ma AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION VOLUME XXI-1915 1X7^ yzd-ka* lu~ n-^u^J January to July, Inclusive THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHER ULTY 0F F0BI8IM Washington, d. c. APR 2 0 1911 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXI INDEX OF AUTHORS Page A] 155 567 V . irticle by 803 • 46 W , article by 128 article by 607 ! , article by 532 il.. article by 51 Morey, poem by 33 . W. R., article by 186, 628 le by 94 Mien, article by 64, 100 ■ .in II., article by 168 B., article by 109 . article by 199 tide by 581 I '• B., article by 18, 57i Drinker, Dr. H. S., article by 818 B , article by 693 792 '■'■ . ■ em by ssi Henry S., article by 47 59 E. M., article by 559 William L., articli by U7 Page Hazen, E. B., article by 208, 576 Helms, T. R., article by 527 Jensen, Jens, article by 815 Langille, H. D., article by 130 Levison, J. J., article by 714, 797 McAtee, W. L., article by 681 Martin, E. P., article by 614 Maxwell, Hu, article by 34 Miller, Warren H., article by 543, 719, 780 Mueller, Harry J., article by 732 Pardoe, Avern, article by 817 Plummer, H. W., article by 94 Pullman, Raymond, article by 83 Shinn, Julia T., article by 653 Smith, Herbert A., article by 172 Sterling, E. A., article by 55, 768 Van Norden, Ottomar H., article by ' m Washburn, Stanley, article by 755 Whitaker, Charles Harris, article by .... 22 Williams, Mrs. Lydia Adams, article by. . 204 Wilson, Ellwood, article by 71, 148, 217, 597, 674, 749, 824 Woodward, Karl W., article by 103 Worcester, Dean C, article by ' j Wright, Allen Henry, article by 110, 127 CONTENTS HI GENERAL INDEX Page Aiding Forest Communities (Editorial) ... 69 Aiding Timber Owners 207 Allen, E. T., Director of the American For- estry Association — photograph .... 730 American Academy of Arborists 712 American Forestry, A Larger 739 American Forestry Magazine, The Im- proved 779 American Forestry Association, Annual Meeting 143 American Lumber Market, The, Part 1 — E. B. Hazen 208 American Lumber Market, The, Part 2 — E. B. Hazen 576 American Willow Industry 778 Annual Meeting of the American Forestry Association 143 Annual Meeting, Announcement of the. . . 57 An Explanation 767 Another Large Elm 541 Arborists, American Academy of 712 Ash Trees, Hickories, Elms and — Warren H. Miller 719 Ax Marks in Trees, Old — Avern Pardoe. . 817 Battle Creek, Beautifying 198 Beautifying Battle Creek 198 Belgium, The Forests of — Charles Harris Whitaker 22 Bermuda's Little Trees— W. R. Brown ... 186 Bird Enemies of Forest Insects — W. L. McAtee 681 Bird Houses, Building — Ned Dearborn .... 660 Bird Houses, Care of — Ned Dearborn. . . . 582 Birds, Brookline Protects — Charles B. Floyd 792 Birkinbine Dead, John 712 Black Hawk Tree, The— Jens Jensen 815 Bombardment of Papeete — By a Tahitian of High Rank 553 Bonding National Forests— Henry S. Graves 59 Boroughs, Tree Planting in Three — J. Gerry Curtis 199 Boy Scouts and Forests — K. W. Wood- ward 103 British Columbia, Developing 644 British Columbia Notes (Department of Magazine) .73, 599, 750, 826 Brookline Protects Birds — Charles B. Floyd ', 792 Building Bird Houses — Ned Dearborn .... 660 Page California Tree Novelties, Part 1— E. A. Sterling 768 Canadian Department, The (Department of Magazine) — Ellwood Wilson 71, 148, 217, 597, 674, 749, 824 Canadian Lumber Competition — H. D. Langille 130 Care of Bird Houses — Ned Dearborn 582 Carnegie, Andrew — Vice President of the American Forestry Association — photograph 201 Chapman, Herman H. — Director of the American Forestry Association — photograph 813 Chinese Trees Do Well Here 564 Clerk's Work on a National Forest, A — Julia T. Shinn 653 Colorado School of Forestry 65 1 1 Commissioner, A New Conservation 736 Competition, Canadian Lumber — H. D. Langille 130 Conference in the White Mountains, Forest 791 Connecticut Forestry Meetings 594 Connecticut, Largest Elm In — Norman de W. Betts 128 Conservation Commissioner, A New 736 Conservation of Water by Storage, A Work On — Reviewed by Dr. H. S. Drinker 818 Conventions — See Maine Forestry Associa- tion; New York State meeting; North Carolina meeting; Thirty- Fourth Annual meeting American Forestry Association; Connecticut Forestry meeting; American For- estry Association Day . Cornell, Farmers' Week At 183 Country Estate, Hardwoods on the — War- ren H. Miller 780 Court Orders Forestry Practiced 217 Coyotes Spread Hydrophobia 214 Crocker, Mrs. Emmons — Mrs. Lydia Adams-Williams 204 Current Literature (Department of Mag- azine)..79, 152, 223, 603, 676, 751, 827 Danger Signal for Wisconsin, A 215 Dead, Hon. Curtis Guild 645 Destroying Mount Mitchell — Raymond Pullman 83 Developing British Columbia 644 CONTENTS Page 141 Editorial) 70 .re, i g2l Brookline— Charles B. 792 . To 213 J.R.Simmons .so Page Protection on the National Forests in 1914, The Fire — Henry S. Graves 47 Ranger's Prayer, The Forest 58 Recreation, Forests and— Warren H.Miller 543 Register of Foresters 212 Reserve, New England's Federal Forest — Philip W. Ayres 803 Reserves, More Eastern Foiest 744 Reviews, Book: Forest Valuation — H. H. Chapman 151 Preservation of Structural Tim- ber— Howard F. Weiss 152 Studies of Trees — J. J. Levison. . . . 152 Song of Service — Charles H. Mack- intosh 152 The Earth: Its Life and Death — A. Berget 222 Vertical Farming — Gilbert E. Bailey 222 Our National Defense, The Patriot- ism of Peace — George H. Maxwell 602 Some Lumber Problems — Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manu- facturers' Association 662 The Log of a Timber Cruiser — W. P. Lawson 673 Room for 5,000,000 Shade Trees 590 Russian War Zone, Forests in the — Stan- ley Washburn 755 School, Georgia State Forest 626 Schcol, Japanese Forest 814 School of Forestry, Colorado 650 Scouts and Forests, Boy— K. W. Wood- ward 103 Selecting Shade Trees— S. B. Detwiler. . . 18 Selecting Trees and Shrubs 591 Shade Trees and Shrubs— J. J. Levison. . . 714 Shade Trees, Ornamental and (Department of Magazine) — T. J. Levison. . .714, 797 Shade Trees, Room for 5,000,000 590 Shade Trees, Selecting— S. B. Detwiler . . 18 Shade Trees, 320 Miles of 729 Shade Trees Worth $17,000,000 32 Shrubs, Selecting Trees and 591 Sledding Log Hauler, A 649 State Forester, Virginia's 203 States, The Forestry Issue in the Lake — H. H. Chapman 656 Sterling, E. A., Director of the American Forestry Association — photograph. 731 Storage, A Work on the Conservation of Water by— Reviewed by Dr. H. S. Drinker §17 Story of White Pine, The— Hu Maxwell . . 34 Students, Oregon Forest 740 CONTENTS VII Page Swan's New Position, O. T 575 Taft, William Howard, Vice-President of the American Forestry Association — photograph 202 Tale of the Trail, A (Poem)— James W. Foley 581 Teal, Joseph N., Vice-President of the American Forestry Association- photograph 626 Ten Million Dollars Needed for Forest Re- serves 670 Texas Forestry Law 615 Texas, W. Goodrich Jones of 738 The Crisis in New York— H. H. Chapman 168 The Forestry Issue in the Lake States— H. H. Chapman 656 Thirty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Forestry Association ... 143 Three Hundred and Twenty Miles of Shade Trees 729 Three Miles of Flame — Allen Chamberlain 64 Timber Owners, Aiding 207 To Promote the Use of Wood 213 Township Forestry Club— George B. Cobb 109 Trail, A Tale of the (Poem)— James W. Foley 581 Trail, The Mount Mitchell— H. W. Plum- mer and N. Buckner 93 Tree, Flushing's Oldest— E. P. Martin. .-. . . 614 Tree Fruits and Flowers — Warren H. . Miller 617 Tree Novelties, California (Part 1)— E. A. Sterling 768 Tree Planting in Newark — Carl Bannwart 46 Tree Planting in Three Boroughs-r-J. Gerry Curtis 199 Tree, The Black Hawk — Jens Jensen 815 Trees, Bermuda's Little— W. R. Brown. . . 186 Trees Do Well Here, Chinese 564 Trees, Hickories, Elms and Ash — Warren H. Miller 719 Trees, Old Ax Marks in — Avem Pardoe. . . 817 Trees, Ornamental and Shade (Depart- ment of Magazine — J. J. Levison 714, 797 Page Trees, Room for 5,000,000 Shade 590 Trees, Selecting Shade — S. B. Detwiler. . . 18 Trees Worth $17,000,000, Shade 32 Uncle Sam in the Movies — C. J. Blanchard 532 Vermont, Forestry Education in 99 Victory for Amendment No. 9 (Editorial) . . 68 Virginia's State Forester 203 War and German Forests, The Great — • Poultney Bigelow 607 War's Destruction of French Forests, The Great, Jean-Paul Alaux 155 War Notes from French Forests 612 War Zone, Forests in the Russian — Stan- ley Washburn 755 Warnings, Forest Fire 587 Waste in the Woods, Lumber 745 Water by Storage, A Work on the Conser- vation of, Reviewed by Dr. H. S. Drinker 818 White, Capt. John B., Director of the American Forestry Association — photograph 551 White Mountains, Forest Conference in the 791 White Mountain Forests, Improving — William L. Hall 117 White Pine, The Story cf— Hu Maxwell . . 34 Willow Industry, American 778 Wisconsin, A Danger Signal for 215 Wisconsin, Forestry in — E. M. Griffith. . . 559 Wisconsin's Forestry Tangle 206 Wisdom, Words of 216 With the Foresters (Notes) 147, 219 Wood, To Promote the Use of 213 Woodlot Forestry— S. B. Detwiler 571 Woodlot Improvement . 616 Woods, Lumber Waste in the 745 Words of Wisdom 216 Work on the Conservation of Water by Storage, A — -Reviewed by Dr. H. S. Drinker 818 Worth $17,000,000, Shade Trees 32 Zone, Forests in the Russian War — Stan- ley Washburn 755 American Forestry VOL. XXI JANUARY, 1915 No. 1 PHILIPPINE FOREST WEALTH AN OPPORTUNITY, WITH PROPER CONSERVATION TO MAKE THE ISLANDS' TIMBER LANDS STEADILY INCREASE IN VALUE By Dean C. Worcester Formerly Secretary of the Interior to the Philippine Islands THE land area of the Philippines is approximately 115,000 square miles of which no less than 40,000 are still covered by virgin forests, while second growth forests, of greater or less value, hold possession of an additional 20,000. All but an insig- nificant fraction of this vast area belongs to the public domain and public forest lands can be acquired for agricultural purposes only upon a proper certificate from the director of forestry that they are more valuable for agriculture than for forest purposes. They produce timber, cabinet woods, and other valuable forest products in great abundance and endless variety, and the Philippine stand of hard wood is undoubtedly one of the most import- ant remaining in the world. More than 2,500 tree species have now been identified. Notable among the very valuable structural timbers is molave, which has a grain of such nature that it can hardly be split. It is practically impervious to the attacks of "white ants" and is capable of resisting the injurious effects of the tropical sun and rain for centuries. Let anyone who doubts the strict accuracy of this statement examine the forts, now falling into ruins, built long ago for defense against the Moros, or the window sills of the oldest buildings in the city of Manila. Numerous other woods, admirably suited to structural work of all kinds, including the hand- somest and most durable inside finish- ing, are to be had in great abundance. There are many cabinet woods which leave nothing to be desired in beauty, workability and durability. It is a thousand pities that some of these, like red laudn, should have been introduced into the markets of the United States under such misleading designations as "Philippine mahogany." The woods which most nearly approach mahogany in color and texture are red ndrra and tindalo, each of which is quite good enough to be known under its own name. Good matchwood abundance . Pa hn a bows and fishrods. excellent substitute I once began the is produced in brava makes fine Mdncono is an for lignum- vitae. preparation of a memorandum on the several uses to which I had seen bamboo put, but after writing quite steadily for three days gave up the task on which I had then made only a fair beginning. One of the common bamboos produces an excel- lent paper pulp and doubtless a number of tree species would be available for this use. Dye woods are to be had in consider- able abundance. There are good stands of gutta-percha trees at various points in the southern islands. The pitch of the pine trees which cover great areas in Northern Luzon is exceptionally rich in turpentine and there are numerous other valuable gums and rosins of which the most important is damar, locally known as almdciga, used in making 1 AMERICAN FORESTRY Typical Filipino Houses. showing i ii k mixed construction of boards and bamboo with nipa palm thatch. the better houses have ki-; built of wood throughout. the poorer ones are constructed chiefly of palm leaves or grass and bamboo. varnish. The damar of commerce is a dug from the earth, but the which product' it exist in abundance today and are adily sending their m into the ground for the ible benefit of future generations. Ex1 mangrove swamps lining many of the more sheltered shores for distances produce the best of fire ! and good tan bark. Valuable abundant in many of the damper foi Th< lumbang tree are rich in a ble drying oil, utilizable in mix'- ] varnishes, and pili »me an article of : are beginning to find of the people of I know of no other and properly ler. which we ourselves have shown towards the con- servation of our own forest resources in the immediate past we should not wonder that the Filipinos, by which term I designate the Christianized- civilized residents of the archipelago, should still be utterly indifferent to the preservation of their forests as a per- manent source of wealth. Much less would a similar attitude on the part of most of the wild tribes afford ground for surprise, and it is indeed extraordinary that two of the latter peoples, the Lepanto Igorots and the Bontoc Igorots, should have been the only inhabitants of the archipelago to appreciate the importance of conserving their forests and should have promulgated and enforced rules to accomplish this result, yet such is the case. On my first trip to Cayan, Tadian and 1 Lepanto I was struck by the * A i > IJ \ o H < > 06 in Z O O H (/) W a, o to O (/) w H «! U o > > X w o AMERICAN FORESTRY An Old Style Saw Mill. HEAVY HARDWOOD LO IS WERE CUT INTO BOARDS BY MAN POWER SOMEWHAT IN THE SAME WAY THE WORK IS DONE IN SOME DISTRICTS OF CHINA TO THIS DAY. peculiar appearance of many pine trees from which all of the branches, except a l' the top, had been carefully cut. I found that the individual trees were all "owned" but that the owners were not allowed to fell them until they had attained a certain minimum size, al- though they might meanwhile cut the lo\vm the saws. Indeed up to the present time it has proved impracticable to use band saws successfully in milling the harder woods. Little by little the skidding engine and the logging railway took the place of the slow -moving carabao and up-to-date methods are now iirmh lished. Philippine forest lands are not subject to alienation. Wood cutters pay a very moderate stumpage tax. Many lum- bermen work under annual licenses which may or may not be exclusive, but such an arrangement would of course not justify the investment of large capital in the construction of logging roads or the installation of expensive machinery, and persons wishing to operate on a large scale are granted twenty-year license agreements cover- ing tracts as large as they can reason- ably be expected to utilize during the time the licenses run. Such concessions are in each case granted to the highest and best bidder after being duly adver- tised. They cost nothing, the "bid" covering such items as the amount to be invested, the value and character of the plant to be installed, the time within which operations will begin, the scale on which they will be con- ducted, the guaranteed minimum annual cut, and in some instances the percentage of the total cut which will be offered for sale to the public and the maximum •*> Hauling Logs in the Philippines. RS ffS'SKr^ss^--™. PHILIPPINE FOREST WEALTH Type of Kalunti-Lauan. one of the famous woods of the philippines and which is expected to become very popular when it is better KNOWN. prices which will be charged. Special attention was given to these last two, items in connection with concessions covering forest tracts near Baguio, the summer capital, where the supply of timber is limited and there would be a possibility of monopolization with re- sulting high prices were the interests of the public not adequately safeguarded. There is a clause in each contract providing for its cancellation in the event that its beneficiaries fail to live AMERICAN FORESTRY , the fulfillment of d by the re- the Bureau of 1 lumbermen by Id studies and by advice which should be d in field and milling operations, lopmenl of the lumber industry has been rapid, especially dur- • few years, the annual cut 77,585,180 board feet in 1911; 925 in 1912 and 112,360,000 in 1913, The officials of the Forest Service ■ ten times the latter amount be removed from the public annually without diminishing their productivity. The Director of Forestry is vested with adequate authority to control all cutting operations so as to prevent needless tion and to provide adequately the reproduction of the more im- int tree species, with the result that in many instances lumbering opera- tions have resulted in actual improve- ment of the forest areas affected. If the present policy is steadily adhered to the public forests of the Philippines can be made a permanent source of great wealth to the people and of revenue to their government. From the outset preferential attention has been given to protecting the inter- ests of the individual. The old Spanish charges on timber to be used for house construction or other non-commercial purposes have been entirely done away with. Even in the areas covered by "exclusive" concessions, neighboring residents are granted the right to obtain, free of charge, fuel and timber for their personal use, but many Filipinos have bitterly resented the restriction of the wanton destruction of valuable timber by the making of needless caingins. Only a very few of the most enlightened give a thought to the future or see any real need of conservation. They wish to take from the public forest whatever One Method of Hauling Logs. V m. WORK WAS DONE MANY VEARS AGO THE SAME METHOD IS „ COMMOX USE TODAY. PHILIPPINE FOREST WEALTH 11 Typical Forest Scene in the Philippines IT SHOWS THE ROOTS OF THE BALETE TREE. THE TREES OF THIS SPECIES ARE GENERALLY BELIEVED THROUGHOUT POLYNESIA TO BE THE ABODES OF SPIRITS AND IN THE TERRITORY OF THE MORE BACKWARD PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES IT IS SOMETIMES DIFFICULT TO GET THEM REMOVED WHEN THEY INTERFERE WITH ROAD CONSTRUCTION. they require, without payment and without limitations of any sort. In many instances the maker of the unlaw- ful caingin is a poor native employed by a rich one. If detected he is left to pay the penalty for his wrong conduct; otherwise the land cleared is eventually incorporated with that of the rich neighbor who hired him to violate the law. It is therefore needless to say that the work of the forestry bureau has not been popular with the Filipinos. Many of the lumbermen in the Philip- pines are, like many lumbermen else- where, not in favor of any restrictions on cutting operations, and inclined to dis- regard future advantage for present gain, so it has resulted that the Philip- pine Forest Service, which helps lumber- men and the public alike, has been rather short of friends. Under the plea of economy and of the need of a more equitable division of the funds of the government between bu- reaus, the annual appropriation for the support of its work was greatly reduced AMERICAN FORESTRY Among the Benguet Pines. A SAMPLE OF THE ADMIRABLE ROADS CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE UNITED STATES ADMINISTRATION. some years since. An unsuccessful ■rt was made at that time to have it i dated with the bureau of agri- culture, and it has since had to struggle to justify its existence as a separate entity A the executive official exercising 1 over it, I sought to accomplish two things. The first was to demon- it. its continued existence was tified "ii financial grounds, regardless of the importance of preventing wasteful foresl destruction, by the increase in which resulted from in stimulating healthful development of the lumber industry, the bureau of internal ■ >llcct the amounts due the rnment from lumbermen. My efforts in this regard met with a considerable degree of success. I was at first refused an increased appropria- tion necessary if officers of the Forest Service were to be sent into the great island of Mindanao, where practically unrestricted cutting operations were being conducted, and was advised that I could in my own discretion take such officers from other places where they were then employed and put them into this territory if I felt that their presence there would result in profit to the govern- ment. I acted upon this suggestion and the increase in forest revenue from Mindanao within a year was such as fully to demonstrate the correctness of my contention. This brought a small permanent increase in the working force of the bureau. \ « Am 7. o fa w s o o o w J CO H w u a B H w z o a = H W W u S 0 B. Z H o id a j « x < H W U w w o z AMERICAN FORESTRY lifea .in The Lauan-Hagachae Type. \ lis in some measure the difficulties of getting timber out of the heavy forests, but the open- v the construction of good roads is gradually making much of the timber available. The second thing which I sought to aside of a definite irtion of the forest revenues for the Bureau of Forestry. This I be a m of fundamental r as the lumber industry of the Phi] i the necessity hich super- ns incr< while the making of careful forestry studies and the preparation of working plans for great forest tracts promotes the healthful growth of the lumber industry, and a direct interest in forest revenues is calculated to stimulate the activity of the bureau of forestry in augmenting them. The Upper House of the Philippine PHILIPPINE FOREST WEALTH 15 Water Power Going to Waste. the development of hydraulic power has hardly begun in the philippines. it has great possibilities in regions where forested watersheds cause a gradual run-off. legislature ultimately adopted this plan in practice, appropriating an amount equal to 10% of the revenue of the previous year for work in the special government provinces which were under its exclusive legislative control, and voting for the appropriation of an amount equivalent to 50% of these revenues for the work in the remainder of the archipelago. It was reported that the Filipino Lower House favored the latter appro- priation: but there was no opportunity to test the truth of this statement as during several successive years the two houses failed to agree on a new appro- AMERICAN FORESTRY n bill and the old one continued - little faith can be willingness of the Lower rest conservation. learly appeared in connec- n1 efforts to secure im- e reforms. Under ex- i i( >ns of law timber may be it her in the round or after it has been manufactured into lumber. In actual practice the latter procedure me almost invariably followed, with the result that the government revenue on logs cut and abandoned in the forest and on those carried out ■a by floods while being trans- ported by water. Wasteful manufac- turing methods are encouraged, as there is no charge on what goes into slab piles. No charges are paid on lumber smuggled out of the yards and sold secretly or on that which is stolen fr< im the yards or is burned or rots, for the reason that under the administration of a Filipino secretary of finance and justice, the bureau of internal revenue allows the mill men themselves to declare the amounts of lumber on which charges are due. Their declarations are not made until the lumber is shipped to mar! d there is no check on them I >t that afforded by the amounts of lumber actually received at the more important points of debarkation. This extraordinary administrative arrange- ment, not paralleled in the history of the American occupation of the Philip- pines, encourages fraud and unquestion- ably results in material loss of revenue, for although officers and employes of the bureau of forestry were finally made I revenue officers for the purpose ms, the exigencies of field service rendered it impossible for them to be stationed premanently iwmills so as to perform the very mount of work involved in manufactured lumber as it rom the saw. Measurements in round could be easily and quickly rin th< the mill heck 01 ; :ions of lum; shed tally augmenting the E In view of these facts I drafted an act providing that timber should be meas- ured in the round. It was thought that certain of the lumbermen would oppose this measure, but no opposition devel- oped when the bill came up in the Commission and it was passed by that body. Unfortunately an effective bit of lobbying had been done meanwhile in the Lower House and that body prompt- ly killed a measure which would have augmented materially the annual rev- enues of the government without inter- fering in the least with the legitimate operations of lumbermen. The Philippine Assembly has not been content with obstructing the work of the Bureau of Forestry but has twice struck at its very existence. At the last session of the legislature it passed a bill transferring all forest work to the bureau of lands for which a Filipino chief had just then been appointed. Fortunately the Upper House has not yet become oblivious to the fact that the Act of Congress of July 2, 1902, fixed certain specific duties, of a very im- portant character, for the director of the Bureau of Forestry and that the power of the Philippine legislature to defeat the will of Congress by abolishing his office is therefore decidedly doubtful. In spite of the splendid service which the Bureau of Forestry has rendered in making practicable and encouraging the building up of a great lumber business in the Philippines and in augmenting the government revenues, its continued existence is probably due only to the fact that it does not at present lie within the power of Filipino politicians to do away with it. Let us hope that it will long continue to survive political vicissitudes. Vastly more timber falls and rots annually in the Phillippines than is cut by all the lumbermen. The lumber at present manufactured is not sufficient in amount to meet the local demand, to say nothing of the possibility of build- ing up a profitable export trade. Under proper supervision the public forests will steadliy increase in value and will become an important source of per- manent wealth. Without such super- vision deforestation will progress more a a a So z 0 z uo 5 N 23 <" z tn — w . >z $2 *3 en a PL, 0! o Ix, (/! W t> X b, O w z o W Z O <2 H O m ^ J a. o x < tn H u n * S <% W w o OS o P OS H u y a! w «; Z . S£ 2 ■< O a. o u >• 6X — — a o dS P *< a w tn a. * § §s ** w < < O X n f ■J. b O O taz CQ H 5 p H 0! -J >7 it" 5 Id a d P a la i application. State for- forestrv associ- rtments from which reliable and unprejudiced information may be obtained. Those who desire to plan and direct their own forestry work are strongly urged to out- line a definite and complete program of operations before the work is started. This will insure close attention to prac- tical details and will help to avoid annoy- ing mistakes. SHADE TREES The selection of species is a matter of primary importance in shade tree plant- ing. In deciding this point the climatic and soil conditions and the location of the tree or the purpose for which it is desired must be considered. In the past the tendency has been to plant quick growing trees for immediate effect regardless of their qualifications. The results invariably have been highly unsatisfactory. In the lists given below are enumerated trees suitable for various purposes and planting sites. The trees printed in italics are those which are most desirable. STREET TREES FOR PLANTING UNDER SEVERE CONDITIONS Oriental Sycamore. — Hardiest of all for street planting, not liable to insects, rapid growth. Deep rooted, adapted to a great variety of soils. Will require pruning on narrow streets but stands Should be planted from SELECTING SHADE TREES 19 40 feet apart in poor soil to 50 feet in the more favorable sites. Norway Maple. — Very hardy, adapted to a variety of soils, has a regular com- pact crown, casts dense shade, requires little pruning. Plant 35 to 40 feet apart. Red Oak, Pin Oak, Scarlet Oak. — Best oaks for street purposes ; hardy, medium growth, moderate shade, fairly free from insects, should be spaced 40 to 50 feet apart. Red Oak is the fastest growing oak, has a wide-spreading crown, and is least fastidious in regard to soil and moisture. Scarlet oak has brilliant and persistent foliage in Autumn. Pin oak has a rather narrow, pyramidal head, and is best adapted to moist soil. It grows slowly at first but makes a good growth when well established. Oaks do not stand pruning well, and branches should be cut off at the trunk. Because pin oak branches droop more than other oaks, the branches must be pruned off far up the trunk to prevent interference with street traffic. Gingko or Maidenhair Tree. — Hardy, adapted to poor soils, casts light shade, free from enemies of all kinds. Suited to narrow streets, but the head can be broadened by proper pruning. The fruit is objectionable, but only for a short time. Spacing about 30 feet. Honey Locust. — Stands smoke well, adapted to almost any soil. Casts very light shade, good growth, fairly free from enemies. Should be planted sparingly. Spacing about 40 feet. Ailanthus. — Young trees vigorous, of good appearance, but later become unsightly. Adapted to the most ad- verse conditions . Thrives in very smoky atmosphere and in poor soil. Male tree has obnoxious odor, so only female form should be planted. Sprouts freely from roots, but these can be controlled by cutting back. Should not be considered where other trees will grow. Spacing about 30 feet. STREET TREES FOR PLANTING UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS American Elm. — A graceful tree, at- tractive in summer and winter. Tall and stately with strong arching branches. Grows rapidly in rich, well- drained, moist soil, but adapted to many soils. Should be planted only on wide avenues, 40 to 60 feet apart, according to soil conditions, usually about 50 feet. Very liable to attack by the elm leaf beetle. The English elm is smaller, more compact, not as graceful as the American elm, and more subject to insect attack. Sugar Maple. — Very hardy but exact- ing in soil and moisture, and is sensitive to dust and smoke. Rounded sym- metrical head, foliage colors brilliantly in autumn. Plant 40 to 45 feet apart. European Linden. — Well formed, rounded head, with dense beautiful foli- age, grows quite rapidly but requires good moist soil, and is very liable to insect attack. Should be spaced about 35 feet. The basswood or American Linden has larger leaves and is less valuable for street planting than the European species. Tulip Tree. — Tall, very regular form, requires good soil. Hard to transplant on account of tender roots; best results if young trees are planted. Subject to scale and other enemies. On account of its great size, should be planted only on very wide streets and in suburban sections. Spacing 45 to 60 feet. Red Maple. — Adapted to good moist soil, moderate growth, dense shade, fairly free from insects. Fine coloring in spring and fall. Space trees 35 to 40 feet apart. Sweet Gum. — Best suited to very moist, rich soil. Has compact form, beautiful foliage, especially in fall. Very free from insects. Spacing about 35 feet. White Ash. — Fairly rapid growth, hardy, suited to many soils. Grows straight and forms a round, symmetrical top. Leaves compound, and foliage in pleasing, irregular masses. Few ene- mies. Spacing about 40 feet. Hackberry. — Medium sized, symmet- rical tree, not exacting as to soil, mois- ture, or climate. Slow growth, but fairly free from pests and diseases. Spacing about 30 feet. OBJECTIONABLE SPECIES FOR STREET PLANTING ,4// Poplars (Cottonwood, Carolina poplar, white poplar, Lombardy poplar, etc.). — Very rapid growth and require AMERICAN FORESTRY cutting back. Wood soft, .lid limbs or tops frequently broken in si Surface roots raise and crack concrete walks, the thick trunks push curb stones Fine rootlets clog drains, fall during summer. Short-lived. male Cottonwood objection- abl Maple. — Grows rapidly, but is slim d, and has brittle weak branches which break easily in storms. It is hard to prune and is affected by cl pests and fungus diseases. 1 / ( i pie. — Resembles the Nor- way Maple in habit of growth, but - desirable, and is subject to borers. Boa Elder. — Grows rapidly and under ad conditions, but has a scraggy crown, branches easily broken, and twigs die readily; it is badly infested by insects, and the leaves start falling in •liner. Male Ailanthus. — The staminate or male flowers of Ailanthus produce a Strong and highly disagreeable odor. This can be avoided by planting the female form of the tree. italpa. — Common catalpa forms a sn"i" ed trunk, and an irregular head. Not at all suited for street plantin Hardy ( 'atalpa is straight and with a U-formed crown, but requires good I. Both species subject to enemies and are better as ornamental trees. Horse Chestnut. -Leaves discolor, '•el ,(,id fall in early summer. Sub- 3 of many insects and fungi. mifers— Are highly decorative ■ns and parks, but thev cannot dusty atmosphere, and the removal of the lower branches trees. [•HER THAN STREET PLANTING 'inds and parks —A may be used native to the region or to row if e conditio] imilar qua! by a change of soil uld be selected for its il and mois- "'1 for its suitability the particular purpose for which it is desired — orna- ment, shade, protection, screen, etc. Time is well spent in observing the growth of the native and planted trees of the region. Roadside trees. — All of the trees listed for street planting and many of those named for private grounds may be used. The selection of species and the spacing- should be governed by the soil and local conditions, but care should be taken that the shading of roadway and adjoining property will not be detri- mental. GENERAL INFORMATION Trees prejerring wet soil. — Pin oak, Bald cypress, Oriental sycamore, Swamp white oak, Willow oak, Sweet gum, Red maple, White birch, Black ash, Tama- rack, Willows and poplars. Tall trees with large spreading crowns. —American elm, Tulip tree, Red oak, American sycamore, Honey locust, White oak, Horse chestnut, White ash,' Black walnut. Trees with narrow pyramidal crowns. — Ginkgo, Bald cypress, European larch, Norway spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Arbor vitae, Red cedar, Red fir, Hem- lock, Lombardy poplar. Trees with very large leaves.— Catalpa, Paulonia, Ailanthus, Great flowered magnolia, Cucumber tree, Kentucky coffee tree, Black walnut, Hercules club. Trees with narrow or finely cut leaves. — Honey locust, Bald cypress, European larch, Willow oak, Black cherry, Su- mach, cut-leaved varieties of many other species and most conifers. Broad - leaved evergreens. — American holly, Great flowered magnolia, Swamp magnolia, Rhododendron, Mountain laurel. Trees with fragrant flowers.— Swamp magnolia, Lindens (American and Euro- pean), Black locust, Honey locust, Yellowwood, Wild crab apple Wild plum, Cherries, Hawthorns, June berry. trees ^ with showy white flowers (Blooming before the leaves) .—Flower- ing dogwood June berry.Plums, Cherries (blooming after the leaves) ; Catalpa, Horse chestnut, Buckeye, Magnolias, rood, Yellow-wood, Black locust, Hercules club, Mountain ash, Rhodo- SELECTING SHADE TREES 21 dendron, Hawthorns, Sourwood, Silver- bell tree, Fringe tree, Viburnum. Trees with showy yellow flowers. — Tulip tree, Cucumber tree, Yellow-buck- eye, chestnut, willows, sassafras, Witch Hazel, Birches (staminate). Trees with showy pink flowers. — Red bud, Wild crab apple, Clammy locust, Mountain laurel, Rhododendron. Trees with showy red flowers. — Red maple, Sumachs, Papaw. Trees with showy red fruits. — Moun- tain ash, Flowering dogwood. Hollies, Red maple, Magnolias, Burning bush, Hawthorns, Cherries, Plums, Yew, Su- machs, Red Ailanthus. Trees with bright Autumn foliage (Leaves turning red). — Sweet gum, Tu- pelo, Red maple, Flowering dogwood, Scarlet oak, Red oak, Sumachs, June berry, Hawthorn, Sorrell tree, Burning bush. (Leaves turning yellow) Tulip tree, Ginkgo, larch, Silver maple, White ash, Ailanthus, Cucumber tree, White birch, Hickories, Beech, Walnuts, Willows, Poplars. (Leaves turning mixed red and yellow) Sugar maple, Sweet gum. Sweet birch, Sassafras. (Leaves turning pur- ple) White ash, White oak, Red oak, Dogwood. Hardy coniferous species (Large trees). — White pine, Red pine, Pitch pine, Limber pine, Sugar pine, Table moun- tain pine, Austrian pine, Scotch pine. European larch, Norway spruce, White spruce, Red spruce, Colorado blue spruce, Engleman spruce, Douglas fir, Hemlock, Carolina hemlock, White fir, Giant arbor vitae, Bald cypress, Lauson cypress, Sitka cypress. (Medium sized and small trees.) — Nut pine, fox-tail pine, Cembrian pine, Swiss mountain pine, Mugho pine, Korean pine, Lacebark pine, Dwarf umbrella pine, Black spruce, Dwarf juniper, Drooping juniper, Red cedar, Arbor vitae, White cedar (Cham- aecyparis, Retinospora) . Trees that attract birds should be planted around houses. Thorny trees and shrubs are much sought by birds for resting places, because of the protection afforded from cats as well as other birds. Red cedar and other junipers are among the best. Others are English thorn, Hawthorn, Wild crab apple, European and American mountain ashes, smooth and staghorn sumach, Barberry, Buck- thorn, Dogwood, Virburnum. The fol- lowing planted near fruit trees and gardens will minimize depredations by birds; Red-berried elders, Buffalo berry, Bird cherry, Sweet cherry, Mulberry, Russian mulberry. Street trees for Southern States. — Live oak, Water oak, Willow oak, Laurel oak, Great flowered magnolia, Pecan, Cam- phor tree, Palmetto, Desert Palm. [In the February issue of American Forestry Mr. Detwiler will have an article telling when and how to plant shade trees, to care for them and repair them. This will be of great value to any one wishing information and will appear in time to furnish instruction regarding spring-time planting — Editor.] — nti— ■■ — n W m — .m m«^— »b^^»»iii» ni ■■ »ii ii»iiiiiihii ii« ■■— THE INDEX FOR VOLUME TWENTY OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE IS NOW READY AND WILL BE SENT UPON REQUEST TO ANY DESIRING IT '♦l—ll ■■ ■■» HB'i — ■■^^■■ — - ■■■— IB ■■— THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM By Charles Harris Whitaker THE traveler, crossing from Dover ml. or leaving the Chan- nel to wend his way slowly up the Scheldt to Antwerp, orcross- i'rom Harwich to the Hook of land, would scarcely picture the low- lyinj oast of Belgium and Holland aving once been girt with a thick this "nether land, hollow -whence we no doubt derive h of the words Netherlands and Hi -Hand- -was at one time only saved i the further relentless encroaeh- ments of the sea by the tangled woods which grew about its seaward limits. . offered a barrier against which the sea beat in vain. The impenetrable net- work of roots and branches only aided in heaping up the dunes into those bul- warks which the skill of man was to transform later into dikes, and by their aid. turn the almost impenetrable morass into a land of fertility and abundance. All of the territory which we once knew as the Netherlands, and which under the name of the Low Countries played so important a part in Europe's wars of conquest and lust for practically surrounded by On the south, the hills and valleys of the Ardennes, densely wooded, ring an almost impenetrable obstacle to in they have today played si i ini] )i irtant a part in the war by barring the direct invasion of France by It is perhaps true that would have been spared many of the horrors which have fallen to her lot had the forest of the Ardennes not ■ni mi General Staff to the occupation of almost B ium, although we ■she future the revelation of man i is which are still orld at large. On the r Badahuenna ly claim to historic value resounded the Druidical sacri- side there eat Hercynian forest. Legend has it that nine days were required to traverse the labyrinth of its wild ways from north to south, while its eastern extent was said to be so great that no German had ever been able to find its beginning, although one, most adventurous and courageous, had pluckily held to a journey of no less than sixty days. Of these forests comparatively little remains. The Wood, just outside the Hague; the groves of Harlem, the for- ests of Soignes and Ardennes are all that have been left. From Amsterdam on the north to the banks of the Meuse, and from the seacoast to the Rhine, one seldom gets a view of anything which would even suggest that a forest had ever existed in this highly cultivated land. Trees are everywhere, for the Belgians knew well how to shade their roads and protect their streams. The long rows of willows and poplars, stretching away in every direction, are familiar sights, but there is no sugges- tion of the forest until one reaches Brussels or until one has journeyed south and west and come up with the border of the Ardennes. Just above Dinant on the Meuse, already a victim to the devastation which has overtaken this dauntless nation, the Ardennes be- gin, sweeping in a southerly and south- easterly direction clear down to the con- fines of the Duchy of Luxembourg and the frontiers of France. The favorite holiday ground of thou- sands of Englishmen, the Ardennes are scarcely known to Americans. Within the boundaries of this delightful section there are to be found some of the finest woods in all Europe. Some of them seem to have come down from the days of Caesar, but best of all, one finds the t pleas ire in knowing that, thanks to the compulsory replanting laws of lelgium, they are as nearly certain of preservation as it is possible to make them. The Arduenna Silva was the most extensive forest within the Gallic do- THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM 23 policies of forest cultivation and preser- vation by both Belgium and Germany, we may not assume that there would be the slightest hesitation in destroying any extent of forest in order to ac- complish a tactical end. It is therefore not difficult to understand that within main and Caesar evidently believed it to extend from the Rhine to the North Sea, for he has so described it. It is the scene around which hang countless legends and stories and there seems no reason to believe that it was not in truth the very Forest of Arden of Shakespeare's play. It was to this forest that there came the rich noble from the court of King Pepin. So passionately fond was he of the chase that all else was neglected. On a certain Good Friday when he was follow- ing his favorite pastime, there came within his view a noble stag, bearing between its horns a golden crucifix. On urging his horse in the direction of the animal, he was astonished to note that it showed no disposi- tion to flight, but stood calmly regarding him, although with an imploring eye. Strangest of all, it spake to the huntsman in these words: "Hubert! Hubert! For how long will this idle passion for the chase tempt thee to forget- fulness of thy Salvation?" The conscience-stricken hunts- man threw himself prostrate on the ground, crying, "Lord, what shall I do? I am ready." And the voice answered, "Go to Maestri cht to see my servant Lambert. From him shalt thou learn what to do." The stag then disappeared as suddenly as he came. But Hubert went his way toward Maestri cht and to Saint Lam- bert, there to make his confession in the monastery of Stavelot. Some years later he journeyed to Rome and after the martyrdom of the area of operations which has Saint Lambert in the valley of Liege, extended from east of Liege to Antwerp, the Pope appointed Hubert to be Bishop great quantities of trees have been sac- of Tongre. So goes the legend of St. rificed for strategic purposes. This is Hubert and so goes many another, to especially true of the woods about the perpetuation of which the forest of Liege and those lying between Louvain Ardennes forever lends its deep recesses, and Brussels and between Brussels and 2U& a Vallon des Palissades. A LITTLE VALLEY WHERE ONE MAY REST IN' THAT QUIET WHICH ONLY THE FOREST GIVES. So far as is at present known, the Ardennes have not suffered materially in the present war. It is true that military necessity knows no law and M alines. The Belgians have not hesi- tated to make these sacrifices in defense of their country and the Germans have cut down any woods which interfered even in spite of the long - established with their operations. S."_'.*j*3&c tSj M '"* >i - Etang du Rouge Cloitre. . LIGHTFUL BITS OF WATER THAT DOT THE FOREST OF SOIGNES AND FORMING A PART OF THE GRAND ETANG DU ROUGE CLOITRE. lo.NASTIQUE DE GROENENDAEL. \NCIENT POND OF THE MONASTERY IN THE FOREST OF SOIGNES. 1 THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM 25 Letters which have been received Methods of Conserving Them, and es- within a very recent date indicate that pecially the Forest of Soignes." so far the forest of Soignes has been Its naivete takes one back to the spared. In view of the pangs which we fugitive broadsides and pamphlets of have all suffered at the thought of the the time of Defoe, and yet it is in destruction of the ancient buildings in reality the title of a communication Belgium and France, always secondary presented to the Fourth Congres Inter- to the thought of the agony which has been heaped upon the people themselves, it seems tri- vial to even think about a forest. Yet those who know the forest of Soignes would experience the profoundest sorrow were they forced to believe that it too had gone the way of all the rest. Soignes is at once the pride and the glory of Brussels, one of the most beautiful of all the world's forests, one of the most delightful spots in all Europe. For reasons which it is quite easy to understand, its loveli- ness is little known to the thousands of Americans who annually visit Brussels. One goes to Belgium to see its art treasures — to study Van Eyck and Memling at Bruges and Ghent, to wander through the quaintness of M alines and Lou- vain — alas! that it has gone forever! In Brussels one may drive to the Bois de la Cambre, one of the most enchanting of parks, but few evidently have the courage or desire to continue the drive and lose themselves in the glades and archways of the forest of Soignes itself, which is practically a continuation of the park. It means a whole day, starting early and returning late, if one is to gain any real idea of the forest, but few who have made the journey will ever forget it. Some few months ago there came into my hands a very curious pam- phlet with a title of such philosophic significance that in reading it one seemed an artist and landscape architect, and to go back into the past of two or formed a part of the work undertaken three centuries ago. It was entitled: by the League of the Friends of the "Study of an Element of the Restora- Forest of Soignes; it puts forth a plea tion of Public Taste through a Return for revitalizing the beauties and glories to the Contemplation of Forests and of the forest, such as must have fallen Natural Sites, particularly Forests and upon sympathetic ears. Beeches in the Forest of Soignes. the trunks are clothed in an almost translucent veil of delicate green. national d'Art Public, held at Brussels in 1910. It was signed by Rene Stevens, the artist, and Louis Van der Swaelmen, Jr., Grand Etang du Rouge Cloitre. the largest body of water within the forest of soignes. H^H MB ■ Sortie du Vallon de la Sourdine, leaving the forest of soignes by one of the valleys which lead to the open country beyond. •■!»* THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM 27 The origin of "Soignes" seems lost in the misty distances of the past, but the forest dates back to the prehistoric era. At the beginning of history it opposed an impassable barrier to the invasion of the Franks, and established the linguistic frontier of the countries which, fifteen centuries later, were to unite under the name of Belg- ium. Up to the 15th Century this ocean of verdure beat against the very foot of the hill which now forms the center of Brussels, but by the end of the 18th Century, under the Austrian domination, it had been reduced to 12,000 hectares (29,652 acres). Under the French and until 1822 it remained of this extent; but under the Dutch, and through its exploitation by the Societe Generale Neerlandaise pour fav- oriser 1' Industrie Nationale, which bought the forest from William of Holland, it became further reduced to nearly one- third that size. Todav it covers only 4,860 hectares (12,000 acres), a striking example of how the Dutch Stock Company carried out its plan of favoring national industries, and an ex- cellent illustration of the fact that great national resources were privately coveted and ex- ploited long before the present era. From among the noblest of its ranks were culled the planks of the flat-boats destined to serve Napoleon in his planned invasion of England; likewise, twenty- two thousand of its specimens o: were cut for building palisades about towns which were thought to be menaced bv the allies. Up to 1866 the forest fell victim to one interest after another, until finally the Administration became subject to such criticism that it appointed a com- mission, which, however, served only to partially arrest the destruction of the forest. During the ensuing years, up to the formation of the League of the Friends of the Forest, in 19' preservation was the constant subject of protest and agitation, and, as usual, this work centered about the person- ality of a man — Rene Stevens, painter, nature-lover, and an ardent champion of the inalienable right of the people to their national heritage. Au Vallon de Blankendelle. THE EDGE OF THE WOOD OF THE VALLEY OF BLANK- ENDELLE. Rene Stevens was to the Forest of Soignes what Denecourt was to Fon- tainebleau, and the amazing chronicle of his efforts not only to preserve the forest but to render it known, acces- sible, and beloved is the crowning achievement of his life. To his aid came many others, and, with that tenacity of purpose which has won the Flemish race its proud position, the ... tfftw V Dreve du Comte. ONE OF THE MOST MAGNIFICENT OF THE ROADS THROUGH THE FOREST OF SOIGNES, ITS ARCHED WAY OFFER- ING AN INDESCRIBABLE SPLENDOR OF LIGHT AND SHADE. THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM 29 battle was carried to a point where the League now considers that it has at- tained the following results: 1. In relation to the preservation of the integrity of the forest: a. That no concession of land of any kind, in the forest proper, shall be granted to any person soever. b. That every concession so- licited for land bordering upon the forest shall be rigorously examined and rejected whenever its granting would in any way impair or endanger the forest. c. That, should the necessities of the bordering communities demand the construction of a tramway through the forest, it shall follow the line of the already established main routes, every other route being irrevocably closed. d. That no new road, path or avenue, for any purpose soever, shall be opened in the forest. e. That not even the tiniest parcel shall be diverted for the purpose of a so-called park, and that those spots which have been so treated shall be allowed to grow u p in natural forest. 2. In relation to the forestry administration : a. Cutting by *blanc-etoc has been completely abolished. b. The coupesf jardinatoires, which have supplanted the coupes a blanc-etoc have been modified, so that the reserves shall be respected up to the point where their decay shall become mani- fest or a danger to the passer-by. These conditions have dimin- ished the revenue of the forest from five hundred thousand francs to two hundred thousand; but the League now desires to go further and, in addition to preserving the forest, to also accomplish the destruction of such features as have been introduced in order to give to it an "ornamental, exotic, or resinous" character, since these features are not only foreign to its physiognomy but are also contaminated with specimens which are destructive to the indigenous flora. In other words, the League believes that the Forest of Soignes shall and must be preserved as "a national reserve of natural beauty," and it is precisely in relation to the ONE Dreve des Enfants Xoyes. of the innumerable footways which make the forest of soignes so thoroughly accessible. influence of such a reserve of beauty upon the lives, the welfare, and the de- velopment of a people that there was written the pamphlel with the quaint title. Is it any wonder that artists such as Stevens and Swaelman made so passion- ate a plea for the preservation of the * Literally "white-stump," and referring to complete deforestation of whole areas. t After the manner of gardening; that is to say, the method of cutting out only the ripe and full-grown trees, and providing for a perpetual renewal. On the Edge of an Opening where Beeches and Oaks Stand Guard, Forest of Soignes. Vallon du Putois. a wagon road through the forest of soignes, the natural beauty of which is worth going far to see. THE FORESTS OF BELGIUM 31 Vallon de la Vuylbeek. a superb composition of sunlight and shadows, one of many such beauty spots in the forest of soignes. Forest of Soignes, and wrote so elab- orate and exhaustive a treatise upon its influence upon the life of men? Every city should possess such a haven of refuge ; there is no other setting of such nobility and restful beauty. It is the one great glorious creation without which all the art of the architect and the landscapist shall never attain per- fection. It is one of the greatest sources from which men may draw the in- spiration to make all our towns and cities not alone more beautiful, but more happy, dwelling places than we have been able to evolve up to the present time. It was in recognition of these things, as well as of the fact that the selfish interests of timber exploiters would soon have left no tree standing in Soignes, that La Ligue des Amis de la Foret de Soignes was formed. It was for just such a purpose that Rene Stevens undertook to make known to the people of Belgium the unsuspected beauties of a forest which is theirs by irrevocable right. There are many ways of going to Soignes. You may climb the Montagne de la Cour, with its delightful evidences of the still-living Flemish spirit and manners, and journey by way of the tram which traverses the Avenue Louise, to the entrance to the Bois dc la Cambre —one of the finest of all the parks of Europe. Through this you may walk direct to the forest, and thus approach, through an avenue which affords a fresh hint at every step, of the splendors which lie just beyond the park. Or, you may tram to Boitsfort, and inter the forest by either the Dreve de Welriekende or by the Dreve des Deux Montagnes. From Auderghem, also reached by tram, you may enter the forest by way of the majestic Chaussee de Wavre; or you may take tram at the Luxembourg Station, and cither halt at the northern entrance to the forest or traverse it at one of its narrow points and alight at 32 AMERICAN FORESTRY Groenendal. By any of these routes, all of which provide easy and cheap access, the people of Brussels may reach their forest, and wander among such miles of roads and paths as are not to be found in many a day's journey — and seldom, if ever, beside the very gates of a great and important capital. I remember learning from Professor Agassiz, one wintry voyage on the Atlantic when we were two of a ship's company of seven, how the beech at- tained its greatest splendor in the "beech-belt," which bisects the western section of the plain of Northern Europe; and as the solitary occupants of the smoking-room, with a wild gale raging outside, we held, that night, a sympo- sium a deux upon the glory of the Forest of Soignes. Its beeches are unequaled, although they differ from our own variety in that the branches do not begin to leave the trunk so near_ the ground, thus affording longer vistas and greater heights. One suffers in even thinking that the exigencies of war may demand that this forest, too, shall be sacrificed, for, like the architectural treasures which have already been reduced to ashes and broken fragments, the forest of Soignes is equally irreplaceable. It is the last remnant of the great forests of centuries agone, when man was slowly and pain- fully struggling upward, laying the foundations of that great Dutch repub- lic, whence has descended that indomi- table spirit which is today confronted with one of the saddest problems that ever befell a nation — the resurrection of Belgium. SHADE TREES WORTH $17,000,000 THE State Forester of New Jersey for the larger trees, are low, but it is has been trying to find out what at least conservative and assumes a the shade trees standing on the limit to the value of fully developed streets of municipalities may be trees. Though returns have been re- worth. The suggestion that a census of ceived from only seven communities the shade trees be taken was made to each result is startling. of the fifty-odd shade tree commissions Bound Brook finds that it has $83,855 in the state upon the following basis. worth; East Orange has $810,000 worth; 1. That every tree which appeared to Glen Ridge has $122,263 worth; Hacken- have at least ten years more life be sack has $259,863 worth; Irvington has tallied. $184,104 worth; Newark has $1,685,005 2. That every tree that was badly worth; Rutherford has $80,000 worth, injured or entirely out of place be If these figures are reduced to a per ignored. capita basis and applied to the whole 3. That species be not considered. State on the basis of the 1910 census it 4. That size and general condition be appears that New Jersey has upwards the sole factors. of $17,000,000 worth of shade trees. 5. That all trees be grouped and Though the figure is almost too great values assigned according to the follow- for belief there is no doubt that it ing table. represents much less rather than any Diameter Good Fair more tnan tne actuai value of the shade Breast Hi ph. Values trees as thev now stand- TheY could „ ft not be reproduced for twice the sum. 9/C/SS Jj1^11 c , Tnis inquiry suggests that every city, 2 t° 4 5 3 town and borough in the State would !„J0J„ 1JJ Jj probably find it profitable to inquire jj„ ^° \ri Jn on what may be the value of its snade 19"? ia" en S\ treeS' and to make some Provision for H„ to!0 ™ ^ the preservation of those that it now 16 and over 100 40 has even if nothing is done toward It is admitted that this scale is arbi- getting more where there is place for trary, and the values assigned, especially them. THE DRYAD'S MESSAGE 33 THE DRYAD'S MESSAGE He who wantonly kills a tree, All in a night of God-sent dream, He shall travel a desert waste Of pitiless glare, and never a stream, Nor a blade of grass, nor an inch of shade — All in a wilderness he has made, Oh , forlorn without trees ! He who tenderly saves a tree, All in a night of God-sent dream, He shall list to a hermit-thrush Deep in the forest, by mountain stream, With friendly branches that lean and shade, All in a woodland that he has made. Oh, the peace of the trees ! He who passionately loves a tree, Growth and power shall understand ; Everywhere he shall find a friend. Listen! They greet him from every land, English Oak and the Ash and Thorn, Silvery Olive, and Cypress tall, Spreading Willow, and gnarled old Pine, Flowering branches by orchard wall — Sunshine, shadow and sweetness of glade — All in a Paradise he has made. Oh, the joy of the trees! Louise Morey Bowman. THE STORY OF WHITE PINE By Hu Maxwell WHITE pine's individuality is, like Napoleon's, "grand, original, and peculiar. ' ' The wood is seldom mistaken for any other, and the tree never. It is a conspicuous feature of any landscape where it occurs. No person who has once made its acquaintance will ever afterwards fail to recognize it at sight, no matter how far away, provided the characteristic arrangement of the branches can be made out. The limbs are set on the trunk in regular whorls when the tree is young; and, though as age comes on, many branches die and the wheel-like form of the whorls is broken, yet the general arrangement con- tinues through life. Many other trees show the same arrangment in youth, but few hold to it during life as tena- >usly as does the white pine. It owes its botanical name to that habit. Pinus strobus means "whorled pine." The order is wholly different from the tufted tops of the southern yellow pines; the similar crowns of the Norway pine, or the' irregular branching of the western yellow pine, or the slender and scat- tered limbs of the jack pine which is. the white pine's associate in much of its westward range. It is natural that the white pine's tree form should im- press those who see it for the first time as well as those whose acquaintance with it has been long and intimate. In the well-known peom by Mrs. Hemans, "The Landing of the Pil- grims," the strongest feature in the picture is caught in the first stanza : "The breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast, And the woods against a stormy sky Their giant branches tost." It is the picture of the lofty white pines on the Massachusetts hills, their huge and clear-cut limbs thrashed by the December winds. Log Boom in St. Louis River. VND PINE LOGS IN ONE BUNCH READY FOR THE «w NE IN THE CLEAR WATERS IN MINNESOTA^' INY'S PROPERTY. 1" MINNESOTA. BORING BEETLES DO NOT ATTACK AND FUNGUS THE PICTURE REPRESENTS A CORNER OF THE THE STORY OF WHITE PINE 35 The white pine was not discovered at Plymouth in 1620, but there and then occurrred its formal introduction to the white man on the American continent. The best of a splendid race of men and the finest representa- tives of the forests there met, and each in its own domain was the "heir of all the ages in the foremost files of time." EARLY UTILIZATION. Contrast the New England pine with the vast forests of mahogany on the west coast of Africa. The latter were dis- covered first. Yet they re- mained untouched for nearly four hundred years, while white pine was put to use im- mediately; and so long has that use continued, and in territory so extensive, that it is no exaggeration to claim for white pine that it has been the most important building wood in the history of the world. That holds in amount and also in variety of uses. Its softness and weakness have barred it from some places in modern manufacturing, and its lack of figure has disqualified it for others; but its range of use- fulness has been so wide, and the supply so great, that it held first place in forest ma- terials during two and a half centuries; and, though it has now dropped back from the first rank, it still occupies a position of great importance, and it will continue to do so for all time. As a timber tree, it is not doomed to extermina- tion as some have been led to suppose. It will have, and it is already having, a new life. Most of the old condi- tions have passed, but new conditions are developing. That ought to be ap- parent from the fact that Massachusetts, where the first white pines were cut, still supplies considerably more than one hun- dred million feet of this timber yearly, and as far as the future may be judged, Massachusetts will go on, furnishing that much yearly, for a thousand years. What one region does, others can do. A word concerning its early uses is "On the Firing Line." white pine's extreme frontier in the united states. near rainy lake between minnesota and canada. axemen will soon change, this scene. note the finely whorled branches of the tree in the background. such is the typical white pine crown. in order, because its first utilization was prophetic. Lacking six years of three centuries ago, the first homes of white men, within the white pine's range in the United States, were built. The forests immediately responded to the demand for building material. It is a 36 AMERICAN FORESTRY Squares for Window Shade Rollers. more than 60,000,000 feet of white pine are annually made into shade and map rollers in the united states. THIS WOOD IS UNSURPASSED FOR THAT PURPOSE, BECAUSE OF ITS LIGHTNESS AND ITS DISINCLINATION TO WARP. HIGH GRADES ONLY ARE USED. remarkable fact that some of the articles made of white pine within a few years after the landing of the Pil- grims are in existence yet. A door of this wood, which was swinging on its hinges within eleven years after the first foot touched Plymouth Rock, is a ■ crable relic today. It was one of the attractions at the Forest Products Expo- ion in Chicago and New York this year. It came from Medford, Mass. It c-mnot be claimed that it was the first door made by white men in the United . but it is the oldest in existence. The door is of soft, clear New Eng- land white pine. Age has somewhat browned it, but, to all appearances, the ound as it was on the day when the Puritan carpenter finished his job and swung the portal for the time 1631. The even t might be a mere incident but for the fact that it was the beginning of wh; I oinc an enormous industry. The first use of white pine in America n door making. If the wood's at that time was accidental, it fortunate accident. The use has continued till the present, not only " doors but for practically every kind of interior and exterior house finish. It is not improbable that this pine has made twice as many doors as any other wood of the United States, and to say this is no disparagement of the many other excellent woods which have been and are being used for doors, by millions of feet annually. But white pine was first in time, and for twoihundred and fifty years it maintained its place as first in quantity. It may stilj be first, though the figures to prove the state- ment that it now leads all other woods in doormaking cannot be authoritatively quoted. Frames, sash, blinds, and other similar articles are listed together in statistics, and in the totals white pine is exceeded by the combined manufac- tures of the southern yellow pine, but by no other wood or group of woods; but in doors alone white pine may still occupy the first place in quantity as it unquestionably does in quality. WHY ITS HIGH PLACE. There is reason for the prominent position as building material occupied by white pine. It has given good service practically everywhere. It was the sleeper and the shingle, the founda- THE STORY OF WHITE PINE 37 tion and covering of houses. It is place, it is always in place. It is de- equally suitable for matches and ship- pendable. It holds its shape. Few masts. The plank and picket fences woods are its equal in that respect. The which enclosed farms and gardens were New England door already mentioned of this pine before advancing price displaced them, but the wood yet fills much demand in that direction. It is the most important box and crate wood in the United States, and has always been. No other pos- sesses so many of the desirable qualities demanded by the box industry. Fields of its useful- ness might be further specified almost indefinitely. Back of the great demand stand the two prime reasons, suitability and abundance. Neither could alone lead to so nearly ubiquitous demand. When white pine is oven-dry it weighs twenty-four pounds per cubic foot, which is equiv- alent to 2000 pounds per 1000 feet board measure. But wood for business purposes is never oven-dry, and an extreme lightness of two pounds per board foot is theoretical only. About 2400 pounds per 1000 feet is the weight of the light- est pine handled by the ordi- nary yard. Sugar pine of California is. a little lighter than white pine, but all others of America areheavier. South- ern longleaf yellow pine is nearly twice as heavy. Though white pine which has been subjected to a long period of air-seasoning seems abso- lutely dry, it really contains several hundred pounds of water to a wagon load of the lumber. It is impossible in practice to have wood abso- lutely dry, but white pine can be made as nearly so as any. When it has been thoroughly seasoned, there is such a small amount of moisture in it that the wood warps next to none as a result of atmospheric changes. That is why it is so well liked for doors, frames, sash, machinery parts, and cores for veneer work. Once in In the Front Three Hundred Years, white pine pickets have paled in more yards and gardens than any other wood on earth. the earliest new englanders used them and the village yards in the lake states still sell them by thousands. the picture shows a. truck load in the pine tree manufacturing company's yard at little falls, minn. though it is 283 years old, is as true today as when it clicked its wooden lock for the first time. The joints are as tight as are those of Egyptian coffins. In the museums and historical houses of northeastern states are innumerable relics of former times, such as cornice, 38 AMERICAN FORESTRY A Virgin Forest of White Pine. SUCH A FOREST IS RARE NOWADAYS, WHEREAS ONCE THEY WERE IN GREAT PROFUSION. flooring, frames, structural timbers, chests, weather-boarding, furniture, brackets, and many more, and the white pine of which they are chiefly or wholly made has remained un warped, un- checked, and generally without decay, since before the Revolutionary War. The wood is rated weak and brittle in comparison with longleaf pine of the southern states or Douglas fir of the Pacific Coast. It is not now considered suitable for structural timbers intended for heavy loads; but enormous quantities of it have been used, more in early times than now. It was once so plentiful that the builder cut his structural tim- bers large enough to carry the load, or he put in more timbers until the required strength was secured. It was rafters and wall plates, braces and studding, joists and kingposts. White pine is too costly to be so used now; and it is not demanded, because stronger woods are available, and this one's best service is given elsewhere. White pine is one of the plainest woods. It has no figure except that pro- duced by the annular growth rings, and it is characterless and uninteresting. Being a coniferous wood it, of course, has no pores, and consequently the application of stains and fillers produces only flat and monotonous effects. By chewing a splinter, a decided taste of turpentine may be had, and the odor is marked; yet, it is usual to class white pine with the tasteless and odorless woods. These terms belong to the box maker, and that is his way of stating whether a certain wood will injure articles shipped in boxes, particularly food. Most woods of white color are satisfactory in that respect, and white pine is one of the best. Vast quantities have been made into shipping boxes. Millions of pairs of New England shoes have gone to market in those containers, and millions of yards of cloth. Further west the white pine boxes have carried groceries and other household articles. The annual white pine supply to box factories in Michigan is 57,000,000 feet; in Illinois 105,000,000; in New York 133,000,000; in New Hampshire 142,- 000,000; and in Massachusetts 263,- 000,000. It is the leading box material in all of these states. It likewise leads for the whole United States. The total exceeds 1,100,000,000 feet yearly. The nearest approach to that vast figure is by the southern yellow pines, while red gum stands third with a little more ^s* 1« a z W H C/2 W z w H s I o o o a: o. O < Z £2 [/) o n <" X 0. Bg OS H O c/1 H H > Z Z ft) « H S 5 o ^ ^ w ._ ■■" x>* H b- wzo > 3 x W X u OS H « C/l u> ** sa2 H z £ a >. H - a. q s;» w o w ►4 Z H U «§" 2 a 2 3 Z ° ■>* W ,, iJ i_ os Q L < z 3 OS J u a H H ■ OS < > ~ - $ 2 a u i/i X X -■ - a W O" * . a H H pS WZ0 »KS X i. <* p 2 < X. ? a. a x 40 AMERICAN FORESTRY than one-third as much box lumber as white pine supplies, and spruce ranks fourth. RANGE AND NAMES. Trees which occur over extensive of the rings known as summer growth — and cuts in all directions like a pumpkin. No better reason can be given for the term cork pine than that the wood is light. Soft pine naturally applies in the geographical regions are usually bur- same way, but it is a more general term, dened with names. Loblolly pine, for example, which does not cover half as much area as white pine, has twenty-three well-recognized names. White pine bears one name every- where for the living tree, but sometimes when the quality of the wood is referred to, the terms cork, soft, and pumpkin pine are used. White oak is another noted example of a tree with wide geographical range and with but one name. In the case of both the oak and the pine the "white" in the name refers principally to the color of the wood. The terms cork pine and pumpkin pine were formerly heard, but less frequently now, except as matters of history. They had reference to quali- ties of the wood. Pumpkin pine was the usual term in New England, but cork pine was preferred in western New York and in the Lake States. Both meant the same. The wood was described "as light as cork and cuts like a pump- kin." Such stock came from large, mature trees which grew in good soil and grew rapidly. The annual ring was princi- pally springwood, therefore soft, white, and light. New England ship builders mounted a wooden ball, a foot or less in diameter, on the ship's flag- staff, for ornament. The ball was sometimes called a pump- kin, because of its shape; and since it was cut from the soft- est and best white pine, it was natural that the desired grade should be There are thirty-seven species of pine called pumpkin pine. The origin of the in the United States, and twelve of name has been ascribed by others to the them are classed soft pine. The division fact that such pine has little of the between hard and soft is somewhat flinty wood — which is due to the part arbitrary, if the terms are meant to Stacks of White Pine for Export. here is shown some of minnesota's best product. this grade is often called "cork" pine and corresponds to the "pumpkin" pine once abundant in new england. it dries as straight as an arrow. pattern makers want this kind. THE STORY OF WHITE PINE 41 refer to the actual hardness and softness against them. In the western part of of the woods. A rapidly-growing tree in its range this pine grew southward to good soil may produce soft wood, while the lower end of Lake Michigan and a tree of the same species in poor, dry took possession of some of the sandy soil will likely yield wood much harder, tracts in northern Indiana, where its The difference is due principally to the progress ended; but in the East it fol- rate of growth, but not wholly so. lowed the Appalachian mountians south- Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is usually and properly classed with the hard pines; yet, owing doubtless to a favorable com- bination of soil and climate, an area in southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana pro- duces this pine of so soft a grade that it is actually said to sell sometimes as white pine. Another example, though it is on a small scale, will serve to emphasize further the influence of soil and situa- tion on the texture of wood. The table mountain pine {Pi- nus pungens) usually produces wood fairly soft. Yet, on the precipitous crest of a bleak and lofty spur of the Alle- ghany Mountains in West Virginia there is a clump of these pines so stunted and of such slow growth that the wood will turn the edge of a pocket knife as lignum-vitae might do it, and its texture resembles that of horn. In- stances of this kind are valu- able for the light they throw on the soils' influence on the texture of growing wood. The habitat of white pine extends east and west 1,800 miles, from Newfoundland to Manitoba. Approximately half of its range lies in Canada and half in the United States. Toward the northern border of its range the soil is thin and the climate cold, consequently the average size of the trees is small. The limit of< the species in that direction is set by climatic conditions, but such is not the case toward the southern limits. There the white pine came in contact with many, kinds of hardwoods on good soil and was unable'^to make headway Nearly Out of Business. the refuse burners at the big white pine mills no longer con- sume much material. slabs are worked (nto lath, molding and other small articles, the sawdust goes to stables as horse bedding, the chips and splin i ! rs i i i loaded in cars in be hauled to the towns for fuel, and very little finds its way to the waste heap. the picture represents a scene at the mill of the northern lumber company at colquet. minn. ward to Georgia. The tree's extreme range east and west extends 1,800 miles, and 1,200 north and south. No man knows what quantity of white pine was on the stump at the 42 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by "Pine Cone," Minneapolis, Minn. Springtime on a Minnesota River. logs of the winter's cut are waiting for the floods to carry them into the boom some scores of miles down stream. these smooth pine logs will lose much of their bark during the jams and the bumps of the drive, but the wood will not be injured and such is the material of which high grade lumber is made, on the rising ground back of the river shore, the view shows a fine forest of white pine, apparently without a tree amiss. their turn will come next winter. coming of civilized man to these shores, but estimates have been made. It is assumed that the superficial extent of the range then was approximately the same as now. Three hundred years have not much extended or contracted the boundaries, notwithstanding the enormous lessening of the stumpage. The area actually occupied by the original forests has been estimated at 225,000,000 acres, and the stumpage at 450,000,000,000 feet. The estimated stumpage seems conservative in view of the fact that nearly half that much has been marketed from the Lake States. The total stand, in the foregoing esti- mate, included that in Canada as well as in the United States. The remain- ing stumpage south of the international boundary line is now placed at approx- imately 25,000,000,000 feet, of which Michigan has 2,000,000,000, Wisconsin 3,200,000,000, Minnesota 12,500,000, 000, and the remainder is in New Eng- land, New York, and southward along the Appalachian ranges. The reported sawmill output of this wood in 1912 was 2,700,000,000 feet, the leading states in the production following: Feet Minnesota 1,225,674,000 Wisconsin 397,549,000 Maine 280,145,000 New Hampshire 240,215,000 Massachusetts 143,119,000 Michigan 141,003,000 New York 76,355,000 Pennsylvania 71,870,000 Twenty-five states have white pine sawmills, the smallest number being one in Indiana. The size of mature white pine trees varies with the region. The average is now much smaller than before the best was cut. Probably a diameter of two feet and a height of 100 will be found reasonable at this time. The pines of the Lake states were smaller than those in the original forests of Massachusetts, if reliance can be placed on the frag- mentary accounts which have come down to the present. There are appar- ently authentic records of white pines THE STORY OF WHITE PINE 43 Photo by "Pine Cone," Minneapolis, Minn. Logging Camp in a Northern Pinery. a typical temporary' habitation of the men who fell the pines and bring the logs out of the woods. the double walls offer good protection against the winter cold, for the thermometer here stays below zero during much of the logging season. the thinned forest in the background shows that the cutters have finished nearby, and a few straggling pines and a brick or two are the remnant of the former STAND. 240 feet high and six or seven feet in trunk diameter in the primeval forests of New England, and one extreme in- stance is cited of a tree 270 feet high which stood on the site of Dartmouth College. It is uncertain whether these were guesses or measurements. In view of the astounding discrepancies between the guesses and measurements of some of the big trees of California and Aus- stralia, it would be interesting to know the exact origin of some of the figures for New England's famous pines. There is no question, however, that of all the pines of the United States, the sugar pine alone exceeds the white pine in size. WHITE PINE LUMBERING. Two and a half centuries have seen many changes in lumber operations. Practically all that is known about logging, and absolutely everything known about sawmilling have been learned in that period. The cutting of timber was on a mighty small scale be- fore that time. Julius Caesar made more ado over getting out enough dimension stock for his bridge across the Rhine than a contractor these days would over a contract to supply the Panama Canal. One of Solomon's great glories consisted in bringing up to Jerusalem timber for the Temple, and he had an army at work on the job during several years, yet the whole bill of lumber was less than a first-class Minnesota white pine sawmill cuts in one forenoon. The world had no real lumbering experience until it was learned in America, and the beginning was made with white pine in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. It continued with white pine in New York and Pennsylvania, and ended with white pine in the Lake States. As men learned more the methods changed Ox teams dragged the logs out of the woods along the Piscataqua river, and the old sash saws wasted half in getting out the stuff. By the time the lumberman reached the vast pineries of New York and Pennsyl- vania the discovery had been made that wood will float, and the rivers and 44 AMERICAN FORESTRY lakes were utilized to carry the pine logs from forest to mill. Before the golden age of New York's white pine period had passed, the steam saw mill put in its appearance, and the chugging sash saw and the 11 utter wheel vanished. By that time the railroad was carry- ing lumber to such markets as no boat or ship could reach, and the land market for white pine assumed propor- tions never heard of before. Then came Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- sota with their matchless forests of pine, and Chicago as the distributing market for the product. That was two hundred years after the first lumbering was done on the Atlantic seaboard. Michaux in his day said that the white pine lumber- man moved westward twenty-five or thirty years ahead of the farmer, and De Tocqueville said that the farmer's rate of movement westward was seven- teen miles a year. Both of the writers set too rapid a pace. The average movement of the lumberman from New England to the Lake States for two hundred years was five miles a year, and the white pine lumberman led the van. They have reached Minnesota where the forests of pine end. MARKETS AND PRICES. It seems superfluous to designate the white pine markets. The wood not only goes everywhere now, but it has been going since the first. Within thirty years after the Pilgrims landed in New England they were sending white pine lumber to Africa and trading it for slaves. They traded the slaves in the West Indies for rum which they sold in England and Holland, and brought cash home. That was 250 years ago. This present year Minnesota lumbermen are exporting white pine to _ Africa where the earliest exports of this remarkable wood went; but it is needless to say that slaves are not ac- cepted in payment, nor is it necessary to haul rum thousands of miles to com- plete the trade; because payment now comes back in yellow gold from the Rand and diamonds from Kimberley. It is natural that prices vary greatly, not only now, but in past years, and centuries. Formerly the place of sale had most to do with the price; now it is the grade. When pine was plentiful everywhere, only the best was offered for sale; and, except for the matter of freight, it brought about the same figure everywhere. In 1805 rafts of choice pine from western New York sold in Pittsburgh for five dollars a thousand; but similar lumber, rafted 2,000 miles further to New Orleans, brought $40. In early days in Michigan good pine was sometimes bought at four dollars a thousand at the mill. Prices are more systemized now. The following list gives the average mill run values, of white pine lumber in the yard, for the whole United States: Per WOO feet 1899 $12.69 1904 14.93 1906 18.32 1907 19.41 1908 18.17 1909 18.16 1910 18.93 1911 18.54 1912 19.13 The wholesale prices of white pine by grades in the Lake States in 1912 were as follows: Selects C and better 6/« (M. L.), Minnesota, $54.51, Wisconsin, $57.06. ► Inch finish, C Selects, 10" (M. L.), $46.48, Wisconsin, $48.04, Michigan, $47.33. Shop No. 1, 8/4 (M. L.), Minnesota, $47.65, Wisconsin, $48.84, Michigan, $53.38. Shop No. 3, $4, (M. L.), Minnesota, $23.23, Wisconsin, $24.02, Michigan, $27.42. S Beveled Siding, C 6"- 16', Minnesota, $23.94, Wisconsin, $24.96, Michigan, $26.33. 6 Boards No. 2, 1" x 8"-16', Minnesota, $22.43, Wisconsin, $23.56, Michigan, $26.38. S Boards No. 3, 12", 10'-20', Minne- sota, $20.53, Wisconsin, $21.09, Michi- gan, $25.67. Boards No. 4, Mixed Widths 10'- 20', Minnesota, $14.32, Wisconsin, $14.- 65, Michigan, $13.50. THE STORY OF WHITE PINE 45 Fencing, No. 2, SIS, 6"- 16', Minne- sota, $25.02, Wisconsin, $25.53, Michi- gan, $28.50. Lath, No. 1 (W. P.), Minnesota, $3.63, Wisconsin, $3.71, Michigan, $3.92. Lath, No. 1 (Mixed), Minnesota, $3.27, Wisconsin, $3.40, Michigan, $3.45. Mill ran, Vermont, $18.72, Maine, $18.19, Minnesota, $18.91, Wisconsin, $20.34, Michigan, $22.67, Pennsylvania, $21.33, New York, $21.07, New Hamp- shire, $17.61. Nearly all wood-using industries find a place for white pines. Lists show that in New York 44 articles are made partly or wholly of it, 48 in Massachusetts, 66 in Michigan, and 116 in Illinois. THE FUTURE SUPPLY OF WHITE PINE. The boundaries of this tree have not contracted much in historic time, though the total stumpage has declined to one- tenth of what it formerly was. Where- ever the trees once grew, some still grow, except that tracts of small size in some instances may have been entirely de- nuded by cutting and fire. If no seed trees are left, and all seedlings are killed by fire, white pine in that area is ended until seeds blow in from the out- side or seedlings are planted by man. Complete extermination over large tracts seldom occurs, and the remaining trees here and there begin the slow process of restocking the vacant places. Fire is more destructive than the ax. Small white pine die from a slight scorching. Some one has figured out, after extensive observation, that pitch pine (Pinus rigida), which is often associated with white pines, will survive sixty-fold as much fire. That may be putting it strong, but no fact is better known than that white pine seedlings are so easily killed that a passing fire seldom leaves one alive. To that susceptibility to injury is due the barrenness of parts of Michigan and other Lake States where splendid pine forests once grew. It is there more than in other parts of white pine's range that total extirpation of the species has occurred over considerable Residence Finished in White Pine. this is a minnesota home and it displays one of the best uses of the wood. it has been put to similar service during almost 300 years and has lost none of its popularity. this is the home of j. e. lynch, colquet, MICH. 46 THE MT. LASSEN ERUPTION areas The well-organized efforts _ to keep forest fires in subjection are lm- he conditions and giving the pine a chance to come back. The few remaining seed trees bear abundantly, and the winged seeds are carried long distances by the wind and are restocking many a vacant place. _ In" i .arts of New England, particularly in Massachusetts, fine stands of young while pine have taken the place of for- ests cut 1< >ng ago. Practically every foot of this wood now passing through Mass- achusetts sawmills is second growth; that is, it has come on since the old stands were cut. The trees stand close together and are straight, yet, because they are still young, they are hmby and the resulting lumber is knotty. However, growth is rapid. White pines of suitable size for good saw logs are now growing on the graves of the unfortunate British soldiers killed at Concord; yet the trees were not planted until fifty years after the battle. This shows the rate of growth. New York is now doing a great work at reforesting with white pine, and Pennsylvania may be expected to do as well. The sawmill output of this pine may be expected to decline still further, but it will then have reached its lowest point, and will begin to move up, with the assurance that the country will always have white pine lumber. TREE PLANTING IN NEWARK By Carl Bannwart Secretary Newark Shade Tree Commission TREE planting is as old as the hills. But a new way of handling this old practice has come to pass with us in Newark. Tree planting has become here a munic- ipal function; and this new method, h in itself and in its results, is highly ing. If, ten years ago, we had announced that we would undertake to set out 1.500 trees along ten miles of frontage and assess the cost thereof on the properties benefited, the property own- ers would have been not only surprised but astonished. At the present time, however, such an undertaking does not create a ripple of interest; yet just such planting is what wc propose for this • Pall eason. And the fact that it creates no interest is in itself interest- ing, as indicating how public sentiment ha in with this scheme of munic- planting and has come to accept a matter of course. For the past six weeks we have been subsoiling for these proposed new tr< Th oiling amounts to something like three tons for each tree, sixty cubic feet, approximately 4x4x3^ feet- Now we are planting: first, new plant- ings, second, replacing failures of our own recent plantings. Of new plant- ings about 1,500 trees will be set out in this way: 1,000 2" Norway Maples and 500 2" Oriental Planes (Variety Acerif olia) . These trees are all provided with tree guards and stakes. The average cost is about $4.00 per tree. This is the only direct charge the property owner is to bear. The trees are cultivated, pruned and sprayed. Failures, broken tree guards and stakes, are replaced without additional direct charge to the property. The guaranty is unlimited, whether a runaway or other maltreatment or whatsoever cause is responsible for the death of the tree. We could perhaps set out more trees if it were not for the necessity of taking care of these in perpetuity after plant- ing. Therefore we do not increase our plantings at a greater ratio than the appropriation to the Department for maintenance permits. THE FIRE PROTECTION ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN 1914 By Henry S. Graves THE season of 1914 has been one separated by long intervals of drought of very grave emergency in would be a less favorable season for preventing destructive forest fire protection than a smaller aggregate fires in the National Forests, amount of rain falling at more frequent The hazard in the heavily timbered intervals. A further factor is the depth portion of the Rocky Mountain and of the winter snow, for with a light Pacific slope regions has been in many snowfall the ground is exposed early in ways the greatest since the establish- the spring. An early spring, especially ment of the National Forests. The when accompanied by rains, means a conditions of drought and other factors vigorous herbaceous vegetation which of forest fire hazard were fully equal in matures and dries up early ; it then severity to those of 1910, the year of the becomes inflammable and a source of disastrous Idaho fire, and in many sec- danger. Still another factor of im- tions the danger was even worse than portance is the behavior of the wind, during that year. In certain places on the Pacific coast, During the season more than 6,000 the easterly winds are the dry and fires threatened the National Forests, dangerous winds. A dry wind lasting or 1,000 fires more than occurred in for only a day or two dries out the 1910. To put out these fires and to forest with great rapidity and an emerg- prevent others from starting the Forest ency immediately results. Still again, Service has been put to the severest the condition of the nights may influence test in its history. That it met this the hazard. In some sections the test successfully is indicated by the fact principal fire fighting has to be done at that the damage to timber this year is night. If it cools off and the wind dies less than 4% of the damage done in down, it is much easier to get control of 1910. the fires than where the nights are hot The past season has definitely demon- and windy, strated that while we cannot expect During the winter of 1914 there was a entirely to prevent forest fires from relatively small fall of snow. There starting, their damage can be kept down was, therefore, an early spring through- to a small amount provided there is an out the northwestern and Pacific coast efficient organization and adequate regions. In certain parts of California, funds to meet every emergency swiftly as, for example, in Modoc County, the and effectively. vegetation started growing five weeks earlier than in the normal season. In seasonal conditions some sections fires began to occur in The factors which create a season of May, although the conditions did not large forest fire risk are variable and become serious until early July. In often complex. Primarily, the risk north central Idaho no rain fell from depends on the frequency of soaking July 4 until September 7, a dry spell rains. If there are good rains, well 17 days longer than in 1910. In the distributed through the season, the north Pacific Coast region there was a danger from fire is small. The hazard continuous drought for over 70 days, depends also to a certain extent on the which is the longest in history. During total aggregate of rainfall during the this period of excessive drought there season. The total precipitation, how- were unusually high temperatures, high ever, does not always indicate conditions drying winds, and in many sections of drought, for a few very heavy storms exceptionally dry nights. It was the 47 AMERICAN FORESTRY hot nights and the periods of hot winds that made the season unusually difficult in California. The abnormally early season is illus- trated by one rather unusual fire. _ This occurred on the west slope of the i llympic Peninsula where, on May 6, a spark from a lire, set by a road crew tu burn some debris on the right of way tor a road, caught in the moss in the high tree erowns. Almost instantly the lire spread from crown to crown, killing the trees, although the conditions on the ground were such that a fire could not run at all. In this particular fire it was necessary to fell many trees, some of them from 6 to 10 feet in diam- eter, before the fire could be stopped. DISTRIBUTION OF FIRES The bulk of the fires occurred in western Montana, northern and central Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Cali- fornia. The seasonal conditions else- where in the National Forests were normal and but little difficulty was encountered. The following table shows the distribution of the fires : District No. of Fires Xo. 1 (Montana, northern Idaho, North Dakota) 1,975 No. 2 (Colorado, eastern Wyom- ing, South Dakota, X ( braska, Minnesota, Michigan) 279 Xo. 3 (Arizona, New Mexico) ... 509 No. 4 (Utah, Nevada, southern Idaho, western Wyom- ing) 327 Xo. 5 (California) 1,468 Xo. 6 (Oregon, Washington) .... 1,239 Xo. 7 (Arkansas, Florida, White Mts., Appalachians) .... 315 Total 6,112 CAUSES OF FIRES At the time of writing this article the reports were not sufficiently complete to give an accurate classification of the fir< o their causes. A pre- llnv hem shows that the differ very mater- ' -: ears. The rom the normal i is the increase in the number of fires set by carelessness. This is due to the very large increase in the number of persons using the Forests for recreation. The careless smoker is responsible for most of these fires, and he is usually the visitor to the forest, the hunter, fisher- man, or city camper. The prospector, settler, and woodsman are usually very careful with fire. There were in certain sections a good many fires caused by clearing land on homesteads. In many instances these were due to the State officials issuing permits during the dangerous period when no burning of brush should have been allowed. In- cendiarism is very localized. Malicious setting of fires because of hostility to the Government is now rare. Such incen- diarism as occurs is due to the mistaken "light burning" theory. Careful ob- servation during the season showed that fires are in only very rare instances set to provide work in putting them out. The danger of fires in September was so great that the Governor of Oregon consented to postpone the opening of the hunting season. It is probable that if he had not taken this action the number of fires would have been very much larger and the task of the Forest Service in preventing injury to the forest would have been greatly increased. THE RESULTS SECURED Of the entire 6,112 fires reported up to December first, 4,954 or 81%, were extinguished by the protective organiza- tion before they had covered ten acres. This is the best record in the history of the Service. Preliminary estimates show that the area burned over will probably not exceed 300,000 acres. The bulk of this area, probably 65%, was on old burns, and on brush and grass lands. In fighting the fires the effort was to keep the fire as far as possible out of green timber. The effort was very successful, for the total damage to green timber was probably not over $450,000. This is in marked contrast to 1910 when 6,500,000,000 feet of timber was burned, valued at from ten to fifteen million dollars. The damage to reproduction will probably considerably exceed that to green tim- THE FIRE PROTECTION ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN 1914 49 icr. It is an interesting fact that during he last 5 or 6 years, the ratio between he damage to green timber and that to eproduction has steadily decreased, n 1909 the damage to green timber was bout 65% and that to reproduction 5% of the total. In 1913 timber amage was 40% and reproduction amage 60%. This year the ratio will e about as in 1913. The measure of efficiency of the fire 'rotective work on the National Forests hould be the value of the property mich was threatened and which would i all probability have been destroyed : the expenditure in protection had not icon made by the Department. While very possible means is taken to prevent .res from being started, it is absolutely ssential that such fires as are started ie extinguished as soon as possible, or under conditions such as prevailed uring the past season almost any one f the fires which were put out by the forest Service was a potential disastrous onflagration. In Montana and Idaho lone the value of specific bodies of imber which were threatened by the pproximately 2,000 fires which started nd were put out, aggregated the enorm- us sum of over $59,000,000. It was i this section that the largest amount of loney had to be spent to prevent a ecurrence of the great disaster of 1910. n Oregon and Washington, the 1,200 .res which were handled by the Depart- lent threatened upwards of $24,000,000 /orth of timber. And these figures do .ot include the value of nonmerchant- ble timber and young growth on about ,000,000 acres of land, and several lillion dollars worth of ranch and other rivate property which lay in the path f the threatening conflagrations. Fig- res are not yet at hand of the precise mount of damage threatened by fires i California and other National Forest Itates. These data will, however, add irge amounts to the total value of the iroperty threatened and saved. There were two lives lost, one in .lontana and one in the Pacific north- zest. In each case the man was truck by a falling tree. It will be ecalled that in 1910, 78 fire fighters /ere killed. There were this vear a number of injuries but chiefly of a minor character. REASONS FOR THE FINE RECORD The explanation of the success in preventing a great disaster during the past season is given in the single term "preparedness." Within the last four years great forward strides have been made in equipping the forests and in the organization of the force. In the first place, during that time there have been added 1,368 miles of roads, 9,617 miles of trail, 12,000 miles of telephones, 300 new fully equipped lookout stations, 695 headquarter buildings, and many other improvements. The forests have had a great increase of equipment in the way of tools and tool caches, portable telephones, tents, etc. Transportation facilities have been provided either by purchase of pack horses or arranging for hire of animals and automobiles. Fully as great a factor, however, has been the organization of the force. During the past four years careful fire plans have been developed for all the forests, the protective force has been reorganized so as to have available a maximum patrol during the dry season, the system of detection and patrol has been intensified, arrangements have been perfected to secure at short notice labor for fire fighting, a system has been developed for officering the fire fighters by experienced foremen, and the force has been trained in the swift establish- ment of headquarter camps, with the necessary equipment and supplies. The fire organization worked with admirable efficiency when the test came this year. As a single illustration, a ranger in one of the Oregon Forests stationed two miles from town received a report by telephone from a Service lookout of a fire 12 miles away. He saddled his horse, rode to town, secured four auto- mobiles and 20 men and was on the fire line within 48 minutes after receiving word about the fire. Instances of similar and equally swift work could be recounted in large numbers. As showing the increased efficiency of the organization over former years may be cited the results on the Colville Forest. In 1910, with 62 fires, 155,200 50 AMERICAN FORESTRY acres were burned, with a cost for fire fighting of $18,000; in 1914, with 103 fires and a drier season, the total area burned was 7,653 acres, with a cost for fire fighting of $15,900. Still again, in the Tahoe Forest in 1910, there were 84 fires, and such a serious situation developed that United States troops were called upon for aid. This year 223 fires were handled by the organiza- tion without help, and the loss was less. On the Trinity Forest 51 fires in 1910 burned over 23,191 acres; and in 1914, 53 fires burned over 459 acres. In California, the average acreage per fire in 1910 was 653 acres, in 1914 it was 37 acres ; while the average for fires in the timber, excluding brush fires, was this year only 15 acres. COST OF FIRE PROTECTION A very large number of the fires were extinguished by the regular standing organization without hiring additional help. Fully 50% of the fires were put out by the rangers and guards before they reached a quarter of an acre in extent. When a fire was discovered that could not be so handled assistance is secured immediately. The local offi- cers are authorized to hire men and they act swiftly. A delay due to the fear of possibly bringing a few unnecessary men to a fire is disastrous. This was repeatedly shown on private lands when owners hesitated because of the possible expense. The result was in the end great loss and great expense in fighting the fires because these were allowed to become large conflagrations. The total expense of fighting fires was about $670,000. This is in con- trast to over a million in 1910. The cost per acre, even where the emergency expenses were greatest, was less than many private owners spent outside the forests under conditions even more favorable than those faced by the Government. The Forest Service has had its most successful season thus far in protecting the National Forests. PROSPECTIN' Up the mountain and through the burn We climbed. An' 'mongst the brush an' fern, An ole man drove his maddoek home, An slapped a tree in the gapin' loam. 'Mornin', Father. What's the game?" "Plantin' trees," the answer came. "You don't 'spect to live to see The standin' timber, do ye, say?" He looked, refiectin', down the hill; "Wal, no." "But, thunder, some 'un will." —J. R. Simmons. THE MT. LASSEN ERUPTION By Richard H. Boerker MT. LASSEN, the only active volcano in the United States proper, is situated in the southeastern part of Shasta County, California, and is the last of a series of great volcanic cones which begin with Mt. Rainier in Washington. In years gone by this series of volcanoes was instrumental in upbuilding the mountainous region of the Pacific Northwest. The first eruption occurred in the latter part of May, 1914, and it is stated upon good authority that the first outbreak seen by local inhabitants was on May 29. Since then fifty or more eruptions have occurred and with very few exceptions these have been of ever increasing violence. The last erup- tions of which the writer has any knowl- edge are indeed said to have been ac- companied by luminous bombs and fire. The writer had the good fortune of being stationed in the proximity of Mt. Lassen most of the past summer and witnessed many of the eruptions. The first trip made to the summit was accomplished on June 4, and the trip, made for the most part over deep snow, wound up on the summit in a howling snowstorm. We were compelled to spend the night at the brink of the hissing crater in the Fire Lookout Sta- tion on the topmost pinnacle, 10,437 feet in the air. The next morning, June 5, the mountain was lost in the thick haze and snow clouds and prac- tically nothing could be seen until noon time. At that time the descent into the old crater was made and the new crater was viewed. The huge gap measured 275 feet long and evidently was then in one of the pauses between heavy explosions. Thick volumes of Mt. Lassen's Hissing Crater on Sept. 3, 1914. this crater's mouth was eight hundred feet long and from one hundred to four hundred feet wide and about one hundred feet deep. note the figures of the three men on the right hand side of the crater, and the steam and smoke on the left hand side. the peak in the background is almost hidden by the smoke haze. 51 52 AMERICAN FORESTRY steam, laden with sulphur smoke were old mountain was a real volcano and no rising and cracks were appearing in the imitation. They predicted earthquakes ground. The walls of the crater were and they came. Some predicted that perpendicular and huge icicles hung from the rim of the crater formed by the condensation of the steam rising from either end in huge volumes. On the west side of the crater every- thing was covered with a heavy blanket of light gray ash into which we sank over our boot-tops. So light was this ash that it flew into the air at every step. On the east side the same material seemed to have been thrown out in the form of mud and lay frozen hard as rock. What little snow remained near the crater was buried un- der a layer of stones and boulders. The larger boulders had sunk down into the snow, creating many treacherous pits. The eruption of June 14 was the heaviest one up to that date. It occurred at a time when several visitors were viewing the crater and almost resulted fatally for one of the party. There have been many narrow escapes and daring ascents during the sum- mer, most of which will never be recorded. Hundreds visited the crater during July and August and the fact that they were taking their lives in their hands seemed to have little effect upon their eagerness to see the hissing crater. The eruptions do not seem to occur with any regularity. Some days there are as many as three, all very violent, and then again there may not be an eruption for two weeks. Many of the eruptions have lasted sev- eral hours and sometimes there would be a series of eruptions, one following another. Many geologists and volcanologists were attracted by the violence of Mt. Lassen and paid the mountain a visit. Some made several ascents. All in one accord they gave their opinions that the Photo by R. H. Boerker. Beginning of the Big Eruption. this was the first column of steam and sulphur vapor which was seen to shoot high in the air. the volcano would become very active and actually become dangerous. This stage has almost been reached, judging from the latest reports. In fact, there is no reason for overlooking the possi- bility of lava flow accompanied by destruction of plant and animal life. Being engaged in making a map of the high country around Mt. Lassen, the writer made the ascent of about a dozen peaks in the vicinity of the old volcano and also climbed Lassen several Vulcan Himself. in this novel formation of the smoke cloud hanging over mt. lassen after a particularly violent eruption the author snapped his camera just in time to catch the striking profile seen so distinctly on the left edge of the cloud. it is of vulcan himself. 54 AMERICAN FORESTRY times. The base camp was established only 2 miles from the rim of the crater and from this camp, at an elevation of over 8,000 feet many excellent pictures were possible. Many erup- tions were witnessed in all their grandeur and the rumb- lings and tremors of the earth often made one wish he were elsewhere. The ascents of the peak made by the writer in the lat- ter part of August and the beginning of September were made for securing triangula- tion points for a general map of the region. Plane table work at the brink of an ex- plosive volcano is not the pleasantest job imaginable, hence such visits were usually made as brief as possible and not any oftener than was ab- solutely necessary. These as- cents showed that the crater had increased considerably in size since June. The crater was at the beginning of Sep- tember about 800 feet long and 350 feet wide and the country for at least a mile around was covered by a thick blanket of light volcanic ash. Practically all the snow that was left on the mountain was covered by this ash and the water it soaked up from the snow made it look black. Hence Mt. Lassen this summer not only acted like a volcano but decidedly took on the ghastly appearance of one. The Forest Fire Lookout Sta- tion was at that time still standing but the roof and sides had numerous large and small holes in them. One noticed, while walking over the rocks and volcanic ash on top, numerous large depressions in the ash and rock where large boulders had fallen. These holes occurred as much as a mile from the crater and they serve as evidences of the severity of the explosions. Up to the present time there has been no destruction of life of any form. No timber or other natural resource has been destroyed as far as the writer knows. The heavy clouds of ash laden steam that are thrown out of the crater Pholo by R. H. Boerker. Third Stage of the Eruption. thick black ash laden steams cover the entire mountain, sometimes this is carried for fifteen or twenty miles. the entire top of the mountain is covered with this fine vol- canic ash to a depth of eight or ten feet. at the time of an eruption are often carried by the wind for many miles. The most violent of these eruptions have sent these clouds with the help of the wind for 20 miles or more. The height to which these great columns of vapor are thrown has been quite ac- curately determined by Forest Ranger TOWNSHIP FORESTRY CLUB 55 J. M. Stark of the Turner Mt. Fire Lookout 15 miles to the southwest of Mt. Lassen and his figures range up as high as 25,000 feet for the most violent eruptions. Many conflicting stories have been circulated concerning this mountain, especially by newspapers. No accounts should be considered authentic unless they emanate from such sources as the United States Forest Service or the Geological Survey. The tremendous interest that this volcano has aroused in all parts of the world will undoubtedly make it a Mecca for tourists next summer. Being in the heart of the National Forest Region of California it will be visited by thousands of camp- ers next summer. FOREST PRODUCTS FEDERATION By E. A. Sterling A T a preliminary meeting called by the National Lumber Manu- facturers' Association in 'Chi- cago on December IT, a tenta- tive organization was created which combines under one head, as never before, the manufacturing, wholesale and retail lumber interests for the mutual benefit of all concerned. The primary object is the better mer- chandising of lumber and solution of the related problems which this subject involves. The organization as inaugu- rated, opens the way for developments of great importance to the lumber in- dustry and forest interests in develop- ing a policy which will insure the con- tinued use of wood in all situations for which it is best fitted. This in turn should bring about closer utilization and more rational use of forest products. If the new organization fails to grasp the larger opportunities, and to make definite progress along the lines indi- cated, it will demonstrate the inability of the lumber interests to cooperate broadly to their mutual advantage and will produce wide economic evils in an industry which is second only to agri- culture in magnitude and importance. The specific accomplishment at this preliminary meeting was the accept- ance of a plan for the creation of a Forest Products Federation and the ap- pointment of a committee of five to have general charge of arrangements for a mass meeting to be held two or three months later. The represen- tative character of the Federation is indicated by the personnel of the com- mittee of five, which is as follows : R. FT. Downman, New Orleans, La., president, National Lumber Manufac- turers' Association ; Gordon C. Ed- wards, Ottawa, Ont., president, Na- tional Wholesale Lumber Dealers' As- sociation ; L. W. Crow, Chicago, 111., president, Lumberman's Association of Chicago ; Julius Seidel, St. Louis, Mo., wholesale and retail lumber dealer; J. R. Moorehead, Kansas City, Mo., sec- retary, Southwestern Lumberman's As- sociation. While the program for the coming meeting will not be definitely announced until after a conference by the com- mittee, the general character of the work is indicated by the suggestions of Chairman J. E. Rhodes, in his open- ing address at the preliminary meet- ing. In this talk Mr. Rhodes suggested the following topics for consideration, some of which will no doubt be con- sidered and reported upon by standing committees at the first general meet- ing of the Federation. The topics men- tioned by Mr. Rhodes include: Building codes. The comparative price of lumber and other materials. What is being done to advertise sub- stitutes for wood. Definite information regarding the fire prevention movement, and the part which wood plays in creating a fire menace to public life and property. 56 AMERICAN FORESTRY The wooden shingle in relation to fire prevention. Educational work regarding the right use of wood, so that the wood used may accord more closely to the service re- quirements. Information regarding the preserva- tive treatment of wood against decay. The meeting was addressed by var- ious men, including Dr. Herman Von Schrenk, consulting timber engineer of St. Louis ; L. W. Crow, president Chi- cago Lumbermen's Association; F. A. Hofheins, of the Transfer Lumber & Shingle Company, North Tonawanda, N. Y. ; Julius Seidel, wholesale and retail lumber dealer, St. Louis, Mo.; Henry F. Weiss, of the Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory ; Abram W. Herbst, of the American Society for Fire Preven- tion, and others who represented lum- ber associations and city and county lumber yards. The topics discussed included gen- eral fire prevention and the specific problem of fire-proofing wood ; the anti-wood publicity and legislation in many towns and cities ; the problems of the wholesale and retail dealers ; while as having direct bearing on the meet- ing, the specific question of the neces- sity for close cooperation between all branches of the lumber business was thoroughly discussed. The work before the committee of five and the individuals and commit- tees to whom subjects are assigned for presentation at the first meeting of the Federation, is of large magnitude and great importance. Some of the sub- jects will require extensive investiga- tions and cannot be reported upon in full for some time; while other topics such as building ordinances are urgent, the definite plans for combating un- fair legislation should be available in the near future. The whole range of topics gives a field for immediate and future consideration and report, which will require careful organization of the work and a liberal use of funds to sup- port it. It is a logical assumption that the reports of the first general meet- ing will largely deal with the develop- ment of plans and policy. If any suggestions were to be made regarding the Forest Products Fed eration, they would include reference to the need of more funds for the work of the immediate future and of a defi- nite plan of financing future work. It might also be suggested that closer co- operation be arranged with organiza- tions outside of the lumber industry. For example, several of the States have well organized forest departments, with State foresters, who have received strong public support, and who could be of great assistance in legislative ac- tivities and general investigations. The American Forestry Association, the stronger State association, and some of the forest schools and agricultural col- leges could also offer effective assist- ance and cooperation. Motors for Forest Fire Fighting Experiences with forest fires on the national forests this year show that automobile?, where they can be used, furnish the quickest and cheapest transportation for crews of fire fighters. Motor rates are higher than those for teams for the actual time employed, but the total cost per distance traveled and in wages paid to men in getting to fires is much less. The time-saving is self-evident; trips which ordinarily require two days time by team have been made by automobile in a few hours. THE ANNUAL MEETING Members of the American Forestry Association Will Meet in New York City on Monday, January 11, 1915 To Members of the American Forestry the discussions will be participated in Association: by the members and guests. You are urged to attend the 34th Members who expect to attend will please annual meeting of the American For- notify the Secretary, estry Association, in the Woolworth Reservations for lunch in the Raths- Building, 233 Broadway, New York keller of the Woolworth Building at City, on Monday, January 11, 1915. 12:30, price $1.00, must be made in There will be morning and afternoon advance. Reservations for the dinner sessions at 10 o'clock and 2 o'clock, at the McAlpin Hotel at 7 o'clock, and in the evening an informal dinner price $2.50, must be made in advance. at the Hotel McAlpin, Broadway and Members may bring friends and may 34th Street, at 7 o'clock, at which there make luncheon and dinner reservations will also be addresses. for them. The meeting will be essentially prac- This is the first annual meeting of tical. Its chief purpose is to have ad- the Association in New York, and as it dresses and discussions on how the is a convenient point for members in Association may be of the best service, the East to gather, a large attendance is during 1915, to the several phases of expected and requested, forest conservation, national forestry, Henry S. Drinker, President, state forestry, private forestry, forestry p. s. Ridsdale, Executive Secretary, for lumbermen, forestry for paper and pulp men, use of forests for recreation, Members of the Society of American etc. Foresters and of the Society of Eastern The addresses on these subjects will Foresters will meet with The American be by recognized experts on each, and Forestry Association. THE PROGRAM. Discussions of fifteen or twenty minutes will follow each address. Morning, President Henry S. Drinker Presiding. 10:00. Address of welcome. President Henry S. Drinker. 10:10. How the American Forestry Association Can Cooperate with the Forest Service. Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States. 10:45. What the American Forestry Association Can Do for State Forestry. By C. R. Pettis, Supt. of New York State Forests. 1 1 :35. The Service the American Forestry Association Can Render in Educational Work. Dean Hugh P. Baker, New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. 11:50. How Can the American Forestry Magazine be made more useful and attractive? W. B. Howland, Publisher, The Independent, John Oliver La Gorce, Associate Editor The National Geographic Magazine. 12:30. Adjourn for lunch. Afternoon, Charles Lathrop Pack Presiding. 2:15. What Shall Be the Policy of the American Forestry Association towards 57 58 AMERICAN FORESTRY Proposed Forestry Legislation? Prof. H. H. Chapman, Yale Forest School. 2 :45. What Practical Assistance Can the American Forestry Association Render to the Lumber Industry? R. S. Kellogg, Secretary Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Association. 3:15. What Can the American Forestry Association Do to Stimulate Private Forestry? Samuel N. Spring, Professor of Forestry at the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. 3 :45 . What the American Forestry Association Can Do to Encourage the Use of Forests for Recreation. By Warren H. Miller, Editor of Field and Stream. 4:15. Adjourn. 4:30 to 6:30. Business Meeting of the Society of American Foresters. Evening, Charles F. Quincy Presiding 7 $0. Dinner at the Hotel McAlpin. 8 :00. What the American Forestry Association Might Do on the Pacific Coast with Special Reference to the Proposed Meeting at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. E. T. Allen, Forester of the Western Forestry and Con- servation Association. 8:30. What the American Forestry Association Might Do for Eastern and Canadian Pulp and Paper Interests. George N. Ostrander, Glens Falls, N. Y. 8:50. What the American Forestry Association Can Do in Helping to Solve Lumber Trade Problems. E. A. Sterling, Forest and Timber Engineer. 9:10. What We Can All Do to Get Together. Speaker to be selected. THE FOREST RANGER'S PRAYER O LORD, grant that as I make this survey called Life I may find pleasant camping-places; that the cool waters of congenial companionship may flow past my tent door; that the woods of hardship wherein we must all walk be not too heavily clad with the underbrush of hard luck; that the nettle called remorse grows noKt too abundantly there; that there be springs of friendship and shade of rest trees wherewith to refresh myself; that cooling breezes may blow sometimes across my forehead and drive away the remembrance of wrong deeds done and righteous deeds left undone; that as I lay out the logging-road of my life the curves thereof be tangent to Thy will and the spirals be true ; that there be a down grade from my will to Thine, and that the superelevation be correct so that as I swing around the curve I may not leave the track that leads to Heaven. LORD, grant that when the appraisal of my life is computed it may not exceed Thy original estimate; and, Lord, when I take an observation to obtain my true bearing, grant that my transit be in perfect adjustment so that I shall not deviate even so much as one second from the sight which Thou hast set at the end of that long tangent which leads through the portals of gold into the District where Thou art Chief Forester. I pray that when my road is built there shall be no trails left unblazed and no dangerous rocks or trees above the cuts to endanger the safety of any travelers over this route. LORD, in Thine infinite tenderness, mercy, and love so encompassing that even I am included in Thy promise, listen to my prayer; and grant, finally, that when I turn over my field notes to the Chief and sign mv last report He will say "Well done!" AMEN. BONDING NATIONAL FORESTS By Henry S. Graves, Chief Forester of the United States [In his annual Message to Congress, Secretary of Agriculture Houston recommends that Congress advance money to communities in and adjoining national forests on which there are few or no timber sales; this money to be repaid from future resources of the forests. The idea is to furnish these communties with money to build roads, to construct bridges and otherwise provide for their development, such money to be given only where it is apparent that the 35% of the gross receipts of future timber sales on the forests, to which the communities are entitled, may be used for repayment of the sum thus advanced. Chief Forester Graves, who worked out the details of the plan, explains it in this article — -Editor.] A" LREADY the ideal of the National is still in the condition of practical Forest policy is being achieved wilderness. The very foundation of any in practically all respects on a development in such sections is the con- number of the Forests where struction of roads and bridges, and this conditions permit of the full utilization is in many places enormously expensive, of all resources — timber, water power, The clearing of the land for farming, the grazing, mining, agriculture, and the building of the homes, the building of recreation features. On those forests schools, churches, and public improve- the communities are being built up ments in the towns, in addition to the through the establishment and main- road building, are the burdens of a tenance of industries using the forest small struggling population, composed resources; there are also thousands of largely of men possessed of great per- dollars returned directly from the forest severance and courage but with little receipts for schools and roads. In means. short, the forests yield a direct return In many cases the national forests equivalent to taxes and it is an increas- occupy from 20 to 60% of the area of the ing rather than a diminishing return counties and contain timber of vast such as would follow forest destruction amount. Is there any wonder that the such as has taken place so extensively people are protesting that the forests in many regions under private owner- which are not subject to taxes and are ship. not yielding much from timber sales But in many of the forests the re- are not contributing as they should to sources are inaccessible and the greatest the development of their communities ? resource, the timber, is not saleable Often they use the phrase that the under present conditions, except in small forests are blocking development or quantities. Under such circumstances, that the resources are locked up. This the development of the forest resources is, of course, not true, because the re- is slow, and there is but little direct sources are available for use. What is return to the communities from forest meant and what is true, is that the receipts. While all agree that ulti- forests are not contributing as they mately these forests will be of enormous should to development of the communi- importance to the country, people can ties living in the counties in which the not reconcile themselves to the fact forests are located. that the forest resources are of no This is a problem that the Govern- immediate help now, during the pioneer ment must squarely face and solve. But period of development of the country it must be met by a constructive pro- and at the time when such help is most gram and not by tearing down the needed. A great deal of the land in the national forests, as some propose, counties in which the most heavily which would result in public loss and timbered national forests are located injury not only nationally but locally. 59 60 AMERICAN FORESTRY A CONSTRUCTIVE PLAN A plan which will fully meet the situation and at the same time be entirely practical to apply is as follows. Congress has made a continuing appropriation of 35% of the gross receipts from the Forests to aid m community development and main- tenance. Inasmuch as the objects . ot this provision can not be accomplished at present where the timber is inacces- sible and unmarketable, a modification of the present plan is proposed to make these heavily timbered forests service- able to the people at the present time during the most severe pioneer stage ot the region's development. The pro- posal is that where the existing resources justify it and the public need _ can be shown, future receipts be anticipated and advances be made by Congress for the construction of roads, bridges and similar public works, these advances to be returned to the Treasury from the sums which will be received . later on when the timber can be placed on the market. If need be, the advances could be deducted from the amounts which would later go to the communities as their share of the gross receipts from the forests. In such an event the Nation would not be making a new contribution to the communities, but merely advancing a portion of what they would ultimately receive anyhow. APPLICATION OF THE PLAN; In application the plan would call for a specific appropriation for individual projects, each of these to be considered separately and on its merits. Probably the simplest procedure would be to use the county as a development unit rather than a National Forest which might spread over several counties. The question of whether in any given county the Government should make advances on the basis of its forest resources for the benefit of the commun- ity development would depend wholly upon the public need for such advances and upon the resources in the National Forest comprised within the county which could be used as security for the advance. In short, we are dealing with a question of public business and no advances should be made except upon an adequate showing that existing resources are amply sufficient to cover the outlay. Thus Congress would be in the position of a board of directors ot a banking institution passing on a loan The showing of the public need and ot the resources which are to repay the advances would be made by the Secre- tary of Agriculture through the Forest Service. The procedure in the case ot a given county would be somewhat as follows: The Forest Service and the local county officials would cooperate in the study of a county's needs for public improvements, not merely within the boundaries of the National Forest but in that portion of the county outside of the boundaries and adjacent to the Forest. The public improvement which would usually be desired would be the construction of roads and bridges. _ In the majority of cases the immediate purpose of' such development would be to make the agricultural lands more accessible to the market. In many cases the purpose would be to open up new agricultural regions, as for example, in the logged-off lands outside of the National Forests, such as occur in great quantity in the Northwestern States. In some instances the purpose of the roads would be to open up a mining region. In still other cases it is possible that the development of the recreation resources would be the most important need of a region. Such a study would result in a general plan of needed development of public works, including the determination of the specific roads or other works which should be undertaken immediately. This plan would show also the direct public service which would be rendered by the improvements in the development of agriculture and other resources and the benefit which would result to the public at large. In addition there would be prepared by the Forest Service a full statement showing the. amount of timber and other resources in the National Forest within the county and the receipts that can conservatively be anticipated as soon as these resources can be realized upon. BONDING NATIONAL FORESTS 61 In short, a business statement would be prepared which would demonstrate the desirability and soundness of the proposed expenditures and their justifi- cation from the standpoint of the National Forest resources as a security. It is not unlikely that Congress would be unwilling to make such advances as are proposed on the basis of general estimates of cost. It is probable, therefore, that the first appropriation for public works in a given county would be for surveys and estimates with a. view to making a final appropriation after the completion of the surveys by the road engineers. The plan contemplates further that the actual work of construction of roads and other improvements would be under the direction of the Government engineers. The Department of Agri- culture is well equipped for such work in its Office of Public Roads. The purpose of this provision would be to guarantee to Congress that the work would be carried on in accordance with con- sistent engineering methods and stand- ards and with the highest possible efficiency and economy. One of the first questions that will be asked is how a beginning is to be made in setting this plan into motion. Prob- ably the best plan would be to request general authority for the Secretary of Agriculture to report to Congress from time to time, with necessary surveys and estimates of cost, his recommendations concerning the construction of public works in the National Forest counties where, in his judgment, the public need requires it and there are resources within the National Forests lying with- in the counties sufficient ultimately to repay the cost of such improvements. With such authority the Secretary of Agriculture, through the Forest Service, could take the initiative in recommend- ing legislation. If such general author- ity were granted, it would necessarily carry a recognition of the fact that ap- propriations would be made only upon a showing by the Secretary of Agri- culture of their justification and need. Such a procedure would be an effective guarantee against the initiation of ill- advised projects and would result in the most urgent cases being considered in the order of their importance. The first objection which will be urged against the plan is that there would immediately develop a competi- tion among different counties for ad- vances from the federal government for road building and that there would be danger of sectionalism developing, and perhaps such a condition as is claimed to exist in connection with the Rivers and Harbors Bill. It should be remembered, however, that the present plan is very different from the Rivers and Harbors problem. In that case there is a direct contribu- tion by the Government. In the present proposal, there is merely an advance by the Government, in urgent cases, of moneys which later on will be returned to the Treasury from the resources, held and fully controlled by the Government itself, and a portion of which Congress has already decreed shall ultimately be appropriated for these very purposes. Handled as a proposition of public business, with the expenditures guaranteed by existing resources, and with the certification of the Secretary of Agriculture as to the public need and as to the engineering features, there should be ample safe- guard against unwise projects being undertaken. SOME ILLUSTRATIONS. It is evident that the plan would not be applicable by any means to all of the National Forest counties. Many of the National Forests are already being developed and used to such an extent that the receipts are now bringing into the counties very substantial sums, in some instances fully as great as would be received if the lands were under taxation, and these are receipts which will be constantly growing for an indefinite period. Examples of Forests yielding large revenue are the Kaniksu of Idaho, 'with a gross revenue of $54,000, the Kootenai of Montana, with a gross revenue of $41,000, the Deerlodge of Montana, $80,000, the Coconino of Arizona, $100,000, the Whitman of Oregon, $72,000, the Lolo of Montana, $40,000, the Sierra of California, $22,- 62 AMERICAN FORESTRY 000, the Tusayan of Arizona, $64,000, and there are many others which now yield very substantial returns. Under such circumstances there certainly is not the same need of making advances on future receipts because the citizens are already receiving a direct contribu- tion from the forest resources for local institutions. Then again there are some forests with relatively little tim- ber value which were established and are maintained not so much to produce forest products as to protect the water used by the local communities in irriga- tion, for domestic supply, and other purposes. In such forests the receipts may be very small now and in the future. Obviously the local communities are already receiving very large benefits from these forests in the protection of their water and advances would not be made to them for this reason, and also because the resources are not of a character to justify it. Still again, certain forests have in the past been so badly abused through forest fires and otherwise that it will be a long time before the timber which is now growing up will yield substantial receipts. There is no reason why under such conditions any advances should be made by the Government. In the first place, the resources do not justify it and it hap- pens that on most of the forests in this condition there are considerable re- ceipts from grazing which constitute a substantial contribution to the com- munity upbuilding. The situation may best be illustrated by a few specific examples. We have on the Olympic Peninsula an extreme illustration of the need of applying the proposed plan of making advances for the public improvement. The Olympic National Forest occupies 62 per cent of Jefferson County and 46 per cent of Clallam County. The Olympic Forest carries the largest body of timber of any of the National Forests of its size. Surrounded as it is by private timbor lands which are much more accessible, it has not been possible to place any considerable amount of the Government timber on the market at the present period of great depression in the lumber industry. There has been, therefore, very little return to these counties from receipts from the National Forests. A great deal of these counties is still in a state of wilderness. Only a small be- ginning has been made in the con- struction of means of transportation. The conditions are such that the con- struction of serviceable roads is ex- tremely expensive. The people of the counties have bonded themselves heav- ily in order to build roads, and with such funds as they are able to raise in this way only a small part of the work can be done which is necessary to lay the foundations for the development of the agricultural and other resources of the counties. The development problem of these counties is first of all to open up the logged-off lands outside the National Forests and to establish upon them permanent homes. This cannot be done without roads and the relatively small population already heav- ily burdened with taxes cannot possibly meet the situation. The Olympic National Forest contains at least 33 billion feet of timber. Ultimately there will be a return of from $300,000 to $500,000 a year gross receipts from this forest. Pending the time that these timber resources can be realized upon, they certainly should be made to make some contribution to the develop- ment of the counties through the plan of federal advances such as is being proposed. In my opinion, if the plan which has been outlined in this paper is adopted the first projects which should be given consideration by Congress are in Jefferson and Clallam Counties in Washington. A number of other very urgent examples could be given, such as Curr County in Oregon, where 64 per cent of the county is in a National Forest and where there is at the present time very little return to the communities from the forests because of the inac- cessibility of the timber and other re- sources and where there is a most urgent need for road development in order to open up the resources sur- rounding the National Forests as well as those within its boundaries. The small population, 2,044 people, cannot BONDING NATIONAL FORESTS 63 undertake this work. The Government should help and I believe that it is en- tirely practicable for the Government to give help under the proposed plan. Another urgent case is in Trinity County, California, where the National Forest covers 58 per cent of the county. This forest has a stand of over 13 billion feet of timber, which ultimately will bring in gross receipts of consider- ably over $100,000 a year, but which at the present time returns to the county only a little over $2,000. There are only about 3,500 people in the county. Its county seat is 50 miles from the closest railroad by mountain wagon road, and many of the people of the county have to pack their supplies over mountain trails because there are no roads at all. An advance by Congress on the basis of later returns which certainly can be secured from timber which is owned by the Government, but which cannot be marketed at the present time, would open the way to developing this section of California. Other illustrations could be given in the Coast States and in some of the in- terior States where there is heavy timber but so located that it cannot immediately be developed on account of its inaccessibility and lack of market. Such are the projects which should be taken up first. Probably the suggestion of the fore- going plan will bring up many questions regarding the detailed operation of it in practice. For example, the question of maintenance of the roads would arise, whether the counties or the Gov- ernment should assume this burden. Again, the extent of cooperation on roads in which the counties and the Government, and perhaps also the States, would participate would con- stitute a problem here and there. In planning a given project these questions should be considered and a solution in each case be worked out before asking for the advance from Congress. I have no doubt of the earnest cooperation of the communities, if I may judge by the way they are working with the Forest Service in such road building as is now being carried on in the forests. RESULTS OF THE PLAN The proposed plan would make the public benefits of the National Forests immediately realizable; it would accom- plish development not possible for the communities without public aid and would stimulate agriculture and other industries and result in the building up of many permanent homes and bring into use great quantities of land now lying idle; it would relieve the now struggling communities from a burden of taxation which otherwise they would have to assume if the development of many of the National Forest communi- ties is to go forward as rapidly as it should; it would hasten the develop- ment of the National Forest resources themselves which are now in many cases unavailable because of lack of transportation; where roads are built in the Forests there would be an added security because of their direct use in forest fire prevention; the plan would work to the benefit of the small man in every way; and finally, there would be a clearer appreciation on the part of local communities of the important public benefits of the National Forests, and in consequence of the present real- ization of the purposes of the National government in this enterprise, there would be a closer cooperation between the people and the public agencies with the result of a more effective protection and administration of this property than otherwise would be possible. Russia's Embargo on Lumber The Russian government has placed an embargo on all kinds of lumber, to prevent its ex- portation; walnut lumber, including Circassian walnut, much prized by American furniture makers, is specifically mentioned. THREE MILES OF FLAME A CROSS-COUNTRY RIDE AND THREE DAYS OF WORK WITH A FIRE WARDEN IN NEW ENGLAND By Allen Chamberlain ["I would like to establish the fact that all the picturesqueness and all the heroism in forest fire fighting isn't confined to the West," wrote Mr. Chamberlain in contributing this story. "During the drought this autumn there was a deuce of a fire in the Berkshire country that narrowly escaped developing into a calamity. I have attempted to relate in short story form the cold, hard and wholly unadorned facts concerning that fire." — Editor.] "J J ELLO, warden! Back home towns, communities big in land area, again, are you? Then all this but little in point of population and H smoke doesn't mean that the financial means. In these places, where woods are still afire back in every man is a farmer, all hands are the hills?" busy at this season trying to get in "Well, all I can say is that, so far as their harvest, but when fire comes they I know, the fires in this district are out, must drop these private affairs to fight or under control. Perhaps I'd better the common enemy. In a little town knock on wood, though, for something with a mere handful of voters it isn't may start at any minute with the coun- possible to "let George" do these things. try as tinder dry as it is right now. All the "Georges" have to turn out, If I could see a sprinkle of rain I'd turn and if any hang back without good in for a solid twenty-four hours of cause the law provides a substantial snooze. 'Believe me,' I could give the penalty. Besides it isn't healthy to be finest imitation of a man sleeping that unneighborly in such matters in a small ever was. In the last three days Jim town. The neighbors aren't numerous and I have managed to edge in just enough to hide behind, and the shirker about one night's sleep. Oh, yes, this "gets in wrong" with everybody for fire warden business is a cinch — when miles around. How those farmers it's raining." hated the sight of an automobile. Too In seven weeks there had been no often the passage of one through some rain in the hills — oh, perhaps what the piece of woods meant a call to the fire Weather Bureau calls "a trace," a mere line within an hour, the result of a heed- dew — but no real rain. It was as dry less smoker and his match or cigar as a California summer, and yet it was stub. And the gunners were no less October in New England. No rain, unpopular for the same reason, and persistent summer temperatures, On this particular balmy October made golden weather for pleasure parties evening, when the deputy warden of out to see the autumn color on hill and District 6 drove his dusty little run- dale. Then, too, the shooting season about into the home yard, he and his had just begun, opening on a holiday, helper had spent the best part of a which meant that thousands of men week chasing fires from one end of the and boys with guns and matches had district to the other. Fifteen hundred taken to the bush for one glorious day square miles is a tidy little area to have of killing. to keep an eye on, and when seventy- It had been a worrisome seven weeks five per cent of it is forest land, with for every fire warden, and the State plenty of slash-covered wood and timber warden and his district deputies had lots sprinkled through, and the whole lived a busy life chasing hither and yon territory standing on end in hills and at the summons of the local officials small mountains up to three thousand who needed aid or advice, for there was feet in elevation, a man has to be scarce a town that did not have its definitely "on to his job" in a dangerous daily blaze. But mostly these district fire time, and without much regard for men were needed in the remote hill three meals a day and slumber. 64 THREE MILES OF FLAME 65 It looked a little like rain, and there was no wind. The chances for at least one night of sleep seemed hopeful. That day they had taken a look at two town crews that were fighting fair-sized blazes, and had spotted and stamped out three small fires all by themselves, just as an incident of the road. Small wonder that they were ready to stop a spell. "Run the go-cart into the shed, Jim, and tank her up with gas and water for luck. And you better hitch on that extra fire pump, too. It might be handy sometime. Then come in and we'll pick up a bite and take a turn at that sleep act. Be sure the lamps are o.k." What a relief to get home and to get a real wash-up and a square meal. It was the next thing to luxury. "Now, Jim, who says that there aren't compensations in a warm, dry Fall? Just look at that dish of green corn. I didn't really expect that last planting to come to anything, but there it is, so 'go to it.' 'It's an ill wind that' — Drat that 'phone! Half a mind not to answer it." But as he said it he was across the room in a jump and taking down the receiver. "Hello! Yep, I'm the feller. Whose this ? Oh, hello chief. Why, pretty fair, thanks. Not scorched yet, anyhow. Maple Mountain, did you say? Run- ning toward the State reservation? I see. Yep. All right. We'll trot right over. Good-night." "Well, Jim, we'll finish our supper, if you don't mind, but that sleep will have to be 'continued in our next.' That was the chief. The reservation com- missioners have wired him that Maple Mountain is all afire, and that it's Tun- ing straight for Whitetop. Why, there aren't two dozen men in that whole town, and they don't own a pump, or an extinguisher, or anything else to fight with. By, George! Just in the nick. Here's a waybill for some new fire pumps just in. Hike over and tease Jerry to open the express office and let you have those guns. Tell him it's an emergency. I'll chase you over with the car in a jiffy." It was one of those nights known as "pitch dark" when stars don't seem to count. A merry prospect lay before the warden and his man, for it was full fifty miles across the hills, and over some of the roughest back country roads in the State, to reach that fire. By the time the new pumps were un- packed and lashed to the car it was past ten o'clock. For a couple of miles they tore along the river road at good speed, and then began the tedious climb of a ten-mile hill, a steady grind of 100 feet in the mile, with many a stretch much stiffer. The men who settled those townships in Revolutionary days aimed at the sum- mits of the long glacial ridges, and ran their roads straight for the goal and across, and quite regardless of grades. At the little hamlet stranded upon the Crest, two thousand feet above the sea, the car shot along the ridge, and then down the long "ladder" on the northern side into the valley of another river. A few miles of relatively level road across the bottom land, and again the car was thrust against the contours, straight for the mountain and the fire. Shortly after midnight, as they skirted the flank of the mountain, the blaze ap- peared above them, a continuous line of fire the entire length of the three mile long ridge. It had been a wild Paul Revere sort of a ride across the dark, but even with the goal not only in sight, but right at hand, the riding was not yet over. The local warden must first be found, for although the towns like to have State aid in their times of trouble and distress, the dignity of their local sovereignty may not be ruthlessly transgressed nor overlooked by the officers of the State. It was one in the morning when they whirled into the little village center, and stopped in the yard of the local warden. "Must be they're all out on the fire line, or else — Hello, here comes a light !" It was the warden himself, and so dead beat and weary that he could bare- ly keep his eyes propped. No, he didn't think anyone was on the line tonight. The fire had fought them to a standstill. Every man Jack was "all in." Couldn't get any outside help, and the town men were simply worn out after two whole 66 AMERICAN FORESTRY days of fighting. They had checked it, and if they only could have held out that night, or got a fresh relay of men, it would have been out by morning. The fire had started in the scrub of the higher ledges on the westerly side toward the village, had spread both ways on the long north and south ridge, and finally worked its way through a gap, and started down the easterly flank straight toward the State reservation. Someone had heard shooting up on the mountain the morning that the fire started. Whatever else was done the reserva- tion must be protected. It was clear that the local gang would be useless, even if called out, in their present state of collapse. There wasn't a telephone in the entire township, and it was a long rough road to the nearest sizable place where help could be had. But some- thing must be done, and quickly. "Get back to bed, warden. We'll take a scout around the mountain and be back for an early breakfast. You'll be feeling better by that time yourself." And with that the little car was off for a circuit of the fire, the worst eight miles of the entire night, up and down breakneck hills, in and out through the woods, bumping over rocks and gullies, and its occupant nearly choked at times with the dense acrid smoke. But they located the limits of the fire, and found the danger points and the vulnerable spots. At one place, where the flames were working down to within a few hundred feet of the road, but coming leisurely, as fires do on the down grade, they stopped and unlim- bered a pump. "We'll just put that bit of fire to the bad right now, Jim. If she jumps this road, and gets to climbing the big mountain across the notch here it will be 'good-night.' The whole county couldn't stop it in ten miles." A handy brook furnished the ammuni- tion, and it wasn't long before their gun had subdued an eighth of a mile of fire. For safety's sake they swept the road clear of leaves for a stretch, and after refilling the pump and leaving it beside the road for future use in case of need, the car was started for the village. At dawn they sat down to a hurried break- fast with the local chief. "I'm thinking we can stop that fire today. We've got to, that's all. Where can we get fifty men? Can't you rout out a few of your neighbors and get them to drive around and hire some men? Of course you'll have to go out- side your town, but the Billboro and Waytown folks will help you if you shout. And I want four teams with cider barrels to haul water. Now if you'll get after these things we'll furnish the pumps and take right hold ourselves with you. What do you say?" Inside of half an hour three neighbors were off for outside help, and the warden himself was routing out his town crew and impressing the cider barrel outfits. Back to the mountain went the district warden where he found the reservation superintendent with two of his men, and by seven o'clock the crew began to arrive. All told forty men were rounded up, which made four good gangs of ten men each, with two ten-gallon pumps to a gang. It was high time for something to be doing, for the fire had crept down closer to the leaf -littered notch road at many points, and it was already beginning to wake up a bit for an active day. It was a terrible temptation to try back-firing along that road, but the up-to-date warden is chary of resorting to that check. The risks are too great, and the situation must be desperate indeed to warrant this fighting of fire with fire. So it was slow and heavy work lugging the hand tanks up the hill to assault the steadily oncoming crackle. Forty men on a three mile line do not present a very continuous front. A hundred men would have been none too many. It meant a stiff and steady fight for the forty. While they beat the flames back at one point they would eat ahead at another, and gathering headway, threaten to make all the work unavailing. Once over that road — and a single spark would take it there — and the jig would be up. The fire must not be given a chance at the slope of old Whitetop across the notch. Up and down the road buzzed the little car carrying the keen-eyed and energetic State deputy, keeping touch with the whole situation. Did the fire THREE MILES OF FLAME 67 get too lively at some particular point, and threaten to get away before the nearest gang could work up to it, the car brought that gang at once. It was like the Highlanders being whirled into the charge by clinging to the stirrups of the Scots Grays, the men hanging to the running boards, on behind, anywhere for a foothold or a grip. And so it went all the morning, and all the afternoon, too, food and hot coffee being brought along the line at noon by a city man whose summer place was threatened by the fire. By nightfall the enemy was under control, but the job was not yet finished. It must be kept under control, and so, bit by bit, put out. A competent fire warden, like a general, must be considerate of his men. It would be a reckless extravagance in human energy to keep more men on the line that night than were absolutely necessary. Another fire might break out at any time in some other part of the town or section, and with everyone exhausted, and unable to put up another ounce of fight, there would be nothing to do but to let it burn. The men who had borne the brunt of the battle that day, full half the crew, were sent home to sleep. The rest were summoned to another meal, and while they toyed with sandwiches, hot soup and coffee, the warden regaled them further with a bit of his choicest table talk. "Boys, I'm sure enough tickled with the way you've stood to this game today. You've got things in shape now for a clean knock-out if you'll stick to it tonight. The scrap isn't going to be quite so strenuous from now on. What fire there is left wont be very energetic between now and morning, unless we should get a big breeze, which doesn't seem likely. All we've got to do is to keep on soaking it, and by morning a handful of guards can handle what's left. We'll try the scheme of putting in the night in two watches. No. 1 crew can go out on line now, I'll set you along the road with the machine, a couple here and a couple there, and keep in touch from time to time. No. 2 crew can take a leaf, and catch forty winks till their relief time comes, unless an emergency spoils their dreams." The men were game, and the supper had put new gimp into them. All spots that still showed a lurking vigor were given first attention, all smouldering logs and stubs were drenched down, and everything was going to the Queen's taste when, along about midnight, and quite without warning, the wind hauled south and steadily freshened, stirring up latent sparks and introducing wholly new conditions. It was No. 2 crew's time to be called, but, by the same token, it was not No. 1 crew's time to sleep under these circum- stances. All hands and the cook were needed now, and for a time it was lively work. Instead of bringing discourage- ment the revival of the fire seemed to arouse a renewed amount of fight in the men, and by dawn they had not only conquered, but had managed to wholly clear up the leaf litter along a stretch of road to leeward and next the reservation, and, what was even more cheering, they had seen the grimy face of the warden relax into a real smile. It was evident that the battle was won. A small patrol could handle what was left. Half a dozen sentinels for another day and the incident would be closed, save for the following unromantic entry in the official returns : Cause — Careless hunter ; Acres Burned -600. Cost to Extinguish— $250. Damage— $2,000. Hardly worthy of any greater fuss someone may think. But how about the little farming town that has to stand the cost and the loss? That is where the pinch comes. To this particular town the bill of costs of $250 amounted to just about one-fifth of its total annual public revenue, and the loss of $2,000 worth of wood and timber on the stump meant a shrinkage of three per cent in its total assessed valuation. But for the State's timely aid the loss to the town might have been far greater, and into the bargain the State itself stood to lose its 10,000 acre forest on Whitetop Mountain which had cost the public treasury $150,000 to purchase and develop. The economic question naturally arises: Does the revenue from hunting licenses cover these losses ? EDITORIAL VICTORY FOR AMENDMENT NO. 9 THE Minnesota Forestry Associa- tion achieved a great victory in the cause of forest conservation by securing the passage at the November election of constitutional amendment No. 9, which provides that such school and public lands as are better adapted for timber production than for agriculture, may be set aside as State school forests or other State forests as the Legislature may provide, and that they shall be managed on forestry principles. The amendment was the only one of eleven which passed. The vote was 178,954 for it and 44,033 against, but as all not voting were also counted as against it the real majority was only 501. The victory was due to a publicity campaign such as the State had never before seen, and the method by which it was conducted will well serve as an example for other States where forestry laws are needed or where amendments to existing laws are desired. The average voter is a fair-minded individual. Show him that a proposed measure is for a real benefit for the people and the State and it will usually have his support. But he must be shown. No glittering generalities con- vince him. He needs cold, hard facts. He likes concrete examples. The Minnesota campaigners for Amend- ment No. 9 realized this. They took editors of the chief papers in the State to the north woods and showed them actual conditions following destructive 68 lumbering on land unsuited for farm- ing. These men were convinced. They described in their papers the conditions as they saw them. There was no gain- saying the facts and they presented the facts. The smaller newspapers took up the work. The campaigners furnished them with daily news articles, many signed by prominent men of the State, and in this way the voters could not escape knowing what Amendment No. 9 pro- vided and why it was needed. So far so good. But the campaign did not stop there. The 17,000 mem- bers of the State Federation of Women's Clubs were enlisted. When women are enthusiastic about a measure and ener- getic in advocating it, it has advanced far on the road to success. The women distributed literature and posters and a day or two before election each tele- phoned one or more voters and asked them to vote for the amendment. Still another admirable step was taken, and one that should appeal to every State or association conducting a forestry campaign. The clergy of the State were asked by their respective bishops to talk for the amendment and distribute literature. They exercised a powerful influence in its favor. Perhaps no one feature of the cam- paign was more striking than the setting apart by the Governor of a State Forests Day to be observed in each school in the State. Each of the 14,000 teachers received a program and some literature and 400,000 school EDITORIAL 69 children participated in exercises and took home a card asking for a vote for Amendment No. 9. What better way of reaching the home than this? Other forms of publicity were also successful and before election day it was conceded that the defeat of the amend- ment was all but impossible. Yet the small majority indicated that every bit of work done for it was necessary. A number of States need forestry laws; others should have existing for- estry laws amended. None are likely to gain what is needed without agita- tion, without a campaign to arouse the voters. It takes money to conduct such campaigns and such money usually comes from progressive citizens of the State affected and from national asso- ciations. The American Forestry Asso- ciation does all it can to aid in securing State forestry laws and encouraging the cause of forest conservation wherever possible. Unfortunately its funds are limited, as are the funds of many such organizations. It is supported by the annual dues of its members and the subscription and advertising fees for American Forestry Magazine and the more members it has the more subscriptions and advertising it secures the better will it be able to render the financial assistance so much needed in arousing the public interest in the need of forestrv laws. AIDING FOREST COMMUNITIES THERE exists, and develops into proposed legislation from time to time, some opposition to the government control and ad- ministration of the national forests. Much of this opposition is based on the claim that the forests are blocking development of the localities in which they are situated and that their re- sources are locked up. The Forest Service officials have long recognized that communities near national forests which are not paying taxes and which yield little or no revenue from timber sales because the forests are inacces- sible, have more or less cause for com- plaint. Therefore it was with considerable satisfaction that American Forestry was able to publish in the December number Secretary Houston's recom- mendation to Congress of a plan pro- viding that such communities be ad- vanced money for road and bridge building and general development pur- poses. In this issue the details of this plan are explained by Chief Forester Graves. If Congress adopts the recommenda- tion of Secretary Houston, and there is every hope that it will, the effects will be felt chiefly in the great northwest and the result will be the opening up of much territory which is now a wilder- ness but full of latent possibilities. The plan has advantages over others for the development of the country by financial aid from the government, because it provides for repayment of the money advanced, if necessary, from the resources of the forests which will become available in the future when their timber is sold. It is hoped that Congress will take favorable action on the recommenda- tion at the present session. A KNOWLEDGE OF TREES HE American Forestry Associa- when injured, that such knowledge as Ttion receives so many requests for information about the selec- tion of shade trees for various street and soil conditions, when and how to plant them, how to protect them from insects, and repair them may be generally useful to those wish- ing this information will be printed in a series of short, concise articles in American Forestry Magazine. The first appears in this number. It deals with the selection of shade 70 AMERICAN FORESTRY trees and their character. It will be found to be, in brief, readily under- standable form, a compilation of an- swers which fit practically all inquiries about the choice of shade trees. Next month will follow an article on how to plant them and when, with sound advice regarding their protection and care. There is happily a noticeable growth, throughout in the entire country, of a desire to know more about trees. School children are keen to learn of them and their characteristics and many a youngster knows more about them than his parents. It is a knowledge which should be fostered. Many a city would be infinitely more attractive if it had more and better shade trees or had made better selection of those already planted. There is hardly a progressive city in the country which does not now recognize the need of a city forester or city tree commission. Arbor Day is a recognized institution. School readers contain tree stories. The public knowl- edge of trees and their value is growing while the public desire for the conserva- tion of the forests is so marked that no man can deny that our citizens are at last awakened to a realization of the need for their perpetuation. DOES FOREST FIRE PROTECTION PAY? IF ANY one has any doubts about the value of fire protective work in the forests they will be dispelled by reading the article "The Fire protec- tion on the National Forests in 1914," by Chief Forester Henry S. Graves, in this issue. The fact that in 1914 there were over one thousand more fires on the national forests than in the "bad year" of 1910 indicates how much greater was the danger of tremendous damage than four years ago, while the fact that in 1910 the damage was be- tween $15,000,000 and $25,000,000, and in 1914 is was only about $450,000, in- dicates the wonderful progress made in the system of fire protection, and the inestimable value of such fire protec- tion. It is remarkable that in four short years the fire protective work could be- come so well systematized and its op- eration so perfect that, despite a large increase in the number of fires and fire conditions quite as bad if not worse, the loss should be only four per cent of what it was in 1910. This unusual efficiency was due en- tirely to a systematic organization, the establishment of lookout stations from which large areas of forests could be watched, the extension of telephone lines from these lookout stations to points from which aid could be called, and the opening up of roads and trails through the forests in order to enable the fire fighters to have ready access to points whtere fires started. Dur- ing the past four years there have been added in the development of the national forests and as fire protective measures 1,368 miles of roads, 9,617 miles of trail, 12,000 miles of tele- phones, 300 fully equipped lookout stations and 695 headquarters stations. So thorough was the organization and so well was the system of fire protec- tion aided by the facilities afforded by the new roads, trails, telephones and lookout stations for fire fighters getting to the scene of a conflagration quickly, that fifty per cent of the fires were ex- tinguished before they had reached a quarter of an acre in extent. It might be supposed that this won- derfully good record was made by the expenditure of sums of money much larger than the amount used in 1910, but the fact is the expenditure was smaller. In 1910 over one million dol- lars were spent in fire fighting on prac- tically the same area while in 1914 the expenditure for the same purpose was about $670,000. What more effective answer than these facts could there be to the query, "Does fire protection on our forests pay" ? THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT By Ellwood Wilson A NOTHER tragedy has been added / \ to the long list of those which / \ are told around the camp fires. About the sixteenth of Novem- ber Mr. Lawrence S. Page, in charge of lumbering operations in the Shaw- enegan District for The Gres Falls Co., started into the woods with three guides. After about two weeks, as nothing was heard of them, a search was instituted and their canoe and Mr. Page's hat were found frozen in the ice in the narrows between Lac Caribou and Lac des lies. The ice was cut out near where the canoe was found and the bodies discovered in about twelve feet of water and about twenty-five feet from shore, that of Mr. Page being about fifteen feet nearer shore than his companions. There were two long cuts in the sides of the canoe and it is probable that they were crossing the lake just at dusk, being cold and in a hurry to reach camp, and ran at a good rate of speed against the sharp shore ice and that this cut the canoe which must have filled and sunk very quickly. Encumbered with heavy clothes, numbed by the icy water and unable to climb out on the thin ice which broke under them they were unable to reach shore. Only those who have had similar experiences and escaped know the agony that must have been theirs when they found that the struggle was too much for them. Mr. Page leaves a wife and four small children. Mr. James Lawler, Secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association, has just made a lecture trip to Grand' Mere, and Shawenegan Falls where his excellent illustrated lectures on the Forests of Canada were much enjoyed. Mr. W. C. J. Hall, Chief of the Forest Protection Service of Quebec, has re- signed from the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. The Canadian Society of Forest Engineers is about to become incor- porated under The Ontario Compa- nies Act, and has appointed Messrs. Jacombe, of the Dominion Forestry Service, Zavitz, Forester of Ontario, and Leavitt, Forester of the Conserva- tion Commission, to revise and con- solidate the constitution. The report of the Commission of Conservation for 1914 is just out and is a very comprehensive and interesting volume, covering practically every sub- ject of interest to national development. The Forestry Section reports on extensive investigations of forest conditions in British Columbia, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick and Ontario. Such matters control of watersheds, rates of 71 as 72 AMERICAN FORESTRY growth, value of forest cover, natural reproduction, etc., have been carefully studied. Cooperative fire protection systems, brush disposal, railway right- of-way control have also received much attention, and very practical recommen- dations have been made. Town plan- ning, infant mortality and the protec- tion of migratory birds are among other subjects treated of. Mr. Clyde Leavitt has just returned from his fall inspection trip of the rail- ways in the west and northwest. Mackenzie Rivers to the Arctic Circle, thence by way of the Rat River over the MacDougall Pass into the Bell River, the Porcupine and the Yukon to Fort Yukon in Alaska, then up the Yukon to Dawson and out by way of the White Pass. Mr. E. S. Davidson accompanied Mr. Boyd and for over two thousand miles they traveled with- out guides. The timber conditions were observed and much valuable information obtained and the whole trip made without any mishap. Mr. S. L. de Carteret, Forester of the Quebec & St. Maurice Industrial Co., has been to Berlin, N. H., to attend the annual meeting of the Woods Depart- ment of the Berlin Mills and other allied companies. These gatherings, the idea of Mr. W. R. Brown, are a great help in bringing together men who are working for the same concern but from the nature of their work are seldom able to get together. It develops an esprit de corps and enables men to swap experiences, to see other methods of work and to get out of the rut and realize that there are others with the same problems and difficulties. The Government of Quebec has increased the appropriation to the Government Forestry School affiliated with Laval University to $8,000 per annum, which will enable many exten- sions to the courses. Mr. Piche, the Chief Forester, reports that his Depart- ment was engaged during July, August and September in the classification of Government lands and the inspection of settler's lots. Twelve parties were in the field besides isolated rangers, who were inspecting wood working establish- ments or watching the movement of timber along the railways. Their activities are now engaged in the inspection of logging operations which at present are much hampered by lack of snow. Mr. W. J. Boyd, of the Dominion Forest Service, has just returned from a long trip from Prince Albert, Sask., be- ginning on May 15th last, by way of the Clearwater, Athabasca and the Algonquin Park, a forest reserve of the people of Ontario, consisting of about 1,750,000 acres, roughly about fifty miles on a side, covers the source of a number of important streams. It is a game refuge and the wild animals have increased to such an extent that it has been necessary to remove some of them. The Government are trapping and selling a number of fur-bearing animals, especially beaver, and of these latter are killing and selling quite a number of skins annually. Anyone wishing these animals can obtain them from the Ontario Government at the following rates: per pair, mink, $35.00; beaver, $50.00; marten, $80.00; fisher, $80.00; otter, $150.00. Probably the first jail sentence ever given against a man for setting a forest fire has just been awarded in Quebec. This will be a great step in helping to protect the forests from fire for hitherto the offense has not been considered serious and the judges and magistrates have generally refused even to fine a man especially if he belonged to the right political party. A better day is dawning. The St. Maurice Forest Protective Association has reported that for the season just ended, the worst season in its history, 814,468 acres were burned over, 4,600 acres merchantable timber, 7,935 acres of old slash, 50,958 acres of old burn, and 17,975 acres of young growth. The total area patrolled was 8,132,416 acres. The chief causes of fires were river drivers and the con- tractors for the new Transcontinental THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 73 Railway, the worst fire being set by meeting, held in Victoria, B. C, and these latter's section men burning old was so impressed by the need of con- ties, servation that he urged the Manitoba Government to issue the invitation to Mr. John Gillies, of the firm of the Association to hold the 1913 Con- Gillies Brothers, and one of the best vention in Winnipeg, known residents of the Ottawa Valley, died on Nov. 17th. He was m charge Mr H Sorgius, Manager of the of the woods operations of his firm and St Maurice Forest Protective Associa- was early distressed at the inadequate tion> was married about three weeks care taken of her forests by Canada. Mr s ius has been with the He it was who protested so strenuously Association since its inception and has at the time of the Cobalt boom, at the done most excellent work. throwing open of his firm s timber limits to destruction by the prospectors. The Lauren tide Co., Ltd., is finding After a long illness the Hon. Colin H. trouble in its plantations with the hares, Campbell, former Minister of Public which eat off the terminal shoots of Works and Attorney General of Mani- the young spruce and balsam trees, toba, died in Winnipeg. Mr. Campbell causing them to grow bushy. They do represented the Manitoba Government this mostly in the fall and spring and at the Canadian Forestry Association are a great nuisance. IN BRITISH COLUMBIA THE Province of British Columbia of the British Columbia Forest Branch is divided into eleven adminis- supervise fire protection on the railways, trative districts, each one with On the railways as the C. N. P. and its force consisting of a District P. G. E., under Provincial Charter the Forester, under whom work rangers, forest officers, by virtue of the British scalers, forest assistants and guards. Columbia Forest Act, have even closer The guards are employed only during control of fire protection, and here the the fire season in summer, and their patrolmen are appointed and paid by the work is directly supervised by the Forest Branch, the cost being recovered rangers, one ranger overseeing a number from the railroad at the end of the of guards. season. The total force of the Forest Branch The Dominion Forestry Branch, during the height of the fire season in Crown Timber Branch, and Dominion August was over 500, of whom nearly Parks Branch employ 50 to 75 rangers 350 were employed solely in fire protec- and guards in the Dominion Railway tion. In addition were about 25 officials Belt during the summer. Over 40 as chiefs of police in municipalities, of the men were appointed acting forest construction foremen, etc., who were guards in the British Columbia Forest appointed and acted as forest guards Branch this year for the purpose of giving without pay for the Forest Branch. them authority to issue burning permits. On the railways under Dominion A number of private forest guards Charter, as the C. P. R., G. T. P., are employed in different parts of the G. N. R., about 50 special fire patrol- Province by owners of large bodies of men were employed by the railways be- valuable timber. sides the hundreds of section men, etc., Altogether in midsummer the British a part of whose duties is fire protection. Columbia Forest Branch and other As officers of the Board of Railway forest protective organizations employed Commissioners for Canada, the officers over 500 men on special protection work. 74 AMERICAN FORESTRY Altogether there were in the Province over 1,000 whose duties were in whole or in part fire protection. The fire season in British Columbia, 1914, was, as regards dry weather and hazard, the worst for many years. Old inhabitants say that there was not another so dry summer this century, nor in fact since the 80' s. The expendi- ture in fire fighting was very heavy but justified, for considering the very large number of fires and the extraordinary hazardous conditions, the amount of merchantable timber and other property destroyed is remarkably small — much smaller than in the Pacific States where the fire season was also very bad. Figures so far available are given below. It should be remembered these are as yet only approximate; the final figures will probably exceed these some- what. Total number of fires over 1,500, of which over 400 cost money to fight. Total cost fire fighting over $150,000. Total area burned over — over 350,- 000 acres, of which over 250,000 acres was old burn or slash, over 50,000 was valuable second growth, over 20,000 was merchantable timber, over 30,000 was range land. Over 70 millions feet board measure, merchantable timber destroyed, of which one-fifth estimated salvageable. Over 400 miles of fire trail were built in fighting fires during the summer. An outstanding feature of the fire season was the valuable cooperation given to the forest officers by the people at large. It is doubtful if anywhere else in Canada there exists as close and effective a cooperation in forest protec- tion as in British Columbia. One reason for that is that British Columbia is so universally forested and the utilization of those forests so important to her, that their fate does and always will vitally concern a very large part of her population and her industries. The railway, mining, irrigation, power, lum- ber, etc., companies are all more or less dependent on the forests and forest products for their existence and opera- tion. They show their appreciation of this by the keen interest they manifest in fire protection and the ready assist- ance they give the forest officers. It was shown that the only way to make logging or other slash really safe is to burn it under control in not too dry weather. Otherwise the slash is a con- stant hazard during dry weather and sooner or later it results in an expensive and often destructive fire. The permit system again proved its great value and necessity. During August and the first week of September in the southern part of the Province at least, permits were cancelled and no burning allowed in or adjacent to the forests, except under the strictest safe- guards. Were it not for this control by the Forest Branch of burning during the fire season, fire protection would be almost impossible. Quite a number of prosecutions were made for violation of the fire law and convictions secured. The policy fol- lowed is to deal leniently with the un- knowing offender, but to make example of the wilful lawbreaker. IMPROVEMENTS In spite of the bad season the Forest Branch was able to do a considerable amount of permanent improvement work during the summer, in extension chiefly of last year's projects. The tele- phone line up the Columbia River from Revelstoke was completed to Big Bend or Boat encampment opposite the mouth of the Canal River, the total distance now being 120 miles. Another line which connects up some of the Island to the north of the Gulf of Georgia was extended, the total length now being 65 miles. Still another line was built 20 miles up the Upper Kootenay River above Canal Flats. Over 75 miles of trail have been constructed in different parts of the Province. A number of cabins, boat houses, lookout stations and tool caches have been built. GRAZING British Columbia possesses great areas of summer range mostly more or less wooded and nearly all of it Crown lands. A grazing investigation is now being carried on to determine the proper policy and methods to be adopted to encourage the fullest possible utiliza- tion of the immense amount of forage now going to waste each year. FOREST NOTES The Sihlwald, or city forest of Zurich, Switzerland, adds to the town's rev- enues $7.20 per acre a year, reducing the amount needed to be raised through taxation by more than $32,000. In northern Idaho and Montana, which had many fires during the past summer, 35 per cent of the fires on national forests were caused by rail- roads, 26 per cent by lightning, and 10 per cent by campers. The remainder were due to brush burning and other miscellaneous or unknown causes. solvent and for various chemical pur- poses. Beech, birch and maple are the best woods for the production of wood distillation products. Heart wood is better than sapwood because it does not contain so large a percentage of mois- ture. Elm, chestnut and cherry are not desirable woods for the wood dis- tillation industry because they contain too much tannin, gums, etc. A mountain lion recently killed in the Grand Canyon game preserve, which adjoins the Tusayan national forest, measured ten feet from nose to tail. Mountain lions and other beasts of prey, such as wolves, coyotes, and wild cats, are killed by forest officers and game wardens because they are a menace to stock and to game animals. In the course of investigations of the wood distillation industry of New York by the College of Forestry at Syracuse, it finds that the removal of the tariff on grain alcohol has hurt the market on wood alcohol in such a way as to make it hardly profitable to produce wood alcohol at this time. The chief products of the destructive distillation of wood are charcoal, wood alcohol and acetate of lime. Charcoal is used for gun pow- der, for fuel, in the manufacture of iron, and for various poultry and animal foods. Acetate of lime is used almost wholly in the dye industries. Wood alcohol is used largely as a J. J. Crumley, the secretary of the Ohio State Forestry Society, who is also Assistant Forester at the State Experiment Station, believes in prac- ticing what he preaches. As soon as he engaged in his present position, he went to the southern part of the state and bought some hill land suitable only for forestry purposes. During the first two succeeding summers, he took his family of four and spent his summer vacations on this land, and combined delightful summer outings with the launching of his plan of improvement, cutting in culled over woodlands and reforesting vacant spaces. Up to date, he has most of the vacant spaces re- forested; and by removing the old culls, the "left overs" from successive lum- bering operations, he has given the more valuable young matt-rial oppor- tunity to occupy the ground and air space. Incidentally he has marketed from this improvement cutting 60,000 feet of lumber, four car loads of locust posts, and fifty crossties. The net value of these products was about $1,000. He paid $1,600 for the place and has left the land, the finest young timber, his buildings, and small orchard. 75 76 AMERICAN FORESTRY When he gets this place improved and restocked, he proposes to buy another and keep at it. Of two million sheep annually grazed in the State of Utah, more than a million are on the National Forests, or, including lambs which are fattening for market on the forest ranges, over a million and three-quarters. Dr. Harry P. Brown, Assistant Profes- sor of Forest Botany in The New York State College of Forestry, has published a paper in the January number of Mycologia treating of a peculiar timber rot of oak and chestnut. The decay is caused by Hymenochaete rubiginosa (Sch.) Lev. The rot first manifests itself through the formation of white areas in the wood, separated by sound tissue. Later, pockets are formed which have a white lining. The decay is quite similar to that of oak caused by Stereum frustulosum (pers.) Fr. The Boise national forest in Idaho had 30 fires during the past summer, yet 28 were held down to less than 10 acres, and of these 15 were less than one-quarter of an acre. The supervisor says this success was due to a lookout tower, and to efficient telephone and heliograph service. Because of the war, English manu- facturers and consumers of wood pulp have been caused considerable uneasi- ness. Production is at a standstill in the countries at war, and in Norway and Sweden, principal sources of supply, mills have been greatly hampered be- cause of a lack of coal and of chemicals. England has practically no domestic sources of pulp. Black Hills white spruce has entered the market as a commercial possibility. After a series of experiments the spruce has proven itself of value for mining timbers in the coal mines of Cambria, Wyoming, and as a result several min- ing timber contractors have entered into contracts with the Forest Service for the purchase of white spruce from the Black Hills National Forest. The Department of Forest Botany at The New York State College of Forestry is engaged in the classifying of the collections of forest fungi which were secured at the Slimmer Camp of 1914 in the Catskills. Diseased plants fungi and specimens of wood which show fungous decay are being prepared for museum purposes and for studies in connection with the decay of timber. The forest fire season in the 28 square miles included within the boundaries of the city of Fitchburg, Mass., ended November 14. For the twelve months preceding this date the precipitation was 13 inches less than the normal. A continuous drought occurred beginning late in August and lasting 47 days. During the entire season there occurred 69 fires in the timber, sprout and brush lands of the outlying districts. The total area burned amounted to 127 acres. The cost of extinction was $649.- 71. The entire fire damage amounted to $44.00. All fires were extinguished by expert forest protective methods, most of them before they exceeded the light surface stage. Fires that developed into deep ground burns or into top fires were kept absolutely restricted to very small areas until entirely extin- guished. The annual meeting of the Massa- chusetts Forestry Association held in Boston on December 10 was very well attended. The Association honored Mr. Allen Chamberlain by making him a patron, the fee of $1,000 being con- tributed in small amounts by about two hundred members in recognition of Mr. Chamberlain's admirable work for forest conservation. Interesting addresses were delivered by Mr. Cham- berlain on the present status of the new national forest in New Hampshire; by Arthur A. Shurtleff on the Esthetic and Recreational Possibilities of Town For- ests ; by Secretary Harris A. Reynolds on Economics of Town Forests and by Wm. W. Colton on the management and Development of the Town Forest. The officers elected are : President, Nathaniel T. Kidder of Milton; vice-presidents, Berkshire — Heloise Meyer, Lenox; Bris- tol—William E. Fuller, Jr., Fall River; FOREST NOTES 77 Essex — Benjamin S. Johnson, Lynn; Franklin — W. B. Gaines, Greenfield; Hampden — Samuel Bowles, Springfield; Hampshire — Kenyon L. Butterfield, Amherst; Middlesex— Mrs. Fred H. Tucker, Newton; Norfolk— S. M. Weld, Dedham; Plymouth— G. R. Briggs, Plymouth; Suffolk— Edwin D. Mead, Boston; Worcester — John E. Thayer, Lancaster; Secretary, Harris A. Rey- nolds, of Cambridge; Treasurer, Ernest B. Dane of Brookline; members of the executive committee, Frank A. Cutting of Winchester; William P. Wharton of Groton; John S. Ames of North Easton; trustee of the permanent fund, George N. Whipple of Boston; auditor, H. Wads worth Hight of Winchester. Dr. L. H. Pennington, Assistant Professor of Forest Pathology of The New York State College of Forestry, is just completing the manuscript of a monograph of the temperate species of the genus Marasumis for publication in North American Flora. reserve emergency fund in the future. We also urge that the government re- frain from considering either this or the regular annual appropriation for national forest protection as calling for any radical attempt — especiall dur- ing periods of market depression when such a policy would effect further com- munity injury, waste and utimate loss to nation and to consumer — to force the disposal of national forest timber for purposes of immediate compensa- tory revenue." In addition to his own fire detection system, the supervisor of the Palisade national forest, Idaho, was notified of each fire by from five to ten different local settlers, who thus showed their co- operation in working for fire suppression. The New York State College of Forestry took over the College publica- tion for one issue and has issued the Forestry Number of the Syracuse Orange. This edition contained a great deal of data relating to Forestry in New York State and the growth of the insti- tution in particular. One of the most important resolu- tions passed at the annual meeting of the Western Forestry and Conserva- tion Association at Tacoma, Wash., in December was the following : "In view of the heavy expenses for fire fighting the past season both on private and National Forest lands, and since such expenses have resulted in the Federal Service expending an amount in excess of its emergency ap- propriation for this purpose, we urge upon Congress the need for such emer- gency appropriation as will fully cover the deficit incurred and for a liberal The Uinta mountains of Utah, in- cluded within the Wasatch, Uinta, and Ashley national forests, should become a favorite recreation region, because of the many small lakes within depressions scooped out by glacial drifts. Seventy such lakes can be counted from Reid's Peak, and one particular township, 36 miles square, contains more than a hundred. The Chilian Congress is seriously discussing a revision of the forestry laws of that country, with a view to preserving the large area of forests now in existence, and to increasing them in the arid portions of the country north of Valparaiso. In the last few years large areas of forest lands have been cleared for agricultural purposes, and this clearing is still going on. m Forest fires in Pennsylvania in 1914 caused damage estimated at more than $450,000, according to a summary made up by the State Department of forestry. The summary shows that 241,486 acres were burned over and that it cost the state more than $16,000 to extinguish the fires. Uses of Black Locust Outside of its use for fence posts, black locust finds its principal utilization in insulator pins and brackets for telegraph and telephone lines. FOREST EDUCATION IN MARYLAND D URING the past summer and fall the Maryland State Board of Forestry has carried on throughout Maryland an edu- cational campaign in the interest of good forestry and better forest manage- ment. Part of this work has consisted of lectures and illustrated talks, by the State Forester and his Assistant, which have been given before local granges, schools and clubs. The farmers, who are the largest holders of woodland in Maryland, as elsewhere in the East, have been reached by a series of exhibits and demonstrations at the leading State and county fairs. With them the State has been thoroughly covered, and the value of both private and State forestry brought home to the class of people who own the forests. In November, during Maryland Week, the last exhibit of the year was given in the Fifth Regiment Armory at Balti- more. The Board of Forestry has for many years been an exhibitor at the Horticultural Show held then, each year featuring some one important phase of its work. A year ago the exhibit was of forest products, but at the show just past it was the intention to give par- ticular emphasis to the reforestation of the State's waste lands and the im- provement of her highways under the recently enacted law regarding road- side trees. To this end beds of seedlings were shown beside larger ones where the work of outplanting was well repre- sented with transplant trees adapted to growth in the State. The stock exhibited was from the State Forest Nursery at College Park, where nearly a quarter-million small trees have been growing since its establishment less than a year ago. Along these beds of trees ran a roadway which might serve as a model for highways in the State. The road was carefully constructed and laid out, but it was to the trees which lined it in two long rows that attention was especially directed. The roadside trees, like the road, were on a some- what reduced scale, but the same pro- portion was observed throughout. The trees themselves were well trimmed and symmetrical, giving emphasis to work under the new Roadside Tree Law. Tree Wardens from the State Forester's Office have supervised the trimming of 10,000 trees since July 15, 1914. This takes no account of the work done in Baltimore City under a separate Department. The new law has worked out well, and has already accomplished much in the way of improving publicly owned trees and making the highways of Marvland more attractive. 78 CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR DECEMBER, 1914. (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole. Proceedings and reports of associations, fores officers, etc. Bavaria — K. Staatsministerium der finanzen. Ministerial-forstabteilung. Mitteilungen aus der staatsforstver-waltung Bayerns, heft 15. 165 p. Miinchen, 1913. Society of American foresters. Proceedings, v. 9, no. 4. 97 p. Wash., D. C, 1914. Vermont — State forester. Sixth annual report. 63 p. pi. Burlington, Vt., 1914. Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Buffalo — Park commissioners. Forty-fifth an- nual report. 48 p. Buffalo, 1914. St. Louis — City forester. Annual report for the fiscal year ending April 7, 1913. 5 p. St. Louis, 1913. Forest Education Forest schools University of Minnesota — College of forestry. Announcement, 1913-14. 20 p. map. Minneapolis, Minn., 1914. Forest Description Harper, Roland M. The coniferous forests of eastern North America. 24 p. il. N. Y., Science press, 1914. Rubel, Eduard A. The forests of the western Caucasus. 4 p. pi. Cambridge, Eng., University press, 1914. Forest Botany Trees: classification and description Lamb, William H. A conspectus of North American firs (exclusive of Mexico). 11 p. il. Wash., D. C. Society of American foresters, 1914. Neger, F. W. Die laubholzer. 160 p. il. Berlin and Leipzig, G. J. Goschen, 1914. Winkenwerder, Hugo. Short keys to the trees of Oregon and Washington. 3d ed. 16 p. Seattle, Wash., University of Washington, 1914. Silvics Studies of species Woolsey, Theodore S., Jr., and Chapman, Herman H. Norway pine in the lake states. 42 p. pi. Wash., D. C, 1914. (U. S. — Department of agriculture. Bul- letin 139.) Forest Protection Insects Stebbing, Edward Percy. Indian forest insects of economic importance. Coleoptera. 148 p. il., pi. London, Eyre & Spottes- woode, 1914. Forest Management Roth, Filibert. Forest regulation or, The preparation and development of forest working plans. 218 p. maps. Ann Arbor, Mich., published by the author, 1914. (Vol. 1 of Michigan manual of forestry.) Forest Economics Statistics California — State board of agriculture. Cali- fornia forests; the lumber industry. 8 p. Sacramento, Cal., 1914. Lewis, R. G., comp. Forest products of Canada, 1913: poles and cross-ties. 16 p. Ottawa, 1914" (Canada — Dept. of the interior — Forestry branch. Bulletin 47.) Lewis, R. G., comp. Forest products of Canada, 1913: pulpwood. 17 p. map. Ottawa, 1914. (Canada — Dept. of the interior — Forestry branch. Bulletin 46.) Forest Administration United States — Dept. of agriculture — Forest service. Instructions for appraising stump- age on national forests. 70 p. Wash., D. C, 1914. United States — Dept. of agriculture — Forest service. Report of the forester, 1913-14. 36 p. Wash., D. C, 1914. National and state forests United States — Dept. of agriculture — Forest service. National forest areas, June 30, 1914. 8 p. map. Wash., D. C, 1914. Forest Utilization Wood preservation Goltra, Wm. Francis. The preservation of ties, poles and timbers by antiseptic treatment, lip. Cleveland, O., 1914. Auxiliary Subjects Natural resources Argentine Republic — Ministry of Public works. Northern Patagonia: character and re- sources, v. 1 and atlas. pi., maps. N. Y., Scribner press, 1914. Canada — Commission of conservation. Re- port of the fifth annual meeting held at Ottawa Jan. 20-21, 1914. 287 p. pi. Toronto, 1914. Botany Hole, R. S. Development of the culms of grasses. 13 p. Calcutta, 1914. (India — Forest dept. Forest bulletin no. 25.) Landscape gardening Miller, Wilhelm. Practical help on landscape gardening, il. Urbana, 111., 1914. (Il- linois— Agricultural experiment station. Circular 176.) Hydrography Horton, A. H. Water resources of Illinois 400 p. pi., map, diagr. Springfield, 111. Rivers and lakes commission, 1914. / 80 AMERICAN FORESTRY Maine — State water storage commission. Fourth annual report, 1913. 323 p. Waterville, N. Y., 1914. Commerce Norway — Statistiska centralbyraa. Norges handel, 1912. 337 p. Kristiania, 1913. (Norges officielle statistik, v. 208.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous articles American city, Oct., 1914. — Town forests; a European idea by which America might profit, by H. A. Reynolds, p. 310-14. Bulletin of the Torrey botanical club, Nov., 1914. — A superficial study of the pine- barren vegetation of Mississippi, by Roland M. Harper, p. 551-67; The produc- tion of paper from bamboo, p. 653-4. Garden magazine, Oct., 1914. — Starting right with fall set trees and shrubs, by F. F. Rockwell, p. 81-3. Gardeners' chronicle, Nov. 7, 1914. — Curpessus torulosa, by A. Bruce Jackson, p. 305. Gardeners' chronicle, Nov. 14, 1914. — Dwarf conifers for the rock garden, by J. Clark, p. 320; The ringing of trees, by L. A. Boodle, p. 320-1. Life and health, Sept., 1914. — Forestry for health seekers, by Hal Ross, p. 401-3. National wool grower, Nov., 1914. — The for- ests and their users, by L. F. Kneipp, p. 16-20. Petermanns mitteilungen, Sept., 1914. — Die verbreitung des waldes in Europa, by J. Riedel, p. 128-31. Reclamation record, Dec, 1914. — Tree plant- ing: Boise and Minidoka projects, p. 464-5. Scientific American, Nov. 14, 1914. — Ocean- going log rafts, by J. F. Springer, p. 401; Forest fire fighting; construction of a 115- foot watch-tower with limited equipment, p. 405. Scientific American supplement, Oct. 17, 1914. — Climatic influences of forests, by L. A. Fosbery, p. 246-7. Scientific American supplement, Oct. 31, 1914. — Nodon electrical process of wood preservation, p. 286. Southern good roads, Nov., 1914. — The Ap- palachian park movement as related to roads, by George N. Powell, p. 15-16. United States — Dept. of agriculture. Journal of agricultural research, Nov., 1914. — Natural revegetation of range lands based upon growth requirements and life history of the vegetation, by Arthur W. Sampson, p. 93-147. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Nov. 14, 1914. — The mangroves and their uses, p. 52. American lumberman, Nov. 21, 1914. — What is the matter with the lumber industry, by H. S. Graves, p. 35. American lumberman, Nov. 28, 1914. — Forest fires in the northwest, p. 24; Present and prospective trade in Chile, by Harold Buxton, p. 26; Sanitary portable logging camp in Washington, p. 36; Trees asso- ciated with many historic events, by Eugene Parsons, p. 48-9. American lumberman, Dec. 12, 1914. — Fine work of Forest service; record made in fighting forest fires, p. 38-9. Barrel and box, Nov., 1914. — The several gums as box material; red gum, p. 37; Argen- tine's forest resources, by William Daw- son, p. 44. Canada lumberman, Dec. 1, 1914. — Growth of the lumber industry in B. C, by R. H. Alexander, p. 34-5. Engineering magazine, Oct., 1914. — Durability of creosoted piling, by N. A. Bowers, p. 115-17. Engineering magazine, Nov., 1914. — Railway tie-treating plant, p. 255-8. Engineering news, Sept. 24, 1914. — Tie treat- ing plant, Louisville and Nashville R. R., p. 622-6; Stump pulling machine for clear- ing land, p. 642-3; The creosote oil situation and the treatment of crossties, by S. R. Church, p. 658-9. Engineering news, Oct. 29, 1914. — Effect of creosoting on strength of Oregon fir piling, by H. B. Macfarland, p. 863; A new type of creosoting plant, p. 877. Engineering record, Oct. 3, 1914. — Appli- cability of yellow pine grading rules to other timbers, by J. A. Newlin, p. 387. Gulf Coast lumberman, Nov. 15, 1914. — Forestry laws of Texas, p. 34. Hardwood record, Nov. 25, 1914. — The green- heart industry, by C. D. Mell, p. 23-6; Shipbuilding and lumber, p. 28; Lead pencils and penholders, p. 32. Hardwood record, Dec. 10, 1914. — The disap- pearing chestnut, p. 23-4; Some new kiln-drying thoughts, by Henry Hunter, p. 31; Aggressive and cowardly trees, p. 33 ; Turkish boxwood, p. 42. Journal of electricity, power and gas, Nov. 7, 1914. — The purposes of national forests and their protection, by Charles H. Flory, p. 437-9. Journal of electricity, power and gas, Nov. 21, 1914. — Producer gas from wood, p. 472. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, Sept., 1914. — Chemistry of pine oil, by M. Toch, p. 720-3; Oils of the coniferae, by A. W. Schorger, p. 723-7. Lumber trade journal, Nov. 15, 1914. — Philip- pine forestry director compiles descriptive list of commercial hardwoods, p. 35-6. Lumber world review, Nov. 25, 1914. — What does it cost to manufacture your lumber, by R. B. Goodman, p. 23-5; Random re- marks about wood preservatives, E. A. Sterling, p. 28-30. Lumber world review, Dec. 10, 1914. — Scien- tific experiments in painting cypress, by Hermann von Schrenk, p. 25-6; National lumber manufacturers' association October report of production and movement of lumber, p. 29. Mississippi Valley lumberman, Nov. 13, 1914. — Fire prevention through creation of public sentiment, by E. T. Allen, p. 42. Paper, Nov. 18, 1914. — Chemical pulp for sausage casing, by W. P. Cohoe, and others p. 20-21; Lumbermen and papermakers CURRENT LITERATURE 81 in session; 9th annual convention of the Empire state forest products association, Nov. 12, 1914, p. 24-6. Paper, Dec. 9, 1914. — Forest conservation and power problems, by E. N. Smith, p. 15-16. Pioneer western lumberman, Nov. 15, 1914. — The people, the forests and the lumber industry, by H. S. Graves, p. 9; Taxation, by E. T. Allen, p. 1 1 ; Steam distillation of needles, twigs and cones of western conifers, by George M. Hunt, p. 19-22; Growth of Douglas fir, p. 32. Pioneer western lumberman, Dec. 1, 1914. — The silo, by H. L. Fisher, p. 19. Pulp and paper magazine, Nov. 1, 1914. — Norwegian wood pulp, cellulose and paper industry, by N. W. Rogstad, p. 620-7; Reinforced concrete log chute and dam, Quebec, by Frederick Davy, p. 628-30. St. Louis lumberman, Dec. 1, 1914. — The forest resources of Chile, by Frank G. Carpenter, p. 31; Sugi cypress in bar fixtures, p. 76-7. Timber trade journal, Nov. 7, 1914. — The Trafalgar pine, by A. D. Webster, p. 686. Timber trade journal, Nov. 14, 1914. — The collection of forest seeds, p. 724. Timberman, Oct., 1914. — Standardizing yellow pine, by O. T. Swan, p. 23-4; Ring rule applied to fir, by J. B. Knapp, p. 24; Hardwoods of Honduras, by Clyde R. Dillabaugh, p. 33; Logging on island of Formosa, by F. W. Chiswell, p. 34-5; Some problems connected with national forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 39; Lumber cut of the United States, 1911, 1912 and 1913, p. 58. Timberman, Nov., 1914.- — Compilation of spe- cific data on lumber consumption for various uses, by H. S. Graves, p. 26-7; Inland empire timber, by A. W. Cooper, p. 35-6; The topographic map, by Newell L. Wright, p. 41-2; Training for the lumber business, p. 47-8; Lumbering in the Philippine Islands, by L. Murray Lamm, p. 48 A; Review northwest fires, p. 48C-D. United States daily consular report, Nov. 24, 1914. — Lumber markets of the territory of Hawaii, by Franklin H. Smith, p. 881-90. United States daily consular report, Dec. 15, 1914. — The Greek timber market, by Alexander W. Weddell, p. 1168. West Coast lumberman, Nov. 15, 1914. — Two hundred ninety-two billion feet of timber in the national forests of Alaska, Wash- ington and Oregon, p. 25; Closer utiliza- tion of lumber in silo building worked out by Tacoma man, p. 29; Utilization of wood waste, p. 29. West Coast lumberman, Dec. 1, 1914. — Worth of Seattle's new wood block paving quickly , acknowledged, p. 24; Forest products laboratory researches affecting west coast woods, by Howard F. Weiss, p. 36, 39. Forest journals Bulletin of the New York state forestry asso- ciation, Oct., 1914. — State forest admin- istration with particular reference to the state of New York, by James W. Toumey, p. 5-10; A discussion of Art. 7, Sec. 7, of the state constitution, by George N. Ostrander, p. 11-14; What is a timber sale like, national forest cuttings, by A. B. Recknagel, p. 15-16; The forestry pro- visions of the New York state constitu- tion, by Samuel H. Ordway, p. 18-20; The Massachusetts forestry association, its work and policy, by Harris A. Reynolds, p. 21-6; Why we have made progress in New Hampshire, by Philip W. Ayres, p. 27 ; A reply to certain statements relative to the state forest preserve, by F. A. Gaylord, p. 31-9; Constitutional amend- ment affecting the Adirondacks, by Kenneth W. Goldthwaite, p. 40-1. Canadian forestry journal, Dec, 1914. — Douglas, the man and the tree; romantic life of the man after whom the Douglas fir was named, p. 118-19; Animals in Algonquin park, p. 119-20. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Oct., 1914. — Forest reserve matters, by Ralph S. Hosmer, p. 300-3. Indian forest records, 1914. — Oecology of sal, by R. S. Hole, p. 1-40. North woods, Nov., 1914. — A time for rejoicing and more work; the state forests amend- ment to the constitution passed, p. 3-4, 7-12; The forest school at Itasca, p. 19-20; French forests in the war zone, by Samuel T. Dana, p. 22-5. Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Aug., 1914. — Jahrring und licht, by Oelkers, p. 455-72; Untersuchungen in mischbestan- den, by A. Schwappach, p. 472-91. Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Sept., 1914. — Zur umtriebsbestimmung der wil- der, by Hans Honlinger, p. 538-49. AMERICAN FORESTRY'S ADVERTISERS <^> JiriJiifntiiaitniJinttirjfiHijimitiii.iniiJiuiriimiih'iijJOiPiJiiiiiiiil j:iiiiiiijriir?iriiiniiiiicj»iniDi]iiiiininciii tjiii.riiitiiiruiiiJiiniitciJiiiiiiiJ'irc <$fc- ! FORESTERS I ATTENTION | imilirainoiinuiiiuiUKminminiiwi [riiimiiiiiiiQiiiiimiiiinnniiiiiiiiDLiiiiiiiiiuoitiiiimiiirniiii'iiiihiiiiiiii'ifiiiDiMniiiiiiic] uji it 9 I AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free I of charge in this column advertisements of [ foresters wanting positions, or of persons I having employment to offer foresters <^iiiit;iiiji'irinhiiin!naiiiiiiiiiihf(iHiDi! in(Jililiitmwiiii ■ iiiiiir)Liiiuiiuiii]!jiiiiiiii)i[]iim'iiiiin]iiiiitiiiiii[itHii:iijiiinimi[itfiiiD(i»iiiniiit<^) WANTED— FORESTERS— A few excellent po- sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in shade tree work. Some of these will require all of a man's time and others can be filled in con- nection with his regular work. The compensation is liberal. Please state references and experience. Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- tion. WANTED — Position wanted by graduate forester. Have had one season's experience with the Government, one with a lumber company and some in city forestry. Have passed the Civil Service examination for forest assistant. Address "G. D. C.," Care American For- estry. YOUNG MAN — Graduate Surveyor with experience in that line and also in bookkeeping, desires position with lumber operator. Have had U. S. Forest Service experience and scaled for large operator in the North. Address "2," Care American Forestry. WANTED— By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address 1,. L., Care American Forestry. YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university training, business experience and three years of practical experience in surveying and construction, including pre- liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires position with forester or lumber firm. Best references from former employers. Address "T. B. C.," Care American Forestry. FORESTER, with seven years' practical experi- ence, desires a position as Forester. Have had considerable experience in reforestation and man- agement, also fire protection. Address "T. F. H." Care American Forestry. FOREST ENGINEER— Best of American and huropean training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, raiuoad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address "CRUISER," Care American Forestry. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of good forestry position. Address M., Care American Forestry. FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address "A," care American Forestry. WANTED — By Graduate Forester, position in forestry work in South, or Tropics. Slight knowl- edge of Spanish and German. Scientific or exoeri- mental work preferred. Address, "F. W. H." Care of American Forestry. lb YOUNG MAN, expert in all branches of shade tree work and with forestry training, desires position as forester, arboriculturist or tree surgeon. References furnished. Address C. S., care American Forestry. FORESTER of technical training, six years' teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care American Forestry. WESTERN ESTATE MANAGER — Graduate agriculturist and forester, raised on Western farm, two years' experience at lumbering and for past six years with the U. S. Forest Service, engaged in tim- er estimating, appraisal and forest management in Washington, Idaho and Montana, desires private work. Especially equipped to advise concerning or to manage timberlands or combined timber and farm estate. References furnished. Address R I. F., Care American Forestry. SURVEYOR — Young man 21 having three years experience as Transitman, Rodman, and Chainman with a City Surveyor desires a like position in Forestry. Has ambition to become a Forestry Expert. A No. 1 references, reliable and trustworthy. Particulars on request. Address " D. H. F.," care American Forestry. SURVEYOR — For large tracts of land, roads and rail- roads; furnishes instrument; capable of taking charge of party; would like position in South that will last all winter. Address "T. B. W.," care American Forestry. GRADUATE FORESTER— Practical experience in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go any- where. References furnished. Address R. L,., care of American Forestry. WANTED — By Forester, a position with lumber or paper company. Experience in looking after camps and forestry work. Address W., Care American Forestry. PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has had seven years experience on best managed for- estry area in Scotland. Address, "Raith," Caie American Forestry. PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best references and practical experience. Address "L. M. E.," Care American Forestry. WANTED — A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of References. Address Inspector, Care American Forestry. Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of American Forestry. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address M. M. J., Care of American Forestry. FOREST ENGINEER with Forest Service training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in California, and six years' experience in the lumber industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work in any part of the United States. Estimating of timber lands and topographic surveying a spe- cialty. Four years' technical training. Address, "D." Care American Forestry. American Forestry VOL. XXI FEBRUARY, 1915 No. 2 DESTROYING MT. MITCHELL By Raymond Pullman [The beauty of Mt. Mitchell, the highest mountain east of the Rockies, is being rapidly destroyed by the cutting of its fine timber. The lumberman cannot be blamed for cutting because the timber is ripe for market. The standing timber still to be cut is being protected against fire by the burning of the cut over area and thus the soil and the seed deposits are destroyed and the reproduction of the forest will be impossible. Ultimately the heavy rains will wash the soil away, the stream flow will be affected and floods will follow. Residents of North Carolina are alarmed and a movement is now on foot — late in the day it is true — to preserve some of the timber on the famous mountain. — Editor.] THE magnificent spruce and bal- sam forests on Mt. Mitchell, the loftiest peak in the eastern United States and the hub of the Southern Appalachian range which rises to its greatest attractiveness in western North Carolina — "The Land of the Sky" — are being cut down and the mountain, it is feared, will become bleak and barren as a result. Virgin stands of spruce and balsam trees which have taken hundreds of years to develop are being cut down without thought to future forest growth. Principles of forestry are not only dis- regarded in cutting the timber, but the lumbermen's contract gives them the authority to burn the slash behind them. The object of burning this heavy slash is to lessen the fire hazard which would exist if the slash were to stay on the ground near the standing tim- ber or cut logs and perhaps be in danger of accidental firing. The result of the careless burning of the slash, however, is not only to kill off all of the young growth but to burn the soil which is formed of humus a foot or more thick in most places, and at the same time consume all the tree seed deposited in it. The thinking people of North Caro- lina, particularly the business men of Asheville, deeply resent the devastation of the wooded slopes of Mt. Mitchell, and, in recent weeks, a movement has been started looking toward the preser- vation of the forests on its slopes through action either by the State of North Carolina or by the Federal Government. Not only are the citizens of North Carolina thoroughly aroused over the situation, but Uncle Sam is interested also in the preservation of the forests on the mountain. The cutting of privately owned timber on Mt. Mitchell has been accompanied by a number of fires on government National forest land, caused by sparks from the logging engines used in the lumbering operation. The government has already purchased large sections of land in the Mt. Mitchell area, in accordance with the Appa- lachian National Forest Act, and this government-owned timber is in constant danger because of forest fires starting on the cut-over and burned-over areas which have been left by the lumbermen. Mt. Mitchell is to North Carolina and, in fact, to the whole eastern United States, what Pike's Peak is to the Rocky Mountain region and what Mt. Ranier and Mt. Shasta are to the Pacific coast. It is the highest peak east of the Rocky Mountains, rising to a height of 6,711 feet above sea level. It is one of the peaks of the Black Mountain range, so named because the trees which cover the slopes look black in the distance. 83 84 AMERICAN FORESTRY A Slope of Mi. Mitchell. HERE IS A CLOSE VIEW OF LOGGED LAND WHICH HAS BEEN BURNED OVER. NOTE THE SIZE OF THE TIMBER. DITION OF THE LOG IN THE RIGHT FOREGROUND INDICATES THE FIERCENESS OF THE FIRE. THE CON- The beauty and grandeur of this section of North Carolina has long made the region a mecca for tourists and each year the country is becoming more popular as a great National recreation ground. Mt. Mitchell is about 30 miles north- east of Asheville, air line, and it is but natural that the citizens of this North Carolina city have been the first to protest against the lumbering operations which are resulting in denuding the mountainous slopes. At a meeting of the Asheville Board of Trade on Novem- ber 28th last the leading citizens of the community discussed the serious situa- tion which has been brought about by the cutting which has now been going on for several years, starting with the logging of the spruce forests from a large area on Clingman's Peak and now extending to the slopes of Mt. Mitchell. The operations include the cutting of all spruce and balsam trees down to four inches in diameter. The cutting was confined to a large tract of 6,000 acres until recently but has now been extended to an additional 8,000 acres on the west slope of the mountain and the areas to be covered in the whole operation will aggregate 15,000 to 20,000 acres, and perhaps more. This means that much of the surface of the mountain sides will be denuded, leaving the cut-over area ready both for forest fires and the wash of the heavy rains which occur in this mountain region. The relation between forest and stream flow is now well understood by most of the people of the whole United States, and especially by citizens of the Appalachian region, who have struggled for years to promote the preservation of mountain forests either by the State or National government in order to conserve and protect stream flow. Even the children of North Carolina un- derstand how the heavily wooded mountain sides, covered with soil formed by the successive piling up of humus season after season, for hundreds of years, act as a great sponge to soak up the rains and allow the water to flow gradually into the streams which affect the conditions and life of hundreds of thousands of people living along the valleys. The mineral soil in the Mt. Mitchell area is Carolina gneiss formation, so DESTROYING MT. MITCHELL 85 Cut Over and Then Burned. this is a sample of conditions on mt. mitchell where fire has swept over land from which the timber has been cut. reforestation is practically impossible on such land. named because of its extent in North and South Carolina. When the vegetal soil or humus is either burned or washed away, the mineral soil which is left is of a character which breaks up quickly and flows off into the streams, leaving bare, uncovered, rocky places every- where. In practically all of the lumbering operations which have been carried on on Mt. Mitchell, Clingman's Peak, and in the vicinity, no thought has been given for the future use of the land. The big trees have been cut so as to follow along the line of least resistance regardless of what they crushed and destroyed. The slash formed by the tops and branches is not piled in small, compact hillocks and burned as it is in many of the western forests, in such a manner as will do the least harm, but is left scattered six or eight feet high over broad areas. The burning of this mass of material by the lumbermen in order to protect the standing timber and the logs means that all the new growth of trees is burned at the same time and that the soil also is burned to a depth of eight inches to a foot at times. In most such cases the home and permanent offices of the lumberman are generally located in another State and he has absolutely no interest in the mountain regions except in the profit which he- will obtain from the timber and he naturally desires all the profit he can get. This, in a word, is the reason why the work is carried on in such a destructive manner without regard for the permanent interests of the people living in the State, and it is this condi- tion which is arousing such protest. The people of the southern Appa- lachian region have always recognized forest fires as one of the great curses of the country. The mountains have frequently been swept over by fires ever since the earliest days of the occupation of the region. Many fires occurred before the lumberman started his opera- tions, but these have not been as destruc- tive as those which have followed the lumberman because the burning of the slash has caused far more harm than the simple burning of standing timber. 86 AMERICAN FORESTRY The lumbering railroad has already been built to within a mile and a half of the summit of Mt. Mitchell and the large spruce trees which run from twenty inches to twenty-six inches, and sometimes to thirty inches in diameter — the best spruce timber in the eastern United States — are being cut down and hauled to a large band-saw mill at Black Mountain which is lo- cated on the Southern Railway, sixteen miles east of Asheville. The smaller spruce and balsam trees are cut and sent to the Champion Fibre Company's large pulp mills at Canton, which is just eighteen miles west of Asheville. Such rapid progress has been made in clearing off the land that Clingman's Peak and a considerable area on Mount Mitchell today present a scene of utter desolation and ruin. Persons familiar with this section of the country realize that the destruction of the forests here is a more serious matter than in almost any other region. Forests cut down on the northwest Pacific coast, for instance, will quickly reproduce themselves, but the destruction of forests in the southern Appalachians and the usual burning over of land carries with it also the destruction of the soil and the seed deposits and reproduction becomes al- most an impossibility. That which nature required centuries to produce is destroyed by man in a few days because of the immediate profit which skinning the land will bring. The forests in which are the sources of many streams become rocky areas on which the heavy rains fall and rush off creating floods which destroy farms and interfere with the regular flow of the mountain streams, many of which are sources of great waterpower. In the Mt. Mitchell lumbering opera- tion the great skidways on which the logs are dragged to the railroad for loading and shipment form great gutters and down these gutters the waters from the rains rush in torrents and cut deep into the soil through to the red clay and the rock. Over the remainder of the face of the denuded mountain, soil washes badly after each rain, and, with its disappearance, the people of the State are losing all hopes of reforestation. Mt. Mitchell Inn, Wireless Station and Flagstaff. View of Potato Top. taken from the logging railroad which reaches its lower slopes. 88 AMERICAN FORESTRY Mr. N. Buckner, Secretary of the Ashe- ville Board of Trade, summed up the situation, when he said: "We realize that timber, foliage, soil and water form the basis of all natural resources, and really govern the value of money. The man-made value of money depends absolutely on these three natural resources, and the preserva- tion of the forests on the peaks of the Young Trees Burned, here is a fine growth of spruce and balsam destroy fire which ate deep into the soil. Appalachian mountains, especially Mt. Mitchell and nearby peaks, is really a matter of vast vital concern to the people of the commonwealth of North Carolina and the whole United States. It is earnestly to be hoped that the people of the nation will rise up in a strong sentiment against the future forest devastation of the monarch of the east, Mt. Mitchell. Already forest fires have burned over the cut-over area and several crown or tree-top fires have resulted, and the whole area cut now presents a scene of unutterable desolation and blank ruins." The Honorable Locke Craig, Governor of North Carolina, is one of the leaders in the movement to bring about some action which will check the destruction of the forests on Mt. Mitchell, and, in his address to the North Carolina Forestry Association, on Jan- uary 13th, he dealt largely with the proposition that the State purchase the area on the top of Mt. Mitchell for the pur- pose of preserving at least a part of the virgin forest near and including the summit of the mountain. The Governor realizes that the lumber com- pany, which has purchased practically all of the spruce timber on the Black Moun- tains including Mt. Mitchell, has an actual right, although, perhaps, not a moral right, to both destroy the forest and burn over the land. Although a man in a city is not permit- ted, by law, to set fire to his house, for fear that the con- flagration would destroy ad- joining property, a man owning forest land is permitted to burn this land over even though the burning will cause the destruction of the soil, flooding of farms below in the valley after heavy rains, and the de- struction of other property. "I tell you," said the Gov- ernor, "the lumbermen — and I am not criticising them, but us — the lumbermen are de- stroying North Carolina. We cannot expect them to sacrifice their business for the public good. They have bought that timber. They are entitled to every stick of it. If the people of North Carolina want to save it they must do so. They cannot expect the lumbermen to save it; they must save it themselves. They must save it from the fire that follows the lumberman. "If I can lend anv mite of influence ED BY A to this movement for the protection of DESTROYING MT. MITCHELL 89 our forests, I will do it; for in the pro- tection of the forests we are protecting the fields, we are protecting the place where crops must grow, and where men and women must grow in North Carolina; we are protecting the whole State." As the result of the widespread interest by the people of North Carolina in the preservation of the Mt. Mitchell area, under the leadership of Governor Craig and prominent business men, State Senator Zebulon Weaver has intro- duced in the North Carolina legislature a bill which provides for the purchase of a large area on Mt. Mitchell and the establishment of a park there so that the scenic value of the peak may be preserved for future generations. The bill recognizes the value of Mt. Mitchell because of its being the most prominent peak east of the Rocky Mountains and because the region is the source of many important streams of the State, whose value will be damaged if the forests are cleared away and destroyed at the headwaters. State Senator Weaver's bill provides for the creation of a Mitchell Peak Park Commis- sion, consisting of five practi- cal men who shall be appointed by the Governor and who shall hold office until the desired area on Mt. Mitchell needed for a park shall have been purchased and a deed made to the State of North Carolina. The members of the commis- sion will receive no compen- sation but their expenses. The total amount to be expended under the act shall not exceed $20,000. The bill provides for the appointment of a valuation board of three competent men in all cases when the park commis- sion and owners of the land cannot agree as to its value. While this bill will provide for starting the State in the purchase of the land for a Mt. Mitchell Park, it is believed by persons familiar with values in the vicinity that the limitation of the amount of $20,000 will not permit the accomplishment of as much as is needed at this time. As is generally known the destruction of the forests of the southern Appa- lachians is not a new movement and it was because of conditions caused by deforestation in the whole region that the Congress of the United States four HERE THE TH A Picture of Desolation. FIRE, FOLLOWING THE CUTTING OF TIMBfiR, HAS BURNED E SOIL AND DESTROYED THE TREE SEED DEPOSITS. years ago passed the Appalachian National Forest Bill, providing for the purchase of lands necessary to preserve the regularity of stream flow. Under this act more than 1,200,000 acres of land have been purchased. Much of the more valuable timber land, however, is still in private ownership and only through State action or cooperation of State authorities with timberland 90 AMERICAN FORESTRY owners will this privately owned land be so managed as to reduce to a mini- mum the danger which follows all lumbering operations in this region. As long as fourteen years ago the seriousness of the damage which was being done in the southern Appalachians was realized and at that time a thorough investigation was made of the forests, rivers and mountains of that region, by the United States Government. The then Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, twice visited the section and observed at first hand the destruction of the forests and the consequent enormous damage by floods. He ex- amined many of the largest mountains, himself, and climbed Mt. Mitchell, the highest peak of the range. The late Overton W. Price, associate forester of the United States Forest Service under Gifford Pinchot, was one of the men who made the 1901 investigation, and, at that time, he said : ' ' The protection of the headwaters of important streams in order to prevent floods and perpetuate water powers, the preservation of a great natural health resort and of important agricultural resources are perhaps the most valuable results which would follow the creation and proper management of the Appa lachian forests." Few men in the United States know more about the topography and the geology of the southern Appalachian mountains than Arthur Keith, one of the experts in the United States Geolog- ical Survey, who has gone over almost every square mile of the country in the southern Appalachian region. In speaking of the great value of the forests in protecting the land, Mr. Keith has said: 'The chief agent which checks the removal of the soil by rains in this mountain country is the forest cover. Even though the penetrating roots and acids due to vegetation produce rock decomposition, these same roots, how- ever, hold the loose material in place and hinder its tendency to slide down hill. Bound for a Load of Logs. EMPTY CARS OF A LOGGING TRAIN ON THEIR WAY TO THE MT. MITCHELL LUMBERING OPERATIONS. DESTROYING MT. MITCHELL 91 Clingman's Peak on the Right. on the left is seen potato top while in the center is the line of the logging railroad running into the heart of the woods. With its assistance loose soils are piled on slopes at angles fully double those which they could maintain unaided. The action of forests is great in another way: Loose materials are washed down hill during rainstorms by even the tiniest rivulets. In open fields these gather in a few minutes and form deeper and deeper channels with each succeed- ing storm, finally removing the loose material down to bare rock. This process is almost wholly prevented by the network of roots and the cover of leaves both living and dead, and the water seeps through the soil so slowly that it carries no sediment. "The value of forest cover is illustrated better in the southern Appa- lachian region than in almost any other section. Streams which drain consider- able areas of deforested land rise fast and soon become turbid with mud. Those which drain areas protected by forests rise much more slowly and by comparison the water could be called clear, except in the most violent storms. In addition to the loss inflicted by forests cutting upon the steep slopes themselves, great damage also results to the lands lying farther down the streams. The deep clay soil and underlying rocks form a sort of gigantic sponge which soaks up water when it is abundant. When the forests are stripped away the water collects and runs off with vastly greater speed and much evaporates, so that not only is less soaked up, but the discharge is very irregular and destructive, floods result, and therefore are wider spread. Thus, viewed from the standpoint either of utility or beauty, these unrivaled forests are the keystone of the arch." The value of this testimony of one of the Government's trained geologists is understood by all persons who have ever visited the southern Appalachian region. People knowing what will hap- pen when the forests are cut off are therefore getting almost solidly behind the movement to do what is possible not only to preserve the large area on Mt. Mitchell as a park, but, if possible, i ■ ■ v (Ckc Monument to Prof. Mitchell. this was erected some years ago to the man who gave much of his time to exploring the mountain, who first ascertained its altitltde and who finally lost his life on the mountain during one of the exploring expeditions. Prof. Mitchell Monument Dynamited. THE MONUMENT WAS BLOWN INTO THREE SECTIONS BY THE EXPLOSION AND EACH WAS SO BADLY BATTERED AND CUT THAT IT CAN NOT BE USED AGAIN. A NEW MONUMENT OF STONE IS TO BE ERECTED IN ITS PLACE BY THE STUDENTS AND FACULTY OF WEAVER COLLEGE, WEAVERVILLE, N. C. DESTROYING MT. MITCHELL 93 Homeward Bound from Mt. Mitchell. to bring about some form of co-operation between the State authorities and the timberland owners so that no man will be allowed to handle his land in a manner which will affect the welfare and destroy the property of his neighbor. A mysterious and quite dramatic incident which followed the start of the movement to preserve the beauty of Mt. Mitchell for the people was the recent discovery that the monument marking the last resting place of Dr. Elisha Mitchell, after whom the moun- tain was named, had been blown up by dynamite. It is not known what was the motive for the act nor has any clue which might lead to the arrest of the vandal been discovered at the time of this writing. It may have been done by some drunken men carousing at the top of the mountain. The people prefer to believe that this is the case, and not that an agent of some of the interests which oppose the preservation of the forest committed the act. Dr. Mitchell came from Yale to the University of North Carolina as a member of the faeultv, and the monu- ment to his memory on the top of the mountain was erected twenty-six years ago by the alumni of the State Univer- sity. The monument was constructed of composition metal, and was cast in six sections and base. It was twelve feet high, and the base was thirty inches square. Dr. Mitchell, during the time he was a member of the University faculty, spent much time in exploring the mountains, and studying the geog- raphy, geology and botanical specimens of the region, and was killed on one of his daily trips, falling over a precipice. It was considered peculiarly fitting that his grave and the memorial monument should be located on the top of the mountain. At a mass meeting held on the day following the blowing up of the monu- ment, the students and faculty of Weaver College, at Weaverville, nine miles from Asheville by trolley, agreed to rebuild the monument in stone, in which will be set a tablet to be given by the North Carolina Historical Soci- ety. The rebuilding of the monument will begin in the spring. THE MT. MITCHELL TRAIL By H. W. Plummer and N. Buckner IN STARTING from Asheville to Mt. Mitchell over the trail which has been completed under the super- vision of the Good Roads Associa- tion, one leaves by way of Merrimon Avenue and the fine new sand-clay road, up Beaverdam Creek to Craven Gap, where he will strike the Howland trac- tion road, following this about two and three-fifths miles to Bull Gap. This is as far as one can go by wagon, the trail commencing at that point at the boundary of Dr. Ambler's property. A ride of less than two miles along the trail brings one to the doctor's country home, Rattlesnake Lodge. From there to the top of Lane's Pinnacle, four miles, then on to Ivy Gap on the side of Craggy, about three miles; thence along the north side of Craggy to the south side of Craggy Pinnacle; around to the north of Craggy Dome, to the north of Bull Head, thence to Balsam Gap; through Balsam Gap to the sides of old Blackstock, one of the most attractive of the mountains; possibly on account of its forbidding aspect from a distance, being covered as it is with the black balsam, but on near approach furnishing a cooling and grateful shade, the trail over this mountain being cut out through the balsam timber. The mountain is so steep at this point that considerable engineering work was necessary to make the grade up the side of the mountain, but finally its crest is reached and followed for about half a mile. Then conquering Blackstock, the next hard climb is over Potato Top, then over Mt. Gibbs to Stepp's Gap, where a bold spring, the water as cold as ice, furnishes plenty of water for both man and beast; the last chance of watering your horse before climbing Mitchell, 6,711 feet. The distance from Asheville, 32 miles; to the top of Mitchell from Rattlesnake Lodge about 20 miles. One of the interesting features of these mountains is that except in time 94 of extreme drouth, one finds plenty of water along any of the trails; often on the highest mountains and almost at the very peaks fine springs are found. With comparatively little humidity in the atmosphere, these towering peaks act as condensers and consequently rain is much more frequent than in the plateaus of low altitudes. The leaves and branches of the forest break the force of the raindrops; the shrubs, ferns and humus below catch the water and pass it slowly downward into the soil and rock crevices; and from this great natural reservoir weeks and even months later this water emerges into the numberless springs about the lower mountain slopes. In riding along this trail at different points and especially through the Black Mountain, the views obtained are superb; without equal anywhere in the United States. In some cases one's attention will be attracted to a nearby peak to the exclusion of everything else, while in other instances, an immense panorama will spread out, with a view of from 50 to 80 miles, according to atmospheric conditions, and comprising within the scope the Smokies, the Blue Ridge, the Blacks and the Craggies. In making the trip the following mountains are crossed, sometimes along the side, sometimes over the very summits : Altitude, Feet Richland Knob 4,979 Lane's Pinnacle 5,277 Craggy Pinnacle, about 6,000 Craggy Dome 6,105 Bull Head 5,985 Blackstock Knob 6,386 Potato Knob 6,419 Clingman's Peak 6,611 And on to Mt. Mitchell 6,711 Here we rest in a cabin now operated during the summer season by J. W. Dunne as Mt. Mitchell Inn. It is well, Along the Mi. Mitchell Trail. On the Way to Mt. Mitchell, jch a road as this thousands of sightseers have driven, ridden or walked on their way to mt. mitchell. THE MOUNT MITCHELL TRAIL 97 however, for each man to provide him- self with sufficient food for the trip. Off to the north of Mitchell, the con- tinuing range of Black Mountains comprise the Black Brothers, 6,690 and 6,620 feet, respectivelv, Balsam Cone 6,645 feet, Cat Tail Peak 6,609 feet, Potato Hill, 6,487 feet, and so on to the northeast to the Toe River valley. These Black Mountains lying west of the Blue Ridge are a series of short ridges and form the watershed of the Toe River, Cane River, and with the Pinnacle of the Blue Ridge, Gray Beard, etc., the north fork of the Swannanoa River. In President Roosevelt's message to Congress transmitting the message of the Secretary of Agriculture, appears the following: "The Southern Appalachian region embraces the highest peaks and largest mountains east of the Rockies. It is the great physiographic feature of the eastern half of the continent, and no such lofty mountains are covered with hardwood forests in all North America." Along the southeastern margin of this southern mountain belt is the Blue Ridge proper, which, as it crosses North Carolina, is a fairly well-defined moun- tain range standing more than 3,000 feet above the sea and rising in four peaks to more than 5,000 feet, and in one (the Grandfather) to practically 6,000 feet. Bordering this region on the north- west are the Unaka Mountains (or Smoky Mountains). Extending out from the two great mountain borders, the Blue Ridge and the Unakas, into the elevated region between them, and connecting them in places, are a series of more or less interrupted cross ridges which have altitudes comparable to, and in the case of the Black Brothers greater than those of, the Blue Ridge or the Unakas. Some of these peaks are sharp, rugged and rocky; others like the "Bald Moun- tains" are rounded domes covered with grass and rhododendron; while still others, like Blackstock, Potato Knob and Mitchell, are heavily forest covered. The haziness of the atmosphere which has found expression in the name ' ' Blue Ridge ' ' and ' ' Smoky Mountains, ' ' often limits the distance of vision, but combines with the forest cover to soften the details and to render this southern Appalachian region attractive beyond compare. In ascending any of the higher mountains, as Mount Mitchell, which, with its elevation of 6,711 feet, is the loftiest of them all, one may penetrate in the rich and fertile coves about its base, a forest of oaks, hickories, maples, chestnuts and tulip poplars, some of them large enough to be suggestive of the giant trees on the Pacific Coast. Higher up, one rides through forests of great hemlocks, chestnut oaks, beeches and birches, and higher yet through groves of spruce and balsam. Covering the soil between these trees is a spongy mass of humus sometimes a foot and more in thickness, and over this in turn a luxuriant growth of shrubs and flowers and ferns. At last as the top is reached, even the balsams become dwarfed, and there give place largely to clusters of rhododendron and many of them such as are commonly seen about the hills and valleys of New England and southern Canada. In such an ascent one passes through, as it were, the changing of the seasons. Half way up the slopes one may see, with fruit just ripening, the shrubs and plants, the matured fruit of which was seen two or three weeks before on the Piedmont Plateau, 3,000 feet below, while 2,000 feet higher up the same species have now just opened wide their flowers. Fully a month divides the seasons above and below, separated by this nearly 6,000 feet of altitude. Mt. Mitchell is not only the pride of North Carolina, but of the entire East inasmuch as it is the monarch of eastern mountain peaks. Its sides are covered with a great forest of magnifi- cent balsam — great forest giants, straight as an arrow, and in many instances nearly 100 feet to the first limb. About two years ago a develop- ment, so called by financial interests, of this magnificent forest area of about 9,000 acres was begun. As a result erosion of this mountain peak has already started to a considerable extent. Pisgah Motor Road, here is a fine well-built and well-protected motor road leading to the summit of mt. pisgah. note pisgah's well-wooded sides. THE MOUNT MITCHELL TRAIL 99 The logging road has been extended to within a mile and a half of the summit of Mt. Mitchell, approximately 1,000 acres of spruce and balsam have already been cut off and most of the cut -over land has been fire swept several times, giving the appearance of avast, desolate waste. Unless prompt measures are taken by the Government of the United States or the State of North Carolina, this great king of mountain peaks will soon be denuded of its magnificent balsam and spruce forest, destroying water- sheds of infinite value from these moun- tains to the Atlantic Seaboard east, and to the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico west. While the agitation for the Appa- lachian Park has progressed during the past nearly ten years to the extent that the Government has already purchased in North Carolina more than 225,000 acres of land, it would seem that strenu- ous efforts should be made by the people of the East to preserve the wonderful balsam forests of Mt. Mitchell to the people of the Nation, as a part of this Appalachian National Park. Many millions of dollars are spent annually by American tourists in Swit- zerland, where more than $164,000,000 are invested in hotels alone. This will give some faint idea of the benefits that would accrue to the eastern mountain section of the United States as a country if these mountains were properly devel- oped into a great park threaded with good roads, as is the case in the National Parks of the West. Mount Mitchell can be reached over the Southern Railway or by motor to Black Mountain, where guides can be procured, and thence over the trail sixteen miles, afoot or horseback. Or to Graphiteville, 23 miles from Asheville by rail, thence by walking trail, con- structed by the Government, to summit of Mt. Mitchell, a distance of twelve miles. FORESTRY EDUCATION IN VERMONT A CCORDING to the new curriculum of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Forestry is made a required subject for all agricultural students. All sophmores are to have a half year's course in Farm Forestry, which may be followed by a two week's forestry camp, and other courses. The University of Vermont has been modest in its aims, and has never attempted to establish a forestry school, but so far as is known, it is the first agricultural college to require forestry of all students. It does this believing that its graduates will need a certain amount of forestry whether they become farm managers, teachers of agriculture, or pursue other lines of agriculture. Those intending to become professional foresters are encouraged to continue their studies at a technical forest school. It is inter- esting to note, in this connection, that an elementary course in forestry is also given at the state agricultural school at Randolph , Vermont . The forestry class of thirty wide awake boys recently visited the Downer State Forest, and inspected the four-year-old plantations of white, Scotch and Norway pines, and Norway spruce, as well as the forestry cuttings. The Agricultural College and Experi- ment Station have just completed a forestry exhibit for the San Francisco Exposition, illustrative of the extension work in forestry, and the various lines of forest investigations, including the establishment of permanent sample plots for the accurate study of natural reproduction . PLANTING TIME AND CARE OF TREES By S. B. Detwiler THE time to plant is either late fall or early spring. Usually the amateur gets better results with spring planting. Fall planted evergreens should be trans- planted about the middle of September. Broad-leaved trees should be trans- planted only when the buds are dormant. Trees transplanted from the woods should be seedlings. Forest grown trees are more successfully transplanted by cutting off the roots several feet from the trunk a year or more before the tree is moved. This enables the tree to develop an auxiliary root system; it is also well to prune back the top at the time the roots are pruned. Nursery grown trees are best for shade tree planting on account of their better root development. A tree 13^ to 2 inches in diameter one foot above ground is large enough for street planting and smaller trees are cheaper and may be used to advantage for lawn or roadside planting. Because of the bet- ter proportion between roots and top, small trees usually outgrow larger trees planted at the same time. The trees should have a compact root system, a straight trunk and a well-balanced top. Tree pedlars should be held in suspicion. -Trees should be purchased from reli- able nurserymen of good reputation. If you are not acquainted with a reliable firm the American Forestry Association can supply you with lists of reliable dealers. Trim off all torn or broken roots and branches with a sharp pruner before planting. Street trees should have the lower branches trimmed to a height of 7 to 9 feet from the ground. When a tree is transplanted, a large part of the root system is cut off, and it must start new feeding roots before it can establish itself. Unless the top is severely pruned, proportionately to the root system, excessive transpiration 100 from the leaves is very apt to kill it. The trees should be free from scars and bruises due to carelessness in handling. If the tree is purchased from a nearby nursery, as is most desirable, have it delivered for planting on a cool or cloudy day. In every case the root system must be protected at all times from the sun and air, from the time it leaves the nursery until it is' planted. Moist blankets or a canvas wrapped tightly around the roots will give adequate protection. Preparing the tree for the hole. — Several weeks before planting the hole for street planting should be dug, 5 to 7 feet long, 3 or 4 feet wide and about 3 feet deep. These holes should be covered to prevent people falling into them. A few days before planting, the hole should be partly filled with the best soil available, and well packed. A cubic yard of rich loam, well pulverized, should be placed close at hand for use when the tree is set. In lawn planting smaller trees are usually planted, and the hole may be reduced in size. If the top soil is good, it may not be necessary to bring in other soil, but in every case it will pay to use the very best soil and plenty of it. Fresh manure should not be used, as it is liable to burn the roots. Planting. — The tree should be planted slightly deeper than it stood in the nursery, and the roots spread out naturally, without twisting or crowding them. Fine soil is sifted between the roots and worked under and between them, filling every space. The tree should be held upright during planting, by an assistant. Working the tree up and down and sidewise aids in packing the dirt firmly about the roots. The soil is packed in layers by trampling, care being taken not to break or tear the fine feeding roots. The top 3 or 4 inches of soil is thrown on loosely, to act as a mulch. The tree may be thor- PLANTING TIME AND CARE OF TREES 101 oughly watered before the top soil is applied. The tree should stand midway between the curb and sidewalk, per- pendicular and in line with other trees. Tree Guards. — Young trees, especially street trees, should be protected and supported by tree guards placed around them immediately after planting. For street trees, a wire or metal guard is most economical. For lawn trees, a single stake firmly driven into the soil is usually sufficient. Leather or canvas straps should be used to attach the tree to the support. Cultivation. — Cultivation of the soil for three feet around the tree is beneficial during the first years of growth . Loosen the top soil with a spade or hoe a suffi- cient number of times during the season to keep down weeds and grass. A mulch of leaves or manure in the fall retains moisture and acts as a fertilizer when spaded under. During the hot, dry periods of the summer months, watering should be done once or twice each week, not oftener. The feeding roots which take up the moisture are located at a distance from the trunk equal to the length of the branches, and the water should be applied liberally, but not too frequently, to these feeding roots. CARE AND REPAIR OF SHADE TREES Training, trimming and pruning — Low branching will cause more rapid growth in trunk diameter. The lower branches should be pruned for shade and street trees at intervals of a year or more, as they interfere with street traffic, until a clean stem of ten or twelve feet is reached. Lawn trees require little attention, since low branching, and unsymmetrical form give them char- acter. If possible, trees should be left with single leaders, since crotches are likely to split in later years. If two or more main stems develop, leave the central stem and severely trim or entirely remove the others. When it is necessary to restrict the spread of trees within certain bounds on narrow streets and roadways, the ends of the branches should be shortened so as to develop a compact symmetrical crown. Anv time after midsummer is suitable for pruning. Shaping can best be done while the foliage is on the tree. Heavy pruning is better done in fall or winter. Old, neglected trees should first have all dead and imperfect limbs removed. Thin out dense tops by leaving main limbs and the branches immediately radiating from them and limit cutting to the third and fourth divisions in branching. As far as possible preserve the character and natural shape of the tree, making the finished tree look as if no limbs had been removed. Start pruning at the top of the tree and work downward. All cuts should be made smooth, close to the base of a limb, and parallel to the axis of the stem. At all times avoid unnecessary wounds by cutting or tearing the bark in making the necessary cuts and in climbing the trees. The surface of scars should be smoothed and painted with a mixture of two parts coal tar to one of creosote. It is safer to follow this with a heavy coat of coal tar (the kind used for roofing is best). Large scars should be re- coated every few years. Control of insects and fungus disease — Leaf -eating insects can usually be killed by spraying the foliage with a solution of arsenic in some form. Success de- pends upon the poisonous quality of the insecticide and upon the time and manner of spraying. The principal leaf -eating insects are; Tussock moth, Gypsy moth, Brown tail moth, Fall web worm, Bag worm, Elm leaf beetle. Sucking insects are usually destroyed by contact poisons such as kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap and lime- sulphur wash which close up their breathing pores. Important sucking insects are the Cottony maple, woolly maple, San Jose, scurvy, and oyster shell scoles, and plant lice. Boring insects such as the leopard moth, maple borers and bark borers, are more or less successfully combated by running a wire into the burrows, cutting off infected branches and twigs, injecting carbon bisulphide into the galleries. Fungus diseases affect leaves, branches, bark, sapwood and heart wood and roots, but are less serious than injuries by insects, except the chestnut blight for which no remedy is known. Diseases 102 AMERICAN FORESTRY of the leaves may usually be controlled with an extra coating of tar. Split by proper spraying with a good fungi- crotches should have all decayed wood cide, such as Bordeaux mixture. Fungi removed from the split, and creosote affecting the wood usually gain lodgment and tar applied. Bring the limbs back in wounds. They may be excluded by to their proper position, using rope and proper care, and when present may be tackle if necessary, and hold them in checked by tree surgery methods. To place by means of bolts through each successfully combat tree pests of any limb, connected by chains. Counter- description requires special methods sink the head of the bolt. Thoroughly adapted to each particular pest. De- coat with tar the cuts made for the bolt, tailed information should be obtained and the edges of the crack. Cavity from city, state or national authorities, filling is advisable only when the tree The American Forestry Association will is a highly valued specimen. Old, refer inquiries on these subjects to the unsightly cripples and trees of poor proper officials, on request. species are much better taken down Tree surgery consists in cutting out and replaced with new trees of desirable the diseased parts of trees and filling kinds. The need of tree surgery at a the cavities with cement so that they future time will be very largely removed are water-proof. All decaying, dis- by promptly attending to the fresh colored, water-soaked wood should be injuries of today. removed, with gouge, chisel and mallet, Beware of fake tree doctors. — There are until only sound, uninfected wood is reliable tree surgeons, and many who exposed. The bottom of the cavity are not. The owner should investigate should be shaped so that if water were before employing outsiders to repair thrown in the cavity it would promptly his trees. If the owner chooses to do run out. The top and bottom of the the work, it is mainly a matter of cavity should be V-shaped rather than common sense to make needed repairs, square or rounded, as this aids proper However, if it is desirable to employ an healing. The interior of the cavity expert to do the work, the owner should should be sterilized by thorough painting investigate his standing before employ- with coal-tar creosote, followed by a ing him, and should closely superintend heavy coating of coal tar. Fill the the work to see that it comes up to the cavity with mortar made of one part specifications of the written contract, cement to three (or less) parts sharp Coordination of effort is necessary in sand, and bring the filling to a smooth, any community, large or small, to water-tight finish, exactly even with the obtain the greatest beauty and benefit cambium (growing layer of the tree), from shade trees. In this way it is Before filling large cavities, flat-headed possible to secure uniformity in the wire nails 2^ to 3 inches long are driven use of species, proper pruning, and about half their length into the interior, efficient control of insect and fungus to hold the cement. The cement is invasions. A number of States have reinforced with iron rods and cross laws governing the planting of street bolts. The filling is then built up in and roadside trees. If there is no blocks of 8 to 12 inches, each block Shade Tree Commission or City Forester being separated by sheets of heavy tar systematically developing the tree wel- paper. Large solid fillings of cement fare of your community, interest your- are apt to be cracked when the tree self in forming a local forestry improve- sways in the wind. When it is not ment association. If such an organ- advisable to go to the expense of filling, ization exists, do all you can to make much good is done by treating the this work successful by fully cooper- cavity as recommended above, following ating with it. To Distribute 1,000,000 Trees The State School of Forestry at Bottineau, North Dakota, announces that it will have one millon trees for distribution to the citizens of the state during 1915. Ready for a Hike into the Woods, the boys carry blanket roll and kit and are equipped for camping over night. the scout master is in the front row. BOY SCOUTS AND FORESTS By K. W. Woodward ROBIN HOOD is the prototype and patron saint of the Boy Scout. What Scout of today would not give his most precious possession for the privilege of spending a day with the Merry Men of Sherwood Forest? Astir with the earliest dawn in order to shoot with bow and arrow the deer that formed their main food their whole day was a round of outdoor activity in which any healthy boy would be glad to share. And at night around the blazing camp fire would be told tales of daring in the hunt and the meting of rough justice to tyrannous knight, grasping bishop, or thieving serf which would thrill him with eager desire for emulation. The mere mention of Robin Hood calls up visions of green forest and deeds of valor chivalrously undertaken to right some wrong. For- tunately, too, our own American history is full of names that carry down to the present the traditions of the Merry Men of Sherwood Forest. Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln were all men of the woods. It is the lives of these frontier heroes that Boy Scouts seek to emulate in their hikes in the woods. Even a short trip may be made replete with inspiration to fuller knowledge and that self expression which leads to better self control. There are grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees to become acquainted with, each one with its individuality and uses. If he is per- mitted to hunt he learns the habits of a few game birds and animals, but if a camera or pair of field glasses are his weapons his interest is broadened and 103 The Arrival, reaching the camp ground the boys are soon ready to put up their tents and arrange their quarters. The Cooks Get Busy. the first work is to build the kitchen and set the pots to boiling for the average boy scout almost doubles his usual good appetite when he gets into the woods. BOY SCOUTS AND FORESTS 105 The Camp is Ready, the tents, well floored to prevent dampness, are up and the cosily blanketed cots are ready to go under CANVAS. includes everything that creeps or flies or runs. A covering of new snow becomes a fascinating book upon whose pages are traced the pranks, the squabbles and struggles of the woods folk. Then, too, there are numerous games to which the woods form the best setting. The pursuit of big game by marking the trail with tracking irons fastened to the shoes of the boy chosen to represent the quarry, limitless varia- tions of the reenactment of our ances- tor's struggles with robbers and Indians, and minature models of the war games played'" by the army make up the admirable collections of contests com- piled for the use of Scouts by the National Headquarters. It is the chase, the mimic warfare with robbers or Indians, the hidden camp, and roaring fire that appeal to the boy's imagination and develop in him the rugged primitive virtues upon which the superstructure of our modern life is built. The permanent camp is even better for this purpose than the short hike and every Boy Scout organization has come to realize that camping out in the woods gives an opportunity to educate, or draw out, the bov in a way that no other surroundings will. Scout and Scoutmaster come closer together and gain mutual respect in the common performance of camp duties and pleas- ures. As an illustration of how per- manent camps are conducted in the woods the camp maintained by the Washington Branch may be cited. This was located on the shores of Chesa- peake Beach in a grove of timber. The organization owned a tract of 50 acres at this point which furnished an excellent place for the Scouts to be given practical instruction in the identifica- tion of tree species and the tending of woods. Another year it is planned to start a nursery in order that the boys may learn something about setting out trees. Nearly every local organization now maintains a similar camp, and although a stretch of water in which the boys can swim is essential the presence of woods is equally important. There are so many Scout activities which can only be carried on in a forest that a Boy Scout camp is always located as a matter of course in or near woods. Another illustration of the large role which life in the woods plays in the scheme of Scout instruction is indicated by the first and second class Scout 106 AMERICAN FORESTRY Ready for Morning Inspection. requirements. These include cooking, swimming, tracking, woodsmanship, a small amount of astronomy, tree iden- tification and a knowledge of animals and birds. They are, in fact, merely the minimum tests which a woodsman has to pass. In order to encourage the boy to keep on with the work of equipping himself for life in the woods, merit badges are offered in the following subjects — archery, astronomy, camping, cooking, first aid, horsemanship, path finding, personal health, swimming. Every thoroughly equipped woodsman is an expert in practically every one of these subjects. Through the knowl- edge of this kind, Scouts like Daniel Boone and David Crockett were able to outwit the Indian and win for us the country west of the Alleghany Mountains . A Hike through the Woods. BOY SCOUTS AND FORESTS 107 Trying to Make Fire by Rubbing Two Sticks Together. But it is not only as a place in which fish or trap. In other words, it is a to seek adventure and learn hardihood storehouse from which he may gain a that the forest interests the Boy Scout, very fair living if he has the wit. Even To it he goes when he wishes to hunt, in woods from which game has been The Hikers on the March. Climbing the Flag Pole. 108 AMERICAN FORESTRY exterminated there are berries and nuts which make it worth while for him to spend his spare time there. Further- more, there is nothing as interesting to a boy as the. construction of a log cabin and for this purpose he must of course go to the forest for his material. Many Troops have constructed cabins in which they hold their meetings. Very early in his school work the normal boy takes up carpentry. This 6*** Posing for Their Photograph. shows him another use for which he is indebted to the forest. Even a little work with the saw and plane soon brings out the wide variations in the qualities of different woods. All wood is wood to the youthful carpenter who has received no instruction, but a Boy Scout is early taught that the hardwoods while pretty to look at when polished are relatively unimportant. For his camp fires, boats, and log houses softwoods are better. If he is fortunate enough to be in a community where he can go out and cut his own material he can carry through from the stump to the finished product the process of shaping the wood for the end in view. The following merit badges, whose purpose is to encourage the boy to make himself thoroughly familiar with the resources of the forest, are offered to first class Scouts for special proficiency: Angling, tree study, carpentry, crafts- manship, marksmanship, pioneering, stalking and taxiderming. All of these studies may be best practiced in the woods or on raw material derived from the forest. Since the boy repeats in his development the history of the race his interest in the forest is an evolution. Like the pioneer and frontiersman he regards the woods at first merely as a place in which he may seek adventure. Later he comes to realize that the forest yields many products which can be made useful. In other words, he passes from the point of view of the frontiers- man to that of the lumber- man. But the Boy Scout organization has been wise enough to see that these two points of view .do not repre- sent the highest type of interest in the forest. Merit badges are offered in agriculture, art, conservation, forestry and sur- veying through which a Scout may learn something about conservation of game and fish, water, timber and the beauty of the forest. Some branches of the organization have even made this interest concrete by calling in the assist- ance of the boys in fire fighting. The State of Michigan has made a notable contribution in this way and annually employs a large number of Boy Scouts during the fire season to help in the protection of its forests from fire. Besides the active aid which the boys give this campaign has also had the good effect of showing that there is something more worth while doing than setting fires to the woods, a com- TOWNSHIP FORESTRY CLUB 109 mon pastime of all boys a few years ago. Other ways in which the Scouts have aided directly in the conservation of trees are the recent census of shade trees in New Jersey and the help which they have furnished in protecting the street trees in Pittsburgh. The planting out of seedlings either for forest purposes or as shade trees is likewise a field in which Boy Scouts have done much. It will readily be seen that the boy who enters the Scout organization, passes through the three stages of tenderfoot, second and first class Scout and then tries for the various merit badges referred to above, can attain an excellent grounding in the ways of taking care of himself in the woods, and a thorough understanding of the im- portance of the forests in our national life. In fact, if he cares to do so he may easily equip himself as well as most Forest Rangers are when they start to work in the woods. Should he decide to take up forestry as a profession he will find himself far ahead of young men who have not had the advantage of a Scout training. In case he chooses to go to one of the higher professional schools he will have a foundation upon which to build a solid superstructure of technical knowledge. TOWNSHIP FORESTRY CLUB By George B. Cobb, Secretary Forestry Club, Tryon, N. C. ^""T^O TRYON, Polk County, North I Carolina, belongs the distinction 1 of organizing and putting into practical operation the first township organization for the express purpose of preventing forest fires, and conserving and perpetuating the timber tracts of the old North State. The State has, in years past, suffered greatly from fire, insect pests and blight. Now special committees of this club are successfully safeguarding, and at very small cost, the trees of the county from such ravages. This Forestry Club, organized more than a year ago, has over sixty active members. A chief warden directs the fighting at all forest fires in the township, which, as soon as discovered, are reported to him by telephone or signal. With several lookout stations established in the "Thermal Belt" section along the south side of the Blue Ridge range of mountains, and across the Pacolet and Skywicker Valleys below, practically overlooking the entire area of the township, it has been possible to cope successfully with every fire that threat- ened in 1914. The organization of this club was the outcome of an idea advanced by George B. Cobb Editor of The Polk County News, Tryon, N. C, in an editorial pub- lished in October 1913, enumerating the many benefits forest landowners would realize from the systematic cooperation of all interested. The idea met with universal approval, resulting in organ- ization of the Club the following November. The officers are: E. R. Rankin, President; W. B. Stone, Vice-president; W. H. Stearns, Treasurer; George B. Cobb, Secretary; C. M. Howes, Fire Warden. Standing Committees of three mem- bers each for Forest Protection, Forest Preservation, Forest Perpetuation, and Finance, complete the organization. This small Club has proven so satis- factory to all interested, and its work so efficient, that it has met the approval of the State Forester and The North Carolina Forestry Association, which advocate the formation of like township organizations for forest protection, in place of County organizations which in many cases have proven too large, and too scattered for quick, effective work in forest fire fighting. Through the efforts of this Club the Commissioners of Polk County offer a standing reward of $50.00 for the apprehension and conviction of any person setting fires in the open, contrary to the laws of the State. THE JUNIPERO OAK By Allen Henry Wright THERE have been many famous trees in history, which have become as shrines to many enthusiasts. Thus we have the trees which are associated with the names of George Washington, William Penn and others. Overlooking the ancient city of Smyrna, on Mt. Pagus, there stands a tall cypress-tree which is said to mark the spot where Poly carp, one of the early Christian fathers, was burned at the stake in the year A. D. 168. In the old city of Monterey, California, which is replete with buildings and things of histor- ical interest, there is to be found, in the rear of the San Carlos Mission, all that remains of an ancient oak. An inscription on a stone at the base reads : ' ' The Junipero Oak. At Monterey June 3rd, 1770, the ceremony of taking possession of California for Spain was enacted by Father Junipero Serra under the shade of this tree. Placed here for preservation bv R. M. Mestres and H. A. Greene, 1905." Padre Junipero Serra was the leader of the Franciscans who estab'ished and maintained the chain of Missions along the Pacific coast, starting with the Mission of San Diego de Alcala, near the present city of San Diego, California, in 1769. At San Diego there still stand some of the palms and olive trees which were planted by the padres. Beautiful pepper trees are also features of the landscape which date back to their time. Phclo by A . H Wrigh! The Junipero Oak at Monterey, Cal. 110 FORESTS AND GAME PRESERVATION By Ottomar H. Van Norden, of the Camp Fire Club of America IT HAS been said in jest of the Camp Fire Club of America apropos of our Game Protection activities, that "we are an association of criminals organ- ized for the prevention of crime." Per- haps it is that our too short days on wilderness trails, beside limpid lakes or under beetling mountains has shown us what is the real spirit of the wilder- ness and has made us eager missionaries in the cause of the spreading of the gospel of the forest. Three centuries ago our ancestors found on coming to this continent a vast forest stretching unbroken from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. They had come to make this new land their home and the great forest was a serious obstacle — to be cut and girdled and burned — that the land might be cleared. When they became involved in war- fare with the Indians the forest pre- sented a new menace — it furnished a perfect cover for their enemies. And so they destroyed it. secure in the knowledge that it was inexhaustible, and with it in the same manner they destroyed its wild life — its myriads of birds and mammals. Later, with the growth of population, there came a demand for lumber and then followed that orgy of destruction of the 19th century, when we used a little and wasted much, when we lum- bered without thought of the future, and the always ready fire closely followed the lumberman, and left desola- tion. So now in this 20th century our game and forests are about gone. Like the Prodigal we have spent our patri- mony but unlike him we have no indulgent father to divide our older brother's heritage with us. We must eat the husks. Have you ever considered how for- tunate for us it was that our ancestors found a bleak coast, a dark primeval forest, and resourceful and dangerous enemies instead of sunny and fertile In the Mountain Sheep Country. portions of the national forests in the west are ideal for big game hunters and will become more so, as it is planned to make sections above timber line wild game refuges. 112 AMERICAN FORESTRY ?fj Great Blue Heron and White Egret, the heron is in the foreground, the egret further up the creek which is west cache creek on the wichita national forest, oklahoma. plains? Do we fully appreciate what we owe to that great wilderness? For a full century and a half our forefathers battled with it for mere survival, for 150 years they developed courage, resourcefulness, hardihood and individ- uality, and without a Moses to lead them on or a daily shower of manna from heaven to feed them, they shook off the habits of centuries of European convention and developed the American spirit that spoke in the Declaration of Independence, in the War of the Revolution, and that in another short hundred years conquered and settled this great country. For all that wonder- ful achievement, for our very American nation today, we must thank the wilder- ness. But today the great forests are gone. We are city dwellers. Instead of our noble frontier we have the tenements and the slums. Instead of the noble Indian we have the degenerate gun man. We face many serious social and econ- omic problems which must be solved. Are we developing the high moral standards, the individualism, the cour- age and self reliance which as a nation we must have to solve these problems ? Certainly we need the qualities of Washington and Lincoln, of Daniel Boone and Davy Crockett, — and they were educated in the wilderness school. Our answer is this : We must preserve some real wilderness, in parks of course, for our coming generations. We must give them a chance to know and love the real woods. As far as we can we must reintroduce them to the out of doors and instill in them and keep alive the spirit and love of the wilderness. You may well wonder what forest and game protection has to do with FORESTS AND GAME PRESERVATION 113 history, and sociology and economics. It has much to do. We must have the incentive to go to the forest, and there we must have the inspiration of the woods, natural and beautiful; of the wild life as it once existed when the forests were primeval. No artificial forest this; no dollars or cents in it- just nature at her best without the regulations and improvements of man. We believe in scientific forestry. There are many millions of acres of denuded lands within our borders which must be replanted. There are many other millions of acres of forests which must be cut, in order that the demands of commerce may be met, and those lands must be so lumbered that the cover shall be preserved, that reproduc- tion may be assured and that fire may be controlled. We, as a nation must so develop our lumber resources that we shall supply our own wants and export — if we find a market. That is a business proposi- tion and we believe in it as business men. For those lands let us utilize the best and latest practice in silviculture. Let us develop the highest efficiency upon them so as to secure the greatest yield, as we would in a silk factorv or a steel mill. But let us remember that such tracts of lands are tree orchards, not parks, and that they are operated for commerce and not for inspiration. WE WANT REAL WILDERNESS PARKS Remember what I have said about the old wilderness. Remember what I have said about the sturdy national character that wilderness built, and then you will know why we want some tracts of forest land to be natural in both trees, scrub and wild life. Why we want forests where birds and game can live; where the trees grow to maturity and die and fall; where the moss on the rotted trunks, the maple scrub, the poplar and the alder furnish food to the deer and moose and beaver and the decayed branch furnishes a home and food to the woodpecker and the chickadee. A real forest is as much more than a collection of trees as a city is more than a collection of houses. The life of a city is in its population, without which it would be a mere empty skeleton. But the teeming activities of a city, with all their complex interrelations, are no more intricate and wonderful than the life of a natural forest with its myriads of creatures large and small deriving their life from that forest and doing their part in its support and maintenance. Take for example an eastern forest, such as our old North woods. The trees, though all important, are merely the framework around which the com- plex structure is built. Its foundation is in the deep moist duff, rich with the accumulation of ages of life and death and decay, and from this foundation springs, not only the trees, but the undergrowth which is as much a part of the forest as the leaf cover overhead. For here in this under- growth live and move the myriad forms of animal and bird life. The shrubbery furnishes food for the deer and the moose. The smaller growth sustains the rabbits, mice and other mammals, which in their turn are food for the fox, the bobcat, the great horned owl and the eagle. And these wild creatures not only derive their livelihood from the forest but play as well an important part in its care and maintenance. The small birds, the warblers, vireos, and chick- adees— with their incessant activities are ridding the trees of worms and caterpillars and other destructive in- sects. The nuthatches and the creepers are climbing up and down the trunks picking eggs and larva from the crevices of the bark. The hard working wood- peckers are busily hunting out and destroying borers that live under the bark where man cannot find them, while the great pileated wood-pecker, with infinite pains, hews an opening into the very heart of the trunk and reaches the colonies of ants that have honeycombed it with their galleries. By far the greater part of these birds make their homes in the undergrowth and when man clears this out should he wonder why his trees are overrun with insect pests? 114 AMERICAN FORESTRY Tree surgery is well enough, in its place, but if all the dead trees and branches were removed from a forest where would the woodpeckers and chickadees and wrens find holes for their nests. And remember — many of the little creatures reared in those holes migrate later throughout the length of our country and perform an inestimable service for the farmer. But these birds and animals not only protect their forest home, they help to perpetuate it. The red squirrel and the much persecuted grey squirrel are excellent tree planters when they bury a nut and forget where they put it. The seed and berry eating birds scatter undigested seed which takes root and makes new cover — who has not noticed the rows of Red Cedar along the old fence lines, all planted by the birds. And so we might go on at length showing how the woods people work and live and do their part in producing that marvelous organic mechanism, nature's greatest work — a natural liv- ing forest. Compare this, for instance, with such a carefully groomed and combed scien- tific product as a German forest. There we have tree orchards, tree farms, carefully selected and planted, the floor clean and garnished, useful as a lumber supply, but without character and life — like a city without people- splendid perhaps as an exhibition of architecture, but lifeless. For as hordes of people throng a city so the natural forest is thronged with its workers which are as important as the tree itself, and as necessary to make it a wilderness. Bison in Wichita Game preserve, these big fellows find good feeding on this fine range on the wichita national forest, oklahoma. FORESTS AND GAME PRESERVATION 115 Large Bull Elk. this noble animal is well contented with his life on the buffalo range on the wichita national forest,. oklahoma. ARE WE IDEALISTS? We have been accused of being idealists, dreamers. May we ask who awakened the American people to the necessity of conservation? Was it a lumberman? Was it a man versed in the principles of scientific forestry? Was it a college professor? No, it was a naturalist, an idealist, a big game hunter. To our Roosevelts, our John Muirs and our Joaquin Millers, and many others, as enthusuastic but less prominent, we must give due credit for awakening us to the peril of the total loss of our national domain to private greed and sowing for us, as a national heritage for all time, our national parks and forests. We Americans are apt to look at things through the dollar sign but in this let us become a little sentimental and realize that the development of character, of self reliance by the love of the real wilderness in our coming generations is as important as money making. Here may I suggest that perhaps our American Forestry Association — and I speak as a member of it — might well advocate the extension of our system, of national and state parks, and their maintenance as natural wild forests, as happy recreation grounds, where the ax might never be applied except where the welfare of the forest required it in the making of fire lines and the necessary roads and trails. We have- a number of such parks but we need! more — not to interfere with our com- mercial forests, but to be a thing apart from them. In this connection may I mention the proposed Grand Canyon National Park which the Camp Fire Club is advocating. The most beautiful section of the canyon is now a national monument, 116 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo. by~Dr. J. J. Kirkleride. Moose Hunters Camp. this is on ellis brook, maine, and in a country famous as moose hunting ground. made so by a proclamation of Ex- President Roosevelt. To assure the protection of this great National wonder it should be made into a National Park, both the Canyon and a wide strip of forests on either side. May we have the cooperation of the American For- estry Association in this great and necessary work? And now to conclude, we believe in so-called scientific, forestry and in commercial forests. We must have great areas of them. But we want also National and State parks where the forests can remain untouched, except for fire protection, where we can preserve for all time bits of wilderness, where the game and forests may exist under natural condi- tions. Here we and those that will come after us may get an idea of what our continent was like before it was civilized, and here perhaps we may help to develop in the coming generations some of those sturdy qualities our forefathers had. * From an address at the 34th Annual Meeting of the American Forestry Association, New York City, January 11, 1915. IMPROVING WHITE MOUNTAIN FORESTS By Wm. L. Hall, Assistant Forester U. S. Forest Service [The first sale of Government timber on the White Mountain forests has been made and the reason for it is of decided interest to the many millions living in New England and along the Appalachians. Twenty-five per cent, of the money derived from this sale is returned to the towns and counties in which the timber is located in lieu of taxes. The writer explains the situation clearly and his article should attract much attention. — Editor.] THE Federal Government having acquired large tracts of forest lands in the White Mountains is now beginning the necessary improvements to make the forest fully useful to the Nation. Construction of roads, trails and telephone lines neces- sary to make the tracts accessible for purposes of protection and use have been under way during the past two years. Uses of the lands for purpose of summer cottages, camps and other purposes in line with the objects of the Government have begun. As a further step in the policy of development the first sale of 500,000 feet of Government timber has just been awarded. Very naturally the question may arise as to why it is desirable to cut any of the Government's timber. Why not leave it just as it is? The answer may best be given by stating the purposes of the sale. This I will do and then discuss some of the funda- mental considerations which are in- volved. Briefly the purposes of this sale are to clear away a large amount of mature, overmature and defective timber and liberate a fine stand of young trees which is already present, to test methods of removing this material with minimal damage to the young growth, to ascer- tain the best means of disposing of the resulting brush, and to get revenue. The first object is the improvement of the stand, the second to ascertain by experiment the best methods to employ and the third to secure financial returns. First let me discuss the third, and as some will think the least important object, the securing of financial returns. It is important that the lands the Government buys yield a return on the investment. It is absolutely necessary in the long run that they do so. The Nation will not regard the project as a success unless they do. The ones chiefly interested in having some returns from these lands, however, are the towns and counties in which they are situated. When these lands were acquired by the United States they were removed from taxation and the tax burden on the other lands was correspondingly in- creased. Congress has met this situa- tion by providing that 25 per cent, of the gross returns from the sale of the timber and from other sources be returned to the States and counties concerned in lieu of taxes. It would be unfair to the towns and counties to hold back on the cutting of extensive bodies of timber and deprive them of the revenues they need. But to come back to the main object, which is the improvement of the forest. Much of the cutting done in the White Mountains in the past left the forest in bad condition. The poor trees should have been taken and some of the good ones left. But the other thing was done. Good ones were taken and poor ones left. A great tangle of brush was left, too, which has been increased by the blowing down of some of the defective trees left standing. In its purchases the United States has acquired a great deal of this class of culled and cutover timber land. Now the problem is how to get that forest, back into good condition. This sale is the first step taken in that direction and it has been made on a representative area and in a situation where the work can be handled advantageously. It 117 118 AMERICAN FORESTRY In the White Mountains. this is in coos county, new hampshire. and there is a fine growth of hardwood and spruce near the top of the range. covers 162 acres and occupies a strip \x/2 miles long and x/i mile wide adjacent to the west side of the Tunnel Road which passes through the notch west of Alt. Moosilauke. At the nearest point the area is V/% miles from the railroad station of Glencliff and the average haul will be 2^4 miles over a good down grade road. The nearness to a shipping point and the presence of roads will make it possible to utilize most of the sound material which the trees contain, including some of the fuel wood. The different parts of the area will receive somewhat different treatment due to the varying conditions. Some 31 acres are characterized by a second growth forest. On this part the former stand must have been clean cut, some portions as much as 60 other portions not over 35 or 40 years ago. In the younger present growth which is of excellent quality, paper birch, yellow birch, maple and popple make up the bulk of the stand. But few trees have reached the size for removal. In as much as the stand is not crowded, only a tree here and there will be taken out with a result which will scarcely be noticeable. In the older second growth stand there is a larger proportion of paper birches, many of which arc mature and are of optimum size, foi~m and condition. Beneath is a fine understory of 10 to 12 foot high spruce and balsam which needs only the sunlight to spring into rapid growth. Here it is expected to remove the paper birch and popple above 8 inches in diameter and the yellow birch and maple above 10 inches, measurements being made 4^ feet above the ground. There will be re- moved about 2400 feet of timber per acre while the young trees to be left Photograph by E. D. Fletcher. Hardwoods and Large Spruce to be Cut. in the clumps of spruce the forest officer in charge may remove the entire group provided this does not leave a hole of more than a qitarter acre in extent, he may thin the group by taking out the larger trees or he may leave the group intact. in this particular group the hardwoods and the larger spruce would be taken, leaving a good number of young spruce. Photograph by E. D. Fletcher. Young Growth Predominates. A FINE STAND OF YOUNG GROWTH COVERS ALMOST THE ENTIRE CUTTING AREA. OF THE TREES WHICH WILL BE LEFT ON EACH ACRE AFTER CUTTING SOME 40 TO 80 WILL BE OVER 6 INCHES IN DIAMETER, 500 TO 750 WILL BE BETWEEN 5 FEET HIGH AND 6 INCHES IN DIAMETER, WHILE THE NUMBER UNDER 5 FEET HIGH WILL BE 5,000 OR MORE. Photograph by E. D. Fletcher Will Encourage Spruce and Balsam. IN THE OLDER SECOND GROWTH STAND THERE IS A LARGE PROPORTION OF PAPER BIRCHES MANY OF WHICH ARE OF OPTIMUM SIZE, FORM AND CONDITION. BENEATH IS A FINE UNDERSTORY OF SPRUCE AND BALSAM WHICH NEEDS ONLY THE SUNLIGHT TO SPRING INTO RAPID GROWTH. THE PAPER BIRCHES ABOVE EIGHT INCHES AND THE YELLOW BIRCHES AND MAPLES ABOVE TEN INCHES IN DIAMETER WILL BE REMOVED. Photograph by E. D. Fletcher How the Thinning Will Be Done. AS THE PRESENT CULLED AREA LOOKS FROM THE STATE HIGHWAY. THE CUTTING HERE WILL BE LIGHT AND HAVE AS ONE OF ITS CHIEF OBJECTS THE IMPROVED APPEARANCE OF THE STAND. AT THIS PARTICULAR SPOT THE LARGE MAPLE AT THE RIGHT AND THE LEANING TREE WILL BE CUT AND SOME THINNING DONE IN THE GROUP AT THE LEFT. ALL THE REST WILL BE LEFT. ALL THE BRUSH ALONG THE HIGHWAY WILL BE BURNED. IMPROVING WHITE MOUNTAIN FORESTS 123 will number 5157 per acre of which 80 will be over 6 inches in diameter. The principal part of the sale area, 118 acres, is occupied by a mixed forest of hardwoods and spruce from which the better trees wrere culled some 15 years ago. There remain numerous defective and old hardwoods with here and there clumps of spruce and balsam, the trees in which have made consider- able growth since the last cutting. This type presents a very unattractive ap- pearance. One sees at first glance some very good looking large maples and birches but a casual examination shows some to be defective and others to be overmature and on the decline. The previous cutting left several big holes in the forest where all the trees were removed. In other places small clumps and single trees which were left have blown down making an almost impene- trable tangle. It will be an easy matter to put this kind of forest into much better condition for growth but it will be difficult to make it look well. But let it be remembered that it does not look well now. It is proposed to remove the yellow birches and maples above 10 inches in diameter and the paper birches and other species above 8 inches. Spruce will not be cut under 12 inches except as a tree may be subject to windfall if left standing. Trees larger than the cutting limits will be left where they are needed to fill up the stand. The forest officers in charge of the sale will have a good deal of latitude in deciding whether to take or leave an individual tree. The effect in this type will be to remove about 4000 feet of timber per acre with a considerable thinning of the stand but care will be exercised to make no large gaps. If after the operation there appear to be consider- able areas which have been clean cut they will be those which resulted from the former and not from the present cutting. There will be left on the ground some 6900 young trees per acre of which 38 will be over 6 inches in diameter, while 750 will be between 5 feet in height and 6 inches in diameter. Fartherest from the road and highest on the mountain is a small section of virgin mixed forest which at the very highest point changes to a pure stand of small sized spruce. This latter will not be cut at all. From the mixed portion the large trees of both spruce and hardwoods will be removed leaving- the ground well covered with a vigorous stand of young spruce, paper birch, yellow birch and maple. No timber will of course be cut until it is marked by the forest officer in charge of the sale and the following instructions have been issued to guide him in marking the mixed hardwood and spruce type : ' ' In those portions of the type in which there is considerable merchant- able spruce a selection system, by which all the overmature, mature, and deteri- orating timber of all species will be removed, should be followed. Windfall must be particularly guarded against, especially in the spruce. For this reason the diameter limits specified should not be adhered to except as they may serve as an indication of the matur- ity of the timber. Thrifty trees which may be expected to further develop within the next 30 years and form a part of the succeeding cutting should be left. Spruce frequently occurs in the form of a group. In marking spruce, there- fore, it will be advisable to form a group wherever practicable of at least one- fourth of an acre in extent and (1) leave the group intact; (2) thin out the larger hardwoods and spruce over 12 inches, leaving the remainder of the group, where the thinning can be done without danger from windfall ; or (3) clear cut the group. The method to be followed must depend upon the composition of the group, the site, the condition of the timber, and the degree to which any cutting within the group can be con- ducted without making serious openings and endangering the remaining trees from windfall. The point to be borne in mind is that it is desired to have all mature or deteriorated spruce and hard- woods removed, and where they can not be removed from a spruce group without endangering the remaining trees in the group from windfall, the marker has the alternative of leaving the entire group or clear cutting." 124 AMERICAN FORESTRY Crystal Cascade in Tuckerman's Ravine. note the dense forest growth on THIS IS ON THE SLOPE OF MT. WASHINGTON IN COOS COUNTY, NEW HAMPSHIRE EACH SIDE OF THE FALLS. It must be recognized that no matter what the purpose of cutting in the forest there must result an accumulation of brush. We cannot avoid brush in cutting timber any more than we can avoid dust in sweeping the floor. One of the most important questions in this as well as in all sales on Government lands in the White Mountains will be how to handle this brush so as least to damage the forest and offend the eye. The softwood brush will not make much trouble. The stand is only about one-half softwoods, the tops are small and the trees are either scattered or in small groups. Furthermore, the soft- wood trees are to be used down to 4 inches in diameter at the top so that the amount of brush will not be great. The regulations provide that the soft-wood brush shall be piled and burned. IMPROVING WHITE MOUNTAIN FORESTS 125 Glen Ellis Cascade, White Mountains. one of the numerous water falls which will be preserved by the preservation of the forests under the control of the government. It is the hardwood brush that gives in felling. This, however, can be kept most concern. The big maples and at a minimum by careful supervision of birches have huge tops and in the the cutting operations. The big hard- first place they will cause some damage woods can not be used down to as 126 AMERICAN FORESTRY small a diameter in the tops as the spruces and firs. Generally it will not be possible to use them below 8 inches and often the top is dissipated into limbs at a point where the trunk is 12 or 15 inches in diameter. Such trees invariably result in a large quantity of brush. The regulations require that all of the limbs be cut from the trunk and that the brush three inches in diameter and smaller be piled or scattered at the discretion of the Forest Officer in charge. It is the purpose of the Forest Service to ascertain by careful study the best means of handling this kind" of brush. There is to be a great deal of it in the White Mountain sales and we want to learn as soon as possible how to deal with it. The branches larger than three inches in diameter are to be trimmed up and left flat on the ground unless they can be utilized as cordwood. The contract has been drawn on the supposition that much of this material can be utilized as fuel. If so it will be easier to clean up the sale area and leave it in neat and tidy condition. SPECIAL TREATMENT FOR STRIP ADJACENT TO HIGHWAY It is proposed to give special treat- ment to an 8-rod strip bordering the State Highway. On this strip the ut- most care will be taken to do the cutting and to handle the material to be removed and the brush in such a way as to give no offense to the critical observer. Before the sale was awarded a special marking Board, consisting of three experienced men of the Forest Service, went over and marked the trees to be removed on most of the strip. The purpose was to determine in advance the trees to be removed, and to provide a sample marking for the purchaser and for the forest officer who will have charge of the sale. The result of this special study and marking is to leave slightly more good young merchantable timber on the ground here than on other portions of the area. If a thrifty birch 12 or 15 inches in diameter is needed as a cover or to fill a gap it has been left. The ground was gone over tree by tree and nothing was marked for removal unless it was defective or could be removed without damage to the appearance of the area. Also on this 8-rod strip pains will be taken to dispose of the brush. As elsewhere the softwood brush will be piled and burned and the hardwood brush will be handled in the same way unless the cost is found to be prohibitive. Another thing which will be done to improve the appearance of this border strip is to cut down the decayed snags and dead trees, of which unsightly specters the strip contains more than a hundred. These will be brought to the ground, and while it may not be possible to remove them, lying flat upon the ground it will not take them long to decay. RESULTS We confess to a feeling of considerable responsibility in undertaking to cut any timber in the White Mountains where the public interest in forest protection is so keenly active. The knowledge that this keen interest exists makes us all the more anxious to try to put the forest in the best possible growing condition. In many places the condi- tion is bad now and there is no doubt but that it can be greatly improved. The question is whether we can do the work successfully by meeting the three essential requirements : (1) Give the forest the grooming it needs for future thrift and production. (2) Accomplish the work without alarming a watchful public which has come to abhor the old destructive method of timber removal. (3) Secure returns which will cover the cost of the timber to the Govern- ment and the cost of making the sale. This is the first sale and we may not succeed as well with it as with later ones but because it is the first sale and because we believe the purpose is right, we bespeak the sympathetic interest of the public. Let us try to restore to these mountain slopes a forest that is as good and if possible better than the virgin stand. Forestry Exhibition Building. in the new mexico building at the panama-california exposition at san diego, cal., is the united states forestry service exhibit in charge of don carlos ellis. FORESTRY AT THE EXPOSITIONS By Allen Henry Wright IT IS in the New Mexico building at the Panama-California Exposi- tion in San Diego, California, that the United States Forest Service is making its official exhibit, with Don Carlos Ellis in charge. On the second floor of this structure, which is a repro- duction of one of the oldest buildings in the State of New Mexico, the mission of Acoma, Mr. Ellis has arranged the model fire-fighting station, with all its equipment, the charts showing the work of the Forest Service, maps upon which are shown the National Forests, and models of some of the forests, par- ticularly of New Mexico. Then, too, there are specimens of the various kinds of commercial woods which are grown in the National Forests, and specimens of the grasses that are good for range cattle and those which are bad. This exhibit has attracted much interest since the Exposition opened on New Year's Day, and much credit has been given Mr. Ellis for the manner in which he has arranged it. From San Diego he will proceed to San Fran- cisco, where he is to install a similar exhibit for the government at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. During the year he will divide his time between the two cities and their big fairs. Aside from the forestry display made by the United States government, the San Diego exposition has much of interest to the student of forestry and the reclamation of barren wastes, for the very site of the exposition was little more than a waste spot only two years ago while it is now a garden of floral beauty, with thousands of fine trees, like the acacia, pepper, eucalyptus and palm, lending themselves to the charm of the whole. 127 A Full View of the Benedict Elm. LARGEST ELM IN CONNECTICUT By Norman de W. Betts IOCAL tradition has it that the Benedict Elm in the township of j Wilton, Fairfield County, is now the largest elm in the State of Connecticut. The circumference meas- ured on January 1, 1915, at about four and a half feet from the ground was 14 feet, 11M inches. The spread was paced in the direction of the highway which it borders and was estimated to be 105 feet. The trunk, as is shown in the photographs, soon breaks up into a great number of large branches which in turn form a very symmetrical and imposing crown. In a State noted for its elms, it would be of interest to know how large these veteran shade trees have grown. It might be wise to put on record the descriptions of some of the grandest among them before insects and fungi have brought them down. Perhaps there are other Connecticut elms that have local traditions; where is the largest specimen of this splendid tree ? # :#l 128 THIS ELM IS IN WILTON TOWNSHIP THREE QUARTER INCHES; AND THE SPREAD ABOUT 105 FEET DEW. BETTS, JANUARY 1, 1915 The Benedict Elm. fairfield county, conn. the circumference is fourteen feet, eleven and IT WAS MEASURED AND PHOTOGRAPHED BY NORMAN CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION By H. D. Langille TWENTY-FIVE hundred miles of peaceful, unfortified boundary separates two countries hardly less similar in racial qualities than two contiguous States of the Union. In physical characteristics the two draw apart — the one reaching northward into the Great Barrens ; the other southward into tropical luxuriance. The one yields only sustenance for sturdy types; the other is adaptable to every race and productive of almost every product required by humanity. The United States may be self-sufficient; Canada cannot be so. Its greatest development has taken place at its southern extrem- ities, almost within its southernmost two degrees of latitude. Its population in 1911 was only 1.9 souls per square mile. The Silent Places are vacant. The forest geography of the two countries is not dissimilar. Eastward from Manitoba there was once a vast forest of white and Norway pine corre- sponding to that of Minnesota and Michigan; while in the southern penin- sula of Ontario was an almost solid forest of hardwoods. Quebec was the home of spruce. The Maritime Prov- inces were densely forested with pine, spruce, hackmatack, balsam, hemlock and various hardwoods. The Height of Land defines the northern boundary of the pine forest. Northward stretches a great scope of spruce woods reaching to Hudson's Bay and thence north- westward almost to the Arctic Sea in latitude nearly seventy degrees. The earliest records of lumber manu- facturing in the provinces runs back to 1696 when planks for gun platforms were cut in New Brunswick. In 1761 it was reported that thirty-one saw mills were in operation in Nova Scotia. Continually since that time the Domin- ion has given of its forests to the world and despite restrictive tariff measures enacted by the United States there has been an almost constant increase in the volume of lumber exported across the border. As early as 1813 the value of wood exports was $29,397,534. In 1897, the fiscal year preceding the adop- tion of the Dingley bill, the exportation of sawed lumber to the United States was 883,770,000 feet In 1898, "the year following the restoration of the old duty of $2.00 on lumber, the imports of boards, deals, etc., dropped to 353,134,000 feet."1 The total lumber production of Canada in 1912 was 4,389,723 M. In the United States it was 39,158,414 M. The average annual cut per mill in Canada was 1800 M against 1300 M in the States. The white pine cut of Canada reached its maximum in 1908 and the depletion of its hardwood supply has been rapid. The volume of hardwoods imported during 1910 exceeded by 50 per cent, the value of the hardwoods manufac- tured into lumber in Canada during that year. As in the United States the scene of greatest production by a single state or province has shifted to the western coast. The forests of the eastern and nor- thern United States, like those of Eastern Canada, are fast disappearing. With their disappearance has passed the most romantic period in the history of the lumber woods. The chanties are forgotten. Alike in forest physiography, the forest development of the two countries has followed parallel lines. The spread of prairies on both sides of the inter- national boundary has been spanned. The scenes of greatest activity have been transferred to the western side of the continent where another expanse of forest invites the energies of the men of the woods. Under new physical and economical conditions the contest has been renewed. The last act in the tragedy of America's' coniferous forests is staged in British Columbia and the 1 "History of the Lumber Industry." 130 CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION 131 Interior of British Columbia. this scene is typical. there are dense forests of small englemann spruce, cedar, hemlock, douglas fir and sub-alpine fir and in the distance are hills which have been swept by forest fires. of Washington and coastal States Oregon. Like the forest of the Atlantic side that along the Pacific and on either side of the boundary is comprised of the same species. The chief difference is in the percentages of species and the conditions under which they grow. West of the great prairies, in the inter- mountain region, the boundary marks approximately the dividing line between two important forest zones, namely, that of western and white pine in the States and an inferior forest of cedar, spruce and hemlock in the Province; although there is some pine north of the boundary and much of the other type south of it. In that region the forest is light in comparison with the coastal forest, the trees are small and the lumber they yield is mostly of low grade; although well adapted to the needs of the adjoining prairie districts. The optimum region of Douglas fir is between 44 and 48 degrees of north latitude, west of the Cascade Mountains. Interlocking with it on the north is British Columbia's wonderful stand of Pacific red cedar, comprising a very important part of the forest northward to latitude 51 degrees. Northward from that zone, hemlock and silver fir are the prevailing species. Alpine forms descend to sea-level. The area of the forests of the Province has been variously estimated to be from 182,000,000 acres to less than 17,000,000 acres. The best information available indicates that there may be about 17,000,000 acres of merchantable saw timber. In the opinion of the author, based upon actual cruisings and examinations of 1,328,000 acres of this area, there is 335 billion feet in the Province, in place of 240 billion feet as conjectured by the Royal Commission British Columbia Cedar Forest, a type of the cedar from which the famous beveled siding and shingles are taken. note the figure of a man at the foot of a tree. CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION 133 of Inquiry in its report made in 1910. upon all No. 1 or No. 2 Douglas fir, The area is less than was formerly spruce, cedar, pine or cottonwood cut supposed but the stand is heavier. The west of the Cascades after January 1, total timber supply of the Province 1915, and 50 cents upon all other timber approximates that of Washington. suitable for lumber and shingles. East But British Columbia's forest is of the mountains the royalty shall be inferior as to quality and species as the 50 or 65 cents, according to locality, value of species is differentiated at this After January 1, 1920, the royalty time. The following table of compari- shall be increased at the end of five-year sons, based upon Lacey & Company's periods by amounts equivalent to differ- cruisings in both territories, outside of ent percentages " of the increase (if any) national forests, parks and reservations, in the average wholesale selling price shows the difference existing in the of lumber f.o.b. mill, over $18" per M. respective regions west of the Cascade The license fee is fixed during the period Mountains: to December 31, 1954, at $140 per license of not more than 640 acres COMPARISON BY SPECIES wegt q£ the Cascade Range and $10Q Oregon.2 British east of the Cascades. This rental is „ , „. „„ _ Columbia approximated equivalent to the average Douglas Fir 82.3 per cent. 21.3 per cent. ^r j ~i . i j • ,i Cedar 2.4 per cent. 34.4 per cent. tax Per M feet on fee lands m the Western Hemlock 9.1 percent. 28.5 per cent. States. It is fixed and not subject to Spruce 2.1 per cent. 4.3 per cent, the caprices of tax levying bodies. Silver Fir (A. Amabilis) 1.5 per cent. 11.0 per cent. STUMPAGE AND LOG VALUES Miscellaneous... 2.6 per cent. 0.5 per cent. Average stand per In normal times log values are the acre 'i1-6 M feet- 22-2 M feeti same in the province as across the line; The best timber is most available, and as a general statement it may be Present-day cutting is going on in the said that the difference between log most accessible and superior forest, cost and log value, which is stumpage, The topography of the coastal region is including royalties, is about the same extremely mountainous and the moun- for logs of equal quality. In each tains are generally steep, with bald, territory original purchasers acquired rocky crests and narrow valleys between, timber at prices which are almost The commercial forest is on the lower negligible in the cost of logs but latter- levels. In the interior, glacial forma- day buyers in British Columbia have tion characterizes the country. The been required to pay as much for valleys are wider and the slopes are timber of equal log value as is paid in usually less abrupt where merchantable the States. There is but little, if any, timber grows. The mountain chains foundation of fact in the statement are mostly bare and snow-covered dur- often made by operators in the States ing the greater part of the year. that our neighboring manufacturers can sell for less because their timber is tenure cheap. Timber that the market of Nearly one-half of British Columbia's these years will absorb is not corn- forest is held under Special Timber paratively cheap in the log. Licenses; the remainder under various kinds of grants and leases, and reserva- manufacturing costs and labor tions. With the exception of certain The initial cost of logging equipment Crown grants it is all subject to the and maintenance is higher in British payment of royalties when cut. The Columbia than in Washington or Oregon Forest Act of March 4, 1914, embodies owing to heavy import duties. Supplies wise forest legislation, virtually making and woods labor are higher and the the holders of licenses and other tenures labor, as a rule, is less efficient. The partners with the government. It pro- provincial laws prohibit employment of vides for a royalty of 85 cents per M Oriental labor in provincial forests 2 Similar figures for Washington have not been compiled but the percentage of cedar is greater. 134 AMERICAN FORESTRY or on public works, and the standard government wage fixes a high rate for all labor. Eighty per cent, of the donkey engines and blocks, etc., is made in the United States. The wire rope comes from England, while saws and small-mill machinery is mostly made in Canada. Large mills use American- made burners, bands, gangs, log-deck and electrical machinery. The propor- tion of American-made goods is decreas- ing but Canadian prices are based on American prices, plus duty. A com- parison as between wage scales of mill and woods workers shows that wages in British Columbia are about 10 per cent higher than in Oregon. Consider- able Oriental labor is used in the yards but its cost, per unit of production, is equal to that of the labor employed n the western States. The climatic conditions are similar except that the heavy rains of the northern coast cause more loss of time in the camps. Cutting is less advanced amid the intricate system of interior waterways in the province, hence the haul to water is shorter. The conditions are similar to those which prevailed along Puget Sound and Columbia river in the days of small loggers. The waterways may offset in a measure the disadvantages alluded to but small operations cannot be economical and the day of the hand logger has passed. It is generally claimed by provincial loggers and manufacturers that opera- tions in the Province cost 20 per cent, more than in the States; and this is unquestionably true in the inter-moun- tain districts, at least. It is the log value at points of manufacture that counts in a discussion of competition and this has been shown to be equal; excepting that in the States log prices of water-borne logs are made as at booms while in the Province they are usually for logs delivered at points of manufacture. With its wealth of good cedar British Columbia is able to produce enormous quantities of shingles. Unopposed by restrictive duties it may easily capture the shingle business of the United States where the supply of cedar is comparatively limited. The Province also bears an immense amount of pulp timber and water power for its Among Inlets and Inside Waters in British Columbia, this scene is characteristic. note the narrow shore lands, well forested, rising to high peaks either barren or bearing poor timber. CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION 135 development. One paper mill is now producing 225 tons daily. A sulphite fiber plant is producing 40 tons of fiber per day. "A small portion of this suffices to supply the Provincial market, while freight rates prevent the shipment of newsprint to points east of Alberta. A small quantity of newsprint is shipped to be distributed from Calgary and Edmonton, the balance (comprising over 75 per cent of the output) being marketed in the North- western States. About 25 per cent of the sulphite fiber is sold to paper mills in the same market."3 This in the face of the fact that pulp logs in those States cannot be sold for enough to return the cost of logging. The first shipment of wood pulp from British Columbia to the Atlantic coast was consigned to New York in September of this year. CANADIAN MARKETS In 1911 the population of Canada was 7,207,000. The five western provinces with an area of 1,723,700 square miles had 1,321,748 people or less than the present estimated population of Phila- delphia. But during recent years there has been an unparalleled influx of settlers into that territory seeking homes on the boundless prairies within the range of grain production. A great boom was experienced. Railroads were built and towns followed. The vacant places were sparingly peopled. As a result an enormous demand for lumber was created — greater per capita than was ever before known. To the west was the almost untouched forest reach- ing to the sea and the government invited its exploitation. Millions of dollars were invested in timber and manufacturing equipment. Plants suf- ficient to supply the normal demands of ten million people were erected in frenzied haste to supply one and one-half millions. Then, by 1913, immigration practi- cally ceased. Stagnation followed infla- tion and in rapid succession the mills went down, leaving capital and labor unemployed. In 1910 there were 225 saw mills in British Columbia with a Report of the Minister of Lands, 1913. A Perfect Douglas Fir. THIS IS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA. SUCH SPECIMENS ARE LESS COMMON IN THE PROVINCES THAN IN THE STATES. Western Hemlock in British Columbia, this species is comparable to eastern hemlock only in name. the author classes this as a good stand. CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION 137 daily capacity of 43^ million feet. In 1912 it was estimated that $52,000,000 of American capital was invested in mills and timber in the Province. There are now about 365 saw mills and 61 shingle mills in British Columbia and in 1913 they cut 1,515,828 M feet of lumber and about 480,000,000 shingles, raising the Province to first place in the Dominion as a lumber producer. In 1909 it produced only one-fifth oc the total cut of Canada. So great was the consumption of lumber in the prairie provinces that besides four-fifths of British Columbia's output that market absorbed 479, 169,300 feet of lumber, 121,940,000 lath and 90,093,000 shingles imported from the States during 1911 and 1912. It was a dumping ground for low-grade lumber from the Inland Empire. No effort was made to develop a foreign market. When the slump came there was distress. Eastern Canada has an important trade with foreign countries and its relations with the eastern United States are fixed. The problem of overshadow- ing moment is what British Columbia shall do with the products of its surplus of mills. Through time beyond reckoning the prairie provinces will be large consumers. Settlement and wheat growing will reach northward to latitude 55 degrees and the sparsely settled districts will fill with farms, but the abnormal demand of the years just past will never develop again. Years may pass before the capacity of today will be reached. In the meantime the capital invested cannot remain unproductive. Impatient of returns from timber new mills will be built. As in the United States, government will look to its forests for revenue, encourage waste and aid in destroying the industry by selling whenever and wherever it can on terms which foster incompetence and invite affliction. With capacity to supply ten millions of people and one and one-half millions to supply, the manufacturers are seeking to know what they shall do to survive. 4 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 5 "The Timberman" November, 1914. 6 West Coast Lumberman, November 15, 1914. The answer must be found among ten millions of people outside of Canada. Lumber is a bulky product. Its best market is that nearest the source of supply; hence Canadian manufacturers turn to the one hundred millions of people across the line — the most prodigal users of lumber in the world. The tariff bars are down, international railroads have reduced their rates to equal those of all- American lines ; the way to a market is open and buyers in the States may now rejoice at the spectacle of a demoral- ized industry struggling from both sides of the boundary to increase consumption by cutting prices to or below cost of production. The day of Canada's retri- bution dawned on October 3, 1913, when the Underwood tariff took effect. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, 472,245 M feet of lumber worth $11,481,431 was exported to Canada from the United States and there was received in return 892,833 M feet worth $16,936,930.4 In the last nine months under protective tariff British Columbia sent into the United States 1,861,100 feet of lumber, while during the first nine months of free trade the shipments amounted to 12,030,799 feet,5 an in- crease of 546 per cent, but withal not an alarming amount when compared with shipments into the prairie provinces from the States during 1911. During the first eight months of 1913 importa- tions of Canadian shingles amounted to 288,047 M valued at $743,030; while during a corresponding period in 1914 the importations amounted to 765,627 M worth $1,776,930, an increase in volume of 139 per cent. Of the 765,627,000 shingles imported this year 201,842,000 were shipped from British Columbia through the Puget Sound gateway, as compared with 30,706,000 received through the same gateway during the first nine months of 1913 under a protective tariff.0 This indi- cates the ascendancy of British Colum- bia shingles over those made in Washing- ton and Oregon. The total value of all wood products imported into the United States from Canada in the year 138 AMERICAN FORESTRY ending June 30, 1914, was slightly less than that of 1913. Only a profitless market, over-production and general impoverishment of the industry in the United States will prevent heavy im- portations this year. The British Western Pine. a typical stand in southern british columbia near the northern limit of the species. Columbian manufacturer cannot com- pete successfully with present prices. A notable difference is found as be- tween the attitude of government in Canada and the United States. In Canada, and particularly British Colum- bia, a partnership has been established between lessees and actual owners. Parliament aids in developing industry at home and abroad. In the United States, Congress authorizes the expendi- ture of a million or two of dollars that a mythical, impossible trust shall be sought for. Canada is seeking prefer- ential tariff relations with her sister countries of the empire, seeing in them parts of the ten million consumers she needs.7 An effort will again be made to impose an import duty upon American lumber en- tering the Dominion. The time is opportune for trade extension at home and abroad and with the re- turn of normal conditions in the States the wheels of industry will again turn in the Province prolonging the idleness of labor and capital from which the northwestern States are now suffering. British Columbia will not hope in vain for an American market. The Panama Canal and our shipping laws invite par- ticipation in the trade of the Atlantic seaboard . Cheaper vessels, smaller crews and lower wages paid them combine to this end. vShippers and vessel owners aver that it costs from 20 to 25 per cent more to transport lumber to the Atlantic seaboard from American ports on the Pa- cific than from British Columbia ports — and America dug the canal. With rail rates the same as and water rates say $3.00 per M lower, British Columbia manu- facturers have an opportunity to reach the coveted ten million people and they will grasp it. Among the lumbermen of the west there is an urgent demand for the restoration of an import duty on lumber, at least sufficient to prevent dumping 7 See "The Timberman," November, 1914. CANADIAN LUMBER COMPETITION 139 in times of stress. Admittedly their business is demoralized. As in the case of British Columbia there is an excess of productive capacity which cannot adjust itself to demand because of small-unit production and the facility with which supplies of raw material may be obtained. On both sides of the line the industry is in a helpless condi- tion. Every thousand feet of lumber unmarketable at home which can be sold on the opposite side of the line is sold at any price above the cost of the labor applied in producing it because such sales reduce the cost of the output and add to the profits of the producer by helping him meet his overhead. Under the conditions which have pre- vailed during the greater part of the past seven years lumber manufacturers have followed receding hope until many are seeking the only direction of motion their perspicacity reveals — the return of their investments in stumpage through the immediate agency of the saw. Lumbering is a primitive in- dustry in which countless men having primitive ideas of business are able to engage. It is undergoing enforced read- justment because it has at last reached the period when it must yield to the demands of modern business. Neither protective tariffs nor any other legiti- mate forms of legislation can save it in the absence of large control of raw material, large scale production and applied modern business principles. From the standpoint of national economy there would be danger in restoring a duty on lumber. The immediate effect would be to attract into a less profitable industry capital that would have been invested in more productive channels. As a result waste would be further increased with corre- sponding loss to communities and countries. Temporary depression has reduced the Canadian demand for British Columbia lumber and the United States will be made a dumping ground for the surplus of its mills at prices as close to the cost of production as may be necessary to sell their product, until such time as the surplus of pro- ductive capacity shall be forced out of business or more profitable markets can be found. s British Columbia mills cannot com- pete with American mills and earn a profit; but so long as a market can be found they will avail themselves of it and be large factors in continuing the present bootless condition. It is a raw, primitive country engaged in primitive industries. Its forests com- prise its chief resource. It sends to us its lumber, shingles and pulp in return for our manufactured and agricultural products. If free trade be continued each country will tend to produce only those things for which it is best adapted and rely upon the other for the things desired and in the production of which it has a relative advantage. While the United States produces an enormous volume of raw materials it is destined to be a great manufacturing nation. Our markets for manufactured goods must be found in countries like Canada. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, we sent to each individual in Canada about $52 worth of exports and took from each individual about $15 worth of imports. Unless we give we cannot receive. The problem resolves itself into the economic question of whether or not those lumbermen of the United States who are impoverished by their own inability to apply fundamental prin- ciples of efficiency should be protected at the cost of other industries until an enforced readjustment is complete. The advantages of the contest are theirs. In these paragraphs the author has borrowed liberally from "Modern Business." E. E. Ring, President Maine Forestry Association. Charles D. Bartlett, Vice-president Maine For- estry Association. MAINE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION WITH an enthusiasm which it is evident will carry it along to a large member- ship and a successful career, the Maine Forestry Association, which has been dormant since 1908, was reorganized and revivified at a largely attended meeting held in Bangor, Maine, on Friday, January 22nd. This was accomplished largely through the efforts of Prof. John M. Briscoe, head of the forestry department at the University of Maine at Orono, and Mr. E. E. Ring, secretary of the first organization. The meeting was at- tended by former members, repre- sentatives of railroads, lumber com- panies, pulp and paper companies; members of the State legislature, State officials and people generally interested in improving the forest laws of the State. Considerable forestry legislation is needed at the present time, or will be in the near future, and quite the best way to secure it is to organize a strong State Forestry Association which, work- ing in cooperation with the American 140 Forestry Association, will be able to arouse the people of the State to an W. A. Hennessey, Secretary-Treasurer Maine Forestry association. NEW YORK STATE MEETING 141 appreciation of the need of better legislation, and with them to obtain the attention of the State legislators to bills which will be presented. Charles E. Bartlctt of Bangor pre- sided at the meeting, and addresses were made by Prof. Briscoe, P. S. Ridsdale, Secretary of the American Forestry Association, State Forestry Commissioner Viles, Senator Forrest Colby, Chairman of the State Forestry Committee and bv a number of others. The officers elected are Hon. E. E. Ring, president; Charles D. Bartlett, vice president; W. A. Hennessey, secre- tary-treasurer; Hon. John A. Bass, Bangor; Hon. Blaine S. Viles, Augusta; Hon. Forrest Colby, Bingham; Fred A. Gilbert, Bangor; George B. Dunn, Houl- ton; H. P. Buck, Bangor; Prof. J. M. Briscoe, Bangor; Alfred K. Ames, Machias; and Frank P. Thomas, Ruther- ford, directors. NEW YORK STATE MEETING THE third Annual Meeting of the New York State Forestry Asso- ciation, which now has a mem- bership of over 500, was held on January 13 and 14 at the Powers Hotel, Rochester, New York. The evening of January 13 was given over to an illustrated address by J. Horace McFarland, President of the American Civic Association, on "Effi- cient Trees for American Streets." After Mr. McFarland's address an informal buffet luncheon was served at which unusual spirit and enthusiasm was shown by those present. On January 14 the regular business of the Association was taken up after which short talks were given as follows: Mr. C. R. Pettis, Superintendent of State Forests, spoke on the advisability of the Association offering prizes to Boy Scouts for fire protection, tree planting, etc. A committee was ap- pointed with power to expend certain funds in this matter. Professor Bristow Adams of Cornell University spoke on publicity work by the Association. Hon. John B. Burnham spoke extem- poraneously, recommending the use of white cedar for planting in the eastern half of the State. Professor S. W. Allen of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse took up the subject, "What a State College of Forestry can do for the Association." The principal address of the morning was given by Mr. Harris Reynolds, Secretary of the Massa- chusetts Forestry Association, on "The Massachusetts Forestry Association's Work and its Application to Conditions in New York." In the afternoon Hon. Henry W. Morgan of Rochester talked very inter- estingly on the planting of shade and fruit trees along highways about our cities. Commissioner John D. Moore of the State Conservation Commission spoke at length on the year's work of the Commission. The meeting was adjourned, after a few remarks by Dr. J. S. Whipple President, on the future of the Association, and the election of the following officers : President, Dr. J. S. Whipple; Secretary, Prof. Frank F. Moon; Treasurer, Sen. H. S. Holden; Vice- Presidents. Hon. John D. Burnham, Mr. Frank L. Moore, Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dr. A. S. Downing, Mrs. E. G. Whitmeyer, Dr. C. M. Dow, Sen. J. B. Mullin, Hon. John R. Clancy, Mr. John G. Agar, Mr. M. H. Hoover, Mr. E. L. Perry. Mr. Eugene S. Bruce, Mr. Thos. McCabe, Mr. K. W. Goldth- waite, Dr. Geo. G. Atwood. Mr. James Annin, Mr. John D. Moore, Mr. Frank A. Cutting, Mr. Jacob Hasslacher, Mr. F. Ambrose Clark. Executive Committee: For three years, Dr. E. H. Hall and R. S. Hosmer; for two years, C. R. Pettis, Dr. Hugh P. Baker; for one year, Mr. Geo. N. Ostrander and 0. H. Van Norden. Auditors: For two years, Mr. S. N. Spring; for one year, Mr. W. G. Goward. Trustees Permanent Fund: For three years, Mr. Chas. M. Dow; for two years, Mr. Frank E. Kendall; for one year, Walter C. Witherbee. NORTH CAROLINA MEETING r UMBERMEN, club women, fores- ters, railroad men, legislators, and j public officials met together at the fifth annual convention of the North Carolina Forestry Association in Raleigh, January 13, and joined in urging upon the General Assembly the necessity of taking some definite and immediate action to preserve the forests of the State from the present frequent and destructive fires. Nearly every speaker touched in no uncertain terms upon this subject and strong resolutions were endorsed calling upon the State Legislature to make possible a State fire protective system and to create a State park on Mt. Mitchell. Resolu- tions were also passed asking Congress to continue the appropriations for cooperative fire protection under the Weeks law; urging the public school authorities to include at least some study of forestry in their curriculum and make the observance of Arbor Day general; approving the organization of local forestry clubs for the purpose of fire prevention ; and urging the extension of the Stock law all over the State. Governor Locke Craig's address dealt largely with the proposition that the State purchase an area on the top of Mt. Mitchell for the purpose of pre- serving part of the virgin forest and including the summit of the mountain. The President of the Association, Mr. Hugh MacRae of Wilmington, in his annual address enforced the two prin- ciples of conservation and efficiency. ' ' I look to an enlightened public opinion to bring about the protection of the forests. If people realized that the small trees belonged to the children they would feel differently. . . . No group can progress without lifting up the community. Education along these lines is essential." Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geolo- gist, emphasized the need for forest protection in North Carolina in order to insure a permanent supply of timber for our own use. He urged that the State provide a forest fire protective system; State forests for demonstration purposes; and a State forest nursery to provide forest tree seedlings at cost. Fire protection, however, he emphasized as of first importance. Representatives of four out of the five large railroads of the State spoke, strongly endorsing the campaign for forest protection, and promising cordial cooperation in publicity work. A number of others spoke on various phases of forestry work in the State. Mr. Nathan O' Berry of Goldsboro, President of the North Carolina Pine Association, was elected President of the Forestry Association for the ensuing year. Mr. J. S. Holmes of Chapel Hill was reelected Secretarv-Treasurer. <§>• • <§> A Forester's Directory The American Forestry Association wishes to compile and to keep up to date, a directory of foresters, in the United States, its possessions, Canada and Mexico. This will be of considerable benefit to the members of the profession, as the Association is frequently asked for information concerning the whereabouts of foresters, and is also often asked to recommend foresters for various positions. The American Forestry Association therefore requests each forester, whether he is a member of the Association or not, to send his full name, address, name of school or schools of which he is a graduate, and the feature, if any particular one, of his profession, in which he specializes. This directory will be kept up to date from year to year, and wall be available for any inquirers at any time. •<§> 142 THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING DEPARTING from its usual plan of holding the annual meeting in Washington the American Forestry Association held its 34th annual session in New York City on January 11th, and the change met with great favor among the many mem- bers in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and other con- tiguous territory who were but seldom able to get to Washington for a meeting. There was a gratifyingly large at- tendance and much enthusiasm over the work of the Association and what it has been able to accomplish, while the papers and discussions during the day resulted in many admirable sugges- tions for the activities of the Association during the present year. The officers elected are : President, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh University, who was reelected. New Vice-presidents: Hon. Wm. H. Taft, former president of the United States; Hon. John W. Weeks, U. S. Senator from Massachusetts; Hon. George Pardee, former Governor of California; Mr. Theodore L. Bristol, former president Connecticut State Forestry Association ; and Mrs. Emmons Crocker, of Fitchburg, Mass., former chairman of the Conservation Depart- ment of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. Treasurer, John E. Jenks. Washing- ton, D. C, reelected. Directors — for three years — W. R. Brown, Berlin, N. H.; John E. Jenks, Washington, D. C. ; Charles F. Quincv, New York City; E. A. Sterling, Phila- delphia; and Capt. J. B. White, Kansas City, Mo. ; all reelected. Director — for two years — William B. Greeley, Washington, D. C. Auditor — E. A. Sterling, Philadelphia, reelected. President Drinker reported that the financial statement for the year, which was being examined by the auditing committee, showed that the Association was sound financially and without any debts. The Secretary's report in brief was as follows : Nineteen hundred and fourteen was marked by considerable development work by the Association. A campaign was successfully conducted in Virginia for the passage of a State forestry law and the creation of a State forester; and the people of South Carolina, Alabama and Texas were aroused by publicity measures to a realization of the need of similar laws in their States. Texas organized a State Forestry Asso- ciation, which, aided by the American Forestry Association, is now striving to get a forestry law passed by the Legislature. A draft of a model forestry law was prepared for Game and Fish Commissioner John H. Wallace, of Alabama, and is embodied in his recommendations to the Legislature. The Association also cooperated in the organization of some county and town- ship forest conservation and fire protec- tive associations. There was a marked increase in requests for advice and information about trees, woodlots and forests from all over the country, indicating not only an increase in inter- est but extension of the knowledge of the work the Association is doing. Forest schools were supplied with valu- able unpublished reports of the Forest Service needed for their libraries, and to a number of schools, societies and individuals was sent information relating to forest conservation. "Among other features of the Associa- tion's educational work was the main- tenance of a booth and the distribution of forest literature at the Forest Prod- ucts Expositions at Chicago and New York, and the addresses on forestry at the Chautauqua, New York assembly, were valuable. Another feature of this work is the wide publication in maga- zines and newspapers during the year of articles about the Association and its work, and the republication of illustra- tions and articles from American For- estry in some of the leading magazines of -the country. 143 144 AMERICAN FORESTRY "During the year the Association various directions, and these suggestions, acquired in E. T. Allen, Forester of many of them being most valuable, will the Western Forestry and Conservation be carefully discussed and considered Association, a Pacific Coast repre- by the Executive Committee. The sentative, and in Ell wood Wilson, of addresses were by Henry S. Graves, the Society of Canadian Forest Engi- chief forester of the United States; neers, a Canadian representative, and C. R. Pettis, forest superintendent of the articles they have written and New York State; R. S. Kellogg, secre- secured for the magazine have added tary of the National Lumber Manu- much to its value. facturers Association; George N. Os- "The Association authorized a bond trander of Glen Falls, N. Y., who is issue of $50,000 to provide funds for identified with the paper pulp and paper the further improvement of the maga- business; Dean Hugh P. Baker of the zine and increase in its circulation. New York State College of Forestry at $16,000 has been subscribed and $14,000 Syracuse; Prof. S. N. Spring, of the has been paid in. $7,000 of this amount forestry department of the New York was personally secured by President State College of Agriculture at Cornell; Henry S. Drinker from some friends Warren H. Miller, editor of Field and of forestry. Stream, Wm. B. Howland, publisher "Considerable improvement was made of the Independent; John 0. LaGorce, in the magazine during the year, better associate editor of the National Geo- paper, more and better illustrations, graphic Magazine; Prof. H. H. Chapman a picture cover and a number of special of the Yale School of Forestry. Discus- articles adding greatly to its attractive- sions followed and there was general ness and its educational value. Thanks participation in them with the result are due to Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack that every one present was much for a donation of $1,000, and to J. B. impressed and pleased by the practical White for a donation of $100, to aid suggestions for the kind of work which in paying for these improvements. the Association might do. 'The Association is now in a solid President Henry S. Drinker presided condition financially, ending the year at the morning session and E. A. without one cent of indebtedness, and Sterling at the afternoon session, while having a growing surplus invested in in the evening Charles F. Quincy of bonds. New York was toastmaster at the "One thousand three-hundred and sev- annual dinner at the Hotel McAlpin enty-eight new members and subscribers where addresses were made by Chief were secured during the year, while Forester Graves, Ottomar H. Van Nor- deaths, resignations and members den of the Camp Fire Club of America, dropped for non-payment of dues totaled Hon. Cabot Ward, president of the 1,012, making a net gain for the year of Park Board of New York, who repre- 366." sented Mayor Mitchel; Dr. B. E. The day was devoted to hearing Fernow of the University of Toronto, practical addresses and discussions on President Henry S. Drinker of the what the American Forestry Association American Forestry Association ; and might do in furthering its work in Dr. J. T. Rothrock of Pennsylvania. THE INDEX FOR VOLUME TWENTY OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE IS NOW READY AND j WILL BE SENT UPON REQUEST TO ANY DESIRING IT E _.MII— >UI^— till — Mil— — IIIL- EDITORIAL FORESTRY LAWS AND LEGISLATION AT THIS season, during the sessions / \ of the National Congress and / \ of the legislatures of the differ- ent States, many measures of vital importance to forestry are being considered, some of which are good and some bad. The beneficial legisla- tion should pass; the injurious measures must be vigorously opposed. But how and legislators to are congressmen distinguish good forestry laws from bad ? The American Forestry Association assumes that forestry itself is good — that its necessity is proved and its benefits demonstrated. Good laws, on this basis, are laws which promote forestry and make it possible to grow trees successfully, whether under Na- tional, State or private management. The experience of a century in Europe and of two decades in this country has indicated the conditions demanded for successful forest production. Two req- uisites are fundamental — forest land set aside for tree growth and a body of foresters independent of party politics, trained in their profession, and em- ployed permanently to develop the forest and bring the work to a successful conclusion. The development of the actual practice of forestry on the National Forests is due wholly to the personal ability and training of the men who compose the present Forest Service. In the fourteen years preceding 1905, when these lands were under the United States Land Office, practically no development took place. Whatever has been accomplished since then is due to their transfer to the Department of Agriculture, under the management of Gifford Pinchot and Henry S. Graves, trained foresters. Any measure which proposes to remove these National Forests from the control of the trained organization of the Forest Service, whether by transfer to some other Government bureau or by grants of additional lands to Western States, strikes at the fundamental condition which promises efficient forest management. This is a defect in Secretary of Interior Lane's proposed plan for a local com- mission to govern Alaska which may be overcome by the appointment of a for- ester or a man capable of efficient forest management as a member of the com- mission, as well as the understanding that the forests shall be administered in the same efficient manner as under the Forest Service, and with the Forest Service acting in a close advisory capacity. Reprehensible is H. R. Bill 1602, which proposes to throw open for homestead settlement all lands now protected by National ownership which have especial value for recreation. Under the guise of "summer homesteads" this bill permits the private acquisition of camp- ing sites, lake shores and other lands of inestimable future value to the public. In the class of good legislation before Congress falls the appropriation to continue the work undertaken through the Weeks Law — the purchase of addi- tional lands in the Appalachians and 145 146 AMERICAN FORESTRY White Mountains. This measure re- ceives the unanimous support of the Eastern States, and no plea of economy should suffice to interrupt this work. Congress is asked to continue the annual appropriation of $2,000,000 until 1920, and the constituents of Congressmen within these States must make plain their hearty approval of this enterprise. Meanwhile, forestry legislation in several States demands attention. The most serious aspect of State forestry today is the need for the establishment of a strong and efficient State forest service similar in character to that of the National Government, and based on merit and training. Several States, notably Minnesota, have secured this result by giving the control of the work to a non-partisan board whose sole responsibility is forestry. In other States, the State work been the cat's- paw of party politics, and in some by a short-sighted policy of pretended econ- omy, this work has been combined with the administration of the fish and game laws, with the conservation of minerals and even with the problem of waterpower. The public is led to believe that this consolidation is satis- factory where tried. We speak with full knowledge of the facts in stating that it is decidedly unsatisfactory. There is a limit to the capacity of a board, and the administration of forestry laws is all that can be properly attended to by one commission. When to this duty is added the control of the game warden system, and other functions, forestry suffers proportionately. Facts speak for themselves. Under the consolidated Forestry, Fish and Game Commission of New York but one out of the entire list of commis- sioners ever gave any special attention to forestry — and New York stands today where she was twenty years ago, prohibiting cutting of timber on forest lands of the State. Under the more recent consolidation by which water- powers were added to the duties of the Conservation Commission, even the time-honored policy of purchasing lands has been allowed to lapse, solely through loss of initiation in the Commission. The State is now struggling to secure the non-political reorganization of this de- partment which must precede any attempt at the practice of forestry by constitutional amendment. As a result of the creation of a Public Domain Commission in Michigan com- bining the functions of a board of Forestry with that of Immigration, and Public Lands, the Commission suffered a marked loss of initiation in forestry. Louisiana, under a Conservation Com- mission which combines fish and game protection with forestry, has failed to even make a beginning in the creation of a State forest service, and is expend- ing almost her entire appropriation on fish, game and minerals. Oregon, former- ly under this form of organization, has taken her forest fire service out of the hands of the Fish and Game Commission in order to get results. New England is a unit in support of separate forest organizations. New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, and the Western States of Montana, Idaho, Washington and Cali- fornia believe in separate forestry boards. And in this list of States are included practically all which have laid the foundations of a sound State policy by the employment of foresters on a permanent basis. On this evidence we claim that meas- ures looking to the consolidation of other State departments with forestry are bad. The Legislature of Wisconsin is now considering such a measure. For a decade the forestry affairs of the State have been managed by a non-partisan board. It is now proposed to supersede this board by one appointed by the Governor, which shall combine public lands, and fish and game with forestry. One advocate of this plan cites Michigan and New York as examples, and claims that the measure is in line with a general tendency. If passed, it can have but one result — the definite relega- tion of the forestry work of the State to a subordinate position, similar to the conditions prevailing in Michigan, New York and Louisiana. Alabama, after eight years of trial of this combined forest, fish and game commission, and a complete dearth of results, is this year considering the WITH THE FORESTERS 147 establishment of a separate forestry board — such a measure should pass. Texas is planning to create an entirely independent forestry commission. In Pennsylvania the work of the Forestry Commission has been separate from all other forms of State activity from its origin, and the great progress of the State through the purchase and manage- ment of forest lands, and the establish- ment of a State Service, is due almost wholly to this fact. Specialization, not consolidation, must be the watchword of American forestry, if we are to accomplish any practical results within the next decade. WITH THE FORESTERS Mr. C. S. Judd, who for several years has been connected with the United States Forest Service as Assistant District Forester in the office of Silviculture at Portland, Oregon, has recently resigned to accept the position of Forester for Hawaii and Executive Officer of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry there. Mr. Judd assumed his new duties on January 15th. R. Brooke Maxwell, city forester of Balti- more, writes that the Division of Forestry of Baltimore has been fortunate enough to secure a slight increase in its working funds for this season. The increase was $5,000, making the total appropriation for tree work $12,900. The value of the work which the department has been trying to do seems to be appreciated, and this present increase is only the beginning of larger and better things. The Board of Governors of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association has ac- cepted the resignation of Mr. J. E. Rhodes as secretary and he has become secretary of the Southern Pine Association. Mr. R. S. Kellogg, secretary of the Northern Hemlock & Hard- wood Manufacturers' Association, has been elected secretary to succeed Mr. Rhodes. Mr. H. H. Tryon, a graduate of Harvard College and the Harvard Forest School, has been appointed an instructor in Forest Utiliza- tion at the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse. This appointment has been made to handle the greatly increased work in the Department of Forest Utilization. Prof. Nelson C. Brown represented the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse at the annual meeting of the American Wood Preservers Association in Chicago, Januarv 19, 20 and 21. Dean Hugh P. Baker and Prof. Brown are both members of the Association. Dr. C. A. Schenck, former director of the Biltmore Forest School, is alive and well, and the news will be welcomed by his many friends in this country who have recently heard the unconfirmed rumor that he was killed in action while leading an attack on the Russians in Poland. Dr. Schenck, who is an officer in a German Regiment, has been in the campaign in Poland since early in the fall. On Dec. 18th, Mrs. Schenck, according to advices received here, heard that he was in good health and unwounded. A few days later he was seriously wounded. But on Jan. 8th, he had so far recovered that he was preparing to return to the front, In writing to J. Gordon Dorrance, a forest engineer in the Maryland State Forestry Department, Dr. Schenck said: "Thank God, by some miracle I am up and well again, ready to go back to my regiment. Of course, no one of the Biltmore students expected me to stay behind when my country was in danger, and I am sure that all Biltmoreans will do the same when the good old U. S. A. is at war." Coert Du Bois. district forester with head- quarters in San Francisco, spent several days in Washington in January in relation to affairs in his district. Gifford Pinchot is now in England where with Mrs. Pinchot he is aiding his sister, the wife of Sir Alan Johnstone, British minister to the Netherlands, in relief work. He expects to remain abroad for some months. W. B. Greeley, assistant forester with head- quarters in Washington, D. C, has been elected a director of the American Forestry Association for a term of two years. News print paper has been made by the Forest Service laboratory from 24 different woods, and a number compare favorably with standard spruce pulp paper. The Forest Service is cooperating with 54 railroads, mining companies, pole companies, and cities in making tests of wooden ties, timbers, poles, piling, and paving blocks which have been given preservative treatments. Recent sales by the government totaling 126,000,000 feet of saw timber in the Olympic National Forest, in western Washington, mark the opening of this hitherto inaccessible storehouse of timber, estimated to contain a stand of 33 billion board feet. THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT By Ellwood Wilson AMONG the New Year's honors this / \ year are two of interest to £ V Forestry. The head of the Canadian Conservation Com- mission has been made Sir Clifford Sifton. Sir Clifford has done much to make the Conservation Commission efficient and its work is bound to have a great influence in the development of Canada. pletion and the experimental machinery which has already been delivered will soon be installed. Messrs. Bates and Campbell, the Director and Assistant, read papers before the last meeting of the Montreal Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. Mr. William Price, the head of Price Bros. Ltd., Paper Manufacturers and holders of one of the largest timber limits in the Province of Quebec, has been made Sir William Price. He was instru- mental in organizing and laying out the Camp at Valcartier near Quebec for the First Canadian Contingent and it was in large measure due to him that the whole camp was so efficiently organized. His firm is the only one in Canada to have its limits insured against fire, this insurance having been placed in Eng- land. The limits are insured in separate blocks, and there must be a loss of at least $50,000 before the insurance com- pany will settle for damage. This insurance is probably the reason why this large company has never joined the local cooperative Fire Protective Association. Capt. J. B. White, Manager of the Woodlands Department of the Riordan Pulp & Paper Co., and the Canadian Member of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, expects, if his military duties will permit, to attend the meeting of the American Forestry Association in New York. Capt. White has been in charge of guarding some of the canals in the neighborhood of Montreal. Mr. D. C. A. Galarneau, Forester for the Algoma Central & Hudson Bay Railway, has a little daughter. Mr. R. D. Prettie, Chief Forester for the Canadian Pacific Railway, has just returned from a trip to the Pacific Coast where he attended the meeting of the Northwestern Forestry and Conservation meeting. The building for the Dominion Forests Products Laboratory in connection with McGill University is approaching com- 148 Mr. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester of British Columbia, will read a paper before the Conservation Commission at its meeting in Ottawa on the Organ- ization of a Fire Protective System, and THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 149 before the Society of Canadian Forest Engineers on Organizing a Provincial Forestry Service. The Canadian Forestry Association will hold its Annual Meeting in Ottawa on the 19th and 20th of January, as will also the Society of Canadian Forest Engineers. These two Socie- ties usually meet in February but the meetings will be held as above so as to coincide with that of the Dominion Conservation Commission. Mr. F. McVickar, of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, is serving in the British Army with the First Canadian Contingent. Mr. Stetson, of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company while on a visit to Montreal last week, said that his company now had a plant in operation for making denatured ethyl alcohol from sulphite waste liquor and that it was a profitable commercial enterprise. His company controls the patents for the United States. The Lumbermen and Members of the wood working industries in the neighbor- hood of Ottawa have formed a Safety Association to prevent accidents to their employees and will incorporate under the Ontario Companies Act. This is in accordance with the privileges granted by the Ontario Workman's Compensation Act. Sir Thomas Shinner, Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company and a Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has become a Director of the Laurentide Company, Ltd. The Forestry Department of the Canadian Pacific Railway which has been in charge of Eastern Lines, i. e., from Lake Superior to the Atlantic Coast, has been transferred from the Department of Natural Resources to that of Operating and under the General Manager, Mr. A. D. MacTier, has done splendid work toward eliminating fires along the right of way. The Forestry work is in charge of Mr. B. W. Winegar and is being conducted along liberal and broad-minded lines. Damage claims have been very numerous in the past and an effort will be made this coming season to eliminate them en- tirely. The C. P. R. has become a member of the Kennebec Valley Fire Protective Association in Maine. Their claims for the past year totaled $600,000 and caused a great deal of trouble. The following work is being done. All section men must fight fires and all train crews must report fires discovered at the first station. During dangerous times and along dangerous stretches extra patrolmen are used. Help is given to adjacent owners on the right- of-way in extinguishing fires. The Rail- way Commission's Fire Service is co- operated with and also all Provincial Agencies. After fires are extinguished, crews of trained men are sent to assess the damages, which are ascertained by strip surveys, growth studies, careful maps of the areas and so forth. They then offer to settle on the basis of actual damage. In this way a great deal of money is saved and fraudulent claims are eliminated. As showing what can be done along these lines, the celebrated "Carter Case" may be cited. This was a claim for damage said to have been caused by a fire originating on the C. P. R. right-of-way, the amount asked being $358,000. In the investigation of this claim twenty-two men were engaged for eight months and the area burned was most carefully gone over with the result that the damage was determined to have been $2,500 and on this amount the Company settled. One of the investigating party, Mr. Porter Shaw, was unfortunately drowned. FOREST NOTES The Public Domain Commission of Michigan has made arrangements with the U. S. Depart- ment of the Interior to secure a herd of twenty- five Elk for the State of Michigan. These will be brought from the Yellowstone National Park and placed on the Houghton Lake State Forest, in Roscommon County. This Forest affords an extensive range, and very favorable conditions as to natural forage and shelter for this species of deer. It is therefore expected that these animals will do quite well here and increase rapidly. Should the venture prove a success, other of the larger State Forests in both the Lower and Upper Peninsulas will be stocked from the increase of the herd and in time these places may become sources of big game supply for the entire State. lines leading to the forests of the State, the State Ranger School, the villages, cities, high schools, farms, etc., of the State. The State Board of Forestry in Maryland is preparing this winter a detailed report of the annual lumber production in that State. This estimate is being based on the cut of 1,100 timber operators in Maryland as sent in by them to the Board, and will give the amount of lumber and timber they are getting out annu- ally in different products — lumber, ties, piling, poles, etc. These reports, combined with those made of preceding years, will give an accurate idea of the extent of the timber busi- ness in Maryland. Later this information will be combined with other data showing how this material is utilized by the numerous wood-working industries of the State, with its value in the rough and finished states of production. Winter weather has not prevented the carry- ing out of work under the Roadside Tree Law, and the Board of Forestry has a large force of State Wardens in the field engaged in the supervision of public tree work. Orders for stock from the recently established State Forest Nursery are being received for spring planting. A large amount of reforestation work was done a year ago, and this year, with a well-stocked nursery supplying suitable planting stock at cost, it is planned to make an even better record in planting up the State's waste lands. The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University has placed an order for several models to be used in its exhibit at the Panama Exposition. There will be three relief map models of an area in the Adirondacks including Whiteface Mountain. The first will represent the area with its original covering of virgin forest; the second will show the same area cut over, burned and eroded; and the third will show the area reforested by plantings. A fourth model will depict the activities of the State College of Forestry. It will be a relief model of an imaginary area. In the center will be the College of Forestry with 150 The New York State College of Forestry has just moved its summer school equipment from its property in the Catskills to the Adirondacks. It has been decided to have the next summer school in the Adirondacks and of three months' duration. This will result in some very valuable data being gathered regarding the State forest lands in the Adiron- dacks. B. F. Porter, a timber and lumber operator of Eureka, California, recently felled a redwood tree on his tract that equaled the record value of any yet cut in California. It was 380 feet high, 26 feet in diameter 7 feet from the ground, 261 feet to the first limb, where the diameter was 11 feet, and scaled over 344,000 feet of lumber. Fifty per cent, will sell at $35, 30 per cent, at $18, and the remaining refuse at $8. The total value is estimated at more than $9,000. The Hammond Lumber Company is cruising the immense timber holdings of the Metropol- itan Redwood Lumber Company in the Hum- boldt district, California. Some of the holdings of this company are the finest in California, there being single acres that will cruise 1,000,000 feet and 100-acre tracts that will average 750,000 feet to the acre. Governor Whitman of New York in his inaugural address puts himself on record as being in favor of keeping the various divisions of the conservation department separate. He says: "The conservation department as at present organized has three divisions : "First. A division of lands and forests; "Second. A division of inland waters, cover- ing water supply, water storage, drainage, navigation, etc.; "Third. A division of fish and game. "It is very important, in my opinion, that the work of these three divisions should be kept entirely separate and that each of these divisions should have an expert administrative head, who is specially qualified by training and experience to do the work as it ought to be done. The actual administration of the work of each one of these divisions can be properly done only by a man who is familiar with the special line of work and has had really sound training and experience along these lines. For these reasons I favor three separate bureaus or divisions in the department, and I think that it is most important that the law should specifically provide that the head of each bureau or division should be a trained expert." BOOK REVIEWS 151 Only ll/i per cent, of last season's 400 fires in National Forests of Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, and Nevada caused losses in excess of $100. There were 400 fires this year on the National Forests of Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, and Nevada, or 15 more than in the most disastrous season of 1910. Yet the cost of extinguishing them was only one-third and the damage only one-thirtieth of that of the earlier year. The difference is due to better organization now, and to more roads, trails, and telephones. Only one modern sawmill is operated in the territory of Hawaii. In District 4 of the Forest Service, with headquarters at Ogden, Utah, lightning caused 36 per cent, of this year's fires and campers 27 per cent. As showing the possibilities for tree growth in regions where irrigation has to be depended upon, it is pointed out that Boise, Idaho, has as many as 94 different kinds of ornamental and shade trees. The Laurentide Company of Quebec, pro- ducers of pulp and pulpwood, is reforesting its non-agricultural cut-over lands. It is also importing reindeer from Newfoundland, to see if they can take the place of dogs in winter woods work. A small railroad operating an oil-burning locomotive on the Tahoe national forest, California, had a breakdown during the past summer and burned wood instead of oil for one day. On this day fifteen fires started along the right of way. During the preceding year only one fire occurred near the railroad and it was not thought that the engine was respon- sible for that one. Lodgepole pine, one of the principal trees of the Rocky Mountains, makes good strong wrapping paper and pulp board. Osage orange wood is a source of dye and can be used to supplement the imported fustic wood, as a permanent yellow for textiles. During the past two years forest officers have killed nearly 9,000 predatory animals, more than three-fourths of which were coyotes. BOOK REVIEWS Forest Valuation, pp. 310. By Herman Haupt Chapman, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. $2.00. With the development of forestry in this country has come an increasing demand for definite information concerning the value of standing timber, mature and immature, of forest soil, and of the forest as a whole. Pro- fessor Chapman's book affords the means for determining these important points and for answering such perplexing questions as: Does forestry pay? Is forest property a good investment? How shall young timber be valued? How shall damages to standing timber be appraised? How are stumpage values accurately determined? What is the basis for deciding whether a given tract is chiefly valuable for agriculture or for forest production? The reader of this book will realize that contrary to common belief these problems are not in a class by themselves but are solved in much the same manner that all values are determined, for the principles of forest ralua- tion are shown to be in strict accord with the customs and principles of ordinary business accounting. The chief distinction is that forest valuation is concerned with much longer periods of time than are most financial calcula- tions. In order that the student or reader may fully appreciate these relationships the first four chapters of this book are devoted to a resume in simple terms of the general principles underlying economics. Especial emphasis is laid upon the theory and application of com- pound interest as a mathematical meaiis of determining value. To the layman as well as to the average student the presence in a book of many seem- ingly complex formulae is likely to give the impression that the subject is too difficult for them to master. If, however, the introductory chapters of the present volume are carefully read and the significance of the mathematical symbols is once understood this difficulty vanishes. The subject demands thought, to be sure, but if the reader is ' reasonably pains- taking in the beginning he will be surprised at the readiness with which he is able to grasp the subsequent details. This book is designed with special reference to the needs of American conditions. Instead of emphasizing, as most European treatises on the subject do, the determination of the expecta- tion value of forest soil, greater consideration is given to matters of more practical import here, such as stumpage values, sale values, and appraisal of damages. No problems have been included in the text, apparently on the as- sumption that if the principles underlying them are fully understood such problems can be readily supplied and solved by the instructor or reader. Teachers and students in forest schools and others who are interested in this important subject will welcome this book for it is the first American treatise on forest valuation to cover the field in a manner at once comprehensive and simple. - S. J. R. 152 AMERICAN FORESTRY Preservation of Structural Timber. Howard F. Weiss. (McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.) Price $3.00. , _v-^ — - — - — The wood preserving industry has long been looking for a compilation of existing informa- tion, and this Mr. Weiss has supplied in his new book, "The Preservation of Structural Timber." The arrangement of the subjects and chapters is logical, and to the uninitiated a reading of the book gives practically the whole story of wood preservation. The chapter on Causes for the Deterioration of Structural Timber is particularly to be com- mended, and under the heading of Decay a very large subject has been well summarized. The chapter on Construction and Operation of Wood Preserving Plants outlines briefly the general forms of construction, but will be of little value to the inexperienced man in search of information on specifications and details. In fact the illustrations in some cases are of plants and devices which are considered out of date. One looks in vain in this book, as in all cur- rent literature on the subject, for some of the essential facts regarding the relation of treat- ment to service requirements, and as to the influence of various local conditions on the life of treated material. Mr. Weiss is to be commended for avoiding many of{the technical points on which it is so easy to split hairs without getting anywhere, and also on quoting specifications of the American Railway Engi- neering Association for creosote, rather than the unaccepted division of temperatures and fractionation of the Forest Service. On the whole, Mr. Weiss' book is a very valuable compilation of engineering knowledge on the subject of timber treatment. It is but natural that the findings of the Forest Products Laboratory and the various publica- tions from the same source are given promi- nence, since Mr. Weiss has been the author of some of the most acceptable government bulletins, and his knowledge of the wood preserving industry comes largely through a laboratory acquaintance with many of the problems. Studies in Trees, J. J. Levison, forester to the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, N. Y. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York) $1.60. The author is one of the pioneer trained foresters to specialize in the care and planting of ornamental and shade trees and his intimate knowledge of the subject as well as his under- standing of the students needs are in accord with his varied experiences as forester for the Brooklyn Park System, as lecturer on orna- mental and shade trees at Yale University and as Secretary of the American Association of Park Superintendents. The book covers the whole range of tree study including the identification of trees; their nature, habits and growth; insects and diseases which attack them; their grouping and planting; the pruning and care of trees; the identification of commercial woods; the care of the woodlot and Forestry in its many aspects. The treatment is concise, systematic and free from an undue use of botanical terms. The author's aim throughout is to give only the salient points and to so present his text that the reader is enabled to reach at a glance, the main features of the subject under discussion. Song of Service, by Charles H. Mackintosh (M. I. Stewart Co., Duluth, Minn.) $1.00. The author is the versatile editor of Steam Machinery and the book is an artistic little volume of excellent verse which may earn for Mr. Mackintosh the title of "The Omar Khayyam" of the willing workers, those who serve. Note the first verse: "Who loves must serve, and we who love our kind Must also serve them, serve with hand and mind; Thus only may we live not all in vain; Thus only may we hope to live again." CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR JANUARY, 1915. (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole. Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. New Hampshire forestry commission. Bien- nial report for the years 1913-1914. 114 p. pi. Concord, 1914. New South Wales — Department of forestry. Report for the year ended 30th June, 1914. 17 p. Sydney, 1914. Norway — Skogdirektoren. Indberetning om det Norske skogvaesen, for kalender aaret 1913. 240 p. pi. Kristiania, 1914. United States — National forest reservation commission. Report for the fiscal year 1914. 16 p. maps. Wash., D. C, 1914. West Virginia — Forest, game and fish warden. Third biennial report, 1913-1914. 109 p. pi. Belington, 1914. Forest Education Forest school Cornell University. Proceedings at the open- ing of the forestry building, May 15, 1914; CURRENT LITERATURE 153 open meeting of the Society of American foresters, May 16, 1914. 70 p. Ithaca, N. Y., 1914. (Official publications, v. 5, no. 19.) Montana, University of. Short course for forest rangers, January 5 to April 10, 1915. 48 p. Missoula, Mont., 1915. Yale forest school. Prospectus, 1914-15. 36 p. New Haven, Conn., 1914. Forest Description Mississippi — Geological survey. Forest condi- tions of Mississippi, being a reprint with additions of Bulletins nos. 5 and 7. 166 p. il., pi. Jackson, Miss., 1913. (Bulletin 11.) Moss, C. Edward and others. The woodlands of England. 37 p. il. Cambridge, Eng., 1910. Forest Botany Trees: classification and description Levison, Jacob Joshua. Studies of trees. 1st ed. 253 p. front., il. N. Y., etc., T- Wiley & Sons, 1914. Silviculture Planting Lamb, George N. Basket willow culture. 34 p. il. Wash., D. C, 1914. (U. S.— Department of agriculture. Farmers' Bul- letin 622.) Forest Protection Insects Cecconi, Giacomo. Manuale do entomologia forestale. fasc. 1-2. il. Firenze, 1914. Hopkins, A. D. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. II. Preliminary classification of the super- family Scolytoidea. 68 p. il., pi. Wash., D. C, 1915. (U. S — Dept. of agriculture — Bureau of entomology. Technical ser- ies, no. 17, pt. 2.) Diseases of trees. Pennsylvania chestnut tree blight commission. Final report, Jan. 1 to Dec. 15, 1913. 121 p. pi., maps. Harrisburg, Pa., 1914. Tourney, James W. What should be done with the chestnut stands in southern New England. 6 p. Wash., D. C, Judd and Detweiler, 1914. Forest Management Akerman, Alfred. Farm forestry; a text book dealing with the wooded parts of southern farms and the problems growing out of them, for use in agricultural high schools and colleges. 54 p. pi. Athens, Ga., 1914. Forest Administration Tourney, James W. State forest administra- tion with particular reference to the state of New York. 6 p. il. New Haven, Conn., 1914. National forests. United States — Dept. of agriculture — Forest service. The national forest manual; regulations and instructions, rev. ed. pt. 1-6. Wash., D. C, 1914. Forest Utilization Weod-using industries. Jayne, S. O. Wood pipe for conveying water for irrigation. 40 p. il., pi. Wash., D. C, 1914. (U. S.— Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 155.) Wood technology. Stone Herbert. The timbers of commerce and their identification. 311 p. front., pi. London, W. Rider & Son, 1914. Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources National conservation association. Report, 1913-14. 15 p. Wash., D. C, 1914. Oregon conservation commission. Report, Nov. 1914. Ill p. il. Portland, Ore., 1914. Political economy National civic federation — Dept. on regulation of interstate and municipal utilities. Commission regulation of public utilities; a compilation and analysis of laws of 43 states and of the federal government for the regulation by central commission of railroads and other public utilities. 1284 p. N. Y., 1913. Manufactures Matthews, Joseph Merritt. The textile fibres. 3d ed. 630 p. il. N. Y., etc. J. Wiley and sons, 1913. Hydrography Pennsylvania — Water supply commission. Report, 1912. 318 p. pi., plans. Harris- burg, 1914. Irrigation Newlands, Francis G. Development of the west; articles on western topics entitled "Watering the desert," "National irriga- tion as a social problem," and "Dry farming." 16 p. Wash., D. C, 1914. (U. S. — 63d congress — 2d session. Senate document, no. 588.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous articles American museum journal, Oct.-Nov., 1914. Series of photographs suggestive of the progressive policy of our national and state governments in regard to forest con- servation, p. 220. Forestry in the state of New York, by Mary Cynthia Dickerson, p. 221-4. Breeders' gazette, Jan. 7, 1915. Winter work of a forest ranger, by Will C. Barnes, p. 11-12. 154 AMERICAN FORESTRY Conservation, Jan. 1915. — Charcoal burning; wood now destroyed might be profitably converted into charcoal, p. 2. Country gentleman, Dec. 12, 1914. — Christmas trees; a crop that is harvested once in 16 years, at a cent a foot in height, by C. O. Ormsbee, p. 1983. Country gentleman, Dec. 26, 1914. — The harvest of forest seed, by T. W. Venemann, p. 2050. Country gentleman, Jan. 2, 1915. — Camphor in Florida, by E. P. Powell, p. 7. Gardeners' chronicle, Nov. 21, 1914. — The collection and storage of forest seeds, p. 335-6. Gardeners' chronicle, Dec. 5, 1914. — Cupressus goveniana, by A. Bruce Jackson, p. 364-5. In the Open, Nov.-Dec. 1914. — The forestry series; course of instruction in tree culture, by G. H. Wirt, p. 30-34; West Virginia's important program; forest, fish and game protective association holds annual meet- ing, p. 55-7. National electric light association. Bulletin, Dec. 1914.— The use of blight-killed chestnut for poles, by Jesse C. Nellis, p. 693-5. National wool grower, Dec. 1914. — Distribu- tion and functions of range plants, by Arthur W. Sampson, p. 20-3. Popular mechanics, Jan. 1915. — Guarding and developing national forests, by Roy Boothe, p. 110-11. Scientific American supplement, Oct. 17, 1914. — Climatic influence of forests; results of the destruction of timber on climate and soil, by L. A. Fosbery, p. 246-7. United States — Dept. of agriculture — Office of Information. Weekly news letter to crop correspondents, Jan. 13, 1915. — The fuel value of wood, p. 1. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Dec. 19, 1914. — Two views of economic aspects of forestry, by Barrington Moore, p. 23-4; Students of Michigan agricultural college in annual forest show, p. 37. American lumberman, Dec. 26, 1914. — Impreg- nation of timber to protect it from fire, by Friedrich Moll, p. 32-3; Fighting the gypsy moth in Massachusetts, p. 33; Promoting uses of wood in its various forms, by J. E. Rhodes, p. 34-5 ; Michigan assured dividends from reforestation, p. 36-8. American lumberman, Jan. 2, 1915. — Romance of lumbering on the Saskatchewan, by John S. Woodward, p. 28-9; Stimulating the building of poultry houses; a California lumberman's idea for utilizing low grade lumber, p. 35 ; Fustic a wood of importance, p. 64. American lumberman, Jan. 9, 1915. — Showing forestry to the world; exhibited at the Panama-California exposition, p. 32; Eco- nomical use of wood; choice of grades housing and use of preservatives are factors, by E. W. Bright, p. 36-7. Canada lumberman, Dec. 15, 1914. — Forest policies of Canadian provinces, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 32-3; Successful fire preven- tion in B. C, p. 37; Interesting facts about Quebec's forests, p. 38. Canada lumberman, Jan. 1, 1915. — Counting the cost of lumber, by E. H. Newton, p. 29-30. Engineering record, Oct. 17, 1914. — Bleeding and swelling of yellow pine paving blocks, by C. H. Teesdale, p. 444. Engineering record, Oct. 31, 1914. — Effect of steaming process of creosoting on strength of Oregon fir piling, p. 487-8. Gulf coast lumberman, Jan. 1, 1915. — Timber in Australia, by W. D. Hornaday, p. 29-30. Hardwood record, Dec. 25, 1914. — National forest fires in 1914, p. 19; An easy identi- fication of the oaks, by S. J. Record, p. 23. Lumber trade journal, Dec. 15, 1914. — Meeting of dry kiln users and manufacturers, p. 32-7. Lumber trade journal, Jan. 1, 1915. — Arkansas annual lumber output, p. 23-4. Lumber world review, Jan. 10, 1915. — National lumber manufacturers' association Novem- ber report of production and movement of lumber, p. 30. Municipal journal, Jan. 7, 1915. — Selection of paving material; method of determining the relative values under given conditions of stone, brick, wood, asphalt and other bituminous pavements, by George W. Tillson, p. 3-7. New York lumber trade journal, Jan. 1, 1915. — Water mains of a century ago, p. 38. Paper trade journal, Jan. 7, 1915. — The manu- facture of papers, by James Scott, p. 44, 48. Pioneer western lumberman, Dec. 15, 1914. — The best type of silo ; redwood recommend- ed by experts, p. 9; British Columbia's lumber business, p. 13; An interesting address to the forest officers in District No. 5, by Coert DuBois, p. 15; Lumbering industry in the Philippines, by John R. Arnold, p. 19. Pioneer western lumberman, Jan. 1, 1915. — Douglas fir; the best structural timber, p. 20; Average strength values of struc- tural timbers, p. 21. St. Louis lumberman, Dec. 15, 1914. — Preven- tion of decay in factory timbers, p. 71-2. Southern lumberman, Dec. 19, 1914. — Red gum; wider recognition of its worth, by John M. Pritchard, p. 48-9; The utilization of saw-mill waste, by Rolf Thelen, p. 53-5 ; Utilization of pine waste by distillation, by H. S. Sackett, p. 55-6; Making paper from long-leaf pine, p. 56-7; Kiln-drying wagon stock, p. 59; Heartwood and sap- wood; the relative value and properties of each, by Samuel J. Record, p. 60-1. Southern lumberman, Jan. 9, 1915. — Remark- able fire test of treated wooden shingles and composition roofing at Birmingham, p. 40-1. Timber trade journal, Dec. 19, 1914. — Austrian and other oaks, by Percy Groom, p. 913-14. Timberman, Dec. 1914. — Western frestry and conservation association holds annual CURRENT LITERATURE 155 convention in Tacoma, p. 25-48 H; World's survey of box shook industry reflected by consular reports, p. 48 L-O; Weight of western woods, p. 56. United States daily consular report, Dec. 21, 1914. — Paper supplies and pulp mills in Ontario, by Edwin W. Trimmer, p. 1244. United States daily consular report, Dec. 28, 1914. — Wood products of British Hon- duras, by Garrard Harris, p. 1326-7. United States daily consular report, Dec. 31, 1914. — Conditions in British Columbia timber industry, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 1394-5. West Coast lumberman, Dec. 15, 1914. — H. R. MacMillan, British Columbia forester, discusses lumbering future, p. 20, 37; E. A. Sterling, of Philadelphia, declares timber insurance now practical, p. 22, 38-40. West Coast lumberman, Jan. 1, 1915. — Saw- dust briquettes solve problems in wood waste utilization and fuel, by Ralph Thelen, p. 40; An analysis of the various systems for handling lumber at the mill, by J. S. Williams, p. 42, 46-8. Forest Journals Canadian forestry journal, Jan. 1915. — Plant- ing spruce for commercial purposes; description of what the Laurentide com- pany is doing, p. 3-6; Planning for street trees ; suggestions for improving conditions in Canadian towns and other cities, p. 10-11. Centralblatt fur das gesamte forstwesen, May- June, 1914.— Hofrat Adalbert Schif- fel, by Janka, p. 169-70; Studien uber die Alpen-und Sudetenlarche, by A. Cieslar, p. 171-84; Studien uber die vielfarbigkeit von schwarzkiefernsamenkornern, by Pit- tauer, p. 185-202; Untersuchungen uber den einfluss von beobachtungsfehlern bei hohenmessungen am stehenden holze, by Wilhelm Tischendorf, p. 202-21. Forest leaves, Dec. 1914. — Narrative of the annual meeting ot the Pennsylvania forestry association, p. 178-84; Fungous foes of the forest and the farm, by Jos. S. Illick. Forstwissenachaftliches centralblatt, Aug.- Sept., 1914. — Anbau vonexoten, by Franz Harrer, p. 405-34; Baumastung, by Thaler, p. 434-43; 1st die kiefer des Pfalzerwaldes eine langholz — oder blochholzart, by Stamminger, p. 443-59; Zur pflanzenbe- schaffung, by Krug, p. 459-62; Der 3. forstliche fortbildungskurs in Heidelberg, p. 468-78; Der private charakter der waldwege im grossherzogtum Baden, by Fieser, p. 478-82. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Nov. 1914. — New uses for India rubber, p. 329-33. Indian forester ,_ Sept. 1914. — Antiseptic treat- ment of chir pine sleepers in the Kumaun circle, U. P., by J. E. C. Turner, p. 427-9; Teak in Burma, p. 450-1; Remarkable growth of Eucalyptus rudis, by R. N. Parker, p. 452-3; Cultivation of natural teak seedlings in the Haliyal teak pole forests worked on the coppice-with- standards system, by Copleston, p. 461-3. Indian forester, Oct. 1914. — A plea for the distillation of pine-needle oil in India bv Puran Singh, p. 503-10. Indian forester, Nov. 1914. — Natural preserva- tion of mine timbers in the northern Shan states, by D. P. Hewett, p. 523-5; Flower- ing of Kyathaung bamboo in the Prome division, Burma, by J. W. Bradley, p. 526-9; Reinforced concrete boundary pil- lars for forest reserves, by A. J. Butter- wick, p. 529-37; Forestry in Scotland, p. 548-53; The varieties of shellac, p. 554-5. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und land — wirtschaft, Sept. -Oct., 1914. — Bozen; schilderungen und bilder aus dem Munchener exkursionsgebiet, by Carl von Tubeuf, p. 409-83; Neuere versuche und beobachtungen uber den blasenrost der Weymouthskiefer, by Carl von Tubeuf, p. 484-91; Tuberculina maxima, ein parasit auf dem blasenrost der Weymouthskiefer, by Eckley Lechmere, p. 491-8. North woods, Dec. 1914. — A very instructive meeting of rangers of the Minnesota forest service, p. 5-9; Foresters in the great war, by S. T. Dana, p. 13-20. Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, July- Aug., 1914. — Kurzer bericht uber den forst von BellSme, by A. Barbey, p. 193-7; Die bewirtschaftung der Alpgenossen- schafts-walder im lichte des bernischen forstgesetzes, by T. Christen, p. 197-207, 250-64; Weiters zur kenntnis der cher- mesiden der Schweiz, by N. Cholodkovsky, p. 207-11; Nochmals die "Forderung des plenterwaldes," by F. Fankhauser, p. 212-15; Beschaffung guter waldsamen von geeigneter herkunft durch den bund, by A. Engler, p. 220-2. Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, Sept.- Oct., 1914. — Die nutholz verwertenden industrien der Schweiz, by Decoppet, p. 245-50; Eine exkursion in einen buchen- wald der Normandie, by H. Barbey, p. 265-8; Brennholzvorrate fur 1914-15, p. 269-71. Yale forest school news, Jan. 1, 1915. — The training in forestry during the next decade, by W. B. Greeley, p. 3-5; Progress of professional forestry in the United States. by T. S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 5; Fire protection in Arizona and New Mexico, by W. A. Waha, p. 8; Winter marking in the Alps of Utah, by N. B. Eckbo, p. 9. Zeitschrift fur forst — und jagdwesen, Oct. 1914. — Die hohe der schneedecke im walde und im freien, by Johannes Schubert, p. 567-72; Anzucht von waldmanteln, by Frey, p. 572-5; Beitrag zur hebung der holzproduktion und der ertrage aus der waldwirtschaft, by Pelissier, p. 576-95; Das absterben der eichen in Westfalen, by Hey, p. 595-8; Die walder des Semir- jatschinskischen gebiets und ihre bedeut- ung im leben des landes, by Guse, p. 598-601. AMERICAN FORESTRY'S ADVERTISERS jiKimniiiuuiiriiiufnncuuiJttOifl FORESTERS! ATTENTION ! MiiiuiiiiutiiiiiiiuLiitjiirnouuoiniiiiiiiiroimiUHiririiiiiii m— mb— m— i w y AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free f of charge in this column advertisements of j foresters wanting positions, or of persons | having employment to offer foresters | I WANTED— FORESTERS— A few excellent po- sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in shade tree work. Some of these will require all of a man's time and others can be filled in con- nection with his regular work. The compensation is liberal. Please state references and experience. Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- tion. WANTED — Position wanted by graduate forester. Have had one season's experience with the Government, one with a lumber company and some in city forestry. Have passed the Civil Service examination for forest assistant. Address "G. D. C." Care American For- YOUNG MAN, expert in all branches of shade tree work and with forestry training, desires position as forester, arboriculturist or tree surgeon. References furnished. Address C. S.. care American Forestry. FORESTER of technical training, six years' teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care American Forestry. WESTERN ESTATE MANAGER — Graduate agriculturist and forester, raised on Western farm, two years' experience at lumbering and for past six years with the U. S. Forest Service, engaged in tim- er estimating, appraisal and forest management in Washington, Idaho and Montana, desires private work. Especially equipped to advise concerning or to manage timberlands or combined timber and farm estate. References furnished. Address R I. F„ Care American Forestry. SURVEYOR — Young man 21 having three years experience as Transitman, Rodman, and Chainman with a City Surveyor desires a like position in Forestry. Has ambition to become a Forestry Expert. A No. 1 references, reliable and trustworthy. Particulars on request. Address "D. H. F.," care American Forestry. SURVEYOR — For large tracts of land, roads and rail- roads; furnishes instrument; capable of taking charge of party; would like position in South that will last all winter. Address "T. B. W.," care American Forestry. YOUNG MAN — Graduate Surveyor with experience in that line and also in bookkeeping, desires position with lumber operator. Have had U. S. Forest Service experience and scaled for large operator in the North. Address "2," Care American Forestry. WANTED — By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care American Forestry. YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university training, business experience and three years of practical experienct in surveying and construction, including pre- liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires position with forester or lumber firm. Best references from former employers. Address "T. B. C," Carr American Forestry. FORESTER, with seven years' practical experi- ence, desires a position as Forester. Have had considerable experience in reforestation and man- agement, also fire protection. Address "T. F. H." Care American Forestry. FOREST ENGINEER— Best of American and European training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, raiiioad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address "CRUISER," Care American Forestry. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of good forestry position. Address M., Care American Forestry. FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address "A," care American Forestry. WANTED — By Graduate Forester, position in forestry work in South, or Tropics. Slight knowl- edge of Spanish and German. Scientific or experi- mental work preferred. Address, "F. W. H." Care of American Forestry. GRADUATE FORESTER— Practical experience in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go any- where. References furnished. Address R. L., care of American Forestry. WANTED — Position with surveying party or in any work whereby practical experience in forestry can be gained, by strong, clean-cut young man, not afraid of work. Address "4," Care of. American Forestry. PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts. ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has had seven years experience on best managed for- estry area in Scotland. Address, "Raith," Care American Forestry. PRACTICAL, FORESTER wants position with city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best references and practical experience. Address "L,. M. E.," Care American Forestry. WANTED — A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of references. Address Inspector, Care American Forestry. Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of American Forestry. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address M. M. J., Care of American Forestry. FOREST ENGINEER with Forest Seryice training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in California, and six years' experience in the lumber industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work in any part of the United States. Estimating ©f timber lands and topographic surveying a spe- cialty. Four years' technical training. Address, "D." Care American Forestry. lb American Forestry VOL. XXI MARCH, 1915 No. 3 THE GREAT WAR'S DESTRUCTION OF FRENCH FORESTS By Jean-Paul Alaux, A. D. G. [Monsieur Alaux is attached to the French Army and has been at the front almost since the beginning of the war. He is an eminent architect of Paris and the French correspondent of the Journal of the American Institute of Architects. This article was written for American" Forestry by M. Alaux and was translated by Charles Harris Whitaker. It is a first hand des- cription of the effect of the war on the Forests and not the least interesting part is the fact that the Germans are cutting the French Forests in their possession and shipping the timber back to Germany. They are probably doing the same with Belgium Forests. M. Alaux estimates that it will be thirty years before the damaged French Forests are again a source of revenue. — Editor's Note.) THE great war which, during the last six months, has convulsed Europe, has had its repercus- sions throughout the world. Even Nature herself, who generally remains impassable during great human crises, will long bear the crudest marks of this frightful hurricane of battle, involving a degree of destruction and devastation which are without pre- cedent in history; and nowhere will these marks be more conspicuously and painfully in evidence, than in the Forests, so far as the natural aspect of things is concerned. During the last six weeks I have been able to gather a series of narratives and accounts, to which I am adding the result of my own observations. Some of these things are both interesting and curious, as related to forest destruction, and I take a great, even though a some- what melancholy, pleasure in the thought that the result of my labors may be of interest to the lovers of forests in America. The great task of gathering statistics and of making a valuation of the damage done to French Forests must of course wait for the close of the war, but up to the present time it may be said that the chief damage wrought has been due to one or the other of the following causes: I. Cuttings by the military authori- ties for strategic reasons and for per- mitting the more effective use of artillery. II. Cuttings for the purpose of build- ing trenches, shelters and roads. III. Cutting for firewood for the military kitchens and for fuel with which to warm the shelters. IV. Cutting by the enemy and the taking away of timber as valuable booty. V. Damages by projectiles and by fires, whether due to accident or design. At the moment when the Germans, through their invasion of Belgium, were able to penetrate France, Paris found itself temporarily menaced. Under General Gallieni, the outer defenses were immediately organized and by his direction, an extensive series of pre- parations were undertaken, among which was the necessity of clearing away the numerous forests which sur- round the city. To the North, by which the investment of the city was thought likely to be attempted, the forests were particularly doomed. I am informed that the forest of Montmorency, for example, suffered greatly by reason of 155 156 AMERICAN FORESTRY Copyright by Underwood if Underwood, N. Y. Effective Tree Screen in the Trenches. how some industrious french soldiers made themselves comfortable in the trenches and how their improvised home was protected from observation by tree branches. the wholesale cuttings which were necessitated in order to give full play to the artillery and remove all growths which might serve the enemy as masks and ambushes. On the contrary, the forests of Vincennes and Boulogne, which practically touch the outer bar- riers of Paris to the East and South, have scarcely been touched. The territorials quartered there have made some slight cuttings for use in shelters. ROADS MADE OF TREES. The winter rains have rendered most of the roads impassable, especially in the wooded regions. In the forest of Bouvigny, near Arras, and in the forest of Berthonval, the artillerymen were unable to move their guns over the muddy and intrenched roads, and it was impossible to even transport am- munition. In order to keep the guns supplied, it was necessary to cut new roads, in all directions, through the forests, using the felled trees for the purpose. The trunks, in sections of about twelve feet, are laid side by side and bound together with ropes and with galvanized iron wire. They are further securely fastened to stakes driven deep in the ground. The first layer of trees having proven insufficient, a second was added. This again failing to suffice, a third became necessary, until, in many cases, three layers of trees are superposed in order to permit the passage of convoy wagons. To avoid the too rapid wear of the wood through the grinding of the heavy wheels and the tearing of the horse's shoes, earth mixed with straw, bark, and the twigs and small branches of the fallen trees is strewn plentifully over these improvised roadways. Other cuttings have been made in these forests, both for shelters and for firewood. Concealment of the heavy guns on the edge of the forest has necessitated the use of large quantities of the bigger branches, so that the sum 158 AMERICAN FORESTRY Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Method of Hiding Artillery. .french soldiers in the region of the aisne shelling the german trenches. so well is this gun hidden that it could not be seen by an aviator unless he was flying so low that he would be subjected to rifle fire. total of what has been already cut represents a very considerable damage. A wood merchant, in my regiment, tells me that it will require at least thirty years to renew the growth of that which has already perished, so that the forests shall return a revenue. DESTROYED FOR ARTILLERY PURPOSES. The forest of Vitrimont, behind Luneville, has been completely razed. In the forest of Meaux, lanes from one hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in width have been cut at intervals of every thousand feet. This was of course for the purpose of allowing the artillery to shower its murderous fire over a wide area, as though through some gigantic loophole. One cannot find a remnant of copse or thickets; all the trees and saplings have dis- appeared throughout the razed area. Near Neuf chateau, the fort of Bourle- mont had been built upon land which had been donated for the purpose by the Count of Alsace. The magnificent forest in front of it was entirely felled. In the forest of Champenoux, every tree was cut down, leaving the trunks standing to a height of about three feet. This was the method of cutting generally followed at the beginning, when strategic reasons demanded that an area be cleared. The standing trunks made it easy to construct the barbed wire entanglements and barriers which prevented any raids by either cavalry or infantry. Recently, this method has ceased, by order of the Minister of War, as it was deemed 160 AMERICAN FORESTRY useless and unnecessary in view of the intrenched method of fighting which now prevails. But a considerable damage has already been done, and in order that the next growth may properly take place, it will be later necessary to again cut away these remnants of trunks. In the plateau of Amance, before Nancy, the trees were all felled for strategic reasons. The woods of Crevie, between Dombasle and Arancourt, were destroyed by fire (August 22 and 23, 1914). I have not been able to learn whether the fire was due to the accidental spreading of the kitchen fires, a careless match, or to the explosion of an incendiary shell. For several weeks I have been quartered in the vicinity of Arras. In the wood of La Have, all of the trees and undergrowth have been cut prac- tically throughout the whole area of the forest. It was done for the purpose of providing firewood for the kitchens and shelters. Daily, I have seen the men file away, axe and billhook in hand, to return later laden down with great bundles of wood, which they threw down beside their shelters, and which they would afterward split with wooden wedges. USE FOR SHELL PROOF SHELTERS. To construct our subterranean shel- ters, which are practically shell-proof, we use roof supports consisting of small trunks of trees from four to six inches in diameter. Resting on these are the split slabs, in two courses, separated by small branches or straw. Over the whole is strewn earth to the depth of about eighteen inches. In order to keep the rain and melting snow from finding its way through this roof, a shelter-roof is built overhead. This is composed of bundles of small branches and straw, which are laid at a proper angle and which rest upon a small sapling stretched across the roof area. They serve as an umbrella to protect the roof beneath. The shelters vary considerably both in plan and in dimensions. Generally they are entirely beneath the ground. Occasionally, they are built by taking advantage of a steep slope which offers protection from the enemy's fire. They are sometimes large enough to contain fifty men, but that is the maximum. Many of them contain but two, three, or four soldiers. I have spent many long days in a shelter whose construction and plan are indicated in the accompanying sketch. Stairs, cut in the earth, descend to this subterranean dwelling, from which issues a chimney. It was cut through the clay soil and the smoke escapes from our fire through a piece of terra eotta pipe. The walls are in- sulated against dampness by wisps of straw. A small bench provides a sitting place facing the room. The straw of our beds is disposed upon mattresses composed of branches, sufficiently thick to protect us from the moisture of the ground. An umbrella, such as I have already described, protects our shelter from the rain and snow. The real roof is of course even with the ground. While it is true that much of the wood employed in constructing these shelters and in building trenches and roads will not be wholly lost, it will of course serve no other purpose than that of firewood. But even this service is problematical and will of course depend largely upon the duration of the cam- paign. We also cut off large branches with which to mask the heavy guns and the caissons of ammunition, which are generally stationed near the edge of the wood. This practice is everywhere in vogue as a means of preventing the discovery of their location from the prying eyes of the aeroplanists. It is impossible for one of these, obliged to fly, for the sake of protection, not nearer than six to seven thousand feet, to distinguish the ambush under which the guns and caissons are hidden. It is impossible, even in winter, when the branches employed are of course quite leafless. CUT TO PIECES BY ARTILLERY. In respect to the damage done by shells and projectiles, it is worthy of note that the war of 1870 led to the publication of an important work on this subject, either through the Acade- mie vStanislaus of Nancy, or through the Societe des Sciences Naturelles, of the 162 AMERICAN FORESTRY Copyright by Underwood cf Underwood, N. Y . Tree Stumps Used for Wire Entanglements. the author says the military authorities have now dispensed with the use of tree stumps for this purpose although many were so used in the first part of the war. same city. It was written by an ancient officer, Monsieur de Metz Noblat, who died soon after the beginning of the present hostilities. The forests in the East, which were the scene of some of the most violent encounters at the beginning of the campaign, were literally cut to pieces by artillery fire. The trees within the zone of fire were completely ruined. The forests of the Argonne have suffered particularly in this respect, while the official French statements still mention almost daily combats in the woods of La Grurie, Le Pretre, de Forges, and Champenoux, all of which must have already suffered heavy damages. The wooded sections in the East have endured the most terrible bombard- ments. They are reduced to a ghastly array of skeletons; torn to bits by the bursting of shells; riddled by fire; blackened with smoke, these forests must be entirely cleared away and the area reforested. In certain forests such as that of Arancourt, where the French troops lay in concealment, and where the Germans attempted to dislodge them with artil- lery fire, the shells were hurled upon carefully calculated lines, which, con- verging toward the outlet, rendered the woods absolutely untenable. But after the first effect of the bombardment became visible, the French officers ordered their men to return to the forest and take shelter in the craters which had been made by the bursting shells. In this manner the men were so well protected from the enemy's fire that few were killed or wounded, and the position was held. But the bom- bardment produced an enormous damage. Such trees as wrere not cut down by the fire were entirely denuded of their branches. SHATTERED BY SHELLS. I have seen enormous trees cut down as though they were mere tinder. Thus, near Mont St. Eloi, by the towers of the celebrated abbey and during the destruction of which by bombardment, I was a sad spectator, I saw a magnifi- cent balsam poplar which had been cut off at its base and which lay stretched o o ^> ■a s b b 164 AMERICAN FORESTRY upon the prairie. It measured sixty inches in circumference. All about it, as though shorn off by an enormous scythe, lay the stricken branches and the mown undergrowth. Just beyond it I noted the hollow crater made by a shell, which, in bursting, had projected a large tree some ten or twelve feet in the air. In falling, it dropped athwart another tree, their branches interlaced. In the forest of Lattay, I observed a most curious effect, produced by two shells which had passed through a tree, at the same height from the ground, one to the right and one to the left, so that the tree was practically shorn off. This was due to the fire of a piece which was situated only a few meters behind the tree. During the firing by night, the gunners had been unable to perceive the tree which lay in the trajectory of their fire. If the shells used had been of the percussion type, all of the men serving the piece would have been blown to bits. To the East of Amance and near Nancy, the forest of Champenoux has also suffered greatly through bombard- ment. The damages due to fires in these woods have been insignificant because at the beginning of the war, the troops were forbidden to make fires. Those who had not tinned meat, were obliged to eat it uncooked and to go without hot soup or coffee. The beautiful forests of Chantilly and Compiegne es- caped destruction by the^/^ enemy, who were not permit- ted to remain there long, on account of the victory of the m Marne. Only about five hundred men were able to penetrate as far as the Chateau of Chantilly, where they re- mained barely one night. At the same time, I am credibly informed that the forest of Compiegne suffered somewhat from our own artillery fire, directed upon the extremity of St. Etienne, where we had reason to believe that the Germans had taken up a position at the Villa des Gaules. In our principal forests, the Forestry Department has placed limits to the cuttings which could be made for military purposes. But these limits will be greatly exceeded, and the indis- criminate "gashing" which is generally the custom in such work, will render the damage much greater than one thought would be the case, even though the regulations were properly observed. Happily the forest of Compiegne is composed principally of beech, oak and hornbeam, and is thus less likely to destruction by fire than the forest of Fontainebleau, for example. In 1870, it is recorded that the forest of Compiegne suffered a loss of three hundred thousand francs through in- discriminate cutting by both the in- habitants of the interior and on the outskirts. Let us hope that the hand laid on by the army in this present war will be a less costly affair. I am told that the enemy have cut down huge quantities of trees in the o ! 3£& -6 -Q &£■£> o- xftf"/?