores.

LEJEUNEA.— Plant of L. clypeata; perianth with capsule and involucral
leaves; cross-section of perianth; part of stem with @ branch; leaves
with underleaves; elaters and spores.

FRULLANIA.— Plant of F. Asagrayana; two pairs of leaves seen from
above, and from below with underleaves and ventral lobes; perianth with
involucral leaves; cross-section of perianth; involucral leaf; capsule,
elaters, and spores.

PORELLA.— Plant of P. platyphylla; a pair of leaves with underleaves;
part of stem with @ spikes; an antheridium in its leaf; perianth with
involucral leaves and capsule; an elater, and spores.

RADULA. — Plant of R. obconica; end of branch with perianth and capsule
and lateral ¢ branches; a & branch; an antheridium; leaves seen from
above and below; a capsule, elater, and spores.

PTILIDIUM. — Plant of P. ciliare; a pair of leaves; un underleaf; perianth
with involucral leaves; capsule, elater, and spores.

BAZZANIA. — Plant of B. trilobata; two pairs of leaves with underleaves
and @ spike; portion of & spike, and antheridium ; capsule, elaters, and
spores.

TRICHOCOLEA.— Plant of T. tomentella; leaf and underleaf; capsule ;
elater and spores.

HERBERTA.— Plant of H. adunea; portion with leaves and underleaves ;
perianth; capsules; elater and spores.

LEPIDOZIA.— Plant of L. reptans; portion with leaves and underleaves ;
antheridium in its leaf and free; perianth with involucre; capsule, elater,
and spores.

KANTIA.— Plant of K. Trichomanis; leaves and underleaves; hairy invo-
lucre, and section showing calyptra; capsule with spiral valves; elater
and spores.

Genera of Hepaticas Plate XX1V

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

JUBULA.— Plant of typical J. Hutchinsix, enlarged; two pairs of leaves
seen irom below; a lower lobe separate and divided; a perianth with its
outer involucre and the dehiscent capsule; an elater.

BLEPHAROSTOMA. — Plant of B. trichophylla, and same enlarged; peri-
anth with the outer involucre, ventral side ; two cross-sections of perianth;
portion of the margin of its orifice, expanded.

LIOCHLANA.— Plant of L. lanceolata; end of fertile branch, with two
leaves, two involucral leaves, and young perianth; summit of perianth;
perianth and involucre, the capsule protruding; capsule on its pedicel,
with remains of calyptra; capsule dehiscent.

-MYLIA.— Plants of M. Taylori, enlarged; portion of stem, seen from be-
neath; a cauline leaf (below) ; an underiecaf; an involucral leaf (above) ;
perianth partly cut away, showing the calyptra and exserted dehiscent '
capsule.

DIPLOPHYLLUM. — Plant of typical D. albicans, enlarged ; a folded leaf;
a leaf with the upper lobe expanded to show the nerve; an involucral
leaf seen from without, and from within; perianth, cut longitudinally ;
calyptra.

NARDIA.— Plant of N. crenulata (a slender small-leaved form), enlarged;
portion of upper stem with leaves; perianth; calyptra; elater and spores.

JUNGERMANNIA.— § 1. Plants of J. Schraderi, natural size and enlarged ;
two leaves ; two underleaves; involucre; summit of perianth. — § 2. Plant
of J. barbata, enlarged; portion of stem with leaves and underleaves;
perianth with involucre; involucre.— § 3. Plant of J. Helleriana, en-
larged; summit of stem with leaves, involucre, and perianth; invoiucrai
leaves; margin of perianth unfolded. —§ 4. Plants of J. inflata, natural
size and enlarged; cauline leaves; involucral leaf.

LUNULARIA. — Sterile and fruiting plants of L. vulgaris, enlarged; sectior
of involucre, showing calyptra and capsule; lunate receptacle oi sterile
plant, with gemme.

MARSILIA.— Portion of plant of M. quadrifolia; a sporocazp; sporocarz
burst in water and extruding the gelatinous ring with compartmens
@ccachcd,

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