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SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY, j
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OF
WITH
AN ATLAS.
BY J. E. WORCESTER.
^BOSTON: HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE, AND WILKINS,
AND
CROCKER AND BREWSTER.
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OUTLINES
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SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY,
WITH
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BOSTON: HILLIARD, GRAY; LITTLE, AND WILKINS,
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DteTklCrrUF r»iAS6AOHUSETTt3, ^ wi«.—
District Cleric's Office
Be it remembered, That on the twenty-third day of April, A, D. 1828, in the fifty-third year of the Independence of tlie United States of Amer- ica, J. E. Worcester, of the said district, has deposited in this office the title of a book, the right wliercof he claiujs as author, in the words fol- lowing, to wit : —
" Outlines of Scripture Geography, with an Atlas. By J. E. Worces- ter."
In conformity to the act of the congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned ;," and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled ' An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and hooks to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned ;' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints."
JNO. W. DAVIS,
Cleric of tlie District of Massachusetts.
STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY.
PREFACE.
The author of this little treatise on Scripture Geography has prepared it under the impression that a work of the kind was wanted, and, if well executed, would be useful. He is not acquainted with any treatise on the subject, that is at once concise, comprehensive, and well adapted to elementary instruction.
Some knowledge of the countries and places, in which the memorable transactions recorded in the Bible took place, can- not but be regarded as important ; as it affords assistance in un- derstanding the Scriptures, and in enabling one to read them with satisfaction and advantage ; and the facts recorded are more firmly impressed on the mind by connecting them with the places where they occurred : yet this is a branch of learn- ing which has been much neglected ; and nothing is more common than to meet with well educated persons, who have little acquaintance with the subject.
As it is not the design of the Scriptures to instruct us in geography, matters of this sort are mentioned only inciden- tally ; it therefore happens, on account of the remoteness of the time, and the want of other sources of information equally ancient, that there are many points relating to the geography of the Bible, which are attended with great uncertainty. It has been the design of the author of this treatise to follow the best guides, and to notice such matters as are most important ; but he has avoided all discussion of doubtful topics.
The Outlines, and the accompanying Atlas, are designed to be used throughout in connection. The plan on which the work has been formed will be found simple ; easy both to the instructor and pupil ; and well adapted, it is hoped, to elementary instruction in schools and families.
The subject is treated, in a great measure, chronologically ; the circumstances by which many of the places have been rendered memorable are briefly mentioned ; and the nature of the work will render it useful in facilitating the study of Sacred History.
4 CONTENTS.
The Atlas, small as it is, will be found of great use in illus- trating the subject. The different maps which have been published by different authors, for the illustration of the ge- ography of the Scriptures, differ from each other in many particulars. The last five maps in this Atlas have been formed substantially from maps contained in Palmer's Bible Atlas.
*^* The pronunciation of the Scripture proper names is given according to Walker.
CONTENTS,
Chap. I. — Geography of the Early Ages ; with Explana- tory Remarks 5
CaAP. II. — The Region between Egypt and Canaan : journeyings of the Israelites 14
Chap. III. — The Canaanites and neighboring Nations . . 20
Chap. IV. — Canaan divided among the Tribes of Israel: Places of Note in the History of the Old Testament . . 24
Chap. V. — Physical Geography of the Holy Land, or a Description of the Country 29
Chap. VI. — Palestine in the Time of the New Testament History. Judea ; Jerusalem and its Environs 34
Chap. VII. — Samaria : Galilee : Peraea 38
Chap. VIII. — Countries in which the Gospel was preach- ed by the Apostles 43
Chap. IX. — Labors and Travels of St. Paul and the other Apostles 46
Table, exhibiting the Places where, and the Times when, the Books of the New Testament were written . 53
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER I.
Geography of the Early Ages ; with Explanatory
Remarks.
1. Scripture or Sacred Geography is that part of Ancient Geography, which treats of the countries and places that are mentioned in the Bible.
2. The knowledge of geography possessed by the ancients, including the Greeks and Romans, as well as the Is'raelites, was hmited chiefly to the south-western part of Asia, the northern part of Africa, and the middle and south of Europe ; and it embraced much less than half of the globe.
3. The historical parts of the Scriptures relate almost wholly to the Is'ra-el-ites, and to nations whose history was, in some way, connected with that of the Israelites.
4. No one of the four quarters of the world, as they are now understood, is mentioned in the Bible.
CHAPTER I.— questions.
1. What is Scripture or Sacred Geography?
2. To what was the knowledge of geography possess- ed by the ancients, limited ?
3. To what people do*the historical parts of the Scrip- tures relate ?
4. Is either of the four quarters of the globe mentioned in the Bible ?
1*
0 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
5. The term A'sia, as used in the New Testa- ment, sometimes denotes a small district round the city of E])h^e-sus, and sometimes the proconsular province of Asia, which comprised Mys'i-a, Phryg'i-a, Lyd'i-a, and Ca'ri-a ; but never more than Asia Minor.
6. No one of the five great oceans of modern geography, is mentioned in the Scriptures.
7. The Med-i-ter-ra' ne-an Sea is called in the Bible the Great Sea; and most of the countries mentioned in the Scriptures either bordered upon it, or were situated not far distant ; some of the most remote were Chal-de'a, Per'sia, and Me'di-a.
8. The other seas, which are much spoken of, are the Red Sea, the Sea of Sodom or Dead Sea, and the.iSeft of GaVi-lee ; the two last of which are com- paratively small.
9. The three great rivers, which are found with- ' in the limits of that portion of the globe which is embraced by Scripture Geography, are the Kile in Africa, and the Eu-phra'tes and Ti'gris in Asia.
10. The Euphra''tes is sometimes styled, in the Bible, the Eu-phra'tes, and sometimes simply The
■ River.
1 1 . The Tigris is commonly supposed to be tlie same as the Hid'de-kel, mentioned in Genesis.
5. What does the term Asia denote in the New Testament ?
6. Is either of the five great oceans mentioned in the Scriptures ?
7. What is said of the Mediterranean Sea ?
8. What other seas are spoken of?
9. What rivers are fi:und within the limits of Scrip- ture Geography ?
10. What is the Euphrates styled ? 11. The Tigris ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 7
12. The Nile is sometimes called the Si'hor, sometimes the River of Egypt, and sometimes simply The River.
13. Scripture Geography has scarcely any con- nection with Eu'rope, except as it respects the il- lustration of the travels of St. Paul.
14. Most of the places mentioned in the book of Genesis, before the migration of the Israelites into Egypt, were situated in the south-western part of Asia.
15. From that time, Egypt, and the country lying between it and the land of Canaan, were the scenes of most of the transactions recorded by Moses.
16. The Land of Ca'naan then became the scene of most of the events contained in the history of both the Old Testament and the New ; and this country included more than half of all the places mentioned in the Bible.
17. Almost all the countries and places which are mentioned in ancient history, have been known by different names in different ages ; and the great- er part of those which are spoken of in the Old Testament, had assumed new names before the New Testament was written.
12. What is the Nile styled ?
13. What connection has Scripture Geography with Europe ?
14. Where were most of the places mentioned in the book of Genesis, before the migration of Jacob and his family, situated ?
15. What were the scenes of the subsequent events recorded by Moses ?
16. What country afterwards became the scene of most of the events recorded in the Bible ?
17. What is said respecting the changes which have taken place with regard to geographical names .'' »
8 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
18. With respect to the situation of a numbei of places rendered memorable by transactions re- corded in the Old Testament, there is great un- certainty ; and men of learning differ much in their opinion respecting them.
19. Various opinions have been entertained by learned men respecting the situation of the Garden of Eden; and many have supposed the account of it is not to be understood literally, but allegorically or figuratively.
20. The most common supposition, of those who have undertaken to assign it a particular place, is, that it was situated near the confluence of the Eu-phra'tes and Ti'gris^ or near the sources of these rivers.
21. Respecting the situation of O'phir, the country from which Solomon obtained gold, there has been much learned inquiry, and various opin- ions have been maintained ; but it is commonly supposed to have been situated on the eastern side of Africa, or in the East Indies.
22. The situation of Tar'shisJi, or Thar'shish, has furnished another topic of learned discussion, and has given rise to a great variety of opinions. Some of the suppositions respecting it are, that it was the same as Tarsus in Cilicia, Car'thage and Tunis in Africa, and Tar-tes'sus in Spain ; and also that it means the sea or ocean in general.
18. What is said respecting the situation of some memorable places ?
19. What is remarked respecting the Garden of Eden?
20. What is a common supposition respecting its situation ?
21. What is said respecting the situation of Ophir?
22. What is remarked of Tarshish or Tharshish ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 9
23. It has also been supposed that there were two places or countries so called, one in the Medi- terranean, and the other on the east side of Africa, or in the East Indies.
24. The ark of Noah, after the waters of the flood began to diminish, is said, in Genesis, to have 'rested upon the mountains of Ar^a-7'atJ
25. A mountain in Ar-me^ni-a, now known by the name of Ar'a-rat, is supposed by many to be the mountain on which the ark rested ; but some suppose it was a summit of the chain of Caii^ casus, between the Black and Caspian seas; others, a summit of Taurus, in the eastern part of Asia Mi- nor ; and others, that it was a mountain near the sources of the river Indus.
26. The three sons of Noah, by whom the world was peopled after the flood, were Shem, Ham, and Japheth,
27. The residence of Noah and his posterity, till after the dispersion at Barbel, is supposed to have been in the country watered by the Eu-phra'- tes and the Ti'gris.
28. The tower of Ba'hel was erected on the Euphrates, on or near the site where the city of Bah'y-lon was afterwards built.
23. What other supposition has been made ?
24. Where is the ark of Noah said to have rested ?
25. What is supposed to have been the mountain on which the ark rested ?
26. Who were the three sons of Noah, by whom the world was peopled after the flood ?
27. Where is the residence of Noah and his family supposed to have been ?
28. Where was the tower of Babel erected ?
10 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
29. From this point the human race were dis- persed over different parts of the earth.
30. This position, which may be regarded as the second cradle of the human race, is nearly- central, as it respects the residence of the most ancient nations of which we have any knowledge, namely, the Bab-y-lo'ni-ans or Chal-de'ans,As-syr'- ians, Per'sians, Hin-doos', He'brews, Ca'naan-ites, Ph(B-ni'cians, and E-gyp'tians.
31. The posterity of Shem is supposed to have peopled the greater part of Asia ; that of JapJiethy Europe and Asia Minor ; and that of Ham, Afri- ca, and part of the south-west portion of Asia,
32. Of the sons of Shem, Ar-phax'ad is sup- posed to have resided in the country near the Eu- phra'tes ; Ash'er, to have been the founder of JYin'- e-veh and the empire of As-syr'i-a ; E'lam, to have given name to the country oiElam, afterwards Per'- sia ; and A' ram, to the country of A' ram or Syr'i-a»
33. Of the sons of Ham, Miz'ra-im was the reputed founder of the kingdom of Egypt, some- times called in the Bible the Land of Miz'ra-im and the Land of Ham ; Cush, the father of the E-thi-o'pi-ans ; and Ca'naan, the father of the Ca'naan-ites.
34. The foundation of Bab'y-lon is ascribed to JVim'rod, the son of Cush.
29. What here took place ?
30. What is said of this position, with relation to the most ancient nations ?
31. What parts of the globe are the three sons of Noah supposed to have peopled ?
32. What is mentioned respecting several sons of Shem?
33. What of the sons of Ham ?
34. To whom is the foundation of Babylon ascribed ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 11
35. Ja'van, one of the sons of Ja'pheth, is com- monly supposed to have been the father of the Greeks.
36. The Greeks themselves maintained that Jajp'e-tiis, whose name has a near resemblance to that of Japheth, was the father of their nation, and of all mankind.
37. A'bra-ham was a descendant of Ar-phax'ad, the eldest son of Shem ; and he and his posterity are supposed to have been called Hebrews, either from Eber or Heber, the grandson of Arphax'ad, and the ancestor of Abraham, or because they came from beyond the river Euphra'tes into Ca'- naan ; the word in the original signifying beyond, or from the other side.
38. Abraham was born at Ur of the Chaldees, which some suppose to have been situated not far from Bab'ylon ; others believe it to have been on the site of the modern town of Ourfa, north of west from Nineveh ; and others place it much fur- ther to the east.
39. Te'rah, the father of A'braham, was a wor- shipper of idols, like his countrymen.
40. A'bra-ham, together with his father, his wife Sarah, and his nephew Lot, left Ur, and took up his abode, for a while, at Haran.
35. Who is supposed to have been the father of the Greeks ?
36. Whom did the Greeks consider as the father of their nation ?
37. From whom was Abraham descended, and why were he and his posterity called Hebrews ?
38. Where was Abraham b"Tn ?
39. What is said of Terah V
40. Where did Abraham taUf* ~p Ms residence after leavinsr Ur ?
12 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
41. While at this place, he was called by God to leave his country and his kindred, to go into the land of Ca'naan, which was promised to his posterity.
42. Although he had much property in cattle and servants, he did not acquire any permanent possession in Canaan, but sojourned at several different places.
43. Some time after his arrival in the country, he was obliged, on account of a severe famine, to retire, for a while, into Egypt.
44. On his return, he pitched his tent between Beth' d and A'i.
45. As Abraham and his nephew Lot, who ac- companied him to Ca'naan, possessed large flocks, and therefore could not conveniently dwell together. Lot retired to the plain of Sod'om, and Abraham to the plain of JMam're, near He'hron.
46. Hebron and its vicinity became the more common residence of the patriarch and his family ; and in the cave of Mach-pe'lah, in the plain of : Mamre, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, together with their wives, were buried.
47. Abraham, however, did not, after this, reside constantly at Hebron, but sojourned for a while at Ge'rar, the city of Abimelech, in the country of the Philistines, and also at Be-er'she-ha,^ where Ish'ma-el w^as born.
41. What call did he receive while at this place ?
42. In what manner did he reside in Canaan ?
43. To what country did he retire for a time ?
44. Where did he pitch his tent on his return ?
45. What is mentioned respecting Abraham and Lotr
46. What is remarked of Hebron and its vicinity ?
47. At what other places did Abraham reside ?
*Be-er'she-ba,Tya//rer/ Beer'she-ba, Oliver, ^.wA Fulton and Knight; Beer-sbe'ba; Perry.
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 13
48. He'hroriy Ge'rar and Be-er'she-ba were also, at different times, the residences of Isaac.
49. Jacob, after having resided about twenty years with his father-in-law, La' ban, at Ha' ran, returned with his family and flocks to Ca'naan.
50. At Ma-ha-na'im he was met by his brother Esau, and also by an angel, and had his name changed to Is'ra-el.
51. Having resided awhile at Suc'coth, on the east side of the Jordan, he then crossed the river, and took up his abode near She'chem.
52. He next journeyed to Beth' el, where he had seen a vision before he went to Haran. Afterwards he removed to He'bron ; and, finally, after Joseph had revealed himself to his brethren, he migrated, by way of Beersheba, vnxh. his whole family, into Egypt.
48. At what places did Isaac reside ?
49. What is mentioned respecting* Jacob ?
50. What happened to him at Mahanaim ?
51. Where did he afterwards reside ?
52. What were his subsequent movements ?
Questions on the Map, exhibiting the Countries
MENTIONED IN THE OlD TESTAMENT. No. I.
1. How was Egypt or Mizraim situated ? 2. Pathros? 3. Cush or Ethiopia ? 4. Goshen ?
5. How was Arabia situated? 6. Midian? 7. Hav'ilah.^
Canaan ? 9. Amalek ? 10. Edom ? 11. Aram or Syria ? 12. Mesopotamia ? 13. Padan-Aram ? 14. Ar- menia ? 15. Assyria ? 16. Babylonia or Chaldea ? 17. Shinar ? 18. Elam or Persia? 19. Parthia? 20. Me- shech ? 21. Magog ? 22. Ash'kenaz ? 23. Javan ?
24. What countries were watered by the Nile ? 25. What by the Euphrates and Tigris ? 26. The Ulai ?
27. How is Mount Sinai situated ? 28. Jt junt Ararat?
29. How was Babylon situated ? 30. Nineveh ? 31. Susa or Sh'ushan ? 32. Calneh ? 33. Car'chemish? 2 ■
14 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER II.
The Region between Egypt and Canaan : Jour-^ neyings of the Israelites.
1. The country lying between Egypt and Ca'- naan, and between the Red Sea and the Mediter- ranean, consists mostly of extensive deserts, having few streams of water ; and it now forms a part of what is called A-ra'hi-a Pe-tr(B'a or Stony.
2. In this region the Israelites passed 40 years.
3. Their route from Egypt to Canaan is differ- ently delineated on different m^aps. The positions of most of the places of encampment, which are all enumerated in the thirty-third chapter of Numbers, are laid down on maps from no better authority > than probable conjecture.
4. The Red Sea, of which onlv the northern ex- tremities appear on the Map (No. II.), is about 1400 miles in length, and 200, where widest, in breadth.
5. Esau was called Edom, which, in Hebrew, signifies red, because he sold his birthright for a
34. Haran or Charran ? 35. Damascus? 36. Tadmor.' 37. Hamath ? 38. Tarshish ? 39. Ezion-geber ? 40. Noph or Memphis ? 41. On .?
CHAPTER IL— questions.
1. What is said of the country lying between Egypt and Canaan ?
2. How many years did the Israehtes pass here ?
3. What is mentioned respecting their route ?
4. What is the extent of the Red Sea ?
5. Why was it called the Red Sea ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 15
mess of red pottage ; and, as his posterity inhabited the country to the north of this sea, some suppose it was called, after his name, the Red Sea. Others suppose it was so called from its red sand ; others, from coral ; and others, from its waters being colored by small animalcules.
6. Mounts Si'nai and Ho'reb, celebrated in Scripture history, belong to a range which is situ- ated between the northern branches of the Red Sea, in the midst of a gloomy desert, and contains several lofty summits.
7. At Ho'reb God appeared to Moses in a burn- ing bush, while he kept the flocks of his father-in- law Je'thro ; and from Si'nai he received the law.
8. The summit of Sinai has been estimated at the height of 5,000 or 6,000 feet ; and it affords an extensive prospect of the Red Sea and the ad- jacent country.
9. On this summit there are now a Christian church and a Mahometan mosque ; and near the bottomx of the mountain a convent, from which to the top steps are cut in the rock, or formed by loose stones piled in succession.
10. The children of Israel sojourned in Egypt 215 years, reckoning from the time of the migra- tion of Jacob and his family.
6. How are mounts Sinai and Horeb situated ?
7. What memorable events took place at these moun- tains ?
8. What is said of the summit of Sinai ?
9. What are now found on the summit and near the bottom ?
10. How long did the children of Israel sojourn in Egypt ?
16 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
11. During this period, they were reduced to cruel bondage ; but, notwithstanding the oppression which they endured, they increased so rapidly, that, at the end of it, the number of men, exclusive of women and children, amounted to 600,000.
12. After a variety of grievous plagues had been inflicted upon Egypt, the Israelites were, at length, dehvered from Egyptian bondage in a mi- raculous manner, by Moses, who Jiad previously resided 40 years in Midian.
13. Having passed over the western branch of the Red Sea on dry ground, they commenced their journey through the wilderness, in order to take possession of the land of Ca'naan, which had been promised to Abraham.
14. They passed through the sea at Ba-al-ze'- j)hon, and encamped in the wilderness at Ma'raJi, where the waters, which were bitter, were made sweet.
15. Their next place of encampment was E'lim, where there were twelve wells of water and sev- enty palm-trees.
16. From Elim they proceeded to Reph'i-dimy through the Wilderness or Desert of Sin, passing by DopTi'ka and A'lush ; and in this wilderness they began to be fed with manna, which was con- tinued till they entered Canaan.
11. What is said respectin^^ their increase ?
12. By whom were they delivered from Egyptian bondage ?
13. What is mentioned respecting the commencement of their journey ?
14. Where did they pass through the sea, and where did they encamp ?
15. What was their next place of encampment ?
16. What events next took place ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 17
17. At a place called Mas'sah, or Mer'i-bali, Moses procured water for the people by smiting a rock in Horeh.
18. Not far distant, at a place called Je-ho'vah- nis'si, the Am' a-lek-ites attacked the Israelites, but were entirely defeated.
19. Near this place Moses received a visit from Je'thro, his father-in-law, priest of Midian, who brought to him his wife and children.
20. At Mount Sinai, the Law, containing the Ten Commandments, was delivered to Moses.
21. After tlie memorable transactions at Sinai, the Israelites proceeded to Tab'e-rah, Kib'roth— Hat-ta'a-vah, and to Ha-ze'roih ; at the last of which places Aa'ron and Mir'i-am were guilty of sedition against Moses.
22. From Ha-ze'roth, they proceeded through the Desert of Pa' ran, or Ka'desh, to Rith'mah, near Ka'desh-Bar'ne-a.
23. From this place twelve men, one of each tribe, were sent to search or spy out the land of Ca'naan.
24. All tliese twelve men, except Josh'u-a and Ca'leb, brought back an unfavorable report respect- ing the country ; on account of which the Israelites were disheartened, and resolved to return to Egypt.
17. What took place at Massah, or Meribah ? 18. At Jehovah-nissi ?
19. From whom did Moses receive a visit near this place ?
20. What took place at Mount Sinai ?
21. To what places did they proceed after the trans- actions at Sinai ?
22. To what place did they then proceed ?
23. What measure was adopted near Kadesh-Barnea ?
24. What report did these twelve men bring back respecting the country ?
2*
18 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
25. This conduct of the people so excited against them the displeasure of God, that he de- creed that all who were then twenty years old and upwards, except Joshua and Caleb, should die in the wilderness.
26. They made a long stay in Ka'desh ; and here the rebellion of Ko'rah, Da'than, and A-hi'^ ram, took place.
27. On leaving the neighborhood of Ka'desh- Bar'nea, they proceeded to Sha'pJier, hy Rim'mon- Pa'rez, Lib'nah, Ris'sah, and Ke-heV a-thah.
28. From Sha'pher, they journeyed to Mo-se'- roth, near the Red Sea, by Har'a-dah, Mak-he'- loth, Ta'hath, Ta'rah, and Mith'cah.
29. From Mo-se'roth, they proceeded to E'zi- on-ge'her, at the northern extremity of the eastern branch of the Red Sea, by Ben'i-Ja'a-Jcan, Hor- ha-gid'gad, Jot'ba-thah, and E-bro'nah.
30. From Ezion-geber, they journeyed to the Wilderness of Zin, or Ka'desh (where Miriam died), to a place named Mer'i-bah.
31. At this place, Moses obtained water by smiting a rock ; but, on account of his offence here, in " speaking unadvisedly," he was not permitted to enter Canaan.
32. They next encamped at Mount Hor, and on the top of this mountani, at a place called Mo^ se'ra, Aa'ron died, in the fortieth year after leaving Egypt.
25. What was the consequence of thi^ conduct of the people ?
26. What took place in Kadesh ?
27. To what place did they proceed from Kadesh ? 28. To what from Shapher ? 29. To what from Mose- roth ? 30. To what from Ezion-geber ?
31. What took place at Meribah ? 32. At Mount Hor ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 19
33. After departing from Mount Hor, many of the people died by being bitten by fiery serpents.
34. Their next places of encampment were Zal-mo'nali, Pu'non, O'both, I-je-ab'ar-nim, Di'- hon—gad, and AVmon—Dib-la-tha'im.
35. Sihon, king of the Arn'o-rites, refusing to permit the Israelites to pass through his dominions, was totally defeated at Ja'haz.
36. Og, king of Bashan, was destroyed, with his whole army, by the Israelites, at Ed're-i.
37. After these victories, the Israelites encamp- ed on the Plains of Moab.
38. Bcdak, king of Moab, together with the princes of Mid'i-an, sent to Ba'Iaam, a soothsayer of the city of Pe'thor, on the Euphra'tes, to curse the Israelites.
39. Moses divided the territories which belonged to Sihon and Og between the tribes of Reu'ben and Gad, and the half tribe of Ma-nas'seh,
40. Moses, having finished his instructions and exhortations to his people, ascended the mountain of JVe'bo and the summit of Pis'gah, took a view of the promised land, and afterwards died.
41. The Israelites, under the command of Josh- ua, the successor of Moses, then passed over the
33. What took place after leaving Mount Hor ?
34. What were their next places of encampment ?
35. What took place with respect to Sihon? 36. What respecting Og ?
37. Where did the Israelites encamp after these victories ?
38. What next took place ?
39. How did Moses dispose of the territories of Sihon and Og ?
40. What is further related of Moses ?
41. What was next accomplished by the Israelites ?
20 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
Jordan at Gil'gal, took the city of Jer'i-cho, con- quered the nations of Ca'naan, and divided their lands among their tribes.
CHAPTER III.
The Canaanites and neighboring JVations.
1. In the time of Moses and Joshua, the land of Canaan was inhabited by seven nations, the de- scendants of Canaan, namely, the Am'o-iites, Jeb'- u-sites, Hit'tites, Per'iz-zites, Gir'ga-shites, Ca'- naan-ites, and Hi'vites.
Questions on the Map of the Journeyings of the Israelites fp.om Egypt to Canaan. No. II.
1. How are mounts Sinai and Horeb situated ?
2. What deserts or wildernesses are situated between the northern branches of the Red Sea ? 3. What ones further north ?
4. How was Baalzephon situated ? 5. Ezion-geber ? 6. Rephidim ? 7. Marah and Elira ? 8. Jehovah-nissi ? 9. Massah, or Meribah ? 10. Kadesh-Barnea? 11. Ris- sah ? 12. Kadesh Meribah ? 13. Mount Hor ? 14. Mounts Nebo and Pisgah ?
15. How was Edom situated ? 16. Moab ? 17. The kingdom of Sihon ? 18. The kingdom of Og ? 19. The Amalekites ?
20. What nations inhabited to the west of the Dead Sea and the Jordan ?
CHAPTER 111.— questions.
1. By what seven nations was the land of Canaan in- habited in the time of Moses and Joshua ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 21
2. All these nations the Israelites were com- manded to exterminate, on account of their great wickedness.
3. The most powerful of these seven nations were the Amorites, who had extended their conquests to the east of the Jordan, where the kingdom of Sihon was situated.
4. Besides these, there were, in Canaan, or on its borders, six other nations, "with whom the Israel- ites, at various times, maintained severe conflicts.
5. These six nations were the Phi-Ks' tines, Mid'i-an-ites, Mo'ah-ites, Am'mon-ites, Am'a-leJc- ites, and E'dom-ites.
6. The Phi-lis' tines are supposed to have been descended from Miz'raim, the son of Ham, and to have emigrated from Egypt.
7. They inhabited the south-west part of Canaan, and were very formidable enemies to the Israelites; but were subdued by David.
8. Their five chief cities were Ga'za, Ash'dod, As'ca-lon, Gath, and Ek'ron.
9. Two different places are assigned as the territory of the Mid'i-an-ites ; and some suppose that the inhabitants of the two different countries were of different origin.
10. The southern Mid' i-an-ites inhabited the
2. Why were the Israelites commanded to extermi- nate these nations ?
3. Which of these seven nations vv^as the most pow- erful ?
4. What is said respecting six other bordering nations ?
5. What were these six nations ?
6. What was the origin of the Philistines ?
7. What is further said of them ?
8. What were their chief cities ?
9. What is said of the Midianites ?
10. Where did the southern Midianites dwell ?
22 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
country near the north-east point of the Red Sea; and here Je'thro, tlie father-m-law of Moses, was priest.
11. They are supposed by some to have been descended from Cush, the son of Ham.
12. The northern Midianites were descended from JMidian, the fourth son of Abraham by Ketu'- rah, and inhabited the country on the east of the Dead Sea.
13. They were ahiiost wholly destroyed by Joshua ; and afterwards, when they had again re- covered their strength, they were nearly annihilated by Gid'eon.
14. The JMoabites and Ammonites were the descendants of Mo ah and Ammon, the sons of Lot, and dwelt to the east of the Dead Sea and of the Jordan.
15. They were repeatedly engaged in war with the Israelites, and were conquered by David.
16. The chief city of Moab was Ar, or Rah'hath- Mo'ah ; and of Ammon, Rob' hath— Am' mon.
17. The Am' a-lek~ites were the descendants of Am'a-lek, the son of El'i-phaz, and grandson of Esau.
18. They dwelt to the south of Canaan, and were very formidable enemies to the Israelites.
11. From whom are they supposed to have been descended?
12. What is said of the origin and residence of the northern Midianites ?
13. By whom were they destroyed ?
14. What is said of the origin and residence of the Moabites and Ammonites ?
15. By whom were they conquered ?
16. What were their chief cities ?
17. From whom were the Amalekites descended ?
18. Where did they dwell ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 23
19. They were doomed to destruction, which was commenced by Saul, and completed by David.
20. The E'dom-ites were the descendants of Esau, who was also called Eclom.
21. They inhabited the country which was sit- uated to the south-east of Canaan, and which was called E'dom, and also I-du-me'a, and included the mountains of Seir and Hor.
22. In the north-west part of Canaan, on the borders of the tribe of Asher, were the Phoeni- cian cities of Tyre and Sidon, which were very ancient, and celebrated for commerce.
23. Sidon was founded by Sidon, the son of Canaan ; and at Tyi-e reigned Hiram, who fur- nished Solomon with many materials for the temple.
24. To the north-east of Ca'naan was Da-mas' cus, once the capital of the kingdom of Syr'i-a, and one of the most ancient cities in the world, celebrated both in sacred and profane history.
25. Damascus gave name to the damascene or damson plum, .the damask rose, and damask linens and silks.
26. The Syi'ians were conquered by David, but were afterwards repeatedly engaged in war with tlie Israelites, particularly under their kings Ben'- ha-dad, Haz'a-el, and Rezin.
19. By whom were they destroyed ?
20. From whom were the Edomites descended ?
21. Where did they reside ?
22. Where were Tyre and Sidon situated ? 23. What is said of them ?
24. What is said of Damascus ?
25. To what has Damascus given name ?
26. What is related of the Syrians ?
24 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER IV.
Canaan divided among the Tribes of Israel: Places of JVote in the History of the Old Testament,
1. After the conquest of Canaan by the Israel- ites, the country was divided among the Twelve Tribes by lot.
2. The tribe of Levi, or the Levites, being consecrated to the priesthood, received no inherit- ance or portion of territory with the other tribes, but were supported by tithes ; and for their resi- dence there were assigned to them forty-eight cities, which were dispersed throughout all the tribes.
3. The posterity of E'phra-im and Ma-nas'seh, the two sons of Joseph, had portions assigned them as distinct tribes, in consequence of Jacob's having adopted them ; and these two are reckoned, in the divisions, instead of Joseph and Levi.
4. The tribes of Reuben and Gad and half of Manasseh, had their portion beyoyd, or on the east side of, the Jordan ; and all the others on the west side of the river.
5. The Tabernacle and Ark of the covenant were first fixed at Gil' gal; but, before the death of Joshua, they w^ere removed to Shi'loh, where they remained till the time of Eh.
CHAPTER lY.— questions.
1. How was the land of Canaan divided ?
2. What is related respecting the tribe of Levi? 3. What respecting Ephraim and Manasseh ?
4. What tribes were situated to the east of the Jor- dan ?
5. At what places were the Tabernacle and Ark of the covenant first fixed?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 25'
6. The Ai'k was afterwards taken by the Philis- tmes ; and, when restored, it was lodged succes- sively at Kir'jath-je'a-rim, at JVoh^ in the house of 0-bed-e'dom, in the palace of David on mount Zi- on, and finally in Solomon's Temple.
7. It was regarded with the greatest veneration, and every place in w^hich it was fixed, was, on
^that account, esteemed particularly holy.
8. Joshua appointed six cities of refuge, three on each side of the Jordan, as places of security for the " slayer that killed any person unawares."
9. The three to the west of the Jordan were He'hron in Judah, She'chem in Ephraim, and Ke'- desh in Naphtali.
10. The three on the east side were Be'zer in Reuben, Ra' moth-Gil' e-ad in Gad, and Go'lan in Manasseh.
11. The country included within the limits of the Twelve Tribes, is of small extent, not a third part as large as the state of New^ York.
12. Dan was reputed the most northern city, and Be-er'slie-ha the most southern ; hence the proverbial phrase, to express the limits of the coun- try, "From Dan to Beersheba."
13. During the reigns of David and Solomon, the most flourishing period of the nation, the limits of the
6. At what other places was the Ark successively lodged ?
7. How was it regarded ?
8. For what purpose did Joshua appoint six cities of refuge ?
9. Which three were west of the Jordan? 10. Which east ?
11. What is said of the extent of the country ?
12. What is mentioned respecting Dan and Beersheba?
13. What was the extent of the kingdom during the reigns of David and Solomon ?
3
26 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
kingdom were greatly enlarged, extending from the border of Egypt and the north end of the Red \ Sea, on the south-west and south, to the river Eu~ phra'tes, on the north-east.
14. After the death of Solomon, ten tribes re- volted from his son and successor, Rehobo'am ; and two kingdoms were formed, namely, the king- dom of Israel, consisting of the ten revolted tribes, and the kingdom of Judah, composed of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.
15. The capital of the kingdom of Israel was Sa-ma'ri-a, in the tribe of E'phra-im, which was the most powerful of the Ten Tribes, and is some- times used in the Bible for the whole kingdom.
16. This kingdom subsisted 254 years, at the end of which period the Ten Tribes were carried captive by Shal-man-e'ser, king of Assyria ; and the country was afterwards inhabited by a mixed population.
17. The kingdom of Judah had for its capital the city of Jerusalem, and continued to be governed by kings of the family of David, till the time of the Babylonish captivity.
Towns ofJVote in the History of the Old Testament.
18. In Judah; He'bron, celebrated in the history of the patriarchs, and the place where David reigned seven years ; Beth'le-hem, where Da- vid was born, and also our Savior ; A-did'lam and
14. What took place after the death of Solomon ?
15. What was the capital of the kingdom of Israel, and which was the most powerful of the Ten Tribes ?
16. What is said of this kingdom ?
17. What is said of the kingdom of Judah ?
18. What towns in Judah are mentioned, and for what celebrated ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 27
En'ge-di, near which were caves, that afforded a retreat to David; Te-ko'ah, the town of the prophet Amos.
19. On the borders of Judah and Benjamin was Jeru'salem, the residence of the kings of Judah, the seat of the temple, and the religious capital of the nation.
20. In Benjamin ; Gil' gal, where the Israelites crossed the Jordan, and where the Ark of the cove- nant was, for a time, deposited ; Jer'i-cko, famous for its siege and capture by Joshua, and for pakn- trees ; A'i, for its conquest by Joshua ; Beth' el, for the vision of Jacob ; Gib'e-on, the capital of the Gibeonites ; Gib'e-ah, the birthplace of Saul.
21. In Simeon ; Be-er'she-ha, noted in the histo- ry of the patriarchs, and for being the southernmost town of Israel ; Gaza, in the country of the Phi- listines, famous in the history of Samson.
22. In Dan; GatJi, a city of the Philistines, and the birthplace of Gohah.
23. In Ejyhraim ; Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel ; She'chem, or Si'chem, (in the New Testament, Sychar), noted in the history of Jacob, also for the last exhortation of Joshua to the Israelites, and for the tomb of Joseph ; Tim-nath- se'raJi, for the tomb of Joshua ; Shi'loh, the place of the Ark of the covenant from the time of Joshua to the time of Eli ; Joppa, (on the borders of Ephraim and Dan), the principal port of the Israelites.
19. What is said of Jerusalem ?
20. What towns in Benjamin are mentioned, and for what celebrated? 21. In Simeon? 22. In Dan? 23. In Ephraim ?
28 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
24. In ManasseJi, west of Jordan ; Tir'zah, famous for being for a time the seat of the kings of Israel ; Me-gid'do, for the defeat and death of Josiah ; Jez' re-el, for a palace of Ahab, and for giving name to a large and fertile plain, called also the plain of Es-dra' e-lon.
25. In Issachar ; Shu'nem, where Elisha re- stored a child to life.
26. In Zehulon; Gath-he'pher, the native place of the prophet Jonah.
27. On the west of Ash'er were the cities of Tyre and Sidon, famous for commerce ; Zar'e- phath, or Sa-rep'ta, for the miracles of Elijah.
28. In JSfaphtali ; Dan, noted as the northern- most city of Israel, and for being one of the places where Jeroboam set up his golden calves ; Bethel being the other.
29. In Manas s eh beyond Jordan ; Ed're-i, fa- mous for the defeat of Og, king of Bashan.
30. In Gad; Ra' moth— Gil' e-ad, memorable in die wars of the Israelites ; Ma-ha-na'im,, for the meeting of Jacob and Esau ; Suc'coth, as the resi- dence of Jacob.
31. In Reuben; Hesh'hon, a city of note among the Amorites, afterwards among the Israelites ; Ja'haz, where Sihon was defeated.
24. What towns in Manasseh west of Jordan are mentioned? 25. In Issachar ? 26. In Zebulon? 27. On the west of Asher ? 28. In Naphtali ? 29. In Manas- seh beyond Jordan .^ 30. In Gad.? 31. In Reuben .?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 29
CHAPTER V.
Physical Geography of the Holy Land, or a De- scription of the Country,
1. This country was first called the Land of Canaan, from Canaan, the son of Ham ; the Land of Promise, or the Promised Land, from its being promised by God to Abraham ; the Land of Israel, from the Israelites ; Judea, from Judah, the princi- pal of the twelve tribes ; Palestine, from the Phi- listines, who inhabited the south-west part of it ; and the Holy Land, from its being the scene of the greater part of the transactions recorded in the Bible, and particularly of the birth, life, miracles, and sufferings of our Savior.
2. It is also repeatedly called in the Bible sim- ply The Land. The names which have, in modern times, been most commonly applied to it, are the Holy Land and Palestine.
3. The Israelites esteemed this country as holy ; and all other countries they regarded as profane, the very dust of which would contaminate one of their nation.
4. The face of the country is beautifully diver- sified with mountains, hills, valleys, and plains.
CHAPTER Y.—questio7is.
1. By what different names has the Holy Land been called ?
2. What names have been commonly applied to it in modern times ?
3. How did the Israelites regard this and other countries ?
4. What is said of the face of the country ?
3*
30 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
5. The climate is excellent; the cold seldom excessive ; the heat of summer is great, but miti- gated by a periodical breeze.
6. Rain seldom falls here, except in the spring and autumn ; but the deficiency is, in a measure, supplied by abundant dews.
7. The Scriptures, in describing the fruitfulness of this country, characterize it as "a land flowing with milk and honey."
8. In modern times, many parts of it have a desolate appearance, as the cultivation has gener- ally been much neglected ; but where it has been well attended to, it is highly productive.
9. " Under a wise and beneficent government," says a recent traveller, " the produce of the Holy Land would exceed all calculation. Its perennial harvest ; the salubrity of its air ; its limpid springs ; its rivers, lakes, and matchless plains ; its hills and vales ; all these, added to the serenity of its climate, prove this land to be indeed a field which the Lord hath blessed."
10. The Jor'dan, the celebrated river of Pales- tine, and the only considerable one in the country, is deep and rapid, but not wide. It rises near the foot of Mount Hermon ; passes through lakes Me- rom and Gennesareth ; and, after a southerly course of about 150 miles, flows into the Dead Sea.
1 1 . Some of the other famous streams or rivulets of Palestine are the Ar'non, Jah'bok, Be'sor, So'rek and Ki'shon; also Ce'dron, or Kid'ron, noted for pas-
5. What is said of the climate ? 6. What respecting rain?
7. How do the Scriptures characterize this country ?
8. What is its state in modern times ?
9. What is said of it by a recent traveller ?
10. What account is given of the Jordan ?
11. What other famous streams are there ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 31
sing by Jerusalem, and Be'lus, near Ptolema'is, from the sand of which glass is said to have been first made.
12. The Dead Sea, called also the Sea of Sod- om, the Salt Sea, and Lake As-phal-ti'tes, is about 70 miles long, and from 10 to 18 broad.
13. It occupies the place where once stood the five cities of the plain, namely, Sod' am, Go-mor'rah, Ad'maJi, Ze-bo'im, and Zo'ar ; the first four of which were destroyed by fire from heaven.
14. It is surrounded by majestic and dreary mountains ; and its ^dcinity is barren and cheerless. The water is clear, but uncommonly salt and bitter.
15. The Sea of Galilee, called also the lake of Gen-nes' a-retli and the Sea of Tibe'rias, and, in the Old Testament, the Sea of CMn'ne-reth, or Cin'- ne-roth, is 17 miles long, and 6 broad.
16. This lake, which is celebrated in the gospel history, is environed by lofty eminences, and has a beautiful and picturesque appearance.
17. Our Savior passed much of his time, during his ministry, in the vicinity of this lake, and it was here that several of his disciples were employed, in the early part of their lives, as fishermen.
18. Mount Leb'a-non, called by the Greeks and Latins Lib'a-nus, is a famous range of moun- tains on the north of Palestine. Its summits are almost always covered with snow.
" 12. What is the extent of the Dead Sea?
13. What place does it occupy ?
14. What is further said of it ?
15. What are the length and breadth of the Sea of Galilee ?
16. What is said of it ?
17. What is mentioned respecting our Savior and his disciples in connection with this lake ?
18. What is said of Mount Lebanon ?
32 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
19. Lebanon is celebrated in Hebrew poetry, particularly for its magnificent cedars, some speci- mens of which still remain.
20. To the east of Lebanon is Anti-Lebanon ; and to the south-east is Mount Hermon, the sum- mit of which is usually covered with snow.
21. Mount Carmel, on the coast of the Mediter- ranean, was the retreat of the prophet Elijah, and has, in later times, been noted for monks, called Carmelites.
22. Mount Tabor, a conical mountain, to the south-west of the sea of Galilee, is commonly sup- posed to have been the scene of our Savior's transfiguration.
23. The Mountains of Ephraim, or Israel, were situated in the central part of Palestine. An ele- vated summit of this range, situated not far from Jericho, and now called Quar-an-ta'ri-a, is sup- posed to have been the scene of the temptation.
24. North of Shechem Vv'as Mount E'bal ; and to the south. Mount Ger'i-zini, famous for the temple of the Samaritans.
25. Mount Gil'bo-a, south of the sea of Galilee, is noted for the death of Saul and Jonathan.
26. The Mountains of Gilead, to the east of the Jordan, were famous for producing balm, or balsam, the dried juice of a tree, v\^hich was much used by the ancients as a medicine.
19. For what is Lebanon celebrated in Hebrew poetry ?
20. What mountains lie east and south-east of Leba- non ?
21. What is said of Mount Carmel ? 22. Mount Tabor ? 23. The mountains of Ephraim ? 24. Ebal and Gerizim ? 25. Mount Gilboa ? 26. Gilead ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 33
27. To the north-east of Gilead was Ba'shan, famous for stately oaks, and for numerous herds of cattle.
28. To the south were the mountains of Ab'a- rim, from the summits of which, JVe'bo and Pis'gah, Moses had a view of the Promised Land.
29. To the south of Palestine is the mountain- ous range called Seir, with its summit, Mount Hor, on which Aaron died.
30. The country of Palestine, being mountainous and rocky, abounds in caves, w^hich anciently afford- ed a refuge to the inhabitants.
31. David made the cave of A-duVlam a place of retreat ; and in the cave of En'ge-di, he con- cealed himself, together with 600 men.
32. In a cave not far from Samaria, Obadi'ah hid a hundred prophets ; and the cave of Mach-pe'- lah, near Hebron, is celebrated as the burying-place of Abraham and his family.
33. Frequent mention is made in the Bible of wildernesses or deserts. Some of these, which belonged to Palestine, were barren, sandy plains ; others were mountainous, and covered with trees or pasture.
34. The most celebrated desert in Palestine was the Desert, or Wilderness of Judea, situated to the west of the Dead Sea, where John the Baptist preached.
27. What is said of Bashan? 28. Abarim? 29. Mount Seir ?
30. What is remarked respecting caves ?
31. What is said of the caves of Adullam and Engedi ?
32. What other caves are mentioned ?
33. What is mentioned respecting wildernesses ?
34. What was the most celebrated desert or wilder- ness of Palestine ?
34 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER VI.
Palestine in the Time of the JYew Testament History . Judea. Jerusalem and its Environs.
1. In the time of the gospel history, the whole of Palestine was subject to the Romans, and was divided into four parts ; namely, Ju~de'a, Sa-7na'ri-a, Gal'i-lee^ andPe-r^^'a, or the country beyond Jordan. ,
2. Our Savior was born at Bethlehem in Judea, but his place of residence, before entering on his public ministry, was JS'azareth in Galilee ; hence he w^as sometimes called a Nazarene, and some- times a Galilean.
Qiiestio7is on the Map of Judah and Isr.ael. No III.
I. How were the Amalekites situated with reg-ard to Judah and Israel ? 2. How Damascus ? 3. How was Ammon situated ? 4. Moab ? 5. Midian ?
6. Which two tribes were situated farthest south? 7. Which three farthest north ? 8. Which on the Mediterranean or Great Sea ? 9. Which on the Dead Sea? 10. Which on the east of the Jordan?
II. How was Judah situated? 12. Simeon ? 13. Ma- nasseh? 14. Asher ? 15. Reuben? 16. Dan? 17. Gad ? 18. Issachar? 19. Naphtah ? 20. Benjamin ? 21. Zeb- ulon ? 22. Ephraim ?
23. What towns are found in the tribe of Judah ? 24. In Benjamin ? 25. In Simeon ? 2(>. In Dan ? 27. In Ephraim ? 28. In Manasseh ? 29. In Issachar ? 30. In Zebulon? 31. In Asher? 32. In Naphtali? 33. In Manasseh beyond Jordan ? 34. In Gad ? 35. In Reuben ?
CHAPTER Yl.— questions.
1. What is said of the condition and divisions of Palestine, in the time of the gospel history ?
2. Where was our Savior born, and where was his residence ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 35
3. His journeyings, during his ministry, were limited to Palestine. The two principal centres of his labors were Jerusalem and its vicinity, and the neighborhood of the Sea of Galilee.
4. JuDEA comprised the territories which for- merly belonged to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Simeon, and Dan, and was distinguished particular- ly for containing the city of Jerusalem.
5. Jerusalem was styled by the Israelites the Holy City and the City of God, and was regarded as, in a pecuhar sense, the dwelling-place of the Most High, as it contained the Temple, and was the centre of the Jewish worship.
6. It was built on four hills, Zi'on, Mo-ri'ah, A' era, and Be-ze'ta, which were almost surrounded by valleys, encompassed by mountains.
7. Two small streams, branches of the brook Kid'ron or Ce'dron, flowed through the valleys, one on the east, and the other on the south of the city.
8. Mount Zion, which was the most elevated of the hills, and on which the city of David was built, and also tlie palace of David, was the most southerly.
9. Mount Moriah, on which the Temple was erected, was to the east ; and to the north were two other hills, less elevated.
3. To what were his journeyings limited, and what were the principal centres of his labors ?
4. What did Judea comprise ?
,5. What is said of Jerusalem ? 6. What of its situation ?
7. What streams flowed through the valleys ?
8. What is said of Mount Zion ? 9. What of Mount Moriah ?
36 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
10. After the building of the Temple, all the adult males of Israel were required to go to Jeru- salem, three times a year, to keep the three great amiual festivals ; namely, the Passover, the Pente- cost, and the Feast of Tabernacles.
11. The first Temple was built by Solomon, and was an extensive and magnificent edifice, adorned with very costly ornaments of gold, and encompassed by spacious courts.
12. In the innermost part of the Temple was the Sanctuary, including the Holy of Holies, so called because it contained the Ark of the covenant.
13. Into this most holy place none but the high priest was permitted to enter ; and he only once a year, on the great day of atonement.
14. The second Temple, which was built by Ze-rub'ba-hel, after the return of the Jews from the Babylonish captivity, was much inferior to that of Solomon.
15. Herod began to repair or rebuild the Tem- ple 16 years before the birth of Christ, and ren- dered it extremely magnificent.
16. Near the Temple was the pool of JBe-thes'- da ; and on the north-west was the castle or fortress of An~to'ni-a, in which a Roman legion was quar- tered.
. 10. At what three festivals were all the adult males required to be at Jerusalem ?
11. What is said of the first Temple?
12. What was there in the innermost part of it ?
13. Who was permitted to enter into the Holy of Holies ?
14. By whom was the second Temple built ?
15. When did Herod begin to repair or rebuild the Temple ?
16. Where were the pool of Bethesda and the castle of Antonia .^
• SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 37
17. On the west side of the city, and just without the walls, was Mount Calvary, where our Lord was crucified.
18. To the south of the city was Ge-hen'na or the T^alley of Hinnom, where the Israelites sacri- ficed their children to the image of Mo'loch.
19. Li the J^alley of Je-hos'a-phat, to the east of the city, were the fountain or pool of Sil'o-am or Sil'o-ah, and also the Garden of Geth-sem' a-ne, where our Savior was betrayed.
20. To the east of the valley of Jehosaphat was the Mount of Olives or Mount Ol'i-vet, so eleva- ted as to afford a fine view of the city and temple.
21. The modern city of Jerusalem is built chiefly on Mount Moriah, and is much visited by pilgrims.
22. To the east of Jerusalem was Beth' pha-ge ; and still farther, Beth' a-ny, famous for the resi- dence of Mary and Martha, for the raising of Laz'a-rus, and for the ascension of our Savior.
23. Beth'le-hem is memorable as the birthplace of our Savior ; Em'ma-us, for his conversation with two of his disciples after his resurrection.
24. Jer'i-cho, famous in the history of the Old Testament, is frequently mentioned in the New, and was the residence of Zac-che'us.
25. Ar-i-ma-the'a is noted as the town of Joseph, who begged of Pilate the body of Jesus ; Lyd'da. for the cure of E'neas by Peter.
17. Where was Mount Calvary ?
18. Where was Gehenna or the Valley of Hinnora ?
19. The pool of Siloam and the garden of Gethsemane .''
20. The Mount of Olives ?
21. What is said of the modern city ? 22. Bethphage and Bethany ? 23= Bethlehem and Emmaus ? 24. Jeri- eho ? 25. Arimathea and Lydda ?
4
38 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER VII.
Samaria : Galilee : Percea.
1. The country or province of Samaria derived its name from the city of Samaria, which was the capital of the kingdom of Israel ; and it com.prised the territory which belonged to the tribe oi Ephraim and half of Manasseh.
2. After the captivity of the Ten Tribes by Shalmane'ser, this country was repeopled by colo- nists from Assyria, and such Israelites as remained or afterwards returned ; and this mixed race of people were called Sa-mar'i-tans.
3. They adopted the Laiv of Jlloses, and re- garded the Pentateuch as a book of divine author- ity ; but rejected the rest of the Old Testament.
4. They built a temple on Mount Ger'i-zim, where they celebrated their worship, instead of going to Jerusalem.
5. The greatest aversion existed between the Jews and Samaritans ; and the two nations had no friendly intercourse with each other.
6. Our Savior spent but little time, during his ministry, in Samaria ; though he repeatedly pass- ed through the country, in journeying from Galilee to Judea.
r-
CHAPTER YIL— questions.
1. What is said of the country or province of Samaria ?
2. Who were the Samaritans ? and what was their origin ?
3. What their religion ?
4. Where did they build a temple ?
5. How did the Jews and Samaritans regard eacl' other?
G. Did our Savior pass much time in Samaria ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 39
7. Sy'char, called in the Old Testament She'- cheni and Si^chem, now JSfajJoIose, became the metropolis of the Samaritans, after the destruction of the city of Samaria.
8. Near Sychar was Jacobus Well, memorable for our Savior's conversation with the woman of Samaria.
9. In the vicinity was Mount Ger'i-zim, on which the Samaritan temple was built, and to which allusion is made in the remark of the woman, " Our fathers worshipped in this moun- tain."
10. C(ss-a-re'a, a city on the coast of the Med- iterranean, w^as the seat of the Roman procurators or governors of Palestine.
11. In this city Herod Agrippa was smitten with a fatal disease, as related in Acts xii. ; here St. Peter converted Cornelius, the centu- rion ; and here St. Paul defended himself before Felix, Festus, and Agrippa, before he sailed to Rome.
12. Jop'pa, now Jaffa, is famous as the port of Jerusalem, and for being the place where Peter restored Dorcas to life.
13. An-tip'a-tris, a town built by Herod, is mentioned in the history of St. Paul ; E'non and Sa'lim, near the Jordan, were places where John baptized.
7. What is said of Sychar ?
8. For what is Jacob's Well memorable ?
9. What is said of Mount Gerizim ? 10. What of Ceesarea ?
11. What events took place in this city ?
12. What is said of Joppa ?
13. What of Antipatris, Enon, and Salim ?
40 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
14. Galilee, the northern division of Palestine, comprised the coantiy formerly occupied by the tribes of Is'sa-char, Zeh'u-lon^ JVaph'ta-li, and Ash'er.
15. It was divided into Upper and Lower. Upper GaHlee, the northern division, was momi- tainous, and was called Galilee of the Gentiles^ because it bordered upon Gentile nations.
16. The chief town of Upper Galilee was C<£s~ a-re'a-Phi-lip'pij called in the Old Testament Dan.
17. Lower Galilee, which is called in the New Testament simply Gal'i-lee, is comparatively level, and was very fruitful and populous ; and many of its inhabitants were Israelites.
18. This division of Palestine was most honored with our Savior's presence, and it was the native country of most, if not ail, of his twelve disciples.
19. Ti-be'ri-as, situated on the sea of Galilee, which was called also the sea of Tiberias, was once the capital of Galilee, and was noted for its Jewish academy after the destruction of Je- rusalem.
20. Ca-p.er'na-um, Clio-ra'zin, and Beth-sa/i-da^ were all situated near the sea of Galilee, and were memorable for our Lord's discourses and miracles, which brought a heavy woe upon them on account of their unbelief.
14. What did Galilee comprise ? 15. How was it divided ?
16. What was the chief town of Upper Galilee ?
17. How is Lower Galilee described ?
18. What is farther said of this division ?
19. What is said of Tiberias ?
20. What is said of Capernaum, Chorazin, and Bethsaida ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 41
21. Seth-sa'i-da was the residence of the disci- ples Philip, Peter, Andrew, James, and John.
22. Ca-per^na-um was the residence of Mat- thew; and on an eminence near this town, our Savior delivered his memorable discourse, called the " Sermon on the Mount."
23. JVaz' a-reth is famous for having been the residence of our Savior, before he entered on his public ministry ; Ca'na, for his miracle of turning water into wine ; JVa'in, for his raising a widow's son to life.
24. Ptol-e-ma'is or Ac'cho, now Acre, a place visited by St. Paul, is noted in the history of the Crusades.
25. Pe-r^'a, or the country Beyond Jordan, comprised the territories which formerly belonged to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and it was subdivided into sev- eral districts.
26. De-cap' Q-lis was a combination of ten cities, which were situated not far from the sea of Galilee.
27. The country on the east side of the sea of Galilee was repeatedly visited by our Savior, and here were the towns of Dal-ma-nu'tha, Mag' da-la, and Gad'a-ra.
28. Farther to the south, on the Jordan, was Be-thab' a-ra, where John baptized.
21. Of whom was Bethsaida the residence ?
22. What is said of Capernaum? 23. What of Nazareth, Cana, and Nain ? 24. Ptolemais ?
25. What did Pergea comprise ? 26. Decapolis ? 27. What is mentioned of the country on the east side of the sea of Galilee ? 28. What of Bethabara ? 4*
42 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY,
Questions on the Map of Palestine. No. IV.
1. What sea lies west of Palestine ?
2. How was Samaria bounded ? 3. Judea ? 4. Galilee ? 5. Pereea, or Beyond Jordan ?
6. How was Galilee of the Gentiles situated ? 7. Itu- rea ? 8. Phoenicia ? 9. Syria ? 10. Gennesaret ? 11. Decapdlis ?
12. How is the Dead Sea situated ? 13. The sea of Galilee ? 14. The Waters of Merom ?
15. Through what does the Jordan flow .'' 16. Into what does it empty ?
17. Where does the Arnon empty ? 18. The Jabbok ?
19. What streams empty into the Mediterranean ?
20. How is Mount Lebanon situated? 21. Anti-Leb- anon ? 22. Mount Hermon ? 23. Mount Carmel .-^ 24. Mount Tabor ? 25. The Mountains of Ephraira ? 26. The Mountains of Abarim ? 27. Mount Gilboa ?
28. How is Jerusalem situated? 29. Samaria? 30. Cffisarea? 31. Tiberias? 32. Sidon? 33. Ga- za? 34. Hebron? 35. Joppa ? 36. Jericho ? 37. Ptol- emais ? 38. Capernaum ? 39. Sychar ? 40. Tyre ? 41. CsBsarea-Philippi ? 42. Beersheba ? 43. Bethle- hem ? 44. Nazareth? 45. Cana ? 46. Emmaus? 47, Gath? 48. Ascalon? 49. Magdala ? 50. Ramoth- Gilead? 51. Jezreel ? ,52. Bethabara ? 53. Azotus ? 54. Engedi? 55. Salim and Enon ? 56. Megiddo? 57. Shunem?
Questions on the Map of Jerusalem. No. V.
I. In what part of Jerusalem was Mount Zion ? 2. Mount Moriah?
3. Where was the city of David ? 4. The Temple ? 5. The Palace of David ? 6. Solomon's Palace ? 7. Salem, or the Old City ? 8. The Pool of Bethesda ? 9. The Castle of Antonia ? 10. Mount Calvary ?
II. Which v/ay from the city was the Mount of Ol- ives? 12. Where was the Valley of Jehosaphat ? 13. The Valley of Hinnom ? 14. The Pool of Siloam ? 15. The Fuller's and the Potter's Fields ? 16. Geth- semane ?
17. Which way from Jerusalem were Bethphage and Bethany ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 43
CHAPTER VIII.
Countries in which the Gospel was preached by the Apostles.
1. Tlie labors of the apostles in preaching the gospel, after the resurrection of our Savior, as related in the Acts, were confined chiefly to Pal- estine, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy.
2. These countries were all, at this period, sub- ject to the Romans ; and they embraced the por- tions of the earth which were most distinguished for civilization, arts, and literature ; but the inhab- itants were all, with the exception of the Jews, pagan idolaters, commonly styled in the Bible
Gentiles.
3. The Jews, having rejected and crucified our Savior, were little inclined to listen to the instruc- tion of his disciples, or to receive his religion ; but among the Gentiles, the apostles met with wonder- ful success.
'4. Syria, which was, at this period, a Roman province, had for its capital An'ti-och, which had been the residence of the Macedonian kings of Syria, called the Se-leu'ci-dce, and was for some time the third city in the world in splendor and population.
5. Antioch is frequently mentioned in the Acts
CHAPTER YllL— questions.
1. In what countries was the gospel preached by the apostles ?
2. What is said of these countries ?
3. With what success did the af)ostles meet?
4. What is said of Syria and Antioch ?
5. What further is related of Antioch ?
44 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
of the Apostles ; it was the native place of St, Luke, and for some time the residence of St. Peter and St. Paul; and here the disciples of Christ were first called Christians.
6. Asia Minor contained a number of divisions or provinces, some of the principal of which were Cap-pa-do' ci-a, Pon'tus, Lyc-a-o'ni-a, Ga-la'ti-a, Ci-li'ci-a, Pam-phyl'i~a, A'si-a, and Bi-thyn'i-a.
7. Asia was a proconsular province, comprising Mys'i-a, Lyd'i-a, Ca'ri-a, and most of Phryg'i-a, in the western part.
8. Eph'e-sus, the capital of the province of Asia, was a large and splendid city, celebrated for a magnificent temple of Di-a'na,. which was reck- oned one of the seven wonders of the world.
9. St. Paul spent some time at Ephesus ; here St. John passed the latter part of his life ; and of the church here, Timothy was appointed bishop.
10. The " seven churches of Asia," mentioned in the Revelation, namely, Eph'e-sus, Smyr'na, Per'ga-mos, Thy-a-ti'ra, Sar'dis, Phil-a-deVphi-a, and La-od-i-ce' a, were all in the province of Asia.
11. Smyrna, a large commercial city, is noted for having been considered by some as the birth- place of Homer ; Per'ga-mos, as the royal city of Eu'me-nes ; Sar'dis, as the residence of the rich king Croesus ; Mi-le'tus, for its riches and com- merce, and a temple of Apollo.
6. What is said of Asia Minor ? 7. What of the prov- ince of Asia ? 8. What of Ephesus ? 9. Which of the apostles resided here ?
10. What were the " seven churches," and where situated ?
11. What is said of Smyrna, Pergamos, Sardis, and Miletus ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 45^
12. Tar'sus, the capital of Cilicia, was a large city, noted for the arts and sciences, and as the birthplace of St. Paul ; I-co'ni-um, as the capital of Lyc-a-o'ni-a ; Pa'phos, as the capital of the island of Cyprus.
13. Greece, at this period, was divided into two Roman provinces, namely, A-cha'i-a and Mac-e- do'ni-a.
14. Achaia comprised Greece Proper and the Pel-o-pon-ne'sus ; and Macedonia consisted of Ma- cedonia Proper, Thessaly, and Epirus.
15. Cor'inth, the capital of Achaia, was situated on a gulf and an isthmus of the same name, and was famous for commerce, wealth, and the arts, and for the celebration of the Isthmian games in its vicinity.
16. Ath'ens, the most renowned city of Greece, was for a long time the most, celebrated seat of learning in the world, and gave birth to many of the most eminent men of antiquity ; yet this city, as well as those less enlightened, " was wholly given to idolatry."
17. Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca, now Salonica, the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia, was a large commercial city.
18. Phi-lip' pi, situated north-east of Thessalo- nica, was famous for the defeat of Brutus and Gassius.
19. Crete, a large island lying south-east of Greece, and much celebrated in Grecian history,
12. What is said of Tarsus, &c. ?
13. How was Greece now divided ?
14. What did x'Vchaia comprise, and what Macedonia ?
15. What is said of Corinth ? 16. Athens ? 17. Thessalonica ? 18. Philippi ? 19. Crete?
46 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
was visited by St. Paul, accompanied by Titus, who was left here to regulate the affairs of the churches.
20. Pat'mos, a small barren island, is celebrated, for being the place to which St. John was banished.
21. The great and powerful city of Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire, which, in the time of the gospel history, was nearly in its great- est extent, and embraced most of the then known world.
22. The Roman Empire was, during the minis- try of St. Paul, successively governed by the em- perors Ti-be'ri-us, Ca-Ug'u-la, Claudi-us, and JVe'ro.
CHAP. IX.
Labors and Travels of St. Paul and the other Apostles.
1. The labors of St. Peter, so far as they are recorded in the New Testament, were limited to Palestine and the city of Antioch; yet, from his addressing his first epistle to the Christians dis- persed in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, he is supposed to have preached in those countries.
20. What is said of Patmos ?
21. What is said of Rome and the Roman Empire ?
22. By what emperors was the empire governed during St. Paul's ministry ?
CHAPTER IX.— questions. 1. What is said of the labors of Peter ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 47
2. St. John preached the gospel for a while in Palestine. He was at length banished to the island of Patmos; and he passed the latter part of his life in Asia Minor, chiefly at Ephesus.
3. James, the brother of John, suffered martyr- dom under Herod Agrippa, as related in Acts, xii.
4. The other apostle James, the brother of Jude, sometimes called James the Less, was the author of the epistle which bears his name, and was bishop of Jerusalem, w^here he suffered martyrdom, A. D. 62.
5. Of the labors of the rest of the twelve original disciples or apostles, subsequent to the ascension of our Savior, scarcely any thing is recorded in the ^ew Testament.
6. St. Paul, who was appointed an apostle after the ascension of our Savior, and was preeminent for his various endowments, " labored more abun- dantly than all the others," and is styled the great apostle of the Gentiles.
7. He was a native of Tarsus, a Hebrew of the tribe of Benjamin, was educated a Pharisee, and possessed, by birth, the privilege of a Roman citi- zen. This privilege, it has been maintained by some, was conferred on his ancestors ; but others suppose that, at this period, all the natives of Tar- sus enjoyed it.
8. St. Paul was, for a time, zealous for the Jew- ish religion, and employed himself in cruelly per-
2. What is said of John ?
3. What is said of James the brother of John ?
4. What of the other apostle James ?
5. What of the rest of the 12 original disciples ?
6. What is said of St. Paul ? 7. What of his birth and origin ?
8. What further is related of him ?
48 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
secuting the Christians ; and it was while on a journey from Jerusalem to Damascus, for this pur- pose, that his miraculous conversion took place, A. D. 35, or 36.
9. After his conversion, he went to Damascus, thence into Arabia, where he passed considerable time ; then returned to Damascus, and afterwards to Jerusalem.
10. After this first return to Jerusalem, subse- quent to his conversion, he performed four apostolic journeys from that city, before he was sent a prisoner to Rome.
11. Some of the principal companions and assistants of Paul in his labors among the Gentiles, were Bar'na-bas, Si'las, Tim'o-thy, A-pol'los, Ti'- tus, and Luke.
12. In his first apostolic journey from Jerusalem, Paul proceeded by way of Ccss-a-re'a to Tarsus ; , thence to Antioch ; and, after spending considera- ble time here, he returned to Jerusalem, A. D. 44, accompanied by Barnabas, bringing relief to the suffering Christians in Judea.
13. In his second journey, Paul returned to An- tioch; thence by Se-leu'ci-a first to SaVa-mis in Cyprus, then to Paphos, the capital of the island, where he converted the proconsul Ser'gi-us Pau'- lus, and struck with blindness the sorcerer El'y- mas, who attempted to hinder his conversion.
9. To what places did he proceed after his conversion ?
10. How many apostolic journeys did he perform after this return to Jerusalem ?
11. Who were some of his principal companions and assistants ?
12. What was his route in his first journey ?
13. What course did he pursue in his second journey, and what took place at Paphos ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 4Q»
14. From Paphos he proceeded to Perga; thence to Antioch in Pisldia; thence to Lys'tra, where he cured a cripple ; and the people who saw this miracle, were at first eager to offer sacrifice to him and his companion Barnabas ; but they after- wards stoned him, dragged him out of the city, and left him for dead.
15. From Lystra he proceeded to Der'he; thence returning again to Lystra, Iconium, Antioch, and Perga ; thence by way of At-ta-li'a to Anti- och in Syria : after spending considerable time here, he, together with Barnabas, went again to Jerusalem, A. D. 49, in order to consult the apostles and elders, on the controversy which arose respecting circumcision and other legal ceremonies.
16. After the council of Jerusalem, Paul com- menced his third apostolic journey ; returning with Barnabas to Antioch, he took Silas for a com- panion, and proceeded to Der'he and Lys'tra, where he received Timothy as an assistant ; thence through Phryg'i-a, Ga-la'ti-a, and Mys'i-a, to Tro'as, where Luke is supposed to have joined him.
17. From Troas he proceeded by Sam-o-thra'- ci-a and JSfe-ap' o-lis to Phi-lip'pi, where he, together with Silas, w^as put in prison, but was de- livered by an earthquake ; and he afterwards con- verted the jailer and his family.
18. From Philippi, he proceeded to Am-phip'o-
14. To what places did he proceed from Paphos, and what took place at Lystra ?
15. What was his course afterwards, and on what oc- casion did he return to Jerusalem ?
16. What was his course in his third journey ?
17. What was his course afterwards, and what took place at Philippi ?
18. What places did he next visit ?
50 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
lis, Ap-ol-lo' ni-a, Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca, Be-re'a, and Ath'ens.
19. At Athens, he was brought before the su- preme couYt of A-7'e-op'a-gus for trial, and before this tribunal, composed of statesmen and-philosophers, he delivered the speech recorded in Acts, xvii.
20. From Athens he proceeded to Cor'inih, where he remained about a year and a half, and was here brought by the Jews before the proconsul Gallio.
21. Embarking from Cen'chre-a, a port of Corinth, after touching at Ej)h'e-sus, he landed at CcEs^a-j'e'a, and proceeded again to Jerusalem, A. D. 53.
22. After a short stay at Jerusalem, Paul went to Antioch, proceeding on his fourth apostolic journey through Ga-la'ti-a and Phryg'i-a to Ej)h'- e-sus, where he remained two or three years, and left the city after a riot was raised against him by Demetrius the silversmith.
23. From Ephesus he proceeded by way of Troas to Macedonia, passing through that country and Greece, again visiting Corinth and Philippi ; thence sailing by Troas to Mi-le'tus, where he met the Ephesian Christians, and took the affecting leave of them recorded in Acts xx.
24. From Miletus, he proceeded by Cos, Rhodes, Pat'a-ra, Tyre, Ptol-e-ma'is, and Cces-a-re'a, to
19. What took place at Athens ?
20. What city did he then visit, and what took place at Corinth ?
21. By what places did he return to Jerusalem ?
22. What was his course in his fourth journey, and what took place at Ephesus ?
23. What was his route from thence, and what took place at Miletus ?
24. By what places did he return to Jerusalem ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 51
Jerusalem, where he arrived before the feast of Pentecost, A. D. 58.
25. After his return to Jerusalem from his fourth apostolic journey, the Jews caused an excitement against him, and he was sent a prisoner by way of An-iip' a-tris to Cas-a-re'a, to be tried by Felix, the governor.
26. Ha\ing been detained a prisoner two years at Cffisare'a, where he delivered the defences re- corded in Acts xxii. and xxvi., he availed himself of his privilege of a Roman citizen by appealing to the emperor.
27. He was accordingly sent to Rome with other prisoners, under the care of the centurion Julius, and was accom.panied by St. L/uke.
28. In their voyage (^ee Map JVo. F7.), they touched at Si'don and J^Iy'ra, sailed near Cni'dus^ thence round the east end of Crete ; and after be- ing " exceedingly tossed with a tempest," for four- teen days, they were shipwTecked near the island of Mel'i-ta, where they all got safe to shore.
29. From Mel'i-ta they proceeded by Syr'a-cuse, Pu-te'o-Ii, Ap'pi-i Fo'rum, and The Three Tav- erns, till they finally arrived at Rome, A. D. 61.
30. Paul dwelt two years in the city, in hired lodgings, where he received all that came to him, preaching the gospel without interruption.
31. During this imprisonment at Rome, the apostle wrote his epistles to the E-phe'sians, Fhi- Up'pi-ans, Co-los'sians, and to Phi-le'mon.
25. What happened after his return ?
26. What took place at Csesarea ?
27. By whom was he accompanied to Rome ?
28. What is related respecting the voyage ?
29. How did he proceed from Melita ?
30. What did he do at Rome ? 31. What epistles did he write during this imprisonment ?
52 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
32. The most of his other epistles had before this time been written at different places, as may be seen in the Table on the following page.
33. St. Luke concludes his narrative in the Acts, with this imprisonment at Rome ; and the sub- sequent history of St. Paul is uncertain ; but it was the uniform tradition of the primitive church, that he was afterwards imprisoned a second time at Rome, and that he suffered martyrdom under the emperor Nero, in or about the year A. D. 66.
32. What is said of the other epistles ? 33. What fur- ther is related of St. Paul ?
Questions on the Map of the Travels of St. Paul.
No. VI.
1. What countries were situated on the east of the Mediterranean or Great Sea ?
2. What countries were in the west of Asia Minor ? 3. In the south? 4. In the north ? 5. In the east ?
6. How Vv'as Galatia situated ? 7. Troas ? 8. The island of Cyprus ? 9. Crete ? 10. Patraos ? 11. Sicily ? 12. Melita.?
13. How was Greece or Achaia situated ? 14. Mace- donia ? 15. Thrace ? 16. Epirus ? 17. Illyricum ? 18. Thessaly ? 19. Dalmatia ? 20. Italy ?
21. Which way from Jerusalem to Damascus ? 22. Gaza ? 23. Antioch ? 24. Alexandria ? 25. Ephesus ? 26. Cy-re'ne ? 27. Athens ?
28. How was Antioch situated ? 29. Tarsus ? 30. Ico- nium? 31.Paphos.? 32. Attalia.? 33. Antioch in Pisidia .?
34. What towns were there on the west coast of Asia Minor, and on the east of the iEgean Sea ?
35. How was Smyrna situated ? 36. Ephesus ? 37. Pergamos? 38. Miletus ? 39. Philadelphia? 40. Sar- dis ? 41. Co-los'se and Laodicea ?
42. How was Athens situated ? 43. Thessalonica ? 44. Corinth ? 45. Philippi ? 46. Berea ? 47. Cenchrea ? 48. Rome? 49. Syracuse ? 50. Rhegium? 51. PuteoU?
52. By what places did St. Paul pass in his voyage from Csesarea to Rome ?
SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY. 63
TABLE,
^Exhibiting, in chronological order, the places where, and the times when, the books of the New Testament were written, according* to Dr. Lardner.
The Gospels and the Acts.
Places. A. D.
St. Matthew ........ Judea, or near it . about 64
St. Mark Rome about 64
St. Luke . Greece . . about 63 or 64
St. John Ephesus about 68
The Acts of the Apostles Greece . . . about 63 or 64
St. Paul's Epistles.
1 Thessalonians Corinth 52
2 Thessalonians Corinth 52
Galatians . Corinth or Ephesus 52 or 53
1 Corinthians Ephesus 56
1 Timothy Macedonia 56
Titus Macedonia, or near it . . 56
2 Corinthians Macedonia 57
Romans Corinth 58
Ephesians Rome 61
2 Timothy Rome 61
Philippians Rome 62
Colossians Rome 62
Philemon Rome 62
Hebrews Rome or Italy 63
The Catholic Epistles.
James Judea 61 or 62
1 Peter and 2 Peter .... Rome 64
Jude Unknown 64 or 65
1 John Ephesus 80
2 John and 3 John Ephesus . . . from 80 to 90
The Revelation Patmos or Ephesus 95 or 96
54 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY.
The dates of several of the Epistles have been much controverted. According to Dr. Lardner, the Second Epistle to Timothy was written by Paul, during his first imprisonment at Rome ; but Michaelis, Rosenmiiller, Macknight, Paley, and other judicious critics, maintain that it was written during the apostle's second imprison- ment, and but little before he suffered martyrdom.
Many learned critics suppose that the First Epistle to Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus, were written as late as the year 64 or 65.
Thirteen of the Epistles were avowedly written by St. Paul ; but the Epistle to the Hebrews, which is ascribed to him by Dr. Lardner, is anonymous, and the question respecting the author of it has been much con- troverted. The prevailing opinion, however, in the Christian church, has been, that it was written by Paul ; and this opinion is supported by a majority of modern critics.
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