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AMERICAN

ETERINARY REVIEW,

EDITED BY

PROF. A. LIAUTARD,

Member of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris), Honorary Fellow of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (England), Foreign Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Medicine of Bruxelles (Belgique).

ROSCOE R. BELL, D.V.S., and
ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF

Prof. ow. J. COATES, M.D.. D.V.S., New York- | GEO. H. BERNS, D. V. President New York
American Veterinary College. State V. M. Soc., Hee eee Nes

Prof. O. SCHWARZKOPF, D.V.M.. U.S. Army. Prof. M. H. REYNOLDS, Univ ersity of Minne-

Prof. P. J. CADIOT, of the Alfort School, France. | sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Prof. W. L. WILLIAMS, V.S., Cornell University, | L. VAN Es, State Veterinarian, Fargo, N. D.
Ithaca, N. Y. | TAIT BUTLER, V.S., State Veterinarian of

Prof. S.STEWART, M.D., V.S., Kansas City, Mo. | North Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.

M. H. McKILLuIP, M.D., V.S., of McKillip Veteri- Wo. H. DALRYMPLE, M.R.C.V.S., Veterinarian
nary College, Chicago, Ill. | Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station,

JOHN J. REPP, V.M.D., Sec’y A. V. M. A., Phila- Baton Rouge, La.
delphia, Pa. D. ARTHUR HUGHES. Ph.D, D. V. M., Govern-

WM. HERBERT LOWE, D.V. (Former U. §. ment Inspector, East St Lo vuis, Ill.
Veterinary Officer of the Pes of New York), Prof. LEONARD PEARSON, Dean Vet. Dept., 5
Paterson, N. J. University of Penn., etc., Philadelphia, Pa.

And several others.

VOLUME XXVIII.

NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY THE EDITCRS,
509 WEST 152d STREET.

NAL GA

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

OCTOBER, 1904.

EDITORIAL.

KUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
AIx-LES-BAIns, August 2oth, 1904.

THE QUESTION OF IMMUNITY OF BOVINES TOWARDS
GLANDERS, and the properties of their serums after repeated in-
jections of glanderous virus, has been the subject of interesting
experiments made by Profs. Galtier and Nicolas, of the Lyon
school, and which have been recorded lately in the Journal of
Zoitechnie.

Bovines are refractory to glanders; they resist it; do not
take it when in infected centres, and remain rebellious to con-
tagion, and to all means of transmission. It is true that bovines
are naturally refractory to glanders, but still the immunity that
they enjoy is not the same with all subjects, as it is demon-
strated by two experiments made recently by the authors named
above.

Two cows were submitted to repeated inoculations of virus
of glanders, one receiving 13 injections, 1m under the skin and
2 intravenous; the other 12 injections, 1o subcutaneous and 2
intravenous. The experiment on the first cow lasted from
February to December, 1903; in the second from April, 1903,
to January, 1904. In February the two animals were tested
with mallein without giving any appreciable reaction. The
résumé of the experiments was that up to the 13th injection the
first cow suffered relatively less than the second ; she had no
abscesses, but after the last inoculation she had arthritis of
sevetal joints, and one abscess at the point of injection. The
second cow has generally suffered more, she has had several

621

622 EDITORIAL.

abscesses, in which the pus proved to be virulent, but she, on
the contrary, was entirely free from arthritis. Both animals
had dry lasting coughs; they at various times lost considerable
flesh, but that only temporarily, as they recuperated their prim-
itive condition shortly after, and finally both resisted the test of
mallein.

* ‘ 2k

The recognized immunity of bovines towards glanders nat-
urally suggests the idea of finding out what could be the prop-
erties of the serum obtained from healthy normal subjects, and
of that from animals submitted to repeated inoculations of mallein
or of virus of glanders. Numerous experiments were under-
taken, and some gave encouraging results to the point of view
of the prophylaxy or recovery from glanders. But, still, No-
card had shown that the normal serum of bovines has no pre-
ventive or curative action, that mallein is not immunizing; that
a cow which had received for five months repeated injections of
mallein gave a serum which had no preventive or curative ac-
tion on the glanders of guinea-pigs, and that the same result is
observed with the serum of the cow which has received repeat-
ed injections of bacilli of glanders killed by it.

Taking the serum of the two cows upon which the first ex-
periment was carried out, Profs. Galtier and Nicolas undertook
experiments to test the curative or preventive property of the
serum. ‘They took blood from the first cow at various epochs.
With the serum obtained at the first bleeding they inoculated
guinea-pigs ; these had local manifestations and became glan-
derous when injected, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, with
virus of glanders. With serum obtained from the second bleed-
ing, dogs were experimented upon. The result was also nega-
tive. Inoculated with glanders, on the forehead, they develop
the classical affection. An old mare received 160 c.c. of both of
these serums and developed acute glanders by a subcutaneous
injection of virus of glanders. Another mare was then treated
with the serum obtained from the blood of the second cow.
From the 19th of February to the rath of April she received 34

EDITORIAL. 623

injections of 20 c.c. each time. On the 20th of February she
had a subcutaneous injection of virulent .emulsion made from
lesions staken from a glanderous guinea-pig. She developed
manifestations of glanders the day following the virulent injec-
tion, manifestations which spread and increased, and finally she
was destroyed, showing few lesions of farcino-glanderous affec-
tion in the lungs and on the pituitary membrane. What con-
clusions can be drawn from this case of a mare which, while
she receives 680 c.c. of serum and lives nearly two months after
subcutaneous inoculation of a very active virus? Other exper-
iments are necessary to answer; but it must be remarked
that in the two mares, although both were inoculated with the
same dose of a very active virus, the result was very different.
The first with 160 c.c. only dies in 7 days with the disease ; the
second, with 680, has resisted much longer. Is there in this
fact reason for hope?
* ‘: *

UNIFORM VETERINARY TITLE FOR GERMANY.—Mr. N.
Nieder, in the Recueil de Medécine Vétérinaire, has written a
review, relating to a question which seems lately to occupy in
Germany, not only the veterinary profession, but also official
departments to such an extent that it has been the subject of
important discussion in the Reichstag. Indeed, at one of the
seatings of this body, Doctor Miiller, one of the representatives,
has asked the Imperial Government to recognize for all the
superior veterinary schools of the German Empire, the right to
grant the title of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, a privilege
which at present exists only for the University of Giessen. Dr.
Hopf, Sub-Secretary of State, while being favorable to the propo-
sition of Dr. Miller, has thought proper to reject it because it
relates to a point of public instruction which belongs to the re-
spective governments of the various States of the Confedera-
tion. The Imperial Administration, therefore, has no quality
to support the measure, although it seems most rational.

According to the Deutsche Thier. Woch., the motion of Dr.
Miller was taken up before the Landtag of Saxony, under the

624 EDITORIAL.

form of a presentation for a law, which, after being sent to the
examination of a reporter, has been the subject of a most acute
discussion before the Chamber between the Government of Sax-
ony on one side and the reporter on the other, who was sus-
tained by a certain number of representatives.

The principal argument upon which the reporter based his
favorable decision was the concurrence which was made for the
| past few years to the Superior Veterinary School of Dresden by
the University of Giessen, which grants the D. V. M. This
concurrence being made stronger by the fact that the University
of Leipzig, following the example of the Faculty of Giessen, re-
ceives also theses from veterinarians anxious to get the doctor-
ship. It is true that the doctorship of Leipzig is only a doc-
torship in philosophy, conferred by the only faculty in philoso-
phy which allows the inscription of veterinarians graduated
from the superior veterinary German schools, which inscriptions
allow them to follow courses of veterinary and natural sciences,
especially agriculture and zoology. In other terms, to become
doctors of the University of Leipzig, young veterinarians have
only to leave the veterinary school after the 5th or 6th semester,
enter for two semesters the agricultural section of the Univer-
sity, and present their theses, on a veterinary subject, before a
commission named by the Secretary under which the direction
of the University is placed.

For the moment, the government of Saxony, without being
opposed to the new proposition, does not seem disposed to
realize it. However, it is said that proposals are engaged be-
tween the respective governments of the various confederate
states so as to grant the privilege to all the veterinary schools
of Germany. It is probable that at an early date this innova-
tion will soon be realized and that, as in Switzerland, veteri-
narians all over Germany will, receive a uniform title, that
of D. V. M.

I wonder if this reform will ever be realized in America, and
if only one title will ever take the place of V.S., D. V.S.,
V. M. D., M. D. Coie: V. of to-day:

EDITORIAL. 625

RasiEs, like other contagious diseases, is an affection which
almost every day presents points of importance, heretofore un-
known, but upon which investigators sooner or later come for-
ward to throw light upon them. I have just read in the
Bulletin de la Société de Brologte the résumé of a study made by
MM. Courmont and Nicolas upon the virulency of the aqueous
humor of rabbits dead with rabies. Up to this day this liquid,
whether taken from animals affected with rabies or that had
died with it, had been considered as free from virulency. The
authors have experimented with all the desirable cases to avoid
the contamination of the aqueous humor by the lacrymal secre-
tion, which is known as dangerous. The humor that they ob-
tained was inoculated in doses varying between 3, to 34 of a
cubic centimetre, after trephining, into the brain of a certain
number of rabbits. A first experiment, made upon five rabbits,
gave positive results; they all died with rabies. The incuba-
tive stage has varied between seven and ten days, death taking
place between the third and the fifteenth day. The disease ran
its normal course. In one animal only it was rather slow. The
brain of three rabbits gave a series of normal rabies. In three
other experiments the results were negative, although the
inoculated dose was superior to that used in the first; conse-
quently, the aqueous humor of rabbits, rabid because of an
intra-cerebral inoculation of virus, is rather frequently virulent.
Yet, this virulency is far from being constant and in nearly
half of the cases its inoculation in the brain of a normal rabbit
is not followed by any accident. When it exists, this virulency
is certainly due to the presence of the rabid virus itself, in the
aqueous humor, and not to simple toxines, as long as the disease
thus produced is transmissible in series.

* : *

Another point, which will interest no doubt some of our
friends in the West, where now and then we hear of rabies in
an epizootic (?) form, is that of the vaccination of herbivora
against rabies which MM. Remlinger and Mustapha Effendi
treat of in their short paper recently published in the Recue7/.

626 EDITORIAL.

In man, the technic of antirabid inoculations is known in all
its details; in animals it is not the same, and the fact is that
when one is in the presence of an opportunity where treatment
is imposed, many difficulties have to be overcome. Vaccine
matter is not easily obtained, the operation has to be delayed,
etc., etc. Having a flock of 12 steers and 10 buffaloes to
treat, the authors were first embarrassed: the animals had been
bitten by a mad dog, and it was only five days after that they
were called. The vaccine emulsion they used was made in the
proportion of one brain of rabbit, killed by fixed virus, for 250
cubic centimetres of water. After filtration, each animal re-
ceived one injection of 10 c.c. of that solution. The operation
was easily carried out ; there were no accidents following, anda
few hours later the animals were sent to pasture as usual. The
next day a second injection of 10 c.c. was made with a more
virulent emulsion, two brains of rabbits being mixed with the
250 cubic centimetres. No accident, no complication, and the
treatment was considered as ended. Everything went well up
to one month after the vaccination, when steers and buffaloes
began to die with rabies, some with the raving, others with the
paralytic form. The deaths kept up for the two months follow-
ing the immunization. After a year four steers amd four buf-
faloes remained free from the disease. The mortality had been
63, 63 per cent. when the classical average is between 60 and 80
per cent. The operation had been negative. Perhaps the sever-
ity of the wounds, which were all around the nose, or, again,
the length of time elapsed until the vaccination was undertaken,
may account for the unsuccessful result.

The conclusions of the authors are that if an herbivorous
animal has been bitten by a rabid animal, one must not, as it is
generally done, resort only to two injections in the jugular vein,
but, on the contrary, it is important to repeat the inoculations,
somewhat in like manner to the treatment in man, and, of
course, especially when the wounds are severe and when the
treatment can be applied only 48 hours or more after the in-
jury.

EDITORIAL. 627

“EpizooTic LYMPHANGITIS.”—Through the kindness of
MM. Williams and Norgate, of London, I have been favored with
this little work written by Capt. W. A. Pullin, F. R. C. V.S.,
which I believe has for the first time been offered in book form

‘in England. ‘The recent appearance of epizootic lymphangitis
in England and the vast experience of Capt. Pullin justify the
publication of the work by such an author. It forms a nice
concise treatise, where the literature, the nature and the history
of the disease are first considered, then the geographical distribu-
tion, the bacteriology, with the various methods of staining (and
especially that of the Captain), the incubative stage, the symp-
toms, the lesions, etc., etc.,down to the treatment (external,
internal and prophylactic)—all written in a practical manner.
The work is also illustrated with many photographic plates,
17 in number, mostly all taken from nature, by which the
reader is readily made acquainted with the external aspect of
some of the principal symptoms. The book is completed by ap-
pendix, which gives some of the various official regulations relat-
ing to the disease as it made its appearance in England, regula-
tions which were made under the General Diseases of Animals
Act in Great Britain.

It is certain that, published at this time, when epizootic
lymphangitis has been imported into England, this little book
will find numerous readers, and there is no doubt that many
of our friends in America will also find in it valuable informa-
tion, as after all we must also recognize the fact that there is
every possibility of the disease being imported into the States,
if it is not there already, as it appears certain by the articles
that some of our collaborators have already recorded.

* *

LAURENT LEOPOLD TRASBOT, honorary director of the Al-
fort Veterinary School, died July 17, at the age of sixty-six.
During the thirty years that he was Professor of Clinic at the
school, he reached gradually a high official situation, and be-
came a member of the Academy of Medicine, of the National
Society of Agriculture of France, of the Society of Biology and

628 EDITORIAL.

of a great number of other scientific societies in France and other
countries. He was Officer of the Legion d’honneur, of the In-
struction Publique and of the Merite Agricole. He was an emer-
itus clinician, and an expert surgeon. He published a number of
articles in the Recuel de Medecine Veterinatre and in the Dzc-
tionnaire de Medecin et Chirurgie Veterinaire. His own mas-
ters were Renault and Bouley. With such he could not help
but make his mark in the profession. In 1891 he succeeded
Nocard in the directorship of the school, and held his position
up to 1899, when he retired. By his will he showed his grati-
tude and love for his profession : he gave 10,000 francs to the
Central Association (benevolent organization); an income of
600 francs a year for the foundation of a free scholarship at Al-
fort; and an income of 600 francs for a prize to the Societé
Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire. These gifts place him
among the benefactors of the profession. AS

SURGICAL CLINICS AT THE A. V. M. A. MEETINGS.

Apropos of the suggestion that the clinic at the A. V. M. A.
be abandoned, or else be made a better example of modern vet-
erinary surgery, the report of the clinic at St. Louis, pub-
lished elsewhere in this number of the REVIEW, says the
demonstrations were of a high order, full of intense interest,
and well attended, concluding that they will surely be a perma-
nent feature of the meetings. ‘The REVIEW will ever be an ad-
vocate of these exercises, but insists that no operative proced-
ures be undertaken or permitted save when performed with due
regard for modern surgical technique. It would not be possible
for auy committee of surgeons to say what operations are of im-
portance or value to the general membership of the A. V. M. A.,
for one surgeon may have a new and better way to do a very
old and a very common operation, and time spent upon such a
case might be infinitely more to the profit of those attending
than would some of the classical operations that are seldom un-
dertaken save in the college surgery. Many of those of the
major class, while showing the possibilities of advanced veteri-

EDITORIAL. 629

nary surgery, are impracticable in routine practice, for several
reasons: they require an amount of surgical skill and hospital
paraphernalia and assistance that are not and can not, as a rule,
be at the ready command of the busy practitioner; they require
more time for recovery and more expense in fees and maintain-
ance than the owner is willing to bestow upon them. So that
the practitioner, as we know him, draws his sustenance and
makes his reputation from the commoner ills and accidents of
domestic animals. This being the case, is it not much better
that these commoner and necessary operations be performed in
the best and most approved manner? And how can he be kept
in touch with the progress made in this direction better than
through the intercommunication obtained at our surgical clin-
ics? And how can the field be so broadened as through the
surgeons of the continent at our annual meetings? Is it fair to
say that the surgeon should have had instruction in minor surg-
ery during his college days, when it is a daily observation that
improvements upon the old methods are constantly being intro-
duced? Such a simple matter as the introduction of setons has
recently been revolutionized by the happy thought of Dr. J. E.
Ryder, of New York, who gave to the profession his idea of the
probe-pointed seton-needle; so, too, Dieckerhoff’s substitution
of the phlebotomy trocar for the time-honored fleam, the
ecrazeur for the clamp, the emasculator for the ecrazeur; the
stomach-tube of Phillips simplifies the abstraction of gas from
the stomach, just as the caecum trocar relieves tympanites of
the large intestines. Many other instances could be cited where
great advances in minor surgery have been introduced to the
profession to its evident betterment. The surgeon has to be
alive to the kaleidescopic advances being made; his college-
day instruction will not compensate ; he must be on the watch
for every improvement which he can find upon the older meth-
ods. Should he, in turn, learn through experience of a better
way to do any of the operations which he meets in his practice
it is his duty to communicate it to his brethren either by report
or demonstration. Why should such communication be re-

630 EDITORIAL.

stricted to his county meeting when a broader field is open to
him in his national association ?

The classical operations which have not been proven to be
practical and of utility to the body of the membership had best
be reserved for the college clinic until their value and practica-
bility have been more definitely established. How many
demonstrations, for instance, have we witnessed of the various
operations upon the larynx for the relief of roaring, only to be
told at this late date that they are practically worthless? The
nervo-muscular operation for crib-biting, shown in various clin-
ics, is now said to be of no value in practice, and so with many
of the neurectomies.

The REVIEW contends that the education of the members of
the A. V. M. A. in the best methods of common surgery is of
infinitely greater service to them than the difficult classical ex-
ercises which bring disappointment and loss of enthusiasm for
the possibilities of modern surgery.

Dr. R. A. PHILLIPS, Plaquemine, La., has undertaken to
organize a veterinary medical association in Louisiana, and the
REVIEW bespeaks the codperation of the qualified men of the
profession in that State. While the members of the profession
are not very numerous in Louisiana, they are a progressive
body of veterinarians, and have the proud distinction of having
a larger per cent. of their number on the roll of the A. V. M. A.
than any State in the Union. Since there is such loyalty to
the national organization there should be little difficulty in
bringing them together at home, for they cannot fail to have a
high regard for the strength that lies in unity, and from the
communion of interests and pride in their calling we confi-
dently look forward to wise laws uplifting and safeguarding
the live-stock interests as well as the profession and the public.

Dr. D. ARTHUR HUGHES’ graphic description of the exhibits
of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the agricultural colleges
at the World’s Fair in this number of the REVIEW is worthy of

EDITORIAL. 631

the closest scrutiny by those who take pride in the great ad-
vances being made in the allied sciences of veterinary medicine
and agriculture. This splendid portrayal of the exhibits is an
accomplishment upon which the author should be compli-
mented, for when we looked through the displays there was-so
much that engulfed our attention that to reduce it to descrip-
tive writing seemed an impossible task; yet, after reading Dr.
Hughes’ facile record, it seems that he has omitted little or
nothing.

AND now we are to lose another valued State veterinarian,
for it appears that Cuba has placed such an enticing position at
the disposal of Dr. N. S. Mayo, of Manhattan, Kansas, that he
has already accepted it and will shortly remove to that little re-
public to assume the duties of an office modeled after that of
Chief of our own Bureau of Animal Industry. We do not con-
sider, however, that our American profession will be other than
a gainer by Prof. Mayo’s transplantation, for while he will labor
in another field he will broaden our knowledge of tropical path-
ology, and inspire a deeper respect for the educated veterina-
rian and modern veterinary science.

THE surgical dexterity acquired by the American veterinary
surgeon was illustrated at the St. Louis clinic in the castration
of stallions in the standing position. The account of the oper-
ations performed by Dr. Geo. R. White, of Nashville, Tenn.,
as detailed elsewhere in the present number of the REVIEW,
are truly marvelious. The emasculation of a thirteen-year-old
stallion in fifteen seconds is probably excelled in swiftness
only by that upon a younger horse in eight seconds by the same
operator at the same meeting.

THE NOVEMBER REVIEW will contain an original article
from the pen of that well-known specialist in diseases of small
animals, Frank H. Miller, D. V. S., of New York, entitled
““Heemorrhagic Colitis of the Dog, due to Infection with the

632 EDITORIAL.

Trichocephalus Depresstusculus (True Whip Worm).” It will
be of practical interest and value to the profession, since it deals
solely with clinical facts. It will be illustrated by three beauti-
ful micro-photographs.

Loca veterinary associations will resume their monthly
meetings during October. August and September witnessed the
most largely attended and best national and State conventions
ever held, and their influence will surely be of benefit to the
local organizations.

THE present month will inaugurate the resumption of teach-
ing in the various veterinary schools of the country, and the
prospects are very encouraging for full classes and increased
equipment in most of the colleges.

THE MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCI-
ATION has issued a directory of the licensed veterinary prac-
titioners in that State. It shows that the entire number is 264,
of whom g2 are graduates and 172 non-graduates. We regret to
note that 10 non-graduates were licensed in 1903 and 10 in
1904, while previous to these none had been registered since
1894, except one in 1896.

Dr. Mayo HAS ACCEPTED PROMINENT POSITION WITH
CuBAN GOVERNMENT.—Dr. N.S. Mayo, professor of veterinary
science at the college, has accepted a position with the Cuban
government which corresponds to our own office of Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry. The professor has been in Havana
looking over the situation, but will arrive here to-morrow even-
ing. His position is in connection with the experiment station
at Santiago de le Vigas, twelve miles from Havana. In an
interview with Mrs. Mayo this afternoon she said that the
Doctor would resign his position at the college here and that he
had accepted the Cuban government position, and they expect
to move to Havana, Cuba, sometime in the near future. This
will cause regret among the many friends of Dr. and Mrs.
Mayo, especially among the club women of the city, of which
Mrs. Mayo was a member, to learn that this esteemed family
are soon to make their home in far away Cuba.—( 7he Manhat-
tan Republic, Manhattan, Kansas, Sept. 3.)

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 633

ORIGINAL ARTIGBES.

THE EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL IN-
DUSTRY AND OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES
AT THE WORLD’S FAIR.

By D. ARTHUR HUGHES, PH. D., D.. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
GOVERNMENT INSPECTOR, East St. LOUIS.

The excellent spirit of emulation which has been dominant
everywhere and in all things in the making of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, is in evidence also in the Exhibits of the
Bureau of Animal Industry and the Agricultural Colleges. On
the one hand, in the National Bureau’s Exhibit, one is impressed
with the care taken by the Washington authorities who planned
the exhibit to illustrate to the public mind bya variety of devices
the kind of work done by each department of its service. Each
part of the exhibit is meant to explain as simply and as strik-
ingly as possible the purpose and the value of the several de-
partments to the great American public. While on the other
hand, in the Agricultural College Exhibit, one is impressed with
the standards of excellence attained in all the branches of study
pertaining to agriculture.

As veterinary science, with its branches, and agricultural
science, with its branches, are cognate studies; and as the two
exhibits must, in some degree, be of interest to veterinarians, I
propose to give arunning account of them to the end: first,
that a more lively knowledge may be had by the reader of the
work of the Bureau; second, that he may bea little more ac-
quainted with the many-sidedness and value of the work of the
agricultural colleges.

I. THE EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Though the Exhibit of the Bureau embraces every feature
of the Department’s work, those portions which more particu-
larly interest veterinarians are: 1, the Inspection division with
its closely related quarantine service ; 2, the Pathological divi-
sion; 3, the Zoological; 4, the Bio-Chemic.

634 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

zt. The Inspection and Quarantine Divisions.

A general notion of the extent of the work of these divi-
sions is first of all conveyed by means of a large wall map upon
which are symbols denoting the kind of work, inspection or
quarantine, or both, done at any particular station. The
government inspection of meats in the great abattoirs, it is
learned, covers the whole country and embraces places as remote
from one another as New York, St. Paul, Monterey (Cal.) and
San Antonio and Fort Worth, Texas. While the colored quar-
antine line drawn left to right across the map shows the Texas
fever region and the quarantine stations where guardianship is
set up against the incursion of the disease northward. An im-
pression of the magnitude of the work having been given, an
endeavor is made, by a series of artful devices, to inform the
popular mind of the details of the work. By means of these
devices the visitor is taken into the confidence, as it were, of
each division and subdivision and instructed in its workings
and usefulness.

(a) The microscopical inspection of pork for trichina spiralis.

Immediately at the entrance of the exhibit area sit several
ladies, expert microscopists of the inspection service, who dem-
onstrate, practically, with the microscope to the visitor, the
presence of trichinze in pork taken from a local official abattoir.
The visitor sees the infested pork, specimens of it prepared for
the microscopical stage. Finally he sees a cross-section of the
pork under the microscope.

(6) The tagging, labelling and stamping methods employed by the govern-
ment,

There are exhibited in cases, models of carcasses showing
the place and proper manner of affixing government labels, after
carcasses or their parts have been passed as wholesome by the
inspectors. In a case are to be seen the various labels, stamps,
tags, certificates, brands, seals, seal-pressers ; besides the instru-
ments and other materials used in examination for trichinosis
—sample cases, boxes and compressors. All these are actually
in use by government inspectors to designate what is condemn-

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 635

ed in the abattoir or what is passed as wholesome. ‘To read
about these different means of disposing of meats or passing
them for food as prescribed in the government regulations is
one thing; but to see at St. Louis the materials used and have
them explained by the official, is quite another matter. Seeing,
in this case, is understanding.

(c) Sea-board inspection of live cattle for export.

This is explained by means of a model of a sea-port stock
yard containing miniature men and animals. The whole ar-
rangement of puppets in the model illustrates the means by
which the work is accomplished. We see in the model the pens
in which the cattle are placed, the narrow passage through
which they are driven to be inspected and metal-tagged in the
ear if passed for export; or turned aside if rejected.

(a2) Government regulations for steamers carrying export cattle.

A inodel is exhibited which gives a cross-section of a cattle
carrying steamer. This conveys to the mind of the visitor the
meaning of the regulations prescribed by the government for
vessels in export cattle trade. Government inspectors have
charge of the work of tagging, loading and shipping, in so far
as United States sanitary law prescribes regulations for ventila-
tion, head-room, tie-ups of sea-going animals.

(e) Cattle-dipping regulation.

A cattle-dipping shute is shown in a model in order to illus-
trate the government’s provision for the stamping out of cattle
scabies.

Dr. Rutherford, Inspector-General for Canada, said at the
American Veterinary Medical Association in St. Louis, that in
Western Canada a section of the country a hundred miles
square was infested with cattle scabies, and that he and the
Canadian inspectors were on the way West to suppress it.
Similarly, a corps of United States government inspectors is at
work attempting to suppress scabies in the Northwest by iso-
lation and dipping methods as exhibited in the model.

(/) Sheep-dipping regulations.
The government’s method of combating scabies in sheep is

D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

636

Vw
‘SIVWINY LYOdXY ONIOOV, YOA SAUVA AIOLS TACOW (?)—SONILLIY ONIMOHS dIHSWVALS NOILLOES ssoud (p)—
TACOW ONIddIQ ATLLVD (2)—NOILOAdSN] AALAV ONITAAV’] ONIMOHS ‘SaSSVOUVD Haag (9)—IHAGOJY NOILVLS VINAHLY ‘ONILNIVG (V)—] “DIT

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 637

depicted by means of models of a sheep-dipping plant, of sheep
affected by scabies and by models of the mite itself. The visi-
tor can see the circular corral, the subdivision of the sheep
into small lots, the passage of the sheep into the sulphur-nico-
tine vat, their emergence to the drying board after a five-minutes °
immersion. The models of sheep show the destructiveness to
the wool ; while the models of the mite disclose the appearance
of the parasite. All this work of dipping, it need hardly be said,
is under the direct supervision of government inspectors, the
result of which has been, to the Northwest, a great diminution
of losses from scabies.

(g) Scheme to unfold graphically the extent of the work of the Bureau.

On the wall of the exhibit is hung a large map of the
United States, made expressly under Dr. Salmon’s direction.
There is designated onthe map: 1, the meat inspection stations
throughout the United States; 2, the points where dipping of
sheep-and cattle is done under government supervision before
animals are allowed to pass into foreign or interstate trade; 3,
quarantine stations on the coast where all animals to be ex-
ported or imported are rigorously examined by government in-
spectors; 4, the quarantine line bounding the district infected
with Texas fever; 5, the stations along the quarantine line
where animals to be shipped northward are watched and re-
ported.

By far the larger part of the export and import trade-in live
animals is done through the port of New York. Consequently
a rigid inspection must be made of such animals and quarantine
established to prevent importation of diseases from Europe. The
Bureau in its exhibit shows a large wall painting of the quar-
antine station for the port of New York at Athenia, N. J. This
contains twenty-four isolating stables. The station is so situ-
ated that in case of an importation of a disease it can be stamped
out there immediately.

Furthermore, by means of. a picture machine, panoramic
views are had of: 1, of killing on an abattoir floor under gov-
ernment inspection; 2, inspection for trichine; 3, tagging

D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

638

‘SNAWIOAdS IVIIDOIOHLVG HLIM ASVD (9)—dHaHHS SHIAVOS (9)—TAGOW ONIddIq-daaHS (¥)—*]] ‘DIY

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 639

cattle for export; 4, cattle deck as prescribed by Federal law ;
5, horse deck on shipboard as required by Federal law ; 6, cattle
in position ready for voyage—and so on—the panorama exhibit-
ing graphically the provisions of the government in the case of
export animals.

Enough has been said to prove that the central authorities
at Washington, in their wisdom, have done everything to give
an exposition to the people of the scope and usefulness of the
Inspection and Quarantine Service to the animal industry of
the nation at large.

2. The Exhibit of the Pathological Division.

In preparation of the Pathological Exhibit the idea has
been present, not so much to illustrate the merely curious or
unusual diseases: rather, to show specimens of common dis-
eases particularly destructive to animal life, already present
amongst us; or those, even more to be dreaded, which have not
yet made an incursion.

(a) Plaster models.

Thus plaster models are on exhibition shaped and colored to
illustrate the lesions of rinderpest—hzemorrhagic lesions on the
mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, larynx, nasal septum,
skin, stomach, intestines. Wax models of normal liver and
spleen of bovines, and a liver and spleen affected as a result of
Texas fever, are seen—the contrast between the two sets of or-
gans brings out strikingly the changes occurring in the disease.
A plaster model is also shown to illustrate the method of vacci-
nating calves against black-leg, as prescribed by the authorities
at Washington, together with sealed tubes showing the stages
in the process of preparation of the vaccine made in the gov-
ernment laboratories.

(6) Transparencies ; preparations in preservative fluids illustrating com-
mon diseases.

About sixty transparent photographs of tissues and organs
are shown to illustrate lesions of hog cholera, actinomycosis,
Texas fever and tuberculosis, together with magnifications of
parasites and pathogenic microdrganisms. About eighty speci-

640 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

‘

{OF THR POREAT oF |
ANIMAL 1

EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS,
| maar insercrion 3
| ARIMAL QGAMANTINE STATION
MOTLETION OF (MPORTED ANIMALS
Exronteo.

I AMIMALS TOR SCABIES

|

Fic, III.—B. A. I. ExH1BIT—Map, SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF THE BUREAU EMPLOYES AND
SCOPE OF THE WORK OF THE BUREAU.

Fic. 1V.—WorKING PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, AND OFFICE FOR ANSWERING QUESTIONS
OF STOCKMEN AND INTERESTED PARTIES.

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 641

mens of tissues and organs are to be seen, representing diseases
found by government inspectors at the abattoirs. Besides, speci-
mens of diseased conditions produced experimentally, are shown
—representing results of the studies of the Pathological Divi-
sion in the questions of intercommunicability of disease. Chief
among these are specimens proving the communicability of
human tuberculosis to animals. The lungs of calf, cat and
sheep shown in the specimens are in the advanced stages of a
tuberculosis which was obtained experimentally from an inocu-
lation of material from human origin.

(¢) Lllustration in water colors ; bacteriological tubes ; laboratory fittings.

About twenty illustrations in water color are to be seen de-
picting conditions as they are found in the microscopical pic-
tures of disease. Forty tubes present the characteristic growth
of pathogenic microbes on various media. All the modern labora-
tory fittings used iu bacteriological investigation are in evidence
at the exhibit.

3. Lxhibit of the Bio-Chemic Division.

Part of the most useful work of the laboratories at Wash-
ington is the preparation of bacteridian products for immuniza-
tion, immunizing experiments, diagnosis. Perhaps more useful
for the future are the studies carried on there on new bacterial
products, serums, toxins and antitoxins. The Bio-Chemic
Division’s Exhibit consists of tuberculins, anti-tubercle serums,
mallein ; toxin and antitoxin of tetanus; hog cholera toxin and
serum ; anti-diphtheritic serum ; black-leg vaccine.

4. The Exhibit of the Zoblogical Division.

In the preparation of the Zodlogical Exhibit three ideas
were prominent :

1. To show a particular parasite which causes a well-
known disease and the parasites similar to it with which it is
often confounded ; 2, to show some of the chief parasites caus-
ing diseases in the domesticated animals; 3, to show parasites
which have domesticated animals as their intermediate host,
but which in their last stage are dangerous to man. Thus, to
illustrate the first kind, the Texas fever tick is placed beside

642 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

five other varieties of Ixodoidea which it resembles. To illus-
trate the second kind, twenty-eight varieties of tape-worm and
twenty varieties of round worms are shown. ‘To illustrate the
third class, the cystic form of beef and pork measles are shown.
All these, and many more, comprise the Zodlogical Ex-
hibit.

As we have now encompassed, in this racy account, the Bureau
Exhibit, the functions of this great organ of the Department of
Agriculture must be more apparent. In its exhibit the Bureau
has endeavored to place before the public its utility for the ani-
mal health and the public wealth. Some of its functions are:
to have inspected all animals passing into the noted abattoirs in
the great packing centres, that the public health may be guard-
ed and that higher values may be placed upon meats and ani-
mal by-products ; to guard in its quarantine service against the
propagation and dissemination of diseases already, unfortunately,
present in this country, and to prevent importation of still
worse diseases amongst animals; to investigate diseases in its
laboratories to the end that they may be controlled or stamped
out; to study the live questions of immunization, and to man-
ufacture microbian products which are immunizing; to study
parasitisms which infest farm animals and take away life and
animal values; in a word, to help the public in a practical
manner and toenlighten the public mind on all questions which
will lead to higher standards among animals and in animal
products from which greater wealth will ensue.

II, THE EXHIBIT OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES.

We are sometimes given to forgetting, in our zeal for our
own particular specialties in medicine and surgery, that our
progress in a community depends not alone upon our own par-
ticular standards and ideals, but upon the degree of enlighten-
ment which the community has in the varied lines of agricul-
tural thought and agricultural knowledge. We consequently
must welcome every increase of knowledge in agricultural
science for our own science is closely related to it. The
agricultural scientist is our confrére. It is the enlightened

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 643

agriculturist who feels the potency of an enlightened veteri-
narian.

We may make bold then, in this article, to racily speak of
the Agricultural Exhibit at the World’s Fair:

I. L£xhtbit of the Bureau of Education.

Near the central office of the Agricultural College Exhibit
in the ‘Palace of Education” is situated the Exhibit of the
Bureau of Education, which represents the relation of this
Bureau to the Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
throughout the United States. ‘The contribution of the
Bureau of Education includes a set of publications issued by
that Bureau, a set of the catalogues of all the colleges of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, various publications and illustra-
tions furnished by those institutions, and statistical charts.”
The aim of the exhibit is to show the nature and scope of in-
struction offered by the Agricultural Colleges, the equipment
for instruction in science, the roll of professors, instructors and
students. When one remembers that the American system of
agricultural education is endowed by the Federal govern-
ment, that 10,705,600 acres of land constitute the endowment
of the land-grant colleges, that there has been a rapid increase
in number of students, that a desire for knowledge in all the
multitude of specialties relating to agriculture, including veteri-
nary medicine, has been quickened by this form of education,
the thought is borne in upon us that here in agricultural edu-
cation is an ally to veterinary progress.

2. Exhibit of the Office of Experiment Stations.

This exhibit also embraces sets of publications of experi-
ment station workers, “bound sets of the publications of the
office and of the experiment stations and about 200 text-books,
manuals and text-books written or edited by experiment station
men.” Most, if not all, of the experiment stations have ex-
periment station veterinarians. Even desultory dips into these
volumes will convince a man that the veterinarian in such a
position as that of an experiment station worker, though his of-
fice may not be always an enviable one, has opportunities for

D.

ARTHUR HUGHES.

Fic. V.—AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXHIBIT—GENERAL VIEW,

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 645

investigation and exploitation in the pathology of infectious
diseases in a state which none other has. When a man learns
that over 12,000,000 copies of bulletins, circulars and other
publications are issued annually by the agricultural experi-
ment stations in the United States and by the United States
Department of Agriculture, he can see that the experiment sta-
tion veterinarian has, in this channel alone, a means of circu-
lating information upon his investigations which is unexcelled.
3. Agricultural Exhibits Proper.

These embrace: 1, Plant production; 2, Zodtechny or Ani-
mal Industry ; 3, Agricultural Technology; 4, Rural Engineer-
ing; 5, Rural Economics. ‘The exhibits on plant production
include questions of the plant laboratory, soils analyses, compo-
sition of fertilizers, production of field crops, horticulture and
forestry, plant pathology and entomology. Agricuitural tech-
nology.includes the matters of dairy products and dairy pro-
ductiveness and the sugars obtained from sugar-cane, maple and
sorghum. Rural engineering includes questions of irrigation |
and drainage, while rural economics treats of farm management.
All these studies are illustrated by an almost bewildering array
of charts, machines, implements, analysed products, or highly
cultivated products, which will bear a visit and will convince a
man of the smallness of his knowledge, while at the same time
it broadens the mind upon the significance of these studies in
their relation to his profession and to the ideals in agricultural
science.

Nevertheless the booths devoted to animal industry or zoot-
echny are highly interesting to the veterinarian. For here we
find the results of the studies of the experts in animal industry
in the agricultural colleges—apparatus used in the analysis of
feed-stuffs, in studies on the questions of metabolism and laws
of nutrition and the results of scientific feeding experiments
tried by these experts. A single booth is set apart for exhibi-
tion of the improved instruments, implements and apparatus
used in instruction in judging stock in most of the agricultural
colleges.

D. AKTHUR HUGHES.

646

*AULSOGN] IVWINY—LIGIHXY AOATIOD WUNLINIIADy—"TA “DI

EXHIBITS OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 647

Last of all there is a section exemplifying the study of vet-
erinary medicine in these colleges, in which may be seen dry
specimens of bone and hoof diseases, charts and skeletons to
teach the anatomy of the horse, and specimens in preservative
fluids to illustrate the common neoplasms and the pathology of
infectious diseases.

The veterinarian interested in subjects which make for his
increase in professional knowledge and in the betterment of the
profession, whose mind is open to new things in the science,
who wishes to see what the national government is doing, not
only for the good of the masses of the people in the practical
matters of animal quarantine and inspection, but in the gravest
questions of infections as they can be studied in the laboratory,
who wishes to more distinctly appreciate the co-relation of Ag-
riculture and Veterinary Medicine—such au one can do no bet-
ter than to spend, not a rushing minute or two, but quiet hours,
visiting the Exhibits of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the
Government Building and the Exhibit of the Agricultural Col-
leges at the Palace of Education. If he fears that he may go
away more confused than enlightened, let him be comforted
with the thought that men are ready with an unfailing courtesy
to help him out of his confusion. In Mr. James lL. Farmer,
Chief Agent for the Government in the Agricultural College
Exhibit, he will find a gentleman ready to free him from diffi-
culties. In Dr. J. Wm. Fink, who has charge of the Bureau
Exhibit, the Washington authorities have found a man whose
courtliness makes him an excellent representative of a National
Bureau at a National Exposition. Speaking for myself, I must
say that to both I am under obligations. To the one for sup-
plying me with pamphlets and photographs; to the other for
furnishing me notes on the contents of the exhibit he has in
charge. He who visits the Bureau Exhibit cannot miss the im-
pression of its value, nor can he but be affected by the enthusi-
asm of the man whom the government has sent to St. Louis to
represent it.

648 RICHARD PRICE.

AZOTURIA.

By RICHARD PRICE, V. S., St. Pau, MINN.

Read before the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association,
August, 1904.

Consideration is asked for any disconnections that may ap-
pear in carrying out arguments or statements throughout this
paper. But as you are all active and busy practitioners and
realize that in the preparation of this paper many hours, days,
months and even years of study, observation and hard work are
represented, and that in the writing of it many months have
been occupied at diverse moments snatched from a busy life,
often when the writer is more fit for a good rest than for the
hard work, to us, of scratching words on paper after racking
our tired brains for the material. Even then too often the tele-
phone or some other rest-disturber summons us to a colic or
parturition case, which if not attended to promptly may lose us
a patient, or a client, as well asa fee. Consequently our much
beloved paper (I believe we all like to add our quota to scientific
knowledge) has to go over until—well—the uext opportunity,
favorable or otherwise, for the work.

The glandular organs have certain functions to perform,
which, when properly carried on, maintain the body in a state of
health. Under abnormal conditions the action of these glands
is interfered with, primarily by either congestion or anzemia,
which, if continued long enough, produce diseased conditions
of the glands themselves and consequently perverted action.
The liver being one of the most important glands, through
whose bloodvessels and cells every drop of blood has to pass
thousands of times daily to be acted upon, its effete matters
metamorphosed into suitable form for excretion, and to furnish
material for the production of the natural liver secretions;
when diseased conditions arise, its functions are interfered
with, the body suffers from the effete materials accumulating in
the blood, and the liver itself, from lack of proper nourishment
as well as the accumulation of these waste substances.

AZOTURIA. 649

‘In extensive disease of the liver, especially of rapid occur-
rence, ammonia salts are found to largely replace urea in the
urine, such salts taking the form of lactates and of carbonates.”
(Schafer.) The secretion of bile being greatest when proteids
are fed and lowest when carbohydrates constitute the sole diet,
a sudden increase of the bile excreted in herbivorous animals is
most likely due to the over-supply of metabolic nitrogenous or-
ganic substances from various sources, such as the muscular
system, those stored in liver, those existing in the interstices of
the muscular system (the circulating proteids), and those exist-
ing in the bowels from the food. These are thrown rapidly
into the blood in excessive amounts, probably as ammonia salts
combined with sarcolactic acid, and the antecedents of bile acids
from the muscular system, which being carried to the liver are
converted into the necessary substances for excretion, such as
urea, and other biliary secretions and excretions.

In azoturia excessive amounts of metabolised proteid ma-
terials are thrown suddenly from the above-named sources into
the general circulation, where they had accumulated in extra-
ordinary amounts during the three or four days of rest (without
any exercise), that usually precedes these attacks. ‘The secre-
tory organs of nutrition having carried on their functions pre-
paratory for the daily stage of labor, which being omitted for
those few days, causes an excessive accumulation of “ tissue
fuel”; as an engine would generate an excess of steam were
the same amount of coal consumed during the period of rest as
during a similar period of “running.” Lack of exercise causes
the excretory organs to become sluggish from want of the stim-
ulus of exercise, which allows a surplus of nitrogenous material
to accumulate in the system. Most of these waste materials
have to pass the gate or portal organ to escape from the system,
where they undergo the necessary metamorphosis prior to ex-
cretion from the body. The liver being considered the princi-
pal gate-keeper has most of the work to perform, although the
skin and other excretory organs can and do assist in ridding the
system of noxious material during periods of unusual vascular

650 RICHARD PRICE.

activity and congestion, even if not presented in a properly pre-
pared form for their selection.

These waste materials from tissue metamorphosis are further
augmented by the circulating proteids, and by those from the
digestive organs, which, being all carried suddenly to the liver
and other excretory glands in unusual amounts, overtax them
by their excess. These glands becoming flooded, pass much of
the materials through, without the usual metabolic transfor-
mations.

The paralytic phenomena appear first in the muscles under-
going the greatest amount of exertion, hence of metabolic
changes. These muscles are generally the glutei, vasti or rectus
femoris of one or both limbs, although I have seen the caput
muscles affected in a few cases. ‘These swell up, becoming as
“hard asa board” to the touch, and apparently painful, due partly
to the pressure produced on the nerve terminals, but princi-
pally to the development of sarcolactic acid and other products
of tissue metamorphosis; similar to those causing the sense of
fatigue, only much more intensified. The excessive waste ma-
terial not being carried off rapidly enough by the kidneys, skin
and other emunctories remains in the general circulation, ac-
cumulating in excessive quantities as long as muscular exer-
tion continues. Hammarsten says: “ Violent movements of the
body easily cause dyspnoea, and this by producing a diminution
of the oxygen supply increases the proteid metabolism, and thus
increases the elimination of nitrogen.’”? ‘These waste substances
resulting from tissue change consist of ammonia, sarcolactic
acid and other antecedents of the bile salts, and it is to these
that the phenomena witnessed in azoturia are due. There isa
great increase in the amount of nitrogenous products in the
urine, uric acid, urea, hippuric acid, albumose, urates and bile,
hemoglobin (from the action of the bile causing dissolution of
the blood corpuscles), paralysis of a group or groups of muscles,
and in severe cases nervous symptoms of brain involvement.

In mild cases the affected muscles recover after a varying
period. If, owing to the severity of the attack, recovery be pro-

AZOTURIA. 651

tracted, the affected muscles become atrophied ; due most likely
to the coagulation of their albuminous constituents, necessitat-
ing absorption of this destroyed muscle substance and its re-
placement by fresh proteid material.

During the first stage of the attack, the effort of the cuta-
neous circulation to aid in the excretion of these effete products is
evident from the excessive perspiration (the sweat of a horse
normally contains proteids), which in warm weather, no doubt,
may prove sufficient for this purpose in many. But the major-
ity of cases of azoturia are met with during the cold chilly
season ; cold is incentive to muscular metabolism and increases
the trouble ; cold also causes a contraction of the sudorific appa-
ratus ; the blood with which the cutaneous vessels are filled is
driven suddenly inwards and further congests the already over-
loaded circulation with material, not only excessive and effete,
but an actual poison to the system generally, the effects of
which may be witnessed on autopsy of those horses which die
after an attack: the muscular structures affected are disinte-
grated, the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and other glandular
organs throughout the body are congested and even friable from
destructive changes. The red blood corpuscles are disintegrated,
the serum is of a reddish tint from the coloring matter of the
dissolved red blood corpuscles. The blood contains a great
excess of albumen, ammonia salts, urea, bile and other products
of tissue metamorphosis. These destructive changes are char-
acteristic of the action of the bile acids or their precursors when
existing in excessive amounts in the system. It has been asked
me ‘ Why do we not have discoloration of the mucous mem-
branes?” ‘The reason is that the action of the liver being in
abeyance, owing to congestion, the pigments of the bile are not
produced in sufficient amounts ; furthermore, if they were their
appearance would not be noted until some days after the pri-
mary seizute. “ Cessation of the function of the liver cannot well
cause jaundice, but cessation of excretion of bile by the usual
processes of oxidation, etc., may cause jaundice by the excessive
accumulation of bile pigments in the circulation (after 3 or 4

652 RICHARD PRICE.

days), the bile pigments being reabsorbed from the small intes-
tines, and not undergoing the usual metamorphosis and elimi-
nation from the body.” (Flint.)

In azoturia, the blood surcharged with waste material (that
is, material which cannot be utilized in the immediate nourish-
ment of the body, the latter having already reached the point
of repletion, or nitrogenous equilibrium), and carrying it to the
liver as well as other excretory organs to undergo the necessary
metamorphosis preparatory to excretion from the body, floods
these organs, washing out in unusual amounts their secretions
and excretions; the blood pressure being increased and the
normal pressure equilibrium being disturbed; the result is an
unusual accumulation of bile in the blood, which with the sar-
colactic acid, ammonia salts, and other products of eliminated
tissue elements, produces a general congestion, most, however,
at the point of greatest metamorphosis, which would be those
muscles undergoing the largest amount of exercise, where the
accumulation of these products produce cheinical changes caus-
ing the phenomena witnessed. The most active agent in pro-
ducing these chemic changes probably are the bile acids, as
by their introduction into a healthy animal, symptoms similar
in nearly every respect are produced.

To prove it chemically by examination of the muscles from
a horse affected with the disease, entails a most complicated and
difficult analytical process, which can only be accomplished by
some competent organic chemist with the proper laboratory at
his disposal, as well as the zecessary undisturbed time 1n which
to carry out the investigation. So I will leave the suggestion
to some more competent man than myself to carry out in detail.

That Iam right I conclude from the artificial production of
the symptoms in other animals. That I am entirely right in
naming the substance that produces the symptoms is arrived at
only by deduction.

However, I believe the ground to be new and heretofore
uninvestigated along these lines, beyond the experiments con-
ducted during the middle of the last century in ascertaining the

AZOTURIA. ; 653

action of the bile when introduced into frogs, rabbits and dogs.
The solvent action of bile on the blood corpuscles, the destruc-
tive effect on the various glandular organs, its slowing action
on the heart, and its effect on body temperature, and on serous
membranes, the production of hemoglobin in the urine, and
the increase in nitrogen were ascertained. These investigators
were Feltz and Ritter, Rohrig, Hoppe Seyler, Frerichs, Kihne,
Graham Brown, Leyden, T. von Dusch, Johannes Ranke, Kem-
arsky, Traube, J. Steiner, Luciani, Charcat, Koloman Miiller,
Magendi, Bouisson, Goupil and others, and quoted by J. W.
Legg, who also verified many of these experiments.

During a period of /fastzug the urea is not excreted until
from 12 to 48 hours after exercise, though proteid katobolism is
immediately increased. Hence some of the experiments carried
out in regard to the proteid metabolism that goes on in the
body during actzve muscular exercise and estimated by the
amount of urea passed must necessarily have been erroneous
wniess the calculations are based on the amount of urea passed
up to and during the 48 hours following the exercise. Experi-
ments have been made on dogs. When a dog is fed proteid
diet the N. is eliminated 33 per cent. in the first 2 hours and
about 50 per cent. during the first 6 hours. In fact, the increase
in elimination of urea is almost immediate and increases to the
maximum in about 6 hours. ‘The inference from this is clearly
that the increased excretion of urea is due principally to the
metabolisation of oz/y the dzgested and absorbed protetds of the
food. Uric acid has been prepared synthetically from urea and
glycocol.

The administration of ammonia salts increases the excretion
of urea and uric acid.

Lactic acid and ammonia are primarily formed in the mus-
cles, the secondary changes to urea and uric acid occur in the
liver principally, but in some cases in the spleen.

The metabolism of tissue proteids themselves may yield
the precursors of hippuric acid. Hammarsten states that the
special organs for the synthesis of hippuric acid are the muscles

654 RICHARD PRICE.

and liver. Schafer states the kidneys, but as the experiments
were carried out on dogs, this would be true, as Hammarsten
says that these organs in dogs synthesize hippuric acid, but the
liver does so in other animals. ‘There is so little new on the
theory of where the urine is formed and where excreted, that I
may be justified in referring to the teachings of Galen’s time,
1650 years ago, which was that the products of the urine were
formed in the liver and separated by the kidneys. Feeding
glycocol increases the amount of urea in the urine ; in fact, it
leaves the body as urea.

Sarcolactic acid is not normally found in the urine, but
appears where there is either a suspension of the hepatic func-
tions or zzterference with the oxidation process, due to muscular
activity either severe or prolonged, the oxidations not keeping
pace with the production of lactates in the muscles.

“The bile acids must be derived from some nitrogenous
bodies ; it is therefore probable that they come from the albu-
minous compounds of the system, though whether through the
breaking down of the tissues or the splitting up of the peptones
from the food is not known.”

“The surplus proteids of diet is largely broken down into
atnmonia compounds in the wall of the intestines and these
compounds pass to the liver.”

‘Of late years, even physiological chemists have succeeded
in detecting both pigments and acids in the urine in health, a
sure sign that they must be present in the blood, as it would not
be assumed that the kidneys were able to secrete them.” (Legg.)

Analyses made for me by N. Lehnen, Ph. D., of urine from
a horse affected with azoturia, showed a great increase in the
bile, uric and hippuric acids, albuminose, phosphates, coloring
matter, and a decrease in creatinin, and, contrary to the gener-
ally accepted idea, a great decrease in urea. This was as com-
pared with an analysis of urine from a healthy horse.

The solids were in the diseased horse’s urine 220.675 per
1000, as against 106.140 per 1000 in the healthy urine; being
more than double.

AZOTURIA. 655

The reaction of the urine in another case was sour at the
comtmencement of the attack, and contained blood, bile and al-
bumen, becoming gradually less acid in reaction up to the
twelfth hour, when it gave a neutral test, and alkaline reactions
on and after the sixtieth hour up to the ninety-seventh, the
blood, bile aud albumen also gradually disappeared, until only
traces were found on the ninety-seventh hour, and the tests
ceased.

There can be no doubt but that a difference will be found in
nearly every case, no two being exactly alike. Therefore, tests
of the urine should be of material assistance to the practitioner
in guiding him as to the proper treatment to adopt in each case.
Unfortunately, the tests of the urine and of the blood for bile
acids, or their salts, as well as those for lactic acid, and other
pathological products in these fluids, are most complicated and
difficult. It is a good deal like giving a man who knows nothing
about painting the necessary paints, brushes and canvas, etc.,
then telling him how to paint the picture and letting him go
ahead. ‘The result can be imagined better than described. Ido
not mean to throw discredit on the members of our profession,
but we must all admit that such tests, requiring many hours and
even days of careful and constant application (during which
complications may arise that are only to be considered within
the domain of the mos¢ expert organic chemists to combat suc-
cessfully,) are not possible for the active practitioner to make.
A general test, however, for certain substances can be hastily
made, and I hope in a later paper to be able to give more fully
the results of investigations I am still carrying out regarding
this disease, with a description of the handiest tests for the
practitioner.

Legg says: ‘“Fazlure of physiological chemistry to detect bodies
in no way warrants the assertion of their absence ina fluid.”
When certain organs become overworked, or when for any cause
they cannot perform their natural functions, other organs at-
tempt to relieve them.

I have consulted the works of these well-known and recog-

#56 RICHARD PRICE.

nized authorities on physiology and organic chemistry, Kirk,
Hammarsten, Schafer and others, concerning the natural process-
es that occur ina healthy body under normal conditions. There
are many points, such as the formation of the bile acids, choleste-
rin, lactic and uric acids, which may undoubtedly under abnormal
conditions be secreted and formed in an abnormal manner, and in
organs and tissues which usually do not perform these functions,
it being an endeavor on their part to maintain the systemic _
equilibrium necessary to prevent disease or death. This may
be done in ‘an imperfect manner, and an effete substance pro-
duced in another form, one not usual for the excretory organs
to eliminate. ‘The lungs, kidneys, skin, bowels, liver, spleen,
etc., are contingent to a great extent one on the other, and can,
to a limited extent, vicariously assume the functions of the
others. For this reason substances can be found by expert or-
ganic chemists that do not usually appear in the urine.
Many old theories have to be thrown aside, and their arguments
carefully sifted. Over twenty years ago I read a paper before
our Veterinary Medical Association in Minneapolis, in which I
gave the urinalysis of these cases of azoturia referred toina
previous part of this paper, and noted the unusual appearance
of bile. Reference in it was made to a controversy between
Professors Williams and Axe in the old country. The former
attributed the disease to “‘ An excess of urea in the urine, which
is itself due to a hyper-nitrogenous condition of the blood and
system generally.”

Prof. Axe contended this theory on the ground that urea
does not exist to any abnormal amount in the urine in these
cases. He proposed to call the disease acute convulsive hzema-
turia. ‘There are many errors however, in his tests.

Prof. Walley found hematuria, and also excess of urea and
biliary matters, and proposes to give the name azotemia or
even toxcemia. He evidently considered the disease an acute
uremia.

None of these substances, however, produce any of the
symptoms of azoturia when injected into the economy, with the

AZOTURIA. 657

exception of the bile salts, and of these the glycocholic and
taurocholic are the active ones. ‘They are found inthe blood as
glycocholate and taurocholate of soda. Experiments conducted
by Htnefeld many years ago, showed that the bile dissolved the
red blood corpuscles ; other investigators found this to be true. »
The leucocytes are also destroyed. Leyden observed parenchy-
matous degeneration of the glands and muscles following sub-
cutaneous injections. Ranke found the muscles ¢o swell up and
become as hard as wood after intramuscular injections. Legg
repeated these experiments and coincided with Ranke. Intra-
venous injections of ox bile filtered, or of the bile acids in solu-
tion, have a slowing action on the heart. |

After the injection of bile acid salts into the blood che urzne
quickly becomes high-colored from the presence of hemoglobin.
(Frerichs.)

Graham Brown found in nearly every case a great rise in the
amount of nitrogen excreted by the urine immediately after the
injection of the bile acid salts under the skin; in one case
the amount passed in the first 24 hours after the injection was
just double the average of the three foregoing days. Feltz and
Ritter made two observations with taurocholate of soda in
dogs and found a decrease in the amount of urea but an tn-
crease tn the uric actd. ‘The urine in most cases seems to be
alkaline.

These experiments are quoted from Legg’s work on the bile.
He further gives the following experiments with cholalic acid,
which is also one of the active derivatives of the bile.

T. von Dusch found that cholalate of soda dissolved the red
blood corpuscles.

Hoppe Seyler intravenously administered the same salt and
found coloring matter from the blood and albumen in the urine.
The kidneys were quite black and the tubules filled with blood
crystals. ;

In regard to urea and oxalates, the injection of these sub-
stances into the body of an animal has never produced symp-
toms in any way similar to those witnessed in azoturia.

658 MOORE AND WAY.

A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES.

By VERANuS A. MooRE AND CASSIUS WAy, NEW YORK STATE VETERI-
NARY COLLEGE, ITHACA, N. Y.

Read before the 14th Annual Meeting of the N. Y. State V. M. Society, at Brooklyn,
Sept. 13-15, 1904.

For the past few years the subject of a rapid diagnosis of
rabies has received the attention of a large number of patholo-
gists and bacteriologists. The sanitary importance of the disease ;
the fact that its cause is as yet not definitely settled; that a
large number of animals, principally dogs, are going mad, thus
endangering the life of domesticated animals and mankind ; has
led to a great deal of thorough and extended research on this
subject. A rapid diagnosis of rabies, therefore, is a matter of
much importance to the physician and the patient as well as to
the general public.

Up to the present time, or at most within the last two or
three years, the only sure means of diagnosis has been by the
inoculation of experimental animals, more often rabbits, a
practice oftentimes impossible to carry out with any degree of
certainty on account of the decomposition of the material to be
used. Even under the most favorable circumstances, from two
to six weeks are necessary by this method to make a positive
diagnosis. This time is sufficient for those who chanced to
have been bitten by the rabid dog to develop and succumb to
the disease. As well stated by Babés, it would seem “that this
disease so clearly characterized by a train of symptoms, constant
in their character, ought also to present characteristic lesions in
the nervous centres and especially in the ganglia of the nerves
which preside over these symptoms.” With this as a hypothesis,
a number of students have worked along this line, their object
being not only to disclose if possible the cause of the affection,
but also to find a method of diagnosis more rapid and more
certain than any yet known.

Among those who have worked on rabies, the most promi-
nent and most successful have been Pasteur, Babés, Van Ge-

A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 659

huchten and Nelis, Ravenel and Negri. Pasteur introduced
and perfected the diagnosis of rabies by animal inoculations.
Babés described certain changes, principally vascular, in the
central nervous system. These changes consist of a prolifera-
tion of small round cells about and within the capsules of the
nerve cells, together with certain changes within the nerve cell
itself consisting of vacuolation and alterations in the chromatin
of the nucleus. In addition to this he found what he accepts
as constant and positive lesions in the medulla oblongata con-
sisting of a collection of round embryonic cells about the cen-
tral canal and especially about the large modified cells of the
motor centres of the bulb and cord, for which he proposed the
name “rabic tubercle.” His results have naturally led him to
trust this diagnosis and he still holds it to be one of the best
means for a rapid diagnosis of this disease. About 1898 Van
Gehuchten and Nelis discovered in the spinal ganglia of rabid
patients certain lesions which they considered as diagnostic.
In 1901, Ravenel and McCarthy confirmed the findings of Van
Gehuchten and Nelis, and in 1903 Negri published an article in
which he states that he has discovered the cause of this disease in
a protozoon which is found within the nerve cell and which con-
stantly appears in the nervous system of rabid animals. A
score of other investigators have published the results of their
researches on this subject, but a review of this voluminous litera-
ture is not germain to the purpose of this paper.

The present status of the knowledge of the morbid anatomy
of rabies together with the demand for a method for the rapid
diagnosis of this disease has ied us to bring before this society
the results of a series of investigations that we have made dur-
ing the present year. Of the various methods that have been
proposed for differentiating rabies the one suggested by Van
Gehuchten and Nelis and later confirmed by Ravenel, Vallee
and a few others seemed to be the easiest and most trustworthy.
Van Gehuchten found certain changes in the nerve cells of the
plexiform ganglion which could be determined by a careful
histological examination. The objection to accepting this

660 MOORE AND WAY.

method has been the difficulty (that has been) experienced in
finding the changes in the ganglion cells which are said to be
characteristic of the disease. Our purpose has been twofold.:
Firstly, to identify the lesions in the ganglia, and, secondly, to
simplify and perfect the method so that the most definite and
characteristic results may be obtained; and we believe our find-
ings are of sufficient interest and importance to warrant their
presentation at this time. Our reason for this is, that during
the last four months we have received a number of heads of
dogs that had died of rabies from the numerous outbreaks that
have occurred in this State and in every instance we have been
able to make the diagnosis which was later confirmed by ani-
mal inoculation. We believe that the lesions in the ganglion
cells are usually well-marked and that the difficulties that have
been experienced in the various laboratories in the use of this
method as a rapid diagnosis are attributable to the technique.

In our work we have found the plexiform ganglion, which is
situated just outside of’ the cranial cavity near the foramen las-
erum basis cranii, on the pneumogastric nerve, the most con-
venient and the most desirable for study. The removal of this
ganglion is comparatively easy and simple.

There are two ways by which this ganglion can be easily
found. Firstly, take up the pneumogastric nerve and trace it
anteriorly to the point where it enters the cranium. Near this
point a slight enlargement, the ganglion of the trunk of the
vagus, will be found. Secondly, cut through the skin from the
mandibular symphysis posteriorly along the neck and reflect it
back. An incision is then made through the mylohyoid mus-
cle near the inner face of the mandible posteriorly past the di-
gastric muscle and superiorly until the lingual nerve coming
from the tongue is exposed. ‘Trace this posteriorly until the
point where it enters the cranium together with the vagus is
reached. In this way it is easy to locate the vagus nerve and
the plexiform ganglion. We have found either one of these
methods or a combination of the two very convenient, and with
a knowledge of the location of these parts there is no reason

A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES. 661

why the ganglion should not be removed quickly and easily.

After the ganglion is removed there are a variety of methods
which may be used in fixation and staining. However, as we
do not wish at this time to deal with laboratory technique, we
will simply give a summary of the method which has proven.
most efficient both in time and fixation. As soon as the gang-
lion is removed it is placed in Flemming’s fluid for a few hours,
washed in water, carried through the alcohols and sectioned by
the paraffin method. With this method of fixation it is almost
imperative that the sections be stained with iron or Delafield’s
hematoxylin, of which we have found the latter the most con-
venient. Alcohol, either 95 per cent. or absolute, may be used
as a fixer, in which case other staining methods may be used.
However, the fixation by this method is not as good.

Normally this ganglion is composed of a fibrous capsule
from which a supporting fibrous tissue extends into the in-
terior, holding in its meshes the nerve cells, each of which is
enclosed in an endothelial capsule. The changes characteristic
of rabies consist in the atrophy, the invasion and the destruc-
tion of the ganglion cell as a result of new formed cells, evi-
dently from the endothelial capsule. These cells appear first
between the nerve cell and its capsule. These changes are
quite uniform through the entire ganglion and in advanced
cases of the disease nearly all of the nerve cells are oftentimes
destroyed.

While in this preliminary paper we wish simply to state our
verification of Van Gehuchten’s findings and confirm the possi-
bility of making a rapid diagnosis of the disease, we are con-
strained to make a few suggestions in the handling of rabid ani-
mals which the use of this method demands. From what has
been said, it is evident that this method can only be used by
those familiar with laboratory technique and who have the fa-
cilities for such work. In this respect it differs from animal
inoculation, which can be made by any practitioner. The im-
portance, however, of knowing that a dog that has bitten ani-
mals or people has rabies, is sufficient to overcome the objec-

662 MOORE AND WAY.

tions to the method and to warrant the extra trouble of sending
the material to some laboratory.

It has been clearly pointed out by Negri as well as Van
Gehuchten, that in order to find the characteristic lesions it is
necessary that the disease in the infected animal should run its
natural course. While the agezs morbi is present and may be
transmitted to experimental animals by inoculation by using the
brain of rabid animals that are killed several days before the
disease would naturaliy terminate, the morbid changes in the
nervous tissue are not in evidence until very near the end of
the disease. This essential feature requires that where the diag-
nosis is to be made from the anatomical changes it is obliga-
tory that the disease shall be allowed to run its natural course.
_ For this reason the quite general habit of killing suspected ani-
mals, thus destroying the possibility of making a rapid dtag-
nosis, should be replaced by capturing the animals and keeping
them in safe quarantine until they die. It must be understood
that the method here described is for the rapid diagnosis of the
disease, and not a method for its early diagnosis.

In our experience we have found that the simplest and safest
method of sending suspected rabid material to the laboratory is
to cut off the head and neck close to the shoulder, pack it in a
pail of ice and send by the first express.

In conclusion we would state that in our opinion Babés’
method is less practical than that of Van Gehuchten. We are
at present endeavoring to verify Negri’s findings concerning the
etiology of rabies, and it is possible that in the near future his
discoveries may lead to still better methods for a rapid and a
positive diagnosis of this disease.

Dr. WILLIAM C. RAYEN, Nashville, Tenn., has disposed of
his practice and will make his future home in Southern Cali-
fornia. Dr. Rayen has resided in Nashville for the past fifteen
years and enjoys the highest esteem and confidence of the people
of that city. Dr. Rayen held the position of State Veterinarian
for a number of years and has occupied a number of State and
Government positions.

OBSTETRICS. 663

OBSTETRICS.

By M. S. WHitcoms, M. D. C., Austin, MINN.

Read before the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association,
August, 1904.

This branch of the veterinary profession is of great import-
ance to the practitioner who has a country practice. This
branch of veterinary science, from all economical standpoints, .is
of great importance. The value of nearly all the domesticated
animals, and the necessity of their multiplication to supply the
demands of a widely extended and rapidly progressive civiliza-
tion, renders everything connected with their reproduction of the
greatest importance. To assist creatures in the pangs of pro-
tracted labor, to prevent or shorten suffering, and in all proba-
bility to preserve life during this physiological act, is no less a
duty than it should be a source of satisfaction to the veteri-
narian.

In all the cases of dificult parturition, and most of them that
we are called to attend are difficult, the operator is expected to
deliver the mother at any cost of labor, exposure, risk of in-
fection, etc.

As a rule, there can be benefit only where the veterinary
surgeon is called and is present in good time. Called upon too
late, after the fluids have all escaped for a long period, and the
neighboring empiric has exhausted his science, aggravated a
bad presentation, irritated the genital organs by manipulations,
tractions and violent means, then all the ability of the ex-
perienced practitioner may be of no avail. He will find the
passages dry and swollen, the foetus more or less advanced into
the pelvic cavity, wedged so tight that the hand can scarcely be
passed into the uterus, which is very closely contracted on to the
foetus. How is it possible to manipulate in such a place, how
change the vicious position, which the greatest effort cannot make
advance or retract? How can asharp instrument be carried into
the uterine cavity, and used with safety, when the hand alone
can with difficulty be made to enter it? It is under these cir-

°

664 ’ M. S. WHITCOMB.

cumstances that a practical knowledge of obstetrics, and a good
amount of physical strength is most valuable, and renders him
who possesses them a great acquisition in an agricultural district.
In the animal-rearing localities is to be found the school in
which the practitioner may be initiated into all the difficulties
of this complex art, which is attended with many inconveniences
and hardships.

When the floor, on which the aninial stands, inclines toward
the head it is most favorable for an exploration, as the intes-
tines are thrown forward, somewhat away from the uterus.

The practitioner is not called to attend many cases of natural,
or spontaneous parturition. It is dystokia and generally after
the case has been tampered with, and much harm done, that the
veterinarian is called in to operate. —The most common presenta-
tions in dystokia are: front feet with head misplaced, or one
foot and the head, the other leg being misplaced, head presenta-
tion, tail presentation and all four feet presented. ‘The most
difficult of these, I think, is the last.

I will recite a few cases that have been quite difficult ones
for me.

Was called May 30, 1902, to take a foetus from a mare that
had been laboring all night, arriving there about 9 A. M., nearly
twelve hours from the time the mare showed signs of labor.
Owner informed me when I started to prepare for the job that a
neighbor of his had tried and failed. I found the patient quite
easy in astanding position and eating hay some of the time.
On examination, found the front feet presented and head mis-
placed, turned down into the most dependent part of the uterus,
and so far forward that it was impossibie to reach any part of it.
I knew by this time that if I had any success with the job I
must change the position of the fcetus. I first straightened out
the front legs, and as far as possible bringing them into view,
about twelve inches, and tied them firmly together in two
places, one below and the other above the fetlock joints; then
passed a lever between the legs, between the places where they
were tied together. After placing the repeller against the colts’

OBSTETRICS. 665

sternum, had an attendant turn the lever, while with the repel-
ler I slightly forced the foetus back from the passage. We were
soon making some headway and in this manner soon had the
head where I could reach it, and turn it back into the passage,
which I did without the aid of a hook. The head now being
in position, the foetus was easily removed, and the job was com-
pleted in a short time without injury to the mare.

Was called to the farm of Mr. H., April 18, 1903, to deliver
a mare which the owner and a ncighiee had tried to operate on,
but had failed. I arrived about nine hours after labor had com-
menced. I found on examination that all four feet were pre-
sented, the front ones somewhat in advance of the hind ones.
The head was within easy reach. I found that I could not re-
tract the hind feet enough to take the foetus away head first,
so decided to try and get the other end started first. The front
legs being in the way, I disjointed them at the knee, and after
securing the hind feet with some cotton rope, I had the helpers
try to start that end, while with the repeller I pushed the front
end somewhat forward, and soon the hind end came into the
passage and was easily taken away without injury to the
mother. In such presentations as this it is almost always im-
possible to deliver the head first, as the long hind legs are con-
tinually catching, and preventing any progress, and do much in-
jury if much force is used. In all similar cases, I try to take
the foetus by the hind legs, and deliver that end first.

Extra-uterine pregnancy is occasionally met with, which is
a serious condition, and is very confusing.

In studying the development and progress of the ovum after
its escape from the ovary, and impregnation by the spermatozoa
of the male, we find that a peculiar arrangement exists in the
presence of the fringed border at the extremity of the fallopian
tube, which grasps the ovum and permits it to be conveyed in-
to the canal on its way to the uterus. From certain causes
which are not yet clearly understood, it sometimes chances that
the ovum, instead of taking its natural course, remains in the
ovary, is arrested in its progress through the tube, or escaping

666 M. S. WHITCOMB.

the fimbriated extremity of the latter, falls into the peritoneal
cavity or glides between the folds of peritoneum constituting
the broad ligament, or between the serous and mucous mem-
branes of the uterus. In all of these abnormal conditions, na-
ture makes an effort to afford space and nutrition for the embrio,
and thus supplies the place of the uterus. ‘This effort, as might :
be anticipated, is only partially successful, and after attaining a
development that is more or less imperfect, the foetus perishes
from lack of nourishment. These deviations, according to most
writers, are rare. I have met with two such cases in my prac-
tice and can say that they are not very nice to get into. They
both terminated fatally. In one of these, on which I held a
post-mortem, I found that the foetus had been formed in the ab-
dominal cavity, not being connected with the uterus in the least.

The most frequent sequelz to parturition in the mare are
parturient laminitis and metritis, in the cow parturient paresis,
all of which are quite serious conditions.

I have found that large doses of potassium nitrate three or
four timesa day, laxatives and laxative diet, and in severe cases
poultices to the feet, are very beneficial in parturient laminitis.

DAN PATCcH’s ILLNESS.—Last week the unwelcome news
was received from Topeka that the champion pacing stallion
Dan Patch was desperately sick and had little or no chance to
recover. Veterinarians were summoned from the Kansas capi-
tal and a skilful practitioner was wired for from Kansas City.
Later a New York veterinarian who had previously treated Dan
during the time Mr. Messner owned him was also sent for and
took train for the West as soon as possible. In the meantime
the local surgeons had diagnosed the case as one of ruptured
stomach, according to popular report, but later it was thought
that a twisted or telescoped intestine was to blame for the in-
tense pain suffered by the horse. As may readily be supposed
nothing was left undone to promote his comfort or his ultimate
recovery and later accounts are that he has improved. Beinga
good business man Mr. Savage has Dan insured in Lloyds of
London for $50,000 and in the event of death would not be such
a heavy loser from a financial point of view.—(Areeder’s Gazette,

Sept. 25.)

REPORTS OF CASES. 667

REPORTS OF CASES.

** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his protession, and assists by his facts
tn building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’

AN INTERESTING CASE THAT DID NOT DIE.

By GERALD EB. GRIFFIN, D. V. S., Vet. Art’y Corps; U. S. Army,
Fort Sheridan, Ill. ;

Healthy bay gelding, nine years, 1100 lbs., draught animal.
Tied on picket line close to a post. Worked as usual in morn-
ing, ate and drank as usual.

Ist.—p. M. of this date reported with “lump” on middle of
neck ; the examination revealed slight swelling to left of trachea
and about midway between larynx and point of shoulder. Bite ?
Local treatment.

2d.—Swelling enlarged, hot and painful, animal refusing
all food. No diagnosis. Local treatment.

3d.—Swelling involves middle third of neck. animal hold-
ing same stiffly, refused all food. Temperature 104, respirations
hurried and irregular, pulse 65. Swelling hard and very prom-
inent on left of middle third of neck. What’s the matter? No
diagnosis. Incision, escape of fcetid gas, followed by foul smell-
ing pus, mixed with imperfectly masticated food. Rupture of
cesophagus surely? Incision enlarged, wound of cesophagus
134 inches long, irregular in outline; trachea crushed, three
rings involved, looks like a tin pipe caved in; enlarged previous
incision, incised trachea superiorly, straightened out rings with
hand; mistake to have made incision superiorly ; should have
made it inferiorly ; didn’t think sufficiently; not too late yet;
expect case to die anyway. Incised inferiorly, plugged crushed
part with gauze, inserted tube below, cleaned, disinfected and
wrapped with gauze. Patient refuses food, introduced one gal-
lon milk, package of oatmeal, six eggs and two gallons of water
through wound in cesophagus by means of rectal syringe; shall
I suture cesophagus? No, had bad results before where this
was done; clean and pack with gauze. What do the books
say?

4th.—Tem perature, respirations and pulse same as yesterday ;
refuses all food. Large painful swelling in region of larynx.
What now? Incision revealed collection of pus, foetid; must
have drainage ; cavity at bottom of original incision; contains
much pus, seemingly burrowing ; made an incision lower third

668 REPORTS OF CASES.

of neck opposite point of shoulder and connected all three in-
cisions by means of gauze seton. Fed animal again through
wound in cesophagus; loosing flesh rapidly ; everyone thinks
he is going to die; me too. Use weak bichloride solution on
wound.

5th.—Temperature 102, respirations more regular, pulse 50,
feel encouraged. Patient attempts to drink; cannot get water
into stomach ; pours out through wound for 17 minutes; intro-
duce food_as before ; no sign of granulation; slough forming in
original incisions and wounds looking dirty, except lower one ;
good drainage. Trachea doing well; no lung nor bronchial
symptoms. After cleaning, patient evidences a desire for more
water; furnished same; hold wounded cesophagus in forceps ;
water passes into stomach with little leakage. Pack wound, no
food offered.

6th.—Temperature, respirations and pulse practically nor-
mal; a desire for food ; eats two pounds of hay and two of oats
approximately ; difficulty in region of wound; drinks, water
leaks through wound in stream; on unpacking large quantity
of food in all wounds except superior, especially oats; hay bet-
ter as a food in these cases, passes downward in ball, prevents
constriction ; so say the books; believe they are right for once.
Hold wound of cesophagus in forceps and give water; little
leakage thus; granulations appearing; slough of original inci-
sions coming away; things look cheerful; a grand case. Will
he pull through? An unlimited supply of hay allowed at night,
none during day, but plenty of water.

7th to 18th.—Trachea doing nicely, no trouble here; re-
moved tube on 11th; cesophagus granulating slowly; animal
very thin and weak. What about feeding perrectum? Think
not necessary. Wrapped cesophagus with thin rubber sheet on
13th ; less escape of food since.

tgth to 28th.—Everything granulating nicely. Tracheal
rings a little misshapen, but firm and strong; removed gauze
wrapping on 16th. Qsophagus still leaking, but granulating
slowly ; patient picking up.

31st.—Everything looks favorable ; trachea all right, slight-
ly disfigured, but no difficulty in breathing ; cesophageal leak
about size of lead pencil.

32d to 4oth.—Conditions improving. More pus than there
should be. Where does it come from? Exploration reveals
deep-seated abscess behind cesophagus in median incision ; emp-
ty same.

REPORTS OF CASES. 669

41st to 49th.—Everything lovely; pus disappeared; all
wounds closing rapidly ; cannot see cesophageal wound, but
only a few drops of water leak out now; no food.

50th.—No leak this date ; animal in good shape.

51st to 59th.—Little attention necessary; only a few drops.
of pus from inferior opening ; superior and middle incisions
closed; patient eating oats, bran, etc., since the 53d day.

62d. —Exercised animal to- day, walk, trot and gallop; no
unfavorable symptoms noted.

63d.—Sent for light duty ; a few drops of pus from inferior
opening.

67th.—AIll wounds closed, animal returned to place in team.

73d.—Animal doing well; no further attention necessary.
During treatment all kinds of antiseptics used—carbolic, creo-
lin, bichloride, boracic acid, iodoform, alcohol, etc.

What was cause of crushing and rupture? Who knows?
One man said he saw another horse have this one by throat;
doubt it; no marks observed. Another said the stable wagon
jammed animal between post and wheel; all bosh! a kick
might have crushed the trachea, but how account for the rup-
ture in cesophagus ?

Theory is that animal was kicked and trachea fractured in
first place, a pressure upon cesophagus, choke and rupture.
This theory will scarcely hold water, however.

We could describe many other interesting cases, but some-
how the most interesting ones die. ‘They appear to have a
habit of doing this.

MERCURIAL POISONING OF CATTLE.
By JOHN P. TURNER, V. M. D., Washington, D. C.

Recently there occurred in my practice three cases which
presented such atypical symptoms that I deem it worthy to report
the same.

The animals were cows which had recently aborted within
a short time of each other, and from which I very carefully re-
moved the placentze after injecting the vagina daily with
@ 1 oo bichloride of mercury solution for three days. My prac-
tice in these cases has been to give daily vaginal douches for
one week, then three times a week for the following two weeks
and subsequently once a week until a fortnight before the cow
is bred. Owing to the large number of cattle affected with
contagious abortion in this herd and the quantity of bichloride
used in this treatment, I obtained a barrel in which’ was

670 REPORTS OF CASES.

kept 5) solution of this antiseptic. Instructions were always
given the farmer to dilute this stock solution with equal parts
of water, and for over a year this treatment has been used on
this farm in a struggle to eliminate abortion from the herd.

About one week after starting the usual treatment in these
three cows, they suddenly showed symptoms of pyrexia, to-
gether with increased respiration and a sharp distressing cough
suggestive of bronchitis. After a febrile period of two to three
days an eruption of pustules occurred in the vagina, on the lips
of the vulva, on the perineum, part way down the escutcheon,
and in one of the cases the eruption occurred on the tail. These
pustules were noticed on other parts of the body, particularly
along the spine and about the lower jaw and neck. Irritation
of the intestine soon developed, which was noticed by the fetid
diarrhcea. ‘The fever continued for five days, during which the
animals showed an aversion to food, but the cough continued
for two weeks. An examination of the mouth and pharynx
revealed no abnormal condition and salivation was at no time
present. My first impression was that these cows were affected
with mercurial poisoning, but the fact that no cases had
occurred before this time, with presumably the same treatment,
and to the further fact of the very high temperature, the rack-
ing cough, absence of salivation and also erosions in the mouth
made it seem desirable to have a consultation. I therefore re-
quested Dr. John R. Mohler, of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
to examine these cows with me, and our conclusion was that
the animals were suffering with mercurial poisoning as a result
of the absorption of the vaginal douch by the raw surfaces con-
sequent on the lacerations associated with removing the pla-
cent.

The animals were given appropriate treatment locally and
internally, and in three weeks they had fully recovered, with
the milk secretion fairly well established. In view of the dele-
terious results following the vaginal injection of these three
cows without any such effects in previous injections it seems
probable that the stock solution had been inadvertently in-
jected without diluting as instructed, although it was impossi-
ble to confirm this supposition. However, the occurrence will
cause ine to substitute other antiseptics in the future treatment
of contagious abortion. This report is presented primarily on
account of the rather unusual combination of symptoms noted
in the affected cows, and also as a warning against the indis-
criminate use of bichloride of mercury in cattle practice, espe-

REPORTS OF CASES. 671

cially to be deprecated in giving it to the uneducated laity for
home employment.

A PUPPY AND A HAT-PIN.
By B.S: Ricwarps, V. S., Pittsburg. Pa,

On July 7th, 1904, Mrs. E. Utly, of Shady Ave., this city,
sent her butler to my office with her fox terrier pup, seven
weeks old, and told me he had a chicken bone in his throat. I
took him out of the basket to examine him, and could feel
something in the right side of the neck, with the point about
an inch from the ear; it was under the skin, and posterior to
the point it was also deep in the muscles. I told him it was
not in the throat, whatever it was, for it was up on the side of
the neck, and not near the course of the cesophagus, and could
not be anything he had swallowed. After considerable exami-
nation I could feel that it extended down between the two first
ribs. As it was situated it felt as thick as a lead pencil. Finally,
on turning him over, I felt something pushing the skin out on
the left side back in the flank. ‘his made me look, and also
to think. When I pushed on the prominence in the flank the
point in the neck would move, and wzce versa. When I moved
him or the point in the neck, he would growl and try to bite.
Then I remembered an article I had seen in the REVIEW, of a
veterinarian in Chicago finding a meat skewer in a dog’s stom-
ach, and I supposed that was what I had to deal with. I made
a small opening in the skin in the neck and pushed on the
lump in the flank, and to my surprise the object which pro-
truded was of steel. Then I took a pair of forceps and pulled,
and when it was out about six inches it stopped. Then I found
out that it was caught some distance down the neck, but deeper
than the skin. I pulled it up as far as I could and pushed the
skin down and made a small hole in the cesophagus and forced
out the head of a hat pin, 734 inches long. This only left a
very small hole in the skin, and the one in the cesophagus re-
tracted, as the pin had gone down head first and the point had
gone down almost to the opening into the chest, and then came
out into the muscles of the neck and stopped back of the right
ear. I found out afterwards that the pin had been left on the
kitchen floor by the plumber, who had used it to clean out the
holes in a gas-burner of the range. I put one stitch in the skin
and ordered liquid food for a few days, and he made a fine re-
covery.

672 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M.

A REMARKABLE CASE OF Fa:TAL DISTOKIA DUE TO AN
ENORMOUS CONDITION OF ANASARCA OF THE Fa:tus [D7.
Zambont Gaetano|.—A cow due to deliver 42 days before, was
one morning taken with labor. A practitioner was called, but,
finding the case rather difficult, and being unable to extract the
foetus, he advised the call of a regular veterinarian. The au-
thor came, and, after exploring the genital cavities, and finding
a breech presentation with the hind legs and tail presenting, he
secured a rope on them and directed seven men who were there
to pull. All the efforts resulted in the extraction of half of the
foetus, from the diaphragm back. With the mass the ribs,
heart and lungs were torn away, but all other attempts to re-
move or to turn the foetus were unsuccessful. The owner was
told to sell the cow, but he could not, and later in the day other
attempts were again made to deliver her, but always with no
better results. The author then gave it up and went home.
The next morning, however, he called again to make a post-
mortem, as he expected to find the animal dead. She was liv-
ing and in comparatively comfortable condition. ‘There re-
mained in her but the head of the foetus and an enormous mass.
These were finally secured with rope and hook, and during the
violent efforts made to extract them, something gave away and
some 60 litres of fluid escaped. The remaining mass then came
out, the same quantity of fluid followed, mixed with bands of
soft tissue. A solution of creolin was used to clean the parts,
and recovery was complete. Shortly after, the cow was in heat,
she was covered, and is at present pregnant.—(Clznica Veterin.,
April, 1904.)

A DousBLE ATTACK OF LocKkjAw [G. F.].—A 14-year-old
horse was affected with lockjaw on December 1, 1902, present-
ing all the symptoms of an acute attack, with likely rapid termi-
nation. ‘T'reated with rectal injections of chloral and ether,
kept in darkness and with two subcutaneous injections of anti-
tetanic serum, one of 20, the other of 30 cubic centimetres, the
animal on Dec. 5 manifested marked improvement, and in a few
days the symptoms were gradually subsiding. The horse
resumed work on Jan. 15, and for eight months did well, when

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 673

he picked up a nail in the street, and suddenly all the symp-
toms of tetanus were apparent and as marked as in the first
attack. A similar treatment was prescribed and followed by
recovery. <A second attack of such disease followed with recov-
ery deserves to be recorded.—( Gzornale a’ Ippologia, April, 1904.)

A CALF HEIFER WITH SIx Lecs [Dr. Umberto De Mia].
—During the month of Sept., 1903, the author heard of the
rumor that a calf heifer was in town. With some the legs were
situated three on each side. The truth was that there were two
supplementary legs attached on the top of the withers. Born
of a native cow and bull, the heifer was well built and devel-
oped for her age—she was about three weeks old. The spinous
processes of the vertebrz that form the withers were only rudi-
mentary, developed in such a way that the scapula of both sides
extended for two fingers above them. ‘The hairs on the skin of
that portion were rough and bent forward in the opposite direc-
tion to those of the back. The legs were hind extremities, a
little smaller than the natural ones, especially the left, and were
constituted of the shank, hock, pastern and feet. They were
hanging one on each side, and could be placed in any position.
They were attached to the withers by a flat bone, irregular,
longer than wide, which permitted all kinds of motion. The
left supplementary leg had a supplementary metatarsal, scarcely
developed, a reduced pastern, only one claw. The right had
only one claw also, imperfectly developed. The heifer was
kept for nine months, during which the supplementery legs de-
veloped but very little.» She became sick and was slaughtered.
(Z2 Nuovo Ercolant, April 15, 1904.)

HYDROMETRA IN A Cow SIMULATING PREGNANCY [D7r.
‘Riccearella Vittorio|.—The author believes that all cases of
value ought to be recorded, and especially those where errors
of diagnosis are made. ‘This case is one of that nature, the
error being made by him and another coz/rére called in consul-
tation. He was called to see a cow in the best condition of nu-
trition, primipara, and said to be pregnant for six months and a
half. The attendant reported that since she was last covered,
the abdomen had gradually enlarged, and that at times she was
throwing out from the vulvaa large quantity of yellow fila-
mentous matter. The vulva looked like approaching delivery,
the vaginal mucous membrane was rosy and covered with yel-
low liquid that the animal threw out with expulsive efforts.
By vaginal and rectal examinations, the uterus was felt dilated,
but no fcetal movements detected. The case seemed peculiar,

674 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

and another veterinarian, who made a careful examination, pro-
nounced the heifer pregnant, with a dead calf in her. It was
then decided to wait and see what nature would do. Well, it
was not long to wait, for after a few hours, probably as the re-
sult of the many manipulations to which the animal had been
submitted, she expelled an enormous quantity of liquid, partly
creamy and partly fluid, straw colored and entirely inodorous.
The uterus once completely emptied, the abdomen reduced in
size andin due time the cow was again covered and became
pregnant.—(//7 Nuovo Ercolant, April 15, 1904.)

A CASE OF ABNORMAL RETENTION OF THE FQTUS IN A
Cow [Dr. Agostint Umbesto]. —A cow, eleven years old, was
pregnant. From time to time she had been examined, and
from all information and her condition she was considered as
being pregnant since Sept. 8, 1902. Regular examinations were
made of the animal, her condition and that of the calf being
carefully watched, and it was decided to wait for nature to act
rather than to interfere with her, directions being given that the
attendant be called as soon as indications of labor were present.
Time passed and nothing came until Nov. 21, 1903 (14 months
and 13 days from the time the cow was covered). On that day
she was taken with violent pains, the envelopes protruded
through the vulva in an enormous mass. Punctured with a
bistoury, about 150 litres of fluid, yellow and odorless, escaped.
The hand introduced in the uterus felt the living foetus, enor-
mous in size, to such an extent that embryotomy had to be per-
formed. ‘The operation was long and difficult. But after four
hours of work the entire calf had been removed. All the pieces
collected weighed 98 kilograms. The hairs were 10 centi-
metres long, the teeth well developed. There was only one
eye in the middle of the forehead, the lower jaw was seven centi-
metres longer than the upper. ‘The calf was in perfect condi-
tion, no putrefaction, the meat had a normal aspect, and from the
umbilical cord liquid blood was escaping. The cow died on the
fifth day after the operation.—(Za Clinica Veter., April, 1904.)

LACERATION OF THE VAGINA DURING COIT—PROTRUSION
OF THE INTESTINE—RECOVERY [Dr. 7. Guerriert|.—A hand-
some filly of three years, immediately after being covered, hada
slight hemorrhage from the vulva, and about two metres of the
small intestine protruded. Evidently the injury had taken
place during the act. The mare was in pain and making violent
expulsive efforts, which had to be controlled before reduction
could be attempted. An injection of morphine gave the good

\

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 675

result, and the intestines, dirty and soiled with feces, were re-
turned after being thoroughly cleansed with sterilized water.
Once the intestines returned, proper examination of the vagina
could be made; it revealed a laceration beginning about five
centimetres from the vulva and running on the floor of the -
vagina for 15 or 20 centimetres in length and then branching
off transversely, thus making an opening through which the
whole hand could enter the pelvic cavity. Having no specu-
lum, the examination could not be very minute. For treat-
ment, the author, being unable to insert sutures, attempted to
bring the edges of the wound together with a kind of safety
pin, but after applying two he found it impossible to go further
with that mode of treatment. He then decided to place the
animal in a narrow stall, with the floor raised behind, so as
to have her stand higher on the hind than the fore legs. Low
diet, general quietness, and now and then morphine injections
to keep her quiet. The recovery went on well, and left only a
hard irregular cord as cicatrization of the vaginal laceration.—
(17 Nuovo Ercolani, May and June, 1904.)

A CASE OF Buccal ATRESIA IN A CALF [Dr. R. P. Rosst].
—After a few considerations upon this congenital malformation,
the author records a case which he attended. He was called to
see the calf a few moments after birth, and he found it without
a mouth, the complete congenital occlusion being due to the
union of the two lips, having between them a thin rosy mem-
brane. The little fellow, born at term, presenting no other
malformation, the maxillary bones being well developed and
their borders well felt and distinct, it was decided to operate at
once. ‘The calf was secured, the parts disinfected as well as
possible, and an incision made through half the membrane
which united the lips. A little haemorrhage followed, accom-
panied with abundant escape of saliva. The parts were washed
and the borders of the lips cauterized with the nitrate of silver.
But the opening which was left between the lips by the inci-
sion was too small, and the calf was unable to take hold of the
teat and suck its mother. It was necessary to enlarge the
mouth by a prolongation of the incision, right and left. The
profuse hemorrhage which followed had to be stopped with
perchloride of iron, as forceps did not answer. The animal,
however, was quite weak after this long operation, and its lips
being sore, it became necessary to feed him artificially. This
had to be done for three days before the condition of the lips
allowed the little fellow to take the teat. When 4o days old

676 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
he was sold and weighed then 70 kilograms. During the three

years previous to the birth of this calf, the mother had in suc-
cession deformed products.—(C/znica Vet., May 7, 1904.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

3y Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M.
e

PECULIARITIES OBSERVED DURING CASTRATIONS OF A FOx
AND OF A Cat [£. Michelin|.—first Observation.—A gentle-
man was the owner of a fox, which had been captured when very
young. ‘The animal was well tamed and living on very good
terms with a dog of the house, but he had the bad habit of run-
ning away on frolics, and it was decided to castrate him, to make
him more steady at home. The operation was performed on the
right side, not without difficulty and violent struggles on the
part of the animal. When it was quieted, measures were taken
to remove the left testicle, but there was none present at the be-
ginning of the operation; the envelopes were now retracted and
empty. All efforts to bring the testicle down were in vain. Two
months later it was still absent. ‘The animal had kept its bad
habits of disappearing. Second Observation.—A very hand-
some cat, to be cured of his running habits, was to be castrated.
Of kind disposition, he allowed the removal of the right testicle
without much trouble. As the operation was to go on, the ani-
mal slipped away and ran under a piece of furniture. When
secured a second time the left testicle was found absent, the en-
velopes were empty and retracted. It was only after twenty-
two days that the organ returned to its position and could be
removed.—(Revue Gen. de Med. Vet., May, 1904.)

CEREBRAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A Cow [JZ Bergeon|.—A
cow has become sick ; her appetite is delicate; she walks stag-
gering, dislikes to rise and has periods of coma following others
of excitement. Her general condition is rather good—when she
eats she does it slowly, drops the food in the manger and then
takes it up again, toswallow it with difficulty. She drinks ina
peculiar way. At first she sips the surface of the liquid, then
suddenly plunges the head to the bottom of the pail, and when
breathing is about stopping, she raises her head and swallows
slowly the remains of the pail. She carries her head low and
inclined to the right. She gets up with difficulty ; there is loss
of coordination of movements; the pulse is slow and irregular ;
temperature 38°. The case is evidently due to chronic cerebral

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 677

lesion. Tuberculosis is suspected and confirmed by tuberculin.
The animal is slaughtered. Tubercular lesions were found in
the lungs, the pleura and the pericardium, as well as in the
pectoral lymphatic glands, and in the cerebral substance, where
a yellow neoplastic deposit, as big as a large nut, caseous and of
tubercular nature, was found.—(Revue Veterin., May, 1904.)

FRACTURE OF THE TIBIA DUE TO TRAUMATIC OSTEO-PERIOS:
TITIS OF LONG STANDING IN A Horse [JZ Leon Dupus|.—
This case is exceptional in its nature as the fracture occurred
only ‘wo years after the original injury. On August 20, Igor,
until Sept. 21 of that year, a horse was iaid up for a severe con-
tused wound on the internal face of the left tibta. After its re-
covery, he resumed work and kept at it until Aug. 18, 1903,
when he was found suffering with a complete fracture of the
middle part of the tibia. The animal was destroyed immedi-
- ately. At the autopsy, the following lesions were found on the
tibia. The bone was fractured obliquely, in the middle there
were several splinters, one of which measured 7 centimetres in
length. When the pieces of bone were rid of the meat by boil-
ing and brought together, it was observed that the two lines of
separation joined together on the middle of the posterior face of
the bone, forming with the pieces of the fracture an elongated Z.
There were, besides, evidence of old osteo-periostitis and of an old
split of the bone, which were positively due to the severe bruise
received two years previously.—(Revue Gen. de Med. Vet., June,
1904.)

FOREIGN Bopy IN THE CHSOPHAGUS NEAR THE PHARYNX
IN A HORSE—GOoD RESULTS WITH PILOCARPINE AND ESERINE
[Zeon Dupus|.—While being groomed, a mare seized from a
tub full of carrots one of the roots and suddenly swallowed it
without having had time to crush it. Taken to the drinking
place, she was unable to swallow the water, which returned
through the nose. She presented all the symptoms of cesoph-
ageal obstructiou. The foreign body was detected from the
outside, arrested in the cesophagus. Oil was administered, with-
out result. Catheterism was attempted, but seemed to be so
painful that it had to be stopped. A solution of pilocarpine
and eserine (10 centigrams of the first and 5 of the second) was
injected under the skin atg p. M. The effects of the injection
were soon manifested, but as the animal two hours later seemed
relieved of the acute pains, she was left alone, to be operated
next morning, if indicated. The following day, the animal
welcomed her visitor by a sound of clear neighing. During the

678 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

night the foreign body had been dislodged. ‘This treatment
recommended is one which certainly deserves attention and may
after all in many instances give relief in cases where at first
sight cesophagotomy seems the only chance of recovery.—(Kec.
de Med. Vet., June, 1904.)

Curtous CasE OF HEREDITY OF CATARACT IN A Doe [JZ
Maleval|.—A cavalry officer has two black French poodles.
One, a dog, very old and arthritic, has a double lenticular cata-
ract; the other, female, has nothing abnormal in her sight. A
first litter of these two dogs has given seven pups—five of
which died with distemper. Of the two living, one had lentic-
ular cataract when four months old and is now blind. Ina
second litter of eight pups, six were drowned, the two left
showed manifest symptoms of cataract as soon as their eyes
were open.—(Rec. de Med. Vet., June, 1904.)

THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE [JZ /acoulit].—In
January, 1903, a five-year-old mare had double pneumonia.
During the first eight days the disease was at its height, and as
she refused all food, she rapidly lost flesh and became very
weak. To strengthen her, stimulate her heart and her appe-
tite, she was given nux vomiica and two subcutaneous injections,
one of artificial serum, the other of 0.50 centig. of caffeine in
solution. Half an hour after, the mare was very agitated and
had slight colics. This: passed off after an hour, the animal re-
maining quite lively and with a little appetite. The next day
she had the same treatment, without the injection of serum.
Half an hour after the mare became excited, had light colics
and at her right-flank very peculiar jerks were noticed, which
suggested the suspicion of her being pregnant. his had al-
ready been observed the day before. After an hour, she became
quiet and received the injection of serum. In the afternoon, she
had colics again and finally aborted. As after her delivery she
seemed to be much depressed a second injection of caffeine (0.50
centig.) was made; when almost suddenly the colics returned
accompanied with profuse hemorrhage from the vulva, three
litres of blood being thrown out. ‘The next day, as the mare
was again very depressed, thinking that all danger was passed,
more caffeine was given, but the same manifestations recurring,
its use was finally suspended and other stimulants resorted to,
with which the mare was finally carried through. The author
concludes: ‘* This observation shows how prudent one must be
in using caffeine, especially in hypodermic injections, when
given to pregnant females or immediately after parturition, as

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 679

in the minimum dose in which the alkaloid is indicated, it may
promote abortion and abundant uterine hemorrhage.” —(Bud/et.
de la Soc. Cent., June 30, 1904.)

NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF SUMMER SORES BY ANTI-
SEPTIC SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS—CURIOUS RECOVERY
AFTER ONE OF ANTISTREPTOCOCCIC SERUM [EZ. Michelin, Army
Veterinarian |.—The author has tried all the following methods
with all kinds of modifications : antiseptic moist dressings, anti-
septic dry dressings, astringents and caustics, actual cautery,
broken ice bags—all with results rather unsatisfactory. Once he
resorted to surgical interference, free amputation of all diseased
skin ; 36 hours after, the wound had resumed all its bad aspects.
It occurs now to him to try subcutaneous antiseptic injections.
The next day, after the injection there was a warm swelling,
more or less painful, with the phenicated water (5 per cent.),
oxygenated water, and permanganate of potassium. There never
was an abscess. Moist dressings were kept over the part to keep
flies away. Results obtained :—Zorzcated water, 3 per cent., no
result ; Vax Swzeten solution, no result, suppuration iessened ;
cresyled water, 3 per cent., not to be recommended, it irritates
too much; phenzcated water, I to 2 per cent., no effect, 5 per
cent. gives large swelling, cicatrization slower; oxygenated
water, gives rise to large swelling, has no action on the recov-
ery ; permanganate of potassium, 2 per cent, increases the sup-
puration, makes cicatrization slower ; zodo-zodurated solution,
gave the best results, the sore remaining stationary, becoming
dry and cicatrizing regularly ; d7carbonate of soda has been suc-
cessful in two cases; aztistreptococcic serum, a mare has a bad
sore on one side of the neck on August 10, nothing relieving
her, an injection of 10 c.c. of serum is made on 15th round the
sore, large, painful swelling at the point of inoculation follows
the next day, suppurates two days later, in two days the aspect
of the summer sore is changed for the better, tinct. of iodine
and starch dressings are resorted to on the 1gth, recovery.—
(Rec. de Med. Vet., July 15, 1904.)

““T CERTAINLY WOULD NoT BE WITHOUT THE REVIEW for
many times its cost, as it is full of practical articles for the
every-day practitioner, besides many articles along sanitary
lines, which are of especial interest to one in State sanitary
wotrk.”—( 7. C. Norton, D. V. M., Territorial Veterinarian,
Phoenix, Arizona.)

THE outside of a horse is a mighty good thing for the inside
of a man.

680 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

PROGRESS OF THE ARMY BILL.

The Bill ‘“‘to promote the efficiency of the veterinary service
in the United States Army,” as published in the issue of July,
1904, of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, has been care-
fully gone over by the four veterinarians of cavalry and artil-
lery, present at the St. Louis meeting of the A. V. M. Associa-
tion. ‘They had quite a lively time among themselves in their
deliberations and they had besides a voluminous correspondence
on hand, which made a decision still more difficult. However,
they finally agreed on the Bill and the changes to be made in
order to satisfy as much as possible the different wishes of those
army veterinarians who took an active part in framing the Bill.
The document is now ready for print, and will be privately dis-
tributed to all army veterinarians in the United States and in
the Philippines, but no more alterations can now be made. As
far as known practically, all army veterinarians are now agreed
on this Bill, except those serving in the Philippine Islands, but
they had previously given us assurance that they would be in
accord with whatever measure would be adopted in the States.
Dr. Griffin, as representing the artillery veterinarians, and Dr.
Plummer, as representing the cavalry veterinarians, were chosen
to officially forward the Bill with appropriate endorsements of
their commanding officers, through military channels. This
will be done as soon as the Bill is printed, but the exact date
has not yet been fixed.

*
* *

PROFESSOR LIAUTARD’S REJOINDER.
Fort ASSINNIBOINE, Mont., Sept. 6, 1904.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR SirRS:—When I prepared for publication the report
on the repeated injections of mallein, heading it ‘the Nocard
Treatment of Glanders,” I had somehow a wireless message from
my old friend, Prof. Liautard, at Paris, giving me a rejoinder
for the choice of this headline, asalso another message from my
old antagonist, Prof. Williams, of Cornell University, informing
me that cases of slight infection of glanders may recover with-
out any treatment whatever.

The former rejoinder has come, the latter may yet come.
But Prof. Liautard has made it rather easy for me, for instead

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 681

of compelling me to go into a dissertation on the etymology of
the word “treatment,” which means about the same as the
French ‘traitément’’ and the German “ Behandlung,” as far
as my comparative knowledge of these three languages goes, I
need only refer the reader to page 411 of the REVIEW, where,
in recording the conclusions of Prof. Babés, of Bucharest, Prof. ©
Liautard says on line 10:—“. .... or submitted to the same
“treatment”; and ‘again on line 14:—“..... when the
animals have been ‘¢rveazed’ by repeated doses of mallein..... 2?

The mere fact that our old friend applies here unconsciously
twice the word treatment in connection with mallein, is proof
enough that this word constitutes a broad term, and one which
does not include in itself the meaning or intent of a positive
cure. In fact, we frequently meet in English veterinary litera-
ture such combinations as: treatment of herds, treatment of
flocks, hygienic treatment, dietetic treatment, orthopedic treat-
ment, etc., showing to what extent this term may be used.

While I have taken pains to state in the introduction of my
report that the term ‘“‘ Nocard treatment ”’ was not of my own in-
vention and how it came about to be used, yet I am willing to
defend this term, as it has proven so beneficial in my campaign
against glanders in the Philippines. Thus it was a feeling of
acknowledgement and not of irreverence which led me to choose
this term as a title.

The conclusions of Prof. Babés, as summarized by Prof.
Liautard, are very interesting at this time. Undoubtedly
Babés has had plenty of time and the best of facilities to con-
duct his experiments, and his conclusions are expressive and
convey the idea that they are intended to be decisive. But I
wish to point out to Prof. Liautard that the mallein treatment
as applied in the Philippines stood the test of ordinary practice,
and of military veterinary practice at that, with most complex
and unfavorable conditions at the start. Yet, the situation un-
raveled itself in time so favorable, that it was most successful
from a practical standpoint. As far as my conclusions are con-
cerned, I did not permit myself to be carried away by enthusi-
asm, and if Prof. Liautard will carefully read over the whole of
my report, he will find that they are in the main identical with
those of Nocard and Babés, neither of which were known to me
at the time.

Of course, I agree with Prof. Liautard that much of “the
use of mallein as a therapeutic agent is to be left toa later date
to be more thoroughly demonstrated,” but a start has to be

682 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

made and contributions have to be kept up. ‘The history of
glanders teaches us that different outbreaks are of different viru-
lence, and perhaps in a virulent infection the mallein treatment
may be of little if any use. But this has yet to be demon-
strated, and should not prevent any competent veterinarian
from applying this treatment from which can be learned so
much. I, for one, am confident that Nocard has given us a
most powerful and humane weapon in the future combat of
glanders epidemics. OLOF SCHWARZKOPF.
* -
ARMY HORSE HOSPITAL.

Plans for a veterinary hospital have been approved by the
army authorities. They provide for a type hospital for horses
and mules engaged in and belonging to the military service.
The institution will be known as a ‘“‘quartermaster’s stable for
the treatment of sick and wounded animals,” under which title
it may be built at artillery and cavalry posts, out of existing
appropriations, which do not convey the authority for the con-
struction of a so-called veterinary hospital. For some time it
has been recognized by cavalrymen that there was need of a
better system of treatment of public animals. Veterinarians are
employed, but there has been much difficulty in obtaining suit-
able men for this position, and now there are some six vacan-
cies. The new stable will be built at those places where there
are enough public animals to justify a hospital, and the plans
are so arranged that the building may be easily expanded to
meet the demands at different posts.—(New York Tribune.)

HorsE LINIMENT FATAL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHISKEY.
—Bridgeport, Conn., Sept. 22.—Two men dead and a third dying
in the Bridgeport Hospital is the record made by a keg of horse
liniment compounded principally of wood alcohol and witch-
hazel, kept for rubbing down horses at George F. Cook’s livery
stables here. The dead men, hostlers, are James Murray and
Robert Nevins. The third is the stable veterinary, Dr. Frank
T. Wade. ‘The men had been to Manassas, Va., to take care of
horses furnished to officers of the Third Regiment, Connecticut
National Guard, by Mr. Cook. ‘They could get no intoxicants
while away, and upon their return started to drink. Sunday,
having no liquor, they tapped the liniment keg, Dr. Wade know-
ing the mixture contained a large percentage of alcohol.—(/. Y.
Evening Telegram.)

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 683

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

The 14th annual meeting was called to order by President
George H. Berns, in The Assembly, Pierrepont and Fulton
Streets, Brooklyn, on Tuesday, Sept. 13, at 11 A. M., who in-
troduced Hon. Martin T. Littleton, President of the Borough of
Brooklyn. In very cordial and felicitous words the distin-
guished orator welcomed the veterinarians to the city, and at
once made all feel that they were among people who were glad
that they came.

The President then delivered his annual address, as fol-
lows:

PRESIDENT BERNS’ ADDRESS.

“The main purposes for which this organization was formed
fourteen years ago by a few earnest and enthusiastic veterina-
rians was to elevate the standing of the veterinary profession
and to contribute to the diffusion of knowledge pertaining more
particularly to veterinary medicine and surgery. These objects,
I am pleased to say, have never been lost sight of. Through the
untiring efforts of afew of our members, laws have been enacted
by the Legislature of this State, which are admitted to be the
best veterinary State laws in the country, and if properly en-
forced are destined to aid to a very large extent in placing vet-
erinary medicine where it rightfully belongs, and that is, second
to none in the rank of the learned professions. Its provision
for properly equipped coileges for a liberal basic education of
intending students for a three years’ graded course at college,
for a State Examining Board, for the licensing of all practi-
tioners by the Regents of the University of the State, etc., have
already accomplished a great deal in elevating the profession by
driving out of its ranks a number of men who have disgraced
our noble calling for years, and are sure to accomplish much
more in the near future by keeping incompetent and otherwise
undesirable material out of it.

“ At all of our annual meetings valuable original papers on
the etiology, symptoms, best methods of treatment of the many
diseases of our domestic animals, have been presented, interest-
ing and unusual cases reported, contagious and infectious dis-
eases transmissible from animal to man have been carefully
studied; animal food products dangerous to the health of man

684 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

considered, etc. ; but it must be remembered that new discov-
eries are made almost every day. and in order to keep abreast of
the times, the veterinarian must remain a student as long as he
continues to practice. I am very sure that there is no place
where more valuable knowledge can be obtained than at meet-
ings of associations of this kind, where practitioners can com-
pare notes, interchange views, and witness rare and difficult sur-
gical operations. ‘The man who is satisfied to keep to himself
and rely upon the knowledge he obtained at college and upon
his individual experiences, will sooner or later discover that he
is a few years behind the age, and is certainly not in a position
to be of as much service to his patients, and indirectly to his
clients, as he would be if he had kept abreast of the times. The
public justly expects of us to be ina position to do all that can be
done,—all that scientific researches and discoveries enable us to
do for the animal that is placed under our care. On the other
hand, if the patient is in such condition as to render treatment
inadvisable, we must be able to advise our clients accordingly,
for the success of every practitioner of veterinary medicine de-
pends very largely upon his ability to save dollars and cents for
the man who employs him.

‘‘ Among the older practitioners, and more particularly those
who do not deem it necessary to attend association meetings and
fail to read the veterinary literature of the day, the importance
of asepsis and antisepsis are underestimated and frequently
entirely ignored. Through the kindness and courtesy of Dr.
W. L. Williams, I have been fortunate enough during the last
few weeks to witness a number of major operations on horses,
which a few years ago I would have considered as extremely
dangerous, and therefore impracticable. Synovial sheaths of
tendons, navicular bursee, and in two cases the corono-pedal
articulations were opened with impunity, the articular surfaces
of bones curetted, necrotic portions removed, etc., and I am
pleased to say that, from present indications, I have every reason
to look for satisfactory and comparatively speedy recoveries.
Of course, it is needless to say that these operations were most
skilfully performed, and under fairly aseptic conditions, and I
am satisfied that cleanliness and disinfection were the main
factors in producing the extraordinarily favorable results so far
obtained. It is extremely gratifying to note the wonderful
changes for the better which have taken place from time to time
in our profession. Forty years ago qualified veterinarians were
few in number, and most of them received but slight recognition.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 685

The chief reason for this was veterinary practice was not
restricted by law, and the field was almost entirely occupied by
men who assumed the title of veterinary surgeon without any
authority whatever and without any scientific training, thus
deceiving the public and ruining the chances of the few qualified
men who had attained their professional education in European.
schools, as none existed in this country. The owners of live
stock had been imposed upon by these ignorant and unscrupulous
pretenders for so many years that the early graduates of Ameri-
can colleges, and honest, self-educated veterinarians found it
very hard indeed to inspire confidence and gain recognition ;
but following the examples of such men as Dr. Liautard of New
York, Dr. Law of Ithaca, Dr. McEachran of Montreal, and others,
they advanced gradually but surely in the estimation of the
public, and by their unselfish devotion to their profession and
good, skilful scientific work gained the confidence of the people
and paved the way for the proud position our calling occupies
to-day. Forty years ago there were but two or three qualified
veterinarians in Brooklyn, and while their services were in fair
demand, they were regarded as ‘horse-doctors’ and treated as
such in social life. To-day we have over one hundred registered
veterinarians in Kings County, and I believe that, asa class, our
position socially, financially and morally, compares favorably
with that of any of the other professions.

“ At this meeting this Society is called upon by the laws of
the State to place in nomination ten names for State Veterinary
Medical Examiners, five of whom are to be selected by the Gov-
ernor to succeed the present Board, whose term of office expires.
It is a most important duty, and deserves the careful attention
and consideration of every member present. Among the reports
of committees I have reasons to believe that the report of our
Prosecuting Committee will prove interesting and instructive.
Laws, no matter how good and efficient, amount to absolutely
nothing if not enforced; in fact, the non-enforcement of exist-
ing laws breeds contempt for all laws. I am informned on very
good authority that quite a number of recent graduates have
opened offices and started in practice without having taken the
State examination, and that others, while registered in other
States, have come to New York, opened offices, and are practic-
ing in direct violation of the laws. These practices should
certainly be stopped, and I believe it to be the duty of this So-
ciety to see that they are discontinued.

“In my official capacity as President of this Society, I have

686 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

received a large number of letters from members, and I regret
to say that a few of them were written on illustrated letter-
paper; some contained the picture of a small horse, others a
horse’s head, others a group of horses, and one pictures of build-
ings occupied by their owner. While this offense is not a very
serious one, and IJ have reasons to believe that many have used
this stationery for so many years that they have become so ac-
customed to seeing these illustrations, that they really do not
know that they exist. It remains that they are a violation of
our code of ethics, and I hope their use will be discontinued.

“As our Society increases in numbers, it increases in im-
portance and influence, and it seems to me that the time has ar-
rived when its proceedings should be published in book form
and distributed among its members and other scientific bodies.
I would therefore suggest that a committee be appointed to con-
sider the advisability of this course and report at an early date.
The large volume of business before us, tne excellent literary
programme, and the number of clinical cases presented by vet-
erinarians from New Jersey, New York and Brooklyn, I am sure
will oocupy every minute of the time at our disposal; and I
sincerely hope that with your cooperation this, our fourteenth
annual meeting, will prove to be fully as successful and of as
much value as any of those that have preceded it.”

ROUTINE BUSINESS.

The routine business of the meeting suffered somewhat on
account of the non-arrival of the Secretary’s strong box, con-
taining his report and the papers belonging to his office. The
afternoon express, however, brought the documents, and the
delayed report was submitted. It dwelt minutely with the
affairs of the Society, showing the great amount of work which
the increased membership and the larger scope of the organiza-
tion have thrown upon the Secretary’s shoulders. In his dual
capacity of Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. Wm. Henry Kelly was
enabled to speak of the financial status of the Society, and it
was clearly demonstrated that the income from dues are not
sufficient to meet the increasing expenditures. Later in the
meeting the by-laws were amended by raising the dues from two
to three dollars per annum.

Dr. Kelly is also Chairman of the Prosecuting Committee,
and he told of the work done by this committee, which had re-
ceived 70 complaints, many of which were satisfactorily dis-
posed of by correspondence, the offenders giving up their prac-
tice or removing from the territory. Three prosecutions were

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 687

undertaken during the year, all of which were carried to a suc-
cessful issue. In each case an attorney had to be employed,
and the Chairman estimated that it cost the Society about $75
in each instance. ‘These cases had entirely consumed the fund
raised for this purpose by voluntary subscription, and he ap-
pealed to the membership to continue the work which the
committee had inaugurated by subscribing liberally to a new
fund. A debate ensued as to the best means of securing money
for the purpose, some holding that more could be secured by
levying an assessment upon each member, while others thought
it should be wholly voluntary. The Chairman gave his expe-
rience in collecting money from the members through the mail,
and it was suggested that a subscription be started at once
among those present, a letter being forwarded to absent members
asking their cooperation. ‘The list did not grow very rapidly ;
but on the second day the list was again sent around. It was
passed from member to member, without receiving a signature,
when some one jocularly remarked that if Dr. Morris, who had
started the book on its rounds, would subscribe $25, the others
would follow suit. Dr. Morris at once took the floor and said
he would subscribe $25 if every man would give $5; further,
that he would give that sum if ten men would contribute $5.
He was quickly taken up, and names went down with a rush,
the challenger being congratulated upon his success in so quick-
ly swelling the fund. ‘Those who were not present should take
advantage of the invitation which will be afforded them of
contributing to this cause. It is certainly as little as they
can do while the committee gives its time and labor for their
benefit.

Chairman Kelly told of the great difficulty experienced in
securing evidence against the offenders ; practitioners sent in
complaints and expected the committee’s attorneys to at once
descend upon the miscreants and place them behind prison bars.
He wished it to be clearly understood that evidence sufficient
to convict must be furnished the committee. A simple signed
prescription was not enough; it could not be proven that the
offender wrote it; the fact that such a person had prescribed
for sick animals was not enough; a receipt showing that he
had accepted a fee, and that he posed as a veterinary surgeon,
were required in every instance. He asked all having cogniz-
ance of illegal practitioners to secure convictable evidence, and
forward it to the committee, which would at once take steps to
prosecute the case. The report led to considerable discussion |

688 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

which was participated in by Drs. Law, Kornobis, Bell, Wil-
liams, and others.

For several years the Society has sought to devise some
means of publishing the proceedings of its annual meetings,
most of the papers presented being thought of such value that
they should be preserved in library form. As a result of the
discussion of this question, the President appointed a committee,
consisting of Drs. Williams, Morris, and Bell, to consider and
report upon the practicability of publishing the papers and pro-
ceedings in book form. After thoroughly considering the ques-
tion in its various phases, the committee concluded that the
undertaking would be too expensive; but an arrangement was
made with the publishers of the REVIEW whereby the members
can have the Secretary’s report of the minutes of the meeting
and all the papers presented. The REVIEW will publish every
paper in the next three or four issues; then a brief résumé of
the proceedings will be issued in pamphlet form, together with
a fly-leaf, in the nature of a “key,” which will indicate the
volume, number, and page of the REVIEW in which each paper
may be found. As most, if not all, of the members of the
Society are regular subscribers to the REVIEW, a full report of
the proceedings may thus be obtained and preserved.

NEW MEMBERS ELECTED.

The Board of Censors reported favorably upon the following
applications, and they were elected to membership :

F. B. Simons, D. V. M., Hoosick Falls.

Frank J. Loomis, D. V. M., Phoenix.

C. R. Biederman, D. V. S., Huntington.

F: G. Shepard, V. S., Gowanda.

Herman Stark, D. V. S., New York City.

Winfred B. Mack, D. V. M., Ithaca.

John Greer, D. V. S., Malone.

D. J. Mangan, V. 8., New York City.

Major Schofield, V. S., Sheepshead Bay.

Herman Koch, D. V. S., Brooklyn.

Wright J. Smith, D. V. S., Kingston.

John McTamany, V. S., Brooklyn.

STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY EXAMINERS.

The term of office of the present Board will expire with the
year, and it devolved upon the Society to furnish ten names to
the Governor, from which list he will select five veterinarians
to constitute a new board for the following five years. Fifteen
names were ballotted for, the following ten receiving the high-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 689

est number of votes: Drs. E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn; G. T.
Stone, Binghamton; C. K. Clayton, New York; T. G. Sher-
wood, New York; W. H. Kelly, Albany; D. J. Mangan, New
More- by .. ©’ Dea, Saugerties; A. Gi esommochester ; FE.
J. Nesbitt, Poughkeepsie ; J. W. Corrigan, Batavia. '

For the next place of meeting there were two candidates—
Ithaca and Niagara Falls, the former being selected by a major-
ity of 7 votes.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS,

‘A Rapid Method of Diagnosing Rabies,” by Vetanus A.
Moore and Cassius Way, was presented by the ‘latter gentleman,
and it proved a veritable professional sensation. The paper
will be found elsewhere in this number of the REVIEW. The
members evinced the greatest interest in the subject, believing
that a great advance had been made in the recognition of a dis-
ease where delays are dangerous. ‘The discussion was both ani-
mated and instructive, those taking part in it being Drs. Moore,
Law, Bell, Williams, McLean, Reed, and Stone.

‘‘Tmmunization,” was the title of a scholarly thesis by Prof.
James Law, who treated the subject in a thorough and painstak-
ing manner from every point of view. It was listened to with
the closest attention, and will be better appreciated when it
appears in print, as it can then be more thoroughly digested,
and it will bear careful reading and study.

Dr. Werner Runge, of Newark, N. J., at the invitation of
President Berns, very kindly drove his famous osteo-porotic
gelding over from Newark that the members might witness one
of the most remarkable recoveries from this disease on record.
This horse was sired by an imported English hackney, and
when three years old (he is now six) was condemned to be shot
on account of a severe attack of ‘“‘ big head.” He could not
stand, and his facial bones had become so enlarged that he bore
little resemblance to a horse. He was given to ‘the Doctor, who
removed him to his hospital in an ambulance, where he re-
mained in slings for many months. His nasal chambers were
so constricted by the encroachment of the enlarged bones that
tracheotomy was performed, while the two inferior maxillas so
closely approached each other that a finger could not be gotten
into the intermaxillary space. His diet consisted chiefly of
molasses with ground beans, while he received bone phosphates
continually in his food. He has frequently been exhibited at
the meetings of the New Jersey Association, at one of which he
was emasculated. As shown in Brooklyn, after the drive from

690 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Newark, he was a handsome, healthy-appearing horse, with re-
markable knee and hock action, showing every evidence of per-
fect health and great endurance. The bones have greatly de-
creased in size and firmness, and will probably never again suf-
fer any inconvenience from his remarkable experience.

“Molasses as a Food for Horses,” by Dr. Pierre A. Fish,
was read by title only, its author not being present, and it will
be published in the REVIEW.

“ Tntussusception in a Five-months-old Colt’ was a report of
a case which came under the observation of Dr. C. E. Shaw, of
Brooklyn. The Doctor described the symptoms minutely, and
thought there were only two ways of diagnosing the accident—
in case of death by autopsy, and in case of recovery by finding
the slough of the invaginated bowel in the feces. Unfortu-
nately, during the progress of the symptonis it is impossible to
differentiate it from volvulus, mesenteric hernia, etc., so that
operative interference is hardly feasible. The case was discussed
by Drs. Howard and Bell.

“ Resection of Flexor Pedis Tendon for Infected Wounds of
the Navicular Bursa” was in the nature of a description of the
operation which Dr. W. L. Williams has been demonstrating
for some time. As the Doctor has kindly consented to report
the clinic for an early number of the REVIEW we will reserve
the points of his paper for his account of the operation.

“Clinical Study of Anthrax in Cattle,” by Dr. S$. Bi Bure
nett, was a valuable contribution to the study of the pathology
of this disease, and, as with all of Dr. Burnett’s investigations,
shows great care and originality.

“The Physiology of the Rubber Horse-Shoe Pad” was a
practical addition to the programme by Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, in-
tended more to bring out the experiences and ideas of the mem-
bers than to exploit his own opinions. While the discussion was
rather spiritless, one point at least showed that there was much
in the paper upon which the members differed. For instance,
the essayist thought the ground surface of an unshod foot, one
that had never worn a shoe, was as a rule flat or level, while
some others were of opinion that it was concave. If opinions
differ upon such a simple proposition as this, the author of the
paper was not mistaken when he assumed that the whole sub-
ject was one which could profitably be discussed. ‘Those tak-
ing part were Drs. Morris, McLean, Reed, and others.

“ Etiology and Morbid Anatomy of Diphtheria in Chick-
ens’’ was a recital of the original investigations of Dr. W. B.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 691

Mack, of Ithaca, and were freighted with many new facts con-
cerning this disease. Within the past few years the diseases of
barn-yard fowls has engaged the attention of a number of vet-
erinary pathologists (notably Salmon, Moore, Harrison, Ward
and Mack), and the importance of the industry has been shown
to be very much greater than would appear to the casual ob-
server. While it would scarcely pay a poultryman to have in-
dividual cases treated by medical experts, the veterinarian
should be in position to give valuable advice in case of an
outbreak of any of the rather numerous contagious and infec-
tious diseases to which they are subject (such as roup, diph-
theria, tuberculosis, etc.), with the object of ridding the flock of
it, and the treatment of the affected ones by the flockmaster.

Possibly the most interesting discussion of the meeting
occurred upon “Maladie du Coit,” following upon the re-
marks of Dr. V. A. Moore, who had been sent by the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture of New York State to Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada, where it was expected that about 200 head of range
mares which had been placed upon a quarantined ranch, last
spring, supposed to be suffering from dourine, would be
slaughtered, the object being to study the clinical.and bacterio-
logical characters of the disease, so that in case it were to make
its appearance in the Empire State competent authority would
be in position to recognize it, as it is sometimes mistaken for
other venereal disorders of very much less importance. It tran-
spired that, when the Canadian authorities visited the quaran-
tine, they found the animals greatly improved, in excellent con-
dition, leaving some doubt as “to whether the disease really was
dourine or not. A few of those showing lesions similar to the
suspected disease were studied, and a preliminary report made,
The Doctor communicated the fact that the Canadian Inspector
General intended to carry on extensive experiments to deter-
mine definitely the true character of the disease from which the
mares had suffered. and it is evident that ere long we shall have
an important report from that quarter. The discussion which
followed this report was very animated and instructive, being
participated in at length by Profs. Law and Williams, both of
whom have had considerable experience in previous outbreaks,
while interrogatory remarks were made by Drs. Noorgaard,
Cowie and others.

The time of the Convention was now well nigh exhausted,
and the papers by Dr. R. A. McAuslin on ‘‘ Hypertrophy of the
Heart,” and Dr. V. A. Moore on “ Tubercle Bacilli in the Milk

692 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

of Reacting Cows,” were read by title and referred to the REVIEW
for publication.
THE CEINICS.

These were held on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings, on
Wednesday morning, and the entire forenoon of Thursday.
Every operation scheduled was performed, and many others in
addition, and we believe the 1904 clinic was the very best ever
held in this country or perhaps in the world. The REVIEW has
made arrangements with Drs. Berns and Williams tosecurea full,
detailed report of each case presented, together with its out-
come, and it will be published as soon as the results of all the
surgical operations are known.

*
*
NOTES OF THE Ne Y. S. V. M. S. MEETING.

Twelve names were added to the membership. There
should have been fifty.

Connecticut sent Dr. Bland, of Waterbury, and Dr. Colton,
of Hartford, the former being accompanied by Mrs. Bland.

A glorious meeting. Must take rank with the A. V. M. A.
in point of educational importance, and far surpass it in clinical
results.

Sharp & Smith, of Chicago, and Sykes & Street, of New
York, had instrument displays in the lobby of the Assembly, as
did the Norwich Pharmacal Co.

The local committee (composed of Drs. Doyle, Hanshew,
Clayton, McCully, and Ellis) worked in perfect harmony, and
the success which they achieved has marked them for future
events. .

President Berns’ first year in the chair was marked by great
enthusiasm, and there is no doubt but that when he turns the
reins over to his successor the Society will be in much better
shape than when he received them.

Back to Ithaca next year. The clinical facilities which she
furnishes is a winner always when Brooklyn is not a candidate.
We rather expect that Manhattan will be a bidder next year,
and thus the field of eligible cities will be enlarged.

A majority of the members of the Army Committee of the
_A. V. M. A. being in attendance upon the meeting of the New

York State Society (Lowe, Kelly and Bell) an informal meeting
was held and a preliminary plan of action decided upon.

Massachusetts was represented by Dr. Howard, of Boston,
and Dr. Perry, of Worcester, the latter being accompanied by
his wife and little boy. Each remained the three days, accom-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 693

panying the party to Coney Island, and expressed themselves as
being well repaid for their trip.

The trip to Coney Island was one of the most enjoyable oc-
casions we have ever participated in. There were about sixty
who remained over for it, and it is certain that those who failed
to do so missed a rare treat. About fifteen ladies were in the ©
party, and Luna Park and Dreamland were “ done” from ‘‘ The
Incubators” to ‘‘ General Bumps.”

New Jersey sent enough of its earnest men to have made.a
respectable meeting of its own. Fifteen names from that State
may be found among those in attendance. We noticed Drs.
Little, Newark; Smith, Jersey City; Everitt, Hackettstown ;
Hendren, Newark; Runge, Newark; English, Jersey City;
Dixon, Hoboken; Dickson, Seabright ; J. Payne Lowe, Passaic ;
McBride, Jersey City; Ferguson, Paterson; Hopper, Ridge-
wood; Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson; Butler, Westfield, and
Pope, Athenia.

The objection urged by the inexperienced against the Phil-
lips’ Stomach Tube was shown by Dr. Hopper in the clinic to
be without foundation if properly introduced and withdrawn.
Nasal hemorrhage was entirely missing in the case demonstrat-
ed, the operator explaining that if the tube was very slowly
withdrawn, particularly at the last moment, this could be over-
come. Dr. H. said that up to that time he had employed the
tube in seventeen cases of gastric tympany with perfect success,
and that it was remarkable how quietly the patients would stand,
even when suffering great pain. He thinks it as practical and
safe as enterocentesis, and a better therapeutic measure, since
there is not nearly the danger in cecal as in gastric distension.

Dr. W. L. Williams came to Brooklyn about the first of Sep-
tember, and rode with several of the Brooklyn veterinarians to
gain an insight into their methods of conducting practice and to
witness the character of the cases which most frequently call
for their services. But the local practitioners know a good
thing when they see it, and they at once begun supplying him
with material for operations, and he was kept busy on his Bayer
operation for quittor, resection of the flexor pedis tendon for in-
fected nail wounds of the navicular bursa, etc., so that they en-
joyed a post-graduate season in surgery for two weeks. At Dr.
Berns’ hospital there was a horse on the operating table every
day, possibly two or three, to which the practitioners of the
city were invited, while other veterinarians were fortunate
enough to secure his services for similar cases. When he re-

694 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

turned to Ithaca after the convention he carried with him an
elegant gold watch from his Brooklyn friends, inscribed as a
souvenir of his pleasant sojourn with them. In the zzterzm of
his surgical exercises he indulged in piscatorial diversions, un-
der the pupilage of those ardent followers of Izaak Walton, Drs.
Hanshew and Waters, who were on one of their excursions ac-
companied by Drs. Berns and Ackerman.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

While a concise account of the great meeting at St. Louis,
August 16-19, was given in the September REVIEW, many feat-
ures did not receive the attention to which they were entitled
or else were crowded out on account of the pressure upon our
pages. Some of the events which failed to be noted in that
number will therefore appear in this and subsequent issues.

Dr. E. M. Ranck, of Natchez, Miss., who was present
throughout the clinic, has very kindly furnished the REVIEW
with the following account of the clinic held on the fourth day :

THE CLINIC.

The surgical and medical clinic was conducted on Friday,
August 19th, in the Coliseum, a place admirably adapted for
the purpose. There was an abundance of interesting clinical
material furnished by Drs. C. W. Crowley, W. F. Heyde and
Chas. Ellis, of St. Louis. The operators were prompt and the
operations and demonstrations were interesting as well as
instructive. It was generally conceded that this clinic was al-
together the most satisfactory one held since the clinic feature
was inaugurated by the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion. The Kansas City Veterinary College operating table
(rocker table) was used, and Dr. F. F. Brown, of Kansas City,
handled the table to perfection. There was not the least diffi-
culty experienced in confining all patients securely and satisfac-
torily. The following cases were presented for operation and
demonstration :

Case [.—Bay gelding, operated upon by Dr. C. C. Lyford,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for sidebone lameness, complicated by
quittor. This was a case of long standing, where other forms
of treatment had failed. The horse was placed on the table and
operated upon under chloroform anesthesia. The lateral carti-
lage was completely removed and antiseptic after-treatment ad-
vised. ‘Time required for operation, 40 minutes. Prognosis
favorable.

‘NOMHONOD'T WOL GHNUNOfav tsal— AVd GNOOHS—SINO'I “IS LY V W ‘A ‘VY HHL

We 09 Sao00d ANE LaaaAVOIN

696 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Case //.—Black stallion, thirteen years old, castrated in
standing position without any means of restraint, in 15 seconds,
by Dr. George R. White, Nashville, Tennessee.

Case ///.—Bay stallion, four years old, castrated in standing
position, with twitch on nose as only meaus of restraint, in 8
seconds, by Dr. George R. White, Nashville, Tennessee.

The above two operations were performed in a most scien-
tific and skilled manner. The operator explained that it was
necessary to produce about eight pounds traction on the cord
and ‘cut off on a level with the skin incision. When this is done
there will be no danger from leaving portions of the epididymis
on the stump of cord. He stands on left side of horse with left
shoulder firmly pressing in horse’s flank, and with left hand
grasps scrotum aboye testicles, pressing same downwards and
backwards. Then with right hand, in which is held a short-
bladed castrating knife, two incisions are quickly made and
both testicles are at once exposed. These are taken away with
the emasculator, and the whole operation is done in less time
than it would seem possible. It is very noticeable that the op-
eration must be done boldly and quickly, and the animal has
scarcely time to realize what has happened.

Case IV.—Bay mare, driver, lame in left hind. History:
slipped a month before and went lame immediately; did not
warm out of it entirely. Diagnosis by Dr. A. H. Baker. After
she had stood for half an hour and cooled out, the spavin test
was given by flexing the hock and the lameness was much ag-
gravated. The inner and lower portion of the hock was smooth
and a slight fullness was visible from behind. It was pro-
nounced a bone spavin. Recommendation: Actual cautery in
feathered lines, blister, and rest for three months on a level floor.
Prognosis favorable.

Case V.—Bay gelding, eight years old, a confirmed roarer.
Arytenectomy was advised and performed by Dr. J. S. Anderson,
Stewart, Nebraska. This animal was confined on table and
operated upon under general anzesthesia, according to the latest
and most successful method. It was evident to all present that
the operator was thoroughly familiar with the operation, and on
this occasion did a nice, clean and quick operation. ‘The parts
were cleansed, incision made, vessels ligated, cartilages and vocal
cord removed, wound dressed and sutured in 30 minutes. Prog-
nosis favorable.

Case V7.—Bay gelding, racer, bowed tendons in right fore
leg, had been fired in perpendicular lines. Lame on the trot.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 697

Diagnosis by Dr. A. H. Baker: Severe thickening by neoplas-
tic tissue of tendo-perforatus, and slight thickening of perforana.
Suspensories sound. Recommendation: Actual cautery ap-
plied in feathered lines, blister, and eighteen months’ rest. Re-
peat blister after six months. Prognosis favorable.

Case VII.—Passing ‘ Phillips’ Improved Stomach Tube.”
Demonstrated by Dr. George R. White, Nashville, Tennessee.
This tube was first passed through right nasal chamber and en-
tered cesophagus and stomach without difficulty. It was then
withdrawn and passed through left nasal chamber, and stomach
filled with water by means of injection pump; the pump was
detached and the stomach emptied itself through the tube by
the syphon method. There was a slight hemorrhage from left
nostril after withdrawal of tube. The operation was done in a
thoroughly efficient manner, and caused quite a lengthy discus-
sion by the members and the operator. This tube is a well-
made and valuable instrument. Its introduction is easy and
simple, and there is no reason to believe that it will not soon
come into universal use by veterinary practitioners.

Case V7II.—Sorrel gelding, intensely lame on right hind.
History: Furuncle on inner aspect of right pastern. Diagnosis
by Dr. A. H. Baker: Open pastern joint, large granulating
swelling, suppurating and discharging synovia freely. "Temper-
ature, 103° Fahrenheit; pulse, 48, small and hard. Recom-
mendation: Destruction.

Case 1X.—Greyhound dog, six years old, operated upon by
Dr. George R. White, Nashville, Tennessee, underzetherization by
Dr. M. Jacob, of Ames College, to demonstrate end-to-end intes-
tinal anastomosis with Murphy button. This was very inter-
esting and instructive, and conducted ina most efficient man-
ner. About four inches of the intestine was excised and the ends
brought together with a section of the button inserted in each
end of the severed gut in such a manner that the serous coats
were in apposition. ‘The external incision sutured, with one
set of sutures going through the skin, abdominal muscles and
peritoneum. This method, according to White, is better than
making separate sutures for the skin and underlying structures,
since they are easier removed. After about five days the button
will be expelled in the faeces and can be used over again after
replating. This operation is very important and is practical,
and caused quite an amount of interest in the clinic.

Case X.—Brown mule, intensely lame on left fore limb.
History: Furuncle on inner part of leg, just above fetlock.

698 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Diagnosis by Dr. A. H. Baker. Leg swollen from foot to knee,
suppurating, granulating surface on inner part of leg just above
fetlock, pastern in state of immense inflammation with several
large necrotic ruptures in the skin. Prognosis unfavorable.
Recommendation: Destruction.

Case X/.-—Vaginal ovariectomy operation on mare by Dr.
R. P. Lyman, Hartford, Connecticut. The vagina was cleansed
by flushing with a goodly amount of antiseptic solution; the
operator’s hands and instruments were rendered antiseptic, after
which the operation was performed quickly and in a thoroughly
surgical manner.

Case X//.—Bay mule, with an irregular bursatti sore on
left shoulder just above the spine of the scapula, about two inches
in diameter, and one on the left side of the top of the neck where
the collar bears. Diagnosis by Dr. A. H. Baker. Recommenda-
tion: Extirpation with the knife and dress with campho-
phenique. Prognosis favorable.

Case XIII.—A typical specimen of the “nervous,” “ stiff-
legged,” or “‘ fainting goat” of Tennessee was exhibited from the
stage of the Coliseum by Dr. George R. White.* This goat was
certainly an interesting adjunct to the clinic. Dr. White stated
that there were not over one hundred of these goats in existence
at the present time, and that they were confined to a small
locality in Tennessee. ‘They are easily frightened and to simply
say “boo” at them is sufficient to cause them to fall to the
ground in tetanic convulsions, which last from fifteen to twenty
seconds. They are certainly as stiff as it is possible to get while
in this paroxysm. ‘The demonstration was made at this clinic
by having the goat under a covered crate for several minutes
before disturbing him; then the crate was suddenly removed,
and the goat scared ; he became stiff, tottered and fell to the floor,
thereby typically demonstrating the inherited nervous character-
istic claimed for this breed. After the goat lay in this stiffened
condition for a few seconds (fifteen to twenty) he got up and
walked off as though nothing had happened. ‘The question is:
What is the cause of this peculiarly developed neuro-muscular
system ?

Case XTV.—Bay mule, very lame in left hind. Diagnosis
by Dr. A. H. Baker: Nail prick through outer side of frog
about one inch back of its toe, suppurating freely, tendon in-
jured. Recommendation: Remove detached frog and bar, ster-

* A full description of these peculiar animals was published, with illustrations, in the
September Revirw,— EDITOR.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 699

ilize with hydrargyrum bichloridum (1 to 500), then dress with
oxychlorine powder and powdered alum in equal parts mixed,
once a day. Prognosis favorable.

There were many other cases on hand ready for examina-
tion, operation, etc., but as the hour was now late no further |
time could be devoted to them. This clinic was well at-
tended, and judging from the interest shown it is now certain
that the c/zzzc is an established feature of the annual meetings
eihevA.<V. M.A. (E. M. RANCK.) |

*
* ok

DEMONSTRATION OF THE OZONE CONTAINED IN “ TALLIANINE.”’

The American agents of this popular preparation, Messrs.
Sykes & Street, of New York, having been asked by a number
of veterinarians to demonstrate to their satisfaction that the
amount of ozone claimed by the manufacturers really existed in
the liquid, ‘“‘ Tallianine,” decided to make a public demonstra-
tion of its chemical composition, so far as the presence of ozone
is concerned, before the large number of veterinarians present at
the St. Louis meeting from all parts of the American continent,
hoping in this manner to establish the absolute honesty of their
claim to the profession. Accordingly they instructed Dr. L. J.
Mates, their chemist, to issue invitations to all in attendance
who might be interested to witness his methods and results.
The method employed was that of Otto, and from its simplicity
and accuracy, leaves nothing to be desired. The process is
essentially a volumetric one, requiring only two solutions, viz. :
one of hyposulphite (thiosulphate) of soda, containing 6.583
gr. per litre, and one of potassium iodide, 16.6 gr., and sul-
phuric acid 9.8 gr. per litre. The modus operandi of the test is
to withdraw from a tube of ‘“Tallianine” 2.5 c.c., place ina
small flask and add 20 c.c. of the iodine solution, then agitate
until the yellow tint is apparent. Now tritrate with the hypo-
sulphite solution, heating on a waterbath after each addition of
hyposulphite is made, repeating until no further discoloration
of the solution in the flask is apparent. The usual number of
cubic centimetres of the standard hyposulphite solution for
each 2.5.¢.¢. “‘Tallianine” varying from 16 to 18 ¢.¢:,and is
equivalent to 3.87 to 4.36 volumes of ozone. ‘The tests made at
the Convention showed the uniformity of the product and the
value of this method of demonstrating its strength. Contrary
to some opinions, ‘*‘’Tallianine”’ is not a “serum” nor an “ anti-
toxine,” but is the result of a special chemical process, the

700 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

certainty of its action being such as to yield a product of abso-
lute uniformity and definite in its chemical composition.

INTERSTATE ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK
SANITARY BOARDS.

The Association convened in annual session at the Monti-
cello Hotel, St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 23, 1904, following the meet-
ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and was
decidedly the most successful meeting of this Association ever
held. The organization has assumed a prominent position
among associations of this character, and unquestionably will
continue to grow in usefulness and importance. While it has
no power to impose rules and regulations covering live stock
diseases, yet the influence of its members and their knowledge
of the wants of various States, have helped materially in build-
ing up the sanitary work of the country. This Association will
be the means of doing away with antagonisms which threaten
interstate traffic; of drawing sanitary officers into closer rela-
tions to the betterment of their commonwealths and the pro-
duction of uniformity of interstate regulations.

A large representation from the various States was present.
Among those in attendance were State Veterinarian Lucky, of
Missouri; Prof. R. R. Dinwiddie, of Arkansas; Hon. W. J.
Moore, San Antonio, Texas; M. M. Hankins, Chairman State
Cattle Commission; State Veterinarian W. A. Knight, of
Texas; Dr. C. Lovejoy, State Veterinarian, and Dr. L. C. Tiff-
eny, Assistant State Veterinarian, and Hon. W. P. Smith, Illi-
nois, and Drs. Reynolds, Ward, and Cotton, of the Minnesota
State Live Stock Sanitary Board. Oklahoma was represented
by Hon. W. E. Bolton, Thos. Morris, Chairman of the Okla-
homa Cattle Commission, and T. A. Becker. Nebraska, Mon-
tana, Arizona, and Colorado were represented by State Veteri-
narians Thomas, Knowles, Norton, Lamb, and Glover, respect-
ively. Col. A. Dean, Dr. L. J. Allen, Dr. L. A. Klein, and Dr.
A. H. Wallace represented the Bureau of Animal Industry, and
contributed very materially by papers and discussion to the
success of the meeting.

The meeting was called to order by President J. C. Norton,
of Arizona. Dr. D. F. Lucky, State Veterinarian of Missouri,
presented an address of welcome, which was responded to by Dr.
C. P. Lovejoy, of Illinois.

President Norton followed with the annual address, in which

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 701

he called attention to the good work which had been carried on
by the Bureau of Animal Industry under the able management
of its present chief. He spoke of Dr. D. E. Salmon as deserv-
ing the gratitude of the stock industry of the United States for
his splendid work in eradicating and controlling so many con- _
tagious diseases of live stock, and for assisting State authorities
in the control of State traffic. Touching on tuberculosis, the
President drew attention of the members to the fact that as sani-
tary officers we should not go to the extreme of destroying
valuable property uselessly, but should have in view the ulti-
mate eradication of this disease. He stated that the cost of
eradication would be considerable, but the loss without eradica-
tion is equally as great each year as long as the disease is
unchecked. He congratulated Dr. Knowles, of Montana, upon
the recent State dairy inspection law enacted. Regarding
glanders he advised the killing of reacting animals and reim-
bursing the owner, which plan he thought would be advisable
as continuing in quarantine of reacting animals, which required
to be tested several times, would prove as expensive to the State
as to pay a reasonable price for the animal and destroy it as
soon as it reacted. It was pointed out by the President that the
strict enforcement of the quarantine laws were the means of
protecting the United States from the importation of various
tropical diseases which were more or less common in other
countries. He urged that members and all who were eligible
to membership in the Association should join earnestly and
continuously in an effort for progress along the broad lines that
have characterized the work of this Association. One point
particularly worthy of mention in the President’s address was
his request that “‘ the different States should lénd their support
as State officials to encourage liberal federal appropriations for
the Bureau of Animal Industry,’ and as the work of the sani-
tary officers is recognized, appropriations for carrying on the
work will be obtained more easily.

The Secretary submitted his report, which was read and
adopted.

On motion, the President appointed a committee of three to
look up data on the transmissibility of tuberculosis from ani-
mals to man.

On motion, the President also appointed a committee of three
to devise means for greater uniformity of sanitary work in the
various States. This motion aims toward a very desirable end.
If the various States had uniform regulations and rules govern-

702 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ing the control and suppression of contagious diseases among
stock, the work of sanitary officers in various States would be
much lightened and increased in efficiency.

An interesting phase of these meetings is the five-minute
talks, given by the officials of the various States represented, on
conditions existing in their State. The programme was full of
interesting papers and discussions :—

“ Hxtermination of the Fever Tick in Southeastern States,”
Dr. Tait Butier, State Veterinarian, North Carolina.

“ Quarantine Conditions in Oklahoma,” Thos. Morris, Mem-
ber Sanitary Board, Oklahoma.

“Federal Inspection as a Means of Controlling Scabies in
Cattle and Other Range Stock, Dr. M. E. Knowles, State Vet-
erinarian, Montana.

“Time and Sulphur Dip as an Effective Cure for Scabies,”
Dr. W. A. Thomas, State Veterinarian, Nebraska.

* Heemorrhagic Septiceemia, Its Cause and Best Means of
Prevention,” Dr. L.- Co Titieny, SSE EE State Veterinarian,
Illinois.

“The Inspection of Cattle Handled by Express Companies
and Other Carriers for Dairy and Breeding Purposes, and its
Effect in Preventing the Spread of Contagious Diseases,” Dr.
EF. T. Eisenman, State Veterinarian, Kentucky.

“Report of Peculiar Case of Poisoning in Cattle,” W. C.
Barnes, Member Sanitary Board, New Mexico.

‘‘ Some Observations upon the Suppression and Control of
Communicable Diseases among Domestic Animals,’ Dr. Austin
Peters, Cattle Commissioner, Massachusetts.

Each paper brought out a lengthy discussion, and it was re-
marked by several who had attended the American Veterinary
Medical Association meeting that the discussions were much
more free than at that meeting.

The following officers were duly elected:

President—Hon. W. P. Smith, Monticello, Il.

Vice-President—Hon. W. J. Moore, San Antonio, Texas.

Secretary—Veterinarian S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.

The committee on uniformity of State laws consisted of
Chairman M. FE. Knowles, S. H. Ward, and M. M. Hankins. It
was recommended by them that where any State desires to pro-
tect itself against the introduction of tuberculosis from other
States that the Bureau of Animal Industry be requested to as-
sist such State by such restrictions as will not interfere with
the free movement of fat cattle to slaughter or other cattle for

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 703

feeding. It was also recommended by this committee that each
State publish a list of its veterinary sanitary officers and agents
and furnish the authorities of other States with copies of such
lists, and revisions from time to time, in order that State officers
may be known. They also earnestly recommended a free inter-
change of regulations to the end that the several State authori-
ties may harmonize their regulations.

A special committee on tuberculosis, consisting of Drs.
Glover, Cary, Dinwiddie, Allen and Morris, reported that the
disease is gradually extending its limits in many States and
Territories. They suggested that the Federal, State and mu-
nicipal authorities should take active and efficient steps toward
checking the extension of this disease; that the tuberculin test
is the most reliable means of detecting tuberculosis in the liv-
ing animal; that the tuberculin test should be made by the
Bureau of Animal Industry in all interstate trade of breeding
cattle ; that in those instances where valuable cattle can be
safely and profitably handled by the owner, the Bang method is
recommended. This committee recommended further that the
inspection of breeding and dairy barns should be made more
frequent by competent veterinary inspectors, special attention
being given to ventilation and open air exercise of dairy cattle.

The comniittee on line and open season, consisting of Drs.
Lucky, Lamb, Cary, Beckett, Knight, Cols. Dean and Bolton,
reported.

The committee on statistics regarding the transmissibility
of tuberculosis from animal to man, consisting of Cary, Lucky,
and Thomas; the press committee, consisting of Drs. Lovejoy,
Klein, and Knowles; and the committee on resolutions, consist-
ing of Drs. Tiffeny, Wallace and Reynolds, reported.

The success of this meeting was largely due to the untiring
efforts of President J. C. Norton. ‘The Association has among
its members some very active and earnest workers, and must
continue to grow in strength and helpful influence.

The next annual meeting will be held at Guthrie, Okla-
homa. S. H. WARD,

Secretary and Treasurer.

THE hopes—or fears—that electric tramways and automobiles
would promptly exterminate horses in cities have so far proved
unfounded. Paris, which has more automobiles than any other
city, still has over 90,000 horses, which is only about 1000 less
than last year.—(Brooklyn Eagle.)

704 NEWS AND ITEMS.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

REVIEW readers are urgently requested to send in for publication per-
sonal items of news concerning themselves or their professional friends ;
legislation , extraordinary circumstances encountered tn practice; or any
news that ts calculated to interest their fellow-veaders. Tt ts confidently be-
lieved that by a greater concert of action in this direction all will be bene-
fited, and that this publication will thus be rendered a better medium of
communication between its large family of professional readers. Tts ctrcu-
lation ts now much greater than was ever accorded to a veterinary publi-
cation in America, and it ts the desire of the publishers to make tt more ac-
ceptable with each tssue.

Miss GERTRUDE HurFF, daughter of Dr. Wilson Huff, of
Rome, N. Y., was married on August 30, to Mr. Harlow Higby,
of the same city.

Dr. WILFORD D. WELSH, of Frankfort, Ky., who had re-
cently located at Clare, Mich., died on July 5, from peritonitis,
after five days’ illness.

Dr. E. M. SuIGEon, formerly of Williamston, Mich., has
returned from the Philippines, where he has been for the past
two years, and has located in Pigeon, Mich.

Dr. Geo. R. WHITE, Nashville, Tenn., was judge of harness
horse classes at the Tennessee State Fair, held at Columbia,
Maury County, Tennessee, September 2oth to 24th.

Ir is understood that Dr. N. S. Mayo, professor of veterinary
science at the Kansas Agricultural College, has accepted under
the Cuban Government a place equivocal to our own office of
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Heis now in Havana
looking over the situation.—(Brooklyn Eagle, Sept. 8, 1904.)

Dr. W. A. GIFFIN, of Detroit, former Secretary-Treasurer of
the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, who was
compelled, owing to a fracture of the hip a few years ago, to
discontinue the practice of veterinary medicine, has taken a
course in human dentistry and is enjoying a good practice in
that profession. .

LAVAL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL.—The lectures in the vet-
erinary department of this university's medical school will
begin on September 30th. Bacteriological, chemical, and path-
ological laboratories will be added for the exclusive use of
veterinary students. M. Généreux, V. S., and Professor William
Derome, a former student of the Pasteur Institute, of Paris,
have been added to the teaching staff.—(NVew York Medical
Journal, Sept. 17.)

ee

NEWS AND ITEMS. 705

Dr. WILLIAM H. PENpDRy, of Brooklyn, N. Y., who has the
proud distinction of being the father of the first veterinary law
ever placed upon the Statute books of any State in this country
(the New York law of 1886), has been nominated by the Re-:
publicans of the Twentieth Assembly District of Kings County
for Assemblyman. Dr. Pendry represented this district in the
Legislature of 1902, and was renominated the following year,
but suffered defeat, the district being normally Democratic. If
he is successful, he may be relied upon to defeat pernicious vet-
erinary bills.

Doc SAvEs MAN FROM QUICKSAND.—George Shreeves, an
octogenarian sailing captain, retired, was saved from death at
Sag Harbor, L. I., by his St. Bernard dog. Shreeves was walk-
ing along the shore on his way to visit a fisherman, and, owing
to his poor sight, failed to see the quicksand ahead. He slipped
in and began to sink. The dog, with almost human intelli-
gence, began to pull at his clothes in an effort to release him.
Shreeves was unable to help himself, and kept sinking, despite
the efforts of the dog. The animal, after tearing his master’s
clothes in his efforts to pull him out, began to bark in a fren-
zied manner. Shreeves was down to his waist when the dog’s
cries attracted the attention of George Bennett, who was driv-
ing near the scene. Bennett, after an hour’s work, succeeded
in pulling Shreeves free. He was exhausted and fell beside
his dog. ‘The dog is a large one and beautifully marked. It is
unusually intelligent, and wealthy summer residents of Sag
Harbor have offered Shreeves large sums for him, but the sailor
says money could not buy the animal.—(New York World,
Sept. 22.)

THE ST. Louis MEETING OF THE A. V. M. A.—Perhaps no
body of men are more closely associated with the welfare of the
immense live stock interests of this great country than are those
who constitute the recognized veterinary profession of America,
and the American Veterinary Medical Association stands in a
similar relationship to the great family of the lower animals as
does the American Medical Association to those a little higher
up the scale of intelligence, the human family. But, although,
in some respects, the two branches of medical science are sepa-
rate and distinct, in others they are inseparable; for, many of
the fatal maladies of animals, which have to be controlled by
the veterinarian, are communicable to the human being. And
not only is this the case in the living, but diseased animal, but
the very meat consumed by civilized humanity is safeguarded

706 NEWS AND ITEMS.

by the veterinarian in one of the most important branches of
his professional work, viz.: Meat inspection in our great cities.
Every day, then, a closer relationship between the two great
branches of medicine is being made manifest, and this is being
evidenced by the great interest taken in veterinary meetings,
such as the American Veterinary Medical Association, by some
of the leading medical sanitarians of the country. The forty-
first annual meeting of the above-named Association was held
in St. Louis on the 16th, 17th and 18th of August, and was
attended by members ranging from Louisiana to Canada and
from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and to show the great interest
taken in the fixture by foreign countries, it may be stated that
the Emperor of Japan delegated Dr. Keitaro Tsuno, Professor
of Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police in the Imperial Uni-
versity at Tokio, to represent the Government of the Mikado on
that occasion. ‘To many in the South who know the veteri-
narian only as an empyric and self-assumed ‘‘ hoss doctor,” this
widespread interest in veterinary medicine must strike them as
somewhat of a revelation. The advance of the educated veteri-
uarian in the Southern States, however, is fast gaining in rapid-
ity, and it cannot be many decades before we will have as many
prominent men in the profession as are to be found in any other
section of the country, who have had many years the start of us.
In fact it is extremely gratifying to know that our own State,
Louisiana, has a higher percentage of members in the American
Veterinary Medical Association than any other State in the
Union. ‘This is a most impressive fact when it is considered
that fifteen or twenty years ago she was hardly known in veteri-
nary circles. Invitations from all over the country were sent in
for the subsequent meeting, and the writer, who had the privi-
lege of being in attendance at St. Louis, had the honor of invit-
ing the Association to hold its next meeting in the City of New
Orleans. If it should be accepted, as we sincerely trust it may,
it will give our people an opportunity of seeing what a repre-
sentative body of American (and this takes in the whole Conti-
nent) veterinarians in session look like, and which we have no
doubt would be productive of great good, both to the profession
and to the live stock interests of the State and of the South.—
(Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, in the “ New Orleans Picayune.)

THE VALUE OF THE ZEBROIDE.—Thomas H. Dale, M. R.
C. V. S., District Veterinary Surgeon, Potchefstroom, South
Africa, in the course of an article in the 7raxsvaal Agricultural
Journal, for July, on “The Utility of the Zebra Hybrids,”

NEWS AND ITEMS, 707

presents the following evidence in support of their character
and qualifications: ‘‘ Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, of Hamburg, cannot
speak too well of them, and, as he has kept them for use, his
experience is invaluable, so I quote his exact words as used in a
letter to me, dated 6th April last. He says:—‘I beg to inform
you that the zebroides I got from Professor Ewart turned out to
be excellent animals. They are hard working and do about 50
per cent. to 60 per cent. more work than any horse. They are
quite docile, and good for riding as well as for driving in
harness. A friend of mine in South Russia, who has bred
zebroides for the last six years, has had the same good experience
with them, and a gentleman in the Brazils writes that they are
so exceptionally good that if mule breeders knew the value of
these zebroides they would soon give up mule breeding, and
breed nothing else but zebroides. I have sent six of mine to the
St. Louis Exposition, and I hope that the mule breeders of the
United States of America, when they see what good animals
they are, will commence breeding zebroides instead of mules.
As there are plenty of zebras in South Africa, I can only recom-
mend to commence zebroide breeding.’ .... In reply to a
query of mine about the size of zebra hybrids, Professor Ewart
states :—‘ About the size of zebra hybrids there need be little
difficulty ; two of the hybrids I bred with a 12.2 Burchell zebra
stallion are quite 14 hands. They are now at work in a
mountain battery in the north of India. If quite large mules
are wanted, the 15 hands Grevy’s Zebra of Somaliland can be
used, with Shire or Clydesdale mares; he would get 16 hands
mules. Probably for work amongst the mountains the common
mule will be hard to beat, for the common ass is essentially an
upland form. It might be said, why not use the mountain
zebra (still found in South Africa and Angolaland) to produce
mules for mountain work? ‘The reply is, the mountain zebra
has hitherto proved most untractable; he is not likely to
produce mules that will readily consent to work.’ These very
interesting and conclusive letters need no comment, but from
them it will be noted that the experimental stage is passed, and
it now only remains to be seen what private enterprise will do.”
There are published in conjunction with Dr. Dale’s article a
large number of beautiful photos of sires, dams, and hybrids,
some of them in harness, others under saddle, and many in the
field.

PRESENT STATUS OF THE AUTOMOBILE IN NEW YORK
Crry.—Within the past year or two many well meaning people

708 NEWS AND ITEMS.

have predicted that within a very short period of time all heavy
trucking in the large cities would be done by automobile in-
stead of horse power. To a certain extent this prophecy has
come true in New York. Some of the large department stores
have adopted the automobile system for delivering large quan-
tities of parcels at distant points, and so far as any expression
has been heard the experiinent has proved satisfactory ; but it is
also true that where these stores thus employ one automobile
they employ dozens of horses and wagons for the same purpose.
Early last winter some of the large brewers concluded that they
could deliver their goods to better advantage with automobiles
than with horses and wagons and for several weeks these great
automobile wagons loaded with kegs of beer were one of the
street sights of New York. But after giving the experiment a
fair trial it was found that horse power was much more eco-
nomical and satisfactory in every way, and the expensive auto-
mobile wagons were disposed of for whatever they would bring
or converted to other uses and for several months nothing but
the magnificent horses for which the brewery owners have be-
come famous have constituted the motive power for propelling
the huge vehicles through the streets and no one now believes
that they will be superceded by automobiles in this generation
at least. New York has a greater number of automobiles used
for private and public purposes than any other city in this
country, and if one visits Riverside Drive or Central Park dur-
ing the fashionable driving hours he will be likely to conclude
that in the near future the automobile will certainly supplant
the horse as a means of locomotion for pleasure riding. But
this conclusion is based upon a false hypothesis. ‘The numer-
ous motor vehicles seen on the popular thoroughfares spoken of
represent only a portion of the wealthy fashionable element
which is but a small percentage of the pleasure drivers of New
York. Some attempt has been made to introduce automobiles
in the public hack service of the city, but up to this time the
effort has not proved very successful. While at the large hotels
and at the public hack stands a few automobiles will be found
ready to transport passengers to any part of the city the old
fashioned cabs and carriages drawn by horses outnumber them
greatly, and now that the experiment has been given a thorough
test it is not believed by those who have given the subject con-
sideration that horse power will ever be supplanted as a means
of street locomotion by any mechanical device that may be con-
structed.—( Correspondence Breeder's Gazette.)

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

NOVEMBER, 1904.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
PARIS, FRANCE, Sept. 15, 1904.

A New METHOD FOR CAUDAL MyoToMy.—Years ago,
Farmer Miles (a few of our readers may remember him) crossed
the Atlantic and introduced in Europe his method of operating
on ridglings. Some time after, House, the first who made of
horse dentistry a specialty, followed him. The former’s visit
had for result, I believe, that European veterinarians became
moye daring, and by degrees began to perform castration oftener
and oftener, until at last we had the various improved methods
of Stockfelth, Bang, Degive and Cadiot. Has the visit of House
left any trace? I do not know. But there have been other
practitioners who have come to exhibit their skill in their
- specialty. Somewhere in 1897, I believe there was one in
France, who came to introduce subcutaneous caudal myotomy-
I did not have the chance to meet him; but I find in the
Annales de Bruxelles of July evidence of his having been in
Belgium, where, according to Mr. Meuleman, who writes an
article on the operation, the said American confrére had great
sticcess and made plenty of money, his fees being Io per cent.
of the value of the animal he operated upon. These financial
successes and the good results obtained decided Mr. Meuleman
to resort also to the subcutaneous method instead of the old
classical way of Brogniez. However, as the operation performed
by the American, and with which we are all familiar, did not
seem to satisfy him, he modified it, and it is this modification
which forms the subject of his report. He used a dermotome to
puncture the skin and the caudal aponeurosis, a myotome to

711

712 EDITORIAL.

divide the muscles; he closes the wound with pin sutures and
applies a dressing of iodoformed collodion. The puuctures of the
skin and the aponeurosis are made oz the internal border of the
muscle. Of course the muscles are divided one after the other,
and from inwards outwards, if I understand well the description
given by the author. By this method no complication is said
to occur, no after-cares are required, heemorrhage is of no im-
portance, suppuration rare, the use of the pulley is applied only
every other night. In conclusion, the author says that out of 300
horses he has operated upon in this way he has yet to see the
first accident resulting from the operation. It is certainly a
new method to perform caudal myotomy, but I doubt if it can
be considered superior to the process that exists in America, and
which was described by Wichman of Berlin, some fifty years
ago, or even that of Brucker, with which a curved bistoury was
resorted to instead of the straight myotome that is used in
Wichman’s.,

kK
* *

PATHOGENY OF OSTEO-ARTHRITIS.—The Revue Générale.

de Leclainche, in the July issue, publishes a study on. the
‘““pathogeny of osteo-arthritis” of horses by two army veteri-
narians—MM. Vivien and Augustin—study which is a com-
plement to the many studies and various discussions which
have taken place lately in the veterinary world of the Conti-
nent. Let us glance over this excellent article.

Under the general name of os/eo-arthritzs, it has been ac-
cepted lately to consider a certain number of diseases of joints
of horses, consisting in a dry inflammation of the diarthrodial
surfaces, especially the arthrodias, developing slowly, and ac-
companied: by bony neo-productions in the neighborhood of
these surfaces, with ankylosis—that is, anatomical as well as
physiological suppression of the articulation. For some, ar-
thritis and its: manifestations is the result of some peculiar con-
ditions ; for others, they play a primordial part. For those, the
arthritic development dominates and imposes all the processes,
and it is for that that they have accepted the name of os/eo-

PO OR Ct

Lad

EDITORIAL. (13

~-

arthritis, to which they have added the qualification of azky-
losing and deformans, according to the resulting lesion.

Osteo-arthritis develops on arthrodial, or at least on diar-
throdials having very limited motions. The true denomination
is reserved to articular diseases which end in ankylosis, which
is only possible when the articular displacements are very lim-
ited. Diarthroses with free motion generally do not present
the lesions which are found in planiform joints. The mode of
development is the same; no matter in what joint, simple or
complicated, it is observed, so long as the conditions of required
fixity are present. Osteo-arthritis in the tarsus is the same as
that in the carpus, the interphalangeal joints or the vertebral
arthrodias ; there is no difference in the stages, in the principal
manifestations ; the secondary points only differ. The study of
the authors is made in the osteo-arthritis of the carpus, where it
is most common and most certain in its progress.

*
* *

The most complicated joint of the equine machine is cer-
tainly the hock ; it is also the one which presents the most fre-
quent and various alterations. All the articulations which
compose it are liable to arthritis; none are exempt, and if the
scaphoido-cunean is most frequently diseased, the intercunean,
cuneo-metatarsal, cuneo-cuboid, scaphoido-cuboid, and scaphoido-
astragalean are also affected, in a frequency represented here by
the rank in which they are named. Tarsal lesions are essentially
proteiform: bony growths, ankylosis without deformities, mar-
ginal or central cartilaginous ulcerations of various shapes, sim-
ple ecchymosis—all these are observed, varying at the same time
in their exact seat, their collecting together and in their extent.
What is frequent, however, is that several arthrodias may be af-
fected simultaneously ; what is constant is, that the same le-
sions, with a certain degree of development, are observed on the
surfaces in contact, lesions which are about equal in importance
and similar in form; and what is also constant is that, sym-
metrically on both hocks and in the same arthrodias, the patho-
logical manifestations are reproduced almost identically, except

W714 EDITORIAL.

a difference in the severity. And itis not rare to observe in one
hock, all the stages of the complete process of the disease, stereo-
typed, so to speak, on the various arthrodias.

What are those stages and how are they observed? The
first perceptible changes are only a szmple ecchymosis, varying
in extent, to be detected only on fresh bone. But the cartzlagz-
nous desquamation may be the first striking change ; the ecchy-
mosis has been overlooked. The cartilage has lost its brilliancy ;
it is rough, slightly depressed—this cartilaginous decortication
is the first step towards z/ceration. After a certain time the
cartilage has disappeared ; the borders of the articulation begin
granulating, osteophytes appear on the margins; they unite
from one bone to the other—azkyloszs has taken place. To
these troubles, others soon appear, which immobilize the joint.
Their variability is very great.

What is the nature of this ankylosis? It is false; that is,
merely functional suppression of the joint, or an anatomical
destruction. Examination of various ankyloses show that the
union between the bones may not appear externally, that it is
deep and invisible, or again that the articular margins have
been made one, and also that the articular surfaces are united
either entirely in their whole extent or only between portions
of these. But other conditions may also take place; the inflam-
mation may extend, the process spreads outward and gives rise
to the projection of neoformed tissue, and yet, while this hyper-
plasia is connected with the arthritic development, it does not
necessarily complete it; generally it is the ultimate term of
ankylosis.

*K . *

After a long consideration upon the histology of diseased
and ankylosed joints, the authors conclude: The pathological
process, which ends in the destruction of the inferior tarsal
arthrodias, is a complex evolution, not so much by its nature as
by the manifestations it gives rise to—it is a polyarthritis, start-
ing by an inflammatory state of the tarsal bones and having its
developing centre in their articulations, and ending in-their

EDITORIAL. cle

union and their deformation. It is, in fact, as said by Joly and
Eberlein, a succession of osteitis, arthritis, ankylosis, exostosis.

But, then, what becomes of the old idea, of spavin consid-
ered so long as a morbid entity? It appears now only as an
epiphonema, scarcely asyndrom. ‘The theory of the etiology,
viz., the accidental ligamentous hyper-extension, has become in-
sufficient to explain the facts rationally. "This hyper-extension
has no direct part to play; its action is only secondary and in
no way does it modify the general development of the disease.
How could it be conceived that such accidental cause, localized
to a ligamentous hyper-extension, would promote in other plani-

form articulations such changes as those that are observed ?

*
*K *

Kocu’s THEORY EXPLODED BY THE FINDINGS OF THE
Royat Commission.—The well-known theory advanced by
Prof. Koch on human and bovine tuberculosis has received an-
other setback by the zz¢erzm report of the Royal Commission
on Tuberculosis which was appointed in England, a report
which I find in the Journal of Comparative Pathology and
Therapeutics (June, 1904).

The commission was appointed to inquire and report with
respect to tuberculosis: (1) Whether the disease in animals and
man is one and the same; (2) Whether animals and man can
be reciprocally infected with it; (3) Under what conditions, if
at all, the transmission of the disease from animals to man
takes place, and what are the circumstances favorable or un-
favorable to such transmission. ‘The greater part of these
questions were directed to the view which had been expressed
that the bacillus which gives rise to tuberculosis in the bovine
animal is specifically distinct from the bacillus which gives rise
to tuberculosis in the human being, and that, therefore, the
presence of the bovine bacillus in the milk or flesh of the cow
consumed as food by man is not to be regarded as a cause of
tuberculosis in the latter.”

The Commissioners were Sir Michael Foster (M. P.), Prof.
G. S. Woodhead, Sidney Martin, McFadyean and R. W. Boyce.

716 EDITORIAL.

To reach their result the plan of taking evidence and col-
lecting opinions was laid aside for the present and experimental
investigations were decided upon.

The first line of inquiry was this:

“What are the effects produced by introducing into the body
of the bovine animal (calf, heifer, cow), either through the ali-
mentary canal as food, or directly into the tissues by subcutane-
ous or other injections, tuberculous material of human origin—
z. é., material containing living tubercle bacilli obtained from
various cases of tuberculous disease in human beings, and how
far do these effects resemble or differ from the effects produced
by introducing into the bovine animal, under conditions as simi-
lar as possible, tuberculous material of bovine origin—z. é.,
material containing living tubercle bacilli obtained from cases
of tuberculous disease in the cow, calf or ox?”

This meant a great deal of work. More than 20 different
strains of tuberculous material of human origin (that is, taken
from more than 20 cases of tuberculous disease in human beings
—viz., sputa, pulmonary, mesenteric, abdominal, bronchial,
cervical, glandular, and articular tuberculosis) ; and with these
20 strains experiments were carried out. With what results?
With seven strains, the introduction of the tuberculous matter
gave rise at once to acute tuberculosis of remarkable severity.
With the balance the bovines which received the first introduc-
tion were less extensively diseased. In two instances only the
tuberculous disease remained limited to the spot where the ma-
terial had been introduced. In most, however, the infection
spread from the seat of inoculation along the lymphatic glands
with the appearance of a small amount of tuberculosis in the
lungs and spleen. Inoculation of material from these bovines
to other animals, bovines or guinea-pigs, have so far given posi-
tive results with the five strains remaining. Observations are
still going on.

Careful comparison has been made between the disease
thus set up by human material and that due to material of bo-
vine origin, and so far “it has been found that the one, both in

ta ee *

EDITORIAL. 717

its broad general features and in its finer histological details,
to be identical with the other.”

No character has been found by which one could be distin-
guished from the other and post-mortem records can be shown
where the accounts taken of the lesions in bovines affected with
human material might be used as typical descriptions of ordi-
nary bovine tuberculosis.

Up to the time of making the report, more than 200 animals
had been experimented upon, and the detailed report of the ex-
periments will be made later on.

The conclusion for the present is: As long as the tubercle
of human origin can give rise in the bovine to tuberculosis
identical with ordinary bovine tuberculosis, it seems clearly
shown that it would be unwise to frame or modify legislative
measures in accordance with the view that human and bovine
tubercle bacilli are specifically different from each other, and
that the disease caused by the one is a wholly different thing
from the disease caused by the other.

*
* *

HONORS FOR AMERICAN VETERINARIANS.—I am rather
late if, in closing this chronicle, I give our readers the news of
honors given to two American veterinarians by one of the
veterinary societies of France; my absence from Paris, and hav-
ing read but little of late, are my excuses.

At the meeting of the Société Centrale de Médecine Vétéri-
naire of Paris, held in July, Dr. D. E. Salmon, of Washington,
was elected foreign associate member, and Dr. de Schweinitz, of
Washington, as foreign corresponding member.

I send our worthy colleagues and friends my sincere con-
gratulations. Aske

VETERINARIANS FOR VETERINARY WORK.

As years come and go, and as the members of the veteri-
nary profession advance in the educational standard, and
broaden in their knowledge of all that legitimately appertains
to their branch of medical science, they step forward to shoul-

718 EDITORIAL.

der the responsibilities which their qualifications have entailed.
There has not been an instance where they have not proven
equal to the exactions of their new fields, nor one where they
have receded from their position and have been replaced by
others through their incompetency. The wisdom and justice
of this course is self-evident and has redounded to their benefit
and that of the country. Many States have passed laws placing
veterinarians in charge of the diseases of live stock, without,
however, giving them a free hand, having laymen or men with
a knowledge of human medicine only as executive heads of the
departments, in most instances stultifying the work of the vet-
erinarians through their lack of practicability in dealing with
animal diseases. At the October meeting of the Passaic County
Veterinary Medical Association, which was in the nature of a
banquet tendered by the President, Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, the
condition of affairs in this respect in New Jersey was the subject
of reference by a number of the speakers, and there was a ring
to the determined utterances which carried conviction that the
profession in that State would not rest until a central depart-
ment of animal industry, or a live-stock sanitary commission,
under veterinary direction, was a law of the State. There is no
question but that such a movement is urgently demanded by the
conditions existing in New Jersey, as the diseases of live stock
are so distributed between the Board of Health and the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, that practitioners are unable to obtain
anything like satisfaction when endeavoring to have outbreaks
of disease investigated, while responsibility is shirked by the one
and shifted by the other.

Conditions are much better in Pennsylvania, where the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, while composed largely of
others than veterinarians, yet the personality of the State Veter-
inarian, backed up by wise provisions in the law creating the
Board—framed under the guidance of veterinarians-—has enabled
the veterinary idea to predominate in the enforcement of ques-
tions with which it deals. So, too, the recent meat and milk
inspection law of Montana, framed under veterinary supervis-

EDITORIAL. 719

ion, through knowledge of conditions and remedies, and being
applied by veterinarians under veterinary direction, is proving
a boon to the breeders and consumers, and reflecting the greatest
credit upon our branch of medicine. Not less striking as an exam-
ple of the value of veterinarians in charge of both the executive
and professional sanitary work of States is the case of Minne-
sota, where the State Live Stock Sanitary Board has veterina-
rians directly in charge, doing and directing the work. There
are two veterinarians on the Advisory Board; there are also the
Secretary and Executive Officer, a veterinarian who is in full
charge, and handles and accounts for all funds; a field veteri-
narian in constant service, and a director of the new bacterio.
logical department, also a veterinarian, with a second field vet-
erinarian in prospect for the near future.

Such instances as noted above should be an inspiration for
the profession in other States, and they should strive to secure
the great benefits that are bound to flow from such conditions.

The most prominent example of the need of such laws is
New York State. With its live and progressive State Associa-
tion, its accomplishment should be an easy matter. ‘The great-
est factor in securing wise laws of this nature isa leader with
determination and persistency.

MAGNIFICENT ENDOWMENT FOR VETERINARY
EDUCATION.

The Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsy]l-
vania has been blessed by an unnamed philanthropist, who has
donated to its building fund the princely sum of one hundred
thousand dollars. ‘The heroic devotion of her faculty, which
has worked earnestly and persistently, without other reward
than their love and pride for their profession, in the hope and
belief that their self-sacrificing struggles would bring to their
aid some such succor as this announcement records, is worthy
of all praise, and we extend to them and to the profession of
which they are such worthy examples, our hearty congratula-
tions, coupled with the hope that, having secured the entrance

720 EDITORIAL.

of the wedge, many other similar events may drive it deeper
and deeper until the great University shall have a veterinary
school the peer of any in all the world.

The conditions and purposes of the donation are well toldin
the announcement made by Provost Harrison at the opening-
day exercises of the University of Pennsylvania, on Friday,
September 20, which was as follows:

““T have a most agreeable announcement to make to you,
one for which we have hoped for a long time. ‘The most im-
portant gift to the University since the beginning of its new
year upon September 1 has been made toward the endowment
of the department of veterinary medicine, in the sum of $100,-
000, the income of which is to be used solely for the benefit of
this department. I believe this is the largest sum contributed
to this special object—important as it is—ever made for the
purposes of veterinary medicine in this country. I am not per-
mitted to announce the name of the donor, but that donor will
know how grateful we are for this munificent and humane
benefaction. It is a most hopeful and inspiring gift, and I an-
nounce it to you with enthusiasm, hoping and believing it may
be followed by proper buildings, both hospital and laboratory,
where you may have the same advantages wiiee your fellows
in medicine and dentistry now so fully enjoy.”

PLAGIARISM WITH A VENGEANCE.

It has been said that “imitation is the sincerest flattery,”
but a recent number of a little sheet bearing the pretentious
title of Zhe lnternational Veterinary Review, and edited and
published by Dr. L. L. Conkey, Grand Rapids, Mich., has surely
gone the limit. The AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW has no
objection whatever to his making copious clippings from its
pages, crediting this journal for them, because his readers will
thus be supplied with very much better material than they have
been accustomed to receive; but when the editor of our West-
ern contemporary removes our editorial department bodily and
prints it as his own, it does seem that the usual editorial courte-

Rie ete ae ee age a ee

EDITORIAL. 721

sies have been outraged and sufficient cause established for a
vigorous protest. We would probably have allowed the matter
to pass unnoticed, and ignored Conkey’s effrontery, had he not
republished Dr. Liautard’s ‘“‘ European Chronicles,” signed with
his well-known initials, thus conveying the impression that the
senior editor of this journal had written the articles specially for
the /zternational Review.

We repeat that the /zternational Review is welcome to re-
print articles found in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW,
providing it gives credit for them, for, judging by the few others
that it contained, its readers will be gainers thereby, and the
cause for which we labor will be correspondingly advanced. At
the same time the fraud of adopting our articles and editorials
as original with it will not be tolerated.

THE ‘‘ VETERINARY JOURNAL” (England) publishes month
ly a list of ‘‘ Communications, Books, Journals, ete., Received "
—presumably since its last issue; but, judging by the informa-
tion contained in its enumeration, the publishers must have
had the list stereotyped into a solid block some years ago, for
there has not been a change in it within the memory of some
middle-aged veterinarians. Regularly every month it states
that it receives the Journal of Comparative Medicine and Vet-
erinary Archives, although the Philadelphia Journal ceased
publication in May, 1903. ‘The REVIEW is never received,
according to the list, albeit it is mailed regularly every month,
and we frequently observe quotations from it in the pages of
our esteemed contemporary.

Wi1rTH the present number Prof. Leonard Pearson, the dis-
tinguished State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, and Dean of the
Veterinary Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, becomes
a collaborator of the REVIEW, and we welcome him to our staff
with enthusiasm, congratulating our readers upon the acquisi-
tion of one whose brains and loyalty to his chosen profession
have done so much for its advancement.

722 FRANK H. MILLER.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

HAMORRHAGIC COLITIS OF THE DOG DUE TO IN-
FECTION WITH THE TRICHOCEPHALUS
DEPRESSIUSCULUS.

(TRUE WHIP WORM.)

By FRANK H. MILLER, D. V. S., VBETERINARIAN TO WESTMINSTER
KENNEL CLUB, NEW YORK CITY.

In again availing myself of the courtesy of the publishers in
allowing me space in the REVIEW, I would perhaps at the very
outset be pardoned for selecting a subject which may, possibly
will, at first glance appeal to many of your readers as being of
immediate concern to those only, as may be particularly in-
terested in canine pathology, were it not too painfully true that
the entire subject of helminthology, and especially that portion
of it with which we as veterinarians are thrown into almost
daily contact, not only requires much closer study than it
usually receives, but also our united efforts in the matter of re-
cording our experiences and observations, without which we can
scarce hope for much beyond the most empirical application
either of remedies or prophylactic measures calculated to miti-
gate the ravages of the entozoa, which cause such heavy annual
sacrifices in the animals with whose care we as veterinarians are
commonly charged. There is perhaps no branch of comparative
medicine which is of greater importance in the question of con-
serving animal life, and certainly none which so perfectly cor-
responds to the more or less empirical application of medicine
of fifty years ago.

We, generally speaking, are all too prone in the face of cer-
tain evidence to “hit off”? a diagnosis of ‘‘round worms” and
quite as spasmodically fly one of the “cut and dried” remedies
after it, without stopping one moment to consider the prime im-
portance of determining beyond question the exact kind of par-
asite we are combatting.

I take into full consideration the general efficacy of many of

HA#MORRHAGIC COLITIS OF THE DOG. 723

——

the remedies used to kill or expel the so-classed ‘‘ round worms,”
but this consideration should make it absolutely impossible for
us to lose sight of the fact that there are worms of this very
type frequently invading the tract of animals which are practi-
cally invulnerable to such remedies as hold the highest rank as
vermifuges and vermicides when administered in heavy, even
tonic doses, and use them as we may, either from the point of
personal convenience, or from less commendable reasons, we are
nevertheless, practicing a form of medicine neither scientific
nor successful, for that is most successful which goes direct to
the mark.

In venturing the following remarks regarding the invasion
of the dog’s large intestine by that one of the Trichotrachelide,
known as the 7rzchocephalus depressiusculus, 1 would be allowed
to present the subject mainly from the view-point of personal
clinical observation in treating dogs, coupled with a careful re-
gard for the comparatively little which has from time to time
been recorded concerning the Trichotrachelide in general; and
if my data be, as it undoubtedly is, somewhat scanty, it cannot
altogether fail of interest, if for no other reason than that it may
show how difficult, indeed at times impossible, it may be for us
to harmonize the practical side of questions medical, with the
recorded statements of literateurs of both human and compara-
tive medicine, who in respect to this particular parasite devote
very scant space to its study clinically and biologically, and
agree almost as a unit as to its small potentiality as a disease-
producing element within the human or animal body.

Being, therefore, a truly clinical matter, I cannot perhaps
serve my purpose more easily and expeditiously than by placing
before the reader the history of a few cases of this infection
which it has been my fortune to treat within the past few
months, for obvious reasons verifying the same with exact dates
and addresses.

Case 7.—Called Feb. 6th to examine three-year-old male
bull terrier, owned by Wm. B , 170 East 72d Street, New
York, of which the following history was obtained: Animal,

724 FRANK H. MILLER.

which was of the heavy weight order, was bred and carefully
reared by owner in his residence, had always been robust and of
more than ordinary spirit and strength, easily nourished and
conditioned. About ten days previous to this examination was
noticed to lose spirit, becoming very sluggish or weak with un-
satisfactory appetite, some meals being entirely refused. Bowels
somewhat irregular, slight diarrhoea alternating with constipa-
tion, which symptoms, coupled with tendency to sleep much,
caused me to prescribe an entire change of diet, with tonic doses
of elixir calisaya, pepsin, bismuth and strychnine.

Feb. 23d, dog’s condition having steadily grown worse, was
called, finding marked emaciation, with loss of strength, and
showing a tendency to hemorrhagic bowel irritability. Closer
examination revealed a normal temperature and respiration,
with distinct heart impulse, the pulse being slow and of fairly
good volume, but distinctly regularly-irregular in rhythm. He
was very dis-spirited and showed a dull lusterless coat, inclining
to the erect, eyes less prominent than usual, breath offensive,
with red marginal zone around the teeth at the gum-line.
Anemia was now becoming well defined in all the mucous
membranes. By appointment, the dog was presented at office
for closer examination, including examination of the urine,
which, beyond being of increased specific gravity and contain-
ing much indican, was substantially normal. Microscopie ex-
aniination of the stools, which were blood-tinged, showed goodly,
but not great, numbers of the highly distinctive spindle-shaped
eggs of the Zrzchocephalus depressiusculus, along with great
numbers of red blood cells in all stages of destruction, as well as
much mucus.

Treatment.—Since the patient had been most thoroughly
treated by the owner at various times with one of the commonly-
used vermifuges, I caused him to be subject to eighteen hours’
fasting, at the end of which time I gave an hypodermatic injec-
tion of one grain morp. sulph., plus one-sixtieth grain atropin
sulphate, which, as is usual, caused emesis, promptly followed
by the desired state of somnolence, when fifty drops oleo-resin

‘ooS x

‘SHCIODINAWNT SIAVISY D99Y

‘ooS x

“ssHuddad SQIVHdHOOHOIAL 994

x “SSHUdHd SNIVHdHOOHDIA L

HZMORRHAGIC COLITIS OF THE DOG. 725

aspidium was given, thoroughly mixed in one ounce each of
castor oil and glycerin. Light food was offered, but refused late
on evening of this day, but was taken with ever-increasing
relish when the stupor had passed away on the following day.
Microscopic examination of the stools failed to give evidence of
the ova of the worms after the second day. Diarrhoea cleared
up promptly and flesh was taken on at a truly marvelous rate.
The sensorium became as clear as before, and in ten days the
patient seemed to have again reached the climax of health,
which has been retained in full to date.

Case I/.—Small quantity of stool from adult female French
bull dog, about two years old, was sent me by R. H. H., No. 28
East 21st Street, this city, upon April 2d, with the request that
it be carefully examined. ‘The material was accompanied by
the information that this particular animal, which had always
been vigorous in all particulars, had suddenly began to lose
flesh and was showing diarrhoea, the discharges being blood-
marked. The dog being from a kennel where the administra-
tion of good vermifuges is more or less a matter of routine
practice, as might be surmised the microscopic examination
showed no trace of ordinary worms as the ascaris, but several
ova of the Depresstusculus were revealed, along with much
mucus and fresh and broken-down red blood cells.

Owing to the fact that the dog was a noted one, under
engagements to compete at an important show within the next
five days, we decided it would be injudicious to diet and further
reduce her weight in proceeding against the parasites before her
return to the city.

On April oth, animal was reported in extremely bad con-
dition, having continuously gone back in weight under good
nursing and palliatives until her life appeared in jeopardy. All
syinptoms were much aggravated. There was a perfect loss of
appetite with great emaciation under the frequent and copious
discharge of bloody mucous stools. Great weakness, anzemia,
and apathy, were cardinal symptoms. No time was lost in
dieting and owner was instructed to administer 25 drops oleo-

726 FRANK H. MILLER.

resin aspidium in one and one-half ounces equal parts castor oil
and glycerin, which caused almost immediate vomiting, which
cleared the stomach. I visited her personally and administered
hypodermatically % grain morph. sulph., plus ,}, grain atro-
pine, which caused the usual vomition, followed by depression,
when she again received at my hands a repetition of the aspid-
ium, oil and glycerin, which was perfectly retained. No ex-
amination of the stool was made until one week had elapsed, at
which time no single trace remained of the infection, nor were
blood cells in evidence, and the mucus also had in great measure
disappeared. She had during this week made a most rapid
recovery, both in matter of appetite and yaining of flesh and
spirit, which appear to have become almost normal at the end
of one week. Cure was complete and health remains good to
date.

Case //7.—Small male Pomeranian dog, about four years of
age, owned by Mrs.’A. P. C., No. 9 East 53d Street, N. Y. City,
was presented for examination May roth, with a record of past
good health up to a very recent date, when he developed a
troublesome mucoid diarrheea, which had a distinct hemorrhagic
tendency, accompanied with rapid loss of flesh and great weak-
ness. Inquiry convinced me that the regimen had been quite
rational. The temperature was 103%, pulse rapid and of poor
volume. Cardiac impulse well defined over both sides. The
body was emaciated and the skin lacked resiliency. The eyes,
while bright, distinctly betrayed suffering. There was slight
tenderness of the intestines on palpation. Anemia was in
evidence and the red zones about the teeth were present.
Breath bad. Patient had been freely dosed with some of the
common dog remedies, including buckthorn. A smear of the
rectal contents, which were mainly blood, examined microscopi-
cally, revealed the ova of 7. depresstusculus in numbers.

Patient was dieted for 18 hours, at the end of which time
I gave % grain morph. sulph., plus ,}, grain atropine hypoder-
matically, and as soon as the stomach had been cleared and
again quiescent, followed it by 15 drops oleo-resin aspidium in

HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS OF THE DOG. 727

one tablespoonful each of warm castor oil and glycerin.» The
animal slept quietly for about 12 hours, at the end of which
time a small quantity of water was taken, soon followed by dis-
charge from bowels. Was quite bright on following morning
and partook of food with some relish. Stools passed during the
night contained two or three of the 7: dep. and some blood.

Improvement in all respects after this treatment was rapid
and very satisfactory, when the patient was returned upon the
16th, but the microscope showing one or two eggs of the parasites
still in evidence, he was again prepared and under the same
precautions received 22 drops of the aspidium plus oil and
glycerin. The recovery was rapid and the animal was dis-
charged as cured on 23d.

Case /V.—This case is interesting as being more or less
representative of several cases which caused devastation in the
kennel of toy dogs owned by Mrs. D., No. 29 North Terrace
Avenue, Mount Vernon, N. Y., where the first evidences of
disease appeared about Jan. Ist in an adult pug shortly after
his introduction to the kennels. Case IV. was autopsied at Mrs.
D.’s request Feb. 15th. The animal, a small Yorkshire terrier,
about four years old, was in a state of marasmus, with scurfy
skin and unkempt coat. All the organs were normal in texture,
but anemic. There was an excess of peritoned fluid, but no
traces of peritonitis. The large intestines were wasted in ap-
pearance and the color showed a diffuse inflammation; the
mucous membrane was perceptibly thickened and perforated
through and through with numerous examples of the 7. dep.,
which were present in great, I may well say almost incredible,
numbers, some appearing to be nearly one-third imbedded in the
lining of the intestine.’

It may be stated that these cases (about ten in all) all ap-
peared in rapid succession, and were said by the owner to have
been ushered in by great skin irritation, but this was undoubt-
‘edly due to sarcoptic mange, which was prevalent there. One
of the most popular and efficient vermifuges upon the market
was used upon these cases by the owner without results, and

728 FRANK H. MILLER.

was thought (probably erroneously) to have been responsible for
the hemorrhagic diarrhoea which supervened soon after which
their conditions began to deteriorate. In this dog examined
(Case IV.) there was no evidence of parasites beyond the Z.
dep. and is accounted valuable as giving evidence of how this
parasite can at times and under favorable circumstances assume
decidedly epidemic manifestations.

I take the liberty to present photo-micrographs from this case
of the 7: depresszusculus, as well as its egg, giving one from
the common round worm, to exemplify the great.contrast in ap-
pearance of the two under the microscope. While the yearly
microscopical examination of hundreds of samples of excreta
from the dog in diagnosing has fully convinced me of the rela-
tive freedom of our dogs from this particular worm as compared
with others of the nematode, notably the strongylidze and
ascaridee, the grave and urgent symptoms which they have
_ given rise to in these cases, must of necessity cause me to rank
them in future among parasites of the very first clinical i1m-
portance in this animal, since it evidently does not require an in-
vasion in great numbers to produce the symptoms I have tried to
describe, but owing to the great penetration of their long and
thread-like head and neck through and through the mucous mem-
brane, a very few examples are capable of causing great irritation
and hemorrhageand rapidly putthe animal’s life intothe balance.

It is of interest to note that the symptoms set forth in these
cases all appeared suddenly, and that the animals so undermined
in health were not puppies, neither were they such growing
animals as most frequently are subject to worms, but in all
cases adult animals of considerable age, and, with the exception
of Case IV. were animals bearing all evidences of good health
before the attack began, and yet they seemed to have little or
no resistance, and all would undoubtedly have died, and that
speedily, had not the microscope revealed the true state of
affairs in time, and without which I maintain a sufficiently
accurate working diagnosis in these diseases would have been
absolutely impossible.

HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS OF THE DOG. 729

——»

While much darkness still surrounds the biological aspects
of the 7richocephalus depressiusculus, from ample evidence, we
are, I think, warranted in assuming that this worm infects by
the egg, and only after the same has undergone a certain devel-

opment entirely outside the body under suitable condition of

heat and moisture, condition which, however, prevail in nearly
all climates during the summer months. This sojourn outside
the body appears to be a long one, usually extending over many
months, and the development of the ova is probably up to, and
possibly through the larva stage, before infection becomes pos-
sible.

Duvaigne and other noted investigators are not in strict ac-
cord as to the degree of development necessary, but do agree
that the ova, even under the most suitable conditions, are rarely
sufficiently developed to infect before thesixth month after they
have gained the outside world, and this time may even be pro-
longed in cold climates to one year, a fact of great interest since
it shows how great is the vitality of the ova in itself to live so
long under any condition, and one of much concern in combat-
ting the disease by outside disinfectants, and in dwelling upon
it we should think of the longevity of the ova of others of the
intestinal parasites, notably the Dochmzus duodenalis and make
our great battle in the direction of proper sanitation and disin-
fection of the stools, which should be executed only along lines
of real and not imaginary efficiency.

Regarding the successful issues in the treatment of the above
cases, I can only say that aspidium appears to be a reliable
remedy, provided the animal retains sufficient quantities of the
agent, and as far as my experience teaches me, is a compara-
tively safe drug in adult animals without any corrective, and
exceedingly so when given, as in these cases, in conjunction with
morphine and atropine, which not only render it possible for
the animal to retain it, but at the same time cuts out some of
its more objectionable qualities without reducing its values as a
vermifuge.

730 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
ANATOMY OF SOME OF THE LOWER SPECIES
COMPARED WITH THAT OF MAN.

WITH PASSING ALLUSIONS TO ANALOGY AND HOMOLOGY.*

By W. H. DatrymP_eE, M. R. C. V.S., LovuIsIANA STATE UNIVERSITY,
BATON ROUGE, LA.

Mr. PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF THE LOUISIANA STATE
MEDICAL SociEeTry :—When invited by Dr. C. H. Irion, chair-
man of the Section on Anatomy and Physiology, to assist him
in the work of that Section by preparing a paper appropriate
to the occasion, it at once occurred to me that the presentation
of a few of the differential characteristics in the anatomy of
some of the lower species, more especially those more familiar-
ly known as the domestic animals, compared with man, might
prove of interest to the members of the Society, as I know, from
personal experience, that the student of human medicine is not
always required to possess a very profound knowledge of com-
parative anatomy, and, therefore, cannot be presumed to be very
familiar with the differential characteristics when compared
with that of the human subject. The chief difficulty, it seems
to me, in recognizing analogous and homologous organs, and
their positions, in man and in the lower animals, especially to
those conversant only with human anatomy, is the difference in
position assumed by each individual.

For example: I was once asked by a physician in the coun-
try to solve the difficulty in the operation of passing the catheter
in the female of the genus Equus, it having baffled his ingenu-
ity to locate the meatus. Realizing at once the cause of the
trouble, I suggested that the position of the human female and
that of the mare, under such an operation, were simply reversed,
and that, if he would change the position of the quadruped into
that of the biped, or imagine the reverse, the difficulty would
most probably be solved. It is not, therefore, the difference in

* Reprinted from the Mew Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal.

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 73]

relation to surrounding structures in such an instance, but sim-
ply a difference in the natural position assumed by the different
individuals.

I might state here that when using the term analogy I refer
to similarity of function only, and when speaking of homology, —
similarity in structure is meant.

One rather striking instance in analogy is that found in the
membrana nictitans found in connection with the eye of the
horse and ox, and the digits on the pectoral limb of man. This,
at first sight, may appear a little far-fetched, but if we look upon
each as an organ by which to clear the eye of offending bodies,
the analogy becomes more apparent. A short description of this
membrane, or third eye-lid, as it is sometimes termed, may be
necessary here, as well as interesting, I hope, as it is developed
only in mammals having pronatory and supinatory actions of
their thoracic limbs. The following is from Chauveau, the emi-
nent French comparative anatomist: ‘‘ This organ is placed at
the inner canthus of the eye, whence it extends over the eye-
ball to relieve it from foreign bodies which may fall upon it.
It has for its framework a fibro-cartilage—reticulated or elastic
—irregular in shape, and nearly prismatical at its base, and thin
anteriorly, where it is covered by the conjunctiva; it is con-
tinued behind by a strong adipose cushion, which is insinuated
between all the muscles of the eye-ball, and to which it is loosely
attached. No muscle directly concurs in the movements of the
body ; they are entirely mechanical. When the eye is in its
usual position, there is only perceived the fold of conjunctiva
that terminates it in front; the remainder is concealed in the
fibrous case of the eye. When, however, the latter is withdrawn
into the orbit by the contraction of its vectz muscles, the globe
compresses the fatty cushion belonging to the cartilage; this
cushion, pressing outwards, pushes the membrane before it, and
the latter then entirely conceals the whole front of the globe.
This movement is instantaneous but it may be momentarily
checked by pressing gently on the eye, when the animal retracts
it within the orbital cavity. The use of the membrana is to

102 WwW. H. DALRYMPLE.

maintain the healthy condition of the eye, by removing any
matters that have escaped the eyelids ; and what clearly demon-
strates this function is the inverse relation that always exists
between the development of this body, and the facility with
which animals can rub their eyes with their anterior (pectoral or
thoracic) limbs. So it is that with the horse and ox, the thoracic
limb of which cannot be applied to this purpose, the membrana
is very largely developed ; in the dog, which may use its paw, to
some extent, when it requires to brush its eye, it is smaller; in
the cat it is still less; while in the monkey and in mankind,
whose hands are perfect, it is rudimentary.”

It might be stated in this connection, that, whereas, the
human eye is provided with six muscles, viz.: four straight
and two oblique, the horse and ox have an extra rectus, known
as the retractor oculi ; and a third or middle oblique has been
mentioned by Strangeways, of Edinburgh, as sometimes, if not
always, found in the former animal. ‘This posterior rectus, or
retractor bulbi, of the horse and ox, seems to be considerably
concerned in the mechanism of the movements of the mem-
brana nictitans, although Chauveau credits them to no special
muscle, as its action, when contracting, is to draw the globe
towards the back of the orbit, and in doing so assists in flatten-
ing the adipose cushion which moves the membrane.

This membrane completely envelopes the extra-cranial por-
tion of the optic nerve, being a muscular sheath resembling in
shape the fibrous lining of the orbit. Its fibers are disposed
longitudinally, arise around the optic foramen, and are inserted
into the posterior part of the external face of the sclerotic. It
is always more or less fasciculated, and may be frequently sepa-
rated into four portions—superior, inferior, external and in-
ternal. |

No doubt many of you may have observed the elliptical,
rather than circular, shape of the pupil in equine species. Ap-
pearing attached to the upper pupillary border of the iris in the
horse can be seen several (four or five) roundish fungous-like
masses. I recollect a year or two ago observing an editorial in

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 733

a Western paper devoted exclusively to these bodies, the editor
evidently imagining he had made the wonderful discovery that
fungous growths had been discovered in the eyes of every horse
that shied, and that shying was chargeable altogether to these,
presumably, malignant neoplasms. This journalist was quite —
correct when he said that all shying horses had these corpora
nigra, as they are termed, but if he had extended his investiga-
tions a little further, he would have found that the non-shying
ones possessed them also.

In briefly describing these pigmentary bodies, it may be said
that the posterior face of the iris, in relation with the lens and
ciliary processes, is covered by a very thick layer of pigment
termed the zvea, from its resemblance to the color of a ripe
grape. Portions of this pigment, supported by a small pedicle,
frequently pass through the pupillary aperture and appear in
the anterior chamber of the eye, as the brownish-black spongy
masses referred to. Occasionally, but quite rarely, a small
body may be found on the lower margin. Smith, in his Man-
ual of Veterinary Physiology, states that when the pupil is
coutracted in direct sunlight, the centre of it is entirely blocked
out by these pigmentary masses and divided into an inner and
outer portion. It would appear as if this caused an imperfect
image to be imprinted on the retina, and this view was at one
time held; but on subjecting the question to actual experi-
ment, no broken image was found to result from the use of a
diaphragm, the centre of which was blocked out.

The use of these bodies is doubtless to assist in absorbing
rays of light; but their position in the centre of the pupil,
when that aperture is contracted, would, theoretically, not ap-
pear to be the most suitable position, and the author just
quoted thinks they must have some other function.

With the exception of one area, the whole of the interior of
‘ the choroid is covered with pigment, and the same extends on
to the ciliary processes and the iris. This area lies on the pos-
terior wall of the eyeball above the optic nerve; it is of a bril-
liant metallic color in the horse, a mixture of green, yellow and

734 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

blue, and is known as the ¢apetum lucidum, or bright carpet. It
is found in both herbivora and carnivora; in the former it is
said to be due to the interference of light causing irridescence,
produced by the arrangement of the connective tissue of the
choroid, and not to the presence of any pigment. In carnivora
it is due to minute crystals in the cells of the part, the crystals
causing the interference. Chauveau states that by reflecting
the rays of light a second time through the retina, it probably
enables the animal to see better at night, or in a low light, the
tapetum acting as a concave reflector. Of course we are all fa-
miliar with the glare in the eyes of the cat in the dark.

Leaving the region of the eye, which has, perhaps, occupied
more time than was necessary, we might say a word or two with
regard to the region of the shoulder. In solipeds, or whole-
hoofed animals, as the horse, this region has for its base but a
single bone—the scapulo. In fact there is no clavicle present
in any of the domestic herbivora; but in the carnivora, the
shoulder has two bones—the scapula and clavicle. In the dog,
the latter is little more than a shell embedded in the muscles in
front of the scapulo-humeral angle; while in the cat, it consti-
tutes a small styloid bone which is united to the acromion pro-
cess and the sternum, through the medium of two ligaments.

The humerus in man is relatively much longer than that of
animals.

The radius and ulna deserve brief mention. The latter bone
in the horse ends, at its inferior extremity, towards the lower
fourth of the principal portion of the forearm in an acute point,
and sometimes by a small kuob, the capztulum ulnae. It is not
rare, however, to see it prolonged, especially in the ass and
mule, to the inferior external tuberosity of the radius.

In the ox, sheep and goat, the ulna extends the whole length
of the radius, and takes part in forming the articular surface
corresponding with the carpal bones. In the hog, like the ru-
minant, the lower end of the ulna is in contact with the upper
tow of bones of the carpus.

It may be stated that the development of the ulna is in direct

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 735

relation to the division of the foot. In monodactylous animals,
for instance, such as the horse, ass and mule, the ulna may in
fact be said to be only rndimentary. In pentadactylous animals,
on the other hand, such as man, the dog and cat., etc., this is, in

reality, a long bone which equals, or even exceeds, the radius in”

volume.

Coming now to the manus, or hand, we may say that the
limits of this region extend from the lower end of the forearm
to the third phalanx inclusive. If it is examined superficially,
the differences it presents in the number and arrangement of
the parts composing it are very striking. |The digits that ter-
minate the hand are pieces which, from the earliest times, have
most occupied the attention of observers. Thus, when we do
not go beyond appearances, it might be believed that, with
regard to the number of digits, there were great differences in
animals. From this point of view, says Chauveau, the domestic
animals form a nearly decreasing series, commencing with the
carnivora, and terminating with solipeds. This author further
states that, although the horse appears to have only one digit,
the ox two, the hog four, and the dog and cat five, yet the hand
in all these creatures may be referred to the pentadactylous
type. We will refer briefly to only two of these—ruminants
and solipeds.

Intended as an organ of support, the hand of the ruminant
offers several fusions and abortions, which increase the solidity
at the expense of its suppleness and flexibility. Thus, in the
first place, it appears more difficult, than in other animals, to
find materially or virtually the elements of the five digits.

Only six bones are found in the carpus of the ox, sheep and
goat, but the study of relations demonstrates that there are:
abortion of the fifth bone of the upper row ; fusion between the
first and second, and between the third and fourth, and abortion
of the fifth bone of the lower row. So that, in reality, there
are met with in the carpus of the domestic ruminant, the
elements of ten bones, with the exception of two not developed.

The metacarpus comprises a principal metacarpal—the in-

736 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

ferior articular face of which is doublie—and a styliform bone
placed along its external and internal borders.

For a long time Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire had demonstrated that
the principal metacarpal is formed by two metacarpals brought
together during foetal life, and separated by a more or less in-
complete medullary septum during extra-uterine existence.
Besides the isolation of the two metacarpals—temporary in the
ox—is permanent in some otherruminants. With regard to the
external stylet, it is an atrophied metacarpal; for, in some
teratological instances, it becomes elongated, and supports a
more or less perfect digit. It is the same with the internal
stylet, which is usually smaller, and embedded in a fibrous cord
running along the large metacarpal; it may, like the external
stylet, be converted into a perfect metacarpal.

Normally, no traces of a fifth metacarpal are found in the
domestic ruminants, although it appears in some anomalies.

I understand that the museum of the Toulouse Veterinary
School possesses the hand of a lamb in which the 5th can be
seen inside the internal stylet, which has been transformed into
a long metacarpal, which is evidently the metacarpus of the
thumb, and bringing the metacarpus up to the pentadactylous
type.

The digital region of ruminants presents two perfect digits
(the 2d and 3d), and two rudimentary ones reduced to one or
two smali phalanges covered by a horny plate situated behind
the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation. The two rudimentary
digits may, in certain cases, be reproduced—to the right and
left of the normal ones—complete, and suspended from real
metacarpals. The presence of the 5th digit is normally indi-
cated, according to Joly and Lavocat, by a tuft or spike of hair
inside the carpus, rather above than below it. It may be men-
tioned that Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire studied a new-born lamb
which had five digits in the anterior limb.

In solipeds, there is apparently only one digit enclosed in one
hoof. Nevertheless, by the aid of analogous facts to those
which have assisted in proving pentadactylism in ruminants, it

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS, 737

is possible to demonstrate that the hand of the horse, ass, etc.,
is no exception to the general law.

Many anatomists describe only seven bones in the carpus of
the horse—4 in the upper, and 3 in the lower row. But it is not
rare to find a pisiform bone on the inner side of the trapezoid,
which raises the number of carpal bones to eight. And Bourg-
elat, Girard, Rigot, and Goubaux, have observed in the carpus
of the horse, in addition to the bones mentioned, a similar piece
alongside the external bone of the second row. Lavocat con-
sidered this second piece as the first of the inferior carpal bones,
the base of the external digit, and that the bone found beside
the trapezoid was the base of the fourth finger.

The carpus of solipeds, then, does not differ very materially
from the archetype.

The metacarpus of solipeds comprises a large bone articulat-
ing with the digital section, and two rudimentary pieces, one on
each side of it, which are, in reality, atrophied metacarpals ;
for in some teratological specimens they are as long as the prin-
cipal bone, and terminate in a diarthrodial surface which artic-
ulates with a perfect digit. It is considered that the principal
metacarpal of solipeds is the homologue of the metacarpus of
the medius of pentadactylous mamunals.

The horse, then has always three metacarpals—one for the
medius, the index, and the annularis. Usually the metacarpal
of the thumb is completely aborted ; but yet, the existence of
these bones is indicated by the frequent presence of the pisiform
at the inner side of the carpus. Also, as a continuation from
the pisiform, there may be found a conical prolongation parallel
with the metacarpal bone of the index—a prolongation which,
because of its connections, should be regarded as the metacarpal
of the thumb.

Although no teratological example is known, with respect to
the metacarpal of the annularis (little digit), its existence is
virtually indicated by the presence of this small external carpal
bone sometimes observed, and which was noted by Bourgelat,
Rigot and Goubaux.

738 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

The phalangeal section only possesses the elements of a single
digit. But besides the hoof, soliped animals have a horny plate
divided by a sligh median groove, and resting on an elastic
cushion behind the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation. This
plate has vessels and nerves from the same source as those of
the principal digit; and Joly and Lavocat regard it as the rep-
resentative of the phalanges which should be continued with
the rudimentary metacarpals. In fact, when one of these meta-
carpals is developed into a perfect digit, the horny plate dimin-
ishes in volume, because a portion of its substance is carried to
the extremity of the supplementary digit. The 5th digit is not
absolutely represented, except by its carpal base, which is often
absent ; yet its presence in a certain number of instances, per-
mits the affirmation that solipeds, materially and virtually, be-
long to the pentadactylous type; which conclusion, according to
Chauveau, applies to all the domestic animals.

I trust you will excuse me taking up so much time with
this particular region; but as it is one which, without some fa-
miliarity with it, its homologous relations to the human hand
are so easy of misapprehension. But before passing on, I would
like to say a few words with reference to the homology exist-
ing between the human nail, the dog’s claw, and the horse’s
hoof.

As you are all aware, cornification of the epidermis results
in the formation of horn, such as that, in this instance, found in
the structures just mentioned. Some of the relations between
the epidermis of the appendages and the claws, are interesting.
In the human finger there exists beneath the nail a peculiarly
modified epidermis—the sad-ungwal portion, while the usual
epidermis covers the ball of the finger. In the wxguzculates
(animals with claws), according to Kingsley, the sub-ungual
portion is more developed and forms the lower surface of the
claw. In the wugulates (hoofed animals) the unguis becomes
much wider, and is rolled into a hoof, on the lower surface of
which is still to be recognized the sub-ungual epidermis, form-
ing, for instance, in the case of the horse, the sole, into which

—_—

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 739

SS nanan

there projects behind, the frog of the foot, which, in reality,
corresponds to the ball of the finger in man.

To bring the region of the hand within easier reach of the
comprehension of the casual observer, it may be stated that, in |
the horse, for example, the homologue of the human hand is
that part of the pectoral, or fore, limb beginning at the distal
end of the radius, just above the equine knee so-called. We
have here the radio-carpal joint formed by the lower end of the
radius and the upper row of carpal bones, viz.: the trapezium,
cuneiform, lunar and scaphoid. Next we have the carpo-carpal,
or inter-carpal, articulation between the upper row, just men-
tioned, and the bones of the lower—the unciform, magnum and
trapezoid (the pisiform not always being present), and the
carpo-metacarpal joint between the lower row and the three
metacarpal bones. The metacarpal region of the horse extends
from the carpus, or knee, to the fetlock, or metacarpo-phalan-
geal joint, after which we have the ist, 2d and 3d phalanges,
which latter, in veterinary anatomy, are sometimes designated
os suffragints, os corone and os pedis. The pastern joint, so-
called, is the first inter-phalangeal, the second being popularly
known as the navicular, or coffin-joint, which is within the hoof.

The hind or pelvic limb of the quadruped might be referred
to along the same general lines as we have viewed the pectoral
member, but which seems unnecessary at this time. Suffice it
to say that the homologue of the human foot begins at that
region in the horse known popularly as the hock. This is, in
reality, the ¢arsws—the point of the hock, as it is termed, being
the calcaneum or os calcis, representing the human heel, and to
which is attached the tendon-Achilles, or tendons of the gastro-
cnemii muscles. If you could, therefore, imagine a horse stand-
ing in an erect position, with the lower part of the limb, from
the hock to the foot, upon the ground, you could perhaps more
clearly see the homology, letting the relatively long metatarsus,
with its digits, represent the second or third toe of the human foot.

The homology between the knee of man and the stifle, or
femoro-tibial articulation, of the horse is, likewise, not always

740 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

clear to those not familiar with comparative anatomy. The
horizontal position in the quadruped, and probably on account
of the femur being shorter and deeply embedded in muscular
tissue, rather obscures the relations. But, if we again imagine
our animal standing erect on his hind legs, we can more easily
see the similarity. Unlike man, however, the horse has three
patellar ligaments (external, middle, and internal straight liga-
ments of the patella) instead of one, although several of the
lower species have a single Agamentum patelle.

The domestic animals, other than solipeds, are distinguished
by the complete absence of a pubio-femoral ligament; so that
in them the movements of abduction, which are limited in
solipeds by the tension of this ligament, are much more exten-
sive; and it is the absence of this structure which seems to ex-
plain the facility with which the larger ruminants are enabled
to strike sideways, a movement known popularly asa “‘cowkick.”

In alluding briefly to the digestive system, it may be said that
the greatest difference is to be seen between the simple, single
stomach of man, and the majority of the lower species, and the
large complex stomach of the ruminant with its numerous com-
partments. For example, according to Colin, while the average
capacity of the horse’s stomach is only some 17 quarts, the stom-
ach of the ox will accommodate some 300 quarts. The first
three compartments are more in the nature of preparatory re-
ceptacles, the fourth being the true digestive cavity, into which
the food passes, after regurgitation from the primary compart-
ments, and final mastication, or, popularly speaking, ‘chewing
the cud.”

To compensate for the relatively small stomach, the horse’s
intestines are more capacious than those of the ox, which is
shown by the fact, that the capacity of the large intestine (the
colon) of the former animal is about 137 quarts; that of the ox,
only about 40 quarts; the small intestine of the horse holding
about 67.4 qts., and that of the ox only 69.7 or but 2.3 qts. more,

The horse, ass and mule have no gall-bladder, the ductus
choledochus joining the duct of Wirsung and entering the small

A FEW DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 741

intestine as the ductus communis choledochus et pancreaticus.
Bile is secreted continuously, but instead of passing into a re-
ceptacle, before entering the intestine, as in other animals, in
the horse a greater quantity passes into the duodenum during —
digestion.

A most interesting collection of blood vessels is to be found
at the base of the brain of ruminating animals, which seems to
be the analogue of the czrcle of Willzs in man, solipeds, etc. In
the sheep it may be described as follows: The originating
arteries, usually consisting of two principal vessels, arising with
the ophthalmic and passing backward through the supra-
sphenoidal canal, and ramifying in a special manner to form a
mass of reticular twigs, designated, the rece miradzle (wonderful
network) of Galen. It is a small ovoid mass, elongated from
before to behind, placed beneath the dura mater, on the side of
the sella Turcica, within the superior maxillary nerve, and com-
posed of a multitude of fine arterial divisions which anastomose
with each other in an extremely complicated manner. To give
a summary idea of this beautiful network, it might be compared
to a lymph gland, the afferent vessels of which would be repre-
sented by the originating arteries with the spheno-spinous, and
the efferents by the originating trunk of the encephalic arteries.

In the ox the shape of this arterial entanglement offers but
slight differences to that just described.

Fleming states that this rete mzrabzle would appear to be
formed on the carotid and vertebral arteries of animals which in
a state of nature, feed from the ground, the object being to fur-
nish an equable and prolonged supply of blood without the risk
of check or hindrance, and thus to obviate the tendency to con-
gestion of the brain during the dependent position of the head.

This minute subdivision and subsequent reconstitution of an
artery, with a like intention, is also observed in other creatures
besides grazing animals. The vessels in the arm of the sloth
are so disposed that the animal can remain suspended for long
periods, and a similar arrangement is noted in the legs of birds,
such as the swan, goose, etc., which can stand for a long time.

742 W. H. DALRYMPLE.

Around the foot of the horse the arteries break up into numer-
ous divisions, and it is known that this animal can remain in a
standing posture for months. ‘The same object is sometimes
attained by great tortuosity, the most remarkable case of which
is observed in the carotid artery of the seal, which is nearly
forty times longer than the space it has to traverse.

In the lower mammals we of course find differences in the
general make-up of the teeth and of the tempora-maxillary
articulation, dependent upon the nature of the food on which
they subsist. In the purely herbivorous class, the molars are
somewhat smooth on their tables, and more or less beveled,
especially in the horse, with the upper jaw wider than the
lower, and the temporo-maxillary joint looser, so to speak, to
permit of considerable lateral movement in the operation of
grinding the food.

Touching very briefly the genito-urinary system, it may be
said that the carnivora have no veszcul@ seminales—the sper-
matic fluid passing directly from the testicle through the vas
deferens to the female organs. In the dog there is a penial
bone, which almost entirely constitutes the base of all that por-
tion of the penis included within the sheath or prepuce. ‘This
os penis is intended to favor the introduction of the organ, but
it may, at the same time, have something to do with the pro-
longed coital act in this auimal, thereby allowing time for the
secretion and ejaculation of the seminal fluid.

Cowper’s glands are absent in the ox and dog, although
present in the .horse, and are small in the ram and cat. The
prostate is found in the various lower species.

This, gentlemen, is only a mere tithe of what could be said
upon the subject, and I must apologize for the apparent lack
of system in the get-up of this hurriedly prepared paper. I
have simply touched a few of the “high places” in the broad
field of comparative anatomy, as the various points hastily
cropped up in my mind; but if what I have said should have af-
forded you any information or enlightenment regarding a branch
of study so closely allied to your own, I shall feel satisfied.

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN COWS. 743

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN COWS.

By A. FE. Moore, D. V. S., INSPECTOR, HEALTH OF ANIMALS SERVICE,
DOMINION OF CANADA.

Read at the Second Annual Meeting of the Central Canada Veterinary Association, Jan.
27th and 28th, 1904, St. Andrew’s Hall, Ottawa, Canada, :

This is one of the most troublesome, discouraging, and ex-
pensive maladies that cattle are subject to. It is insidious in
its character, causes great losses, especially to breeders of pure-
bred stock where the young are valuable, and also materially
lessens the dairyman’s milk supply. The disease often comes
on without the owner’s knowledge, and several cows may have
aborted before anything is noticed, especially when they are at
pasture. Owing to this fact the disease may gain considerable
headway, and a large percentage of the cows in the herd may
become infected before the owner can use precautionary means.

Definition.—Contagious abortion is a catarrh of the genital
organs of the female, due to a specific virus, which causes the
premature expulsion of a non-viable fcetus.

It is known by the names of “infectious abortion,” ‘ enzo-
Otic abortion ” or ‘‘ epizootic abortion.” It is most common in
cows, but is also seen in ewes, goats, sows and mares.

Sporadic or non-contagious abortion is due to many acces-
sory causes, such as nervous excitement from the smell of de-
composing animal matter or the carcass and blood of an animal
newly slaughtered, constitutional diseases as the infectious
fevers, or advanced cases of tuberculosis. The drinking of
large quantities of ice water, eating frozen roots or foods that
have fermented, especially those of the albuminous plants, as
clover, alfalfa, etc., causing tympanitis and mechanically crowd-
ing the genital organs. As these plants are often loaded with
bacteria, it is possible that sporadic abortion may in some cases
be due to an ecbolic physiological action of these bacteria.
Ergoted grasses and grains, stagnant or contaminated drinking
water, various mechanical injuries, may produce sporadic abor-
tion. Any of these causes which produce sporadic or accidental

744 A. E. MOORE.

abortion may cooperate with the infectious form, thus making
it still more troublesome and difficult to manage.

It is of the utmost importance, therefore, that contagious
abortion should be recognized as such as early as possible. It
has always been my practice to treat all cases as if I were deal-
ing with the contagious form.

A history of the outbreak should be carefully inquired into.
For example, if a cow that has been brought from a herd where
abortion is prevalent, and shortly after her arrival one after the
other of the original herd abort without any apparent cause, the
evidence is conclusive that we are dealing with contagious
abortion.

I have known a bull to be the means of spreading the dis-
ease in a community. A client of mine owned a valuable
Jersey bull, he was at the head of a large herd of cows where
contagious abortion was prevalent ; several neighbors brought
their cows to this bull for service and in nearly every instance
the disease appeared in their herds, their cows aborting usually
between the fifth and seventh months of gestation. These
newly infected herds each being new centres of infection, were
the means of starting a most extensive and disastrous outbreak
of this disease.

Experimental Infection.—The introduction of the vaginal
mucus or the placenta of an aborting cow into the vagina of a
healthy pregnant cow has resulted in abortion at varying peri-
ods, usually from nine days to a month. ‘This demonstrates
that the infecting agent is present in the uterine liquids and
foetal membranes.

Pathology.—The Scottish Abortion Committee isolated five
different bacteria from the vaginal mucus and placental mem-
branes, but no one of these by itself was capable of producing
the disease.

Nocard found a micrococcus and a bacillus which he thought
was the specific cause of abortion.

Law, Veranus A. Moore and Chester found a bacillus which
closely resembled bacillus communis, but failed to produce abor-

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN COWS. 745

tions by inoculation, although catarrh of the vagina was produced.

About ten years ago, Bang found in the straw-colored exu-
date, between the foetal membranes in the uterus of an aborting
cow, a very minute non-motile bacillus which produced abor-—
tion in cows, ewes, goats, rabbits, and guinea-pigs, after injec-
tion into the vagina. In some cases where the bacilli were in-
jected subcutaneously they caused a rise in temperature, and
were found later in the womb, fcetal membranes and the body of
the foetus. Thus this microbe is capable of living in the blood
and may therefore affect the womb by whatever channel it may
enter the system.

The bacillus that the American pathologists have found ap-
pears to produce only a local affection, living in the genital
mucosa, while Bang’s bacillus lives in the blood, and is capable
of producing a general infection, and is therefore undoubtedly
the cause of contagious abortion.

Immunity.—As a general rule, a cow that aborts is likely to
do so again at the next pregnancy, but each year she may carry
her foetus for a longer period, when perhaps at the third or
fourth year she will go her full time. The bacilli are retained
in the mucous membranes of the uterus and vagina from one
year to another; this may aiso happen in the case of cows that
have become immune, when the bacilli no longer affect the
immunized animal, but are still present and virulent, rendering
an immune animal a source of danger to others. ‘Thus, newly
purchased cows, introduced into a herd where contagious abor-
tion has prevailed, are very likely to become infected.

Modes of Infection.—When infection takes place into the va-
gina while an animal is pregnant it probably reaches the uterus
by means of the circulation.

Bulls become the means of infection by serving aborting and
immune cows; the bacilli are introduced into the vagina of
healthy cows during sexual intercourse.

It is generally thought that the bacilli most commonly gain
entrance to the animal by means of the vagiva,; from infected
litter, floors, stalls, tails of infected cows in the next stall or in

T46 A. E. MOORE.

fact anything with which an infected animal has come in contact.

I have known the disease to be introduced into a healthy
herd by means of an injection pump which was used by a quack
to wash out the uterus of an aborting cow shortly after he pro-
ceeded to give a cow in a healthy herd an enema with this same
pump which had not been disinfected. In due time this cow
aborted and was followed by several others in the herd.

Pathology.—The lesions found in contagious abortion are
confined to the generative organs, and especially to the mucosa
of the uterus. Bang found a straw-colored, odorless, flocculent,
slimy mucous exudate between the uterine mucous membrane
and the chorion, involving the connective tissue between the
chorion and arachnoid, rendering it thick and friable.

The umbilical cord is oedematous, there may be ascites and
more or less intestinal irritation of the foetus.

Symptoms.—In many cases there are no premonitory symp-
toms; the first evidence being that the cow has already aborted.
If clinical symptoms are seen there may be a slight enlarge-
ment and heat of the udder with perhaps a small quantity of
milk, the amount of milk varying according to the period of
gestation. I have seen a few cases where there was slight ele-
vation in temperature, 103°-1031%4° F. There is usually a muco-
purulent discharge from the vagina, uneasiness, tumefaction of
the vagina, and other symptoms resembling normal parturition
may be seen.

Treatment.—Carbolic acid and creolin have been adminis-
tered in from 1 to 4 drachm doses every other day, to cows show-
ing symptoms of abortion. This treatment has met with quite
a degree of success.

Carbolic acid given hypodermically or injected into the
muscles has as far as I am aware not given any marked results.

Precautions.—The cow that shows symptoms of abortion or
that has already aborted, should be at once removed to a sepa-
rate stable away from all other animals. ‘The stall, floors and
gutter where a cow has aborted should be thoroughly scrubbed
with a solution of crude carbolic acid, four or five ounces to the

tT I

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION IN COWS. 747

bucket of hot water; this should be followed by an application
of whitewash, one pound of crude carbolic acid to be added to
every four gallons of the whitewash. The foetus and mem-
branes should be carefully removed from the stable and burned.
The manure in the gutter behind or near the aborting cow
should be removed where no animal can have access to it and
sprinkled with a solution of crude carbolic acid, one pound to
four gallons of water, then placed under as soon as possible.

All the pregnant cows in the herd should have the external gen-
erative organs, the hips, thighs, and tail, washed once a day with
an antiseptic solution, such as 1 part creolin to 30 parts H,O.

If the afterbirth of an aborting cow has not come away it
should be carefully removed. ‘The uterus in all cases should
be washed out, using one part creolin and 50 parts water. This
can be done by using a rubber tube with a funnel attached to
one end, allowing the liquid to be forced in by gravitation.

The stable should be well ventilated, lighted and drained.

As the disease is so frequently transmitted to healthy cows
by means of a bull which has lately served an aborting cow, it
it is advisable to inject a solution of creolin, 1 to 40 or 50 parts
warm water, into the sheath of the bull, holding the exter-
nal opening, and the solution pressed into all parts (a fountain
syringe is useful for this operation); finally the skin and hair
around the sheath and belly should be well washed with the above
solution. This operation should be practiced after each service.

An aborting cow should not be bred until all the discharges
have stopped.

To protect a sound herd from contagious abortion in a lo-
cality where the disease exists is extremely difficult, as an in-
fected animal usually presents the appearance of perfect health.
In buying a cow from such districts the owner should be satis-
fied that the disease has not existed for several years in the herd
where he intends making his purchases. If the newly acquired
female is pregnant, keep her by herself until after she calves;
if she is to be bred toa bull in the sound herd, his sheath should
be disinfected after the service.

748 W. L. WILLIAMS.

RESECTION OF FLEXOR PEDIS TENDON FOR PURU-
LENT INFECTION OF THE NAVICULAR BURSA.

By W. L. WILLIAMS, PROFESSOR OF SURGERY, NEW YORK STATE VET-
ERINARY COLLEGE, ITHACA, N. Y.

Presented to the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical

Society, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

Resection of the flexor pedis tendon for the relief of purulent
inflammation of the navicular bursa is a comparatively old
operation which has been largely neglected or overlooked by
many veterinary practitioners.

The earliest mention of the operation we have found is a
reference to an article by Nocard in 1879, since which time it
has been described by Cadiot, Hoffman, Moller, Pfeiffer, Liau-
tard and others. The indications for the operation are an in-
fected navicular bursa, commonly the result of a penetrant nail-
wound. ‘he operation we have practiced and incorporated
in our surgical and obstetrical operations is copied without
material alteration from Pfeiffer’s ‘‘ Operations-Cursus,” and is
briefly as follows:

Instruments required.—Elastic ligature, drawing knife,
double-edged sage-knife, scissors, tenaculum forceps, curette,
tenaculz, bandage and dressing material.

Technic.—Before operating, if conditions will warrant, thin
the sole, frog and bars until yielding soft horn is reached, and
apply an antiseptic pack to the hoof for twenty-four hours.
Secure the horse on the operating table. While it is possible
to operate without a table, it is best not to do so if avoidable.
Anczesthetize. Anzesthesia is essential to a proper operation, and
is demanded by considerations of humanity. ‘Thoroughly dis-
infect the entire foot and apply the elastic bandage or tourniquet
in the metacarpal or metatarsal region.

Make a transverse incision through the base of the frog two
or three centimetres anterior to the bulb, through the horny (A)

RESECTION OF FLEXOR PEDIS TENDON. 749

and sensitive (/) frog and the
fatty. cushion (s#) down to the
flexor pedis tendon (4). From
either end of this incision make
an oblique and somewhat curved
cut forward, the lines converging
to meet at the apex of the frog
against the semi-lunar crest of the
pedal bone (c). These incisions
may either follow the line between
the bars and the frog or may be
within the bars .5 cm. from the
border. The isolated triangle is
: now grasped with tenaculum for-
RESECTION OF THE FLEXOR PEDIS ceps and its excision completed.

TENDON. The remnants of the fatty cush-

Solar surface of the foot: c, semi-lunar ; 2
crest of os pedis; x, os pedis; 7, navicular- ion should be removed, fully e€x-

Peds taadon se scusitive lame ofthe posing the tendon, through which
bars; s¢, fatty frog; 7, sensitive frog; h, ° :

horny frog. the outline of the navicular bone
can be easily felt with the finger tips. The tendon is then di-
vided transversely over the middle of the navicular bone (s).
Remove all necrotic tendon, bone or other tissues. Curette
away the articular cartilage from the navicular bone. Disinfect
the operation wound, pack the wound cavity with iodoform,
pack entire foot in antiseptics, and over all apply tar bandages.
If the animal is free from fever, the foot does not swell, and the
pain is unimportant, leave the bandage in position for eight to
twelve days.

The operation is essentially an attempt to disinfect the part,
and succeeds or fails almost entirely upon the accomplishment,
or not, of this object.

Moller favors operating by simply making the two con-
vergent incisions in the frog, omitting the transverse one, and
turning the apex upward and backward, under the belief that it
will leave less scar or deformity. It has the objection of com-
plicating the technic and rendering disinfection less complete.

750 W. L. WILLIAMS.

Liautard advises a partial operation, but in such a way that
he is difficult to follow, and aS aad expects a suppurating
operative wound.

The prognosis of the operation is favorable. Without the
operation we cannot disinfect the bursa ; nearly fifty per cent. of
cases die, and the remainder are so lame as to prohibit work as
a tule for from four to twelve months. In addition it is one of
the most painful injuries with which we meet and the acute
suffering continues week after week. After operating success-
fully, the intense suffering ceases at once, and under favorable
conditions the horse is ready for slow work in less than six
weeks. He may be lame at a trot forsome months. ‘The opera-
tion is consequently more valuable in horses for slow work.
Under favorable conditions healing is aseptic. Cicatricial tissue
occupies the wound cavity and adheres to the denuded navicular
bone. ‘The contraction of the cicatrix draws the bars toward
the median line until they come in close apposition. The
external evidence of this contraction upon the hoof walls is not
very pronounced.

The work required in operating is less than that demanded
by expectant treatment with daily attention. When the opera-
tion is once completed it requires almost no care except to
watch the temperature and other evidences of a suppurating
wound. From a humane standpoint no operation on animals
can well afford more gratifying results. The immediate relief
from the excruciating pain could not be more marked in any
surgical operation. We feel confident that a more general re-
sort to the operation would prove of financial benefit to owners,
greatly reduce suffering to the animals and decrease the total
work necessary in handling these cases.

The operation is not difficult when the veterinarian is prop-
erly equipped, has a knowledge of anatomy, and will carry out
carefully the rules of disinfection.

FRANK B. Forp, D. V. S., of New Orleans, La., visited New

York and Brooklyn last month, calling upon his many profes-
sional and social friends.

ee

i
|
:
iq

VETERINARY EDUCATION.

-2
Or
=

VETERINARY EDUCATION.

ITS BENEFITS TO THE WORLD—WHAT IT HAS DONE FOR COM-
PARATIVE MEDICAL SCIENCE, FOR MANKIND, AND FOR
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS—ITS POSSIBILI-

TIES FOR THE FUTURE.

An ADDRESS TO THE VETERINARY STUDENTS AT THE OPENING OF
THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENN-
SYLVANIA, SEPT. 20, BY THE DEAN, Dr. LEONARD PEARSON.

“« Gentlemen.—lIn three days it will be two decades since the
first introductory address was delivered at the Veterinary De-
partment of the University of Pennsylvania. In another year
this department will be,‘ of age.’

“Tt seems to be appropriate at this time to review, concisely
the influences that led to the beginning of veterinary education
and the functions and possibilities of our school.

“’T’he systematic teaching of the veterinary sciences began
in France in 1762 with the founding of the Veterinary School
of Lyons. The advantages of this action were at once so evi-
dent that within a few years almost every nation of Europe was
provided with a government veterinary school. This develop-
ment seems to be most natural when we recall the extent to
which animal plagues prevailed. During three years in the
eatly part of the Eighteenth Century a single disease (rinder-
pest) killed 1,500,000 cattle. From four widespread outbreaks
of the same disease, before the establishment of veterinary
schools, it is estimated that Europe lost 200,000,000 cattle worth
approximately $4,000,000,000.

“So rich a country as Holland was once devastated and
sorely distressed by a disease of cattle that impoverished the
farmers, diminished the food supply of the towns and made it
almost impossible, through the inability of land owners to pay
their taxes, for the government to meet its obligations and per-
form its functions. As insurance against such devastation,
splendidly equipped veterinary schools are now munificently

752 LEONARD PEARSON.

supported by all of the progressive countries of Continental
Europe.

“Tn Great Britain alone veterinary education is allowed to
shift for itself. No doubt this has some relation to the fact that
during the thirty years ending in 1872 Great Britain lost, from
the prevalence of various plagues of cattle, $450,000,000 (Flem-
ing).

“ T’he veterinary schools of Continental Europe are sustained
from public funds on a scale unapproached and unthought of
in this country. This is because they have by their work shown
themselves to be worthy of generous support and encourage-
ment. It is there recognized that it is much easier, pleasanter
and cheaper to provide for the highest grade of veterinary re-
search and education than to endure and meet the losses that
are prevented by this science. Veterinary schools a hundred
years old are constantly being added to, strengthened and re-
equipped so that they may be better prepared to investigate and
solve new and more intricate problems.

“Tt is through investigations and experiments in relation to
disease of animals that modern medicine has achieved some of
its greatest triumphs. For illustrations we may refer to the
discovery of the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of cattle, by
Pollender, and the further studies of anthrax by Devaine, Cohn
and Koch, which led to the establishment of the so-called ‘germ
theory’ of disease. The greatest developments in preventive
medicine have followed the demonstrations of the soundness of
the views of these early investigators who worked upon this dis-
ease of animals.

“Tt was through observing the effects of the inoculations of
dairymen and milk maids with cow pox that Jenner discovered
an effective method of preventing smallpox. The prevention
of disease by vaccinating with the virus of the disease after it
had been attenuated by laboratory methods was worked out by
Pasteur upon diseases of animals and in relation to fowl chol-
era, anthrax and rabies. A similar method for the prevention
of tuberculosis is now being developed by work done on cattle.

VETERINARY EDUCATION. 753

‘“‘’The discovery in 1889 that Texas fever of cattle is caused
by a protozoan that inhabits the red blood corpuscles and that
this parasite is conveyed by the cattle tick is the foundation
upon which is built our modern knowledge of the carriage of
malaria and some other diseases by insects.

“ Aside from the importance of the study of the diseases of
animals to science and to general medicine, the economic as-
pects of the subject are worthy of earnest attention.

“Tt is sometimes forgotten in cities, but the great fact re-
mains, that this is still an agricultural country. Wall street
looks with eager eyes toward the wheat and corn fields and
awaits anxiously the crop reports, so that estimates may be
made as to the probable future volume of railroad business, the
activity of trade and the prosperity of the country. The most
important farm products of the United States are animals and
their derivatives.

“The domestic animals of this country are worth about
three and a half billion dollars. Their products reach a value
of nearly two billion dollars each year. ‘This is composed of
many important elements. For example, even the poultry
yards of Pennsylvania yield each year products of greater
monetary value than those yielded by the shipyards. The
poultry yards of the United States produce more than all of the
gold and silver mines of this country, including Alaska.

“The efficiency of the American farmer depends largely on
the great amount of power that he employs other than manual
labor. There are in this country more than nineteen million
horses and mules. ‘The significance of their labor is apparent
when it is recalled that all of the power furnished by steam and
gas engines, water wheels and electric motors in all of the
manufacturing establishments in the United States aggregate
but eleven and a quarter million horse power.

“In Pennsylvania, the live-stock industry produces $100,-
000,000 a year. This earning does not depend upon the ex-
haustion of the natural resources of the State, as does mining,
oil and natural gas production and iumbering as it is here prac-

754 LEONARD PEARSON.

ticed. On the contrary, animals assist in maintaining the
spring of their origin by contributing to the fertility of the soil.
All rational and enduring systems of agriculture are based upon
a sound animal husbandry.

“Now these important animals of ours are, in the whole
United States, destroyed and damaged to the extent of $200,-
000,000 a year by diseases that should be prevented. This is a
terrific leak in our national resources. None but a big, young
and rich country could stand it, or would stand it.

“Tt is the function of the veterinary school to develop
methods and to train men to combat these diseases, and to assist
in developing and perfecting the units that compose this vast
animal industry. Each kind of animal may be improved and
made more efficient as a machine. The veterinary sciences con-
sist, then, in a union of comparative medicine and animal engi-
neering. |

“’This School has for years striven to fulfil its important
duties. It has consistently furnished instruction of the highest

grade. It has had the loyal and unremitting support of a few .

staunch friends. Its faculty has been sustained by the knowl-
edge of its members of the importance of their work, by the
appreciation of their students and by the hope that the founda-
tion and equipment of the School would, in time, be adequately
provided for. This great event in the history of the School
now seems to be assured. In the superb new medical labora-
tories unequaled facilities are now offered for the instruction of
veterinary students in three of the most important subjects in
the curriculum. ‘Through the splendid endowment that has
been announced by the Provost, a foundation has been Jaid for
a school, that, let us hope, will become to the veterinary sciences
what our sister schools of medicine and dentistry have become
in their respective fields.”

THE MINNESOTA STATE LIVE STOCK SANITARY BOARD
has established a bacteriological department, with Dr. W. L.
Beebe, N. Y. S. V. C., 1904, in charge. Minnesota keeps up
her reputation for progress in veterinary sanitary work.

i, tee ee

FRESH STEER’S BLOOD. 755

FRESH STEER’S BLOOD WHEN PROPERLY PRE-
PARED CONTAINS THE BEST OF FOOD FOR
MAN AND BEAST.

The Blomo Manufacturing Company, which manufactures —
the (Blomo) Blood-Molasses Feed, have received a great many
inquiries from readers of the REVIEW requesting a detailed ex-
planation as to why blood was good for herbivorous animals,
particularly horses; consequently their Mr. Andrew Cullen,
furnishes the following facts:

The most important, necessary and essential substance in
food is the soluble froterd. Proteids are absolutely essential to
life, whether animal or vegetable, but are exclusively of vege/¢a-
ble origin ; that is, although they may be assimilated and modi-
fied by the vital processes occurring in animal cells, they must
first have been performed by the chemical processes occurring
in vegetable cells. When found as constituents of the tissue of
carnivorous animals they have been derived azrectly, with but
slight modification, from the herbivoro which have served for
their food, while the herbivorous animals find them invariably
ready formed in the ¢zsswes of vegetables which require but
slight modification to be converted into the constituents of the
animal tissues. Animals, therefore, do not have the power of
manufacturing a/bumznords, although they may transfer albumi-
nous bodies of one kind into those of another. ‘Thus casein
may be transformed into the albuminous constituents of muscle-
tissue; it may be combined with other substances so as to form,
for example, the hemoglobin of the blood corpuscles, or may
become so modified as to form what are termed albuminoids of
the different tissues. After serving the purpose of the organism
such bodies are excreted, not as proteids, but as products result-
ing from their retrograde metamorphosis.

The proteid compounds of plant and animal bodies serve
three (3) purposes as nutrients :

No. 1. To produce new muscular tissue and vital fluids in
the body, and supply material for repairing broken down tissue.

"56 ANDREW CULLEN.

No. 2. To produce heat and energy.

No. 3. ‘To assist in the production of fat.

Proteids are complex nitrogenous compounds that contain
about 16 per cent. of nitrogen and less than 2 per cent. of sul-
phur. The average analysis of the various elements in protein
compounds is as follows:

ANIMAL ALBUMINOIDS. VEGETABLE ALBUMINOIDS.
(Armsby. ) ( Armsby.)
Per cent Per cent. Per cent.
Canam. < 53.5 Carbomttes-7) 51-2 Carbon: . . 5223505406
Wyarogen . ..: 7.0 Hydrogen. 7.6 6.7 Hydrogen: “7a yey
Wittosen. =... 15:5 Nitrogen . 18.0 15.2 Nitrogen. .:15.5u0t¢20
iy SED) uc). 22.4 OxyVveenke 23.5 20.2 Oxygen. . 20.6 23.0
Suiphur: =. . 1.6 Sulphupee2:0: 0.3 Sulphur. | (0:Seeso

Proteids are found in the seeds of plants, in the active living
cells of both plants and animals. The proteids take an im-
portant part in life process, protoplasm being largely of a proteid
nature. In the growing plant the proteids are found most
abundantly in the leaves; at maturity, they are stored up in the
seed for the future use of the embryo. ‘The proteids from ani-
mal and plant sources are closely related, with the exception
that in the case of the cereals or plants, the proteid cells are in-
cased in cellulose shells, while the walls of the blood cells have
‘no shells, but are composed of skin or membrane. ‘The cells of
plants are indistinguishable by the naked eye, and each of them,
at least for a time, is a whole, complete in itself, being composed
of solid, soft and fluid layers, different in their chemical nature
and disposed concentrically from without inwards. For the
most part a group of them is in close contact and firmly united ;
they then form cell tissue. Each cell fulfils its own definite
part in the economy of the plant, and shows a variety in form
corresponding to the different functions. By far the largest
proportion of cells in the living succulent parts of plants are
seen to be made up of three (3) concentrically-disposed layers:
first an outer skin, firm aud elastic, called the cell-wall or cell-
membrane, consisting of a cellulose (woody fibre). The second
layer is soft and elastic, and always contains albuminous matter,

FRESH STEER’S BLOOD. Tor

and, thirdly, the cavity enclosed by the protoplasm sac is filled
with a watery fluid called cell-sap.

The blood cell is a closed sac, the environing membrane
consisting of nitrogenous compound ; the sac containing a semi-.
fluid protoplasm. Protoplasm is a nitrogenous matter from
which all kind of living beings are formed and developed, and
to the properties of which all their functions are ultimately re-
ferred. It is the slimy, granular, semi-fluid contents of the vege-
table and animal cell, the zdezézty of which was established by
Schultz, whose conclusions were aided by the researches of
DeBary and Koelliker, under high microscopic power, in many
instances shows more or less definite structure composed of
fibrils more or less regular, and in some instances grouped into
a honeycombed or fibrillous reticular, in the meshes of which is
a homogenous interstitial substance. The closer the meshes of
the reticulum, the less there is of this interstitial substance, and
the more regularly granular does it appear. Water, dilute
acids, and alkalies, cause protoplasm to swell up, and ultimately
become disintegrated, and is coagulated by those substances
that coagulate proteids.

The term crude protein is applied to the nitrogenous com-
pounds of foods, taken collectively as a group. The word crude
is used to distinguish this group because it contains various
nitrogenous bodies not proteids.

Pure protein is a simple chemical compound, while crude
protein consists of a group of compounds of which pure protezn
isone. The albumen of eggs, the blood and milk of animals
and the »/uéen of grains are types of pure proterds. In the an-
alysis of both plant and animal substances the chemist first de-
termines the per cent. of total organic nitrogen and then multi-
plies this by 6.25 to obtain the equivalent amount of crude
protein. This is because the proteids contain on the average
about 16 per cent. nitrogen, or there is about one part of nitro-
gen to every 6.25 of protein. The nitrogen determination is
one of the most accurate in chemistry. The method consists in
first digesting the material in a flask with sulphuric acid to

758 ANDREW CULLEN.

oxidize the organic matter and convert the nitrogen into ammo-
nia sulphate. The nitrogen in the form of ammonia sulphate
is then liberated as free ammonia, distilled, and its amount de-
termined. Nitrogen in combination with carbon, hydrogen
and other elements, form the nitrogenous compounds present in
plant and animal bodies. These compounds are called the or-
ganic nitrogenous compounds. In the chemistry of foods, soils,
and fertilizer, the element nitrogen is very prominent, and is
one of the most expensive elements in commercial fertilizers,
and foods which contain the nitrogenous compounds are the
most expensive. It is one of the most important elements to
the agriculturalist, because of the rdle which it plays in plant
and animal economy.

For a description of nitrogen, I know of no more reliable
source of information than the celebrated chemist, Prof. D.
Mendeleeff, whose works have been translated into all lan-
guages. His exposition verbatzm is as follows:

‘“‘ Gaseous nitrogen forms about four-fifths (by volume) of the
atmosphere ; consequently the air contains an exceedingly large
mass of it. While entering in so considerable a quantity into
the composition of air, nitrogen does not seem to play any active
part in the atmosphere, the chemical action of which, is mainly
dependent on the oxygenitcontains. But this is not an entire-
ly correct idea, because animal life cannot exist in pure oxygen,
in which animals pass into an abnormal state and die; and the
nitrogen of the air, although slowly, forms diverse compounds,
many of which play a most important part in nature, especially
in the life of organisms. However, neither plants nor animals
directly absorb the nitrogen of the air, but take it up from al-
ready prepared nitrogenous compounds; further, plants are
nourished by the nitrogenous substances contained in the soil
and water, and animals by the nitrogenous substances contained
in plants and in other animals. Atmospheric electricity is cap-
able of aiding the passage of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogenous
compounds, as we shall afterwards see, and the resultant sub-
stances are carried to the soil by rain, where they serve for the
nourishment of plants. Plentiful harvests, fine crops of hay,
vigorous growth of trees (other conditions being equal) are only
obtained when the soil contains ready prepared nitrogenous

FRESH STEER’S BLOOD. 759

compounds, consisting either of those which occur in air or
water, or of the residues of the decomposition of other plants or
animals (asin manure). The nitrogenous substances contained
in animals have their origin in those substances which are_
formed in plants. Thus the zz¢vogen of the atmosphere is the

origin of all the nitrogenous substances occurring in azzma/ls and
plants, although not directly so, but after first combining with
the other elements of the air.

“The nitrogenous compounds which enter into the compo-
sition of plants and animals are of primary importance; no
vegetable or animal cell, that is, the elementary form of organ-
ism, exists without containing nitrogenous substance, and more-
over organic life manifests itself primarily in those nitrogenous
substances. The germis, seeds, and those parts by which cells
multiply themselves, abound in nitrogenous substances; the
sum total of the phenomena which are proper to organisms
depend primarily on the chemical properties of the nitrogenous
substances which enter into their composition. It will be suffi-
cient, for instance, to point out the fact, that vegetable and
animal organisms, clearly distinguishable as such, are character-
ized by a different degree of energy in their nature, and at the
same time by a difference in the amount of nitrogenous sub-
stances they contain. In plants which compared with animals
possess but little activity, being incapable of independent move-
ment, etc., the amount of nitrogen is very much less than in
animals, whose tissue are almost exclusively formed of nitro-
genous substauces. It is remarkable that the nitrogenous parts
of plants, chiefly of the lower orders, sometimes present both
forms and properties which approach to those of animal organ-
isms; for example, the zoospores of seaweeds, or those parts by
means of which the latter multiply themselves. These zoo-
spores, on leaving the seaweed, in many respects resemble the
lower orders of animal life, having, like the latter, the property
of moving. ‘They also approach the animal kingdom in their
composition, their outer coating containing nitrogenous matter.
Directly the zoospore becomes covered with that non-nitrogenous
or cellular coating, which is proper to al! the ordinary cells of
plants, it loses all resemblance to an animal organism and be-
comes a small plant. It may be thought from this that the
cause of the difference in the vital processes of animals and
plants is the different amount of nitrogenous substances they con-
tain. The nitrogenous substances which occur in plants and

760 ANDREW CULLEN.

animals appertain to a series of exceedingly complex and very
changeable chemical compounds; their elementary composition
alone shows this. Besides nitrogen they contain carbon, hydro-
gen, oxygen, and sulphur. Being distinguished by a very great
instability under many conditions in which other compounds
remain unchanged, these substances are fitted for those perpetual
changes which form the first condition of vitalactivity. These
complex and changeable nitrogenous substances of the organism
are called protezd substances. ‘The white of eggs is a familiar
example of such a substance. ‘They are also contained in the
flesh of animals, the curdy elements of milk, the glutinous mat-
ter of wheaten flour, or so called giuten, which forms the chief
component of macaroni, ete.”—(Mendelee/. )

The elementary substances required for plant life are carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
phosphorus, iron, chlorine and sulphur. All the other ele-
ments, as well as oxygen, for the most part, must be combined
with one another in some form to be of use to the plant. The
mineral substances which are taken up by the roots of the plant
may be grouped as follows:

Sulphates |} Potassium
Phosphates | of Calcium
Nitrates Magnesium and
Chlorides J Iron

Nitrogen in the form of nitrates and as ammonia is taken up
by the plant through its roots. Carbonic acid, which is next
to water in the amount utilized by plants is taken up by them
through the medium of the leaves. In the leaves of plants,
mostly on the underside, are numerous minute openings leading
into. the interior. Air passing through these carries with it
carbonic acid, which is absorbed by the leaf cells. The feeding
roots of plants are clothed with minute hairs, which by diffusion
take up water from the soil, together with mineral matter and
nitrogen compounds in solution. Through the absorption of
these substances the plant manufactures the albuminoids, carbo-
hydrates, and hydro-carbons found in vegetable tissue. The
anima/ {ceds on these complex_vegetable compounds and in the
process of digestion strzps the cdilulose covering from the vegeta-

FRESH STEER’S BLOOD. 761

ble cells and returns to the soil and atmosphere the inorganic
matter from which they were manufactured by the plant ; inthe
form, z. e., carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and certain salts.
The plant, therefore, converts simple inorganic compounds into -
organic compounds, while the animal reduces complex organic
matter to its simple inorganic constituents. The animal re-
quires for the process of reduction, a constant supply of oxygen,
which is withdrawn from the atmosphere and returned to it in
the form of carbonic acid, representing one of the end products
of oxidation of the carbon of its tissue and food. Plants on the
other hand absorb carbonic acid, and under the influence of sun-
light, by the action of their chlorophyll, break up this carbonic
acid, incorporate the carbon in their tissue, liberate free oxygen
and return it to the atmosphere. The plant absorbs what the
animal excretes and the animal absorbs what the plant excretes.

From this explanation it will be seen that the proéezds of
blood and plants are similar, with the exception that in the case
of the plants, the proteid cells are incased in cellulose (woody
fibre) shells, while the wall of the blood cell is a nitrogenous
membrane that is composed almost entirely of soluble proteid
matter.

After the Blomo Company have removed the water from the
blood they secure a solid that is almost pure protein, all of
which is digestible. It is needless to add that it is the di-
gestible proteids in food that produce the muscle, tissue, etc. ;
therefore, when you feed an animal proteids of blood, which is
practically protein that has previously gone through the diges-
tive process of other animals and is therefore almost naked pro-
tein (totally digestible), the animal economy is saved the ex.
penditure of much energy in the utilization of such proteids, and
in accordance with the law of conservation of energy, the saving
must show in other ways, z. e., endurance, activity and vitality-

Dr. W. W. YARD has been appointed by the Department of
Agriculture to the work of investigation of scabies in cattle and
sheep, covering Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska. His head-
quarters is at Denver, Col.

762 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

‘* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.”’

A PECULIAR SYMPTOM DURING AN ATTACK OF ACUTE INDI-
GESTION.

By RoscoE R. BELL, D: V.S., Brooklyn, N. Y,

Oct. 13, 1904, 1 was called tu the stables of the Taylor-Plate
Milk Company, Butler Street, this city, and was shown a black
draught gelding, seven years old, 1,500 lbs., in excellent condi-
tion in regard to flesh. The foreman of the stable explained
that he had been to Jersey City during the night hitched witha
mate to a milk truck; that he had returned in good shape, and
had received proper care before being placed in his stall. About
7 A. M. he was observed to be having colicky pains, and was given
a simple drench of laudanum, nitre, and ginger; he was back-
raked, and some rather soft feecesremoved. ‘The pains continu-
ing and purging being rather copious, my office was called, and
I personally responded about 10 o’clock. I found the horse
manifesting the following symptoms: He was quite uneasy,
sweating, very drowsy and unsteady on his legs; had appearance
of being very szck. Pulse 50, strong and full; temperature
ninety-five (95°) degrees Fahrenheit. His tail was saturated
with liquid faeces; stood with front legs well apart, as though
propping himself to keep from falling, much in the manner of a
horse in the last stages of a fatal lung disease. I administered
a capsule of fluid extracts of nux vomica and belladonna, but
he refused to swallow, standing listlessly, but occasionally
coughing. His respirations were slow, and it did not appear
-that he had received the colic drench into his windpipe. We
busied ourselves in rubbing his belly with a stimulating lini-
ment and covered the surface with a warm blanket. When this
was completed the animal gave a cough and the capsule was
deposited upon the floor, having laid in the pharynx for about
ten minutes. He was now so weak that his head dangled upon
the end of his neck, and, although I wished to have his legs
rubbed and bandaged, I would not have done so for the price of
the horse when in good health, so much did I fear that he might
at any moment tumble in a heap upon the floor. Every few
moments I would consult his pulse, expecting to find it running

REPORTS OF CASES. 763

down, but it never varied from fifty beats per minute and its
character was as good as though he were in perfect health. Be-
ing unable to administer medicines orally, I gave 10 c.c. Tallian-
ine intrajugularly, and left him for an hour. On returning,
found my patient in much the same condition as when I left ©
him. Administered nux and belladonna solution with syringe,
and left some to be given hourly. This was about noon. At
4.30 P. M., accompanied by Dr. Clarence E. Shaw, I visited the
patient, and found him lying down, some flatus passing, but
evincing no acute pain. On being urged he arose with some
difficulty ; but was much brighter and steadier upon his legs,
so that they were rubbed and bandaged. ‘wo thermometers
were simultaneously inserted into his rectum and left there for
two minutes, each registering 95.2° F.; pulse of same character
as previously described and 48 per minute. toc.c. Tallianine
were again injected into the jugular and the nux and belladonna
continued.

At 8.30 p.M.I again visited the patient, and found him
standing comfortably in his box eating hay with apparent
relish. His pulse was now 46, strong and tranquil; his tem-
perature 100.5°; his skin warm and moist; peristalsis distinct
on each side; visible mucous membranes normal. ‘There was
now no doubt but that all danger had passed ; so instructions as
to his care for the night were given.

The conditions on the following morning were very satisfac-
tory—temperature 102.5°, pulse 42, respirations 16; bowels had
moved twice during the night ; feeces of normal consistency.

On the following day all symptoms were normal, and the
horse was discharged.

This case is reported on account of the extreme subnormal
temperature and the strong, almost normal pulse. ‘The author
does not here attempt an explanation of this phenomenon.

A REMARKABLE RECOVERY FROM OSTEO-POROSIS.*
By Dr. WERNER RUNGE, Newark, N. J.

I will state to begin with that I will not go into the details
of the different theories regarding the cause of this disease, but
will give you the history of a far-advanced case, show the picture
of same after four months’ treatment, and produce the animal to
show his present condition, three years and four months from the
beginning of observations.

* Read, and patient exhibited, at the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State
V. M. Society, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

764 REPORTS OF CASES.

On a trip to Summit, Morris County, New Jersey, on May
16th, 1go1, a farmer called my attention to a diseased colt, which
had been sent there from a stock-farm at Short Hills, New Jersey,
to be killed.

Upon examination I found a sorrel stallion, three years old,
in a most pitiful, emaciated condition, with all the visible
bones and joints more or less enlarged. The sub-maxillary
bones were enlarged to such an extent that the rami filled
almost the sub-maxillary space. The superior maxillary and
nasal bones were enlarged to such an extent that the nasal pas-
sages were almost occluded and respiration was interfered with
so much that the animal was starving to death for want of food
on account of his intense and continued struggle for air.

The skin covering the superior maxillary and nasal bones
was stretched so much that the hair had fallen out and the tis-
sues had assumed a purple color. My largest halter with 31-
inch muzzle was not large enough to fit the animal. The teeth,
so far as the condition of the animal would permit examination,
were found to be loose in their sockets.

As the farmer had intended to destroy the animal the fol-
lowing day, I offered to take it off his hands, and had it re-
moved to my place in an ordinary platform truck during the
night. ‘Tracheotomy was performed next morning, and the
animal got immediate relief, which was followed by a coughing
spell, causing a discharge of an immense amount of mucus.
These coughing spells continued for about four weeks and the
discharge of mucus was so profuse that we were compelled to
remove and clean the tube at least three times every day. The
removal of this mucus gave the animal so much relief that I
am inclined to believe that the condition of the lungs caused
much of the animal’s original distress, as it prevented the
access of air to the pulmonary tissue. It is a surprise that ab-
scess formation did not take place. After having relieved the
respiratory distress, my first aim was to introduce a rational
plan of feeding, which consisted of a moist diet, composed of
crushed beans, barley sprouts, crushed rye, with cut hay, morn-
ing and night, with oats at noon. ‘To each meal I added about
one and a half ounces of bone meal, which consisted of bones
treated with sulphuric acid, afterward the acid is thoroughly
washed out, leaving the inorganic salts of the bone in a granular
form. Together with the above I fed the animal as much
clover hay as he could be induced to eat. This diet continued
for about ten months, but after four months he had so far im-

REPORTS OF CASES. 765

proved that he could be moderately driven. During the entire
course of treatment no medicine of any kind was administered.
An interesting observation was made that the animal displayed
almost furious appetite for common salt, consuming the first
month about 25 lbs. of rock-salt.

This animal was shown at the meeting of the N. J. State
Veterinary Medical Association on July 11th, 1901, and was at
that meeting castrated by Dr. W. E. B. Miller, and those who
were present will recall his condition at that time.

The tube was removed Aug. 8th, 1901, from which time he
had continued to improve until he had reached the condition you
find him in to-day.

The absorption of the hypertrophy of the bones dates almost
from the time of beginning treatment, or as soon as the animal
had been given relief and proper nourishment.

My observations on this and other cases of the same disease,
lead me to believe that osteo-porosis can best be treated by atten-
tion to the nourishment and proper selection of the food for the
animal, than by any other measures that have been suggested.

INCOMPLETE RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.
By FRANCIS ABELE, Jr., D. V. S., Quincy, Mass.

Was called to a dealer’s place to see a horse that was being
boarded and turned out for a patron of us both. Horse was in
pasture, well up in corner of a stone wall. Did not eat or act
interested in its own welfare. It had a yellowish white dis-
charge, often tinged with green food if its head drooped, or after
allowing water. It was a question if any water entered stom-
ach, as some seeined to be swallowed, but on head lowering all
water and much curdy mucus poured away. Suspected a par-
tial thoracic obstruction of cesophagus. Had no history except
that horse had begun discharging the day before I saw him.
Prescribed peroxide dilute as a nasal drench to remove catarr-
hal material about nose and pharynx. Came next day to find
him dead.

Post-mortem.—CEsophagus healthy; pharynx, larynx and
trachea inflamed, discolored with a purplish color, and some
catarrhal mucus and green food on mucous surfaces. Abdomi-
nai cavity full of blood; no ingesta with it, however. Intes-
tines healthy, stomach covered with clotted blood. Brushing
this off, there was found a big three-direction tear of the serous
and muscular coats, but the mucous coat was intact. I have

766 REPORTS OF CASES.

seen many complete ruptures, but never an incomplete one,

I thought I had discovered a new case to add to our terrible
array of colics, but found a similar one reported, with a good
description. Was this condition due to over-distension ? If so,
what relieved it? Why was the mucous coat saved? Is it
probable that the horse had such a colic and the keeper not
know of it?

TWO VIEWS OF A CASE OF ELEPHANTIASIS.

Dr. H. B. Ambler, of Chatham, N. Y., who is an ardent ama-
teur photographer, puts his camera to the good use of repro-

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ducing interesting and unusual cases met with in practice and

in his inspection work for the State Department of Agriculture.

He has promised to furnish some of these to the REVIEW from
time to time, and this month we give his first instalment.

A TRIPLE ATTACK OF TETANUS IN A MULE.
By A. JASME, V. S., Savannah; Ga.

On page 672, October number of the REVvIEw, I notice an
extract by Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M., entitled ‘‘ A Double
Attack of Lockjaw, with Recovery.” Not being aware of the
rarity of such cases, I did not report a similar case in my prac-
tice, with the exception, however, that I must call minea triple
attack of lockjaw, with recovery.

The patient, a mule, weighing about 1200 pounds, named
“Raleigh,” the property of the city of Savannah, had lockjaw
three times—z896, 7907, 1907—and is to-day one of the best
working mules in the scavenger department. Each case, to the

= cetieeee te at ss PSD ocr tie .

REPORTS OF CASES. 767

best of my recollection, lasted five or six weeks. I cannot give
exact dates, as this work is'done by contract, and no record
kept, with the exception of the first attack, which occurred in
April, 1896, and was treated six weeks.

Maybe in this case the old saying “too mean to die,” is
applicable: ‘“‘ Raleigh” is the meanest mule I know, and even
to-day (he must be 18 years old), he does not fail to make quick
connections with his attendant’s anatomy whenever he desires
to clean his shoes.

“Raleigh” having been in the city service for many years,
the above statement can easily be verified.

SCABIES IN CATTLE.

Dr. J. V. Laddey, Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry,
contributes the above photo of a cow in Ouray County, Colo-
rado, affected with scabies, the picture having been taken April
21, 1904.

ANOMALIES MET IN CATTLE PRACTICE.
By FRANCIS ABELE, Jr., D. V. S., Quincy, Mass.

At one farm I attended four different cows raised on the
place, for barrenness, some two years or more ago. The other
day I attended one of a near neighhor’s, by the same bull. In
this last one the os, instead of projecting into the vagina, seemed
to be a mere navel-like irregularity on the surface of the vaginal
wall. Was this not possibly a hereditary peculiarity?

768 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M, D., V. M.

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN A HORSE
[Z. &. Martin, A. V. D.|.—The animal was admitted to treat-
ment at first for a simple catarrh, which after a few days grew
worse. ‘The great elevation of the temperature, the excessive
difficulty in breathing indicated serious trouble. The lower
part of both lungs was taken. The thermometer registered be-
tween 103° and 104° F. ‘There was no appetite, and now and
then a rusty discharge from the nostrils. On two occasions
there was abundant hemorrhage. Diarrhcea set in three days
before death, which occurred after three weeks of sickness. At
the post-mortem there were found three forms of diseases—
pneumonia, intussusception of the small intestine, and rupture
of the stomach. ‘The lungs were consolidated. The part of
the intestine where the intussusception existed showed that four
inches of the organ were involved. The peritoneal surfaces
being so firmly adherent that the intestine was torn while at-
tempts were made to separate them. The rupture of the stom-
ach measured seven inches in length. About a pound and a
half of food had escaped and collected into a sac formed by the
great omentum: It is curious that this horse during its whole
sickness had never shown any trouble towards the digestive
canal, nor any of the urgent symptoms that the lesions sug-
gested. ‘This was probably due to the absence of alimentary
substances not having entered the peritoneal cavity.—( Journ.
of Comp. Path. and Therap., June, 1904.)

EXCISION OF THE VASA DEFERENS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR
CastTRaTION [ 7. Zagg, M. R. C. V. S.|.—According'to the aus
thor, natives in India have observed that when the vasa deferens
become obliterated, because of disease or by traumatisms, atro-
phycal changes occur in testicles. Accepting as a physiological
truth, that all the function of an organ is regulated according
to the demand, the author has thought that by excising a por-
tion of the vasa deferens, and destroying all communication be-
tween the testicle and the vesicula seminalis, there might result
a testicular atrophy which could take the place of castration.

od
F

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 769

Mr. Tagg believes that the plenitude of the vesicula seminalis
regulates the sexual desire. If, then, the vesiculee become atro-
phied, and if by the excision of the efferent duct, they are not
filled again, the testicles also become atrophied. He has oper-
ated upon three stallions which he has been able to follow, and
the results he has obtained were excellent. The three animals
were afterwards kept among other horses and mares, and be-
haved very quietly. He also operated on three others, which
he lost sight of after the operation. This is quite simple. The
animal is cast, secured, and chloroformed. Anincision is made
about two inches above the testicle, along side the cord and a
little backwards to avoid the blood vessels. The vasa deferens
is easily detected by its white color. About an inch of its
length is made loose by dissection, a ligature of catgut, well
sterilized, is applied at both ends, and the portion between is
excised. The skin is sewed up, iodoform dusted over the in-
cision and sublimate solution used for dressing afterwards. It
is necessary to make an incision on each cord.—(/ournal of
Comp. Path. and Ther., June, 1904.)

SUTURE OF THE RECURRENT NERVE TO THE PNEUMO-
GASTRIC AGAINST Roarinc [ /. Zagg, IZ. R. C. V. S.|.—In 1896
the author reported the case of a mare on which he had
operated. ‘To-day he gives the history of five other cases where
-he resorted to the same treatment, viz., the suture of the free
portion of the recurrent, which runs along the cesophagus to the
_pneumogastric. The animal is cast and chloroformed. The
seat of the operation shaved and disinfected. The recurrent is
easily exposed and found on the cesophagus, while the par
vagus rests on the carotid. The former is sutured to the latter
with carbolized catgut thread. The muscles and skin are
sutured and an antiseptic placed over the parts. The five ani-
mals upon which Mr. Tagg has operated were all useless be-
cause of roaring and unable to perform any kind of work.
After the operation, the first horse was able to walk without
making any noise; he worked slowly. The second died three
months after from tetanus due to a nail picked up in the street ;
the three others resumed their work, one of them as a saddle
horse, and became able to canter a distance of seven miles—
every one without making the slightest noise of roaring.—
(Journ. of Comp. Path. and Ther., June, 1904.)

ULCERATIVE CysTITIS—RUPTURE AND PYELO-NEPHRITIS
IN A Doc [F. 7. Taylor, VM. R. C. V. S.|.—A two-and-a-half-
months old puppy is ill. A dose of castor oil did not seem to

770 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

relieve him, and he was brought to the author, who diagnosed
catarrhal cystitis. The dog was in a dreamy condition, with
temperature of 104°, quick, feeble pulse, hyperzemia and slight-
ly discolored mucous membranes. He passed blood-stained
urine in drops. Manipulation of the abdomen revealed a pain-
ful doughy mass about the size of a small hen’s egg, situated in
the anterior pelvic region. The dog died the next day. At the
post-mortem the bladder was found empty, with a partial rup-
ture, closed up by a calculus embedded in it sufficiently to pre-
vent the rapid escape of urine in the abdominal cavity, but yet
allowing a certain amount to percolate through and produce
irritation. There were no other calculi in the urethra, ureters
or kidneys, but these two contained pus in their pelvic portion
and the seat of acute nephritis. It is an unusual occurrence to
meet cystic calculi in so young a dog. The other members of
the litter were all healthy and received the same food. —(Vet.
Record, July 30, 1904.)

CARCINOMA OF THE TESTICLE—TWISTED SPERMATIC CORD
IN A CRYPTORCHID [W. Paner, M. R. C. V. S.|.—Aged nine
years, a deerhound, for the last twelve months, has had diffi-
culty in defecating ; lately even purgatives failed, and to relieve
him it had been necessary to remove the feces by handas @ dee
rectum is largely dilated and sac-like, so that large masses of
matter can collect. When the dog attempts to defecate he is in
great pain and even when its rectum is emptied. On examin-
ing the abdomen, a hard round body, easily displaced, 1s felt,
which was supposed to be a testicle, when the information was
given that the dog was a cryptorchid. Considering the case
hopeless, the animal was destroyed. At the post-mortem it was
found that the round body felt in the abdomen was the right
testicle, enlarged and in a cystic condition. The spermatic
cord was twisted eight times reversely with the vein distended
so that the cord had a corkscrew appearance. ‘The testicle
weighed two ounces and carcinomatous. ‘The other testicle was
atrophied and weighed only two drachms.—(Vet. Record, Aug.
6, 1904.)

Two MARTYRS TO SCIENCE—ToxiIcoLocy [Doctor Sahib].
—These are the histories of two dogs which died from careless-
ness in the application of a proper treatment. One had a long
standing necrosis of the jaw affecting the bones of the face and
the ear. A two-ounce solution containing 734 grains of per-
chloride of mercury was prepared, to be diluted for cleansing
the parts. Unfortunately the whole of it was injected into the

a

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. vif (A

ear. The next day the necrosed parts looked improved, but
high temperature, dry nose, and costive bowels indicated mis-
chief. In the evening, the dog looked as if he had a bad attack
of foot-and-mouth disease—that is, as far as the head was con-
cerned. He finally exhibited all the symptoms of poisoning by
hydrar. perchlor. and died in five days. ‘The other was a three-
year-old animal which had been under treatment for malaria ;
he had fairly recovered, and to build him up 5 m. of tinct. nux
vomica was prescribed, twice a day, for three days only. In-
stead of that the treatment was kept up for eight days, and in
the evening of the last day a double dose was given by error.
Of course, strychnia poisoning soon became manifest and the
dog died in four days.—(Vet. Record, Aug. 13, 1904.)
PECULIAR INTESTINAL CONDITION IN A HorsE [P. 7.
Bolton|.—A six-year-old mare was taken with colic, which re-
sisted the administration of several draughts. She received ext.
cannabis indica, was relieved, and the next day had a purgative
given to her. A week later the same condition recurred, and
the animal treated in the same way. However, she did not
rally so well, and tonic medicine was given. As it had been
necessary to give her eserine after the second attack, intestinal
calculus was suspected. A few days later the mare died with
septic pneumonia. At the post-mortem the lungs were found
gangrenous. On looking for the intestinal calculus, none was
found, but instead “a peculiar condition of the ileum and ileo-
ceecal valve. This was much constricted ; in fact, almost closed,
so that it was impossible to pass the little finger into it, and the
ileum immediately before the valve was enormously dilated,
giving it an appearance resembling a second stomach.” The
walls of that part of the intestine were thickened. Other por-
tions of the small intestines were also more or less dilated and
had likewise thickened walls.—(Vet. Record, Aug. 20, 1904.)
AN OUTBREAK OF INTUSSUSCEPTION IN PUPPIES [Aleen
Cust|.—What can have been the cause, asks the author? Five
puppies, from 8 to 10 weeks old, although from different litters,
were raised together, fed in the same way, and received the same
care and attention. They were kept among a number of other
pups. The five died of the same trouble. The first was first re-
lieved by an injection of glycerine, but died two days after. The
second with the same symptoms, but much more severe, died
in afew hours. For the third, the X-Rays failed to enlighten
the diagnosis. Notwithstanding all that was done he also
passed away. In the fourth, laparotomy was performed, followed

Uae EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

by death a few hours later. The fifth had the sameend. In
all, intussusception was found at the post-mortem, in various

parts of the small intestine. The general symptoms were ab- ©

dominal pains, vomiting, jaundice, complete anorexia, ten-
dency to lay flat on the sternum or abdomen, and elevation of
temperature. All the other puppies of the kennel remained
healthy. ‘The diagnosis was difficult to make, as the intussus-
ception could not be felt by manipulation of the soft and fat
abdomen and also because of the absence of manifest symptoms
which were present only when too late to apply a successful
treatment.—(lVez. Record, Sept. 3, 1904.)

WoMAN SAVES SIXTY HORSES FROM PERISHING BY FIRE.
—It was due to the courage of Mrs. Anna Ritter, of No. 607
West Forty-seventh Street, that sixty horses were saved from
death by flame and smoke in a livery stable owned by Terry
McKeon, at Nos. 601-605 West Forty-seventh Street, at eleven
o’clock last night. Shortly before eleven o’clock Mrs. Ritter
was awakened by smoke pouring into her bedroom window.
She realized that fire had started in the stable next door.
Dressing hastily she ran down stairs and called for help. The
street was deserted. There was no one in the stable. She
found the doors partly open and smoke pouring through the
crack. Being familiar with the stable she threw back the doors,
and, half stifled by the suffocating fumes, ran to the further
stalls. The horses were excited, but without fear Mrs. Ritter
unfastened two of them and tried to drive them from the stable.
They refused to. leave their stalls. She led them to the street
door. At this moment two young men coming from a political
meeting around the corner in Eleventh Avenue saw the situa-
tion and obeyed the advice of the woman to turn in an alarm.
For several minutes, while the department was responding,
Mrs. Ritter turned many of the horses into the street. Others
she led to the boys, who refused to venture into the burning
building on the excuse that they did not know the location of
the stalls. Every minute the flames were shooting higher in
the rear of the barn, while the smoke drifted in denser clouds.
Still the woman stuck to her task. By the time the Fire De-
partment reached the burning stable Mrs. Ritter had gotten the
sixty horses into the street, and then she collapsed. ‘The fire-
men made short work of the flames, and Mrs. Ritter was warmly
praised, for had it not been for her prompt action in entering
the burning stable a majority of the animals would have per-
ished.—(New York Evening Telegram, Oct. 22.)

a

:

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 773

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

DR. SCHWARZKOPF ON THE MARCH.

Dr. Olof Schwarzkopf, editor of this department of the RE- —
VIEW, has been in camp and on the march since early in Aug-
ust, and consequently his supervision of his literary labors has
been somewhat relaxed.

A letter from him, dated Great Falls, Montana, Oct. 13,
stated that in consequence of his enforced absence from his
Fort, the Army Bill had not gone forward with the push that
had been intended ; but that he expected to return to Fort As-
sinniboine by the roth or 2oth ult., and then he would do all in
his power to promote its rapid passage through the proper mili-
tary channels. The Biil had, however, been passed on to Dr.
Plummer for the Cavalry and Dr. Griffin for the Artillery, who
promised to secure the necessary official endorsements.

While in Helena the Doctor called upon President Knowles,
of the A. V. M. A., who showed him great courtesy and hospi-
tality. Together they went over the events of the St. Louis
meeting, and the complexion of the Army Committee of the
Association was thoroughly discussed. This Committee stands
ready to assist the military veterinarians in any way that seems
to offer prospects of success. It will, however, this time wait
until the Bill is favorably endorsed by the Secretary of War,
and then it will do whatever is possible with the Army Com-
mittees of Congress.

ae
THE NEW ARMY VETERINARY BILL APPROVED IN THE PHILIP-
PINES.
MANILA, P. I., August 31, 1904.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR Sirs :—I take the opportunity to state my views as
to the desirability of the bill drafted by Dr. Schwarzkopf, and
express my views of the veterinary service at present. I believe,
it is not so much what we want, as it is what we can get. Ino-
tice by the correspondence in the REVIEW that no bili seems to
meet the approval of all, since each one has an idea of his own.
That may be all right, but when we come to action let us all be
united in whatever move is to be taken; I for one am ready to

support any measure which will advance our status in the
Army.

774 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

We cannot expect to get all at once, but if we can get
started it will come in time.

If we could make the position of veterinarian to the Quarter-
master’s Departinent one similar to the regular service it would
be a step in the right direction. As it is now, it is a serious
drawback to us all. Men are employed as such who are not
even graduates of veterinary colleges, but, having taken a course
as teamster or possibly acted as farrier under some veterinarian,
they announce themselves as veterinarians and apply to some
quartermaster for such position and are employed.

Iam fully convinced that the full efficiency of the service
can never be reached until we have a separate corps and farriers
enlisted for such work and directly under the veterinarians, but
such a thing is a long way off in the U. S. Army, for all officers
look unfavorably upon the idea of veterinarians having equal
rank. |

As it now stands, all depends upon your commanding of-
ficer. If he has confidence in the veterinarian he will give him
every opportunity to carry out his work according to his ideas ;
if it be otherwise the veterinarian is greatly handicapped in his
work, and often humiliated by troop commanders giving orders
to farriers pertaining to treatment of horses.

Some time ago General Corbin expressed his views that a
second lieutenant’s pay was not enough to support him if he
were to marry, owing to the expense to maintain his social
standing. How is it with the veterinarian? Is he to remain
single and always draw the pay of a second lieutenant, and yet
be expected socially to keep up with the officers with whom he
must necessarily associate? ‘This appears like a grave injustice
to us.

At present with the Philippine service, veterinarians are
subjected to frequent moves, which are expensive ; also the in-
crease of living in foreign possessions, without the extra ten per
cent. increase which all officers receive, and complain of its be-
ing inadequate to meet the extra expense.

These, and many other things, do not tend to increase the
efficiency of the service, which the War Department claims to

have in view. Cuas. H. JEWELL,
Veterinarian 13th U. S, Cavalry.

*
* *
ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.
Dr. J. H. GouLD, Vet. r1th U. S$. Cavalry, who has been on

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ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 775

temporary duty at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, for the past four
months, is row located at Fort Riley, Kansas.

Dr. Powers, Artillery Corps, is on a leave of absence for
one month and twenty days.

Dr. McCKIBBEN, 4th Cavalry, has been ordered to Walla
Walla, Washington, where he will be stationed with the head-
quarters of the 4th Cavalry.

Dr. LAWRENCE, 5th Cavalry, after taking a long sick leaye
from the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., is stationed at Fort
Apache, Arizona.

WE have in hand an illustrated paper entitled ‘“ Clinical
Study of Lameness,” translated from the German of Dr. Chenot-
Alger, by Dr. A. T. Peters, of Lincoln, Neb., and read before
the recent meeting of the Iowa-Nebraska Veterinary Medical
Association. It will be published in the December REVIEw,
with reproductions of all the original plates.

A NEw Local ANASTHETIC CALLED “STOVAINE”’ will
soon be introduced to the veterinary profession by Messrs. Sykes
& Street, the American agents for “ Tallianine.”? Its advan-
tages are said to be that it will anzsthetise a part more
thoroughly than cocaine, is absolutely devoid of toxicity and
excitability, and costs about one-half as much as the alkaloid of
coca.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.—Z£. £. H7., Pennsylvania :
As you should know, the article printed at the foot of page 666
of the October REVIEW, does not reflect any knowledge or in-
formation possessed by the editors concerning the illness of the
famous pacing stallion ‘‘Dan Patch,” but was copied from the
Breeder's Gazette and properly credited to that journal. We
have, however, sought definite data in regard to the character
of the sickness referred to, and we are credibly assured that his
only lesion was simple feecal impaction. It would not have
been impossible for the great side-wheeler to have had a twisted
or intussuscepted bowel, and still have recovered, but the un-
likelihood of either of these accidents to have existed and to
have been followed by such rapid recovery, was the occasion for
our seeking professional information. You have taken no liber-
ties with the REviEw; we are pleased to have had you go more
deeply into this subject, as the article quoted froin the Gazeéte
read very like a “fairy ” story.

H. W. Kornopsis, V. S., of Brooklyn, N. Y., is building a
hospital for his practice on Bedford Avenue, near Myrtle.

76 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE NEED OF UNIFORMITY OF VETERINARY TITLES IN
AMERICA.
Rocky ForpD, Couo., Oct. 12, 1904.

Editors American Veterinary Review -

DEAR S1Rs :—I notice an article in my last REVIEW (Octo-
ber No.) regarding uniform veterinary title for Germany. Am
glad you commented upon it, and hope you will make further
mention of it, for 1f there is anything in the profession that
seems absurd and absolutely foolish to me, it is in so many
titles. I think our sister profession (the M. D.’s) look upon us
with considerable mirth when they see the various titles. It
looks to me like a lot of little boys that wanted something, they
hardly knew what. I think that the A. V. M. Ass’n ought to
take this up and settle this foolish affair so we can no longer be
looked upon and laughed at by the world. If we have a uni-
form title, people will know what it means when they see it af-
fixed to our names. Otherwise, our title is meaningless to the
people. I have a degree from a well recognized college of Chi-
cago which J am ashamed to use on account of this diversity of
titles. Yours very respectfully, SETH P. TALBOm

THE HABIT OF TONGUE-LOLLING—WHO CAN HELP DR. DREW?

GRAND JUNCTION, COLO., Oct. 17, 1904.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR SIRS :—One of my patrons has a five-year-old stand-
ard-bred mare which has the habit of lolling the tongue when
driving. Her mouth and teeth are in perfect condition. I can
discover no cause, except habit. I have used nose-bands, chin-
straps and, I think, all bits ever invented for that trouble, and
some of my own invention, without success. If you could give
me any advice through the columns of the REVIEW, to which I
am a subscriber, I would be greatly obliged.

Yours truly, A. P. Drew, V. S:

‘““FARMING AS A PROFESSION” was the subject of a paper
by Dr. \W. H. Dalrymple, of Louisiana, read before the Associa-
tion of Commissioners of Agriculture of the Southern States,
held at Baton Rouge, La., Oct. 13-15.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Tee

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

In number 12 of the Monatschrift fiir practische Thierheil-
kunde, Professor Frohner gives a review of the latest German
veterinary publications, a few of which may be of interest to the
profession in this country.

MERCK’S YEARLY REPORT OF 1903.

Frohner enumerates the newer medicinal agents of interest
to the veterinarian. (This report can be had at any of Merck’s
branch houses for the asking.)

LEHRBUCH DER ALLGEMEINEN PATHOLOGIE, fiir Thieraerzte und Studirende, by Prof.
Dr Th, Kitt, of Munich. Published by F. Enke, Stuttgart, 1904.

Of this book Frohner says that it fills a long-felt want in the
line of veterinary text-books, and that it is the first step to
emancipate veterinary pathology from the human branch of
this science. As a text-book it will satisfy the highest scientific
expectations because Kitt wrote it. The important fundamental
principles of pathology are treated with brevity and intelligibil-
ity. He concurs with the author on the question of the etiology
of tumors, exhibits his satisfaction that Kitt expresses himself
against the parasitic and for the germ theory, and closes by say-
ing that he always presented the same views in his lectures and
clinics on general veterinary surgery.

LEHRBUCH DER VETERINARCHIRURGIE. By Dr. Med. Jcseph Bayer, Professor and
Rector of the Imperial and Royal Institute for Army Veterinarians and the Veteri-
nary High School of Vienna. Third revised edition. Published by W. Braumueller,
Vienna and Leipzig, 1904.

Frohner says: The fundamental text-book by the past master
of scientific veterinary surgery, has appeared as the third revised
edition after an interval of 14 years, and gives the best view of
the achievements of veterinary surgery in the last decade. It
has been enriched with 12 very instructive plates, with pictures
of numerous fractures, exostoses of spavin and ringbone, necro-
sis of the bones, caries of the teeth, sarcoma of the bone, acti-
nomycoses, etc. A few excerptions of the work are herewith
given.

The treatment of inflammation through arterial and venous
hyperemia after Bier, is discussed with great thoroughness and
an apparent fondness, showing that different opinions exist to-day
about certain causes, symptoms and treatment of inflammation.
The hydro-thermo-regulator of Ullmann is spoken of very highly,
saying that it allows of an exact dosage of the locally applied

*.

778 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

heat and aids resorption through the generation of hyperezemia
and dilatation of the vessels. Bayer says that he had phenome-
nal success with the hydro-thermo-regulator in thickening of
tendons ; even in old, said-to-be incurable cases, that had be-
come cartilaginous, resorption was established and some were
cured entirely, while some were greatly benefited by it.

Under laminitis, Bayer coincides with Frohner that the prin-
cipal form of laminitis is the traumatic, caused by over-exer-
tion on hard ground. But Bayer is of the opinion that lacera-
tions and not contusions of the sensitive lamina are the trau-
matic cause and explains that the os pedis is suspended by the
sensitive lamina from the horny wall. The changes seen on a
laminitic hoof are not due to the traction from the flexor of the
toe alone, but only appear when on account of the inflammation
the connection between the horny and sensitive lamina has been
loosened, and before this occurs the laceration and extension of
the suspensory apparatus must take place.

The chapters on tendonitis, exostoses and spavin contain
very extensive discussions of the subjects. Bayer calls atten-
tion to the investigations of Gotti, which prove that the inflam-
mation in the spavin is most always a primary inflammation of
the bone and not of the joint, and says he has convinced him-
self of the correctness of the theory.

Under the chapter on wound treatment Bayer, the cham-
pion of asepsis, concurs with Frohner that for practical reasons
antisepsis is preferable to asepsis in veterinary medicine.

The chapter on diseases of the eye treats the question of the
heredity of periodical blindness. Bayer, the foremost veteri-
nary ophthalmologist, answers the question as follows: Whena
pregnant mare suffers from periodical blindness that it is pos-
sible and has occurred that the young one has gone through
the disease in utero and has been born with the sequels. I have
myself acquired such a little animal for the college. That a
stallion suffering from periodical ophthalmia should in a
healthy region produce colts suffering from the same disease, is
in my opinion not true, and if his progeny should become
moonblind in a diseased region so is this the fault of the region
and not of the stallion.

Under the section of paralysis of nerves the prognosis of
paralysis of the supra-scapular nerve is discussed. ‘The prog-
nosis is given as not very favorable and depends in principal
upon the kind of injury to the nerve.

(WM. SCHUMACHER, CHICAGO, ILL.)

OBITUARY. 779

OBITUARY.

DR: EB. A. DE SCHWEINIEZ

Few men in this country are so eminently qualified to carry
on investigations in the special field of biochemistry of sera and
pathogenic bacteria as was Dr. E. A. de Schweinitz. In his
death, science suffered a loss which is felt more keenly on ac-
count of the comparative scarcity of men capable of carrying on
his chosen line of work.

Dr. de Schweinitz died at the age of 38 in the very prime of
life. He suffered from a severe attack of typhoid fever about
one year previously and never completely recovered his normal
health. Dr. de Schweinitz worked assiduously, however, until
the end, leaving several unfinished pieces of investigation.

Dr. de Schweinitz was excessively modest regarding the
value and results of his work and was of a somewhat uncommu-
nicative disposition. He possessed a very attractive personality,
however, and was greatly admired by all who knew him well.
His conscientious attention to details was manifest not only in
the accuracy of his methods and the reliability of his results,
but also in his personal appearance and performance of the little
duties which are so necessary to the amenities of social life.
His frankness and generous disposition were shown equally well .
in the treatment of his personal friends, and in the recognition
of the value of results obtained by his scientific co-workers. If
there was anything in Dr. de Schweinitz about which we might
complain it was a certain diffidence or slight lack of confidence
in the results of some of his own researches.

Dr. de Schweinitz was born at Salem, North Carolina, and
received his education at the universities of North Carolina,
Virginia, Berlin, Gottingen, and also at the Columbian Uni-
versity in Washington, D.C. His official connection with the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture began with an appointment as chemist on January 1,
1890. Upon the organization of the Biochemic Division of this
bureau, Dr. de Schweinitz was made the chief of the division.
In addition to the various investigations which occupied the
major portion of Dr. de Schweinitz’s time and energy, he was a
member of many American and foreign scientific societies and
was repeatedly selected as a delegate to international congresses
of hygiene, tuberculosis, and medicine.

The investigations for which Dr. de Schweinitz was chiefly

"80 OBITUARY.

noted were niade in the field of the chemistry and biology of
bacteria. His contributions to these subjects are of the utmost

importance and his studies have served to elucidate many of
the troublesome problems concerning the ultimate chemical

nature of bacteria and their products. He was one of the first

to suggest the possibility of producing immunity toward tuber-

culosis by inoculation with attenuated cultures of tubercle ba-—
cilli. He announced these results in 1894 in the Meadzcal News

of December 8. In that article it was stated that a race of

human tubercle bacilli which was originally very virulent had

been rendered quite harmless by a special method of cultivation.

These attenuated bacilli not only failed to produce disease in

guinea-pigs and rabbits, but in some instances imparted to in-
oculated animals a distinct resistance to tuberculosis, as shown

by subsequent inoculation with virulent bacilli. ‘These experi-

ments paved the way for the more elaborate investigations of
Pearson, von Behring, Arloing, McFadyean, and others, in

which the results obtained by Dr. de Schweinitz have been con-

firmed and greatly extended. Among the many technical sub-
jects investigated by de Schweinitz we may mention the follow-

ing: Composition of tubercle and glanders bacilli; fats con-

tained in tubercle bacilli; growth of tubercle bacilli upon a

great variety of culture media; mineral constituents of tubercle

bacilli; the effect of tuberculin injections; the preparation and.
use of tuberculin ; enzyms or soluble ferments in hog cholera

bacilli; serum treatment for hog cholera and swine plague;

products of tubercle bacilli; treatment of tuberculosis with

antitoxic serum and other matters relating to hog cholera, and

other diseases. [The work of Dr. de Schweinitz in the investi-
gation of hog diseases was of great importance. Not only was

considerable progress made in the rational prevention and

treatment of these diseases, but many details were worked out

which had been overlooked by other investigators. One of the

latest discoveries of de Schweinitz along this line was the care-

ful differentiation of the symptoms of different infectious hog

diseases, during which it was found that hogs are sometimes

attacked by an infectious disease which cannot be classified

either with hog cholera or swine plague.

A considerable proportion of the work of Dr. de Schweinitz
was done in codperation with Drs. Dorset and Schroeder, who
are continuing researches along similar lines.

(E. V. WILCOX.)

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 781

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

MISSOURI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The 13th annual meeting of the State organization was
held in St. Louis in the Board of. Education Building, N. W.
Cor. Ninth and Locust Sts., on August 15th, 1904. The meet-
ing was called to order by President B. F. Kaupp, at Io A. M.
The following veterinarians were present :—Drs. H. Bradley,
L. M. Klutts, G. A. Roberts, A. Plummer, Chas. Ellis, S. Stew-
anf, /. FP. Brown, B. F. Kaupp, E. B. Ward, EaBe Michael, H.
F. Boettner, D. F. Luckey, Stanley Smith, W. E. Martin, T. J.
Menestrina, J. M. Phillips, M. McNally, J. P. McNally, V. J.
Andre, A. Darling, J. Mahon, A. Trickett, F. A. Goodbody, C.
A. Krause, G. B. Nicholas, and others. ‘The address of welcome
was delivered by Dr. Chas. Ellis, of St. Louis, and was responded
to by Dr. S. Stewart, of Kansas City.

The President then delivered the annual address, as fol-
lows:

PRESIDENT KAUPP’S ADDRESS.

“ Members of the Missouri Veterinary Medical Association
and Vusitors ;

‘For the thirteenth time the State Association of the great
commonwealth of Missouri has assembled. Missouri should
be a profitable field for the veterinary practitioner, as its live
stock interests are enormous, especially the world-renowned
Missouri mule.

“Tt is not my intent to occupy much of your valuable time,
but to bring out a few thoughts in regard to veterinary con-
ditions in our State. Although we have failed several times to
secure a law to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine in
the State, we should not give up the fight. Have the stock-
owning people been brought to a realization that a law of this
kind will be a protection to them from empiricism? The aver-
age legislator is apparently noninformed on the subject of vet-
erinary science, and does not realize that the veterinarian should
have a substantial scientific training in addition to his practical
experience.

“At a meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa-
tion, held in Kansas City in February of this year, a resolution
was introduced empowering the President of said association to
appoint a committee of three to assist any like committee from
any of the adjoining states in an effort to secure needed veteri-

782 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

nary legislation. This committee consists of the following
members: Dr. A. Plummer, Fort Riley, Kansas; Dr. L. D.
Brown, Hamilton, Mo., and Dr. H. Jensen, Weeping Water,
Nebr. Our State is within this territory, and the committee
will give us aid in securing the proper law to regulate the prac-
tice of veterinary medicine in the State. It appears that before
needed veterinary legislation can be secured it will be necessary
for the stock-raising people to be brought to a realization that
it is to their interest to have such law passed, and in order to
accomplish this task each practitioner in the State should make
himself a missionary to this end. If in each district the stock-
owning people would demand of their representative of the
legislature that an effective veterinary bill be passed, it certainly
would not be long till we would be in line with other states
that have been more fortunate than we in securing the proper
practice laws.

“There is another question, and that is the problem of se-
curing milk and butter that isa product of cows not tubercu-
lous. While the citizens of St. Louis may be protected from
milk contaminated by the contagious germs by having veteri-
nary inspection, some other cities, as for example Kansas City,
are not so protected. In the latter city the Council and Mayor
created the offices of milk inspector and assistant inspector, pay-
ing $210 per month to the two positions, and who did they ap-
point to the firstone? Anundertaker. Twomen who had not
had the proper scientifictraining. Sothe people pay the taxes,
the money is paid out, and no returns, When people will
‘wake up’ and demand competent inspection in these localities
no one can tell.

‘‘ Attention is called to the good work that is being done by
the State Veterinary Department. This office was created about
the year 1885, and the position has been held by Drs. Paul
Paquin, T. J. Turner, T. HE. White and D. F. Luckey, the latter
being the present occupant of the office. The duties of this of-
fice are to investigate the origin and cause of outbreaks of con-
tagious diseases and to control said outbreaks by proper quaran-
tine and prophylactic measures, etc., and to instruct stock-raisers
through bulletins and farmers’ institutes the best methods of
preventing and handling said diseases. While the law requires
a petition signed by ten freeholders be sent to the Secretary of
the State Board of Agriculture to secure an investigation, a re-
quest from a graduate of a veterinary college is honored and an
investigation immediately ordered by the veterinary department.

we?

i Pubap se bal’

pa her

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 783

“ According to a report received from the present State Vet-
efinarian, there has been no alarming outbreaks of contagious
diseases among live-stock the past year. An occasional epizootic
requires the constant vigilant attention of the State Veterinarian,
but no outbreak has been allowed to spread so as to cause serious
loss. During the past two years numbers of cattle, hogs and
sheep have been shipped into this State for feeding purposes,
from western and southern ranges and other localities, and with
these shipments came some cattle and sheep infested by scabies,
and some hogs affected with cholera. He reports the hog cholera
to have gained a foothold during the past year and has caused
considerable loss in certain: localities, but not so great as in
former years. Tick fever was found in eight counties in the
southern part of the State, four years ago, but by proper quar-
antine regulations only a few cases were found this year, and
they were confined to two counties. Glanders exists in various
parts of the State as in other years. The most favorable locali-
ties for this disease appears to have been the grading camps.
Animals found to be so affected were destroyed and the premises
disinfected. Those not affected were quarantined until further
danger from disease developing among them had passed. In
view of the danger of communication of the bacilli from cow to
man through the milk, tuberculosis in cattle has not received
the attention it should. ‘The disease is known to exist in sev-
eral parts of the State, and there can be no doubt that a tuber-
culin test would prove it widely disseminated. Proper laws
should be passed, means put at the disposal of the department,
and an effort made to eradicate the great white plague from the
State. Various parasitic outbreaks have occurred from time to
time, the most serious being pulmonary and intestinal strongy-
losis.

‘“‘The State also maintains an Experiment Station. Dr. J.
W. Connoway, the present State Experiment Station Veterina-
rian, is well known to all present and needs no introduction.
This department assists the State Veterinarian in investigation
of outbreaks of disease, and conducts original research.

“I would suggest that the incoming President be empow-
ered to appoint a committee on diseases, said committee to in-
vestigate and report upon diseases common in the State and
suggest methods of control and eradication of those known to
_be contagious, and to report any original research of interest
and new remedies worthy of mention. I would also suggest
that the State Veterinarian be made chairman of this committee.”

784 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. L. M. Klutts read a paper on the subject of “‘ Aloes in
Veterinary Practice,” and Dr. S. Stewart read a paper on “‘ Defi-
nite Medication.’ ‘These papers were interesting and brought
out a general and instructive discussion. Meeting adjourned
for lunch, and reconvened at 1.30 P. M.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap-
proved and the following named were admitted to the list of
members: Drs. E. B. Ward, Fulton,.Mo.; L. B. Michael,
Moberly, Mo.; H. F. Boettner, Perryville, Mo.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President—Dr. Stanley Smith, Columbia.

Vice President—Dr. L. D. Brown, Hamilton.

Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. F. F. Brown, Kansas City.

Dr. T. J. Menestrina read the following paper on

ABSCESS OF THE SPLEEN.

‘‘Some time ago I was called to see a horse that had been
taken suddenly ill. On arriving at the place I found a five-
year-old geldivg suffering from very acute pains, which were
apparently abdominal. I ascertained from the owner that the
horse had been listless and without vigor for more than a year,
and, believing the animal was infested with intestinal parasites,
the owner had given about a pint of a decoction of worm-root
the previous day, with a view of expelling them. The medi-
cine had been administered through the nostrils and had excited
a cough when given. The animal showed unmistakable signs
of pneumonia; temperature 105, pulse weak; no appetite. I
prescribed the usual treatment and gave an unfavorable prog-
nosis. ‘The next day the animal’s condition was much more
aggravated, it suffering severe colicky pains and lying down the
most of the time. There was a very marked dyspnea, with a
profuse bloody discharge from the nostrils, which was very
foetid in character. ‘The animal died the same night. Being
puzzled as to the cause of the abdominal pains I resorted to a
post-mortem examination. I found the lungs in very bad con-
dition, they having become gangrenous. The stomach and
bowels were comparatively normal and no internal parasites
were found. ‘The immediate cause of death was mechanical
pneumonia. In searching for what might have been the pri-
mary ailment, I incidentally came across a very large mass, the
size of a bowling ball, which upon closer observation proved to
be the spleen. An incision made into its center disclosed an
abscess filled with a semi-fluid and cheesy material. The op-
portunity up-to-date country veterinarians have for holding

Lr nt DP

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 785

careful post-mortem examinations is superior to that of the city
practitioners, and we trust they will endeavor to aid us by re-
porting all rare and interesting cases, thus making the problem
of correct diagnosis more certain.”’

Dr. D. F. Luckey read a paper on ‘‘ E/sophogastomiasis.” The ~
paper was interesting, and included a report of an outbreak in
Missouri and the result of a study made of same. The full re-
port appears in the August number of the monthly bulletin of
the State Department of Agriculture and will be sent to anyone
who will write to the Secretary of the State Board at Columbia,
Mo.

Dr. S. Stewart moved that a committee on diseases be ap-
pointed by the President, which was seconded and carried.

Motion was made, seconded and carried that a committee on
legislation be appointed, and that they be empowered to make
an effort to secure needed veterinary legislation in the coming
session.

COMMITTEES FOR THE YEAR.

The committees as appointed by the President-elect for the
ensuing year are as follows:

Committee on Diseases—Drs. J]. WV. Connoway, R. C. Moore,
F. W. O’Brien.

Committee cn Legtslation—Drs. J). F. Luckey, Chas. Ellis,
S. Stewart.

Executive Committee
Chas. Doerrie.

Committee on Elections—Drs. H. Bradley, T. J. Menestrina,
D. F. Luckey.

Committee on Ethics—Drs. Chas Ellis, W. E. Martin, S.
Stewart.

Motion made by Dr. Stewart that next meeting be held in
Kansas City in August, 1905, seconded and carried. Motion to
adjourn seconded and carried. F. F. Brown, Secretary.

Drs. B. F. Kaupp, lb. M. Klutts,

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

President Knowles announces the appointment of the fol-
lowing committees for 1904-05:

Executive Committee: C. E. Cotton, Chairman; D. E. Sal-
mon, Roscoe R. Bell, W. H. Hoskins, W. H. Dalrymple, J. R.
Mitchell.

Finance Committee: Thos. E. Smith, Chairman; A. H.
Baker, J. F. Roub.

786 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Publication Committee: R. P. Lyman, Chairman; T. E.
Robinson, E. M. Ranck, W. L. Williams, J. J. Repp.

Intelligence and Education: E. B. Ackerman, Chairman ;
C. J. Marshall, M. H. Reynolds, N. S. Mayo, G. R. White.

Diseases : C. H. Migeinss Chairman; 1... Pearson ayia
Moore, J. R. Mohler, A. R. Ward.

Army Legislation Committee: Wm. Herbert Lowe, Chair-
‘man; Roscoe R. Bell, W. Horace Hoskins, Wm. Henry Kelly,
J. H. McNeall.

Resolutions : James Law, Chairman; S. H. Gilliland, J. L.
Robertson, W. Dougherty, J. C. Norton.

Necrology: F. Torrance, Chairman; J. F. Winchester, S.
H. Ward, J. F. Burnett, J. G. Rutherford.

Programme. S. Stewart, Chairman; A. M. Farrington, J.
G. Rutherford, A. Plummer, S. Brenton.

PASSAIC COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO- .
CIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at Dr. Wm. Herbert
Lowe's office, 169 Van Houten Street. On Dr. W. H. Lowe,
Jr.’s motion, the reading of the minutes was postponed until the
next meeting. Dr. W. H. Lowe, Jr., Dr. W. H. H. Doty and Dr.
Reagan were appointed a committee to investigate Dr. M. A.
Pierce’s resignation.

Dues from Dr. M. A. Pierce and Dr. H. K. Berry, amount-
ing to $4, were received. :

After the regular business was transacted the members ad-
journed to Colt’s Restaurant, to enjoy a banquet given by Dr.
Wm. Herbert Lowe. The following members and associates
enjoyed Dr. Lowe’s hospitality: Drs. W. H. Lowe, Jr., W. C.
Ferguson, I’. J. Cooper, Chas. Utz, J. B. Hopper, John Degraw,
W. C. Fredericks, W. J. Reagan, T. Earle Budd, Crocker, W.
H. H. Doty, Geo. W. Pope, J. Payne Lowe, T. E. Smith, Ros-
coe R. Bell, W. H. Hoskins and Augustus Berdan.

While dinner was being served Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe
acted as toastmaster and called upon the members for ad-
dresses. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell entertained the members with an
interesting address on the ‘‘ American Veterinary Profession ” ;
Dr. Hoskins spoke on the ‘“‘ Scope of the Profession,” and Dr.
Budd on the “Advancement of the State Association.” Dr.
Smith’s address on ‘ Legislative Action ” received the approval
of all present. Other members spoke on interesting subjects. A

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 787

vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Lowe, and the meeting
came to a close with every one satisfied that it was a success in
more ways than one. H. K. BERRY, Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The regular meeting was held at the Boston Veterinary
Hospital, Wednesday evening, Sept. 28, at 8p. mM. ‘There were
ten members present, President Beckett in the chair. Minutes
of previous meeting accepted as read. One application for
membership was received.

An interesting report of the doings at the meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Association was given by Drs.
Winchester, Beckett, and Winslow.

It was voted that the President and Secretary have power to
change the date of the next meeting in anticipation of the
arrival of Dr. Robert Ostertag, and arrangements made for his
entertainment.

A copy of the following resolutions adopted at the late meet-
ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association was read:

“Tt was moved and seconded to recommend the following
preamble and resolution :

“ WHEREAS, It has come to the knowledge of this Associa-
tion that a member, Dr. Austin Peters, has officially selected
laymen to perform public duties which require the knowledge,
skill and judgment of veterinarians, and

“ WHEREAS, Said Dr. Austin Peters over his own signature
states that he made said appointment from choice;

“ Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that Dr.
Austin Peters has knowingly, purposely and officially betrayed
the best interest of the veterinary profession and has thereby
invited the censure of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation. .

[Signed] ‘S. Stewart, J. J. Repp, R. R. Bell, J. G. Ruther-
ford, W. Horace Hoskins, M. H. Reynolds, G. W. Dunphy,
Wm. Herbert Lowe, Geo. H. Berns, Evecuteve Committee of
American Veterinary Medical Association.”

This recommendation was presented at the forty-first annual
meeting at St. Louis, Aug. 18, of the American Veterinary
Medical Association and adopted by a unanimous vote.

Adjourned Io Pp. Mo. F. J. BABBITT, Secretary.

788 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The quarterly meeting was held at Bar Harbor, July 13,
1904, at the home of the Drs. Cleaves. _

The afternoon was spent in examining cases in the private
practice of Drs. A. W. and L,. S. Cleaves, and in sightseeing
about the beautiful city of Bar Harbor.

At 7 p. M. all sat down to dinner very kindly provided by
Mrs. L,. S. Cleaves, and all present voted Mrs. Cleaves a most
charming hostess.

The evening was spent in an extended discussion of plans
for our new Veterinary Bill to be presented before the coming

Legislature.
Meeting adjourned at 10 P. M., to meet in Lewiston in Oc-
tober. C. L. BLAKELY, Secretary.

*k
* >

The Maine Veterinary Medical Association held its quar-
terly meeting in Lewiston, Oct. 12th, at the ‘‘ New De Witt.”
Members present: Drs. Salley, Englis, Wescott and Blakely.

Dr. Wescott gave a verbal report of the St. Louis meeting,
which was very descriptive, and showed that the Doctor must
have seen a great deal and thoroughly enjoyed the occasion.

There was a long discussion on our new Veterinary Bill to be
presented at our next Legislature and the following committee
was appointed : Drs. Pope, Salley, Wescott, R. EK. Freeman, F. E.
Freeman, L. S. Cleaves, Englis, and Joly. Special meeting of
committee and Association was designated for November gth,
1904, at Waterville, at the residence of Dr. A. Joly.

The next regular meeting of the Association will be held at
Augusta, January II, 1905.

Meeting adjourned at II P. M.

C. L. BLAKELY, Secretary.

SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE NEW YORK
STATES VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The first meeting of the Society of Comparative Medicine
for the college year was called to order at 8 p. M., Friday, Oct.
7th, in the Amphitheatre of the Veterinary College, by Pres.
Dimock, who addressed a few introductory remarks particularly
to the first-year men, explaining the purposes of the Society and
the position of the veterinarian of the present age.

Mr. C. Way followed with a very able discussion on “A

(

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 789

Rapid Method of Diagnosing Rabies,” * in which he actually
showed by means of prepared slides, the diffused condition of
the nerve cells of the rabid animal in comparison to the con-
densed normal cell; thus checking the results of some of the
older investigators.

After a lengthy discussion of various cases by members of
the Society, the order of business was taken up; committees
appointed, election of fifteen new candidates to membership and
meeting adjourned. C. L. ROADHOUSE, Secretary.

RUSSIANS SHy ON HorsEs.—A despatch from Shanghai
says that one of the reasons why General Kuropatkin was forced
to abandon and destroy his vast stores at Liaoyang was the want
of transport, due to the non-arrival of thousands of horses there.
These animals had to rest at the depots at various stages of the
journey. They were found to be susceptible to a disease from
which the local horses were fairly exempt. Of 4,000 animals
collected at Omsk two months ago 3,000 were suddenly at-
tacked with partial or total blindness, requiring several weeks’
treatment. A fearful epidemic of glanders is raging in Man-
churia.

A GOVERNMENT. BREEDING ESTABLISHMENT.—Dr. D. E.
Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States Department of Agriculture, announces that his depart-
ment is preparing to go into the horse-breeding business, with
a view to developing a breed of American carriage horses from
native trotting stock. ‘The department will begin by purchas-
ing a number of trotting-bred mares and at least one stallion,
all of the heavy harness type, as foundation stock. These ani-
mals will be placed on the farm of the Colorado Experiment
Station, and there breeding will be continued until definite in-
formation is obtained regarding the result. In addition, the
Bureau of Animal Industry proposes making a careful investi-
gation of trotting-bred horses that have been exhibited during
recent years in the heavy harness classes at the horse shows,
with a view to ascertaining what particular families may be
looked to for the production of high-class carriage horses of the
fashionable type. To this end Mr. Salmon is now sending out
letters to prominent exhibitors who have shown horses in the
heavy harness classes, asking for information about the breed-
ing of the animals.—(7%e Horse World.)

* The details of this method will be found in the October, 1904, REVIEW.

790 NEWS AND ITEMS.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

REVIEW readers are urgently requested to send in for publication per-
sonal items of news concerning themselves or their professional friends ,;

legislation ; extraordinary circumstances encountered in practice ; or any

news that is calculated to interest their fellow-readers. It ts confidently be-
lieved that by a greater concert of action in this direction all will be bene-
fited, and that this publication will thus be rendered a better medium of
communication between its large family of professional readers. Its circu-
lation ts now much greater than was ever accorded to a veterinary publi-
cation in America, and tt ts the destre of the publishers to make tt more ac-
ceptable with each issue.

I CONSIDER THE REVIEW INVALUABLE, and I must not miss
a number.”—(D. /. Roseboom, V. S., Chillicothe, Ohio.)

Dr. M. H. REYNOLDS, of Minnesota, has been taking his
vacation, judging horses at his State and various county fairs.

Dr. W. H. WILKENSON, O..V. C., ’94, has moved to Holly
and taken the practice of the late Dr. W. B. Austin. He moved
from Almont, where he has been for a’ number of years.

EARLE C. STEVENSON, B. Sc., M. A., of the Zoological
Laboratory, B. A. I., is the author of Circular No. 47, “A New
Parasite (S/rongylus guadriradiatus) Found in the Pigeon.”

Dr. J. S. Gran’, of Portland, Mich., has returned to the
same place and resumed practice after a year or so absence try-
ing practice in another State. Michigan is good enough yet,
as the profession is not crowded by qualified practitioners.

Dr. THos. FARMER, of Grand Blanc, Mich., has received
the appointment on the State Veterinary Board, taking the
place of Dr. H. F. Palmer, the latter not caring to accept reap-
pointment owing to his absence from the State on duty in the
West for Parke, Davis & Co.

VETERINARIANS, do not give up hope for ovr profession, for
we evidently are not alone in our efforts to eliminate quackery.
The New York Evening World, of Oct. 12th, quotes Champe S.
Andrews, counsel for the Medical Society of the County of New
York, as saying that there are twenty thousand charlatans illegal-
ly practicing (human) medicine and the healing art in New York
City.

Dr. HENRY HAYNES, partner of Drs. H. and W. A. Haynes,
Jackson, Michigan, having accidentally come in contact in a
dark stable with a broncho having hydrophobia, and believing
the germ from the animal’s mouth to have passed into his hand
through an abrasion, took the Pasteur treatment at the Univer-

NEWS AND ITEMS. 791

sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., and is in active practice
again.

“Tr is with great pleasure I renew my subscription to the
REVIEW. I find so much valuable information in it from cover
to cover that I could not do without it. Please find enclosed
express order for three dollars subscription for the year ending
October, 1905. I trust this will reach you in time, as I do not
want to miss a copy.”—(f7. /. Johnston, V. .S., Coutts, Alta,
Canada.)

DESTROYING PRAIRIE Docs.—The Nebraska Experiment
Station has just issued Bulletin No. 86. It contains a report
of experiments previously conducted in the use of poisons for
destroying prairie dogs, and the results obtained recently in fu-
migating with some very cheap substances. ‘The bulletin may
be obtained free of cost by Residents of Nebraska upon writing
to the Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr.

Doc DIED WITH His MASTER.—Lying side by side, Alex-
ander Perot, of Sixteenth and Wolf Streets, and his faithful dog
were both found dead yesterday by his daughter. Perot had been
ill for some time, and it is believed that while temporarily
insane, as a result of the sickness, he determined on suicide and
turned on the gas. The faithful dog refused to leave his master,
and both fell victims to the deadly fumes.—(Phzladelphia Record.)

HIGH PRICED Equines.— Hamburg,” the famous stallion
for whom Harry Payne Whitney paid at auction $70,000 one
day in October, has been sent to his new breeding establish-
ment at Brookdale, New Jersey. Mr. Whitney also bought
“Sandringham ” for $14,000, ‘“‘ Endurance by Right” for $16,-
ooo and “‘ Handspun”’ for $22,000. Forty-one head at Madison
Square Garden that day brought $224,750. (W. H. L.)

A PIGEON-EATING HorRSE. —/ersey City, Oct. ro.—Dr.
Josiah Hornblower, who keeps a drug store at Central Avenue
and Griffiths Street, Jersey City, recently caught his old horse
“Bill” in the act of eating a pigeon, feathers and all, in his
stall. “Bill” had killed the bird with a vicious kick while it
was picking up oats. The discovery of pigeon’s feathers in the
stall on several occasions since then led the doctor to believe
that “ Bill” is fast becoming a carnivorous animal. The horse
has several times eaten beef stew which had been placed in the
yard for the watch dog’s dinner.

_ A NEw BuTrrer-PropuciInG RECoRD.—A Holstein-Freisian
cow, owned by H. D. Roe, of Sussex County, New Jersey, has
just sprung into fame as having surpassed the world’s butter re-

792 NEWS AND ITEMS.

cord. This cow yielded 2,640.25 pounds of milk in thirty days.
As a gallon of milk weighs about eight pounds, her product in
thirty days was 380 gallons, or eleven gallons a day. The but-
ter produced for twenty-eight days, or four weeks, was 129.907
pounds, or an average of thirty-two and one-half pounds a week.
At this rate the cow would produce in the fifty-two weeks of the
year, 1,703 pounds of butter, or from 300 to 400 pounds more
than she weighs. When she is in milking condition her weight
is between 1,300 and 1,400 pounds. The best previous butter
record was made over a year ago by a cow in Oneida County,
N. Y., that produced thirty and five-eighths pounds in seven
days. (W. H. L.)

THE MANY-SIDED Lowk.—Dr. Win. Herbert Lowe recently
caused a good deal of surprise and mental speculation on the
part of the public by buying a block of valuable property in the
city of Paterson opposite the Paterson General Hospital build-
ings. Dr. Lowe now sets the public mind at rest by announc-
ing that he bought this property in behalf of the Paterson Gen-
eral Hospital and that it is to be the site of the Nurse’s New
Home, a magnificent building soon to be erected. The veter-
inary profession is pleased that this important institution, con-
ducted for the alleviation of human suffering, appreciates the
value of the services of the qualified veterinarian enough to re-
tain him on the Board of Managers. Dr. Lowe has been a
member of the Board of Managers of the Paterson General Hos-
pital for a number of years and has been instrumental in ac-
complishing much good during his term of office.

RAVAGES OF RABIES.—As a result of a report received from
the Pasteur Institute, two cows and two dogs were killed on
Monday at the home of George H. Williams, a wealthy resident
of Summit, N. J., making a total of five animals lost by Mr.
Williams as a result of a raid by a mad dog in that locality
about ten weeks ago. It was not known that the dog had at-
tacked any of Mr. Williams’ animals until about two weeks
ago, when a horse, the pet of his daughter, developed symptoms
of hydrophobia. Before the horse was finally fastened in the

stable it had bitten two cows and attempted to bite the coach-
mau. Dr. KE. J. Rowe, a veterinarian, pronounced it rabies, and
the horse was shot. ‘The animal’s brain was then examined
and the diagnosis confirmed. Mr. Williams immediately ordered
that both cows be shot, and, to avoid any possibility of future
trouble, he decided also to destroy the two dogs.—(New York

Herald, Oct. 17.)

NEWS AND ITEMS. 793

BACTERIA ESSENTIAL TO ANIMAL LIFE.—Some recent ex-
periments performed in France by Dr. Charrin and communi-
cated to the Paris Academy of Sciences by Prof. Bouchard, add
further proof to the fact that certain bacteria are not only bene-
ficial, but positively essential to animal life, and that there are
limits beyond which it is not desirable to carry the sterilization
of food. In Dr. Charrin’s experiments a number of rabbits were
fed with vegetables which had been thoroughly sterilized so as
to destroy any organisms. ‘These rabbits soon acquired enteric
diseases caused by the non-assimilation of the antiseptically
treated food, while other rabbits kept under similar conditions,
but fed with vegetables which, after sterilization, were impreg-
pated with bacilli from a broth culture, were found to flourish
and fatten. The investigator believes, as a result of his exper-
iments, that the idea that food for human beings free from bac-
teria is superior is fallacious, and that certain bacteria are essen-
tial for the proper exercise of the digestive functions.—(/ar-
per’s Weekly.)

OPENING OF THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT OF THE UNI-
VERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.—The opening of the Veterinary
Department of the University of Pennsylvania took place on
Sept. 30th. These exercises were held in the University chapel
as part of the opening exercises of the Medical and allied
schools of the University. Addresses were delivered by Dr.
Charles C. Harrison, Provost of the University, and by Dr. Leon-
ard Pearson, Dean of the Veterinary Department. The entering
class numbers 35 students, and the total number of students is
85. The practical instruction in pathology, materia medica,
pharmacy, botany, physiology and biology will be given in the
new medical laboratories which were dedicated last June. This
laboratory building was established at a cost of $750,000.00 and
is the finest in the world. Instruction in histology and embry-
ology will be given in the old medical hall, the upper floor of
which has been turned over to the anatomical department of
the University. The instruction in chemistry will be given in
what is known as the old dental hall, which is now used almost
exclusively by the department of medical chemistry.

Dr. BUTLER TO REMAIN IN NORTH CAROLINA.—Dr. Tait
Butler, State Veterinarian for the North Carolina Department
of Agriculture, is to stay in North Carolina. Four or five
weeks ago the Agricultural Department of Cuba, being in need
of a man enterprising and well equipped to take charge of the
department of animal industry and veterinary science for the

794 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Central Experiment Station of Cuba, offered this position to Dr.
Butler, with a good salary and house furnished. The Cuban
officials also offered to give him two assistants in his work and
an annual experimental fund of $10,000. Fora time it looked
as if the State would lose Dr. Butler, but the members of the
Board of Agriculture, realizing the great value of his services,
last week voted him an increase in his salary and he has agreed
to continue in charge of the work here which he has conducted
with so much ability for the last three years. Dr. Butler has
done a great work in his campaign against the cattle tick, free-
ing Western counties from Federal quarantine restrictions. He
is not only one of the most efficient men ever connected with
our Department of Agricuiture, but he is one of the most likeable
men to be found anywhere—a whoie-souled, well-rounded, good-
natured, wide-awake man. Those who have the good fortune
to know him personally are to be congratulated, as the State is
to be congratulated on his decision to remain with us.—(7Zhe
Progressive Farmer, Aug. 9.)

CONNECTICUT IN LINE FOR A VETERINARY LAw.—The
three-year standard and State examination now required of vet-
ertinary graduates for license to practice in Pennsylvania, New
York, New Jersey and some other States, is driving unqualified
and unworthy practitioners to neighboring States to such an
extent that laws are likely soon to be passed in these States to
protect the public from such imposition. One of the States to
first seriously feel the ill effect of this sort of thing is Connecti-
cut, but she has already taken the matter in hand, through her
State Veterinary Medical Association, in such a manner and
with such a determination, that the abuse is likely to be
checked by legislative enactment at the coming session of her
legislature. Upon solicitation of the Connecticut Veterinary
Medical Association, Dr. William Herbert Lowe, author of the
New Jersey law and President of the New Jersey State Board of
Veterinary Medical Examiners, journeyed to Hartford on Octo-
ber 1m and met with the Committee on Legislation. Every
member of the Committee, as well as the President and the Sec-
retary of the State Association, was present at the Hartford
meeting. ‘The proposed legislative bill was put in shape and
approved by the Committee. The members on the Legislation
Committee are all veterinarians of high standing and influence
in Connecticut and it will be strange indeed if the bill is not
put on the statute books of that Commonwealth during the
coming session of the legislature.

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

DECEMBER, 1904.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
PARIS, October 15, 1904.
ACCOUTUMANCY FROM REPEATED: TUBERCULIN INJEC-
TIONS.—In 1882, in bis article on ‘ Tuberculin,” in the Dzc-
tionnaire Vétérinaire Pratigue, Nocard stated that successive in-
jections of tuberculin, repeated every day or several days apart,
on tuberculous subjects of the bovine species, gave reactions

gradually less marked. He said: ‘‘There is a true accoutu-
mancy to the action of tuberculin; my observations seem to
show that this accoutumancy is very short.”” Meanwhile, see-

ing the results that might ensue from this, he kept investigat-
ing the subject, and he obtained some results, but finally con-
cluded by writing: ‘‘To obtain a second reaction on all sick
animals, from twenty-five to thirty days—in round numbers, a
Jull month—must elapse between the two injections. After this
lapse of time, one month, it is rare for the reaction to be ab-
sent,” and thus the general impression has remained.

However, taking into consideration the results that might
occur from this state of affairs, such as the possibility of deceiv-
ing a buyer who would ask tuberculination of animal before
purchasing ; or, again, the fact that this accoutumancy might
be used by. fraudulent impostors when entering animals from
one country to another; and, lastly, the fact of tuberculin fail-
ing to react might be taken advantage of by those who object
to or do not believe in its properties of diagnosis. All these
were important questions which demanded solution. Nocard
and Roux had tried to find one, but failed, and the question re-

797

798 EDITORIAL.

mained open, viz.: the discovery of a method by which all evi-
dence of this accoutumancy to tuberculin could be removed.
Prof. Vallé, of Alfort, the worthy successor of Nocard, has un-
dertaken the task and published the results in the Revue
Générale.

1K n *

It seems that Nocard in his experiments has followed the
technic of the operation as it is ordinarily performed, viz.: after
his various injections of tuberculin, he recorded the temperature
every two or three hours, beginning only from the r1th or 12th
hour after the injection. Vallé asked himself if a first injection
of tuberculin to a tuberculous animal did not render it more
sensitive to it (did not sezszbzlse it) and if then it would not re-
act earlier and in a shorter manner after a second or third injec-
tion. He then experimented upon 36 bovines, which had been
found tuberculous or were suspects at the first test with tuberceu-
lin and with them he found “that there was not one which
seemed to be immune by a second test, made 48 or 36 hours
only after the first, with a double dose cof the same tuberculin,
the temperatures being carefully taken every two hours, im-
mediately after the second tuberculination.”’

“In other words,” says Vallé, ‘‘I believe that I am author-
ized to conclude: (1) that in the.very great majority of cases,
accoutumancy of -bovines to tuberculin does not exist; and (2)
that tuberculous bovines react almost always to a second injec-
tion of tuberculin made shortly after the first, but that this sec-
ondary reaction is present early and lasts but a short time.”

The following is the mode of conduct of the veterinarian in
cases of doubt :

“Inject at 5 or 6 o’clock in the morning a double dose of
tuberculin of that used ordinarily (8 c.c. to the roth for large
animals, 4 c.c. for small). Take the temperatures every two
hours, from the time of the injection until towards the 14th or
15th hour. ‘The reaction is measured by the difference between
the temperature at the time of the injection and the highest of
those manifested afterwards. Every animal which will have a

OAS irs

EDITORIAL. 799

——*

reaction of 1.5° may be considered as tuberculous; a reaction be-
tween 0.8° and 1.5° means suspicion. It is evidently indicated
that animals with a temperature of 39° need not be submitted
to the test. Animals must not be allowed to drink during the
hour which: precedes the taking of the temperature.”
*K ‘ *K

THE DISCOVERY OF RABID IMMuUNITY.—The revendication
to the title of a new discovery may not always be of great im-
portance, but still there are, especially in medical sciences,
many conditions where it is due to self pride to claim it. For
this reason, a page of history, recorded a short while ago in the
Semaine Vétérinazre, is certainly worth repeating. The subject
telates to the discovery of rabid immunity, and to the antirabid
vaccination by intravenous injection, which are claimed, with
proofs, by Prof. V. Galtier, of the Veterinary School of Lyon.
“ Indeed,” says the learned professor, ‘‘I was the first to prove,
a long time before it was a question of vaccination by the
method of Pasteur or any others, that zmunzty against deadly
rabies could be conferred to some animals by a special mode of
inoculation ; up to that time it was entirely unknown that a re-
fractory state against rabies could be given; it is then by my
researches that the first demonstration, the discovery of rabid
immunity, has been made. In 1881 I had demonstrated that
injections of virus, rabid saliva, in veins of sheep or goats did
not develop rabies and gave immunity ; thus showing, by prov-
ing that a refractory condition could be granted, that antirabid
vaccination was possible, while no one yet had dreamt of it.

“These results had been communicated to the Académie
of Médecine in 1881, then to the Académie des Sciences, and
finally this body, of which Pasteur was then permanent secre-
tary, reported through Mr. Bouchard in the name of a commis-
sion, where figured men like Narey, Richet, Charcot, Brown-
Sequard and Vermeuil, as follows:

“<The works of Mr. Pasteur on the pathology and prophy-
laxy of rabies have, in the last years, modified greatly our
knowledge of the subject and brought us to unexpected con-

800 EDITORIAL.

clusions. After the justice, which is to-day given to the bril-
lant discoveries of our illustrious colleagues, z¢ zs proper to men-
tion also the discoveries made in the same direction by one of the
professors of the Veterinary School of Lyon. Mr. Galtier, in the
book which he has submitted for your appreciation, reviews the
scientific standing of the subject and resumes his ow discoveries.
I will mention only one. The 29th of January, 1881, Mr. Galtier
annonnced that the injection of rabid virus in the veins of
sheep did not give that animal rabies, but conferred immunity
upon it. In another note, Mr. Galtier renewed the same affir-
mation. In sheep the intravenous injection, without giving rise
to the disease, produces nevertheless such change in the organ-
ism that the bite of a rabid dog does not give rabies. It was
the application to rabies of a prophylactic measure that the
Lyon School has the right to claim. /¢ was also the first dem-
onstration of the posstbility of Eyer rine to certain animals im-
munity against rabies.”

So much credit, then, for the veterinary family! !

ex

INFECTIOUS AN4MIA OF HorsES.—To avoid the necessity
for revendication of priority relating to scientific discoveries, it is
certain that those ought to be recorded as early as possible, almost
as soon as made and proved correct, even if they are not yet en-
tirely completed. This thought is suggested to me by an ar-
ticle that I have read in the Revue of Leclainche, on the tfec-
tious nature of anemia of horses, published by Profs. Vallé and
Carre, of Alfort. It seems that a serious and fatal outbreak
exists in some parts of France. Observed in previous years and
attributed to improper and insufficient feeding or other hygienic
defectuous condition, it had also been considered by few as an
affection of vermiform or microbian nature. The true nature
of the disease, however, was made out lately by the professors
working at the Laboratory for Researches in Infectious Diseases
of Alfort. It is an infectious disease. Inoculated to a healthy,
robust horse by 750 ¢.c. of defibrinated blood, it was followed by
a typical disease which lasted 57 days. ‘The number of he-

ee

EDITORIAL. 801

matics dropped progressively from 7,800,000 to 5,700,000 on
the 14th day, to 4,095,000 on the 44th, to 3,505,000 on the
5oth, and to 2,280,000 the day the horse died. During the dis-
ease the weight of the animal dropped from 472 kilogs. to 315.
At the post-mortem all the ordinary lesions were found. Unfor-
tunately all the bacteriological researches made to discover the
microbe, cause of the infection, have so far failed, and the au-
thors say that it is proper to suppose that the virus of anzemia
belongs to the group of z7zvzszb/e microbes so called, which, like
those of yellow fever, foot-and-mouth disease, pleuro-pneumonia,
etc., have the characteristic of passing through the filters which
retain the microbe visible under the microscope. ‘This anemia
of horses is evidently contagious and inoculable, a fact which
justifies the supposition that other forms of anzemia may also be
true infectious diseases. "The disease, the properties of the
virus, the therapeutic qualities of serotherapy, are still the sub-
ject of study at the hands of the learned professors, who cer-
tainly will let us hear from them soon again.

*

* *
PROTECTION FOR THE HANDS IN OPERATIONS.—Dangers of

inoculation are probably less common in veterinary than in
human medicine. Yet they are not without having been ob-
served, and whether it is in making post-mortems, in examining
animals affected with contagious diseases (such as glanders), in
removing a diseased placenta, etc., there are with these condi-
tions, indications for the protection of the hands. Or, even
when it is simply a question of manipulation of some excreta,
the use of rubber gloves is always in order. But these are not
without objections, and, to remedy them, other means have been
looked for which would fill up the same effect and be of easier
application.

I read in one medical paper here, the /owral de Médecine,
of a process which is attributed to Dr. J. B. Murphy, of Chicago,
which seems to me very convenient. It is described as follows:

After washing his hands for five minutes with tincture of
soap and then rubbing them with alcohol, he dries them thor-

802 EDITORIAL.

oughly. ‘Then pouring in the hollow of one hand a solution of
one part of gutta-percha in 25 parts of benzine, the whole is
spread thoroughly over both hands and forearms, with the prin-
cipal care at the region of the nails and in the interdigital
spaces. Keeping the hands open and fingers apart, this coating
is allowed to dry. This takes two or three minutes. By this
process, the skin is covered by an isolating, antiseptic, imper-
meable, soft, thin and transparent coat, insoluble in water or
alcohol and therefore can be disinfected between the various
steps of an operation. To remove it only a little friction with
benzine is necessary, and underneath the epidermis remains
soft and smooth. It has only one objection, which is that when
an operation lasts too long, it may break off here and there on
the fingers. However, the application of a little more of the
solution of gutta-percha will readily remove the trouble. It
may be possible that, the discovery of this method being Amerti-
can, some of our readers may already have known of it; but,
again, they may not; hence my reasons for calling attention to it.
*K si *

SOME EUROPEAN VETERINARY SCHOOLS.—Allow me to
close to-day with a few items on some of the veterinary colleges
of Europe.

First of all, comes the plan of Prof. Williams. His plan has
been realized—the old Veterinary College of Edinburgh has
closed its doors, and there are now two veterinary schools in
England, one in London, the other in Liverpool. The an-
nouncement was made in proper time in the English profes-
sional papers, and now, instead of the old advertising notice, to
which English-reading persons have been used for so many
years, we find that of the Veterinary School of Liverpool Uni-
versity. Prof. W. Owen Williams, of course, holds on to the
reins, and will still look after the interests of the school of the
new departure. We wish him the same success which was at-
tained by the old Edinburgh institution, although the results of
past and even present experience of veterinary colleges con-
nected with universities may justify a certain amount of anxiety

EDITORIAL. 803

not only on our part, but also with those who take interest in

such undertakings. Time will tell.

*
* *

Among the German schools, I have read of some little inter-
esting points. First, it is upon the attendance at the various
schools in the Empire. During the last semesters they show
that in three sessions, including the summer of 1903, the winter
of 1903-1904, and the summier of 1904, the schools of Berlin,
Dresden, Giessen, Hanover, Munich, and Stuttgart, counted al-
together 1,465 with 59 new scholars in 1903, 1,345 with 80 new
students in 1903-1904, I,337 and 78 new ones in 1904. ‘The
Berlin school has the largest number, then comes that of Mu-
nich, which in her class has 8 ladies.

The second question I have obtained information upon re-
lates to the instruction. The question of amalgamating the
school of Bavaria with the University remains still in doubt.

A post-graduate course has been established in the school of
Hanover, where some of the best professors will deliver lectures.
Profs. Dammann, Kaiser, Malkmus, Frick and Rievel form the
faculty.

* *
In Italy reforms or improvements in veterinary education

are also the order of the day. The Secretaries of the Interior
and of Agriculture have decided to institute in the schools of
Bologna, Milan, Naples, Pisa and Turin a special course, theo-
retical and practical, on sanitary police for students and practic-
ing veterinarians. Sanitary police of contagious diseases, and
especially those of swine and fowls, will be lectured upon.

AL - Ee

THE VETERINARY CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL,

For many months the REVIEW has been favored by its read-
ers in various parts of the country with advertisements clipped
from all kinds of newspapers referring to an alleged “school”
located at London, Ontario. Some of our correspondents had
replied to the advertisement, and had secured many answers—

804 EDITORIAL.

in fact, a series of letters—all picturing the fortune in store for
the lucky young man should he decide to take the course. In
two instances the applicant was to manage a branch of the
“school,” receiving therefor an enticing salary, the only obliga-
tion resting upon him being that he should make himself fa-
miliar with certain instructions contained in the “‘ guide book,”
for which he must pay three dollars in advance. The follow-
ing is a copy of the latest “ad” sent in, and it comes all the
way from Hawail:

‘““YouNG MEN, BECOME INDEPENDENT.—Our School can give you a
Veterinary Course in simple English language, at home during five
months of your spare time, and place you in a position to secure a busi-
ness of from $1,200 upwards yearly. Diploma granted and good posi-
tions obtained for successful students. Cost within reach ofall. Sat-
isfaction guaranteed. Write for full particulars at once. THE ONTARIO
VETERINARY CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL, London, Ontario, Canada.’’

It is printed here simply as a sample of those we have been
receiving. Our Canadian brethren are working hard to secure
an adequate law for Ontario that will probably be broad enough
to cover this “‘school”; but in the meantime it is flooding this
country with its literature and is evidently meeting with some
success, as it has been in existence for a considerable time and
is expending a large amount of money in advertising.

The only remedy for such a condition lies in the protective
laws which the majority of States having any number of veteri-
narians have already secured; and it is an incentive to those
States where no such laws exist to get them upon the statute-
books as rapidly as possible. ‘Then, should one of these ‘“ grad-
uates’’? be found endeavoring to practice under such a ‘di-
ploma,” strike him with the arm of the law as you would any

other pickpocket.

WE present in this number the report by Prof. W. L. Wil-
liams of the clinics held in connection with the recent meeting
of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, and we sub-
mit that it is unique in its thoroughness and value. From the
technic of the operations to their ultimate results nothing is

——=- =

=

FARO Darby abi a pint Opt

elaine 2

.

EDITORIAL. 805

omitted, and it makes intensely interesting reading for veteri-
nary surgeons. It has been a stupendous task, and the profession
is greatly indebted to Dr. Williams for his good work, for we
know that he has devoted a great deal of time keeping in
touch with all who were concerned in the clinics, and he con-
verted his office into a veritable correspondence bureau in his
efforts to have every detail verified. ‘Taking the actual demon-
strations and this faithful record of them together, who will say
that clinics at association meetings are not helpful and educa-
tional and interesting? Instead of seeking to amputate the
clinics from the A. V. M. A. meetings, let the committee in
charge of them take note of the New York clinic, and profit
thereby.

Dr. D. ARTHUR HUGHES, whose scholarly pen has recently
added a number of valuable contributions to our literature
through the pages of this journal, reviews in this number the
present status of the question of immunization against bovine
tuberculosis. For the year 1905 the same author has promised
REVIEW readers a number of original papers, chief among which
are: (1) “Scientific Work, Chiefly Veterinary and Agricultural,
Carried on by the Government in Our Insular Possessions.” (2)
“The Social Standing of the Veterinarian.” (3) ““An Analysis
of the Term ‘Scientific Investigation’ as Appliedin Veterinary
peieteess= (4) “A Striking Case of Elephantiasis of the
Spleen of a Pig Discovered in the Abattoir.” (5) “ Intercostal
Exostosis in the Pig.”” Our readers thoroughly appreciate the
value of the literary work being done by Dr. Hughes, and are
grateful for the energy and industry displayed by him in behalf
of his profession.

Dr. DANIEL ELMER SALMON, Chief of the Federal Bureau
of Animal Industry, was married on the rsth ult., in New York
City, to Miss Agnes Christina Dewhurst. After December rst
the good Doctor and his bride will be at home to their friends
at “‘ The Iowa,” Washington, D.C. The REVIEW extends its
heartiest congratulations, and hopes they may long live to enjoy
their new-found happiness.

806 A. T. PETERS.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES:
CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS.

By Dr. CHENOT-ALGER. 4
Translated from the German in the ‘‘ Berliner Thierarztliche Wochen-
schrift,’’ by DR. A. T. PETERS, Lincoln, Neb, »

a

‘The examination of a limb for the location of a lameness is
a very important and often difficult one, and requires a thor-
ough method and special observation. Aside froti the macro.
scopic lesions (such as hypertrophy or deformities of the flexor

tendons, the different traumatisms, quarter-cracks, and toe

cracks or galJs) that are plainly visible to every‘pfe, we firrd
numerous causes for lameness that can only be accurately diag-
nosed by palpation. This class of lameness, Dr. Chenot has
given careful study. He warns first against the apprehension
that if no visible cause is shown, the cause of lameness must be
either in the hoof or in the shoulder; also the presence of vis-
ible lameness should not prevent one from making a careful ex-
amination, for it very often occurs that a hard or soft lesion
(such as sidebones, hygroma, galls, etc.) may be suspected of

Fig. 1. General outline of the different painful points. Fig. 2. Examination of the Pas-
Ia, 1b, 1c, Podotrochilitis. 2a,-2b, 2c, Pastern lameness. tern Joint (Fore Limb),
3, 4, Sensitive zone of the Metacarpal Diaphysis. _ 5, 6,
Pre-metacarpal pain. 7, Forearm lameness. 8, Elbow
lameness. 9, Pre-metatarsal pain. 10, Femoral pain. 11,

Gluteal pain.

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. 807

causing the present lameness. which upon closer examination
will be found not to be true.

The lamenesses with an invisible location, Chenot explains,
are the sequel of chronic rheumatism, inasmuch as there is a
general disturbance of the health of the animal, with acute
emaciation (resulting from various cosmic, hygienic and other
influences). The real seat is to be found in the aponeuroses, at
the muscle insertions, in the bones themselves. ‘That it is a
question of rheumatism C. concludes from the various symp-
toms (lameness manifests itself during different stages), from
the sometimes sudden, more oftentimes slow appearance after
moderate as well as hard work, from the intermittence, from the
frequent alternation of the affection from one limb to another.
In order to diagnose correctly this lameness, it requires atten-
tive manual examination, the palpation of the limbs.

Palpation is done either by pressure or pinching or shifting
or stroking.

The pressure serves for examination of the muscle mass and
of the deeper-lying parts. It is performed vertically or horizon-
tally, often both are used together. (Examination of the bones,
the shouider and hip-joints, the patella, etc.)

Pinching serves for the superficial examination (the flexor
tendons, tendons, fascias, and the aponeuroses), is performed by
erasping the parts to be examined between the fingers. It
allows one to ascertain the least changes from the normal con-
ditions and also to ascertain the tender parts, the abnormalities
of the tendons and of the ligaments, the temperature of the
tissue, its consistency and retraction, its elasticity.

Palpation by means of shifting serves principally to ascer-
tain the finer sensibilities. It is performed by moving the skin
over the underlying tissue, and in this way the surfaces of the
bones can be examined as well as the sensitive parts on the ole-
cranon, on the fetlock, and on the borders of the articular sur-
faces.

Finally, palpation by stroking is principally indicated for
nervous horses ; it is performed by a gentle stroking of the parts

808 Ay ie PETERS.

to be examined with the soft part of the fingers. The stroking
allows the detection of the least subcutaneous elevations, the
smallest exostoses, and the swellings of the periosteum that
escape the keenest eye. Incipient neuroma, mild inflammations
of the skin, swelling of the small lymphatics, can all be easily
detected and their importance judged by this method.

Palpation is for the veterinary surgeon the only method to
detect pain and study it clinically; by it, the extent of the sen-
sitive zone can be accurately detected and the anatomical loca-
tion of desmodynia, osteodynia, and myositis are determined,
which, as manifestations of chronic rheumatism, are the results
of lameness.

Aside from the hoof, an examination of which should always
be one of the first things to take place, C. has found upon the
limbs eleven different sensitive places, the palpation of which
he indicates for the correct diagnosis of lameness.

A. ‘THE FORE LIMB.
I. Podotrochilit’s.—The fetlock may be the seat of two sensi-

_ Fig. 3. Examination of the Anterior Fig. 4. Examination of the Metacarpus.
Surface of the Fetlock (Fore Limb).

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. 809

tive places the determination of which is very important.

The first, most often present, has its seat on the posterior
surface, just above the heels, at the bottom of the transverse
fossa of the pastern. It is an indication of either an inflamma-
tion of the coffin joint or a laceration of the strengthening
sheath of the flexor of the coffin joint or that branch of the digi-
tal nerve distributed to the cushion of the frog.

C. considers this point as the pathognomonic symptom in
the clinical diagnosis of ‘ Podotrochilitis maladie naviculaire ”’
(navicular disease), whatever the pathogenesis may be. The
examination consists of vertically inserting the thumbs into the
grooves of the pastern and exerting pressure with the pulp of
the thumb; and the other fingers of both hands clasp the fet-
lock without and within and cross each other on the anterior
surface; they serve as a brace.

If there is an inflammation of the coffin joint or its contigu-
ous parts, the vertical pressure on such a small area, immediate-
ly over the heel, will serve to cause a pain, more or less pro-
nounced according to the natural susceptibility of the patient to
pain, and the thickness of the hand of the operator. This pain
characterizes itself by a sudden contraction of the limb. ‘This
will not take place when the same test is made on the corre-
sponding limb on which the animal does not show lameness.

The vertical pressure, combined with shifting, can assist
materially in the diagnosis and prognosis which other methods
dou not offer. C. has, for example, with this method diagnosed
the fracture of the navicular bone on a horse that was treated
for two months, and thereby explained the impossibility of re-
moving the lameness of this animal. On post-mortem the
navicular bone was found fractured in the centre. It hung on
the edge of the halfmoon-shaped surface of the os edzs and was
held in place by a few more or less necrotic threads of the navic-
ular ligaments; every fractured piece was highly ulcerated ;
the synovialis membrane was red, thickened, the synovia gray,
red, and purulent. In another case known likewise as incurable,
the autopsy showed a purulent inflammation of the coffin joint

810 A. T. PETERS.

besides two ulcerations of the articular cartilage of the navicular
bone, with no other specific lesions in the different organs. On
this particular horse, neurotomy had been performed without
any results.

II. Lameness of the Fetlock.—The second sensitive seat is
found in the fetlock, which often occasions severe lameness, the
causes of which often elude many practitioners because almost
all objective symptoms are missing. This second place has its seat
on the anterior surface of the first digital phalanx below the fet-
lock joint, and somewhat inward from the inner border of the
extensor muscles of the toe. To examine these parts and diag-
nose the sensitive parts, the hoof should be placed on a shoeing
block, medium height; the forearm will be held in place by an
assistant and the knee slightly bent. The assistant must, with
the free hand, hold the metacarpus almost in a perpendicular
position. The operator places himself in front of the limb,
grasps the fetlock with both hands, the thumbs on top; the rest
of the fingers cross or lay upon each other. With the soft parts
of the thumb placed upon the toe, deep pressure is exerted in a

Fig. 5. Examination of the Flexor Tendon. Fig. 6. E xamination of the Sensitive
Zone of the Diaphysis of the Metacarpus.

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. S11

perpendicular manner over the axis of the fetlock. This pres-
suire sometimes causes a very severe pain, so that the horse may
bend itself and often resist the operation. When the same
operation is performed on the other limb the animal will stand
quiet. Often the pain is so intense that the animal may groan
and on account of the palpation the lameness becomes much in-
creased for some time. This lameness is frequent in France and
has been described as fetlock lameness in 1870 by Abadie.

The sensitive point is not always in the same place; it is
sometimes found to the right or to the left of the tendon, often
at the middle of the anterior surface of the first phalanx; more
often it has its seat above the reinforcement of the extensor of
the toe on the inner surface of the tendon.

In some cases the diseased part has an extent of several
centimetres. By comparing this part of the fetlock with the
corresponding one of the opposite foot, one will often notice a
somewhat pronounced difference. Without any marked swell-
ing, the diseased part shows a slight elevation in contrast to the
adjacent parts, while the same parts on the sound foot are more
often concave. ‘This difference is more pronounced when the
pain has its seat on the inner side of the extensor of the toe, di-
rectly under the fetlock joint. Besides this light swelling we
have a distinct elevation of temperature at this point which is
confined to the elevated parts.

If the lameness is the result of a visceral infection, then the
tendons and their enforcements take part in the inflammation.
In the majority of the cases just described the tendon is abso-
lutely intact, which can be easily ascertained in the case of
thoroughbred horses and animals that have very fine skin and
not thick, connective tissue. With animals that are easily
handled, the tendon can be shifted with the thumb and index
finger without causing pain, while the thumb of the other hand
can be brought under the tendon and by vertical pressure and
shifting more or less pain can be caused, which manifests itself
through the contraction of the muscle of the shoulders and of
the forearm, or by withdrawing the whole arm from the operator.

812 A. T. PETERS.

A second sensitive zone is found on the lateral surfaces of
the first phalanx and is found through palpation (stroking com-
bined with shifting) of the borders of the flexor tendon of the
os pedis. ‘This pain is caused by the inflammation of the nerve
stumps after neurotomy.

Ill. Osteodynia of the Metacarpus.—This lameness mani-
fests itself through no objective symptom. It occurs more often
on limbs that appear to be free from every lesion. The exami-
nation occurs through vertical pressure by half bending the limb.
The sensitive points have their seat on the posterior surface of
the metacarpus underneath the carpal joint, on the upper end of
the splint bones in front of the flexor tendon on both sides of
the superior suspensory ligament of the fetlock joint. They
exist either on the outer or on the inner surface of the splint
bone or maybe on both.

To examine the outside of the left limb, the operator takes
hold of the fetlock with the right hand, places the left hand
over the suspected area of the metacarpus, the thumb pointed
backwards on the head of the splint bone; the other fingers are
flat on the anterior surface and on the outer border of the tibia.

Fig, 7. Examination of the Anterior Sur- Fig. 8. Examination of the Elbow.
face of the Metacarpus.

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. 813

The pressure must follow in quick succession, with the flat por-
tion of the thumb. The pain manifests itself through spasmodic
contractions of the muscles of the shoulder and of the arm and
forearm.

For the examination of the inner side of the knee the hand
is changed and palpation is done with the right thumb. Almost
always the pain is more pronounced on one side than on the
other ; therefore the hand that holds the fetlock should alternately
extend and flex the toe. C. noticed that in thirty-three patients
the outer osteodynia occurred twenty times. In thirteen cases
it was only recorded on the inner side. In fifteen out of twenty-
six cases osteodynia was recorded on both sides; pain was more
pronounced on the outer side than on the inner. In almost all
cases the shifting showed that the hand had retained its normal
sensitiveness, that no subcutaneous pathological adhesions were
present, and that the subcutaneous tissue showed no other lesions
than the pain manifested. A number of times the pain was
arrested by the use of cocaine and atropine, which was injected
over the sensitive area and which gave relief from a quarter of
an hour to three and one-half hours.

IV. Non-hypertrophied.—Laceration of the flexor tendon and
of the superior suspensory ligaments of the sesamoid bones.
The examination by pinching gives here the best results. The
animal is retained in the above described position. The hand
of the examiner next takes the flexor tendon of the os corone
between the thumb and index finger, isolates it from the flexor
of the os fedzs and slides slowly from above downward with a
slight pressure. This usually causes a jerking of the muscles of
the limb when the tendon is in any way injured. Above the
os pisiform the pinching is exerted with the whole hand, the
thumb on the one side and the four fingers are used as support.
This gives information as to the condition of the tendon sheath
in its entire portion. ‘The examination of the flexor tendon of
the os feds is accomplished the same as that of the flexor ten-
don of the os olecranon.

By pinching and shifting, one can with precision detect the

814 At. T.- PETERS.

slightest alteration of the carpal ligaments, the tendons, the
sheaths, and the superior ligament including its branches. To
examine these branches the thumb may also be used in combina-
tion with shifting from above downward.

In horses with pronounced splints, the examination may be
performed by placing the limb on a shoeing block, as described
above. ‘he examiner’s hand is placed on the anterior surface
of the tibia with the thumb on the posterior side. The thumb
is glided slowly from above downward in the groove in front of
the flexor tendons by the use of a number of thumb impressions.
The eye of the operator must constantly watch the muscles of
the arm and shoulder.

By means of this examination, C. diagnosed the different
tenositis, tenalgia, tenosynovitis, and can by this method only,
determine the extent and depth of the ruptures of ligaments and
tendons, chiefly for prognostic value. Through stroking of the
skin (it should be shaved when the hair is too thick) one can
detect the cartilaginous enlargements of the tendon. Without
this method of palpation one cannot recognize deep lacerations.

Fig.9 Examination of the Pastern Joint Fig 10. Examination of the Anterior Sur-
(Hind Limb). face of the Fetlock (Hind Limb).

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. 815

Their early recognition is, however, important, for they are no
longer wholly curable when deformation has set in.

V. Pre-metacarpal Pain.—The metacarpus can be a sensi-
tive zone which may be more or less great, which is omitted in _
the ordinary examination because it only manifests itself
through lameness. It has its seat on the upper epiphysis of the
tibia on the edge of its outer border and the anterior surface at
about the height of the point of insertion of the long lateral
ligament. ‘This osteodynia can be recognized through pressure
of the suspected parts whereby the foot is flexed and placed on
a shoeing block. If the lameness, on account of this pain, is of
long standing and the animal has been again placed in service,
one may notice on the suspected point a slight swelling, com-
bined with local hyperthermia. C. has noticed that then the
pain is much diminished. That the lameness has its seat
here can be ascertained by a large local injection of cocaine.
C. has, in a work published in 1886, demonstrated that the
cocaine injection is only of value when applied over the sensi-
tive area, while cocaine is useless when injected over a zone
that is not sensitive.

VI. Pain of the Diaphysts of the Radius.—Lameness of the
fore limb. Above the carpus sensitive zones are infrequent,
and C. has only found them up till now on the inner side of the
diaphysis of the radius and on the olecranon. The examina-
nation of the forearm is as follows:

I. On the standing limb; the four fingers closed, laid on
the middle of the forearm; the thumb outward; thereby the
extensor muscles are compressed.

2. On the half flexed limb, whereby the hoof is placed on a
shoeing block similar to that of the examination of the anterior
surface of the metacarpus. ‘The pressure is exerted by the sim-
ultaneously contracted fingers, which glide from above to below
from the upper third to the half of the forearm. The sensitive
zone is from six to eight centimetres long and has its seat over
the subcutaneous course of the median nerve. This lameness
C. has seldom found in the horse, but often in the mule.

816 A. T. PETERS.

VII. Elbow Lameness (Abadie).—The exaniination occurs
on either standing limb; the right hand grasps the upper
border of the elbow of the left foot, which, according to C.,
is most often affected, the thumb above, four fingers on the in-
ner surface; the left hand flexes the limb by resting upon the
anterior surface of the forearm. The pressure is performed with
the thumb, in a perpendicular position, quick, light, but deep;
the patient must not be surprised by the same. ‘The sensitive
zone is usually from two to three square centimetres in size. It
has its seat between the elbow of the olecranon and the joint.
The examination can be performed on a partly flexed limb.
For examining the left elbow the right hand is used, the free
hand clasps the fetlock, while the assistant supports the knee.
The pain manifests itself through the sudden contraction of the
elbow muscles at every impression of the finger.

Fig. 11. Examination of the Metatarsus. Fig.12. Examination of the Point of Emerg-
ence of the Gluteal Nerve.

CLINICAL STUDY OF LAMENESS. 817

B. THE EXAMINATION OF THE HIND LIMB.
The hind limb may also be the seat of painful zones which
are identical with those just described in the foregoing para-

graph.

I. Podotrochilitis—The much less frequent podotrochilitis
is determined the same as in the front limb, only the limb is
held by an assistant, the same as in shoeing. :

Il. Fetlock Lameness.—Fetlock lameness is determined by
placing the foot on a shoeing block ; the pressure with the flat
of both thumbs is exerted perpendicularly over the outer surface
and sometimes from below upwards; the sensitive zone is some-
what more extensive than in the fore limb and lies somewhat
nearer the pastern joint.

Ill. Pre-metatarsal Pain.—The sensitive point les as in the
front limb on the upper epiphysis on the boundary of the an-
terior surface, and of the outer border below the joint. The ex-
amination consists of placing the limb on a shoeing block.

IV. Femoral Pain.—An especially sensitive seat, which is
peculiar to the hind limbs, although it may be looked upon as
analogous to the forearm lameness, is found on the inner side of
the thigh along the course of the saphenus nerve. It is deter-
mined by having the animal in a standing position. The flat
of the index finger and the middle finger are used. ‘The pain
causes the instant lifting and withdrawal of the limb. The
sensitive zone has a surface of one to two square centimetres.

V. Gluteal Pain.—A last sensitive point is manifest at the
place where the gluteal nerve emerges on the croup. This pain
is brought to evidence through the vertical pressure of the mid-
dle finger in the mass of the gluteal muscles. When pain ex-
ists, the whole limb drops under the pressure of the fingers.

MANGE IN WILD HorsEs.—So dangerous has become the
disease of mange in Oregon among the wild horses that the
wholesale destruction of these animals has been decided on. An
immense corral will be built in the vicinity of Echo, Ore., and
after the wild horses have been rounded up and driven into it
they will be shot and their bodies burned.

818 JAMES LAW.

IMMUNIZATION: ITS FIELD AND LIMITATIONS.

By JAMES LAW, DIRECTOR NEw YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,
TrEenca. NY’.

Presented to the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical
Society, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

Immunization as generally understood consists in the im-
parting of a systemic insusceptibility to a given microbian
poison. ‘This may depend on any one of several conditions or
on a combination of two or more of such conditions.

Ist. It may be mainly an acquired éo/erance of which an
endless number of familiar examples may be given. Exposure
suddenly to the burning rays of a bright sun causes a violent
erythematous inflammation, but after the same skin has- become
accustomed to this source of irritation, it no longer suffers but
merely undergoes a process of pigmentation or tanning. A
moderate dose of arsenic produces violent gastritis, with perhaps
enteritis, diarrhcea, ophthalmia, or dermatitis, but after the
arsenic habit has been acquired ten times this dose will produce
no appreciable disorder. The boiler-maker accustomed to sleep
under the noise of the factory, was affected with insomnia when
removed to the country quiet and desired the lullaby of the re
sounding hammers that had become essential to soothe his men-
tal organization.

2d. Inasecond class of cases, immunity may depend on
the production in the system of a cheniical antidote to the
poison which has been introduced. This may find its counter-
part in the antagonizing of the venom of the bee or snake, or
the alkaloid morphia by potassium permanganate; in the more
familiar neutralization of a caustic acid by an alkali; or in the
rendering of pure carbolic acid harmless by the use of vinegar,
alcohol, or oil of turpentine. In the system immunized from a_
contagious disease we look for an antitoxin or antibody of some
kind which will neutralize the deadly toxin of the malady.
The antidotal agents in such a case are the products of vital
activity and such protective vital activity can only be carried

IMMUNIZATION. 819

on in the living cells whether these be circulating in blood or
lymph, or fixed in tissues as centres of nutrition, of absorption,
of secretion, of nervous or other functions. We have here gone
a step farther than simple ¢o/erance, and yet the tolerance and
the antidotal action may often operate together the one serving
to corroborate the resistant action of the other.

3d. The production in the infected body of an agent anti-
dotal toward the disease poison, introduces a new principle—
‘the modification of the function of the living cell. The normal
cell of the non-immunized body probably elaborates at all times
a certain small amount of defensive material which tends to
protect the system against the slighter microbian invasions, and
it is only when the invasion-comes in force that its power in
this direction fails and the system falls under the shadow of the
grave disorder. ‘The issue may be said to depend on the rela-
tive force and endurance of the invading microbes on the one
hand and the defensive body cells on the other. Ifthe first pre-
dominate the issue is indeath. If the second, the result may be
a more or less perfect recovery. This very recovery probably
implies a large measure of immunization. It may of course im-
ply an inability of the invading microbes to survive any longer
in the unwonted medium of the animal body, or their inability
to any longer produce the same deadly character of poison or
toxin. But in all cases in which the recovered animal shows a
continued power of resistance and an indisposition to succumb
to a similar dose, or to exposure to the infection, we may safely
say that there has been produced a fair measure of immunity,
and that this immunity is associated with a change in the vital
processes carried on in the cells and the elaboration of antidotal
products. In other words, the cells have been trained to pro-
duce more of the antitoxic materials. In many cases the cells
once started in this new line of work go on producing the de-
fensive materials for a length of time, and the duration of this
acquired habit is the measure of the continuance of the immu-
nity. After some infections the immunity is very transient,
after others moderately long, and after others still it is enduring

820 JAMES LAW.

perhaps for the lifetime. The difference depends largely on the
force and permanence of the new habit impressed on the cells,
and upon the continuance of this habit rests the value of the
immunity.

In a simple abscess the pus microbes may fail to dominate
over the adjacent body cells and tissues and with a free discharge
a prompt and permanent recovery ensues. But there is no per-
manent immunity of the tissues that have been invaded, much
less of those that are at a distance from the seat of the past in-*
vasion. Let there be an obstruction of the free issue of the pus
and its production continues with the development of a chronic
fistula. Let any special irritation be caused in the seat of the
cicatrix and a new abscess develops with myriads of new pus
microbes. Even when operating near the surface, as in footrot
of cattle and sheep, these microbes show little disposition to
give way, and so the disease continues indefinitely unless meas-
ures are taken which will ensure the destruction of the microbe.
The acquired power of defence is so slight that it is scarcely at
all recognizable.

In a second example, like foot-and-mouth disease, we find a
distinct immunity established and a complete recovery ensues
with an intolerance of the same microbes in the immediate fu-
ture. When sores persist they depend on secondary infections
by other microbes. But this acquired immunity is very tran
sient and in three months after recovery a renewed exposure to
the foot-and-mouth disease-infection may bring a second at-
tack of that disease. Here we have a somewhat larger measure
of immunity than in a simple abscess, but one that is still so
weak and transient as to forbid any resort to it as a measure of
prophylaxis looking toward the extinction of the affection in a
locality.

We may find a third example in cowpox or sheeppox, from
which any recovery is nearly as prompt as in foot-and-mouth
disease, but it differs from that in being followed by an im-
munity of the entire system which lasts for years, or even for
the entire subsequent lifetime.

IMMUNIZATION, 821

In our search for immunity from microbian diseases we must
make a clear distinction between these different classes, and, if we
hope for success, follow these leadings of nature as to which dis-
ease offers the best field for successful immunizing work and which
for bid the expectation of an acquired satisfactory immunity.

A fourth element in the securing of immunity lies in what
has been called the battle of the somatic cells and the invading
microbes. This has been called phagocytosis, or literally, the
eating of the invading microbes by the cells. It depends, how-
ever, very largely on the relative potency of the products elabo-
rated by the two hosts of combatants, respectively. If the so-
matic cells and their antitoxins prevail, the microbes are pois-
oned by the leucomaines or antitoxins, debilitated or even dis-
integrated, dissolved by the cell enzymes and completely de-
stroyed. Whole microbes, or disintegrated parts of microbes,
are taken into or enveloped by the cell protoplasm, where they
can be more readily saturated with the leucomaines and en-
zymes aud speedily disposed of.

True, a converse action may go on along this line; the mi-
crobian toxins and enzymes may prove too potent for the so-
matic cells, which accordingly become weakened, disintegrated
and destroyed by the violence of the attack, and their constitu-
ent parts become food for the invading enemies. "The microbes
may even invade the interior of the cell, as in the case of the
piroplasma of Texas fever, and in place of losing vitality or
potency, may grow and thrive, destroying the blood globules,
and leading to profound pernicious anzemia and the passage by
the urine of the liberated heemoglobin.

For our present purpose it is needless to follow further the
actions and interactions of the microbes and somatic cells, and of
their respective toxins and digestive ferments. We have now
before us a sufficient foundation for an intelligent consideration
of the subjects of serum therapy and immunization on the lines
that I wish to exploit.

Serum Therapy.
For serum therapy the essential conditions are that we firs/

822 JAMES LAW.

secure an animal which is racially or congenitally insusceptible
to the poisons produced by the microbes which cause the disease
that we have in hand; or, second, as an alternative, take a sus-
ceptible animal and by small non-lethal doses of the microbe
and its toxins, produce in it an acquired immunity, and by re-
peating the process indefinitely, raise that immunity to the
highest possible grade. Then take the blood-serum of the
highly immunized animal and inject the same, subcutum, into
the animal suffering from the disease, or inoculated therewith,
and as yet in the stage of incubation. In this way the anti-
toxins and other defensive products are availed of where they
can act as direct antidotes, or antagonists, to the invading mi-
crobes and their products. In serum therapy we avail of the
antitoxins, ready made, in place of stimulating their production
in the infected system. In many cases they can be used to ex-
cellent purpose in saving the life of the animal injected. The
system is, however, subject to its drawbacks and limitations.

Ist. It is transient in its effects. By resort to this method
we have not stimulated the somatic cells to the production in
increased amount of the defensive products in the body of the
animal infected, and, as the antidotal agent introduced will re-
main but a short time in the system without chemical change
or elimination, its favorable operation is therefore limited to
that temporary presence. Like a dose of morphia, which will
check a violent pain or spasm, it is good while it lasts, but it
does not by its own action prevent the resumption of the evil
processes the moment it has been used up or eliminated. Thus,
to secure a satisfactory result, we must continue the use of the
serum so long as the living microbes remain in the system
ready to produce more of their deadly toxins. In suitable cases
we can in this way obtain a cure, but, if we stop short, we shall
have only held the disease-process in abeyance for a time, to
rise again with new force when the serum has been eliminated.
This must be qualified by two considerations :

a. If the animal furnishing the serum is of the same species
with the animal receiving it, and if leucocytes from the first

~~ —

IMMUNIZATION. 823

subject and suspended in the serum are introduced into the sec-
ond, these may survive and continue in the new animal system
the production of the antitoxin in which they were engaged be-
fore they were transferred. In this way a certain, though very
limited measure of protection may be permanently obtained
from subjecting an animal to serum therapy.

6. If the immunized animal from which the serum is taken,
has been subjected to a corroborative infecting injection or in-
oculation shortly before it furnished the serum, it is quite possi-
ble that some of the microbes, may, up to the time of operation,
have escaped destruction and may pass in the serum into the
system of the animal operated on. If that animal is specially
susceptible, or if the microbes introduced are very potent they
may in themselves produce a fatal infection, or seriously inten-
sify the infection already present. If less numerous or potent,
or if the system into which they are introduced has large
powers of resistance they may only temporarily survive in the
new habitat, yet long enough to educate the cells of the animal
treated to produce a protective measure of defensive bodies.

2d. There is always the danger of error as between two
diseases which resemble each other, so that the serum from a
case of one disease, or from the animal immune to it, being mis-
takenly used for the other, it will fail to produce the desired
curative effect. Errors in the attempt to differentiate anthrax
and black-quarter, anthrax and malignant cedema, swine plague

_and hog cholera, etc., are liable to cause frequent failures of this

kind, which will throw undeserved discredit on serum therapy.

3d. The condition of the patient’s system, or in which it
lives, may effectually counteract the operation of serum therapy.
Thus the black-quarter germ, in presence of lactic acid, or in the
new born, will proceed to a deadly issue in spite of the applica-
tion of serum therapy. The germ of rabies which has grown
for generations in the rabbit, will reduce the incubation in the
inoculated animal to one-half the usual time, and make the fatal
result correspondingly more certain.

4th. Serum therapy will fail when the toxin has already

824 JAMES LAW.

become united chemically with the constituent parts of a vital
organ from which it cannot be dislodged and where the associa-
tion is too strong to allow of chemical antidotal action. Tetanus
offers a striking instance of this. When the antitoxin has been
mixed with the virulent matter before inoculation, or when it is
given in large doses just after inoculation it is effectual in pre-
venting the disease, but when the toxin has already reached the
brain matter, and entered into combination with it, so as to
cause active tetanic manifestations it will then require from 150
to 2000 times the amount of antitoxin to produce the same
effect, and in too many cases even the use of such excessive
doses fails to moderate the spasms or obviate a fatal result.

5th. Serum therapy is always open to the objection that in
order to obtain the immunizing serum, we must keep up an un-
interrupted series of cases of the infecting disease, and that there
is therefore always a risk of the escape of the germ, through
insects or other channels, to contaminate other animals. It is
therefore always attended by a measure of risk of accidental ex-
tension of the disease. While it can often be largely and bene-
ficially availed of in lessening the mortality from an infectious
disease, it cannot be held up as the best resort, when the object
is the complete extinction of the infection in a given locality or
country.

Immunization by the Use of Toxins.

As we have already seen, a permanent immunization is con-
ferred, if at all, by the introduction into the system, of the ani-
mal to be protected, of the microbe or the poisons which it
elaborates, so that the animal system becomes accustomed to
the action of these poisons, and exerts an increasing effort to
neutralize or destroy them. This the system accomplishes
through the increased production of antitoxins, enzymes, and
perhaps other protective bodies. But to stimulate to the pro-
duction of these protective bodies, the somatic cells must be
subjected to the action of the poisons elaborated by the microbe.
In other words, the patient must be passed through a mild, non-
fatal form of the disease from which immunity is sought. , In

IMMUNIZATION. 825

some cases this can be effected by the introduction of the toxins
alone, in sterilized solution, but in others, and as usually car-
ried out, it consists in the introduction of the infecting microbe
itself in a less virulent or less potent form; or ina part of the
body less favorable to its proliferation (blood, less-vascular part),
or finally in an extremely minute dose (1 or 2 microbes), which
can be early and almost certainly destroyed by the leucocytes.

It is true that temporary immunization can be secured, in
certain cases, by other methods, as when the fox fed on a purely
carnivorous diet is relatively immune from anthrax, or when
by a free use of alkalies the tendency to tetanus, or black-quar-
ter can be kept in check. But such immunity only lasts so
long as the animal fluids are kept charged with the products of
the meat diet or with the alkaline medicine, and is lost so soon as
these are eliminated by the natural emunctories. Immunization
as now conducted consists in a protection of reasonable duration,
ot for life, brought about by the production, from the somatic
cells, of certain constituents which neutralize the disease-poisons.

Vaccination and Variola.

One of the earliest methods of immunization was achieved
by variolization in man, mild cases of smallpox being produced
by the direct inoculation from a discreet case. Later the Jenne-
rean vaccination completely superseded this, and proved an al-
most ideal method, since the inoculation of a disease which was ©
almost harmless to man protected him from one which was then
generally diffused and very deadly. In our more modern im-
munizations, however, there is scarcely a single counterpart in
which the mild has excluded the deadly disease. Other immu-
nizations are therefore not entitled to be put in the same cate-
gory, and arguments deduced from vaccination must be received
with due qualification.

Fundamental Conditions of Immunization.

The basal conditions, that would favor immunization, are
mainly as follows:

1st. The fact that the affection does not occur a second
time in the same subject.

826 JAMES LAW.

2d. ‘The fact that the malady follows an acute course and is
succeeded by a complete recovery.

3d. The fact that the disorder is a very deadly or injurious
one when it occurs by ordinary infection.

4th. The fact that the animals are placed in conditions
favorable to safety during the process of immunization and
where no other animals are endangered by the process.

sth. The fact that immunization can be conducted more
econoniically than the complete extinction of the germ by other
methods. |

Affection Does Not Recur in the Same Subject.

Immunization is impossible in case of a disease which recurs
under renewed infection shortly after recovery from a first
attack. ‘This is what excludes from available diseases, the foot-
and-mouth disease of mammals. As contra-distinguished from
this affection may be named as promising diseases, sheeppox,
rinderpest, lung plague, strangles, anthrax, black-quarter, con-
tagious pneumonia, and rabies. ‘These are all acute diseases,
run a rapid course, make a reasonably complete recovery, and
are not followed by a second attack. So far as these prerequisites
control therefore, they are promising diseases for immunization,
by any method which will subject the system to their toxins
without danger to life.

Does Not Subside Into a Chronic Disease.

Infectious diseases which assume a chronic type, and run for
an indefinite length of time are to this extent unfit for immuni-
zation. If the system were to become antagonistic to the mi-
crobian poison to such an extent as to successfully resist a new
invasion, that system would necessarily destroy the microbes
which are already present in the body and cut the disease short
instead of allowing it to continue in a chronic form. It is for
this reason that tuberculosis, glanders, dourine and contagious
footrot are unsuitable subjects for immunization. In the
chronic cases of these diseases the system is constantly under
the stimulus of those toxins which rouse the somatic cells to
produce the defensive products, but these fail to bring about the

IMMUNIZATION. 827

intolerance or resistance which would prevent the continued ex-
istence in the tissues of the invading microbe, or the extension
of the territory invaded. I submit, therefore, that all the
attempts made by sanitarians, from Koch onward, to secure im-
munization by products of the tubercle bacillus, are work in an
unpromising field. Local skin tubercle, when uncomplicated
by deeper disease centres, may, under the use of tuberculin,
slough off the diseased mass and make a good recovery, but the
same is not to be expected in case of deep-seated tubercle.
There may be an arrest of progress, with improvement of the
general health, and a failure to any longer respond to the tuber-
culin test, and yet under unwholesome conditions, the smoul-
dering disease takes on its former activity and the animal runs
down to a hopeless condition.

If you ask me if some cases do not recover I answer yes, just
as some recover without treatment by tuberculin, tuberculocidin,
the debris of comminuted bacilli, or other product of the mi-
crobe, and as horses recover under treatment by mallein and
without such treatment ; but this does not prove that the recov-
ery in either disease is due to the action of the microbe or the
microbian product. In both diseases alike the more violent
cases go on toa fatal result in spite of all treatment, while in
the mild cases that recover there is unquestionably present in
the system a strong inherent resistance to the disease, and it is
impossible to ascertain how much the recovery is due to this
systemic intolerance and antagonism, and how much to other
conditions like a good regimen, an open air life, a tonic treat-
ment, and the influence of the microbian products. ‘The saine
holds true in the case of man; of the inhabitants of cities one-
third suffer from tuberculosis yet only one-seventh or one-eighth |
die of tuberculosis. . The recoveries are much more likely to
take place in connection with specially good hygienic conditions
and especially an open air life than from mere tonic treatment
or dosing with the microbian products. As veterinary sanitari-
ans we are confronted, not by the question of the relative num-
ber of lives preserved, as by the progress made toward the ex-

828 ; JAMES LAW.

tinction of the infection in the herd and district. The sanita-
rian of man faces a moral question, and if he can be credited with
saving a cherished human life he will be extolled to the skies
and loaded with honoraria as hisreward. But with our patients
it is largely a question of economics, and if the preservation of
our patient is to be the cause of the subsequent infection of a
number of others, and of the perpetuation of the infection in the
herd and district, to say nothing of the danger to man, then I
submit that we have failed in the first object of our mission.
The continuance of the disease, indefinitely, in a herd, will, in
the long run, lead to far greater financial loss, than would its
extinction at the cost. of the highest priced of animals at the
beginning. —

The same principle applies to the other methods of treat-
ment, tonic and hygienic. Open air life, generous feeding, and
tonic medication are all of high value, alike in tuberculosis and
glanders, and should never be omitted when treatment is re-
sorted to, but as no one of these measures, nor dll of them com-
bined, can assure us of a complete recovery, and as they con-
stantly fail in cases that lie on the border line of resistance or
on the wrong side of it, it follows that the infection must be
perpetuated under any such treatment. If then, the deadly in-
fection is to be kept up ina herd, and if it is to be extended
generation after generation to other herds, will we be acting in
the line of duty in following a method by which such perpetua-
tion is determined, even if we can set up against such endless
perpetuation of the infecting microbe, the preservation or even
the recovery of some tens, or scores or hundreds of individuals ?
Let us glance merely at the economics of the question, as given
in this table :

Milch Cows in U. S. Value. Loss at 54. Loss in Dollars.
16,292,360 $514,812, 106 81,461 $2,574,167 at $31.60
Other Cattle,
27,610,054 689, 486, 260 139,050 3,447,108 at $24.97
Totaliaeees~ -C a. RBBB oo

Estimating the average lifetime of steers at three years and

IMMUNIZATION. 829

of cows at eight years, this gives an average age for both of 4.8
years. If we count the loss from perpetuation of tuberculosis
in our herds at 5 per cent. per generation instead of per annum,
it would still mean $1,254,411 a year. If to this we were to add
the cost of segregation and treatment of the infected, the loss
would be more than doubled. I submit then, the question: Is
it economical, is it sound sanitation, is it good statesmanship,
which would adopt a method which will tax our animal indus-
try $2,500,000 a year for all future time, rather than one that
would aim at the extinction of the infection and the abolition
of this tax for ever? Wecannot tell what the future may have
in store for us, and we cannot affirm that it is impossible that a
better and entirely successful method of immunization from
tubercle can be developed, but in view of the lack of immu-
nization in the old chronic cases which have continued for
years, the conclusion seems unavoidable that the hope of suc-
cess does not lie along the lines that are now being followed.
Until a better hope can be entertained, from research along new
lines, it seems far more rational to conduct the work of extinc-
tion of the disease by the old established methods, which have
never failed us when applied vigilantly, under skilled intelli-
gence, and according to the dictates of science. Experimental
investigation is one thing—this should be allowed a free hand
along the lines of highest promise, as indicated by the pathology
of the disease—but administrative measures for the suppression
of the affection are althogether different ; these are entirely un-
warranted unless it can be demonstrated that they will be ef-
fectual. The outlay of public money for ineffective work, or
for work that gives no hope of success, is a misappropriation of
public funds, and ought not to be tolerated. 7

As with tuberculosis, so with glanders: both follow a chronic
course, neither in such cases produces a reliable measure of im-
munity, and thus in both alike the saving of individuals by
serum or toxin treatment, must always be attended by cases of
preservation of the infection in a latent form and the propaga-
tion and maintenance of the infection.

830 JAMES LAW.

As opposed to tuberculosis and glanders, which are so often
chronic and even occult, acute and deadly diseases such as rin-
derpest and lung plague offer themselves as in that respect well
adapted to immunization. These affections run a rapid course
and often kill their victim, but in those that recover there is a
relatively very strong immunity, which forbids them subsiding
into a chronic form, and transmitting the disease by microbes
still operating in the system. Lung plague, it is true, is often
followed by sequestra-in the lungs, but in these the vitality of
the microbes is early exhausted, and in all my inoculations from
such sequestra upon susceptible animals, I have had a uniform
failure. Rinderpest is much shorter in its course and gives rise
to no such abiding sequestra, so that after recovery the interior
of the body is quickly divested of microbes and the exterior and
surroundings have alone to be cared for. This has been exten-
sively availed of inthe Philippines, where the insular and there-
fore secluded arrangement is further favorable to success. "The
attenuated virus prepared at Manila, is inoculated on all the
cattle or carabao on an island, or in a carefully secluded district,
and in a couple of weeks all the cattle have been satisfactorily
immunized, and may safely be allowed to enter infected build-
ings or herds. But unless conducted with the greatest care this
might easily become a means of deadly extension of the infec-
tion. If applied on wide unfenced ranges where herd mingled
with herd, or upon herds in which parturitions were going on,
it could only lead to deadly extensions and serious losses.
Again it can only be carried through by the maintenance, at
some point, of an infected herd in process of immunization, and
thus there is the constant danger of the escape of the infection
from such herd, through birds, vermin and other channels to in-
fect new born and other susceptible animals.

Before leaving this class I should notice a group of micro-
bian affections in which the animals acquire a tolerance of the
microbe, yet continue to harbor it to a limited extent, yet in a
form that is deadly to other animals when transferred to them.
We have no better example of this than Texas fever. After the

.

IMMUNIZATION. 831

first violence of the infection has subsided and the animal ap-
pears to have completely recovered, the piroplasma continues
for a length of time in the blood, and may be transferred to
other susceptible animals, if its normal intermediate bearer
(Bobphilus annulatus) is present. "The same remark applies to
the various trypanosomiasis, and probably to the horse sickness
of Southern Africa, so that none of these diseases give good
hope for a successful immunization by the usual methods.
The Disease is Very Deadly or Injurious.

It is for the very deadly or injurious affections that the cost
of immunization is warranted. If a disease does little injury the
cost of prevention may be greater than that of a general diffu-
sion of the malady. Economy must decide in each case what
measure must be adopted.

Environment Must be Favorable to Immunization.

Immunization against rinderpest in the Philippines has been
already referred to. But the same method would not prove
equally effective on the unfenced Steppes of Eastern Russia or
Siberia. Indeed, inoculations have been carried on there for a
length of time, but the plague prevails as before. The same
may be said of cattle lung plague. Immunization by inocula-
tion in the tail has long been practised in Europe, and if at-
tended and followed by suitable disinfection, and in the absence
of birth of new, susceptible animals, it can be availed of to ex-
tinguish the infection in buildings and well fenced enclosures.
But, in the fenceless ranges of Central Europe, and above all,
on the Steppes of Russia, the plains of India and China, and
the open pasturages of Australia and South Africa, it becomes
rather a means of perpetuating the disease. It protects the in-
dividual inoculated, but it spreads the infection among the un-
protected animals. °

This subject might be enlarged upon in its relation to other
diseases, but it rests essentially on this principle, that in order
to immunize animals with safety to others, they must be com-
pletely separated from each other and from persons, places and
things that might become intermediaries in the conveyance of

832 JAMES LAw.

infection. Each disease demands its own special precautions,
so do the conditions of a varied environment, and the special
adaptations of sanitary measures can only be made by a mind
fully versed in the whole pathology of the malady, open to all
the bearings of the environment, and keenly alive to the vital
question of econoniics involved.

Economics of Immunization.

This is the first and most important question in dealing with
immunization, and it may well be referred to as being the last
court of appeal. In its bearing on certain affections there is no
difficulty in reaching a decision.

Take anthrax as an example. ‘The bottom lands of a great
waterway have become infected through the prevalence of the
disease higher up, or from the infected products of factories on
the stream, so that no herbivora can be placed upon such lands
without subjecting them to the greatest risk. It is impossible
to drain these lands so as to render them wholesome, and it is
highly expedient that they should be devoted to the support of
live stock. Here the only rational resort is immunization.
Without it, ruinous losses are inevitable. With it losses from
anthrax are abolished or reduced to a minimal and negligible
quantity.

But this can never excuse the reckless anthrax inoculation
on other and anthrax-free soils, or in anthrax-free buildings, of
animals that are to be turned out on the infected fields. If
these fields are suited to the preservation and perpetuation of
anthrax germs, this becomes a means of planting the germ
there and thereby extending the area of the prevalence of an-
thrax. It is true that the animals inoculated are protected, but
at a ruinous expense, as this territory newly infected with
anthrax is an absolute extension of the anthrax-area, and no
animals can henceforth be safely turned on this soil until they,
too, have been inoculated. Under such an uneconomic and
vicious system, how long will it be until all the lands favorable
to the preservation of the Bacz//us anthracis shall be infected with
it? And this is done in the name of sanitation and economy.

IMMUNIZATION. 833

In the same class with anthrax may be placed black-quarter,
tetanus, septicemia hzemorrhagica, and malignant cedema. All
are preserved in favorable soils and each is liable to be extended
in area, or intensified in a previously infected field, by the oc-
currence of fresh cases, whether casually or as the result of pro-
tective inoculation. .

Take an example of a different kind. For many years since
Pasteur’s splendid demonstration of the arrest and defeat of the
germ of rabies, by the daily injection of graduated doses of
weakened virus, increasing in strength day by day, it has been
a favorite resort in Paris, where it has even been proposed to
immunize in this way all dogs, and thereby extinguishing the
contagion from lack of susceptible material. The practical result,
however, is that in Paris rabies continues as prevalent as ever,
while across the Channel, by impartial and universal muzzling,
England has made a complete end of the infection, and proposes
to maintain this by the quarantine of all imported dogs, which
are to be kept under close supervision for six months after their
arrival. ‘The economy and efficiency of the simple, common
sense method of England, is in marked contrast with the elabo-
rate, careful, expensive, and scientifically accurate, but com-
paratively ineffective system resorted to in France.

Take still another example. In the United States we have
in round numbers 50,000,000 swine, of which we losesome mil-
lions yearly from hog cholera and swine plague. We have in
the market a number of methods of alleged immunization and
serum therapy, and the owners of some of these specifics back
up their claims by an offer to pay for all the hogs that die after
taking their course of treatment. This has a plausible appear-
ance of fairness and self confidence, and a large number of swine
breeders are tempted to bank on the method. But when we
look at the plain facts of the case, the fallacy becomes apparent.
When an infected herd is taken in hand the most susceptible
are already dead, or will die before they have time to take the
full course of treatment, and as the less susceptible will then
die in smaller and smaller numbers, so that there is a delusive

834 JAMES LAw.

appearance of success, those that die after the full course will
be comparatively few, and those who exploit the protective
measures can wellafford to pay for these out of the gross income
obtained from the rest of the herd. In the second place, the
greatest fatality is always among the young pigs, which are of
comparatively little value, so that indemnity for these is no
great drain, and the payment for the survivors first of the young,
and second of the older and more refractory animals, makes a
safe and abundant fund to draw from. Then there is the addi-
tional fact that even in bad hog cholera seasons the losses may
be $20,000,000, representing at $6 a head but a little over
3,000,000 pigs, and leaving 45,000,000 free. Say that our
speculators could secure 10,000,000 of our 50,000,000 swine to
operate on, they would in the most plague-stricken years meet
with only 600,000 deaths, and, as most of these would perish
before the course of treatment could be taken, it would leave but
a very insignificant number for which they would be called on
to pay. Another consideration is that any well considered toxin
or antitoxin treatment does reduce sensibly the number of vic-
tims, as I found a quarter of a century ago, but the survivors
are often undesirable animals, with broken constitutions, and
are unprofitable as stock, growing or fattening animals. Up to
the present time it has not been shown that any such protective
system is an unqualified success when used on a sufficiently wide
range of subjects to fully test it, and as all such treatment tends
to extend the area of disease by the preservation of infected
herds and the diffusion of infection, they cannot be accepted as
truly economical resorts.

In conclusion, it may be said that while in certain diseases
under favorable conditions immunization may be resorted to
with great advantage, yet under other conditions, in other in-
fectious diseases, and, above all, as a measure of general applica-
tion it is far from being the most desirable resort. To apply it
effectively it must be controlled and directed by the best and
soundest professional judgment, and it should be abandoned
whenever it is possible, by simpler and less expensive measures,

IMMUNIZATION. 835

to completely eradicate the infection from the country. It is at
best a partial and temporary good, and must be held as far in-
ferior to the more radical methods which will finally extirpate
the infection of animal diseases from the civilized earth. I have
long held that the sanitary intelligence and advancement of a
people is to be estimated by their readiness to extirpate infec-
tion, and I look confidently forward to the period when all the
deadly contagia of animals and men will be only a matter of
history. I shall not live to see this, perhaps none of us will,
but just so sure as the opening of the 20th century so prodig-
iously excels that of the r9th in technical and sanitary matters,
so will the time come when the plague-free herds and peoples
will cause the thoughtful to stand in amazement that the need-
less pestilences were so long allowed to blight the world, and
that the light of civilization and knowledge did not sooner draw
earnest attention to the ruinous bane and its obvious remedy.

BLOODED HORSE RESENTS INSULT.— Orange, WV. /., Nov. 9.
—Blue- Boy, a fine pacer owned by John P. Kernan, a well
known horseman of South Orange, yesterday resented an insult
offered by John Beach, colored, and as a result Beach is laid up
for repairs. [he man was cleaning the horse, and while doing
so amused himself by spitting in the horse’s face. The animal
stood this once or twice, but at last retaliated by reaching for-
ward and biting Beach on the lip, lacerating it severely.

Horse His First CuSTOMER.—Tony Milano, asixteen-year-
old Italian, of 204 Hester Street, started up in business as a push-
cart pedler yesterday. He has been a thrifty bootblack for sev-
eral years and he invested all his coin in a pushcart and a load
of apples. At the corner of Canal and Mercer Streets a horse
attached to an express wagon, driven by William McGarvin, ate
up most of his apples. Tony with a slab of wood about three
feet long was forcibly persuading the animal of the error of its
ways when B. Hollander, an official of the Corn Exchange
Bank, happened along and had Tony arrested for cruelty to
animals. What few apples were left in Tony’s cart were scat-
tered about the street by the enraged driver and the pushcart
was irretrievably wrgcked. Tony’s temper was not improved
when Magistrate Cornell held him in $300 bail for further ex-
amination.—(. Y. Sun, Nov. 5, 7904.)

836 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.

A REVIEW OF THE ATTEMPTS TO IMMUNIZE CATTLE AGAINST
TUBERCULOSIS.

By D. ArTHUR HUGHES, Ph. D., D. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Gov-

ERNMENT INSPECTOR, East ST. LOUIS.

Perhaps there is no one phase of thought which has greater
infatuation for the student of the pathology of infectious dis-
eases to-day than that of the question of immunization. From
the day when Jenner discovered the principle of vaccination up
to the present there has been a greater and greater turn of scien-
tific thought towards the subject, until now, for the bio-chem-
ist as well as for the pathologist, it is, as I have said, an in-
fatuation. ‘I'he wonder is that it is not even more studied ; for, ©
complex as are the problems involved in the investigation of
means and methods of immunization against diseases wide-
spread in their destructiveness, that there is a possibility of pre-
vention at all might well have led to more ardor in the study of
pathologic toxins and antitoxins. What has been done is much,
—but little (to use an Irishism). In human medicine the dis-
covery of an anti-diphtheritic serum (we are pleased to think
manufactured from equine serum), the vaccine preventing mor-
tality in small pox, seem to be the main advances made in the
study of anti-toxic inoculation against infections. The diffi-
culty seems to be that the work in the laboratory is fraught
with perplexities arising from the danger of handling the dis-
ease bacteriologically, as well as made more knotty by the
specialists’ knowledge of bio-chemistry which the investigator
should have. The chemistry of the organic products known as
the toxins and antitoxins of infectious diseases are at present
little understood. Moreover, the specialists’ knowledge of bio-
chemistry together with a specialist’s knowledge of the bacteri-
ology of definite etiologic factors causing the bio-chemic condi-
tions is seldom had by a single investigator. Yet it seems likely

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 837

that the discovery of the antitoxins producing immunity could
be carried on, most successful experimentation conducted and
definite results could easiest be obtained by men in which this
fuller knowledge was happily combined.

Nevertheless, as in human medicine so also in veterinary
medicine, the principle of inoculating with attenuated but liv-
ing virus propounded by Jenner was investigated by experimen-
tation on small animals by Pasteur in rabies and the same prin-
ciple has been carried into our field. In lung plague, in em-
physematous anthrax, in Texas fever, if not in anthrax also,
this method of setting up an organic immunity by producing a
local disease similar in kind to the destructive infection causes
the formation of an antitoxin resident in the body sufficient in
itself to be protective. Though the bio-chemic changes in the

serum are yet unknown; though the new conditions formed in
the serum to produce immunity against a definite kind of patho-
genetic microorganism eludes us, we are rightly elate over the
established principle that sometimes a temporary, at other times,
it seems, a permanent immunity can be produced. Further-
more the method, successful as it has been in several cattle
plagues, will in all likelihood be at least tried in many of the
infections: for it is possible that particular antitoxins, chemical,
organic protective fluids evolved by the body, may act as
agencies against the toxins of other specific diseases, besides
those already studied, which induce these poisons. The manu-
facture of various kinds of tuberculin by Koch, and those who
have followed his directions, represents still another laboratory
formulation of a toxin. In this case the toxin did not, as was
at first believed by Koch, to the joy of the scientific world, prove
a remedy against the disease. Its therapeutic value was ex-
ploded. Still tuberculin proved a positive detector of the dis-
ease in all cases, including the more subtle, lurking, unknown
forms—even in the inactive, latent forms of the disease which
the Germans call passive tuberculosis. Indeed it is in this dis-
ease, far excellence, that the greatest interest at once of the
bio-chemist as well as of the pathologist, must be centred.

338 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

Carrying away, as it does, by various estimates, one third to one
seventh of the human race; and infecting destructively 20, 40,
and even in some cases 60 per cent. of imported breeding
stock,! it is certain that investigations looking towards.a possi-
ble immunization of cattle against this disease will be sure to
have an interest to veterinarians, cattle dealers, and the general
public, as well as possibly eventually have a practical value in
the diminution of the infection.

The number of milch cows in the United States on Jan. 1,
1904, from Federal statistics,? the latest available, was 17,419,-
817; the number of “other cattle” 43,629,315, a grand total
of 61,049,315. ‘‘ Fortunately,” says Dr. Salmon, “our meat-
producing animals are to-day the freest from tuberculosis of
any highly-bred stock which enters the markets of the world.”’*
It is well known from tuberculin tests of European cattle that
in some countries twenty per cent. and in other countries as
high as fifty or sixty per cent. of the cattle are infected with the
disease. In America we have reason to believe the case is not
quite so bad. Still the disease is rampant here and has been
widely propagated largely by the introduction for breeding pur-
poses of infected animals fromEurope. ‘The war against bovine
tuberculosis here has been begun by the State and Federal gov-
ernments and the central authorities have taken steps to prevent
further importation of the disease from Europe.

“Some of the States and various municipalities are making
tuberculin tests-and slaughtering the cattle which they find dis-
eased.’4 ‘The length to which the States have gone in the
fight against bovine tuberculosis is detailed in an important
monograph from the hand of Dr. Salmon: Legislation with ref-
erence to Bovine Tuberculosis being a digest of the laws now in
force and a transcript of the laws, rules and regulations and

»

1 Dr. Salmon, ‘‘ The tuberculin test of imported cattle,” P.
U.S. Dept. of Agri: "BRANT, 171.
* Year book of the Dept. of Agriculture, 1903. P, 663.
‘© Tuberculin test of imported cattle.” P.9. Bulletin No. 32, U. S. Dept. of
Agri.
4 Supra cito, P. 8, Bulletin 32, U.S. Dept. of Agri.

g. Bulletin No, 32,

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 839

proclamations for the several States and territories.”! While
the Bureau of Animal Industry now has inspectors in foreign
parts to test with tuberculin all cattle destined for exportation
to the United States. No tuberculous cattle henceforth can be
shipped to America.

In other words the use of the single bacterial product, tu-
berculin, has proven of practical value in veterinary medicine
in three ways. 1. Not only is it an infallible spokesman of the
presence of tuberculosis when a reaction occurs, but, 2, it is of
commanding value on the economic and cummercial side: for
its use upon cattle which are to go into the export trade pre-
vents the importation afresh of the disease and ensures tuber-
cle-free cattle for breeding purposes, while in our herds its use
helps us to discover and stamp out the infection. But it is
passing strange how many scientific discoveries are made by
accident. Behold the very positiveness of the diagnosis by tu-
berculin’s aid has per accidens taught us, 3, that in many cases
cattle not responding or not reacting to the tuberculin test not
only do not have tuberculosis, but may have either a temporary
or permanent immunity. Notwithstanding the fact that many
cattle have been continuously and for a long time exposed to
the disease in a tuberculous herd they do not react to the test
and must be declared non-tuberculous. Of course we are not
speaking here of highly tuberculous animals, which, it is no-
torious, sometimes do not react because their serum or lymph
seems to be charged with tubercle toxins and antitoxins; rather
to those which are undoubtedly free from the disease under the
test and it seems must be declared to possess either a temporary
or permanent immunity. Just here is where the rub hes. Has
the term immunity here been properly applied? Is it not pos-
sible, as in other infections, that such animals have contracted
the disease, that the disease has become localized (at the same
time not noxious) and segregated, that the antitoxin has been
developed in the blood or lymph streams and that the animal is
consequently immune? We know from post-mortem inspection

1 Bulletin No, 28; Byeets7, U. S. Deptiof Agri.

840 D. AkKTHUR HUGHES.

in the abattoirs that immensely large, fat, old pigs may have a
localized and seemingly isolated and innocuous tuberculosis in
the submaxillary, retro-pharyngeal or cervical lymphatics while
the carcass is free from tuberculosis, and in such cases, by the
government’s orders, such carcasses may be passed while the
head is condemned. In cattle likewise, but not so commonly,
a localized, old, segregated tuberculosis may be found while the
carcass is otherwise tubercle-free. Yet, if the cattle in the tu-
berculous herds referred to, that seemingly do not have tubercu-
losis, have minute, isolated lesions of what may be called a past
tuberculosis, or of a passive (inactive) tuberculosis, is it not true
that from such points there may spring up again an active tu-
berculosis to menace and eventually destroy the animal? Tu-
berculin has proven to be, and it undoubtedly is, in the vast
majority of cases, an infallible diagnostic agent, even detecting
the smallest lesions of the disease. But are we sure that cattle,
negative to the tuberculin test, are always absolutely free from
bovine tuberculosis? Too great certainty, dogmatism in
science, is scientific anomaly; and scientific dogmatists (who
are monstrosities in the scientific world) often have their faith
rudely shaken. Should we not be on our guard against a too
hasty declaration when we express a belief that cattle which do
not react are ‘‘ immune” to the disease?

Nevertheless, basing their judgment upon the tuberculin
test, and applying the term immune to cattle in a tuberculous
herd, or not (?), which under the most careful use of the agent
do not react, in America, Germany, and even in Italy, in the
case of Maragliano, investigations are being carried on to dis-
cover if there is a possibility of vaccination—using the term in
a wide sense—against bovine tuberculosis.

THE ATTEMPT TO IMMUNIZE CATTLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.
¥. Im America.

(2) Work of de Schweinitz and Schroeder.

The Chiefs of the Pathological and Bio-Chemic Divisions of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, in
Washington, working in conjunction with the Chief of the

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 841

Bureau, have ever been vigilant in the investigation and dis-
cussion of important questions relating to infectious destruction
to domestic animals. Accordingly after Koch’s statements in
the summer of 1901 on tuberculosis, there came out under the
imprint of the Departments, in rapid succession, such valuable
monographs as: 1. “ Relation of Bovine Tuberculosis to the
Public Health,” Dr. Salmon’; 2, ‘Virulence of the Bovine
Tuberculosis Bacillus for Monkeys and the Effect of Tuberculins
made from Tubercle Bacilli derived from Different Animals,”
Drs. de Schweinitz and Schroeder *; 3, “The Infectiousness of
Milk of Cows which have Reacted to the Tuberculin Test,” Dr.
Mohler®; 4, “The Milk Supply of Two Hundred Cities and
Towns,” Alford and Pearson‘.

Questions like these, which had been engaging the public
thought, involved the other question of immunity. On the
question of the immunity of cattle exposed to bovine tuberculo-
sis, therefore, Dr. de Schweinitz had been working from as
early as 1894. In the Wedical News for Dec. 8th of that year,
he showed that guinea-pigs, inoculated with an attenuated but
living tubercle virus of human origin—the bacilli carried on in
glycerin broth to the twentieth generation—then inoculated
with bovine tuberculosis, did not succumb to the latter disease
though ordinarily guinea-pigs are easily infected by bovine .
tuberculosis. Further, de Schweinitz and Schroeder showed
that a cow inoculated intravenously with a small amount of
the same attenuated culture of human origin, did not die. Still
further, the same investigators tried the same virus in large in-
travenous inoculations upon cattle—soo c.c. of a liquid suspen-
sion—without a virulent tuberculosis being set up in the cat-
tle’.

1 Bulletin No, 33. B. A, I.

* 18th Annual Report Bureau of Animal Industry, Igor.
$ Bulletin No. 44, U. S. Dept. of Agri., B. A, I.

4 Bulletin No. 46, U.S, Dept. of Agri., B. A. I.

5 Vid. Pearson and Gilliland. Jour. Comp, Med. and Vet, Archives, Nov., 1902.
Also Bulletin B. A. I., Dept. of Agri., Nov. 13, 1896,

$42 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

Similar experiments to test the immunization of cattle
against a natural exposure to bovine tuberculosis are being con-
tinued by de Schweinitz and Schroeder at Washington. They
report, in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW for Jan., 1904,
the result of one of their latest experiments on the subject. A
cow, negative to the tuberculin test, was, in 1902, injected into
the jugular vein five times, July 19, Aug. 6, Aug. 20, Sept 25,
and Oct. 7, each time with 10 c.c. of a human culture of
the 59th to 62d generation, which they believed not to be
longer virulent for cattle. On Jan. 27th, 1903, after another
negative test with tuberculin, the animal was placed in a stall
with tuberculous animals, together with others for control.
Post-mortem of the animal by Dr. Schroeder on Jan. 30, 1903,
revealed the entire lung sprinkled with minute white nodules of
a tuberculosis of human origin, proven by inoculation of guinea-
pigs from the nodules, without lesions in other parts of the
body. ‘The controls, though healthy when exposed with the
above animal to the bovine infection, all contracted bovine
tuberculosis from the exposure. The conclusions of these ex-
periments are: I, the animal treated with the human germ was
apparently resistant to the bovine disease, while the human
germ was apparently persistent in its system; 2, highly bred
animals for breeding purposes might be immunized to advan-
tage by this method, nevertheless; 3, the practicability of the
method for animals to be used for food and milk is questionable,
because it is impossible to state how long the human bacilli
may remain alive and therefore be infective for bovines. !

(6) Work of the Live Stock Board of Pennsylvania.

Under the wise direction of Dr. Leonard Pearson, whose
firmness has led to the large control of bovine tuberculosis in
the State of Pennsylvania and has made him noted there and

' Since writing the above I have read in the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW for
Noy,, 1904, of the untimely death of Dr. de Schweinitz Possessing, as he did, the

specialist’s knowledge alike of bacteriology and bio-chemistry he was able to touch the
basal sources of changes in the organism due to infections—a knowledge deplorably ab-
sent in many who are attempting to unravel the double skein of bacteriology and bio-

chemistry In his life he added lustre to his Department ; and after his death his fame
continues and will remain.

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 843

throughout the land, whose discretion and diagnostic ability
was desired by the Federal authorities in the outbreak of foot-
and-mouth disease in New England, whose value as a consulta-
tion veterinarian, as well as an investigator in infections, the
University of Pennsylvania, the State of Pennsylvania, the Fed-
eral authorities and veterinarians at large well know—under Dr.
Pearson’s direction the question of immunization of cattle
against tuberculosis is being investigated. The work has been
under way for at least eight years and is still being continued.
Drs. Pearson and Gilliland, the latter assistant bacteriologist
of the Live Stock Board of Penn., have reported their results
and conclusions, reached so far, in a concise paper printed in
the Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Ar-
chives. In 1901 they attempted to determine, first, the influ-
ence of Koch’s original tuberculin upon the resistance of cattle
to tuberculosis, and concluded from experiment with four cows
that subcutaneous injections of the toxin of the tubercle bacilli
had some influence in increasing the resistance of two of the
cows to a feeding tuberculosis.” Second, they determined from
numerous experiments that the sputum of persons suffering
from consumption and cultures of tubercle bacilli made from
such sputum are usually comparatively non-virulent for cat-
tle.* Third, it was observed that a given culture of sputum
tubercle bacilli is incapable of producing serious disease in such
quantities as it may be necessary to use in an attempt to in-
crease an animal’s resistance to tuberculosis, indeed their injec-
tions of enormous quantities of tubercle bacilli from human
sputum into the blood beneath the skin of bovines, into the
peritoneal cavity or into the lungs showed that in these cases
cattle were refractory to the disease and, like de Schweinitz,
they believe that these injections of human tubercle bacilli in-
crease the resistance to cultures of bovine origin.* Fourth,

1 Nov,, 1902.

2 Supra cito. Pp. 2 and 3.
8 Supra cito. P. 5.
4

Pp. 6 and g.

844 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

their repeated injections, intravenously, of large quantities of
tubercle bacilli of human origin into young cattle and their
findings led them to conclude that these injections increased the
resistance of these cattle to virulent tubercle bacilli of bovine
origin. ‘The intravenous injections of human bacilli may be in-
creased to such an extent that young cattle are not injured by
inoculation with quantities of such cultures that are capable of
causing death or extensive infection of cattle not similarly pro-
tected.’

For the past two years the work of experiment and observa-
tion on the broad question of a practical vaccination against bo-
vine tuberculosis has been continued in Philadelphia. Dr. S.
H. Gilliland, in place of Dr. Pearson, read a provisional report
at the St. Louis meeting of the A. V. M. A. of the work on this
question of immunity being done by the Penn. Live Stock San-
itary Board. ‘Their Board is to print a full account of their ex-
periments conducted during the last two years, either this win-
ter or during the early spring. Doubtless it will be as impor-
tant a monograph as the previous publication of the Board.” Dr.
Pearson was in Europe during the past summer, studying, we
believe, the work of Maragliano on the question. The lines in
which the investigators in Philadelphia are pursuing their ex-
periments are indicated in Pearson and Gilliland’s previous pub-
lication. They wish to determine: 1, the duration of a possible
immunity; 2, its.effect in protecting cattle against a natural in-
fection ; 3, what quantity of a non-virulent tubercle culture can
produce a serviceable immunity.®

2. In Europe: Germany , Great Britain.

A. Germany.

Because Geheimrath Professor B. von Behring of the Uni-
versity of Marburg, Germany, has become renowned throughout
Europe and the world by reason of his investigations on the

l Pie

2 Tuberculosis in cattle and the Penn. plan for its repression—Pearson and Gilliland,
L.S.5S. B. bulletin No. 75.

8 Supra cito, Weeaee

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 845

question of vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, because he
won the Nobel prize at Stockholm in rgo2 for his speech in
which he disclosed his discoveries in the immunization of cattle
—which was believed to be one of the most important revela-
tions in veterinary medicine in modern times, and because, for
the same reason, he was made a count by the German emperor,
it would be well for me to write zz extenso upon his whole pro-
cedure, I shall therefore give an exposition of the subject and
explain: 1, his definition of immunization; 2, his method; 3,
his aim; 4, his results; 5, his conclusions; 6, recent trial of
his method in Germany.

(a) Von Behring’s definition of immunization.

As there is nothing more fallacious than to decry a man’s
work without understanding his point of view, it is well to re-
member von Behring’s definition of immunization. He prefers
to use the word ‘ Jennerization”’ rather than immunization,
alike to render tribute to the discoverer of vaccination against
small-pox, Dr. Jenner, as well as to enforce his meaning.
“ Jennerization,” he says, is the protection of an individual
against infection through intentional inoculation of a modifica-
tion of the same virus which produces the disease against which
protection is sought—of a modification which by proper appli-
cation is harmless to the individual we choose to protect. The
central word of his definition is, of course, the word “ protec-
tion,” the interpretation of which is that Jennerization is an
endeavor to raise the resistance of an individual, either tempo-
rarily or permanently, against an infection by inoculation with
the modified virus mentioned. With that caution character-
istic of the Germans, von Behring is careful to say that in his
studies of Jennerization of cattle against tuberculosis he does
not pretend at the present time to have found an absolutely
harmless tuberculous virus for inoculating young cattle. In
his researches at Marburg he tried to find a modified virus for
inoculating purposes by working on pure cultures of tubercle
bacilli derived from human sources, on cultures originally taken

$46 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

from an avian tuberculosis, and finally on a culture of tubercu-
losis of bovine origin which was reduced in virulency by treat-
ment with trichloride of iodine. Like de Schweinitz and Pear-
son, he found that human tubercle bacilli are reduced in viru-
lence after having been grown on artificial media for a long
time. Accordingly in his Jennerization experiments he invari-
ably employed this kind of attenuated virus.'

(6) His method ; kind of material used ; how put up ; dosages.

This particular kind of attenuated virus is put in order in
uniform dosages for protective inoculations. Von Behring dif-
fers from others in that he prepares his toxins in the dry state.
For protective inoculation the virus consists of attenuated but
living tubercle bacilli, we repeat, of human origin the state and
effect of which has been examined thoroughly in the Institute
for Experimental Therapy in Marburg. When kept in sealed
glass tubes even for a period of thirty days, these bacilli remain
unimpaired in their action on cattle and can be used for immu-
nization within that time. Each tube furnished by the Institute
contains an exactly weighed quantity of tubercle bacilli—1oo
milligrams, or twenty-five doses of four milligrams each.

When tubes are to be used the method is as follows: The
whole content of a tube is pulverized into a mortar in the dry
state and then rubbed into a homogeneous emulsion by gradual
addition of 2 to 3 cub. c.m. of a boiled and subsequently cooled
I per cent. salt solution. This emulsion is then poured into a
graduated cylinder of 50 c.c. capacity, care being taken that
every part of it is washed out of the mortar by rinsing repeated-
ly with the salt solution until the cylinder contains exactly 40
c.c. The contents of the cylinder are now tranferred to a
sterile wide-mouthed flask holding 100 c.c., and ten more cub.
c.m. of the salt solution are used for rinsing the cylinder and
are added to the 4oc.c. in the flask which now holds so c.c. of
the virus ready for injection, of which 2 c.c. represents the
proper dose for the first inoculation, provided that the tube con-

1 For von Behring’s definition, etc., see his article in 7he Journal of Tuberculosis,
Jan., 1903. Karl von Ruck, editor, Asheville, N. C.

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 847

tains 25 doses or 100 milligrams.’ The virus having been pre-
pared, either in the above manner or else on fresh serum, the
remainder is easy: I, operate on young bovines, from five to
seven months old, which have not reacted to tuberculin; 2, give
them by intravenous injection a first dose of 0.oor gram. of a
culture on serum from four to six weeks old; 3, four weeks
later make a second intravenous injection with a dose twenty-
five times stronger 0.0025 gram. of the same culture.” There
are two methods, therefore, protect inoculation with what were
dry bacilli emulcified as stated, protective inoculation with a
fresh serum culture.

(c) Hts atm.

Professor von Behring’s aiin is to greatly heighten the re-
sistance of young cattle, if not permanently immunize them, to
bovine tuberculosis. It is his present belief that young cattle

up to six months of age can receive a successful protective in-
‘oculation, although already tuberculous, provided they do not
already show any other symptoms of tuberculosis except a high
degree of susceptibility to tuberculin.” The protective inocula-
tions with dry tubercle bacilli and with fresh serum cultures
have at present (Sept., 1902) been performed in such num-
bers that we need entertain no serious apprehensions of doing
harm. In more than one hundred cattle, aged three to twelve
months, thus inoculated no harmful consequences have been
observed. In a village near Marburg, Wehada, two such ani-
mals were slaughtered several months after the protective inoc-
ulations and they were found to be in an excellent state of nu-
trition and free from tuberculosis. His aim has been to estab-
lish the harmlessness of the method on the one hand, and on
the other hand to vindicate his opinion that the inoculation
with a virus of human origin will superinduce an immunity to
tuberculosis of bovine origin.

1 Supra cito, Jour of Tub., Jan., 1903.
? Beitrage Zur Experimentallen Therapie, Oct., Igo2.

3 See Jour. of Tub., Jan., 1903.

848 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

(ad) Fits results.

If the question be asked in what manner do cattle, which
have previously been treated with a protective inoculation, re-
spond when infected with bovine virus, he would answer. With
the increased resistance to infection by the inoculation of virus
formed from dried tubercle bacilli there is developed a like re-
sistance to infection with bovine virus. This he hopes even-
tually to establish beyond reasonable scientific doubt. ‘The re-
sults of his investigations show not only: 1, that the inocu-
lated animals are immune to an experimental (inoculated) bovine
tuberculosis; but, 2, that those inoculated with human tubercu-
losis remain protected against a bovine tuberculosis of natural
origin; that is to say, they are free from tuberculosis when ex-
posed in an infected herd of cattle.

(e) Hits conclusions.

Enthusiastic over the question as von Behring is, he be-
lieves his experience warrants: 1, that his method should be
tried with the economic purpose of attempting to suppress, or at
least to restrict, bovine tuberculosis; 2, though he is con-
vinced of the positiveness of its value in the restriction of the
disease he wishes to inquire into the temporal quality or perma--
pency of the immunity and to test the method widely in Ger-
many and elsewhere.

(f) Recent trial of his method tn Germany.

Melde’ is testing the truth of von Behring’s statements by
the inoculation of cattle in Marburg, Kirchheim. and Franken-
burg. Altogether he has inoculated one hundred and twenty-
five cattle in Kirchheim and Frankenburg, time he believes
will be necessary to test the validity of the methods. He de-
sires to test: 1, whether by von Behring’s method immunized
cattle withstand the natural tuberculous infection ; 2, for what
leneth of time immunized cattle are protected against a tuber-
culous infection; 3, whether two inoculations suffice to confer
upon the animals a constant immunity; 4, in what way and

1Vid. Berliner Thierarzt. Wochenschrift, Dec., 1902.

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS. 849

with what financial sacrifice can the immunization of cattle be
applied in practice.
B. Great Britain.

We hear much, when scientific speculation is under discus-
sion, of the faculty called scientific imagination. The value of
the speculations of this particular faculty of the human mind,
whatever it is defined to be, is usually based upon the quantity
and variety of experience. experimental, observational or other-
wise which the man has who possesses it. In science this fac-
ulty is largely possessed only by men who belong to the first
order in discovery. Professor John McFadyean, Principal of
the Royal Veterinary College, London, long known as a pro-
found student of tuberculosis, and lately famous as a scientific
controversialist, in 1902, and since, has been investigating the
question of immunization of cattle against tuberculosis. His
long experience in scientific investigation and his undoubted
leadership in scientific scholarship, make his thought on the
question of immunization of value, even though as yet it is
comparatively in the speculative stage and has not fully taken
the form of conclusions tallying with many experiments in in-
oculation. He has conducted some experiments chiefly to test
the remedial and immunizing value of tuberculin in bovine tu-
berculosis.

The questions for which he is attempting to find solutions
are: Do all individuals of the common breeds of European cat-
tle share in the susceptibility which appears to be an attribute
of the species regarded as a whole, or do any of them possess
such natural powers of resistance to infection as would entitle
them to becalled immune? . . . . Some individuals escape the
disease.-;7 287 Do these fortunate individuals owe their escape
to powers of resistance above the average—in other words to a
practically useful degree of immunity or to the fact that in spite
of the apparent uniformity of the conditions, they have had to
offer resistance to a smaller quantity of infective material than

iw © © @

Do individuals of the bovine species acquire immunity as the

850 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

result of recovery from a first attack of tuberculosis, whether
contracted naturally or induced experimentally? ‘Tubercu-
losis has frequently beeu cited as a disease in which no im-
munity is conferred by a first attack. Clinical observations of
human beings are alleged to support the statement that such
persons have successive attacks of the disease. . . . . The abey-
ance is only a retrogression of lesions. At any rate the only
evidence that would be at all convincing in such cases would be
that furnished by the application of the tuberculin test to the
supposed convalescent, or by a careful post-mortem examination
of all his organs. During recent years the application of the
tuberculin test to animals of the bovine species has, in some in-
stances, appeared to point to the complete recovery of some in-
dividuals; but, as far as the writer (McFadyean) is aware, no
reliable evidence of the re-infection of such animals has been
placed on record, nor has evidence of complete resistance to
such infection, after apparent recovery, been sought for experi-
mentally.’

Professor McFadyean recounts, also, his observations in ex-
periments conducted on cattle which had naturally a high re-
sistance to bovine tuberculosis. He, like the Americans and
the Germans, inoculated intravenously such cattle, negative to
tuberculin, with attenuated but living virus from human origin
and has concluded: 1, whatever may have been the degree of
natural immunity, it was increased by successive intravenous
inoculations to which they were subjected; 2, the immunity
was not absolute but it may be doubted whether a degree of re-
sistance that would meet that term is obtainable by any method
in cattle.? Furthermore in his report to the Royal Agricul-
tural Society on his experiments, differing here from von Behr-
ing who stoutly maintains the practicability of inoculation
against bovine tuberculosis, McFadyean observes: it is not pre-

1Vid. Jour. Comp. Path. and Therapeutics, Vol. XVI, P. 136.
Also—/Jour. Comp. Path, and Therapeutics, Vol. XV. Part 1. Pp. 60-71,

® Jour. of Comp. Path. and Therapeutics, Vol. XVI., Pt. 1, Pp. 60-71, March,
1902,

VACCINATION AGAINST TURERUULOSIS. — 851

tended that the experiments foreshadow a practical method of
vaccinating cattle on a large scale against tuberculosis ; but it is
something to have established that animals of that species can
have a very high degree of immunity against the disease con-
ferred on them.’

If we should winnow away from their writings, statements
proceeding from superabundance of zeal (well enough in its
place) on the part of observers and experimenters in immuni-
zation against bovine tuberculosis and attempt to calmly sort
out what is known from what is unknown we must set in order,
categorically, the facts as follows.

It is now known:

1. That certain cattle in many communities or regions,
irrespective, seemingly, of breed or environment, either
because of a natural or acquired resistance are, when
tuberculin tests are made upon them, temporarily, and
barely possibly permanently, immune to bovine tubercu-
losis under a natural exposure.

2. Intravenous injections of attenuated but living virus of
human origin (the bacilli in which have been grown for
many generations on laboratory media) raise the resis-
tance of cattle, negative to tuberculin, and thought not
to be tuberculous. ‘The protection furnished is against
the infection by bovine tuberculosis by a natural ex-
posure.

It has not been determined :

1. Whether the immunity, if such it can be called, is evan-
escent and temporary, or whether it 1s permanent.

2. Whether the protection acquired by the methods at

present employed has such a serviceable duration as

will make it of economic importance.

What the duration of the protection is.

4. Whether it is possible by any procedure to bring about a
“ serviceable” immunity, or a “useful”? immunity, z. e.

a

1 Vid., same Jour., Mch., 1902.

852 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

an immunity which will be of practical value in animal
industries and commerce.

These, indeed, seem to be the only phases of the subject
which at present have captivation for the scientific mind. The
endeavor is to obtain sonie method of immunization which will
be of sufficient value to be employed in the restriction and
diminution of the disease among cattle: its suppression is an
ulterior question. If that can be done it would be a great boon
and similar methods would be employed in tuberculosis among
other animals. Light seems to be breaking in upon our dark-
ness. The enlightennmient may have for us as radical changes
in its wake as the discoveries of Jenner and Pasteur had in
human medicine. We hope it will.

A “ HOME” FOR HorsEs.—A young Massachusetts woman,
who inherited a large sui of money, has started, near the vil-
lage of Stowe, some twenty-five miles out of Boston, a home for
horses. The place is called Red Acre Farm, and on it are to be
seen all kinds of old, worn-out and crippled horses, from the
thoroughbred to draught type. The farm was opened in May,
1903. The horses are taken there, given treatment if necessary,
and after a long rest and good care many turn out to be ‘‘cred-
itable to the farm.” Afterwards these are returned to careful
owners, fitted to bear life’s burdens, but not until they are en-
tirely rehabilitated are they allowed to be taken from the place.
The farm is the only one of its kind in America, and is shelter-
ing hundreds of horses which need care and kindness.

EGYPTIAN CATTLE PLAGUE.—Lortet wishes the French
government to take immediate cognizance of the present cattle
plague, the Khedive having addressed him on the subject. He
seems to find some connection between this plague and the
cholera of 1903, which killed 100,000 people ; with the bubonic
plague of the same year, which claimed 800 victims; with the
epidemic of trypanosomiasis in 1904, which killed 400,000 ne-
eroes; and with the chicken cholera of this year, which practi-
cally destroyed all the domestic fowl of lower and middle Egypt.
The Boers tried immunizing injections of the bile of infected
animals, which either saved other animals or apparently killed
them instantly. Serums have been tried so far without result,
but Lortet advises the study of the pyrosomes found in the red
corpuscles of infected cattle.—(Lyon Medical, May 15.)

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 853

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES FEEDING ON HORSES
AT REST.

By P. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN, ITHACA, N. Y.

Presented to the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical
Society, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

The use of molasses as a food for stock was suggested by
Hermstadt, as early as 1811. In Europe it has been used as a
stock food for a number of years. In some countries it has been
subject to taxation, and its cost, therefore, has been an important
factor in determining its general use. In Austria-Hungary dur-
ing I900—I9OI, six per cent., and in Germany 27.6 per cent. of
the total product of molasses was used for feeding purposes. It
has been fed largely to cattle with the idea of improving the
quality of the beef and in some cases of increasing the milk
production. It was found that when molasses was used, the hay
and grain might be diminished and that it rendered food of a
poorer quality more palatable. It was fed in quantities ranging
from 5 to 12% pounds per day.

Some experiments in molasses feeding were carried on by
Dr. Griffin in Porto Rico from 1898 to 1901. ‘Thirty-five
pounds of grass and 13 to 15 pounds of molasses were used as a
daily ration. When beginning the new ration there was an
average loss of 27 pounds in weight. This loss, however, was
soon made up and the animals gained over the original weight.
He found that the horses did more work and presented a better
appearance as a result of the molasses feed and the cost of their
maintenance was reduced from 27 cents to 15 cents per day.

Dr. Liautard, of Paris, reports, concerning molasses peat, that
there is no danger nor inconvenience in its use; that the general
condition, muscular power, energy to work and the health of
the animal remained perfect. The coat presenting a better and
more glossy appearance. ‘That when subject to colic and indi-
gestion, the attacks are less severe, less frequent and sometimes
disappear.

In 1902 Berns experimented with molasses upon two un-
thrifty horses weighing 900 and 940 pounds respectively, feed-

$54 P. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

ing one quart of molasses diluted with three quarts of water
three times a day with some grain and hay. ‘There was no con-
stipation nor indigestion. In six weeks horse No. 1 had gained
175 pounds and No. 2, 146 pounds. A number of truck horses
were also experimented with. All improved in condition ; the
general health was excellent, acute indigestion and spasmodic
colic were rare, although they had been frequent before the ex-
periment.

The Colonial Sugar Co. of Fiji, Australia, also report experi-
ments with molasses. ‘They fed at one time as much as 30
pounds per day, but believing this too high they reduced the
ammount to 15 pounds per day as a steady diet, given along with
3 pounds of bran and 4 pounds of corn with as many green cane
tops as the animal could eat. Some constipation had been no-
ticed and the bran was given to correct it. They concluded
that an albuminoid ratio as low (wide) as 1: 11.8 is suitable for
heavy continuous work. (1.13 pounds of digestible albuminoid,
13.30 pounds of carbohydrates including 0.24 pounds fat—r:
11.8). Such ration they believe to be suitable in a tropical
climate. No undue fattening, softness nor injury to wind was
observed.

Grandeau’s experiments showed sugar to possess a coefficient
of digestibility amounting to 100, z. ¢., all the sugar was di-
gested, none being found in the droppings. The thirst was not
increased, in fact, it was a fraction less than when sugar was not
used. Other experimentors also report quite uniformly favor-
able results.

As a result of the testiniony in numerous reports the follow-
ing conclusions seem warranted :

Good molasses is a highly nutritive food, easily digested, and
assimilated, and in some cases at least corrects faulty digestion.

One quart of molasses at 3 cents will take the place of three
to four quarts of good oats at 4% to 6 cents.

The sudden change from dry oats to molasses mixed with
other food stuffs is safe and causes no marked disturbance of the
digestive organs.

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 855

Molasses fed horses will do as much or more work and re-
main as a rule in much better general condition.

The cost of feeding, depending upon locality, may be re-
duced from 25 per cent. to 33 percent. Insome localities there
is no reduction. In general, molasses may be considered as a
product containing sugar that cannot be crystallized by any.
known method. Its composition is to a certain extent variable
and the following would perhaps represent an average analysis :

Witte tetetete toe sw. woos oes
Dry substances containing :
RiCeOSeROUSeMbsudICeSs. . ... . . . . (enemas
Sugar... eee ot.
PME COUSE i. fk nly Ce
Saltsee ct) saat ; HOT, 2

Molasses contains from I per cent. to 1.5 per cent. of nitro-
gen, sometimes more. It is reported that sugar molasses pos-
sesses greater activity than sugar alone. Its nourishing value
is high and it is easily assimilated. Being soluble, it requires
but little digestive action and in this way there is some saving
of the vital energy of the organism. Molasses or sugar is readily
diffusible, the osmotic processes are rapid and the passage
through the intestinal tube into the circulation is not prolonged.
Because the osmotic action is rapid, it is doubtful if there is
complete oxidation of the sugar. Assuming that the blood is
not able to supply sufficient oxygen for complete transforma-
tion, there probably results a stored up energy for subsequent
tissue and fat formation. Kellner found molasses to be four
times as valuable for flesh production as ripe wheat straw.
Meat from molasses-fed cattle has been pronounced of first class
quality.

As compared with sugar, starch must undergo considerable
modification and various changes before it can undergo assimi-
lation. |

Up to the present, there has been no record of toxic effects
from molasses feeding. Occasionally diarrhcea has been re-
ported, presumably due to the salts in the molasses; on the
other hand some have reported constipation, which has usually
been corrected by the addition of a little bran to the feed.

856 Pp. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

Some untoward effects and inconveniences incident to the
use of molasses have been reported. It has been believed by
some that molasses tends to cause miscarriage in pregnant cows
and that in young animals it appears to have a tendency to
cause softening of the bones, unless calcium phosphate be added
to the diet. |

As examples of inconvenience may be mentioned the smear-
ing of the manger and parts of the stall, the body of the animal,
clothing, stable implements, and serving to attract the flies in
warm seasons. In summer there is some danger of fermenta-
tion and the bursting of the barrel. As a result of fermentation
there is loss of sugar, practically rendering the molasses unfit
for use. With a good grade of molasses, the keeping qualities
are good, and there is not much danger of fermentation. It
should contain not over 20 to 22 per cent. of water. If there is
25 per cent. of water there is danger of change. \

EXPERIMENTS.

Experiments in molasses feeding were conducted upon three
horses at the New York State Veterinary College. No. I was
under observation from Dec. 21, 1903, to April 2, 1904. No. 2,
from Jan. 18 to Feb. 4, 1904. No. 3, from Feb. 5 to April 18,
rg04. ‘These animals were brought to the college to be dis-
posed of. They were all well along in years, and were not
therefore in the best of condition.

They were under observation for a week before the experi-
ments began, in order to determine as well as possible, their
normal conditions. After the experiments were concluded, the
observations were still continued, upon two of them, for a week
or more longer. A total of eighty examinations of the urine
were made, and the body weight was taken at regular intervals
throughout the whole period of observation. No. 1 was a mare
badly affected with the heaves, but otherwise was apparently in
very good condition. Her age was estimated at 12 years. Her
weight, the evening the experiment was begun, was 892 pounds.
She was kept in her stall throughout the experiment and re-

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 857

ceived no exercise further than a walk to the scales three times
a week, a distance of about one-eighth of a mile.

Beginning Dec. 21, her urine was examined daily up to Dec.
25. The average of these determinations is shown in the fol-
lowing table:

Specific Sy: Sea...

molds); >. Soe us ss a Oe Gem)
SLUT Ce TES oe 2b . > 4% pees m
SI pliatCS etre >. RG st
Ipaeopiiateseire sae >... . si 2. 3) (OCS
LET sue ot ee 2 5. eS = -
CTE Ge Se os 0 Absent

eugar. ...

The formula Peecmmiended ie De Beene was used in a modi-
fied form. Corn meal being omitted and some oats substituted.
Because the mare was doing no work she was put on half ra-
tions. For the month previous to the experiment she had been
getting about 1.5 pints of oats; 2.5 quarts bran, and 6 pounds
of wet hay twice daily.

On the evening of Dec. 24th, she was put on the following
ration :

MASSE Ge eke. ee
1S Se a het <a TIES
CH CITE ee le: ee . . . » as:
Oats’. . Jie aa epee. 1D.
Resistance cose eB . . Saas Pts.

The hay, oats and bran were Prive firs and then the di-
luted molasses slowly added and mixed thoroughly. This was
refused at first, but the feed was all gone the next morning.
After three or four days she ate the mixture readily. She was
fed morning and night.

On Dec. 28th her weight was 878 pounds, showing a loss of
14 pounds since the 24th. As she ate her bedding and seemed
hungry, it was thought best in connection with her loss fof
weight, to increase the ration to the following amount:

Molasses cu © . GE
Water’. s05 es: . . 3/@ES:
Cnt Hay =e . Ralls
Oats. . DBE
Bran. 2 es

The average ee a6 urinary examinations taken since the

858 Pp. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

24th, and the period of increased ration gave the following
results :

Specific gravity ieee 1.031

Solids .. .°: .---eeeer. |. . 73.305 pemmera
Chlorides... . ors . *8J080 Rane
Sulphates... 1.5 4:
Phosphates . . eee le.) T08 ss
Urea. . > 52 Mee... 20, a
Sugar. . </2 eee... .-Absent
Albumin .o25: oe

Comparing the two tables, there is found to be a loss in all
of the solids except the phosphates, which are increased.

In spite of the increased ration the weight of the animal
continued to decrease, and she did not regain her weight of
Dec. 28th until Jan. r2th. She had been weighed seven times
in the interval, and the average of these weights was found to
be 865.39 pounds. Seven urinary determinations were also
made during this period. The average of these is as follows:

Specific gravity “eee. | Os Cs: CL O434
Solids. . ...|) ees... Cw... 9885” “per page
Chlorides’. .. = S.C w:(C“StC SC «C'S5.8O ee
Sulphates . .. 33. |... 85 ee
Phospltates .» 3 el e
Urea... . . eee S.A Jo
Alpuinin . .-)2 eee. «|. |... Absent
Sugar. .....¢ =e = - ~~. Lee Sesame

On Dec. 30th, a trace of sugar was noticed in the urine.
This increased somewhat in amount later and averaged about
0.33 per cent. too.42 percent. A comparison with the other
urinary tables shows that during this period of decreased weight
there was an increased amount of solid constituents in the urine,
except urea, which had fallen to nearly one-third of the amount
found in the normal urine. The sulphates are also somewhat
lower than found in the normal, but higher than in table No. 2.

During the next period from Jan. 12th to Jan. 25th- the ani-
mal was weighed seven times, and the average of these weights
amounted to 872.9 pounds, a gain over the preceding period,
but still about 20 pounds less than the normal weight. Six
urinary examinations were made during this period with the
following results :

THE EFFECT OF

MOLASSES.

859

Sobedses? 55 et . 91.258 per 1000
Specific gravity / TOZOF
Chlorides . . 1 Eig ‘f
SlphatesnTeree sgn. |. 2.08
PpnesphHatesis) f+: . pees -
lWikeaten ee Sto y 13.08 us
Albumin... . Present

Sugar. . ag

With a slight increase in weight there is a corresponding
decrease in the urinary solids, except in the case of the sulphates.
On Jan. 18th the presence of albumin was noted. It was also
present on Jan. 20th and Jan. 22d, but had disappeared by Jan.
25th.

On Jan. 25th there was added to the ration 4 oz. of dried
blood from which the serum had been previously removed. The
addition of the blood did not lessen the animal’s eagerness for the
food. No further change was made in the diet until Feb. 8th.
During this period the animal was weighed five times and the
average weight was 883.6 pounds. A gain of 10.5 pounds over
the preceding period. Five urinary examinations were also
made with the following results :

Specie stawityw. os wl. . 1.0402

NOMS. ee, e . 93.666 per 1000
Chlorides... a:
sulphates! 2... 0.8
Phosphates . . 1.23

Urea. . MIATA: elias aie i. ae ce
Albumin... . . Absent

Sugar. . . Present

Owing to an error the chlorides were not correctly reported,
and they are therefore omitted. In spite of the increased albu-
min in the diet there was no appearance of it in the urine,
although the sugar persisted.

On Feb. 8th the diet was again changed by reducing the
amount of molasses to 1 pint for each ration until Feb. 15th.
The horse was weighed four times during this period, and the
average weight obtained was 885.7 pounds, showing a gradual
gain. Four urinary examinations were also made, with the fol-
lowing average:

Speewic sraviggeme:. we 1.1043

860 Pp. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

Solids... . 4.3.20 0 |) TOS Oy epee rege
Chlorides, . \: », Ree a

Sulphates. .\;, | 22ers. . Lrace
Phosphates... queer. 1618 a
Wea: .. 0.) 2 ees 2 23. “
Albumin... :: 2) See so: " Absent

SMP AT. 2 1: Mee | PLESETEE

The gain in urea is Moticeable. In the urine of Feb. 13th
it was found that the sugar had disappeared, probably on account
of the lessened amount in the ration.

From Feb. 15th to Feb. 22d no molasses was fed. The
ration consisted of :

Bran.

Esugiuse
Oats. |
Long haw 20) tr. ae . 6 Ibs.

This was fed morning na Hipht. The horse was weighed
three times in this period and gave the average weight of 889.1

pounds. Three urinary examinations were made with the fol-
lowing average:

Specific Saale “eee. . ww. 6.088

Solidss. 012, eee. . . . .. 85.54 penmoas
Citlordes 4. Teen... } ALGOT sae
Sulphates.. :12) eu SC ;C~“<t:=‘“S:*:*é‘CS*té‘ S:*Cid AUN’
Phosphates. Sa ss) ss NGO te
UWiteal):: Sy As OLS us
Albumin. . oe >... Absent
Sugar. . .| Soe ee 2) |. erage

The gain in urea and Bee ehice | in phosphates is very notice-
able. Although the animal was receiving no molasses a trace
of sugar during the middle of this period and persisted. On
Feb. 22d she was given a pint of molasses diluted with water,
sprinkled over her hay. On Feb. 25th her weight was 896
pounds. A gain of 6.9 pounds over the previous period or a
gain of 4 pounds over her original and normal weight at the be-
ginning of the experiment Dec. 24th. Urinary examinations
were made Feb. 25th and Feb. 27th with the following average :

Specific sre ee? Siar so. | T.OFe

Solids. ; a. ee. . . 93.20 Meneame
Snore) $$$ «x | Oa ee oy 0
Sulphatestues 6. eee... . Trace
Phosphiatemmes - > - : ame. . . . O75 Ay
Albumin. . ... ome... . Absent

Sugar, . lw! ee... PYeSEmE

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 861

On Feb. 27th the experiment was discontinued, but the ani-
mal was kept under observation until April 2d. During this
period she was weighed 12 times and an average weight of 861.8
pounds was obtained. Eleven urinary examinations were made
and these averaged as follows:

Specific es Bp le ae
Solids... mae ss we. RPL Sg gta OO
Bilomdcceeeer ts 2... oe ee os
RelMdecote pee ee is eee

rts biates es mmemie) t) oO 0 ee ba
USE So 2 oe ae ee ot

Traces of sugar Pencared Mar. 1st and Mar. 5th. Traces of
albumin also appeared Mar. 12th and Mar. 17th. No positive
tests for these substances were obtained at any other time dur-
ing this period.

The condition of the animal through the molasses period
was excellent ; her coat presented a fine apperance and her gen-
eral health was good. ‘There was no evidence of either consti-
pation or diarrhcea, and no noticeable effect seemed to be pro-
duced upon the heaves. At times she was quite frisky and play-
ful. When she was put on her former ration without molasses,
a marked falling off took place as shown by the average loss of
34.2 pounds in weight and lessened vigor generally. A sum-
mary of the urinary examinations is shown in the appended
table.

HORSE No. I.
Date. Weight. Sp.Gr. Solids. Chlor. Sulph. Phosph. Urea. Alb. Sugar.

Decp2t—2555... $92 I.041 95.53 13-45 2.25 0,84) s35s25me

DEG S252 Gree 1S E.031 73339 $8.09 1.5 1,08) 2Osmeeee nee
Dec. 28-Jan. 12, 865 1.042 98.85 15.80 Tathsy 2 13:14 Present
anh t 22a gee S73 T1089), O1.20) (11-57 2.08 1.98 13.08 Present“
Jan. 25—Feb, 8. . 883.6 1.040 93.66 .... Q.8 1:27 DAG2neeeere *
Feb, 8=15.:.... NOSE MEET OASUTONe2 vine.) | Trace. \I.13) 123% i
Heby (5-22 eermesoee (1.038 985.54 4.97 Sco) O10 magne Trace
Feb, 22-27..... 896 1.040 93.20 4.362 | (0.75) 35:5) aE CSEEE
Feb. 27—Apr. 2. 861.8 1.0426 99.34 3.998 ue 1.25 32.9

The urinary figures in this table represent parts per 1000.

No. 2 was a mare well along in years and in good condition.
Her weight, averaged from four weighings, before the experi-
ment, was 912 pounds. Her ration had been 4 quarts of bran
and 5 or 6 pounds of long hay morning and night. Daily tests

862 Pp. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

were made of her urine from Jan.

18th to Jan. 25th inclusive,

and the normal average was as follows :

Specific gravity . 1.0342

Solids. 79.88 per 1000
Chlorides. . 7.722 “t
Sulphates. . 1 i
Phosphates . . 108 HY
Wirea. jou. 5 eee Renee is
Albumin. . Absent

Sugar chee

On the evening e jam asth phe. Polasces ration
(morning and night) as follows:

ce

was begun

Molasses: <..’-.¢ aya . Ng
Water...) et . B.gts:
Brame . 3 .Qts:
Cut hay . / Galbss

Like No. 1 she refused fe feed at est, but had cleaned her
box by the next morning. The next day there was a suspicious
trace of sugar in the urine, which became more pronounced the
day following, and persisted until the end of the experiment,
Feb. 4th.

The average weight of the animal from Jan. 26th to Feb.
4th was 947 pounds—a gain of 35 pounds over her normal
weight. At no time during the molasses feeding did her weight
fall to normal. During this period seven urine examinations
were inade and the following average was obtained :

Specific gravity; eee (CC !CC.:CLOR BA

Solids ....° xe... .. .77,88 “per 1008
Chlorides.: . 2 eere. . ; ee

Sulphates’ > aE 8 ORF
Phosphates... eae? - -- . &. 0.47 ie
Urea.) 2.5 =, cs QS fe
Albumin: . (See =. Ce Cf. 6 ADSent

Sugars ae ae Present

Thevemest decree in urea during the molasses ration is
very striking. On her way back from the scales, Feb. 4th, the
mare fell on the ice and required assistance to rise. When re-
turned to her stall she showed labored breathing and again lay
down. She could not be induced to rise, and as she seemed to
be in a serious condition, she was killed and a post-mortem held
the next morning. The point of the ilium was found to be
fractured ; there was also some hemorrhage in the sublumbar

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 863

region. Some frothy blood was noted near the duodenum. The
diaphragm was ruptured and the intestines protruded into the
thoracic cavity. Whether this resulted from the fall or not we
do not care to say. Ruptured diaphragms are encountered oc-
casionally in the dissection room, probably as a result of bloat-
ing. In this case there was an interval of about fifteen hours
between the death and the post-mortem, and the cool February
weather was not especially conducive to fermentation processes.
In the dissection it was noticed that the tissues seemed to have
a greasy “‘ feel,” suggesting the presence of fluid fat.

A series of five blood examinations was made before the
molasses was fed, and a similar number made while it was be-
ing fed. The average of each series is as follows:

Red cells. Leucocytes.
BerOrenOlasseseen. . . .. . . 7;1254ee 5,265
During molasses... . 2. 2 5 OGeees 5,434

The balance of the red ells is; in favor of the normal period,
while for the leucocytes a small balance is shown in favor of the
molasses. The result is interesting, but more experiments are
necessary before arriving at definite conclusions as to the effect
of the molasses upon the blood.

No. 3. This subject was a mare well along in years, afflict-
ed with sweeny but otherwise in quite fair condition. From
Feb. 5th to Feb. 13th her ration consisted of 3 quarts of oats and
5 pounds of hay, morning and night. Her average weight dur-
ing this period was 704.5 pounds. Through an unfortunate
misunderstanding the records of the normal urine were not kept
completely and cannot therefore be used for reference, except
that it was determined that no albumin nor sugar were present.

A prepared food was used in this experiment, consisting of
blood, molasses and chopped cereal. ‘The proportions of the in-
gredients not being given. The use of this food was begun on
the evening of Feb. 13th by withdrawing some of the oats and
substituting the same amount of the new food, until on the 17th
she was getting the proportion recommended by the manufac-
turers, namely: 1.5 quarts of oats, 2.5 quarts of the prepared
food with the hay as usual. This proportion was continued

864 P. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

until Feb. 25th. During this period her average weight in-
creased to 727.1 pounds. ‘Three urinary examinations were also
made during this period with the following average :

Specific gravity? eee). . | ~T.0360
Solids.: .. :)/-eee . ... 85.43 -- permaan
Whiorides <= . + re

Sulphates . ME

Phosphates (:55) pee 2279 ty
Urea . .. 3) i Ae 16.6 a
Albumin . 2"). See CS, A DSenIE

Siigar seen . Present Feb. 25th

On the evening of Feb. Seth ies was fed 5 quarts of the
prepared food and the oats were altogether withdrawn. Hay as
usual. This was continued until March 12th. During this
period her average weight increased to 765.4 Seven urinary
examinations were made and gave the following average:

Specific Erev ere, 1.0442

SoOmas!-. .. ) erO2:18 per O00
Chilorides’..-. eee 4.064

Sulphates . . >) 2 Rie L tace

Phosphates ._._ { Spee. 2.45 ie

Urea...) . . 2) 2 25.1 me

Albumin’ ...°. :) ee Present Mar. roth and r2th.
Sugar.

The gain in sola ery urea, is noticeable. From the
evening of March 12th to March 2oth the ration was changed
to 2 quarts of the prepared food, with 3 quarts of bran. Hay as
usual. ‘The average weight for this period increased to 792.8
pounds. Six urinary examinations for this period averaged :

Specific erie _ SSS soy. Coy

Solids Siew eee: |. . . 93.58 per 100ce
Chlorides." EE... «2: «8.36 cc
Sulphates!). ieee eC CS Trace

Phosphates: jee ~~.) e- LL5T os

Utea... -aaee Ce. 20.3 as
Albumin . 73g - a, | . At intervals

Sugar ... oN 6 he a decreasing.

There was a little sugar present at the beginning of this pe-
tiod, but it quickly disappeared. Albumin was found March
17th, 24th and 26th.

During the next period, from March 29th to April 15th, it
was decided to give an increased amount of the molasses

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 865

constituent ; the amount of the bran was reduced a little, with
a corresponding increase in the prepared food; to this was
added 1 pint of molasses morning and night. The animal was
weighed twice during this period and the average was 788
pounds. Four examinations of urine were made and gave the
following average :

SrechIC Stavifyewa . . . wk. LOST

Samus sewers e) . |... . LEE. 26 pee
Raniiacce ieee Cw ACA es
Saaphases men wien . . . .” . >. Draeé

PURO STTEES Be | rr re (3 es

WURER Ge Se oo ee ae

120 (550015 0c eee Beran. - Present, not constant.
pUGar ss 6. i oe ss

From the evening i acl ree to the 18th, inclusive, the
mare was fed 5 quarts of prepared food and 2 quarts of molasses
twice daily, with hay in usual amount, but of a poorer quality.
On the 18th, when the animal was killed, her weight was 851
pounds, showing an increase of 146.5 pounds over her normal
average weight. The urine was examined April 18th and
showed the following results :

Specific sumty” oes. :.. . ..
Solids <.. .. Soe 4. - . le Ee eeoOe
Silotdes cose sno... ll. Oe
SELYSLES TES as CB ay Y=

Oo UTSTLEGSSES 28g a) 2 Ss ar =
2 eb oe Leet ie =: = ec us
Panui eevee eile... | Cw. |. ADS

<1) Oe ee ee en . Pronounced

The decrease in urea is Peinced aaa this may be corre-
lated with the increased carbo-hydrate diet. The following
table is a suminary of the urinary examinations:

HorsE No. 3.

Date. Weight. Sp. Gr. Solids. Chlor. Sulph. Phosph. Urea. Al, Sug.
Feb. 5-13(N’mal) 704.5 .... Rte TORR cee.) cas 3 es
Hebs-13=25 sere eyed. O26) 85.43 220s J... 2.19 16/675 eeeebebseas
Feb. 25-Mar. 12. 765.4 1.048 103.18 4.664 Trace 2.45 25.1 (Mar 10-12)

Present
Mab: 1220. 2-/4)5 = 792.8 1.040 93.58 8.38 a 1.51 20.33 (At intervals)
Mar, 29-Apr. 15. 788 meOA7 7, T1126 A.yaam 6S. 2.78 14.25 Present Present
Apr 85-18). 23.0: 851 1.043 IO0I.19 9.451 a 1.40 9 Absent “

In this table the urinary figures refer to parts per thousand.
Like No. 2, there was an increase in the body weight after

866 Pp. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

the molasses food was used. ‘The animal was in good spirits
throughout and her coat was smooth and glossy. When the
animal was dissected the same greasy condition was noted as in
IN 0:,.2:

After the death of the animal, sections of the liver and kid-
ney were studied histologically. The following report was
kindly furnished by Dr. S. H. Burnett, of the Pathologic De-
partment:

zver.—The liver shows marked parenchymatous degenera-
tion throughout the entire lobules. The cells are swollen so
that the capillaries are very narrow. ‘The cells are coarsely
granular and the nuclei pale. The central vein and the periph-
eral vessels are congested. There are a few leucocytes in the
connective tissue surrounding the peripheral bloodvessels. The
conditions indicate acute parenchymatous hepatitis.

Kidney.—The glomeruli and vessels near them are con-
gested ; the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubules are swollen
and coarsely granular ; the cells of the straight collecting tubules
have lost their granules and are clear, their nuclei seem
shrunken.

In the medulla the epithelial ceils of the smaller collecting
tubules are swollen and coarsely granular, while in the larger tub-
ules the epithelial cells are clear ; the nuclei seem to be shrunken.
The interstitial tissue in the medulla is thickened by a fibrinous
exudate more markedly near the pelvis, while the tubules near
the pelvis have mostly lost their epithelium. There is marked
congestion especially in the middle portion of the medulla.
The indications point toward acute mixed nephritis.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

The various reports upon molasses feeding that we have en-
countered have been uniformly of a favorable nature, but seem
to have been based upon external observations as to the general
health and condition of the animals. The fact that sugar appeared
in the urine of all three of our experimental subjects, soon
after the molasses was given, is interesting and perhaps signifi-
cant. ‘T‘he later appearance of albumin intermittently, in two

THE EFFECT OF MOLASSES. 867

of the cases, is also noteworthy. The presence of either of these
substances is usually regarded as an abnormal condition, and yet,
during their appearance, the general health of these animals
seemed good, and they exhibited more vigor than before.
Albumin and sugar serve as foods for the tissues, their undue
loss through the kidneys would mean a drain upon the system, a _
distinctly pathologic condition. Their elimination intermit-
tently or in small amounts may represent a physiologic condi-
tion, merely the removal of an excess of the given substance in
the system.

With regard to the constituents of the urine, the most strik-
ing effect of molasses feeding was upon the urea. This con-
stituent invariably fell considerably below normal when mo-
lasses was used. Perhaps, in a general way, this may be due to
the fact that the molasses contained less material from which
urea might be formed. In a carbohydrate diet the nutritive
ratio is wide. (Beet molasses, however, has a ratio of I: 6.5.)
When an increased body weight occurs, this may be due to the
conversion of the albuminoid material in the ration into tissue
forming substances and thus account for the diminished urea.
In subject No. 1, however, there was at first diminished urea and
decreased weight. As this subject was afflicted with a patho-
logic condition (heaves), it is not unlikely that the body meta-
bolism was influenced and some irregular results produced in
connection with the molasses feed. The pathologic conditions
noted in No. 3 would likewise have an important influence upon
the elimination of urea; the diseased epithelial cells being no
longer able to do their work properly, it might be expected that
the urea would be stored up in the system.

The phosphates fluctuated considerably ; the sulphates, al-
though fluctuating somewhat, had a marked tendency to dimin-
ish as the experiment progressed. The chlorides were unreli-
able on account of some errors in the early part of the experi-
ments; the later data showed that they had a tendency to
diminish. All of our experiments agree in the fact that abnormal
constituents (sugar, and some albumin) were found in the urine,

868 P. A. FISH AND A. M. SEAMAN.

soon after the molasses ration was begun. In the only case ex-
amined histologically, marked pathologic conditions were pres-
ent in the liver and kidney. It would be difficult, without
further observations, to prove that these conditions were caused
directly by the molasses; but the fact that all of the urines con-
tained abnormal products seems to be significant in this connec-
tion. We do not go so far as to state that the results above
mentioned are present or are to be expected in all cases, where
molasses is used as food. The title of our paper limits it dis-
tinctly to horses at rest and even here the results may not be
uniform. Age is quite likely to be a factor. All of our sub-
jects were quite well advanced in years and the tissues, more or
less worn out with the wear and tear of advancing age, were
doubtless either more susceptible or less responsive to any un-
usual demands made upon them. In horses doing work it is
quite reasonable to suppose that the effects we have described
may not appear to any noticeable extent if at all. In general,
a rich carbohydrate diet is productive of much energy. If this
energy is used up in the accomplishment of work it is an eco-
nomic arrangement so far as the body tissues are concerned. If
on the other hand, this energy is stored up in the system with-
out adequate outlet for escape, the effect upon the tissues must
be pronounced and the results that we have encountered might
be expected.

Molasses is a concentrated food and an undue proportion of
it in the system, under any condition, may be productive of
more harm than good. Its value asa food is generally accepted,
but, it seems to us, there should be certain reservations as to
amount and time of feeding, dependent upon the age and
amount of work done by the animal.

A careful study of the nutritive ratio in all rations into
which molasses enters as a constituent is important.

‘Tr man behind the gun of steel, Has earned his laurels
well; But the man behind the automobile, Is the man who gets
the smell.”—(L7fe.)

REPORTS OF CASES. 869

REPORTS OF CASES.

‘* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’’

A MONSTROSITY FROM INDIANA.
By T. M. HALL, V. S., Thorntown, Indiana.

I was called to the stable of R. M. Dunbar, Bowers Station,
Ind., Aug. 16, 1904, and found a registered poll Durham cow
in labor. The neighbors and an empiric had been unsuccessful
in their attempts to deliver her, and, after four hours of hard
labor, I was able to deliver the monstrosity whose picture is
given herewith. The cow is thriv-
ing all right at present.

All four feet and head were mak-
ing their appearance. It has four
legs, but only one in front, and this
is in the side of the thoracic cavity,
where the lungs and heart should
be. The heart and lungs are ina
sack on the outside of the right side
of the thoracic cavity. The heart
is normal in size; the lungs are not
well developed ; the abdominal cav-
ity is minus and the vertebre are
all ankylosed solid. In delivering
this calf I had to break the verte-
bree and take it away one piece at a
time. You can see its umbilical cord
on its back, and the intestines are
laying loose in the placenta. All but the liver appeared normal
in size, which is simply one big lump and much larger than
normal. ‘The hair on its neck only extended a short distance ;
the hips and limbs were well haired ; the top of the back, and
ribs and tail were hairless. Its tail and anus were where the
scrotum should be. The generative organs, well developed,
were on his back. It is a male calf. One leg came out at the
superior part of the ilium, and when lying on its side this
would stick straight up and was solid to the ilium.

I think this calf was alive until the umbilical cord was
broken. The period of gestation was of the right duration.
The mother was in good health and was a show cow.

870 REPORTS OF CASES.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN HORSE—THE VALUE OF POST-
MORTEMS.
By FrepD. W. Porter, D. V. M., Tampa, Fla.

In Dr. Reeks’ work entitled “Colics of the Horse” under
the head of ‘‘ Obstruction of the Small Intestines,” he speaks of
the lack of post-mortem records of such cases. I have just had
such a case, and, thinking that possibly the record might be
worth having, I send it to you.

‘he animal was a bay gelding, about 1,000 pounds weight,
a driving horse, in good condition. I was called about noon of
Oct. 26th, last. History was that the horse had been used and
was in apparently good health the day before; had eaten his
supper, but began to act colicky within an hour or so after-
wards; had passed urine, but no bowel action since previous
day. Diagnosed the case as impaction, and located pretty far
forward. Explored per rectum, to full extent of arm ; found it
empty as far as it could be reached, and could feel nothing in
surrounding bowels. Exploration produced considerable strain-
ing as if to defecate, but no result. Used eserine (gr. ij), got
more straining, but nothing else. Left a prescription for ol. tere-
binth., ar. spts. amm., and ol. lini, to be given at once, and went
for rectum tube. ‘This latter I passed, six to seven feet, three
to four times a day for two days. Other treatment was amm.
carb. and nuc. vom. ‘The animal lived until the afternoon of
the 29th, constantly getting down and up and looking at one
flank and then the other. The water used in injections always
came away clear. I was present when he died and held a post-
mortem at once. All the large intestine, caecum and small in-
testine clean and empty, except some water left from injections,
up to within six feet of the stomach. At this point I found a
mass, four inches in diameter and shaped exactly like a very
large apple. On cross section it looks like brown felt and is
the same from centre to circumference. The bowel for about a
foot from this mass, towards the stomach, was much thickened
and dark in color, and the rest of the intestine and stomach
contained his last feed and such of the medicines as had not
been absorbed. I have the specimen removed in my office, but
lacking a camera I can’t send you a picture of it.

INOCULABILITY OF OSTEOMALACIA.—MM. Charrin and
Moussu have succeeded in giving rabbits experimental osteoma-
lacia by inoculation under the skin of an emulsion of bony
marrow from a pig affected with the disease.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 871

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ITALIAN REVIEW.
By Prof. A. LrAuTARD, M, D., V. M.

AN EPIZOOTIC OUTBREAK OF PARONYCHIA GANGRENOSA
[ Oreste Fantin|.—After a very rainy season last December, in ©
a stable of Trieste, out of thirty horses nine were simultaneously
laid up with the above-named trouble. All the horses were
heavy draught animals, and worked in mud and slush most of
the time. In examining the stock nine were observed present-
ing more or less lameness; some, in fact, had to stop work.
Their gait was more or less changed, and a swelling extending
all around the coronet up to the fetlock, existed on all extremi-
ties. There was also fissures through the skin, from which
escaped a viscous bloody discharge. In some it was almost
impossible to walk. Posterior as well as anterior extremi-
ties were equally affected, in various degrees of severity. With
a few the swelling was followed after two or three days by
a slough of the skin, leaving underneath an ugly ulcerated sur-
face. Even sometimes the wall of the foot was partly loose.
Lymphangitis was present in many. There were in all loss of
appetite and elevation of temperature. The most successful
treatment was obtained by the use of tannoform; in five weeks
the animals resumed work, with only one exception. The
chemical analysis of the water in which the horses had to stand
while at work revealed that it contained large quantities of salt
(carbonate of lime, chloride of sodium, of magnesium with sul-
phates of magnesium and of lime), and no doubt this irritating
mixture, added to the effect of cold and dampness, and perhaps,
also, a predisposing condition, all taken together, explain the
apparent epizootic character of the disease.—(C/znzca Vet., July
30, 1904.)

TUMORS IN THE STOMACH OF A STEER [Dr. A. Bragadin].
—After being affected with a diarrhoea, which resisted all kinds
of treatment, a steer, which stopped ruminating and began to
lose flesh, was brought to the slaughter-house and killed. In
the abdominal cavity a certain amount of serosity was found,
the liver rather enlarged, the spleen and kidneys normal. At
the opening of the stomach two large tumors were found—one
in the rumen, with a wide base, cauliflower in form and as big
as the head of two men; it weighed 4 kilogs. 460 grammes; the

872 5 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

other was in the reticulum and weighed 2 kilogs. 230 grammes.
Both were fibro-sarcomatous in nature. In all its length, the
small intestine was slightly cedematous and filled with liquid
feeces.—(Clinica Vet., July 16, 1904.)

Four CASES OF CRYPTORCHIDY IN HorsEs [Dr. Domenico
Bernardini|.—In thirty-four years the surgical clinic of the
Royal Veterinary School of Milan has had seven cases of cryp-
torchid horses brought there for operation. The first three were
operated upon respectively in 1887, 1891 and 1897, the opera-
tion being the Belgian method. The author records the other
four cases. Zhe first had been castrated on the right side only,
the left remained in the abdomen. ‘The animal was vicious,
the operation laborious ; comatous condition lasted some length
of time after, but recovery was complete in about three weeks.
The testicle weighed 95 grammes. With this horse the opeta-
tion was performed by inferior laparotomy, viz.: Incision of the
abdominal walls, parallel to the sheath, above and a little in
front of it, which being 15 centimetres in length allowed the
entrance of the hand. The incision was closed by sutures of
the peritoneum first, of the skin and muscles afterwards. The
second horse had never been castrated. He was not ugly, but
might become so. Most minute exploration failed to give any
hint about the location of the testicles. The method of opera-
tion was similar to the preceding case, viz.: inferior laparot-
omy. Notwithstanding careful exploration and_ researches
with the hand in the abdomen, not the slightest trace of testicle
could be found, and, after twenty minutes of exploration, the
operation had to be given up. ‘The horse was quite sick after
this attempt, but finally got well ; he was afterward sold and lost
sight of. In ¢he ¢hzrd the right testicle had not come down, in
a four-year-old colt. He also was operated upon by inferior
laparotomy, and his case was most satisfactory, the horse resum-
ing work twelve days after being operated. The fourth case
was a horse castrated on the left side only. On examination of
the scrotum, a round body was detected in the inguinal region.
Rectal examination revealed nothing. The horse was cast and
the steps for the operation (Belgian method) were begun. A
mass of fat and connective tissue was removed from the in-
guinal canal. It was then too late to resort to inferior lapa-
rotomy to remove the testicle. The operation was then com-
pleted through the inguinal canal, and the testicle removed
with the ecraseur. The animal did well at first, then had bad
symptoms, complication of eventration with protrusion of the

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 873

intestine followed, etc., and finally death. To resume: Seven
cases were operated, and of the last four, 3 operated by inferior
laparotomy recovered, 1 by the Belgian method died.—( Clzzzca
Vet., Nos. 31, 33) 35) 39 1904.)

AMMONIA IN THE TREATMENT OF FISTULA OF STENO’S
Ducr [Dr. Guiseppe Buttece|.—Several liquids have been rec-
ommended to obtain the obliteration of the parotid secretion. .
The latest innovation is the use of liquid ammonia, recommended
in 1849 by Haubner. Prof. Lanzillotti-Buonsanti has also rec-
ommended its use, indicating 20-30 grammes as the ordinary
dose. The author of this article had a mule of large size
brought to him for treatment, because of the fistula of Steno’s
duct, due to laceration by a bite from another animal. He
preconized ammoniacal treatment and to that effect injected in
the canal by the central! end 30 grammes of aqua ammonia,
which was considered as sufficient, as the gland felt full. The
flow of saliva stopped immediately. After 36 hours the region
was enormously swollen, dyspncea was marked, and tracheotomy
likely to be necessary. This was not the case, however, but
soon symptoms of gangrene of the parotid gland were manifest.
It sloughed out, leaving a large cavity, which took a long time
to heal. The conclusions of the author are that 30 grammes
are evidently too much, and that a smaller quantity must be
used, if one wishes to produce the atrophy of the gland by this
method.—(// Nuovo Ercolani, June 15, 1904.)

CONTRIBUTION TO THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CARCI-
NOMA OF THE PENIS IN HorssEs [Prof Bossz|.—Having ob-
served in several instances unsatisfactory results after the opera-
tion for carcinoma of the extremity of the penis by the usual
classical treatment, the author decided to resort to a different
method by which the extremity of the penis is brought to the
perineal region and opened a little back of the scrotum. The fol-
lowing is the technic of the operation: ‘The animal is cast on
the right side and fixed as for the operation of castration. The
region being well disinfected, a V-shaped incision, opening for-
ward, is made through the scrotum; the skin is dissected back-
wards. ‘The incision is then extended back along the perineum,
starting at the angle of the V. The preputial orifice is opened,
the tissues divided with the scissors, so as to isolate the penis.
The organ is then pulled outwards and surrounded at its base,
above the seat of the amputation with an Esmarch band. The
amputation is made with the bistoury ; the arteries ligated and
the cavernous body cauterized with the red iron. Bossi thinks

874 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the dissection of the urethra and itssuture to the cavernous body,
are useless. The edges of the preputial, scrotal and perineal
surfaces are brought together and the extremity of the penis is
secured in the commissure of the perineal incision in such a
way that the divided surface corresponds to the perineum. The
urethral section is sutured to the cavernous body by two stitches.
Two horses operated in this way did very well. The urethral
opening, situated back of the sheath, was almost entirely con-
cealed, and the animals did not seem incommoded by their new
condition.—(// Nuovo Ercolant, June and July, 1904.)

OSTEOCHONDRO-SARCOMA OF THE FOREARM IN A DOG
[Felice Anottz|.—A large dog, seven years, in good health,
weighing as much as 84 kilogrammes, one day without any
cause had a swelling of the left radio-carpal joint, which made
him quite lame. This enlargement has grown during the last
few months, and to-day the leg, principally at the lower part,
is the seat of an enormous swelling, notwithstanding an iodurat-
ed treatment externally, as well as internally, prescribed by a
veterinarian. The comparison between the two fore legs shows
the size of the swelling. The circumference at the plantar
cushion is 20 centim. on the sound leg and 26 on the other;
the knee of the healthy leg measures 18 centimetres and that of
the diseased one 39; the forearm of the right leg is 20 centim.
in circumference, that of the left is 25. After nine months of
that condition the dog has a wretched appearance; it is pitiful
to see him walk; he has lost his appetite and now weighs but
55 kilogrammes ; the swelling extends to the elbow; itis rather
irregular in its outline, except to the knee, where it has the
shape of a quite large spherical cap. Theskin is rosy, shining,
erysipelatous-like ; the hairs are short and have dropped off in
places. Here and thereare sores that the dog has inflicted upon
himself in walking. On the convexity that is present at the knee,
a point of deep fluctuation is felt and an exploring needle
thrust init brings out a little bloody serosity. Prof. Vanditta,
to whose clinic the dog was brought, made a diagnosis of osteo-
sarcoma of the radio-carpo-metacapal joint; gave a fatal prog-
nosis and advised amputation as the only chance of saving the
life of the dog. This was performed without great trouble, and
recovery was perfect in twenty days.—(// Nuovo Ercolant, June
15, 7904.)

A CASE OF IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY IN A BOVINE [Dr. Arnolfo
Zanghert|.—Symptomatic reflex and traumatic epilepsy are
more or less frequent, but those of idiopathic nature are few.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 875

Lafosse, out of 25,000 dogs he has examined, observed 225 of
various forms; out of 130,000 horses he saw only 22 cases, and
out of 16,000 cattle he noticed only 7. It is not said if there
were any of idiopathic nature. The author relates this case to
add to the history of the disease. The subject was a young
heifer which for two or three days had abdominal pains with
some general manifestations of enteritis. The farm hand, how-
ever, reported that he had observed the animal having something
amiss (she struggled, fell down, etc.), but these remarks were
rather ignored, and a diagnosis of diarrhceic enteritis with
bloody passages was made, and treatment prescribed according-
ly. After a couple of days the condition seemed improving,
but still the man who took care of her reported ber having had
two attacks, the last one being more severe and the animal hav-
ing convulsions and slobbering abundantly at the mouth. Sus-
pecting that epilepsy might exist a more minute examination of
all the functions was made. ‘The heart was weak, yet the con-
junctivee were congested ; the bottom of the eye, with the oph-
thalmoscope, showed slight injection; the animal was rather
sensitive to light; the poll of the head was rather painful ;
there was pain on percussion of the cranium on the left side,
principally on the parietal'and frontal. While the examination
was being carried out the animal was taken with a severe attack.
She fell down suddenly, taken with tonic and clonic convulsions ;
there was trembling of the whole body, the muscles of the ab-
domen and the diaphragm seized with spasms, respiration was
difficult and irregular, pulse small and quick; conjunctive and
other mucous membranes, which first were pale, became rather
cyanotic, the mouth was opened and closed in convulsions, there
was grinding of the teeth, escape of saliva, and rotatory motions
of the eyes in the orbits. The attack lasted about three hours,
with intervals of quietness. After afew days, while the attacks
recurred at various times, the animal was killed. The post-mor-
tem examination was negative. The abdominal organs were
healthy. The brain showed no lesion except that the meninges
looked slightly congested. The tissue proper of the brain was
apparently normal. From this condition the author concluded
that the animal had suffered with a genuine primitive or idio-
pathic epilepsy.—(Ciznzca Vet., Oct. 8, 1904.)

THE regular veterinary profession of Michigan is claiming a
great victory in the recent election, as the Governor-elect, Hon.
F. M. Warner, is an avowed enemy of fakism, quackery, etc.

876 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ROUMANIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LiauTarRp., M. D., V. M.

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESEARCHES UPON THE TRI-
CHOPHYTON TONSURANS [Prof 7. D. Poenaru|.—In March,
1903, the author observed among the animals of a farm in the
neighborhood of Bucharest, a skin disease, with an enzootic
character in the animals and endemic in men. Besides the 25
bovines that were affected, six persons were also diseased. On
the animals, there were on the skin patches, well circumscribed,
and covering the head, neck, back and even the lateral faces of
the thorax. These patches were covered with thick crusts, the
- hairs being brittle. On some places the hair follicles were in-
flamed and an alopecia of short duration observed. Two men
who cared for the animals had on the arm and forearm red,
round patches, lenticular and squammy, with red borders
around, others had similar eruptions on the head, a true herpes
tonsurans. Examination of the hairs and crusts made under
the microscope and experiments made upon rabbits revealed
the nature of the disease, the Trichophyton tonsurans.—(4rhzva
Veterinara, No. 1, 1904.) '

DouBLE VENTRAL HERNIA— TUMOR OF THE RIGHT
MAMMA IN A SLUT—OPERATION— RECOVERY [Prof O.
Udrischi|.—A ratter slut in good condition has great difficulty
in walking because of the presence of two tumors hanging be-
tween her hind legs. That of the left side is the older and is
increasing in size. It is evidently a ventral hernia, which is
reducible. On the right side there is a tumor, which is not
painful, hard, irregular towards its lower part. It is as big as
two fists, and has some ulcerated spots, from which a grayish
fcetid substance oozes out. ‘Towards its base this tumor is soft,
depressible and elastic. A double operation is indicated and
performed while the dog is under the influence of chloroform. -
The tumor on the right side was extracted first, and as a ven-
tral hernia was then detected, the intestines were returned in
place and the wound closed by stitches. On the left side the
hernial sac was made loose from the surrounding tissues and re-
moved, the intestines put back in their place, the ring closed
with one stitch and the skin sewed up. Both wounds were
covered with sublimate collodion, and a compressive wadding
dressing applied. Recovery went on without complication.—
(Arhiva Veterinara, No. 2, 1904.)

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 877

THE TREATMENT OF PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA WITH IODIDE
or Porassium [Prof. C. Gavrilescu|.—Following the recom-
mendations laid out by those who have already recommended
the use of iodide of potassium in the treatment of periodic
ophthalmia, the author has resorted to it in two bad cases, and
obtained excellent results. The symptoms were well marked
and quite severe. The treatment consisted in the administra--
tion per mouth of 15 grammes of the iodide in two doses and
the application over the eye of compresses of solution of the same
drug (3 per cent.), compresses which were changed four times a
day. Inthe first case improvement was noticed on the-third
day, and after seven days of treatment all the symptoms had
disappeared, the eye being perfectly clear. No new attack has
occurred after a year. In the second horse, the eye was better
after the first day. The third and the following days the symptoms
gradually disappeared. In a week recovery was perfect, and no
trouble has arisen since.—(Arhiva Veterinara, No. 2, 1904.)

FOREIGN BODY IN THE STOMACH OF A CAT—GASTROTOMY
—RECOVERY [ Prof. G. Udrischi|.—Foreign bodies, says the
author, reach the stomach in different ways: (1) they may be
taken with the food ; (2) they may be introduced by error or ac-
cidentally ; (3) they may come from outside after passing
through the abdominal walls; or, (4) they may be taken volun-
tarily by the animal having a depraved taste. The case in
record belongs to the second category. A six-months-old cat,
owned by a lady, has a cough and refuses her food. She sali-
vates abundantly. To examine her mouth and see if there is
not something in the animal’s mouth, the owner takes a tortoise
shell hair-pin, introduces it in the mouth and inadvertently lets
it drop in the cat’s throat, whence it passes into the stomach.
Indeed, on feeling the epigastric region the foreign body is
readily detected. The animal is etherized, the epigastrium is
shaved, washed and thoroughly disinfected. With care the ab-
domen is opened ; the stomach and the liver protrude suddenly.
The stomach is secured with two forceps of Pean, about one
centimetre apart, and an incision made between, through the
stomachal walls. The pin was extracted. After disinfection
a mtuco-mucous suture with catgut was made, then a sero-serous,
and the organ returned in its place. The abdomen was closed
with three stitches, first one on the peritoneum, a second on the
muscles and a third of the skin. Sublimate collodion and wad-
ding dressing closed the operation. Cicatrization by first intention
was complete in eleven days.—( Arhiva Veterinara, No. 3, 1904.)

878 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

PROGRESS OF THE ARMY BILL.
Fort ASSINNIBOINE, Mon’v., November 15, 1904.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR SirS:—It is with pleasure that I acknowledge
through the ‘‘Army Veterinary Department” the receipt of a
number of letters from army colleagues inquiring about the fate
of the Army Bill. It has been impossible for me to reply to
these leiters, giving reasons for the delay, as I had been detailed
to compile the necessary data and statistics of our own and the
foreign army veterinary services, which are to accompany the
Bill as inclosures, and which are required of any document for-
warded for consideration of the General Staff. This addendum
has been finished and sent for approval to Drs. Plummer and
Griffin, who are to sign it. The Bill as altered and approved
by our representation at the St. Louis meeting, has been printed
and is being distributed to all concerned. At what time the
document can be properly and safely started cannot be stated at
this writing, but our army colleagues can feel assured that those
to whom has been assigned the difficult and important task of
having it properly endorsed, are apparently using most com-
mendable prudence and foresight, and it would be wise not to
bring any pressure upon them, but leave the choice of person
and time to their own discretion. OLOF SCHWARZKOPF.

*
= >

ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.

The following notes are taken from the Army and Navy
Journal, November 5, 1904:

Veterinarian Alexander Plummer, 4th Cav., chief instructor
of the training school for farriers and blacksmiths, and Miss
Adelaide Bell, of Chico, Cal., were married in the post on Sat-
urday morning, by the Rev. C. TI’. Harshaw, of Junction City.
The wedding was a great surprise to all. The happy couple
left for the East on the noon train on a short trip, after which
they will be at home in the Cavalry post.

Board of Examiners for Army Veterinarians.—A board of ©
officers to consist of Lieut. Col. William Stanton, 11th Cav. ;
Capt. William J. Snow, Art. Corps; Veterinarian Alexander
Plummer, 4th Cav.; 1st Lieut. Llewellyn W. Oliver, 8th Cav.,
recorder, is appointed to meet at Fort Riley, for the purpose of

CORRESPONDENCE. 879

conducting examination of applicants for appointment of veter-
inarians of Cavalry and Artillery.

Salute to the Vetertnartan.— The Army and Navy Journal
of November 5, in a reply to a question of a correspondent,
stated that army veterinarians are zo¢ saluted by enlisted men.
Being at once informed of their error, the editors of the Journal
promptly corrected their mistake, which is acknowledged with
much pleasure, as they formerly overlooked similar corrections
with a rather ominous silence. Their note is as follows: “ L.
M. M.—Although the Army Regulations provide only for the
salute of officers of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Volunteers
and Militia, from enlisted men, we find that Par. 9, Army Regu-
lations, edition of 1904, gives a veterinarian of Cavalry or Ar-
tillery, rank next after-a 2d lieutenant, and by decision of the
Secretary of War, May 9, 1902, as their duties are such as to
require them to give orders to enlisted men, they are en-
titled to receive the customary salute from enlisted men. Our
answer given in our issue of Nov. 5, must be modified accord-
ingly.”

=

CORRESPONDENCE.

DR. CONKEY’S PRINTER EXPLAINS, AND INCIDENTALLY GIVES
THE DOCTOR A LITTLE FREE ADVERTISING.
GRAND RAPIDS, MicH., Nov. 16, 1904.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR SiRS :—Referring to the article on page 720, of the
November issue of the REVIEW, in which you accuse Dr. L. L.
Conkey of plagiarism, allow me to say that the typographical
work of the /zternational Veterinary Review is done by the
West Michigan Printing Co., of which I am Manager, and can
say that Dr. Conkey has always been very explicit in his in-
structions to us regarding just such matters as the one referred
to in said article, and the issue containing the ‘ Huropean
Chronicles” was published during the Doctor’s absence from
the city; he never saw a copy of it until some time after it had
been mailed to his subscribers, the whole error resting with the
foreman of this office.

Trusting that you will make this correction in Justice to Dr.
L. Ll. Conkey, who is a very conscientious and honorable busi-
ness man as well as the leading veterinarian of this city, we
promise that you will have no further cause for complaint.

WEsT MICHIGAN PRINTING COMPANY,
By E. Rice, Business Manager.

880 CORRESPONDENCE.

SMALL ANIMALS HAVING TUMORS WANTED BY THE UNIVER-
SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE.
PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 8, 1904.
Editors Ameriwan Veterinary Review :

DEAR SirS:—It is desired to carry out in this laboratory
some researches in reference to the growth of tumors. For this
purpose there will be needed a number of animals afflicted with
tumors: dogs, cats, rats, mice and fowls especially are desired.
It will be a great favor to me if any veterinarian will be kind
enough to communicate with me in reference to any of the
above mentioned animals suffering from a tumor of any sort.
Only living animals can be used. Transportation and other
charges will be paid. The animals will be paid for, if required,
provided the price is within reasonable bounds.

Very respectfully, Dr. LEO LOEB.

TO CURE TONGUE-LOLLING.
MARINETTE, WIs., Nov. 12, 1904.
Editors American Veterinary Review ;
DEAR Sirs: IJ note in the November issue a query from Dr.
A. P. Drew in regard to the habit of tongue-lolling, and would
recommend to him the following: Take a piece of bicycle tire
inner-tubing the length of bit and slip it over the bit; then in-
sert the small bit used with an over-draw check through the
tubing and buckle in the bridle in the ordinary manner. This
effectually prevents the habit of tongue-lolling in every case
that I have tried it on. Yours truly, W. G. CLARK.

AN ECHO FROM THE CLASS ROOM.
Houston, TEXAS, Nov. 14th, 1904.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR Sirs :—Under the head of ‘‘ Correspondence” in No-
vember issue of the REVIEW, I note over signature of Seth P.
Talbot, comments on veterinary degrees. While I heartily en-
dorse his remarks with one exception, that being his conclud-
ing assertion, I think it would interest a considerable number
of Review readers to hear from Dr. Talbot as to ‘‘ WHO stole
the monkey.” (Class joke.) Respectfully,

M. R. Sao. Digs

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 881

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

DETAILED REPORT OF THE CLINICS HELD AT BROOKLYN, N. Y., |
SEPT. 13, I4 AND 15, 1904, WITH SOME ADDITIONAL
CASE REPORTS CLOSELY RELATED TO
THE MEETING.

By W. LL. WILLIAMS, Ithaca, N. Y.

The editor of the REVIEW has stated on page 692 of the Oc-
tober issue that ‘‘ we believe the Ig04 clinic was the very best
ever held in this country or perhaps in the world.”

In order to substantiate this assertion it needs appear that
the clinic was planned with some definite worthy object in view
which was fully realized.

For what did the clinic stand?

Again the editor has anticipated us by holding on pages 628
and 629 of the October issue that the value of a clinic depends
upon the presentation of cases or operations having an every-
day value to the ordinary veterinarian. A study of the follow-
ing report will show that the operations done were advisable
from both the humanitarian and economic standpoints, that
they were satisfactorily successful in their aim, and that no
problematical or display operations were introduced. The in-
struments and appliances used were neither elaborate nor ex-
pensive. A very ordinary operating table of an old pattern was
used, the stocks could be constructed by a veterinarian himself
almost unaided, and aside from a mare-spaying ecraseur for one
operation and an emasculator for another, the instruments used
would cost about $10.00, and with these were employed the
oldest and cheapest disinfectants.

Without ignoring the great number of the cases entered in
the clinic for diagnosis and observation, we may suggest in ad-
vance that the operative clinic had for its goal largely the teach-
ing of:

1. The necessity for chloroform anézesthesia in major surg-
ery.

2. Cleanliness-antisepsis.

3. That the ultimate success of an operation depends pri-

882 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

marily upon the fidelity of the operator to every detail and loy-
alty to modern surgical methods.

4. ‘That the failure of an operation in the hands of one man
is not conclusive evidence that the technic or the procedure it-
self is fundamentally wrong.

The clinics of the meeting do not stand out wholly alone,
but are inseparably linked with a series of operations beginning
some weeks prior to the meeting and continuing for a day after
the close of the convention, so that we find it expedient to in-
clude such of these as have a definite relation to the programme
which was presented. Cases not originally presented or oper-
ated on during the clinic proper will be designated by hav-
ing their number enclosed in ( ). We shall ignore chrono-
logic order and attempt to present the cases in advantageous

groups.

A. MISCELLANEOUS CASES PRESENTED FOR DIAGNOSIS OR

OBSERVATION.

$I. Cases presented Sepi. 14, at the hospital of Dr. Han-
shew, 125 Carlton Avenue. Cases 1-6 presented by Dr. Han-
shew, case 7 by Dr. Ackerman.

1. A bay draft gelding, having four epithelial tumors in
the region of the posterior fetlocks, each about three inches in
diameter and very deeply and intimately attached to the
subjacent tissues. The general opinion seemed to be that
their excision would endanger the integrity of the articular
and tendinous synovial burse and render the prognosis doubt-
ful.

2. A gray draft gelding showing typical farcy in a very
virulent form.

3. A bay draft gelding having an unusually large horn
tumor greatly deforming the anterior aspect of the hoof and
rendering the horse severely lame. The keratom appeared to
be 1 to 1% inches in diameter and extending from toe to coro-
net. The compressed laminze were suppurating, with escape of
pus upon the middle of the anterior wall. A somewhat general
discussion arose as to the efficacy of the surgical removal of
these tumors, some reporting that the benefit was permanent,
others that the tumor returned and the animal again became
lame. ‘T‘he varied experiences suggested the need for careful
clinical investigation with a view to determining the value of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 883

surgical interference and explaining why one practitioner should
succeed and another fail.

4. A bay gelding affected with fistulous withers of the
ordinary type. Nothing new was elicited in the mode of hand-
ling of these very unsatisfactory cases.

5. A black mare showing a somewhat obscure lameness
with evident enlargement over the great sessamoids of a posterior -
limb, to which most of the veterinarians attributed the lame-
ness.

6. A brown mare, with an extensive abscess in the lumbar

region.
7. A black driving gelding, suffering from generalized
lameness including navicular disease, carpitis, two spavins, ete.
The chief lameness at the time was diagnosed as arising from
the carpitis, and an unfavorable prognosis given.

§II. Cases presented at the hospital of Dr. Geo. H. Berns,
74 Adams Street on Sept. 15, for examination or observation.
Nos. 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13 presented by Dr. Berns ; 11 by Dr. Hlodg-
son, and 15 by Dr. Runge.

8. A black gelding with an abscess of the coronet, sup-
posedly due to an infected wound from a projecting nail clinch.
Some days after presentation a section of the skin 1% inches in
diameter sloughed out, the lameness then receded, the wound
healed kindly under antiseptic handling and the horse resumed
his ordinary work on September 2tst.

9. A bay gelding, with dry gangrene “‘sitfast ” on the back.
Under ordinary antiseptic treatment he completely recovered by
Sept. 25.

10. A black gelding with caries of the right branch of the
premaxillary bone due to traumatic injury, of several weeks
duration and showing at the time a fistula opening laterally at
a point about equi-distant from the incisor alveoli and the junc-
ture of the premaxillary and nasal bones. A probe could be
passed to about the normal thickness of the premaxilla at its
superior border where it abutted against carious bone. Inside
the nostril there was a large exostosis which it was feared would
interfere with respiration in event of further growth. At first the
fistula had extended through the nasal wall into the nasal cham-
ber, so that fluids injected into the external opening escaped
through the nostril. On Nov. 3, the patient remained the same
and performed his ordinary work.

11. An aged gray gelding with a large tumor on the right
side of the sheath of the penis. The outline of the neoplasm

884 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

was ill defined, it had developed rapidly, the centre was break-
ing down and was very foetid; a detached portion presented the
characters of a malignant growth, was diagnosed accordingly
and interference discouraged.

12 and 13. T'wo extra heavy truck horses for observation.
One, a brown gelding, weighing 2,400 pounds, of good form and
unusually ¢ good action for so large an animal. ‘The other wasa
red roan mare weighing 2,000 pounds, and of exceptional sub-
stance and beauty of form combined with excellent action.

15. A chestnut gelding, illustrating the case report
which appeared on page 763 of the November REVIEW, pre-
sented at the meeting by Dr. Runge on the handling of a severe
case of osteo-porosis. ‘The animal was carefully observed at
rest and in motion, and much interest expressed in the com-
pleteness of the recovery, both in the local manifestations and
the freedom of movement.

B. MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS.

16. Demonstration of the passing of the stomach tube
through the nostrils by Dr. Hopper. The intubation was read-
ily accomplished without applying restraint to the animal.

17. A black gelding, presented by Dr. Berns on account of
lameness diagnosed as metacarpal periostitis. A well-defined
enlargement existed along the inner border of the metacarpus
with decided tenderness on pressure. The patient was secured
on the operating table on Sept. 13, and with the aid of cocaine
anzesthesia median neurotomy was performed by Dr. C. E. Clay-
ton. The operation was skilfully performed under antiseptic
precautions and the wound healed without infection, but the
lameness was not affected by it, and the lameness remained un-
changed on Nov.:1. Was there ‘other disease at a higher point
or did the operation fail because the ulnar nerve was left un-
divided ?

18. A brown truck gelding, presented and operated upon
by Dr. Clayton because of suppurating toe-crack associated with
an extensive horn tumor. The animal was intensely lame.: The
patient was placed on the operating table on Sept. 14, the af-
fected foot cocained, and the keratom and surrounding under-
run horn on each side of the toe-crack carefully removed. Anti-
septic bandages were applied and the later handling was along
antiseptic lines. Large abscesses developed abort the pastern
on Sept. 17, and pneumonia set in a little later, from which he
died on Sept. 22. While undergoing operation the patient re-
sisted the confinement violently and came from the table bathed

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 885

in perspiration, and, anticipating possible danger, the operator
had him well rubbed and blanketed, an alcoholic stimulant ad-
ministered, and placed in a comfortable box. In spite of these
precautions the pneumonia developed as the consequence, Dr.
C. believes, and there is little reason to disagree with him, of
the violent struggles while on the table. We shall have occa-
sion to revert to this case later in our narrative.

_ 19. A chestnut gelding, presented and operated on by Dr. |
Clayton. The patient showed an unsightly exostosis on the
lateral side of the right inferior maxilla at the interdental space,
about four inches in diameter and standing out’a distance of
two inches beyond the normal line of the bone, greatly dimin-
ishing the value of the animal and causing the owner to urge
an operation in disregard of the uncertainty of marked success.
Secured on the operating table and the part cocainized, a longi-
tudinal incision was made over the centre of the tumor througb-
out its length, the skin and connective tissue were dissected
back and the exostosis chiseled away. ‘The exostosis was scler-
otic and as dense and hard as ivory, rendering its removal tedi-
ous. When the exostosis had been satisfactorily reduced, the
surface carefully smoothed and disinfected, the skin was re-
placed and sutured. The sutures sloughed out after a few days,
but the wound was in satisfactory condition on Nov. 1, and the
exostosis smaller than prior to the operation.

20. A bay mare, presented by Dr. Berns, unable to prop-
erly masticate food and habitually quidding her hay. Exami-
nation revealed a split inferior molar. She was placed in the
stocks and the extraction of the broken tooth attempted by Dr.
Ide, but the crown having been greatly weakened by the split-
ting, broke off and left the fang in the alveolus. The fang was
apparently not in a condition to cause further difficulty and
since it could only be removed by trephining and repulsion, it
was deemed unnecessary to proceed further unless conditions
should demand it. Satisfactory relief was afforded.

21. A three-year-old black colt for castration, presented by
Dr. Berns and operated on by Dr. R. E. Waters, with the pa-
tient standing. The operation was rapidly and neatly per-
formed and the recovery was prompt.

22. A two-year-old bay cryptorchid, presented and operated
on by Dr. R. E. Waters without anesthesia. The patient was
cast and secured with sidelines and the operation performed
through the inguinal ring in a very prompt and skilful man-
ner. Recovery was prompt and without incident.

386 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

23. A black mare, presented by Dr. Berns and castrated by
Dr. Reed, because of nymphomania which rendered her unman-
ageable and dangerous. Secured in the stocks, difficulty was
encountered because of her having been docked so that the tail
was not available for compelling a standing position. She
acted viciously from the start, straining violently and throwing
herself down in the stock sling, rendering operating well nigh
impossible. She was finally secured fairly well and forced to
stand by removing the rear rope of the stocks which passed be-
hind the buttocks, and on which she sat persistently, and in its
stead looping a rope around each thigh and attaching each
firmly to an overhead beam in a manuer that compelled her to
stand or be very uncomfortably suspended by the thighs. Her
persistent straining, which was uncontrollable by means of the
twitch, was overcome largely by keen blows over the upper lip
with the end of a rope. The operation then proceeded without
ereat difficulty, and, considering the behavior of the animal,
was quickly and neatly done. The operation was carried out
according to the Williams technic, and while precautions -were
taken against infection it was not surprising, after the difficul-
ties encountered, that slight wound infection did occur on the
sixth day, evidenced by colic due to constriction of the rectum
as a result of inflammation at the seat of the vaginal incision
where it lay against the intestine. The retention of feeces was
readily relieved by ordinary means and the animal returned to
her accustomed work on Oct. 3, entirely relieved of the nym-
phomania, and rendered tractable.

24. A bay truck gelding, presented and operated on by Dr. C.
E. Shaw for severe stringhalt in both hind legs, the disease be-
ing somewhat worse in the right. The disease had been develop-
ing very rapidly for three months when operated on, Sept. 15.
The parts were sterilized with corrosive sublimate solution, an-
zesthetized with cocaine and an incision about one inch long
made through the skin and fascia down onto the peroneal ten-
don parallel to its long axis. The tendon was raised with ar
aneurism needle, severed with a curved probe-pointed bistoury,
and a piece about one inch excised. ‘The wound was closed by
means of two catgut sutures and a bandage applied, which was
allowed to remain for two days, when it was removed and the
animal returned to its accustomed work. Four weeks after the
operation there was very slight, if any, improvement, but where-
as the affliction had previously been advancing rapidly it had
now become static if not slightly improved.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 887

C. A SERIES OF CASES OPERATED ON BY, AND ILLUSTRATING
THE PAPER PRESENTED AT THE MEETING BY W. L.
WILLIAMS ON “‘ RESECTION OF THE FLEXOR
PEDIS TENDON,’’ AND APPEARING ON
PAGE 748 OF THE NOVEM-

BER ‘‘ REVIEW.”

Since these were cases of urgency, accompanied by intense
suffering, they could not be properly held for the meeting, but -
the convalescing cases were available for observation, and case
26 was shown at the clinic.

(26). A black driving mare, presented by Dr. Berns on
Aug. 4, excessively lame in the left fore foot, the result of a
penetrant wound of the navicular bursa from a street nail gath-
ered on Aug. 2. Accompanying the intense lameness was a
well-marked flow of synovia. The operation was performed ac-
cording to the technic detailed in the paper above mentioned.
When the navicular bone was exposed a small wound in its sur-
face was visible where the nail had entered the articular carti-
lage. The injured bone tissue at this point, along with the en-
tire articular cartilage was curetted away, the foot carefully
dressed and the bandages left undisturbed for nine days. ‘The
relief from suffering was very marked, though not so complete
as in the succeeding cases, and convalescence was slow, but
without noteworthy interruptions, and the animal was ready for
slow work, still somewhat lame, on Oct. 4. Nov. 19.—Still
nods when trotting down hill.

(27). A gray draft gelding of 1,600 pounds, presented by
Dr. Hanshew on Sept. 2, suffering from a penetrant nail wound
of the navicular bursa since Aug. 28. Under ordinary handling
the patient was constantly growing worse, the suffering was in-
tense, the animal could not touch the foot to the ground, was
emaciating rapidly and an abundant discharge of purulent sy-
novia constantly escaped from the wound. When the bursa
was laid open it was found distended with purulent synovia and
the surface of the bone showed a wound surrounded by necrotic
cartilage and bone. The softened, necrotic and inflamed tissues
were curetted away and a bandage applied, which remained for
ten days. The relief was prompt, complete and permanent.
The auimal was comfortable and bright the next morning and
the excruciating pain had disappeared permanently. When the
dressing was removed after ten days the wound was found
granulating at every part without suppuration. The patient re-
turned to his accustomed work without lameness on Oct. 26,

888 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

54 days after the operation. According to Dr. Hanshew’s re-
port, the patient could safely and comfortably have returned
to work much earlier, but the animal was quite valuable and a
favorite in the stables, and it was desired to give him an extra
opportunity to make a complete and safe recovery.

(28). A gray draft gelding, presented by Dr. W. F. Doyle
Aug. 31, suffering from an infected wound of the navicular
bursa of three weeks’ duration, which had been handled on con-
servative lines, while he was continually growing worse.
Brought to the hospital in an ambulance he fell exhausted
while being unloaded, and was with difficulty assisted to his
feet. There was an abundant discharge of purulent synovia
from the nail wound, while in the hollow of the heel there was
a second opening resulting from an abscess along the flexor
pedis tendon from which also purulent synovia escaped. A
probe could be passed through the opening in the heel down
into the navicular bursa. ‘The animal was extremely emaciated
and was virtually beyond hope of recovery by ordinary handling,
and had it not been for the hope held out by the operation,
would have been destroyed. Upon opening the bursa the upper
side of the flexor pedis tendon was found necrotic and the navic-
ular bone softened, discolored and breaking down over one-
quarter of its surface. The necrotic portions of the tendon were
carefully removed, the inflamed bone and cartilage curetted
away and a large seton of cheesecloth saturated with tr. iodine
placed in the fistula extending from the opening in the heel
into the operative wound at the navicular bone, and over this
the usual bandage applied and allowed to remain undisturbed
for ten days. ‘The relief from the excruciating pain was imme-
diate, complete and permanent and convalescence rapid. In
four weeks he was walking practically sound and returned to
his accustomed work on Oct. 20, 51 days after operation.

(29). A brown draft gelding, presented by Dr. W. F. Doyle
on Sept. 5, suffering from purulent infection of the navicular
bursa due to a nail wound of three weeks’ standing. The pa-
tient was in great pain and would not touch the affected foot to
the floor, was emaciating rapidly and growing worse under ex-
pectant treatment. The operation gave prompt and complete
relief and the patient began to place some weight on the foot
the next morning, and all seemed to be going well until on Sept.
8, he developed pneumonia, from which he died on the 12th.

Aside from the pneumonia accident, which we consider due
to the chloroform, we regard this series of operations as eminent-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 889

ly successful, whether viewed from the standpoint of animal
suffering, economic interests of the owner, or labor involved on
the part of the veterinarian ; and even with the loss of the one
case from chloroform pneumonia, the tesults seem to us better
than available by other lines of management. We shall refer
again to the chloroform pneumonia.

D. A SERIES OF QUITTOR OPERATIONS BY THE BAYER
METHOD.

Cases 30—35 operated on by W. L. Wilthams, 36 by Dr. W.

(30). A 2,000 lb. roan draft mare, presented Aug. 4 by Dr.
Berns after having been incapacitated for work for sixty days
and handled by conservative methods without result. After the
removal of the cartilaginous tissues it was found that some
osseous tissue (side bone) remained and an attempt was made to
remove it, but at one point it was intimately connected with
the capsular ligament, and in attempting to separate the two
the sage knife penetrated the corono-pedal articulation opening
the joint freely and causing a free flow of synovia. The band-
ages were allowed to remain undisturbed for nine days, when
the wound was found to be granulating without suppuration.
Convalescence was uninterrupted and reasonably prompt when
the weight of the patient is considered, and on Sept. 14, or 41
days after operation, she was returned to her accustomed work«
without lameness, false quarter or quarter-crack.

(31). A gray truck mare, presented Sept. 6 by Dr. Berns,
after go days disability from quittor without result from con-
servative handling. ‘The operation was without incident and
the convalescence without interruption or material infection.
She returned to work Oct. 4, 28 days after the operation, with-
out lameness, false quarter or quarter-crack.

(32). A bay draft gelding, presented by Dr. Berns on Sept.
9, after four weeks of disability and fruitless handling by or-
dinary methods. The case progressed favorably for four days,
when chloroform pneumonia developed and the patient died
Sept. 16.

(33). A gray draft gelding, presented by Dr. Berns Sept. 7,
after 45 days of disability and fruitless treatment. The opera-
tion was without noteworthy incident, the convalescence with-
out infection or interruption, and the animal was returned to
work on Oct. 5, 28 days after operation, without lameness,
quarter-crack or false quarter.

890 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

34. A gray gelding, weighing 2,000 pounds, presented by
Dr. Berns on Sept. 13, after 4o days incapacity for work and
without improvement under ordinary treatment. ‘The operation
was without incident except that the anterior lateral ligament
of the corono-pedal articulation was partly necrotic and over-
lapped by an exostosis from the pedal bone. The necrotic lig-
ament was removed in defiance of special cautions by some
writers to on no account disturb this ligament or dire results
would follow, and the exostosis on the pedal bone was chiseled
away. ‘The convalescence was without material interruption,
very slight suppuration being present when the bandages were
removed in ten days. The patient returned to work on Oct.
17, 34 days after operation, without lameness, false quarter or
quarter-crack.

35. Acchestnut mare, presented by Dr. McCully Sept. 16,
after disability from quittor since Jan. 20, a period of 240 days
of fruitless handling by ordinary methods. The coronet was
largely destroyed by the necrosis of long duration and the ex-
cision of the infected areas left scant horn secreting structures
for the restoration of the hoof. Convalescence without material
infection and on Oct. 16 she walked four miles without lame-
ness, and on Nov. I, 44 days, she rettirned to work without
lameness, false quarter or quarter-crack.

36. A gray draft gelding, presented Sept. 16 by Dr. W.
F. Doyle with a quittor of 90 days’ duration, which had not
been benefited by ordinary measures. The operation was un-
eventful, unless we except that it was the operator’s first attempt
at this procedure. Convalescence was uninterrupted and the
patient returned to his work on the 16th of Oct., 28 days after
operation, without lameness, false quarter or quarter-crack.

We have submitted accounts here of seven cases of quittor,
(six of which survived), operated on by the Bayer method as un-
derstood by the operators, except that the preliminary disinfec-
tion by packing the foot in antiseptics for 24 hours prior to the
operation was not carried out, and this precaution may have
accounted in part for the slight infection in some of the cases,
which did not, however, materially protract recovery.

The cases were taken as they came in the regular course of
practice in a great, city, all had had other methods of treatment
applied without benefit for a reasonable time, and when the op-
erations were carried out the usual complications were met and
overcome.

It has been reported that the Bayer operation for quittor was

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 891

roundly condemned at the A. V. M. A. meeting at St. Louis in
August, although, perhaps, no facts were introduced upon which
to base the condemnation. It was claimed, we understand, that
the Bayer method is wrong because it involves inevitable false
quarter and quarter-crack as a consequence of incising the coro-
net, but we do not know that the critics ever saw such results.
In none of the six cases of this series (one having perished from
pneumonia) did we have any very undesirable deformity of the
hoof ; slight scars, elevations or depressions naturally follow the
divisions of the coronary band, but if false quarter or quarter-
crack is inevitable, some of the six cases should have shown it.
It is certainly quite possible to wound the coronary band in a man-
ner that will prove serious, and there are doubtless plenty of vet-
erinarians who could ruin the foot of a horse in the removal of a
lateral cartilage. All it requires is awkwardness, carelessness and
dirt to make a failure of this or any other operation. Ifa clean
incision is made through the coronary band, the lips of the
wound brought in apposition and maintained and infection is
avoided, healing without serious blemish or interference with
usefulness occurs: that constitutes the ‘‘ Bayer” operation and
when these results are not attained with reasonable uniformity
it is not Bayer’s method, but that of the operator; z¢ zs Bayer’s
operation with Bayer left out. No surgeon can devise an opera-
tion which will not fail in some hands, but why a procedure
which has been unhesitatingly recommended by one of the fore-
most operators in the world, after long and successful experi-
ence with it, should be abruptly condemned without trial or
evidence it is rather difficult to understand. It is not our task
in this paper to show that the Bayer method is the only opera-
tion, but merely to show that having decided to operate on these
cases a practical method was adopted, and practical results at-
tained. It would be unjust to leave this topic without saying
that the results were not the consequence of great dexterity asa
result of specialization of the eaters. Case 36 was the oper-
ator’s first attempt at Bayer’s quittor operation and the other
operator had previously operated on less than half a dozen scat-
tering cases.

In this narrative we have attempted to bring out some of
the principal lessons contained, and believe we have shown that
the clinic had a great educational value, that the cases were
well selected for their utility to the ordinary practitioner and
that the results of the operative work were good.

True, these results were marred by three fatalities from

892 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

pneumonia, two among horses which had been subjected to
chloroform anzesthesia. These two cases have been termed
“chloroform pneumonia” as we consider that it may be justly
attributed to the anesthesia. Some will say that we have dem-
onstrated that chloroform aneesthesia is too dangerous to the life
of the horse to warrant its use; but there is another view. If
we examine the cases from 27 to 36 inclusive, and exclude 24
as a minor operation we have 1g operations, of which 7 cases, 17
to 23, were operated on without chloroform, and 12 cases, 25 to
36, with chloroform anesthesia. Of the 7 cases, one, 18, died
from pneumonia from his violent struggles, which might have
been avoided by chloroform, while out of the 12 cases under
chloroform two died from chloroform pneumonia; barely a
greater per cent. than without the chloroform. If we look again
at the character of the operations we find that barring case 18,
none of the 7 operated on without anzesthesia were nearly so se-
vere and dangerous in character as the 12 under chloroform, un-
less we except the castration of the mare where anzesthesia is
impracticable, and where again the struggles endangered the
life of the patient by inducing infection, so that when the extent
of the operations is considered, so far as this clinic shows, there
is more danger from pneumonia without than with chloroform.
But that is not all. Cases 29 and 32 were operated on prior to
the meeting along with a large number of other cases not re-
ported in this list, as we have selected only those which had a
definite and important relation to the clinic itself, and in so doing
included the only cases of chloroform pneumonia occurring,
which makes the danger apparently greater than that really met.

Yet further: In view of the two disasters with chloroform,
it was decided to place the administration of chloroform during
the clinic proper in the hands of men who were thoroughly
familiar with the work, and under their charge no accident oc-
curred.

American veterinarians do not give chloroform to horses,
and it is idle for the average practitioner to pretend that he
knows how. ‘To administer chloroform properly demands the
confidence that only long practice can give.

Chloroform anzsthesia must come more and more into use
in our major surgical operations, let him oppose it who will;
public sentiment demands it and success in major surgery re-
quires it. ‘The issue is before us and can only be met by learn-
ing how to administer chloroform with due safety. Chloroform
pneumonia is a real and great danger about which the writer

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 893

’ has never seen a word in print. Most of us have been taught
that the danger to horses from chloroform anesthesia is from
cardiac or respiratory syncope, but the lurking danger of pneu-
monia to develop four to ten days after its administration is im-
measurably greater.

The subject demands our study and the publication of re-
sults with every possible explanation of the causes of the
dangers.

In the foregoing narrative we have mentioned in connection
with each case only the veterinarian presenting it and the re-
sponsible operator, but it was everybody’s clinic and everybody
helped make it the success it was. The hospital facilities of
Drs. Berns and Hanshew were freely placed at the disposal of
the veterinarians, and these with the assistants of Dr. Berns
(Drs. Chas. Atchison and Fox) worked unremittingly and ren-
dered valuable aid to the operators. But all Brooklyn veteri-
narians did the same thing, so far as opportunity offered, and all
worked together as a man, in which they were ably seconded by
many of their Manhattan colleagues. It would be unjust to not
mention specially the very great contribution to the success of
the clinic rendered by Drs. Reed, Stone and Mack by the excel-
lent manner in- which they administered the chioroform in all
cases of anzesthesia during the meeting.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
Mole COUNTY.

Regular monthly meeting called to order Nov. 2, at 8.15
Pp. M., the President, Dr. J. E. Ryder, in the chair. Owing to
the absence of the Secretary when the meeting was called, the
reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed
with. Members and visitors present: Drs. F. C. Grenside, C.
E. Clayton, J. E. Ryder, R. W. Ellis, E. B. Ackerman, J. L.
Robertson, R. Dickson, T. A. Keller, H. D. Gill, W. D. Critch-
erson, E. A. A. Grange, D. J. Mangan, G. H. Berns, M. J. Dair,
T. G. Sherwood, R. S. Mackeller, J. J. Foy, W. H. Lowe, R. A.
McAuslin, W. Swan, S. Atchison, A. J. Doncourt, R. H. Kings-
ton, E. A. Durner, J. J. Young, A. Silkman, W. P. Hanifin, W.
J. Finn, C. W. Shaw, and J. Wilson, M. D., also students of the
N. Y. American Veterinary College, and several other visiting
veterinarians.

Dr. Critcherson read a very interesting paper entitled “A
Case of Rabies? What! Yes? No?” in which he described a

894 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

case of rabies he had met with recently in a horse. His paper
was as follows:

A CASE OF RABIES? WHAT! VES? NO?
By W. D. CRITCHERSON, M. D., D. V. S., New York City.

‘A bay gelding, six years of age, 16 hands high, weighing
about 1,100 pounds, was shipped from Chicago, Ill., to New
York City, and on his arrival, July 7th, 1904, was purchased for
use as a cab horse. He was worked until July 12th, when he
was taken into the hospital lame, due to soreness in the near
fore foot. Was re-shod onthe 14th and returned to work. July
18th he was lame from bruising of the left knee. On the 21st
of July he was returned to work. September 13th he was
turned in sick with influenza. The temperature was 1064, but
it fell to normal in a few days, and on the 22d of September he
was returned to work. October 5th had a long drive to Brook-
lyn and came in sick that night, but on the gth had recovered
and was ordered to be exercised on the following day, the roth,
which was done, and nothing unusual was noticed about him.
His general condition was much poorer than when purchased,
and arrangements were made for his relief when he should be
returned to work, as he was expected to be in a few days. On
Tuesday morning, October 11th, he was seen in the course of
the usual hospital inspection and ordered to be exercised again.
It was in the afternoon before there was an opportunity to exer-
cise him. He was then reported as being down in his stall and
unable to get up. He was seen by Dr. Doncourt about four
o'clock. At that time he was standing up, and when backed
out showed symptoms of vertigo, and his condition was attrib-
uted to that. A dose of physic was ordered, but the hospital at-
tendant was unable to give it, as he said that the horse was
vicious. On Wednesday, the following day, he was reported as
very vicious and had bitten at several of the men, and they were
all afraid of him. One man was struck by his teeth on the left
forearm, but the skin was unbroken. His condition had been
reported to me, but it was about noon before I had an opportu-
nity to see him. As it was considered to be dangerous to enter
the single stall in which he stood, he was backed out by Dr.
Doncourt, who stood in the next stall. He backed out slowly,
turned stiffly and groaned as though in pain. In walking, his
actions indicated spinal meningitis, swaying of the body and
crossing of the hind legs, but the slow dragging of the toes of
the hind feet was absent. He was walked for several minutes

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 895

and moved a little better than at first. A pail of water was of-
fered him and he plunged his mouth fiercely into it, drinking
several swallows. At this time there was no attempt to bite,

but from the statements of the men I looked with suspicion up-
on him, and ordered him to be put in a box stall under lock and

key. The hostler led him into the box and had to turn him

somewhat to get out. The horse groaned, grunted and tried to
bite him. The temperature at this time was 101°; otherwise
he seemed to be normal. I ordered a dose of oil to be given if
possible, but he fought, bit and got so excited the idea was

given up. About six o’clock that evening Isaw him again. He

was then laying on his right side against the door of thestall. I

struck him on the side with a stick and he immediately turned

and bit at it. Hewould bite and snap every time he was struck

or the stick was pointed at him, but he would not get up. On the

following morning, Thursday, he was down onthe left side, but

the men said that he had been up and staggered around the stall.

When struck or teased with a stick he would snap and bite. He

also bit his side, shoulder and breast. A pail of water lowered

into the stall would excite his frenzy. He would bite at it, up-

setting it, and spilling the water. If he happened to plunge his

mouth into the pail he would attempt to drink, but it would be

turned over and the water thrown out before he could get any.

He would then strike and bite the pail several times and then

refuse to notice it or push it out of the way with his nose, but

any new object, like a broom or stick, presented to him he

would seize, biting and grinding histeeth. At this time he was

unable to get up, but would roll upon his sternum, where with

front legs extended he would at times, raise his head, extending

his neck, erect his ears and point them forward. In this posi-

tion, with his eyes bright and looking straight ahead, he im-

pressed me as on the alert, listening and looking for something

in the distance. The attitude of the head and neck reminded

me of the position of a deer in the forest in the act of scenting

or anticipating danger.

“Through the day the paroxysms of frenzy diminished in
violence and the paralysis of the posterior extremities and trunk
gradually increased. On Friday he was much weaker and less
violent. Attempted to get up, but was unable to even roll up on-
to his sternum. Was excited as before by lowering a pail and
teasing with a broom or stick, but attempts to bite were not as
vicious. Paralysis extending, unable to raise his shoulders and
later his neck. He now began to paw and thrash his front feet

896 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

similar to a case of azoturia. His penis protruded from the
sheath and when struck a small quantity of urine would be
passed. Only one passage of dung was noticed during 48 hours. At
three o’clock Friday afternoon the paralysis was nearly complete
and he was unable to lift his head from the floor. Would still
bite at the floor of the stall or any object presented to him, but
with much less force and violence. His lips and gums were cut
and bleeding in several places. ‘The temperature at this time
was 1042. He was destroyed by bleeding. Dr. Kingston
opened the cranial cavity to enable Dr. Poor, of the Health De-
partment, to obtain sections for observation and inoculation.
The results will be given indue time. The body was then sent
to Dr. Gill’s, and Dr. Kingston will kindly furnish the results
of his labor in the case. I can find no evidence that he was
ever bitten by a dog.

‘‘T had never seen a case of rabies, and while, according to
the text-books, the picture is not complete, I believe I am justi-
fied in my diagnosis, which I admit has been made by exclu-
sion. Hence the heading—‘ A Case of Rabies? What! Yes?
No ? 29>

Dr. Critcherson had invited several practitioners to visit the
case and give their opinions.

Dr. Gill, who had seen the case, said that the symptoms he
saw were just the same as described by Dr. Critcherson, and that
he could not add anything to what had been said, but that in his
opinion he thought the animal was suffering with rabies. He
mentioned a case of a small cob which he was called to see a
few days ago, who had always been very docile, and never
showed any viciousness until this time, when it was noticed
that the animal acted strangely, snapping, pawing, and running
to the side of the stall biting at the iron bars. ‘When its halter
was touched it tried to nipthe hand. Pulse normal, but a little
hard, temperature 102°F. In trying to administer sedatives,
the animal snapped and broke the syringe. Dr. Gill became
suspicious, and when he called the next morning he found the
horse frantic, beyond control, and all the symptoms more agera-
vated; the animal having broken its teeth in biting the bars on
the stall. It gradually grew worse and died this morning. The
doctor sent the animal’s brain to the Health Department’s lab-
oratory and he will report the result of the examination later.
There was no history of a dog-bite in this case, only that the
cob was turned out on grass during the day and taken in the
stall at night. Dr. Gill does not think we will find a typical

iby

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 897

train of symptoms in each case ; but that symptoms vary in the
different horses.

Dr. Robertson stated that all he could say was in corrobora-
tion of what had been said regarding Dr. Critcherson’s case ;
the horse was down when he saw it.

Drs. Clayton and Ellis each saw the case of Dr. Critcherson.
Dr. Ellis said he might add that he saw the animal drink water
nice and quietly, and he doubted, with Dr. Clayton, that the
animal was suffering with rabies.

Dr. Grenside thought Dr. Critcherson’s case looked like one
of rabies, and he recited a case, where the owner of the ‘horse
had a dog which died about a month before, in a suspicious
manner; therefore, he concluded there was some connection be-
tween the dog’s death and the horse’s condition.

Dr. Lowe saw two cases which he was ‘satisfied were rabies
in the horse, one of which was determined by animal inocula-
tion.

Dr. Grange mentioned that he saw cases of rabies in cattle,
and said that the symptoms varied in the different temperaments.

Dr. Shaw has had several cases in the horse which he thinks
were rabies.

Drs. Ackerman and Berns took part in the discussion.

Dr. Critcherson then read a letter which he received from
Dr. D. W. Poor, of the Health Department laboratory. Dr.
Poor in his letter said that he made a positive diagnosis of
rabies in the case of the horse which was reported by Dr.
Critcherson, and that the brain tissue showed the changes char-
acteristic of rabies. ‘The four guinea-pigs inoculated from an
emulsion of the tissue have shown all the pronounced symp-
toms of the disease.

Dr. Wilson, of the Health Department laboratory, who rep-
resented Dr. Poor, and is his associate in laboratory work, said
in response to various questions, that the period of incubation
is from 10 days to 3% months, averaging about 2% months.
He described the method of animal inoculation in guinea-pigs
and rabbits, and said that when these animals were inoculated
with a fixed virus they came down with the disease in six days
and died on the tenth day, while the street virus has a more
indefinite period of incubation, and added, the nearer the seat
of inoculation of street virus to the cerebral centres, the shorter
the period of incubation. In other words, if the bite or inocu-
lation is made on the face, the period is shorter than if it was
on the extremities. Statistics show, he said, that 16 per cent.

898 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

bitten by rabid animals develop hydrophobia; 82 per cent. of
the 16 per cent. are cases which have been bitten on the face or
head, the remaining per cent. receiving the bite on the extremi-
ties, or elsewhere. Dr. Wilson described briefly the Pasteur
treatment, and said that the mortality in persons who have re-'
ceived this treatment and where it has been proved conclusively
that they were bitten by a rabid animal, is not quite 1 per
cent., which speaks well for the Pasteur treatment. He also
spoke about Negri’s bodies that are found only in rabid brain
substance, which show distinctly when stained with methy-
lene-blue and eosin; these bodies resemble protozoa. Drs.
Poor and Williams at the laboratory have found them, or at
least think so. Regarding cauterization he said that the actual
cautery or fuming nitric acid are the only reliable agents in
cauterizing wounds inflicted by rabid bites, providing they are
applied within twenty-four hours. Other agents as lunar caus-
tic, carbolic acid, or formalin are of no use. Dr. Wilson does
not believe that lemon juice has any effect in destroying. the
virus of rabies.

Dr. Critcherson closed the discussion on the subject of
rabies. It was regularly moved, seconded, and carried that a
vote of thanks be extended to Dr. Wilson and Dr. Poor, and
that a notice of such vote of thanks be written to Dr. Poor.

A cordial note of thanks was extended to Dr. Critcherson
for the instructive paper which he presented to the meeting.

Dr. Robertson opened the discussion on ‘“ Colics, and Their
Treatment.” He spoke briefly on the causes of colics and re-
viewed the various treatments preferred by different veterina-
rians.

Dr. Ackerman stated that he has used arecoline lately and
has found it very successful in the treatment of flatulent colics.
He uses the Buntin Company’s % grain to I grain tablets, in
two drachms of water and injects intra-tracheally. Within eight
minutes, and exceptional cases fifteen minutes, there is a rapid
evacuation of feces and flatus; in a short time fermentation
ceases. A second dose can be administered in a half hour if
the case demands it. The doctor said that in his cases, the ex-
tra pain caused by arecoline is very slight. In answer to a
question of Dr. Lowe, Dr. Ackerman said that he only uses arec-
oline in flatulent colics and not in cases of obstinate constipa-
tion.

Dr. Grange has used eserin alone and in small doses, and
has found it to act nicely. He uses Merck’s preparation.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 899

Dr. Atchison had good results in colics from common salt ;
he guaranteed that this treatment will not kill the patients.

Dr. Berns has used barium chloride successfully in 15 grain
doses to two drachms of distilled water, heated to 98° or 101° F.,
injected intravenously.

In two fatal cases that he had, Dr. Berns attributed their
deaths not to the barium, but to the cold water used in dissolv- —
ing it; probably causing a clotting of the blood within the
heart.

Dr. Ryder mentioned that he used one grain of arecoline
hypodermically in a case of colic, where the pain increased, got
some flatus, profuse salivation, and the animal died.

Dr. Clayton spoke about stomach tubes in the treatment of
flatulent colics.

Drs. Mackellar, Critcherson, Keller, Grenside, Dickson,
Lowe, and Mangan gave their views and experiences with colics

Dr. Robertson closed the discussion on the subject.

The President extended to the visitors a cordial invitation
to attend the next meeting of the Association.

Meeting adjourned. D. J. MANGAN, Secretary.

CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The regular quarterly meeting was held on September 14 in
the lecture room of the San Francisco Veterinary College, 510
Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco.

There were forty enthusiastic members present, besides a
number of interested visitors. Dr. E. J. Creely, dean of the col-
lege, had arranged a clinic for the afternoon, which was carried
out to the letter, and was voted very instructive. The follow-
ing was the programme: Dr. Lewis C. Dean, professor of
ophthalmology in the San Francisco Veterinary College, opera-
tions with demonstrations on the eye; Dr. George Brady, pro-
fessor of bacteriology and microscopy of the same institution,
demonstrated methods employed in scientific autopsies ; Dr. E.
R. Mathers, of Indiana, exhibition of ear cutting in dogs with
clamps ; Dr. Roy ae Archibald, of Oakland, performed the opera-
tions for quittor and cunean tenotomy ; Dr. J. J. Hogarty, pro-
fessor of anatomy, performed ovariotomy on a bitch; Dr. H. A.
Spencer, of San José, castrated a ridgling ; Dr. P. H. Browning,
of San José, gave an exhibition of odphorectomy in the mare.

After the clinic the members adjourned to the Poodle Dog

900 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

restaurant, where a banquet had been prepared with fifty covers,
and mirth and goodfellowship reigned until 8 P. M., when
President Charles H. Blemer, ex-State Veterinarian, called the
meeting to order. The regular routine business was transacted,
after which essays were read by Dr. G. F. Faulkner, of Salinas,
on the eradication of the Texas tick and Texas fever in Mon-
terey county, of which place he is the county veterinarian. Dr.
George J. Donnelly, of Oakland, gave a paper on sanitary work
relative to the testing and destruction of glandered horses in
and about Niles and Centreville, which has been found to exist
in that locality to quite an alarming extent. Dr. H. F. Spencer,
of Sacramento, addressed the meeting upon “‘ Foot-and-Mouth
Disease in Cattle,’ which exists in a benign form in that
county and other contiguous localities to quite an extent; Dr.
George Locke, of Lockford, reported several interesting cases.

Dr. Charles Keane, the recently appointed State Veteri-
narian, addressed the members upon sanitary police and conta-
gious diseases. The doctor particularly desired that the veteri-
narians from the different counties of the State should endeavor
to impress the supervisors of their districts and also their
clientele with the importance of reporting at once any outbreak
of a contagious character among the domestic animals.

This being the regular meeting for the nomination of of-
ficers for the ensuing year the following names were offered:
For President, Dr. R. A. Archibald of Oakland, Dr. James Sul-
livan of Suisun, Dr. Carl Fisher of San Mateo; for Vice-Presi-
dent, Dr. G. F. Faulkner of Salinas, Dr. J. B.. Boomer of San
Francisco; for Secretary, Dr. P. H. Browning of San José; for
Treasurer, Dr. W. F. Egan of San Francisco; Board of Exam-
iners, three to elect, Dr. H. A. Spencer of San José, Dr. D. F:
Fox of Sacramento, Dr. E. J. Creely of San Francisco, Dr.
Archibald Ward of Berkeley, Dr. George Locke of Lockford,
Dr. H. F. Spencer of Sacramento and Dr. T. E. Carroll of
Chico.

The meeting then adjourned to meet Wednesday, December
T4, 1904. P. H. BROWNING, Secretary.

KANSAS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION. }

The Kansas State Veterinary Medical Association meets in
Topeka, January Io.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 901

This being our first annual meeting, we are going to have a
grand meeting ; we havea good programme arranged, both clin-
ical and literary. Dr. Moore, of the K. C. V. C., has volun-
teered to come and bring his operating table, and assist in every
way possible. Of course anyone who knows Dr. Moore knows
that if he is anywhere within reach he would help all he could ;
he is built just that way. The Association has some exceed-
ingly important business to transact at this meeting, and we —
hope to see every veterinarian in the State present. The Secre-
tary is sending a notice of the meeting to every one he can learn
of, so if anyone in the State reads this, he may just consider
himself invited by special invitation, and come.

Drs. Pritchard and Knisely are looking to local arrange-
ments and when you arrive in Topeka just ask for their infirm-
ary and you will be well cared for.

I wish the different veterinary associations throughout the
United States and Canada would designate the REVIEW as their
official paper, and then give notice of meetings and other such
important business through its columns. No up-to-date veteri-
narian should be without it; its circulation in the United States
should tally with the number of graduate veterinarians. Thank-
ing the REVIEw for past favors, we promise to report after the
January meeting. HuGuH S. MAXWELL, Secretary.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Boston Veter-
inary Hospital, Wednesday evening, Oct. 26th, at8 p.m. There
were five members present. On motion of Dr. Winslow, seconded
by Dr. Howard, the minutes of the previous meeting were ac-
cepted as read. Dr. Lewis C. Weeks, of Falmouth, was elected
a member. Dr. Howard gave an interesting account of the New
York meeting, held at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15. Adjourned 9.45
SMe: F. J. BaBBitt, Secretary.

Dr. Mayo HurT IN aA WreEcK.—Among those injured in
the big wreck on the Missouri Pacific at Tipton, Mo., Sunday
morning, was Dr. Mayo, veterinary department State Agricul-
tural College at Manhattan, whose back and neck was sprained.
Dr. Mayo is well known here. He has given up his place in
the coliege at Manhattan and goes to Cuba to take a position
similar to the one he held in the Agricultural College.—(/zzc-
tion City, Kan., Union, Nov. 4.)

902 NEWS AND ITEMS.

NEWS AND ITEMS.

I APPRECIATE your magazine from start to finish.—(JZ. C.
Livesay, St. Johns, Mich.)

Dr. H. F. PALMER is now in the West in the interest of
Parke, Davis & Co. He will make his headquarters in Denver
at 2623 High Street, where his family are at present.

Drs. WM. SHEPPARD, Thomas G. Sherwood, and J. Elmer
Ryder officiated as veterinarians to the recent Madison Square
Garden Horse Show.

Dr. WM. H. PENDRY, of Brooklyn, N. Y., was elected to the
Assembly at the recent election. He represented his district in
that body two years ago.

RABIES IN TURKEy.—The disease is frequent, and the Pas-
teur treatment is resorted to—with a mortality of 30 to 31 per
100. In 1901, 700 persons were inoculated; in 1902, 800;
and 1903 more than 1000.

CARNAVAL CoOSTUMES.—Two Italian physicians have ex-
amined 42 costumes, let out in the last carnaval, and found
among numerous bacilli, those of tuberculosis, in such quantity
that out of 8 animals inoculated, all took tuberculosis.

MARK WHITE, JR., V. M. D., U. P., ’04, Denver, Colorado,
is the veterinary editor of Outdoor Life, published in that city.
At the matinee trotting races held recently the Doctor officiated
as one of the judges.

Horror.—In analyzing the water of a public bath estab-
lishment in Liverpool, Glisson states that this water removes
from the skin of each bather from 4 to 6 millions of bac-
teria. The most numerous are Staphylococcus albus in all its
varieties.

Dr. C. A. LESLIE, O. V. C., ’03, is nicely located at Dead-
wood, S. D. He is veterinarian for the Homestake Mining Co.,
who have immense interests at Lead and Deadwood. ‘The
Doctor says he often operates on horses in the mines, when they
are 1,500 feet below the surface level.

BURROS FOR PHILIPPINES.—The army transport Dzx on her
next trip to Manila will carry a lot of burros, which will be used
in the islands as pack animals to take the place of the carabao,
whose skin has been found to be too delicate to sustain the
weight of burdens and the pressure of supports.

“TONES, do you happen to know anyone who has a horse for
sale?” inquired Brown. ‘I have reasons for believing that

NEWS AND ITEMS. 903

Green has,” replied Jones. ‘“ Why do you think so?” ‘“ Be-
cause I sold him one yesterday.”

Dr. JUDSON BLACK, the efficient Secretary of the Michigan
Veterinary Medical Association, was confined to his bed for two
weeks in November with an attack of malarial fever, but is now
a safe convalescent.

W. D. WRIGHT, M. D. C., formerly Meat Inspector at Ft.
Worth, Texas, sailed from Seattle, Wash., for Manila, where he
has accepted an appointment as Veterinarian, Bureau of Insular
Affairs, Philippine Islands.

‘‘T HEAR YOU want to sell your dog, Pat. They tell me he
has a pedigree.” ‘Sure, an’ Oi niver noticed it, sor. Anyhow,
he’s nothin’ but a puppy yit, an’ O1’m thinkin’ he’ll be afther
outgrowin’ it, sor.”

Drs. Mayo, of Cuba; Van Es, of the North Dakota Agricul-
tural College and Experiment Station, and Reynolds, of the Agri-
cultural College of the University of Minnesota and Experiment
Station, attended the recent meeting of the Association of Ag-
ricultural Collegesand Experiment Stations at Des Moines.

THE DISTRICT MEDICAL SOCIETY OF CENTRAL ILLINOIS at
a recent meeting held at Pana, Ill., appointed a committee of
three to amend their By-Laws so as to admit to associate mem-
bership veterinarians that are graduates of recognized and regu-
larly constituted veterinary colleges, druggists, doctors of dental
surgery, and chemists. This action upon the part of the medi-
cal association is a step in the right direction, and we commend
it to the consideration of other similar organizations.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF RAPID DIAGNOSES.—“ I’m in a
hurry,” called the doctor, ‘‘and can’t stop to see you, but it’s all
right—you haven’t got it.” ‘‘ Haven’t got what ?”? demanded
the astonished artist. ‘‘ Whatever it is you think you’ve got.
Not a symptom of it. Good-by.”’ And he drove away. ‘ Well,
now,” said Levering, turning to a lamp-post as the only witness
of the scene, ‘“‘that’s the time he’s mistaken. I have got it—
ten dollars in my pocket to pay his last bill; but if he’s sure I
haven’t I'll try to-get in line with his diagnosis.” And he went
around to the nearest junk shop and ifivested the money in a
pair of brass candlesticks and a copper kettle.

TRITE Sayincs.—A budding genius frequently develops
into a blooming idiot. . . . The fellow who dabbles in
trotting stock sometimes degenerates into laughing stock.
Because a man never kicks is nota sure sign that he is content-
ed. He may be lazy. . . . Itis hard luck when the wheel

904 NEWS AND ITEMS.

of fortune gets a punctured tire. . . . The same stuff that
gives a man a strong breath will weaken his’ powers of judg-
ment. . . . Standing pat is better than laying down any-
how, although it may, at times, be more painful. . . . One
of the best things to do before we criticize others too much isto
begin an intelligent study of ourselves.

VACCINATION IN TUBERCULOSIS.—Maragliano states his be-
lief that specific treatment is possible in tuberculosis, and that
it is possible to render human beings immune against the dis-
ease. He describes his experiments minutely, and speaks of
the properties of his serum which benefits the general condition
of tuberculous patients and acts upon the local lesion, especially
in early cases. He reports 2,899 cases, in some of which a cure
has lasted from seven to nine years at the present time. Marag-
liano says one should not expect too much from serum treat-
ment and not much more than from other well recognized
methods of treatment. He then describes his method of pro-
ducing immunity. Recently, he has attempted an actual vacci-
nation by evoking a peripheral focus of tuberculosis without
living tubercle bacilli to bring about actively the protective
agency.—(Berlin. Klinische Woch., June 13.)

THE RIDING SCHOOL SEASON IN NEw YorxkK.—The riding
academies are making elaborate preparations for a great winter’s
business, and when the National Horse Show shall have passed
into history—the Thanksgiving turkey eaten, and the football
games of 1904 become a pleasant memory, the merry clatter of
the hoofs of more than 2,000 saddle horses will resound through-
out the six riding academies of which New York and its sub-
urbs can boast. With the modern luxuries which constitute
the furnishings. of these academies they are in fact the nearest
approach to an ideal life of pleasureable pastime which modern
civilization has produced. No scene is more dazzling in its
brilliancy than the arena of a well-appointed riding academy
filled with merry-making men and women mounted on thorough-
ly trained saddle horses whose every movement is the poetry of
motion, and who seem to enter into the evening’s pleasure with
as much enthusiasm as the riders themselves. Add to this
music, and fancy costumes for the riders, and brilliant equip-
ments for the horses, and such a picture of loveliness and anima-
tion is presented as can scarcely be found elsewhere.—( Corre-
spondence Breeders Gazette.)

Dr. Davison’s Loss.—The Altamont Stock Farm at Mill-
brook, Dutchess County, N. Y., owned by G. Howard Davison,

NEWS AND ITEMS. 905

of this city, was partially destroyed by fire yesterday. Mr.
Davison sent a telegram to Poughkeepsie last night which said
that five of the barns at Altamont had been burned, and ‘ with
them many tons of hay and grain, cows and pigs. The loss is
covered by insurance.” Since last Sunday’s storm Millbrook
has been cut off from telephone communication and no further
details could be obtained last night. Mr. Davison was recently |
named by President Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of Agri-
culture. His New York residence is at 52 East Forty-ninth
Street. G. Howard Davison showed four ponies at the Horse
Show last week. They were Lady Orme, Tally-Ho, Myrtle
and Bo-Peep, and between them they won one second and one
third prize, of the total value of $70. Mr. Davison has been
well known for years as a breeder of ponies and has some very
fine stock which at former shows was very successful. The
ponies that were in the recent show started for home yesterday,
and it is doubtful if they had arrived when the fire started.—
(WV. Y. Sun, Nov. 27.) [Dr. Davison is a member of the veter-
inary profession, holding the diploma of the American Veteri-
nary College, 1890. His selection for the high office of Assist-
ant Secretary of Agriculture by President Roosevelt is very
gratifying to the profession of the country, and we wish him
success in his new estate.—EDITOR REVIEW. |

SWINE TUBERCULOSIS.—State Veterinarian Leonard Pear-
son, of Pennsylvania, has the following letter in the Breeder's Ga-
zette of Nov. 9: ‘‘ Zo The Gazette.—Those who pay careful
attention to the distribution of tuberculosis have known for
years that this disease is becoming more prevalent among swine
in many parts of the country. Nearly 20,000 hogs were con-
demned in this country last year by meat inspectors on account
of tuberculosis. From the statement of Frank Bixby in your
issue of Oct. Ig it appears that loss from this disease is becom-
ing something of a burden to hog slaughterers. Tuberculosis
of swine has been increasing from year to year and little, very
little, has been done to check it. Before effective action can be
taken to repress a disease it is necessary to determine the means
by which it spreads. This knowledge has been very carefully
worked out in regard to tuberculosis of swine, both in this and
in other countries. It is interesting and important to know
that tuberculosis rarely spreads from hog to hog. ‘The reason
for this is that a living tubercular animal cannot infect an ani-
mal in association with it until the disease has reached such a
stage that tissue in parts of the body in communication with

906 NEWS AND ITEMS.

the exterior is being destroyed and cast off, most frequently
from the lungs. Now it happens that hogs usually die of tub-
erculosis. before the disease has reached this stage. That is, the
disease may attain a wide distribution in the body and cause
death before the tissues have melted down preparatory to being
cast off. ‘Tuberculosis never originates spontaneously or from
bad conditions of life alone. It can be produced only by the
specific germs of this disease. We can protect our hogs by pre-
venting the access of these germs. From what source do they
come? Mr. Bixby is quite right in stating that the feeding of
offal may cause tuberculosis. But it is not dead horses, among
which tuberculosis is almost unknown, but the offal of animals
that were affected with tuberculosis that is dangerous. The
small slaughter house in the village or country, with its herd of
scavenger hogs, has much to do with the propagation of this
disease. Only a short time ago a country butcher who feeds
offal told me that he could not keep hogs more than two months,
for they die of tuberculosis. But this is not the chief cause of the
trouble. All experience teaches that the most important factor
in the production of swine tuberculosis is the milk of tubercular
cows. ‘That tuberculosis of pigs may readily be caused by feed-
ing the milk of tubercular cows has been abundantly demon-
strated by numerous carefully controlled experiments. Obser-
vation on a large scale in districts where there are infected
herds and where much skimmilk is fed to pigs also furnishes
convincing proof of this fact. But perhaps an even more per-
fect demonstration is supplied by the experience of Denmark
and parts of Germany. ‘Tuberculosis of swine was formerly
very common. In the same districts it is now extinct or quite
rare, while all conditions remain the same and no repressive
measures have been put in force excepting that it is now re-
quired by law that slime from the separator bowls shall be
burned and that the skimmilk be heated to destroy tubercle ba-
cilli. Infected milk from the herd of one creamery patron may
lead to the occurrence of tuberculosis among the swine and, in-
deed, among the calves of a large proportion or of all of the
patrons who return skimmilk from the creamery to their farms
for feeding. One unfortunate, ignorant or negligent man in a
community may in this way do much harm to his neighbors.
Protection comes through the use of the farm separator, through’
the pasteurization of skimmilk at creameries or, best of all,
through the eradication of tuberculosis of cattle.
“(Signed | LEONARD PEARSON.”

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. -

JANUARY, 10905.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

PARIS, FRANCE, November 15, 1904.

Last WoRD ON DISTEMPER VACCINATION. — Dogs are
among domestic animals those which deserve best the name of
friends of the house, and, with possibly the exception of the cat,
there is no other domestic species which is found as frequently
in our households. It is not his financial value which gives
him the privileges of our homes, but other qualities which go
beyond the pocket of the owner and gain for him the affections
of all, and make his loss by death or other cause a subject of
sadness and regret. Of course, there is also the fact which
must not be ignored, viz., a peculiar condition of the financial
value, which in our days, reaches sometimes, figures that
many would consider a little fortune and which render the ani-
mal precious to his owner.

Unfortunately, dogs are liable to many diseases; among
them is distemper, which kills so many. Contagious, this dis-
ease has always called the attention of scientists, practitioners,
pathologists, sanitarians and finally bacteriologists, and dog-
owners have watched the results of the many investigations that
were made with great interest ; interest which was well justified,
especially when the late announcement of a possible prophylaxy,
in the widest sense of the word, was made by Dr. Physalix
claiming to have found a vaccination which would protect the

909

910 EDITORIAL.

thoroughly healthy, and relieve the affected. I have kept the
readers of the REVIEW (as well as I could) informed of all that
has been done; I have mentioned the experiments and results
of the committee appointed by the Société de Médecine Vétéri-
naire Pratique and closed my last communication on the subject
in June, 1903, by the announcement that at the instigation of
the Veterinary Record, a committee in London had been ap-
pointed to test the value of the French discovery.
* *

At last the report of the committee has been published. The
following is a concise résumé. ‘The details can be found in the
English journals.

After brief remarks on the idea ai the prevention of the dis-
ease, which goes back to Jenner, who considered it as canine
vatiola and suggested vaccination as a preventive, and a short
review of what has been done by others, the report arrives to
Dr. Physalix’s discovery and the organization of the commit-
tee. Subscriptions were called for, proper locals secured, and in
April, 1903, the experiments began. There were three experi-
ments.

First.—Dogs between two and three months of age, were re-
ceived from various points in lots of two to five and quarantined
for afew days. Apparently in good health, they were sent to
the place of experiment and divided into lots, of animals of
about the same size and weight. A veterinarian (JZ. Rk. C. V. S.)
was engaged to take charge. May 13 there were 33 dogs gath-
ered, and June 4 was fixed for first vaccination. Between these
two dates one of the animals developed the disease, several
others followed. ‘The experiment was a failure.

Second.—After most thorough disinfection, dogs were again
obtained, 34 of various sizes, breeds, and aged from two to
three months. ‘These were divided into five lots. On July 13,
10 dogs, 2 from each lot, received 2% c.c. of Physalix vaccine
No. 1. All seemed healthy, but two that had refused their food
died. July 20, 10 other dogs received the first vaccine and on
the 27th and Aug. 1 the first vaccinated and these last re-

+. +e hv

EDITORIAL. 911

ceived the second vaccine. From Aug. 11 to 20th, 4 dogs died
with convulsions and enteric symptoms. Three had been vac-
cinated, one was a control. The experiment was once more
useless or at least without results, as it is possible that the dogs
died from the disease.

Third.—As long as it was evident that it was impossible to ~
keep a large number of dogs together without danger, it was
decided to have theminsmallerlots. rst lot, 4 dogs; two were
vaccinated on Sept. 28 and Oct. 13; other two were controls.
2d lot, 4 dogs; two vaccinated Oct. 29; two others kept as con-
trols. 3d lot, 4 dogs; after ten days of observation, one seemed
sick ; he was killed. On Nov. 14, the first two lots were put
together; all the dogs seem healthy. On the 2oth, one
was diseased and died. On the 25th two more were sick.
Dec. roth, another was taken; he had eruption; he died on the
toth. On the same day another vaccinated one was taken ;
dead on the 21st. The 28th, one vaccinated and one control
dog were taken and died a few days later. January 26th a wit-
ness showed signs of chorea; he was killed. There remained
one sick animal, one vaccinated and two controls. They were
destroyed and the experiment closed.

* - *

The conclusions of the committee are positive. The first
experiment is an entire failure. The second does not justify
conclusions, but is suggestive. The third is regarded as unim-
peachable evidence that the vaccination failed to confer any im-
munity against distemper. The net result of the experiment is
that three of the four vaccinated pups died from distemper,
while only two deaths occurred among the four unvaccinated
controls. Another balloon bursted !!

* *

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST ‘TUBERCULOSIS.—For some time
a new process has been inaugurated in Germany which may in
time prove to give an almost certain control of tuberculosis.
The vaccination of bovines according to the method of von
Behring. In my chronicle for April last I alluded to it, and I

912 EDITORIAL.

flatter myself that my remarks may have called the attention of
my worthy friend, Prof. Leonard Pearson, and decided him in
his tour of inspection last summer. [Here let me tell him how
I regretted not to have seen him on account of my absence from
Paris.] The re-echoed communications of von Behring upon
the anti-tuberculous Jennerization of bovines have given rise to
a legitimate expectation in the scientific world. Taking ad-
vantage of the extreme quality of bovines to support intrave-
nous injections of cultures of some specific breeds of human tu-
berculous origin, the learned professor of Marbourg, utilizing
these cultures in given doses and following a very simple tech-
nic, has succeeded in granting to bovines a true immunity
against the tubercle special to their breed. The results he has
obtained seem absolutely demonstrative of the innocuity of the
operation for young animals and also those more advanced in
years when free from tuberculosis, seem well established. But
still numerous controlling experiments have been carried out
all over the world, especiaily in Germany.
* ig *

In France the Société de Médecine Vétérinaire Pratique,
which, by the way, seems to be the one in that country which
has the privilege of such experimental inquiry, has decided to
experiment also. To that effect a committee has been appoint-
ed, to which I have the honor to belong, and the programme
proposed by the worthy successor of Nocard, Prof. Vallée, was
unanimously adopted.

It will be as follows: 60 animals at least rill be secured—
calves six months old, which will be first of all submitted to
tuberculin; 30 will be inoculated with vaccines coming directly
from the laboratory of von Behring. ‘The operation will be
done according to the Professor’s directions. Three months
after the second vaccination, all the animals shall be tested
_ with tuberculin and then submitted, some to experimental in-
fection (15 vaccinated and 15 witnesses); others to close and
long cohabitation with cattle affected with manifest tuberculo-
sis (I5 vaccinated and 15 witnesses). The animals shall be tu-

EDITORIAL. 913

berculined regularly, and according to the development of the
disease among the witnesses, shall be destroyed or kept for a
variable time. If one of the witnesses should happen to die, one
of the vaccinated which would appear the sickest at that time
shall be killed to compare the condition of both subjects to the
tuberculous point of view.

The experiment will certainly take a long time before it is

concluded and will no doubt be costly.
*

* * .

‘““A MIRACLE OF NATURE”? is the title of an article that I
read a short time ago in a Belgian journal. I did not pay much
attention to it and this is the reason why I did not speak about
it before; but as French, English, Itaiian and German papers
have referred to it, here it is in concise form. It is the history
of a learned horse—one, savs a writer, which is worthy of uni-
versity degrees. ‘‘ Hans” (that is his name) has attracted the
attention of scientists. Of course, he deserves that honor. He
can do the four rules of arithmetic, can count to one hundred,
knows how to read, recognizes cards, selects photographic like-
nesses of persons who visit him, indicates the day of the week,
has an eye for colors, a musical ear and can spell words of one
syllable. Of course, all his answers are given by stamping his
front foot on the ground. His performances have no doubt
been extraordinary, to such an extent that a commission of
thirteen experts, including Dr. Nagel, Professor of Physiology
in Berlin; Prof. Moebius, director of the Zoological Museum of
Berlin; Prof. Stumpf, director of the Psychological Institute.
It was even reported that the wonderful animal was to be
brought before the Kaiser of Germany after Dr. Studt, the Min-
ister of Education, had visited him with the prominent experts
already named. For one of these gentlemen, Prof. Moebius,
the achievements of ‘‘ Hans” are undeniably real mental work
and not the result of mere training.

*& *

Tableau, however. One day a friend of the owner of

“Hans” was refused admission and examination, being alone

914 EDITORIAL.

with the horse. One certain stableman was to be present.
Finally some one succeeded in being with the horse alone for a
short time. He asked him to add one and three. ‘‘ Hans” de-
clined to answer; but he recovered his memory as soon as the
said stableman was there. After a while, and much coaxing,
the fellow acknowledged that he was ‘‘ Hans ’”’—that when he
looked down the horse stamped his foot until he raised his eyes.
It was he who made all the tricks of the wonderful thinking
stallion. One more legend gone!!! Avoee

THE VETERINARIAN .AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.

The interests of animal husbandry and of the veterinary pro-
fession are so intimate that one cannot progress without the
other. Sometimes this fact is lost sight of and the impression
arises in the minds of some individuals, or the impression be-
comes general in a limited area, that veterinarians and farmers
are antagonistic. Such astate of affairs is to be extremely regret-
ted, and has its most injurious effect when it comes to obtaining
legislation for the betterment of veterinary sanitation or the
veterinary profession.

Real progress in the live-stock industry and, indeed, the ac-
tual existence of advanced animal husbandry depends upon such
immunity,from disease as can be secured only by the exercise
of reasonable and adequate veterinary protection. Generally, all
that is necessary in order to obtain for veterinary measures the
confidence and support that they deserve from owners of live
stock is that veterinarians shall frankly and fully explain their
projects to farmers, and make clear the reasons and the need for
their requests. When veterinarians meet among themselves
and decide, without consulting the owners of live stock, that
certain regulations concerning the control of animal diseases and
the movements of animals are necessary, they may find upon
reaching the legislature that there is prejudice against them.

What it is possible to accomplish by continuous pressure
along conservative lines by cooperation between veterinarians
and owners of animals is illustrated by the code of laws now ex-

aa +r a

EDITORIAL. 915

isting in Pennsylvania. In that State, veterinarians are not the
object of suspicion. It is realized that the measures there adopt-
ed are for the benefit of animal husbandry and not of individuals.
All of the laws relating to the diseases in animals that are now
in operation in that State have been endorsed, and their passage
has been favored by the leading live-stock organizations. Vet-
erinarians take a prominent part in the work and management
of these organizations. At the meeting of the State Dairy Union,
held in Harrisburg on November 30 and December 1, we find that
the Secretary of the organization is Dr. M. EK. Conard, a veterina-
rian. A paper was read at this meeting by Dr. C. J. Marshall
on ‘The Production of Certified Milk,” and by Dr. Leonard
Pearson on “The Relation of Veterinary Science to Dairy
Progress.” The State Veterinarian, Dr. Pearson, is President
of the Pennsylvania Guernsey Breeders’ Association, and at the
meeting held in Philadelphia, December 10, he spoke on ‘“‘ The
Recent Agricultural Developments of Denmark.” He is also
First Vice-President of the State Breeders’ Association.

In New York State recent meetings have served to bring
owners of live stock and the veterinary profession into closer
touch and better understanding. At the Normal Farmers’ In-
stitute, held recently in Ithaca, Prof. Law, Dr. V. A. Moore and
Dr. Wm. Henry Kelly discussed veterinary topics of interest to
farmers and corrected some of the false teachings in regard to
tuberculosis of cattle that have recently been propagated
through the farmers’ institutes. At the meeting of the State
Dairymen’s Association, held at Herkimer in the middle of De-
cember, tuberculosis was one of the special subjects for discus-
sion and was treated by Dr. V. A. Moore.

On December 6 an Agricultural Conference was held in
Dover, Delaware, for the purpose of considering subjects of
large public importance that particularly concerned farmers.
Among these subjects and in connection with the discussion on
good roads, public schools, State agricultural colleges, etc., we
find that the subjects of anthrax and tuberculosis were consid-
ered. Among those whose names appeared on the programme

916 EDITORIAL.

for the discussion of these subjects were Drs. A. T. Neale,
Leonard Pearson, Henry Marshall and H. P. Eves.

This is the sort of thing that helps. It is important that
live-stock owners should fully realize their dependence on vet-
erinary science, for this is the first step toward reciprocal effort,
without which the progress of veterinary medicine in its
broader relations is impossible.

THE RELIABILITY OF MALLEIN.

The value of mallein to the veterinary profession is brought
prominently before the profession for discussion in this number
of the REVIEW through a letter to our readers from Dr. E. B.
Ackerman, Veterinary Inspector of the Department of Health
of the Borough of Brooklyn, New York City. There has prob-
ably never been a time when glanders was more generally
prevalent in the Metropolis than at the present time; not that
there is any alarming outbreaks to threaten the equine popula-
tion, but it permeates many stables, of all grades, and needs but
a proper exciting cause to make its presence felt. The veteri-
nary profession, without a reliable diagnostic serum, is helpless
to penetrate and discover the presence of the bacillus in the sys-
tems of its victims until visible evidences of the havoc it pro-
duces are manifest, when it may, and probably has, found other
hosts to infect. The slaughter of the affected animal does not
offer a guarantee that his stable companions are not in the in-
cubative stage of the same disease, to follow the same course,
and thus keep alive indefinitely a malady which is, in a practi-
cal sense at least, fatal. Opinions appear to differ as to the re-
liability of mallein to detect the latent germs in the systems of
animals which present no external evidence of their presence,
as well as to its prophylactic power and its curative (?) proper-
ties. Dr. Ackerman has placed before the profession more than
a score of pertinent questions which his large experience has
led him to believe are unsettled and of commanding import-
ance. The REVIEW believes that, if veterinarians who have
had occasion to employ mallein extensively, and have come to

EDITORIAL. 917

definite conclusions concerning all or any of these questions,
will contribute their views to the discussion, that a subject of
great practical value can be advanced more rapidly and more
reliably than could be accomplished through any other means.
For this purpose this journal throws open its pages to the pro-
fession with enthusiasm, and trusts they will liberally take ad--
vantage of the opportunity.

WORK OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

From advance sheets of the report of the Secretary of Agri-
culture for 1904, we abstract the following data in relation to
the work of the Bureau :

““ Inspection of Animals for Export.——Besides safeguarding
the live-stock industry at home, the Department is fostering the
foreign trade. ‘The total export of animal products in the past
fiscal year exceeded $223,000,000. The total inspections for
export were, for cattle, 790,496; for sheep, 534,850; and for
horses, 3,293. There was a great increase in the number of
cattle and sheep exported, but a considerable reduction in the
number of horses. The loss on cattle in transit to British ports
was but 0.17 per cent., and on sheep 0.94 per cent. Clearances
of vessels carrying live stock numbered 774.

“ Inspection of Import Anima/s.—The inspection of import
animals calls for the utmost vigilance in order to prevent the
introduction of animal diseases. Importations of pure-bred ani-
mals were light, but a very large number were imported from
Mexico for breeding purposes.

“ Domestic Inspection of Animals and Meat.—Inspection of
animals and their products was maintained at 51 establishments
in cities; of ante-mortem inspections about 65,000,000 were
made, and of post-mortem. 40,000,000, an increase in both cases
over the previous year. The microscopic inspection of pork is
restricted to that destined for countries requiring it, and the
number of carcasses inspected in 1904 was 313,445, of which
2,643 were found to be trichinous.

“ Dipping of Mangy Cattle.—The Secretaay devotes consid-
erable space to reporting on the successful conflict waged against
cattle scab and mange by the Bureau of Animal Industry with
the cooperation of the State authorities. During the first 9
months of the year, in 34 Statesand Territories, nearly 4,000,000

918 EDITORIAL.

head were inspected, and 168,203 were found affected by the
disease, while 300,000 were found to have been exposed to it.
The total number of cattle dipped during this period exceeded
420,000. ‘This work very considerably increased the expenses
of the Bureau.

“ Cases of Rabies in Animals.—Of 38 suspected cases of ra-
bies, positive results were obtained from 22, of which 13 were
from the District of Columbia.

“ Tuberculosts in Cattle.—Experiments recently reported
upon by the Bureau of Animal Industry show conclusively that
it is an error to conclude that cattle cannot be affected with
human tuberculosis. The Secretary urges the necessity of a
rigid enforcement of the public regulations looking to the con-
trol and eradication of this disease in cattle. The Bureau dis-
tributed 74,000 doses of tuberculin in 1904. The black-leg vac-
cine for cattle distributed by the Bureau continues to give sat-
isfaction. During the year 1,000,000 doses of this vaccine were
issued, and over 10,000 persons reported highly satisfactory re-
sults. ‘The number of animals that died after vaccination was
reduced to the very low figure of 0.44 per cent. of the number
treated.” .

GROUND has been broken for the erection of an immense
structure to be built at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, to
be used for the International Live Stock Exhibition, which is
held annually in Chicago. The building will be called the
“Coliseum,” and will cover several acres of land, and will cost
between one hundred and fifty and two hundred thousand
dollars.

TREATMENT OF FISTULOUS WITHERS AND POLL-EVIL.—A.
W. Baker, V. S., Brasher Falls, N. Y., writes: ‘I have used
the following treatment with good results in both of these seri-
ous diseases: Make a clean cut long and deep, and remove all
necrosed bone and ligament. ‘Then with long rubber tubing
extending to the bottom of the wound apply hot water for one
minute. After this pack with a dry antiseptic made of sub-
gallate of bismuth, borax and acetanilid (equal parts) on a piece
of absorbent cotton and left in for forty-eight hours, greasing
the outside well with vaseline. Continue this method of dress-
ing three times a week until the swelling subsides ; then apply
the dry antiseptic with packing in order to get it to the bottom
of the cavity.”

DIPHTHERIA IN CHICKENS. 919

ORIGINAL ARTI@@@S

THE ETIOLOGY AND MORBID ANATOMY OF DIPH-
THERIA IN CHICKENS.*

By W. B. MAckK, D. V. M., IrHAcA, N. VY.

Presented to the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical So- ©
ciety, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

Avian diphtheria, more commonly called “roup,” is perhaps
the most important of the various affections of chickens. ‘The
annual loss to the poultry raisers from this disease amounts to
no inconsiderable sum. Aside from its economic importance, it
is of considerable interest from a scientific point of view.

In certain cases the lesions in the mouth and pharynx of af-
fected birds closely resemble those of human diphtheria. Be-
cause of this a belief arose that the two diseases were identical.
A determination of the etiology and character of the disease in
fowls has Jong been considered of prime importance to the
human sanitarian, as well as to the comparative pathologist and
poultry raiser. Considerable work has already been done, but
no very definite conclusions have been reached concerning the
cause. Among the earlier workers a great diversity of opinion
existed, and several bacteria were described as the probable
cause. Some investigators have reported the finding of the
Klebs-Loeffler bacterium in cases of avian diphtheria, while
others have failed to verify these results.

Loeffler’ found an organism belonging to the septicaemia
heemorrhagica group that he believed was the essential cause.
Nocard® described a similar organism. Stevenson* in 1898 sought
to show that human and avian diphtheria are identical. Lieut.
Holmes? of the British army has recently published the results

* An abstract of thesis presented at the New York State Veterinary College for the
degree, D. V. M., June, 1904.

1 Law.— Text-book of Veterinary Medicine. Vol. III, p. 372, 1903.

? Nocard.—Maladies Microbiennes des Animaux. Vol. I, 1903.

8 Stevenson.— Jour. Comp. Med. July, 1808.
* Holmes.— Jour. of Comp. Path. and Ther. Vol, XVI1i, No. 1, 1904.

920 W. B. MACK.

of his investigation of an outbreak of human diphtheria at a
small isolated post in the Himalaya mountains in which he
seeks to incriminate the cows and chickens at the post, as he
was unable to otherwise trace the source of infection. He re-
ports about fifty cases of diphtheria in chickens and ducks and
vesicular eruptions on the udders of two cows from which he
isolated bacteria resembling the Klebs-Loeffler organism. His
investigation led him to believe that he was dealing with the
bacterium of human diphtheria.

Moore’ has described an organism of the bacterium septi-
ceemia hemorrhagica group which he has found to be constantly
present in the early stages of the disease in certain outbreaks,
but absent in others. He has been unable to reproduce the dis-
ease with it experimentally and has never considered it the
etiological factor. Harrison® has examined over three hundred
cases. He usually found in the early stages an organism which
he has named Bacz/lus cacosmus or the ‘‘roup bacillus,” tending
to disappear as the disease progresses. He also found Pseudo-
monas pyocyaneus in many cases. With both organisms he suc-
ceeded in producing certain inflammatory conditions which he
considers identical with the cases met with clinically.

This has been generally considered a specific infectious dis-
ease. ‘The constancy of the lesions, though quite variable, and
the almost uniformly viscid character of the discharges would
seemingly indicate this, while the emaciation and depression
together with frequent fatalities exhibiting but slight lesions
would point to the production and absorption of a toxic sub-
stance.

During the past winter and spring I have studied thirty-three
cases of diphtheria in fowls. A careful bacteriological exami-
nation has been made of thirteen cases. In these examinations

1 Moore.—Bul. No, 8, U. S. Dept. of Agr. B. A. I, 1895.

* Harrison,—Proc, 30th Annual Meeting Am. Public Health Association. 1903.
Harrison and Streit— Am, VET. REvIEW. Vol, XXVII, No. 1, 1903.
Harrison and Streit —Bul, 132, Ontario Agr, College and Exp, Farm. 1903.
Harrison and Streit. —Bul. 125, Ontario Agr. College. 1902,

DIPHTHERIA IN CHICKENS, 921

I have isolated a large number of bacteria. None of these were
found to be constant. Experimental inoculation of fowls with
the most nearly constant ones have given negative results. I
have met neither Bacterium septicemia hemorrhagica, Bact.
diphtherte nor B. cacosmus. Ps. pyocyaneus has occurred twice
but not in pure culture. Inoculation of two fowls with cultures
from one case provoked no disturbance. An injection of 0.5 c.c.
of a bouillon culture from the same case into the pectoral mus-
cles of a pigeon had no effect. Moore procured for me from
Harrison a culture of 2B. cacosmus, which he stated had lost its
virulence. He suggested that its virulence might be restored
by growing it in chicken bouillon and passing it through pig-
eons. This I tried to do. It was grown in media made from
chicken meat until the tenth culture, when 2 c.c. of a 24 hours
bouillon culture failed to killa pigeon. The same quantity of
a similar culture killed a rabbit in thirty hours. Three c.c. of
a culture twelve days old killed the second pigeon over night.
The amount of culture used for inoculation was gradually de-
creased through a series of four pigeons until 1 cc. of a 24
hours bouillon culture would kill a pigeon over night. A dose
of 0.5 c.c. of a similar culture had no apparent effect on a pig-
eon. Cultures recovered from the fourth pigeon were used to
inoculate two fowls with negative results.

Considering the variety of organisms that have been described,
and the fact that while I have followed essentially the methods
of Moore and Harrison the results have been dissimilar, these
findings seem to justify the conclusion that up to the present
the cause of this disease cannot be considered as determined.
The recorded observations of various workers do not indicate
the constant presence of any single organism. Harrison makes
the strongest claim of producing diphtheria in chickens experi-
mentally! and he does it with two entirely different organisms.
If his conclusions are demonstrated to be correct it would seem

1 Harrison and Streit.—Am. VET. REVIEW, Vol, XX VII, No. 1. 1903.
Harrison and Streit.—Bull, 132, Ont, Agr. College and Exp. Farm, 1903,
Harrison and Streit.— Bull, 125, Ont. Agr. College, 1902.

>

922 W. B. MACK.

that the term avian diphtheria does not apply to a single spe-
cific disease, but that it includes lesions produced by two or
more species of bacteria. It may be possible that the inflam-
matory conditions which characterize this disease result from
the localization and growth of septic organisms that happened
to be present in the affected parts of the diseased bird. Until
Harrison’s work has been confirmed neither 2. cacosmus nor Ps.
pyocyaneus can be considered the causative factor. Furthermore
it would appear from an examination of the literature that the
theory of the identity of human and avian diphtheria has been
practically abandoned by pathologists. ‘The well-known resis-
tance of chickens to septic influences no doubt serves to protect
them against experimental inoculation. It remains for us
either to discover the specific organism, if one exists, or to find
the causes which lower the resistance of the host enabling the
organisms already found in the lesions of this disease to pro-
duce the results of infection.

Early in this work, in considering the tissue changes that
occur, the large cavity on either side of the head, in front of
and beneath the eyes, was found to be greatly distended in a
certain form of the disease. Salmon!’ speaks of these cavities
as the ‘orbital sinuses,” but does not describe them, and I
have been unable to find a description of them. Owen? in
speaking of the orbit, says, “there is no bony floor; but the
eyeball rotates on a sort of air cushion resting upon the palatal,
the pterygoid and the orbital processes of the tympanic.”

As, by ordinary dissection, I was unable satisfactorily to
demonstrate these sinuses, I prepared serial transections of a
normal adult chicken’s head by the collodion method. These
sections I was able to study with the microscope, to photograph
and to effectually demonstrate the sinuses, nasal passages, tur
binated bones, lachrymal ducts, the communicating passages
between the sinuses and nares and the mucosa lining these parts,
The sinuses, which I term sub-orbital, are extensive cavities

1 Salmon.—Diseases of Poultry. 1899.
2 Owen.—Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates. Vol. II, p. 144.

DIPHTHERIA IN CHICKENS. : 923

beneath and anterior to the eyes; extending well downward into
the beak beneath the nares. (See d, Figs. 1, 2, 3.) The walls
consist of soft tissue except a small part of the superior wall
which is bony. The mucosa is continuous with the nasal mu-
cosa, but is not glandular, while that lining the nares and cover-
ing the turbinated bones is of a pronounced secreting type.
These sinuses open freely into the nares from their superior
part by a large opening posterior to and above the opening of
the lachrymal duct. (See d, Fig. 3.) In the young chick the
outer sinus wall can be seen to undulate at each respiration, the
sinus filling with air during expiration, and being emptied dur.
ing inspiration. ‘The surface of the turbinated bones is very
extensive, their scroll-like form nearly filling the anterior nares.
(See b, Figs. 1 and 4.) The lachrymal ducts are very large,
wider in their antero-posterior than in their lateral diameters,
begin in the nasal angle of the eye outside the membrana nicti-
tans by two puncta, and terminate in the cleft palate below the
nares proper. (See f, Fig. 2.)

The lesions encountered fall into three stages or varieties :
1. A serous or muco-purulent exudate from the conjunctival or
nasal mucosa, becoming viscid as the disease advances. The
mucosa is apparently but little altered. This condition does
not appear to be discernible in the mouth. 2. Portions of the
mucosa are covered by a yellowish diphtheritic exudate firmly
attached. ‘This appears most often in the mouth and pharynx,
sometimes extending through the cleft palate into the nares.
It may involve the larynx and trachea, in which case the me-
chanical obstruction is usually fatal. The sub-orbital sinuses
are often affected, sometimes largely distended, though the exu-
date appears caseous rather than fibrinous. (See Fig. 5.) 3.
Exudate has sloughed but adheres firmly by its borders and the
bird has difficulty in dislodging it. If removed, the surface be-
neath it is granular and healing. In this stage the necrotic
exudates often emit a putrid odor.

In the first or catarrhal stage the mucosa is inflamed and
thickened. Often this thickening is of such an extent that it

924 W. B. MACK.

largely obstructs the passage of air through the nostrils. (See
ENg.54-)

In the distribution of lesions the conjunctiva and nasal mu-
cosa seem to be most often affected; next the mouth and sub-
orbital sinuses. (See table.) These sinuses have no drainage,
and it is easy to understand how inflammatory products may
readily accumulate there. On the other hand, this material
may prove more closely related to the diphtheritic exudate in
the mouth than these findings at present indicate. This condi-
tion often extends into the nares, with considerable destruction
of epithelium and distortion of the nasal septum and turbinated
bones. (See Fig. 5.) In certain cases the contents of the sinus,
while caseous, appear firmly adherent to the walls, being re-
moved with difficulty. In advanced stages it may become se-
questered and is removed easily through an incision in the outer
wall.

These three stages or forms often blend in varying combina-
tions. Moore ® regards them as different manifestations of the
same disease. In the absence of a recognized definite etiologi-
cal factor there is apparently no present reason to alter such clas-
sification. As pointed out elsewhere, such an occasion may arise
when we learn more of the nature and etiology of this disease.

I have prepared and photographed serial transections of the
entire heads of two fowls suffering with this disease, reproduc-
tions of which show the lesions in the nasal mucosa, sub-orbital
sinuses and about the eyes. (See Figs. 4, 5, 6.)

A microscopic study of the lesions shows that the exudate
in the mouth is diphtheritic in character: the thickened eyelids
contain a fibrino-purulent exudate: in cases involving the eyes
the cornea often sloughs its conjunctival epithelium.

Cultures from the blood and liver of most cases remain
sterile; in severe cases bacteria are sometimes obtained. In
one case there was found extensive inflammation of the serous
surfaces, from which pure cultures of pyogenic micrococci were
obtained.

8 Moore,—Bul, No, 8, U. S. Dept. of AgrsB, A. I. 1895.

Ee, 2s
me

DIPHTHERIA IN CHICKENS. 925

Experiments to determine the communicability of the dis-
ease to healthy fowls are under way, but so far have proven
negative.

The accompanying table indicates the location of the lesions
met with, and aims to present in a graphic form the extent of
the disease in each region relatively by the number of + signs .
used.

The conjunctiva was affected in approximately 70 per cent.
of these cases.

The nasal mucosa was affected in approximately 54 per cent.
of these cases.

The mouth was affected in approximately 51 per cent. of
these cases.

The sub-orbital sinuses were affected in 33% per cent. of
these cases.

Five of these fowls were killed at once for material. The
remainder were given treatment, consisting of the topical appli-
cation of disinfectants and the internal administration of such
agents as would seemingly combat the inflammatory conditions
present. Two per cent. carbolic acid applied to the eyes and
nares and tincture of iodine to the exudate in the mouth appear
to give the best results. Internally various iodine preparations
and calcium sulphide were given.

During the winter and up to April 15th the results were en-
couraging, but afterward under apparently similar conditions
and treatment, except the season of the year, the percentage
of fatalities was excessive. A more thorough knowledge of
the etiology and morbid anatomy of this disease will doubtless
enable us to apply therapeutic measures more effectively than at
present.

For economic reasons we, as veterinarians, will seldom be
called on to treat individual fowls, but in an advisory capacity
in all localities where fowls are to be found, especially where
large flocks are kept or valuable birds raised, we may increase
our clientage and usefulness in the community by a definite
knowledge of this disease of poultry.

926 W. B. MACK.

Finally I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to Drs.

Moore, Fish and Burnett for valuable advice and assistance.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
PHOTOGRAPHS OF TRANSECTIONS OF FOWLS’ HEADS.

Figs. 1, 2 and 3. Sections from a normal head.

Figs. 4, 5 and 6. Sections from approximately correspond-
ing levels from the heads of fowls suffering with diphtheria.

Fig. 1. Cross-section of a chicken’s head just posterior to
the nasal openings. (a) Nasal passage. (b) Turbinated bone.
(c) Portion of the wall of the false nostril. (d) Sub-orbital
sinus. (e) Palate.

Fig. 2. Cross-section of a chicken’s head midway between
the nasal openings and the eyes. (d) Sub-orbital sinus. (d’)
Superior portion of the sub-orbital sinus, which connects with
(d) posterior to the lachrymal duct. (f) Lachrymal duct open-
ing into the mouth through the cleft palate.

Fig. 3. Cross-section of a chicken’s head on a level with
the anterior part of the eyes. (d) Sub-orbital sinus and the
duct connecting it with the nares.

Fig. 4. Cross-section of a chicken’s head just posterior to
the nasal openings, showing the swollen condition of the
nasal mucosa in the first stage of the disease. The nasal
passages are nearly occluded. (b) Turbinated bone with swol-
len mucosa. (d) Sub-orbital sinus containing a small amount
of exudate.

Fig. 5. Cross-section of a chicken’s head midway between
the nasal openings and the eyes, showing extensive exudate in
the left sub-orbital sinus (d) and nasal passage extending into
the cleft palate (m). The exudate is crowding upon the tur-
binated bones and nasal septuin.

Fig. 6. Cross-section of a chicken’s head through the eyes,
showing exudate in the conjunctival sac, inflammatory thicken-
ing of the eyelids and membrana nictitans, and ulcerated cornea.
(g) Eyelid. (h) Membrana nictitans. (1) Exudate in the con-
junctival sac. (k) Ulcerated cornea. (1) Eye.

All sections are magnified two diameters.

DIPHTHERIA IN CHICKENS. 927

TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT OF THE LESIONS
ENCOUNTERED IN THESE EXAMINATIONS.

Bie |
ea
sae

+

928 ROSCOE R. BELL.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RUBBER HORSE-SHOE PAD.

By RoscoE R. BELLE, D, V. S., BROOKLYN, N. Y.

A Paper presented to the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical
Society, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

Asked by your President to prepare a paper for this meeting,
I opposed his request with the remark that I was already over-
worked, and had no time to do more writing than my editorial
obligations and the correspondence which they entail. But, as
you probably know, your President has a certain way of procur-
ing whatever he wishes, and, still protesting, I find myself with
a stiff pad writing away in my phaeton while going from patient
to patient. A paper put together under such circumstances
must of necessity have for its title a subject requiring little or
no research, and therefore one which the author feeis he has suf-
ficient familiarity with to dispense with the literature concern-
ing it. I trust you gentlemen will take into consideration these
modifying circumstances when placing the result of my work in
the balance, and remember only that my purpose was to con-
tribute to this meeting a live, practical subject, through the in-
terchange of ideas upon which some benefit may flow to each of
us.

I have pleasure therefore in presenting to you the subject of
“The Physiology of the Rubber Horse-Shoe Pad.”

While there is no number upon our programme which is
not full of interest to the practicing veterinarian, I dare say there
is not one more intimately connected with our every-day prac-
tical work than that of lameness and the shoeing of the horse’s
foot. While our interest at association meetings may centre in
some other directions, I believe that there are no subjects that can
be more profitably studied than those which form the basis upon
which our practical daily work rests. In such matters the vet-
erinarian should be truly an expert, and to become such, hard
study, great experience, and the absorption of the experience
and observations of others, are imperative. The practitioner

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RUBBER HORSE-SHOE PAD. 929

does not gain his local laurels through his ability to discuss the
higher branches of medical education, necessary as it is that he
shall have the capacity to do so. He makes his way to success
in practice by his ability to be of real service to his patrons in
the diseases and disabilities that are most frequently met with,
and for which the veterinarian’s aid and advice are sought. It
is impossible, therefore, for the practitioner to gain too much
knowledge and familiarity upon such practical subjects. No
restraint whatever is placed upon him to go as deeply as he can
into the more intricate problems of medicine; but I do insist
that the practitioner should have as thorough and practical a
knowledge of practical subjects as is attainable by every avenue
open to him. In what better way can that knowledge be broad-
ened and enlarged than by the interchange of views and expe-
riences in a meeting of veterinarians such as ours ?

I shall not even attempt to go into the history of the art and
science of horse-shoeing, which is more or less familiar to us all.
Suffice it to say that the Ancients found it necessary to protect
the wearing surface of the hoof from the grinding processes of
stony ground and hard roads soon after horses were made sub-
servient to the needs of man in drawing loads or carrying a
rider. That such early efforts to protect the hoof were crude,
goes without saying; but the ordinary iron shoe that we are fa-
miliar with did not come into use for many years; a plate cover-
ing the entire solar surface constituted the shoe of the early
ages. But gradually the sole and frog were left exposed, the
wall and outer margin of the sole being alone protected. This
latter device has been in existence for hundreds of years, and so
far as normal shoeing goes there was little or no advancement
made in the principles of shoeing until about fifteen years ago,
when the inventive genius of man was forced to produce some-
thing to meet the demands of the new material introduced for
paving the streets of our cities, and which grew in popularity
so rapidly that it may almost be said that in the North, at least,
the streets are paved with asphalt.

In the shoeing of the normal foot previous to this date re-

930 ROSCOE R. BELL,

gard for the wearing away of the hoof was the only apparent
benefit sought from shoeing. When a thin, plain iron shoe was.
applied it came in contact with the wall of the hoof, and about
half an inch of the sole; it may or it may not, according to its.
thickness, have permitted the frog to come lightly in contact
with the ground. But when in the winter months, or in|
draught horses, heel and toe calks were added, the frog was ele-
vated from the ground, performed no function, and consequently
became atrophied and permitted the foot to contract laterally.
There is a great difference between a foot that has never worna
shoe and one that has for some time been shod with a calked
shoe. If the unshod foot be elevated for examination it will be
seen that the plantar surface is almost, if not entirely level;
the wall, the sole, the frog, are equal, and the whole forms a flat
surface. "This would lead us to believe that all the structures
of the solar region are intended to bear their proportionate
amount of weight and concussion; that the soft elastic fatty
frog is placed in the centre, just beneath the navicular appara-
tus (consisting of the joint, the bursa, and the termination of the
perforans tendon) for the purpose of diminishing the shock oc-
casioned by the forcible impact of the foot against the ground.
When any of these solar structures do not receive their quota of
concussion, those which do bear the effects of the blow, get
more than the amount intended by nature. Thus,.with the
calked shoe, the wall and the outer edge of the sole receive the
entire impact, the frog and inner part of the sole none. In con-
sequence of this lack of functional use, the frog atrophies, gets
narrow and shriveled and hard, and the walls, having less to
keep them apart, contract toward the centre, cramping and com-
pressing all of the sensitive tissues lying between them. By
continual concussion upon the wall and outer rim of the sole,
the delicate laminz lining the walls are irritated and congested,
finally becoming chronically inflamed; the gait shortens, and a
stilty, sore, lame horse is the result.

Aside from this effect, the laminz of the sole, situated at the
flexure of the heel, between the bar and the wall, being submit-

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RUBBER HORSE-SHOE PAD. 931

ted to continual local pressure and concussion by the iron shoe
(sometimes ‘too short, often illy-fitting) becomes congested, in-
flamed, and often breaks down, constituting either the so-
called congestive or suppurating ‘“‘corn.’? While the bar-shoe,
introduced primarily as a therapeutic measure to throw the con-
cussion and weight upon the frog so that certain portions of the
wall might be relieved for the time being, is a great improve-
ment over the open calked shoe from a physiological standpoint,
it is frequently so constructed as to be of little service or abso-
lutely harmful. It is not the purpose of this paper to go'into a
discussion of the art of horse-shoeing, nor to give an historical
sketch of the handicraft ; I have endeavored, however, to point
out the most common evils produced by the old methods of
shoeing horses. The majority of the ills enumerated by me have
been almost eliminated by the introduction of the rubber horse-
shoe pad. In introducing this subject before a veterinary asso-
ciation, I believe it is safe to say that this is the second paper
ever read before such a body upon this theme in this country ;
at least, I have never heard of any others, and I have been a
rather close student of the transactions of American veterinary
medical associations for the past twenty years. The other paper
referred to was one read by myself before the Veterinary Medi-
cal Association of New York County in 1897.

I do not desire to bring forth the subject of pathological
shoeing ; but I am dealing solely with the shoeing of the healthy
foot for hard pavements, with the object of supplying something
which shall as nearly as possible restore the conditions of the
unshod foot upon natural turf or earth. The object sought is
to preserve the foot in a healthy condition and to avoid all those
evils which I have mentioned as occurring from the method
which has been in-use for so many years with the open iron
shoe.

The first stimulus to the invention of rubber pads was the
search for something to overcome slipping upon the newly-
introduced asphalt pavement, and the beginning consisted in
the production of the rubber frog, with the shoe the same as be- '

932 ROSCOE R. BELL.

fore, minus the calks. Then the sole just inside the shoe, as
well as the frog, and finally the sole, frog and quarters were of
rubber, fastened to a stiff leather sole by sewing or cement or
both, the wall simply protected by a tip coming back as far as
the quarters, intended to augment the wearing quality of the
new apparatus. I have no intention of wearying you with an
attempt at a description of the many fashions and makes of rub-
ber pads and rubber-filled shoes which are now almost pesti-
lential ; but I simply wish to bring before you the principle
that underlies those upon which time and experience have set
their stamp of approval. They enter into the daily routine of
the city practitioner’s life, and we recommend or condemn them
every day, according to our judgment. I have not, of course,
reference to any particular make or maker; but as most of the
brands that have survived the test of time have the same general
principle, I will speak of the effects of such shoeing. I will not
take into account the many rubber and fibre shoes where these
substances are simply incorporated into the iron band which
follows the wall and where the frog is omitted from pressure, as
the principle advocated in this paper has been departed from in
their construction.

As already stated, the foot that has never worn a shoe usually
has a strong wall and sole, a wide frog and heel. It will be ob-
served in such a foot that the ground surface is almost flat—the
frog expansion being just a trifle lower than any other tissue,
and we are agreed, I think, that it should be so, for as the foot
comes forcibly to the ground the elastic cushion of the frog re-
ceives the first and greatest concussion, permitting by its expan-
sion and compression the wall and sole to receive less. And
when the entire weight of the animal is borne by the foot, each
portion of the inferior surface bears its proportionate amount.
How different from the calked shoe! But how nearly this is
duplicated with the padded foot! Wall-pressure, sole-pressure,
frog-pressure, heel-pressure. The frog, performing its natural
function, is soft, elastic, healthy. The resistance of the rubber
corresponds to that of the ordinary dirt road, or sodded field.

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE RUBBER HORSE-SHOE PAD. 933

The objection so frequently urged against pads that air is ex-
cluded from the sole is more theoretical than real, for the pad is
not nailed to the foot further back than the beginning of the
quarters, and when the foot is elevated from the ground the pad
separates from the sole sufficient to permit air to enter the
space between the sole and the pad, while no hindrance is in-.
terposed to its entrance through the wall and through the
leather, which is quite porous.

From a business standpoint the pad is not a good friend of
the practitioner, for there are a number of ills which were for-
merly a source of revenue to us that have almost been erased
from our call-lists among horses wearing pads. For instance,
we seldom treat a suppurating or congestive corn in horses
wearing thei ; quarter-cracks are fewer; navicular lameness is
less frequently met with, and interfering is decreased ;* sprains
are not so often encountered, from the foothold upon the pave-
ment being firmer and the animal being less liable to slip, while
punctures from gathered nails are well nigh impossible.

Have any new diseases been introduced by the pad? All
horses cannot bear sole-pressure, particularly at the toe, even
though the foot be perfectly healthy. In some horses with
tendencies to navicular disease, the trouble may be aggravated
by the frog-pressure ; but we are considering the healthy foot,
and possibly such a foot should not have consideration here.
For the horse with the weak sole, there are numberless bar pads,
where the sole is omitted from pressure altogether ; and for the
animal with the delicate navicular apparatus, or the healthy
foot either, we have the hollow pad, with an air chamber just
beneath the navicular apparatus, which reduces the concussion
to a minimum, even reducing it beyond the point which nature
has provided for.

Are the horn-secreting structures of the sole and frog inter-
fered with, and is the quality of the horn changed?

Is the foot that has worn a pad throughout the winter
months less suited for an iron shoe in the summer?

They have been in use sufficiently long for a determination

934 ROSCOE R. BELL.

upon these points by the combined experiences of the members
present.

With reference to my own observations, I have arrived at
the following conclusions in regard to their physiology and
their effects upon the foot, without consideration of the subject
of their prevention of slipping :

(x) They are very much more beneficial to the foot of the
horse than are metal shoes of any construction.

(2) They more nearly approach the scheme of nature in
moulding the intricate and delicate structures of the foot for
their physiological action than any contrivance ever used for
shoeing horses.

(3) By their use horses may be employed upon the hardest
roads of the country and city with as little injury to their feet
as if travelling over soft country roads or pasture fields.

(4) They overcome more ills and tendencies to evils than
they produce.

(5) They do not produce any serious interference with the
horn-secreting apparatus of the foot.

(6) They may be worn for any length of time and substitut-
ed by iron shoes without injury.

(7) Certain makes of pads have to be selected for sensitive
soles and navicular-diseased feet ; but there are no other condi-
tions where any of them are not more beneficial than any form
of iron shoes.

Pads should be properly fitted and applied. A foot that has
never worn a pad, especially if it be cup-shaped, should be soft-
ened before being shod with them. ‘They should have tar, peat-
moss stuffing, or other moist dressing incorporated against the
sole, and benefit is derived by running a little oil between the -
sole and the leather occasionally.

“Tare WESTERN VETERINARIAN ” in its issue for October
protests against the publication by the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try of specific treatment for diseases of live stock, notably steril-
ized air for parturient paresis, charging that by so doing it de-
stroys much of the practice of veterinarians.

ANTHRAX IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 935

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PRESENCE OF
ANTHRAX IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

By R. H. McMULLEN, D. V. S., VETERINARIAN, BOARD OF HEALTH.

Ffistory.—Anthrax is the most ancient of the infectious dis-
eases of animals. No doubt can be entertained of its antiquity, -
as under various names it has been referred to in the oldest
records. Moses mentions it as the ‘Sixth Plague of Egypt,”
and speaks of its transmission to man. Previous to our era itis
described by Homer, Ovid, Plutarch, and Lucretius. The Ara-
bians knew it as “‘ Persian fire.” Several epizodtics occurred in
Italy in the Sixteenth Century. Gloss-anthrax appeared in
France in 1662, and later it extended all over that country. Sub-
sequently, in an epizootic form, it existed in Germany, Poland,
Finland, and Russia.

In 1855 Pollender made it known that in 1849 he found
large numbers of fine sticks in the blood of cattle attacked by
anthrax. This fact was also noted in 1850 by Davaine, who
in 1863 recognized that these elements were bacteria, and was
the first to apply the ‘“‘germ theory” to anthrax. This inves-
tigator’s determination thus marked a wonderful step towards
the advancement of medical science, as previous to that time the
cause of anthrax, and the nature of all contagious diseases were
unknown.

In January, 1904, the writer was sent to the pueblo of Ta-
gudin, province of Ilocos Sur, Luzon, to investigate reports ofa
disease which prevailed among the animals in that locality.
The outbreaks antedated American occupation, and occurred at
the conclusion of the rainy season each year. ‘The disease
showed the most virulency at the beginning of each outbreak,
and proved fatal in two hours to three days. Carabao, cattle
and horses succumbed. A microscopical examination of the
blood of the viscera revealed the Bacillus anthracis. Cultures
were made at the Government laboratories, Manila.

The attention of the writer was also called tothe death, after
a sickness of two hours, of seven sucking pigs. The mother re-

936 R. H. MCMULLEN.

mained healthy. The statement in this instance of death by
anthrax must be taken with an amount of reserve, because a
microscopical examination of the blood was not made. The
mother had access to anthrax blood and meat.

A dozen dogs feasted upon the carcass of a carabao that had
died of anthrax, and they all died ina few hours. No autopsies
were held.

In April, 1904, the death of two mules from anthrax was re-
ported at Camp Wallace, Union, by Veterinarian Lusk, 2d Cav-
alry, U.S. A. These animals were of a pack train which plied
between Camp Wallace and Benguet, and the infection was
without doubt picked up along the trail.

Cause.—Anthrax is caused and determined by the presence
of a microscopic organism known as the Bacr/lus anthracts or
anthrax bacteridium. The bacilli appear in the form of
straight rods in the living organism. ‘Their dimensions vary
according to the species of animals, also the individuals in which
they are found. ‘They are larger than most other bacilli, and in
general their length is nearly double the diameter of a red blood-
corpuscle. Examined by staining they appear in joints, the ex-
tremities of the elements being slightly larger than the body,
and are marked by a central depression, the concavities of which
form a free oval space when the rods are united end toend. A
series or rods thus arranged form a figure which somewhat re-
sembles bamboo.

Reproduction takes place by growth in their length, and by
transverse segmentation. Outside of the body the bacilli are
transformed into filaments, and may attain one hundred times
the length of the primary element. At determined spaces are
noted ovoid corpuscles, the sfores, which are freed by the de-
struction of the covering membrane of the filaments.

The bacilli may be cultivated in various media. Upon
gelatin the cultures show a flaky aspect, and upon examination
under the microscope the bacilli appear as an irregular packing
of filaments in an arrangement resembling twisted rope.

Biological Properties of the Bacilh.—The bacilli vegetate in

ANTHRAX IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 937

the blood, the plasma and the serum, the aqueous humor, the
milk, animal matter, and excretions mixed with the soil. The
bacillus is zrobic, its development depending upon the presence
of oxygen. The growth of the bacillus ceases below 12° C. and
above 45°C. Light hinders the development of, and putrefac-
tion kills, the bacillus. It also shows very little resistance to ~
heat and drying.

The reproduction of the bacilli outside of the organism is
performed by lengthening, and the appearance in their proto-
plasm of small corpuscles which soon constitute spores. The
spore in turn gives birth to the bacillus by sprouting, after
which the spore disappears.

Biological Properties of the Spores.—Spores possess remark-
able vitality ; they are resistant to the temperature of boiling
water, intense cold and years of desiccation.

Distribution and Sources of Infection.—Anthrax infection is
found in the five grand divisions of the earth’s surface, and in
the following countries: Germany, France, Russia, Austria,
Switzerland, Italy, England, Spain, Turkey, Australia, United
States (the lower Mississippi Valley and elsewhere), the East
Indies, Persia, China, and the Philippine Islands.

Anthrax is most common in the ox; and the different do-
mesticated species may be classed according to their receptivity
in the following order : Ox, sheep, carabao, goat, horse, cat, dog
and pig.

Anthrax usually appears as an infectious, enzootic disease,
stationary in some districts. Its development is favored by a
certain composition of soil, and conditions of moisture and tem-
perature. It exists in localities with soil rich in organic maft-
ter, in regions of a swampy character with impervious sub-soil,
and in tracts of lowlands exposed to submersion.

The infected lands about Tagudin are low, and are located
between the rivers and the adjacent highlands. These areas
abound in organic matter by the inundations of the rainy sea-
son. After the floods subside, all depressions are left covered
with stagnant pools. The hot, dry season follows and the

938 R, H. MCMULLEN.

smaller streams and pools disappear. Animals then graze upon
the pastures and vegetation of the lowlands from which the
water has subsided.

Before the advent of the Americans no effort to incinerate
or bury the carcasses was made.

The temperature also plays an important part. An elevated
temperature after heavy rains is most favorable for the develop-
ment of the bacilli.

Anthrax is seldom conveyed directly from a diseased to a
healthy animal, but rather through the agency of the secretions
or the excretions of a sick animal, or by the intermediation of
man, insects, or soiled utensils. It was formerly thought that
the disease was of miasmatic origin. The bacilli gain entrance
to the living organism by the alimentary tract, the lungs or the
skin. ‘The most common form of infection is by the alimentary
tract, and is usually produced by the ingestion of spores with
food or drink. The elements penetrate the mucous membrane
of the intestines, and thus enter the circulation. The most gen-
eral source of infection is by fodder from ground contaminated ©
by the burial of anthrax carcasses.

Cutaneous anthrax does not occur nearly as frequently as
the intestinal variety. In this form the bacilli gain access to
the organism through wounds in the skin.

The rarest form is by inhalation of the spores.

Symptoms.—The symptomatology varies with the species,
the individual, and according as the disease begins, in the intes-
tines, the lungs, or the skin; also with the severity of the at-
tack. The invasion is always sudden, the development rapid,
and death usually occurs in one hour to several days.

In the apoplectiform variety the symptoms are those of
cerebral apoplexy. ‘The animals suddenly stagger and fall, and
bloody liquids exude from the natural orifices. Death follows
in one to two hours. ‘They often die while at their meals, dur-
ing work, or are found dead in the stable or pasture.

The acute type has a duration of twelve hours to two days,
and is usually ushered in by an elevated temperature. Feeding

ANTHRAX IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 939

and rumination cease, the extremities are cold, the flanks con-
tracted ; the animal is dull, weak and constipated, and tenesmus
is present. These symptoms are followed by uneasiness, the
breathing becomes labored, the tongue is protruded, gait
staggering, the animal stamps and bellows, and convulsions are

succeeded by death.

The subacute form is more prolonged, lasting three to seven
days. ‘The clinical symptoms are nearly similar to those of the
acute form, though better defined and less rapid. Remissions
are frequent.

In cutaneous anthrax, which is observed in the horse and
ox, the tumors are circumscribed, hard, hot and painful at the
start, and later they become cold, gangrenous and insensitive to
pain. Cases of recovery are more numerous than in the other
forms.

Anthrax tumors are observed in the mouth, larynx and phar-
ynx, and inthe rectum. ‘This is the form usually seen in the
pig (gloss-anthrax). ‘The horse and ox show the acute, the
apoplectiform, and the anthrax tumors most frequently. In
sheep we note the apoplectiform ; in the dog, anthrax tumors.

Diagnosts.—_In the acute aud subacute forms the diagnosis
is based upon the finding of the bacilli, and on the infectious
character of the disease. Quite often the bacteriological exam-
ination of the blood gives a negative result, because the bacilli
usually locate in the internal organs; it is therefore advisable
to obtain biood from the liver by means of the trocar. ‘The ba-
cilli are less numerous in the blood in proportion to the more
rapid course of the infection.

During life the diagnosis is somewhat difficult. The symp-
toms may be confounded with those of pulmonary or cerebral
congestion, poisoning, or septicemia. Anthrax is generally rec-
ognized only after death. Macroscopical observations are not
alone sufficient. The diagnosis requires a search for the bacil-
lus. Inoculation is another means of diagnosis.

Morbid Anatomy and Pathology.—The principal alterations
are observed as follows : Heemorrhages in nearly all the organs ;

940 R. H. MCMULLEN.

sero-gelatinous and hemorrhagic infiltrations of the subcuta-
neous, submucous and subserous connective tissue ; tumefaction
of the spleen, and parenchymatous inflammation of the liver and
kidneys; dark tarry condition of the blood; the presence of the
bacilli in all the tissues and especially in the blood of the
viscera.

The cutaneous vessels are obstructed with dark blood. The
derma contains hzemorrhagic centres. In anthrax due to inocu-
lation, hard nodules varying in size are seen on the skin, and
their tissues are necrosed.

The subcutaneous connective tissue shows hzemorrhages
and infiltration of a yellowish jelly-like serum. ‘This is well
marked in the pharyngeal and laryngeal regions.

The muscles have a yellowish or dark red shade, and are
abundant in hemorrhages. ‘Their tissue is friable. ;

The spleen is hypertrophied ; the pulp is softened, dark and
liquid, and gravitates in the distended capsule.

The liver and kidneys are hyperzemic and overrun with
haemorrhages.

The lymphatic ganglia are cedematous and marked by he-
morrhages.

The stomach and intestines are the seat of haemorrhages on
the mucous membrane. The intestinal contents are bloody.

The lungs are congested; the brain shows hemorrhagic
centres; and the genito-urinary organs have hzemorrhagic
areas. ‘The urine is rarely bloody.

The heart and the large veins are filled with dark blood.
The blood is non-coagulable, dark red, and as if varnished on its
surface.

The cadavers are much bloated soon after death, and decom-
position sets in quickly. The natural orifices give exit to bloody
mucous. ‘The rectum is often prolapsed. ‘These various alter-
ations may be wanting in the apoplectiform form.

Treatment.—The prophylactic treatment is the most im-
portant. It is necessary to destroy the carcass, and disinfect the
surroundings thoroughly. Cadavers should be burned, or buried

ANTHRAX IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 941

unopened at a depth of six feet with a liberal sprinkling of lime
both under and over the carcasses. Burial places should be lo-
cated at a reasonable distance from any running water.

Prevention.—Improvements in the soil, such as drainage,
and preventing animals from grazing on infected areas, contrib-
ute to the disappearance of the disease.

Animals which recover from anthrax possess an immunity.
This gave rise to the discovery by Pasteur in 1881 of means by
which to create immunity artificially, which is accomplished by
inoculating with the bacillus deprived of part of its virulénce.

Anthrax in man (malignant pustule) usually has as a start-
ing point, a wound, and secondarily anthrax fever (butchers,
_tanners, veterinarians). Less frequent the infection is by inhal-
ation (wool sorters’ disease). Malignant pustule generally
terminates fatally.

JERSEY CITY’s ANIMAL HOLocaust.—From a press despatch
of Nov. 15, the following paragraph in relation to the great loss of
animals is taken : ‘The fascination that is customary was wanting
at this morning’s fire by the fact that hundreds of dumb animals
were being burned alive, suffering untold torture, and yet those
present at the fire were powerless to aid the poor brutes to es-
cape from the flames, which caught the shaggy coats of the
sheep and lambs and made living torches of them while they
dashed wildly against the sides of the pens in their mad efforts
to evade the flames. The hoarse shouts of the firemen, the
bleating of the lambs, baaing of the sheep, squealing of the hogs
and pigs, and bellowing of the cattle, made up a volume of sound
indescribable and awful to hear. In all about 1,500 lambs and
sheep were burned upon the hoof, 400 hogs and possibly fifty
head of cattle. The workers in the yards made desperate efforts
to release the dumb creatures, but the flames were so hot and
the smoke so thick around the pens in which the animals were
burning that it was impossible to do anything for them. A
force of men was constantly kept at work, using all of the
blandishments which a cowboy tries to soothe frightened cattle,
and at more than one time it seemed as if the maddened brutes
would surely break through the confining fences of the pens and
stampede through the yards. Had such a thing occurred, it
would have been impossible to avoid a serious loss of human life.”

942 CHAS. SCHMITT.

STRONGYLUS MICRURUS OR LUNG-WORM IN
CATTLE.

By CHAS. SCHMITT, V. S., DODGEVILLE, WIS.
A Paper presented to the Wisconsin Association of Veterinary Graduates, July, 1904.

This subject is not very often spoken of in papers that are
brought before an. association, and as the parasite is not very
numerous in the Northern States, it is seldom mentioned or
spoken of. ‘The history of the Strongylus micrurus is not fully
understood and but little of the fellow is known thus far. The
parasite is a white thread-like worm about one and one-half
inches long and from one-sixteenth to one-twentieth part of an
inchin thickness. I could observe plainly an alimentary canal
and a mouth with three papille. I also found eggs still in the
body of the female. The best history and description is given by
Dr. John Sampson, of Houston, Texas, a skilled microscopist,
who found a worm of both sexes and eggs in abundance, in all
stages of development from the egg still in the body of the fe-
male to the worm just hatched. There was no half grown in-
dividuals.

After making a systematic search through the alimentary
canal to the fourth stomach, without finding anything that re-
sembled a worm, I examined the walls of it with a strong mag-
nifying glass and found that it was studded with numerous fine
red spots like pin points, as if something had bitten it. I placed
some of the contents on a piece of glass and examined it minute-
ly with the magnifying glass. I could make out a small worm
about a sixteenth of aninchin length. After a closer examina-
tion with a higher power, it was seen that the parasite was pres-
ent in myriads. The question then arose as to what became of
them from the time they were hatched until they became fully
matured. I suggested that the eggs and young larvee worms
might pass down to the nose and be licked with the tongue, a
habit that cattle have, and thus be carried into the mouth and
passed into the stomach, and perhaps undergo some other change
similar to the bot-fly in the horse’s stomach. But it is held by

STRONGYLUS MICRURUS OR LUNG-WORM IN CATTLE. 943

some writers that they enter the lungs through the circulation
and that the larva is taken by the way of food and drink into
the stomach and then into the circulation, but either fact has
not been proven satisfactorily.

The Strongylus micrurus locates in the trachea and bronchial
tubes of the calf. Eggs andembryo are developed in the ducts.
Those which are expelled by coughing continue to grow in —
poolsandswamps. Wedo not yet know that theircomplete evo-
lution requires an intermediate host. Dr. Zurn, of Austria, ad-
mits the possibility of their introduction into the bronchial tubes
by the inhalation of dust in which they are suspended.

The infection of the animals usually occurs in spring and
the disease is dormant for some time until fall, when it ap-
pears. From observation, it is common during rainy years, but
may disappear altogether during dry years. ‘This fact clearly
establishes the influence of dampness upon the development of
thestrongyles. From my observation, I cannot agree with most
writers, as I have found the disease in the lowlands or bottoms
that contained swamps and pools and other places I have seen it
where it manifested itself on highlands, where no swamps or
pools were to be found, and the only watering place was a large
tank. ‘The alteration found in the bronchial tubes and pulmon-
ary tissues are very variable. We observe at times lesion of
chronic bronchitis and oftentimes lobular centres of bronchial
pneumonia. In the trachea and bronchial tubes are found balls
formed by worms and coated with mucus and pus. The inte-
rior of the bronchial tubes is filled with a purulent viscous exu-
date, which in some instances is hemorrhagic and on which
may be found mobile eggs and embryo.

The symptoms of the disease are those of serious bronchial
catarrh, a mucous discharge, salivation, nausea and ejection of
warm balls, respiration is laborious, wheezing is rattling on aus-
cultation of the trachea and bronchial tubes. We perceive a
great variety of rales. The animal frequently rubs the nose
upon the ground and begins to cough, which is at first strong,
croaking and rattling and later becomes very weak, dyspnoea

944 CHAS. SCHMITT.

becomes intense and they often take their food kneeling. The
skin and mucous membranes become very pale, which occurs
through exhaustion according te the state of nutrition and elim-
ination. ‘The disease is observed in young animals of about
three months to one and one-half years old. I never saw itina
two-year-old. ‘The specimen that I exhibit here is from a four-
months-old calf. You can readily see how numerous they are,
how the bronchia are filled. From my observation, the animal
dies from want of oxygen more than anything else. In some
instances, the liver was congested and the intestines contained
large quantities of bile. Diarrhoea in some, others were consti-
pated to some extent. From what I can learn from the Bureau
of Animal Industry, this parasite is numerous in the Southern
States. It is seldom observed in the Northern States, except in
wet years, but how does it get here in those rainy years? It
seems to bea native of Algiers on the frontier of Morocco, and
it has been observed in the Alps in wet summers. The Bureau
of Animal Industry has a short report of it in 1900, under ver-—
miinous diseases.

The Treatment.—Some writers rely on fumigation, such as
phenic acid, creosole, tar, turpentine, chloroform, crude carbolic
acid, gasoline, formaldehyde, sulphur vapor and many others.
The practice of fumigation is very simple. The animals have
to be kept for a variable time in a place which is filled with the
vapor of one of these agents. The vapors by irritating the res-
piratory passages, produce coughing and cause the expulsion of
the parasites. ‘Tracheal injections in the verminous bronchitis
of calves are of great utility. Some use chloroform and ether
poured into the nostril and letting it vaporize. Others recom-
mend oil of turpentine, tincture of opium, pure carbolic acid
and water; the oil of turpentine forms one-half the mixture.
The dose was one-half an ounce daily, for three days, per
trachea. Doctors Folsetter and Knight, of Texas, experimented
with turpentine, two drachms into a trachea, without satisfactory
results. They also experimented with peroxide of hydrogen into
the trachea to dissolve the mucus that surrounded the worms,

STRONGYLUS MICRURUS OR LUNG-WORM IN CATTLE. 945

which it seemed to do to a great extent. They tried four
_drachms of a four per cent. solution of formaldehyde, which
caused death in one day, of pneumonia. Dr. Levi, of Plasa,
used the following mixture with satisfactory results: Black opii
oil, 100 parts; oil of turpentine, 100 parts; carbolic acid, 2
parts ; purified caderoil, 2 parts. Each calf received ten grammes
of this mixture, three times daily, per trachea. Wardell Stiles,
Ph.D., experimented with tincture iodine, oil of cloves, and
carbolic acid, per trachea, successfully. The best results I have
obtained from a mixture of oil of peppermint, oil of -cassia,
and bacillol in equal parts. I! gave ten c.c. per trachea daily,
for four days. I also placed them in a stable overnight, where
the straw bedding was sprinkled with crude carbolic acid. With
such treatment I had the best results. Tonics, stimulants, and
good nursing are very beneficial, especially if the animals are
very weak and nauseated.

GAME ROOSTER KILLS Fox.— Atlantic City, N. /., Nov. 27.
—An example of the gameness of fighting roosters was reported
to-day by Frank E. Carroll, a farmer and bird fancier, who lives
between this city and Longport. About three weeks ago he re-
ceived a fine fighting gray Irish rooster, the bird having been
sent from Sacramento, Cal. Recently a fox from the woods, a
mile from Carroll’s place, has robbed Carroll’s hen roosts at
night. Every effort was made to capture the animal, without
success. -Early this morning Carroll was awakened by the loud
cackling of every fowl he owned. He hurried to the barnyard.
There lay a large fox, dead, while the game rooster was vainly
trying to free himself from the head of the fox. Carroll ap-
proached and discovered that one of the rooster’s spurs had
penetrated the right eye of the fox and entered the brain, kill-
ing the animal. The thin wires in front of the coop where the
bird was kept were torn apart, showing that the fox had en-
deavored to make a meal of the rooster, who escaped, and,
flying at the fox, managed to sink a spur into the eye of the
animal. Carroll stated to-day that he would not take $500
for the rooster, which he considers one of the gamest of the
kind in the country. To-day the bird strutted around the yard
more than ever, as if fully conscious of what he had accom-
plished.

946 A. E. JAMES.

CAPPED ELBOW.

By A. E. JAMES, V. S., OTTAWA, CANADA.

Read at the Second Annual Meeting of the Central Canada Veterinary Association, St.
Andrews Hall, Ottawa, Jan. 27—28th, 1904.

Capped elbow is due to an injury of the bursa olecrani,
usually caused by the heel of the shoe.

Pathological Anatomy.—Btuising leads to acute inflammation
of the bursa; sometimes bleeding takes place into the bursal
cavity. If pus cocci enter, bursitis suppuration may result.
At first cedematous swelling of the connective tissue sets in, but
later gives place to plastic infiltration, and finally to extensive
formation of fresh connective tissue, which may even become
ossified.

Symptoms.—The clinical symptoms differ somewhat, accord-
ing to the pathological changes. The only constant feature is
the swelling, which is more or less sharply differentiated from
its surroundings. When recent, it feels abnormally warm, is
doughy, and slightly painful. It afterwards becomes harder,
depending on the degree of plastic infiltration and induration of
parabursal tissue. Occasionally distention of the bursa is the
more prominent symptom, and the swelling is then fluctuating,
and on being opened discharges blood-stained fluid. Lameness
is rare.

Causes. —The disease is produced by bruising, often due to
lying on the heels of the shoe, though sometimes to contact
with the floor. Weakness, too short a halter shank, too small a
box, and in “‘heavey” horses difficulty in breathing, may all
cause the animal to rest on the sternum, with the legs tucked
under it ; in animals with short forearms the posterior surface
of the elbow then comes just against the posterior part of the
hoof, and is readily bruised by the heels of the shoe.

Course.—The condition is generally produced in a single
night. By immediate treatment the swelling may sometimes dis-
perse, but more frequently it becomes chronic, resorption being
incomplete, and induration occurring in the parabursal tissue.

CAPPED ELBOW. 947

‘Treatment. — An excellent preventive consists in causing
the horse to wear a stout cushion extending across the chest
just back of the elbows. Another method is to apply a well
padded “boot,” or a roller around the fetlock.

Fresh swellings are treated by cold applications, and if fur-
ther bruising be prevented, complete dispersal often results.

Resorption is assisted by repeatedly applying irritants, which ~
favor resolution. At the same time they render the skin sore,
and thus prevent the animal lying on the diseased spot and re-
newing the injury. A 10 per cent. iodide of mercury ointment
may. be applied every two or three days.

The bursa should not be opened except when pus is present.
Where the lining has been destroyed by suppuration, recovery
may occur, otherwise granulations do not form readily, on ac-
count of the peculiar nature of the bursal surface. More fre-
quently, serous fluid is actively secreted, prevents the granula-
tions around the incision healing, and finally leads to sinus for-
mation. It is therefore necessary, when the bursa is opened be-
fore suppuration has occurred, to destroy the membrane by
irritants. One authority recommends swabbing out the sac
daily with 1 part of caustic potash to 4 of water; the other parts
of the leg must of course be protected against the irritant.
Some use the actual cautery to open the diseased bursa. The
introduction of arsenic has also been used, but as complications
very often followed, its use has been generally discontinued.

Ligation is a simple and easy method and is almost always
successful. The elastic ligature is most useful. After cutting
away the hair and cleansing the skin, a rubber cord about the
thickness of a quill is passed around the base of the swelling
and drawn as tight as possible. The ends are tied together with
string. The ligature soon begins to cut in, and in four to ten,
days, according to the thickness of the tumor, it falls away. In
large tumors it may be necessary to remove and reapply the lig-
ature after two or three days.

Cases of tetanus are said to have occurred after ligation, but
they are not common. As a preventive measure, however,

948 A. E. JAMES.

cateful disinfection is advisable, while at the same time it de-
stroys the unpleasant smell of the mass of dead tissue. Potas-
sium permanganate is especially useful. Moller prefers passing
the ligature over the skin, which is not previously cut through ;
the skin is thus drawn together, and cicatrization reduced toa
minimum.

Should the application of an elastic ligature prove difficult
on account of the tumor having no neck, a thin cord may first
be applied, as it does not so easily slip off as the elastic ligature.
In a few hours the tumor swells, when the elastic ligature can
easily be put on. .

In case of need, slipping can be prevented by passing a long
needle completely through tumor in front of ligature.

In using ligature the tumor must not be cut away, as it always
contains large arterial vessels, and bleeding of an unpleasant, if
not dangerous character may result. When a cord is used, it
will require to be tightened or renewed after a few days. After-
treatment is simple. As soon as swelling has fallen off (which
may be assisted by torsion) the surface of the wound should be
cleansed daily with disinfectants until a dry scab has formed,
under which healing occurs in from eight to fourteen days.
Powdering the parts with iodoform and tannin will promote
scab formation.

Enucleation is not so simple as it appears, but it is eminent-
ly surgical, and is preferred by Dollar in old standing cases.

If the animal is not cast, cocaine 5 per cent. solution should
be injected at a number of points around the base of the tumor.
If the horse is cast, the foot is loosened and drawn forward, and
a ligature passed through the swelling to afford a better hold.
In shaving the parts an oval-shaped “island” of hair may be
left to indicate the area of skin subsequently to be removed.

The tumor is next separated in the ordinary way. Care is
necessary to avoid injuring the fascia of the forearm and the
muscular tissue,-which might easily produce cellular inflamma-
tion, nor should the point of the elbow be exposed.

After removing the tumor, the wound is treated on general

CAPPED ELBOW. G49

principles. Large vessels should be tied, and a firm tampon of
carbolized absorbent cotton or gauze sewn up in the wound to
check bleeding. The tampon is removed next day and open-
wound treatment proceeded with.

Dollar cleanses the interior of the wound, rinses it with a
1—1000 hydrarg. biniod. solution, and powders it with iodoform, .
leaving the flaps open for six to twelve hours. When all bleed-
ing has ceased, he unites the flaps with two series of sterilized
silk sutures, one set to bring edges of skin together, the second
set (two or three sutures only) being passed further from the
edges and used to obliterate any ‘dead space.” If thought
necessary, a drainage tube may be inserted. The horse is
rested and kept standing for eight days, or may be placed in
slings.

McKILLIP VETERINARY COLLEGE, CHICAGO, ILL.—In a re-
cent letter from Dr. George A. Scott, Secretary of this well-
known school, he states that there are more students in at-
tendance upon the present session than ever before, so many
in fact that the present building has become too crowded, and
a large dissecting room and laboratories will be added in the
near future.

To CHECK DOURINE.—Szoux City, Jowa, Dec. 8.—Owing
to the alarming spread of a strange equine disease brought by a
horse from France to Illinois and thence transmitted to Ne-
braska, Inspector E. T. Davidson, of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, has established a quarantine over the range country west
of here. In the government’s efforts to eradicate the disease
about nine hundred horses have been killed.—(W. Y. 7rzbune,
Dec. 9, 1904.)

MANDAMUSED THE EXAMINING BOARD.—A mandamus has
been granted by the Supreme Court requiring the State Veter-
inary Board to issue a certificate to Harry W. Wise, of Owasso,
a graduate of the Grand Rapids Veterinary College. The Board
refused to issue a certificate on the ground that the Grand Rap-
ids College was not a regular veterinary college or school within
the meaning of the act. The court says it is, the only requisite
being that it is a college regularly incorporated for the purpose
of teaching veterinary science and medicine.—(Evenzng Press,
Grand Rapids, Mich., Dec. 8.)

950 THOMAS B. ROGERS.

SOME NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF “ CHOKING.”

By TuHomAs.B. RocERs, D. V. S., WoopsuRy, N. J.

The experience embodied in these notes is in good part an
experience born of failures. The cases of this kind coming be-
fore the practitioner may be roughly divided into two classes :
(a) obstructions arising from ordinary food hastily swallowed
with insufficient mastication (oats, hay,corn-stalks, etc.) ; (6) ap-
ples, sweet potatoes, turnips, etc., bolted whole, and usually by
cattle. The prognosis and symptoms will of course vary with
the nature of the obstruction, its size, its position, the length of
time that has passed since it was swallowed, and the home
treatment adopted. The treatment will vary with all these fac-
tors, but the effort to aid nature should always precede operative
measures, unless we can demonstrate the presence of the ob-
struction at a point not much lower than the inferior border of
the laryngeal box. In these cases the introduction of a little
oil followed by upward pressure on the offending body will often
cause its expulsion. In case the obstruction is located in the
cervical region it may often be got rid of by the introduction of
a little oil, or oil and water at half hour intervals, each dose be-
ing followed by strong, forced extension of the head on the
neck. I have often succeeded by the use of this method.

In case it is necessary to pass the probang, use as little force
as possible, let the instrument go down by its own weight. The
cesophageal contractions induced by its presence are often a
helpful factor; and remember that the passage is usually con-
stricted below the obstruction, and that if the trouble is of some
standing there may be inflammatory softening, both conditions
leading to ready rupture.

Obstructions firmly fixed in the cervical portion may some-
times be passed upward and removed fer orem by making a
long incision oto and not into the cesophagus, raising it from
its bed and pushing up the offending body until it can be
reached by the hand introduced into the pharynx. The opera-
tion is free from danger and in cattle it makes little difference

SOME NOTES ON THE TREATMENT OF ‘‘ CHOKING.’’ 951

how long an incision we make as the wound quickly heals. In
case this method fails and the obstruction consists of a fruit or
vegetable, it may be cut up by a modification of the method
used ‘in subcutaneous tenotomy. A rather long, strong and
narrow bladed knife is pushed nearly through the obstruction,
is then withdrawn and a probe-pointed, slightly curved instru-
ment introduced, with which the offending body is halved or
quartered. The injury to the cesophagus being limited to an
incision not a quarter of an inch in length, this may be closed
with a single stitch of catgut or even silver wire and the skin
wound closed. If the obstruction mst be removed by cesopha-
gotomy (a last resort) the greatest care will be necessary in
order to prevent fistula, and this is especially the case in cattle
practice; in the horse our care is limited by what goes down
and we can control this, but in cattle we have an additional
factor in what goes up in rumination, and this from the bac-
teriological standpoint is always infected matter.

In case the passage has been ruptured by the introduction of
a whip or broom handle, the injury must be exposed if such a
procedure is possible and the wound treated as in cesophagot-
omy. In cesophageal impaction from hastily swallowed oats,
my experience is that if they be moistened with oil and water,
they swell enough to disperse themselves; failing this, the pro-
bang. Two instances have occurred in my practice of sudden
death occurring at the moment the hand was pressed over the
larynx to remove the offending body in “‘ high choking”; in
each case a deep expiratory effort occurred and respiration
stopped. I have no explanation to offer that is satisfactory to
me.

HARVEY H. Gisss, M. D. C., Chicago V.C. ’03, died Oct. 13,
in the Highland Park Hospital, Winfield, Kansas, from typhoid
malarial fever.

THE CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE reports that two
hundred and ninety students have registered for the present ses-
sion, and claims this to be the largest attendance at any Eng-
lish-speaking school, and possibly in the world.

952 GEORGE W. POPE.

THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LAMENESS.

By GEORGE W. Pops, D. V. S., ATHENIA, N. J.

A Paper readj before the Passaic County Veterinary Medical Association at Athenia
N. J., June 7th, 1904. .

This is not to be a scientific essay.upon the above subject.
Technicality will not be its aim. Rather it will be my purpose
to call to your attention some of the conditions and difficulties
commonly experienced by the veterinarian in the diagnosis and
treatment of the cases of lameness found in every-day practice.

Nothing will contribute more to the reputation of a prac-
titioner than the successful diagnosis and treatment of lameness,
and, on the other hand, nothing will injure his reputation more
certainly than errors in diagnosis or contra-indicated treatment.

Doubtless in a large proportion of our lame horses in this
section of the country the lesion exists in the hoof or the region
of the hoof, and thus we find our first difficulty lies in the fact
that we have to deal with a delicate and complicated organ so
situated as to receive the greatest amount of concussion and
abuse and at the same time so solid and simple in its structure,
to the superficial observer, that we are frequently troubled to
impress upon the mind of the layman the fact that the hoof of
the horse can be the seat of pain and lameness.

In diagnosing lameness one of the first difficulties which we
meet is the lack.of an authentic history of the case. A diag-
nosis is not made upon the strength of a history alone, but if
such history be true, it is one of the diagnostician’s warmest
allies. The questions: How long have you owned this animal ?
Was he lame when you purchased him? How long has he been
lame? Did the lameness come on suddenly? Has he fallen re-
cently ? Does he improve upon driving or does the lameness
increase with the distance travelled? Is the lameness more
marked when driving on hard than on soft ground? Was he
lame before the last shoeing ? are questions more or less familiar
to every practitioner. No doubt we frequently ask such ques-
tions through force of habit. They are important matters for

THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LAMENESS. 953

us to know, and yet we must not place too much confidence in
the history given by the average man. We must learn to esti-
mate the judgment and integrity of our man, to sift out the
wheat from the chaff and not be influenced against our own best
judgment. In fact, we must avoid being led into error by a
misleading history.

An error in diagnosis does not depend upon a misleading
history. It may be the result of undue haste in expressing an
opinion. It is not necessarily a virtue in the practitioner to lo-
cate and determine the nature of a lameness within a few. min-
utes after a horse is brought before him. Rather it is to his
credit to assume an attitude of conservatism. May it not be
that the careful study of a case of lameness, the daily observa-
tion of an obscure case for several days, is a mark of the pains-
taking practitioner? It is undue haste which leads one to express
an opinion before removing the shoe and carefully examining the
hoof. It is the same lack of conservatism which results in the
application of the cautery or a blistering cerate to regions remote
from the seat of lameness. I have known a skilful practitioner
to apply a blister to the hock and later remove a nail from the
foot. Such an error might not materially injure a well-estab-
lished man practicing in a large city, but would be disastrous
for a young practitioner in a rural section.

In the treatment following a diagnosis of lameness there is a
demand for the exercise of skill and diplomacy on the part of
the veterinarian. We labor under the disadvantage of having a
commercial value placed upon the heads of our patients. The
questions are: What will it cost? How long will it take, ete. ?
A condition which would send a man to a hospital bed for
months we are expected to relieve in his horse in as many
weeks.

In such cases it may be well to state to the owner that
he owes something to a faithful animal servant; that if e was
suffering from a remedial disability he would not care to be
shot, and might be glad if able to walk after several months’
treatment. While such a statement may appeal to his sympathy

954 GEORGE W. POPE.

it will likewise reach his reasoning faculties, and he will be con-
vinced that what a physician cannot do for a human being, a
veterinarian should not be expected to accomplish for an ani-
mal.

Still another difficulty encountered in the diagnosis and
treatment of many cases of lameness, is the baneful influence of
an ignorant coachman. It is wonderful what confidence some
very intelligent men have in the opinions of their coachmen.
It would appear that the more ignorant and superstitious the
coachman, the greater his influence over the man. Just why
this should be is a mystery. Possibly it is because the spark of
savage superstition smolders in the average breast, even though
it be partially smothered by education or refinement. It may
be due to the fact that the average man is willing to have his
coachman do all the thinking along certain lines, and the coach-
man, on the other hand, is perfectly willing to attend to that
part of the mental process, to the extent of his ability. Where
such conditions exist there is need of the exercise of much
diplomacy on the part of the veterinarian.

Then, too, we have the horse-shoer with us, sometimes an
evil, but more frequently not, and in any case a fixture, because
a necessity. Doubtless the shoer is frequently unjustly accused.
He cannot be blamed for every unshapely hoof. A man who
allows the shoes to remain upon his horse’s feet for six to eight
weeks, cannot blame the shoer if his horse develops corns and
contracted hoofs. | We should be charitable toward our shoers.
As a rule they are hard working fellows and good friends to the
veterinarian. They should not be blamed for every case of foot
lameness, though their stupidity causes many a good horse to
go lame; but let us be ever so charitable, we must admit that
in the treatment of lameness as well as in the diagnosis, we
frequently find the ignorant shoer a great obstacle.

It is amazing that a man can confine himself to the work of
shoeing horses’ feet, year in and year out, and still learn nothing
about the structure which he constantly handles. It is rare to
find a shoer who will admit that the horse is lame in the foot,

THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF LAMENESS. 955

even when the cause is very apparent. In such cases he com-
monly refers the owner to the region of the shoulder. Often,
too, when we have the tender-footed patient on the mend, the
work of weeks is undone by one careless hour’s work of the
shoer, who has made too free use of the knife or placed pressure
where it does not belong.

These are just a few of the problems which we meet in hand-
ling cases of lameness, but there is, neverthless, a fascination in
the study of this branch of our work ; there is a mathematical
exactness about it which calls upon us to review our anatomy,
and which draws upon our mechanical ability in a profitable
manner.

Diagnosing and treating lameness is a good training for the
man, a developer of the practitioner, and moreover it pays.

Dr. ADOLPH EICHHORN, B. A. I., was called to the
bedside of his mother in Hungary in the late summer, but was
so fortunate as to find her on the road to recovery when he ar-
rived. He is now engaged upon Texas fever quarantine work,
with headquarters at Thayer, Mo.

THE FARMER AND THE TUBERCULIN TEST.—Ina private
letter from Dr. Veranus A. Moore, of ithaca, N. Y., under date
of Dec. 16, the following paragraph had such a bearing upon
an editorial article already in type (which will be found in
this issue) that we have taken the liberty of reproducing it:
“You may be interested to know that yesterday I gave an
address at Herkimer before the New York State Dairvman’s
Association on ‘ Tuberculosis and the Tuberculin Test.’ It was
received very well, indeed, and I believe the attitude of the cat-
tle owners in the State toward the use of tuberculin and the
necessity for the elimination of tuberculosis is very much better
than it was. If the veterinarians would take a strong stand on
this question and apply the test accurately and honestly in all
cases in which they are called I believe that tuberculin testing
will soon become a very important adjunct to the routine in
practice. The dishonesty of a few practitioners has done
much to throw discredit upon the profession and the test. I
am very glad, as I know you will be, to see the attitude chang-

ing.”

956 GE. SHAW.

INTUSSUSCEPTION, WITH REPORT OF A CASE.

By C. E. SHAW, D. V. M., BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Presented to the 14th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical So-
ciety, at Brooklyn, Sept. 13-15, 1904.

By the term intussusception we mean the slipping of one
portion of intestine into that immediately posterior to it. So
that a transverse section would include six thicknesses of wall.

The locations best adapted for this accident to occur are the
small intestine into itself, the ileum into czecum, and the float-
ing colon into the rectum, but it may occur at various other
places. The most reasonable theory as to the cause is an in-
crease of peristalsis at one particular point brought about by
some irritant to the bowel. The morbid effects are inflamma-
tion in various stages and consequently swelling and thickening
of the walls so as to entirely occlude the lumen of the intestine,
rendering passage of ingesta by that particular point impossible.

I think we can say that an intussuscepted bowel is of rare
occurrence and seems to be most common in foals. But unfor-
tunately there seems to be but two ways of determining to a
certainty that this condition has existed. One by post-mortem
examination in case of death, and the other in case of recovery
by noticing the sloughed invaginated portion of intestine in the
feeces, the two serous coats lying in apposition having united.
Were we able to make an early diagnosis before inflammation
became extensive or our patient became too weak and exhaust-
ed, the idea of radical operation might be entertained. But
realizing as we do the great variety of dispositions and tempera-
ments in different individuals and the necessarily close similarity
between intussusception and the other fatal intestinal disorders,
such as volvulus, messenteric hernia, and torsion, we can but feel
the wide possibility of error in diagnosis.

Different authors have given us their lines of diagnostic
symptoms, but they are at variance with each other without ex-
ception. I donot think we can lay down any fast rules in regard
to so fine a point. We must consider the age of the patient, and

INTUSSUSCEPTION. 957

suspecting it first of all in the colt and then the disposition of
the animal, whether it be a high-bred trotter or a slow going
lymphatic cart horse.

On Aug. 4th I was called about 7 A. M. tosee a five-months-
old bay filly. Found the patient suffering from colicky pains,
slight tympanites, temperature tor, pulse 60, respiration 36.
She would throw herself down, roll from side to side, get up,
wander around for a few minutes, look back at abdomen, then
lie down and sometimes remain quiet a little time, then roll
again. In fact, the symptoms were the same as we see in any
ordinary case of intestinal pain. She did not sit up on her
haunches like a dog nor remain down long at a time during the
first half of her illness. A drench of 4 drachms of chloral
hydrate was administered, the abdomen subjected to brisk rub-
bing with a mild counter-irritant and a blanket wrung out of
hot water applied. The patient seemed to get some relief, but
in about an hour the pains increased ; another half ounce of
chloral, together with 4 drachms of tincture of ginger and 8
ounces of raw linseed oil, were administered. During the after-
noon the patient remained quiet only a few minutes at a time.
Rectal examination proved nothing wrong so far as the hand
could reach. As the symptoms did not yield to the ordinary
anodyne treatment, the different intestinal complications were
discussed with the owner and he was made acquainted with the
gravity of the case. ‘Toward six o’clock the patient grew rapid-
ly weaker, temperature had reached 104° F., pulse 110, was un-
able to rise. Stimulants were kept up during the night until
about 4.30 A. M., when the end came.

Post-mortem.—At about the middle of the small intestine
was the invaginated portion. No less than three feet of the in-
testine had passed into itself and had the familiar dark purple
hue. The walls were thickened to three times their natural
thickness and the invaginated portion had become gangrenous,
so that it was difficult to keep the intestine intact during re-
moval. The abdominal cavity contained a quantity of bloody
exudate.

958 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

‘< Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’’

A PAINLESS CASE OF IMPACTION.*
By Dr. J. F. Rous, Monroe, Wisconsin.

On Dec. 10, 1903, I was called out four miles to visit a colt
of the draft breed, aged nine months. Found the colt standing
in the barn resting quietly, but somewhat labored respirations.
But labored respirations were nothing to what you would expect
from the distention and size of the abdomen. The tympanitic
condition in this case would certainly produce asphyxia in 99
per cent. of cases in a very short time, unless relieved. As far
as I could observe, the colt did not suffer any pain, and was dis-
tressed but very little from the enormous tympanitic condition.
As a natural consequence I did what most practitioners would
have done under the same circumstances—performed paracen-
tesis abdominis. After the gas escaped out through the canula
my patient presented the appearance of a case that was afflicted
with abdominal ascites, and I was partially inclined to make my
diagnosis accordingly. Next step, pulse 32 weak and wirey,
respiration 20. Asking the owner for information in re-
gard to the colt, in the way of feeding and as to how long the
colt had been in the present condition, he stated as follows:
Colt was weaned October Ist; its grain ration was three
quarts of oats night and morning, and second-crop hay. The
colt had never refused to eat until the morning of December
toth. Furthermore, owner stated that the colt was playing
and racing around in the paddock the day and evening previous
to my visit. I called the owner’s attention to the large and dis-
tended abdomen. He further stated that the colt’s dam and all
of her progeny were largely developed in that respect; also
stating to me that for six weeks previous to calling me he had
noticed that the colt was growing more portly from day to day,
and finally could notice that the colt was growing abnormally
large through the abdomen. And yet he could not think the
colt was ill; for on being turned out mornings it would race
around in the paddock with its mate, and appetite continued

*Read at the Annual Meeting of the Wisconsin Society of Veterinary Graduates.
February 4, 1904.

REPORTS OF CASES. 959

good up to the morning of the date that I was called, December
10. Now, taking the case into consideration and meditating
over the history of the case, I concluded at this point that I had
a growthy tumor to contend with in the abdominal cavity. In
the year 1902, in the course of sixty days I found five horses af-
flicted with abdominal tumors which I diagnosed correctly by
rectal examination. The symptoms or appearance in this colt -
were very much in similarity with some of those cases.

At this point I have done nothing but take the pulse, res-
piration, and tap. Next I made a rectal examination, but ow-
ing to the age of the colt was not able to manipulate the inte-
rior of abdomen satisfactorily. Stepping around to the left side
of colt and pressing in on left lateral side of abdominal muscles,
I could detect a very large, hard mass and very weighty, extend-
ing along the internal and inferior part of the floating carti-
lages, running in the same direction as the double colon. After
discovering this great mass I tried by main force to push it to
one side or move it away from the abdominal wall. Seemingly
it was firmly adherent to the inside of the abdominal wall. Be-
ing somewhat doubtful as to giving a true diagnosis, but consid-
ering the case a hopeless one, I informed the owner likewise
and advised him to destroy the colt, he submitting to my sug-
gestion. Nothing like having a good foundation to stand on
when giving diagnoses or prognoses, so before leading the colt
out to be shot and stating that we had either an abdominal
tumor or impaction, at the same time having the faintest idea
that it was a case of impaction. Autopsy revealed impaction
of the double colon. The impacted portion was 4% feet in length,
diameter of colon at same point by measure varied from 14 to
16 inches. Think of the distention of the bowel and the
amount of dried indurated faeces impacted therein, and after lib-
erating this great mass from the bowel it was hard and very dif-
ficult to break up, and by triturating small particles into pow-
der form it would rise up in dust. From the condition of the
viscera it was evident that life could not have existed over
twenty-four hours longer. The portion of the bowels in front
of the obstruction was filled with food and but very little
liquid. The bowel back of the obstruction was entirely empty.
Ecchymosed spots were studded over the greater and lesser mesen-
teries, also over the bowels. Now, the owner was a careful
and considerate observer of his stock, seldom leaving his farm,
and previous to this had often sent for me, and on my arrival I
would find nothing much of any consequence.

960 REPORTS OF CASES.

In my opinion I have reason to think that this case of impac-
tion had been existing for thirty days if not longer, colt contin-
ually feeding in a normal condition, and never showing any col-
icky symptomis, pain or distressed condition in any form, shape
or manner, previous to the morning of December 1oth.

I would like to have this thoroughly discussed and to be
informed why there had been no pain during this long period
of impaction.

A CASE OF SCROTAL HERNIA.*
By R. S. HEER, V. S., Platteville, Wis.

The subject, a twenty-months-old draft colt, affected with a
congenital scrotal hernia, which had been operated on by a cas-
trator when the colt was two months old. The method pursued
by him was castration and the application of a pair of clamps to
the scrotum just above the scrotal incision.

The clamps were removed on the third day after the opera-
tion. The hernia persisted, as would be expected, following
such a procedure. December 3, 1903, I was consulted in regard
to the case. The subject presented a unilateral hernia about
the size of a man’s head, which was getting larger as the colt
grew older. The owner, after this experience, was willing to
submit the animal to any treatment I would suggest.

Not coming prepared for an operation, I left a bichloride so-
lution 1-500, with instructions to wash the hernial tumor
twice daily with the same until my return, which was two days
later. The colt was cast aud placed on its back. The scrotum,
sheath, internal aspect of the thighs and perineum were washed
with a strong creolin solution. The hernia was reduced by rec-
tal taxis, which was accomplished without any trouble. The
skin was divided around the old cicatrix, in which adhered the
processus vaginalis and spermatic cord. A piece of tape was
drawn through the sac, and it was drawn up as far as possible,
and a short wooden clamp which had been immersed in a I-500
bichloride solution for forty-eight hours, was applied high up
over the external inguinal ring ; before closing the clamp, the
processus was rotated once around its axis. The clamp was
closed tightly and tied, leaving the ends of the string hanging
out through the scrotal incision.

The wound was then rinsed with a bichloride solution, then
dusted with boracie acid and tamponed with oakum. ‘The ex-

* Read at the Meeting of the Wisconsin Society of Veterinary Graduates, July, 1904.

REPORTS OF CASES. ; 961

ternal wound was closed with two stitches. Three days later
the stitches and tampon were removed and the scrotum ordered
to be washed out daily with a warm kreso solution until the
clamp came off, instructing the owner, after the lapse of ten
days, to pull gently on the string. If the clamip did not come
away at the first effort, to continue the pulling on the string
daily until it did. On the morning of the fifteenth day after —
the operation the clamp was missing. During all this time
there was but little suppuration, but a considerable amount of
swelling in the inguinal and scrotal regions. In five weeks the
wound was healed and the colt was well. ;

A CASE REPORT IN FEW WORDS.
By S. BRENTON, V. S., Detroit, Mich.

BEFORE. - AFTER.

ACCIDENTAL PUNCTURE OF THE URINARY BLADDER IN A
BITCH. *
By R. S. HEER, Platteville, Wis.
While making the incision through the peritoneum in per-
forming odphorectomy upon acocker spaniel bitch, the animal

* Reported to the Wisconsin Association of Veterinary Graduates, July, 1904,

962 REPORTS OF CASES.

made a slight struggle, causing the scalpel to penetrate deeper
than was intended. In withdrawing it, there issued from the
incision a stream of urine to the height of about three feet ;
upon seeing this I of course concluded that the bladder had
been punctured, which ‘proved to be greatly distended.

As the blade of the scalpel was narrow and had penetrated
in a straight line, I inferred that the incision in the bladder was
no wider than the scalpel’, blade, and that upon contraction of
the bladder the small incision would be reduced toa minimun ;
therefore I gave no further attention to it, and finished the op-
eration as if nothing unusual had occurred.

The bitch made an uneventful recovery, and did not reveal
any evidence of bad results from the accident.

To REGULATE VETERINARY PRACTICE IN THE DISTRICT
oF CoLuMBIA.—Senator Gallinger introduced in the Senate,
on Dec. 13, a bill to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine
in the District of Columbia. It establishes a license system and
creates a board of examiners in veterinary medicine to consist
of five practitioners, appointed by the Commissioners. It pro-
vides that the health officer of the District shall be ex-officio
secretary of the board. The bill is practically the same as that
introduced in March, 1902, by Senator McMillan.

MorE LIGHT REGARDING THE BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLUS.
—The Imperial German Commission, appointed by the Gov-
ernment to investigate the relations between bovine and human
tuberculosis, met recently. Dr. Weber, one of the most emi-
nent members of the commission, reported that the investigations
hitherto made showed that bovine and human bacilli were abso-
Iutely distinct biologically, and one never develops or changes
into the other. An examination of 56 bodies of persons who
died of tuberculosis showed the presence of human bacilli only
in 50. ‘There were bovine bacilli, however, in six, three of
whom were young children. ‘The surmise is permissible, that
the latter received the bacillus from the milk of a diseased cow.
Two other cases, which Professor Weber regards as most im-
portant, were where corpses showed bovine bacilli in the glands
and human bacilli asin other portions of the body. They were
distinct cases of double infection.. Another important case was
that of lung tuberculosis, where bovine and human bacilli were
associated. [he commission reached the general conclusion
that tuberculosis in human beings was caused by the human ba-
cillus, but urges the careful use of all prescribed measures to
prevent infection with the bovine bacillus.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 963

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
GERMAN REVIEW.

By ApoLPH ErcHHorRN, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Thayer, Mo.

THIRD REPORT ON THE AFRICAN COAST FEVER [odert
Koch]|.—Koch for some time has been studying the infectious
diseases of South Africa. In his third report to the Consul-
General of Capetown, he communicated the results of his inves-
tigations regarding the African coast fever, which he conducted
at Bulawayo. ‘The coast fever of cattle, belonging to the group
of malarial diseases, is also communicated through a tick from
animals to animals. The mortality is even higher than in rind-
erpest, so that only about 5 per cent. are spared from the plague.
The disease is rapidly spreading in Rhodesia and the Transvaal,
which are the roads of transportation, and for this reason there
is great danger of infection to the German Southwest African
occupations. Koch’s experiments were directed to obtaining
an immunizing method, in which he was assisted by Chief Sur-
geon Dr. Klein. The following are the results of the extensive
experiments: Intraocular inoculations of healthy cattle with
the blood of infected ones were unsuccessful. When a suscep-
tible animal was subcutaneously inoculated with the blood of
an infected animal, the disease was transmissible, but not in its
characteristic form. ‘The animals showed fever, and the blood
contained a certain number of parasites. To establish the ques-
tion as to whether the disease is communicated through ticks,
Koch collected different varieties of ticks and placed them in
an incubator, in which the air was kept very damp. The young
ticks were distributed in pastures, in which susceptible animals
were placed. These places proved highly infectious. The cli-
matic conditions, as draught, etc., which brought on a disap-
pearance of the ticks, also diminished the number of infections
in these places. Animals which recovered from the disease
proved immune when placed into these pastures, while control
animals succumbed in four weeks. Koch inoculated animals
with the blood of those which recovered from the disease, and
placed them in the infected pastures. Out of eight animals
which received only two injections of a slightly virulent blood,
three remained alive. But the immunity increased in propor-
tional relations to the number of inoculations they received. It

964 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

was also observed that the blood taken from diseased cattle acted
the same as that taken from recovered animals, the latter some-
times even better. The immunity in all probability can be
based on conditions by which the blood of inoculated animals
contains properties which prevent the multiplications of the
specific cause. ‘To obtain good results four injections of Io c.c.
seven-day intervals are required, and then for a period every
two weeks ro c.c., and finally once a month. Very unsatisfac-
tory results were obtained from inoculations with the serum of
immunized animals. Healthy animals stood well the injection
of 150 c.c., while the animals treated in this manner showed a
diminution in the number of parasites in the circulating blood,
at the same time a high hamotholitic action was noticeable.
High fever was followed by a sudden drop in temperature, col-
lapse and death. ‘The urine was bloody ; fat and subcutaneous,
also the submucous tissues intensely yellow. Koch does not
think the serum treatment beneficial in practice; it is only rec-
ommended when systematic temperature tests and examinations
of the blood are made, and even in those cases the results were
not always satisfactory. Koch attributes these to the very fre-
quent complications with Texas fever, which is widely spread
in Rhodesia. These complications never affected animals which
were immunized with infected blood. Experiments made on
zebras proved that these animals do not possess a congenital im-
munity. Koch believes in the possibility of eradicating this
dangerous plague. We can determine, with the aid of a
microscope, the susceptible animals; and, further, not only
those which are diseased, but also those which have recovered
from the disease; and this is the class which carry the disease-
producing parasite throughout their lives, and are to be consid-
ered the transmitters of the infection. If these animals were
separated (brought together in a certain territory, at a distance
from all healthy animals), and gradually slaughtered, the con-
stant source of infection could be abolished, and the producer
of the disease exterminated. These measures, however, could
not be carried out under the African conditions, and for this
reasou only the artificial immunization can receive consideration.
The immunization to be carried out must be with the blood of
animals recovered from the disease, or which apparently with-
stood the disease in such localities where it existed in a severe
form and for a considerable length of time. The blood to be
used for immunizing is to be examined before its use for the
presence of the specific producer. These inoculations should

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 96d
be carried out by veterinarians, or at least by persons who
have been taught the technic of inoculations. Koch is of the
opinion that in applying this method about 8o per cent. of the
cattle can be saved, and heis at the present time engaged in im-
proving his method in practice.—( Berliner Thierarzt. Wochen-
schr.)

EXPERIMENTS WITH ENDOVENOUS SUBLIMATE INJECTIONS
IN THE Horse [Dr. Zemmerman, Budapest|.—The application
of intravenous sublimate injections for the eradication of foot-
and-mouth disease, recommended two years ago by Baccelli, in-
duced the author to experiment with the same on horses, as to
its action and intravenous dosing. He experimented on seven
dissecting horses. The experiments proved that by adminis-
tering sublimate intravenously it produces similar conditions as
when given per os. At first salivation became apparent ; with
this soon the following symptoms manifested themselves : irri-
tation and depression, dyspncea caused by the hyperemic state
of the respiratory tract, finally less characterized symptoms of
gastro-intestinal catarrh, and skin lesions (eczema). The first
symptoms appeared from the dose of 0.15 gm., the more typical
picture from 0.25 gm. When o.5 gm. was injected it produced
salivation, tremor, dyspncea, also delirium, diarrhoea and albu-
minuria. ‘The fatal dose is one grammne.—(Fortschr. der Vet.
Hyg.)

IODIDE OF POTASSIUM IN PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA | Avoen-
zug |.—The author administered iodide of potassium in 16 cases
of periodic ophthalmia. All were young horses and were brought
for treatment at their first attack; in eleven only one eye was
affected, in three one followed the other, and in two both eyes
were attacked at the same time. Those with only one eye af-
fected received for two days 25.0-30.0 gm. of iodide of potassium
internally, while those with both eyes affected received a like
dose for three days; they were placed in dark box-stalls and
cold applications were applied to their eyes. In two to three
days all symptoms disappeared. "The eyes were kept open;
photophobia as well as cloudiness of the cornea could not be
noticed.

THE APPLICATION OF THE INFUSION OF VALERIANA IN
CoLicKy AFFECTIONS.—Doliwa reports repeated good re-
sults in colicky affections from the administration of the in-
fusion of the valeriana root in the following formula: Infusi
radicis valerian, 50.0 : 500.0; spiritus vini diluti, 200.0; zethe-
ris sulfurici, 25.0. Misce. Sig. Give for one dose. In ten

966 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

minutes after the administration the anodyne effect was notice-
able.—(Zeztschr. f. Veterinark.)

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M.

LocoMOTOR ATAXIA IN A DOoG—CEREBELLAR SYNDROME
—SYNDROME OF MILLARD-—GUBLER—MOTION “IN CIRCLE
[ Prof. Hebrant|.—A small spitz dog, between 7 and 8 years
old, has for the last two months cerebral symptoms characterized
by a difficulty of locomotion. Examined by the author, he
shows the following symptoms: preference to decubitus, un-
willingness to get up, and when he is made to move the walk
is staggering ; he has springhalt of one leg and then drops.
Sight is yet good and can go from one place to another by fol-
lowing the walls. Sensibility of the skin yet remains. Patellar
reflex is exaggerated. A cerebellar syndrome is recognized, a
counter-irritant applied on the top of the neck, and drastic pur-
gatives administered. After a few days motion ina circle is ob-
served ; the dog turns to the right side in a circle; there is paresia
of the left side ; the muscles of the face on the right side are
also paralyzed. There are manifestations of external ophthalmo-
plegia. To resume, the animal presents simultaneously symp-
toms of (1) Locomotor ataxia with motion in circle; (2) Right
external ophthalmoplegia; (3) Alternate hemaplegia, or syn-
drome of Millard-Gubler, characterized by paralysis of the right
half of the face and of the extremities of the opposite side. The
dog was destroyed. At the post-mortem, a tumor as big as a
small pea, hard, elastic, yellowish in color, was found under the
posterior vermiform process of the cerebellum. This growth,
which was adherent to the pia-mater, was sarcomatous in na-
ture.—(Annales de Bruxelles, Oct., 1904.)

THROMBOSIS OF THE AORTA AND ILIAC ARTERIES IN A
Horse ! Prot. F. Hendrickx|.—This case was followed by the
author for a number of months and the known manifestations
of that disease were observed in their development for over
18 months. At first the symptoms were those classical of
apparent healthy condition at rest, gradually increasing lame-
ness by work, with its various degrees of severity, and disap-
pearance of all bad symptoms by rest of varying lengths of
time. There was, however, a symptom which seemed to be

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 967

wanting, viz., that when rectal examination was made the beat-
ings of the aorta were readily felt, and the pulsations counted at
the bifurcation of the aorta and its terminal branches. It was
only after a long time, and that towards the end of the observa-
tion, that a difference was noticeable in the strength of the
pulsations. Perhaps at first the thrombosis was very small and
did not close the artery sufficiently to obliterate the vessel when ~
the animal was at rest. Even towards the end the pulse could
still be felt, although the iliac arteries gave only the sensation
of hard pulseless cords. Post-mortem: Enormous clot, very
hard, yellow-reddish, adherent to the arterial coat, was found in
the aorta. The clot extended into the external and internal
arteries.—(Annales de Bruxelles, Sept. and Oct., 1904.)

FISTULA OF THE PAROTID Duct IN A Horse [Prof F.
Flendrickx|.—Among the secretory fistulz, the salivary are the
most difficult to cure, principally when they occur on the ex-
cretory duct itself, and, aboveall, when it is Steno’s duct which
is the seat of the trouble. The following illustrates this condi-
tion: A pony had received a severe injury of the face which was
complicated by a complete section of Steno’s duct, a part of which
had been torn off. The wound had been properly treated and
was healing, but the saliva was constantly pouring out and there
was no chance to reunite the two ends of the canal, specially
with the central extremity retracted. It was then decided to
promote the atrophy of the gland. With difficulty and by
mirute dissection the central end of the canal was secured and a
ligature applied on it, but after three days, the extremity of the
canal sloughed out and the flow of saliva returned. A second
ligature, more loose, was applied, but the same sloughing oc-
curred on the sixthday. Another method had to be resorted to
to obtain the obliteration of the gland. This was attempt-
ed with an injection in the canal of five grammes of an aqueous
solution of lactic acid at 20 per cent. The next day the whole
parotid region was warm, painful and the seat of great swelling.
The head was kept in extension and the lateral motion of the
neck very limited. These symptoms kept on increasing for four
days, when they began to subside. After eighteen days they
had all disappeared, and the gland was reduced to a thin mass
without secreting properties.—( Annales de Bruxelles, VII-VTIT,
1904.)

TREATMENT OF ACUTE NON-SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS, AND
ESPECIALLY THAT OF COLTS, BY EARLY PUNCTURE [MZ E&.
Lienaux|.—The author insists on the condition of the arthritis,

968 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

acute and not suppurative, as the object of this new treatment.
Three successful cases are recorded. One is a colt of two or
three weeks, very lame with arthritis of the left fore fetlock.
The synovial sac was opened with a bistoury by an incision of
about 1% centimetres and entirely emptied of its contents. A
dressing of iodoform collodion was applied. Improvement from
the next day, entire recovery in a week. In a second case the
arthritis was situated on the stifle. There was a swelling as big
as the fist, fluctuating; the animal was very lame and unable to
get up without aid. The puncture was made, also with a bis-
toury, in the upper part of the distended synovial sac and a
large quantity of serosity, of false fibrinous membranes, were re-
moved. Immediately after the operation the colt walked bet-
ter, and after 10 days recovery was complete. The third oppor-
tunity to test this treatment was on the same subject. The first
time he was lame on the off hind leg; this time it was on the
near. ‘The location of the lameness was the same, viz., the
stifle joint. The same condition existed. The puncture was
then made with Dieulafoy’s aspirator. In a week radical re-
covery. The modus operand: of Prof. Lienaux is as follows:
Thorough disinfection of the region, puncture with the aspira-
tor, some passive motion of the joint while the synovia escapes,
so as to remove it more completely, dressing with iodoform col-
lodion. No injections of any alterative nor antiseptic nature
are necessary.—(Aznxales de Bruxelles, VII-VIII, 1904.)

NuMEROUS ADENOMAS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE IN A
BovINE [H. Zwaenepoel|.—The animal] had been tested with
tuberculin, because of a marked cachectic condition, and had
been kept under observation for twenty-four days, when the only
symptoms observed were troubles of intestinal digestion, indi-
cated by intermittent chronic diarrhoea, with rectal tenesmus.
At the post-mortem the mucous membrane of the large intes-
tines, principally in the czecum and the folded colon, was found
covered with growths varying in size from that of a pea to that
of a nut; some larger ones being irregular and cauliflower-like.
These polypi had a soft consistency and were formed by an
hypertrophy of the dermis of the mucous membrane; the mus-
cular and serous coats being intact. ‘They were simple ade-
nomas. ‘The mucous membrane of the small intestine had
none. In the floating colon there were but few.—(Azmnales de
Bruxelles, VII-VIII, 1904.)

MOTION IN CIRCLE IN A HORSE AFTER A WOUND OF THE
PAROTID REGION [O. P:rard|.—This is the case of a horse

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 969

which received at the hands of his stable attendant a blow
from a fork ; three teeth of the tool had penetrated the tissues,
inflicting three wounds—two in the thickness of the masseter
muscle, the third at some distance from the base of the ear had
gone through the skin at the middle of the parotid region and
stopped on the great branch of the hyoid. For a few days the
animal manifested general dullness, then became dull, sleepy, .
with staggering walk; showed signs of immobility, and then
suddenly got out of his sleepy condition, walked in a circle
to the left, stumbling, falling and getting up with difficulty.
Later on he had trembling of the entire anterior half of the
body ; this was more marked on the right fore leg and on the
mastoido-humeralis. After five days of suffering the horse died.
At the post-mortem there were found: hzmorrhagic deposits,
ecchymosis, abscesses along the tract of the wound, occipital
protuberance highly injected, no fracture, meninges inject-
ed, pus on the superior region of the bulb; in the isthmus
at the left cerebral peduncle two small abscesses, which were
probably the cause of the walking inacircle. All the other
organs were healthy.—(Azmales de Bruxelles, VII-VITT, 1904.)

CUTANEOUS SLOUGHS, FOLLOWING NEuROTOMY [Ffaéry].
—This complication has not yet been recorded. An Irish mare
had been neurotomized on both fore legs (low operation). She
worked well for two years and became lame again. Median
neurotomy of the left lez was performed. ‘The animal was do-
ing well. Four weeks later a slight oozing was observed on the
skin at the inner side of the fetlock and of the coronet. In two
days, there were large ulcerations as big as a two-franc piece—
one at the fetlock, another at the ergotand a third on the supero-
internal border of the cutidura. Three weeks after similar
troubles, and in the same regions, appeared in the other leg.
There were no other causes to which these manifestations could
be attributed ; no doubt neurotomy was the cause. First, these
ulcerations were treated with Van Zwieten’s solution, but with-
out result. Deep and repeated cauterizations by the nitrate of
silver and later on with tincture of iodine, brought on recovery,
and the animal resumed her work.—(Avzmnales de Bruxelles,
VII-VITT, 1904.)

Easy IDENTIFICATION. —‘‘Where’s your father, boy?”
asked a stranger of a country boy. ‘‘ Wall,” replied the boy,
‘he’s down way at the end of the field thar with the hogs.
You’ll know father ’cause he’s got a hat on.”

970 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

PROGRESS OF THE ARMY BILL.
Fort ASSINNIBOINE, Monv., December 18, 1904.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR Sirs :—Kindly announce in the Army Veterinary De-
partment for January, 1905, that the Bill ‘to promote the eff-
ciency of the veterinary service in the United States Army,” has
been officially forwarded by Dr. A. Plummer, Fort Riley, Kan.,
and Dr. G. E. Griffin, A. C., Fort Sheridan, I1]., on December
15,1904. Of what character the endorsements are is not known
at this writing, as the news was received by telegram. But
the commandant of the cavalry-school at Fort Riley has taken
a keen interest in the Bill beforehand, adding a new provision
to Sec. 2, which is of considerable importance.

The document is now in the hands of the military authori-
ties in Washington, and, while there undergoing its routine cir-
culation, is being looked after by Dr. Fred. B. Gage, A. C., Fort
Myer, Va. It is strongly advised not to bring any pressure
whatsoever upon the military authorities in regard to this Bill,
but to let its fate be decided upon by its merits, which have
been clearly set forth in the appendix.

Three copies of the document have to-day been started by
way of circulation to all army veterinarians for their informa-
tion—one in the East, one in the West, and one in the Philip-
pine Islands.

The progress of the Bill will be monthly chronicled in the
Army Veterinary Department of the REVIEW

OLOF SCHWARZKOPF.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE VALUE OF MALLEIN: AS A DIAGNOSTIC; AS A PROPHY-
LACTIC; AS A CURATIVE—A CALL FOR
PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT.

3ROOKLYN, N. Y., Dec, 18) 19088
Editors American Veterinary Review :
DeaR Srrs:—My object in this communication is to get
up a discussion through your indispensable journal on mallein.
Last year I attended a splendid meeting of the Keystone

CORRESPONDENCE. 971

Veterinary Medical Association at Philadelphia, for the purpose
principally of hearing Prof. Leonard Pearson’s paper on the
’* Use of Mallein,” or ‘The Control of Glanders,’”’ or some sim-
ilar title, and I was very much disappointed, not in the meet-
ing, but because the programme was so full Dr. Pearson’s pa-
per was not reached.

I thought, perhaps, a letter to the REVIEW might draw out.
Dr. Pearson, also Dr. Rutherford, who had very positive views
on mallein at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. in Canada in
1903, and I would like to know if his views have undergone
any change. ‘There are also very many others in our profession
who use mallein daily. Surely sucha discussion could be made
profitable to all of us if the members of the profession will take
it up seriously. Some of the questions that have occurred to -
me, taking it for granted that properly made, fresh mallein is
used, and properly and aseptically administered, for surely no
other kind is worth the time and trouble of a properly made
test, are as follows:

1. Is itan infallible diagnostic agent ?

2. Is it as certain as tuberculin ?

3. What constitutes a reaction sufficient to condemn ?

4. What constitutes a properly made test ?

5. What is the minimum number of temperatures that
should be taken and when should they be taken and why ?

6. How much value can be placed upon the local reaction
at the point of inoculation ?

7. Does an injection of mallein into a horse have any pro-
phylactic benefit, and could a horse be made immune to glan-
ders by a series of such inoculations ?

8. Which shows better upon post-mortem: a high reaction
or a moderate reaction ?

9g. Will mallein retard or hurry a case in the early stages of
the disease? In an advanced stage?

10. Does a horse with a high temperature under suspicion
show a reaction if his temperature comes down 2 or 3’ F. after
inoculation ?

11. Does a persistent temperature or local cedema indicate
anything more than one that subsides in 20 to 36 hours ?

12. How do you account for the circumstance that a well-
bred horse, in good condition, in a large stable, where all the
horses were tested, which did not react a particle, and yet broke
out badly and was killed in three weeks, while several other
horses in the same stable that did react, showed improve-

972 CORRESPONDENCE.

=

ment and are still working under observation, and one of those
reacting developed purpura hemorrhagica within a few days?

13. Can the system be so saturated with the poison that ~
niallein has uo effect ?

14. How does mallein improve a horse’s condition ?

15. When a horse reacts to mallein, does it mean that the
condition causing the reaction is glanders infection ? or do other
conditions cause a reaction after an injection of mallein? ~

These several questions are taken at random, but I believe |
the profession in general would be greatly benefited if some of
them could be settled, or sufficiently explained to give us all as
near a uniform belief as possible. They cannot be settled by
one article or one opinion, but must finally be settled by con-
sensus of opinion, the result of which we would all have to
abide by.

Malleination of horses, if properly done, and charged for ac-
cordingly, is a profitable business to veterinarians, and if the re-
sults are worth it, and the horses benefited and cases detected,
then it could be advised more frequently and recommended
with confidence to the owner, for outside of elimination of a
disease, you will be protecting his stock and honestly doing
some good for yourself. Yours fraternally,

E. B. ACKERMAN, D. V. S.

ANOTHER METHOD OF PREVENTING TONGUE-LOLLING.
BRASHER FALLS, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1904.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

DEAR SiIRS:—In answer to Dr. A. P. Drew, Grand Junc-
tion, Col., I will say that the humane bridle will stop the habit
of tongue-lolling. The moment a bit is taken out of the mouth
of a tongue-loller the tongue goes back in the mouth, showing |
that the bit is the cause of it. The humane bridle has always

proven a cure in my experience. Very truly yours,
A. W. BAKER, V. S.

THE CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL BOARD at
its annual meeting, Sept. 14, elected the following officers for
the ensuing year: President, David F. Fox, Sacramento; Vice-
President, W. E. D. Morrison, Los Angeles; Treasurer, W. J.
Oliver, Los Angeles; Secretary, E. J. Creely, San Francisco.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 973

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK COUNTY.

Regular monthly meeting called to order at 8.30 P. M., Dr.
J. E. Ryder, the President, in the chair.

Roll-call dispensed with. The reading of the minutes of
the previous meeting were adopted as read.

Members present: Drs. Roscoe R. Bell, J. E. Ryder, C. E.
Clayton, J. L. Robertson, R. W. Ellis, G. F. Bowers, .F. C.
Grenside, A. O’Shea, D. J. Mangan, Chas. W. Shaw, Geo. H.
Berns, T. G. Sherwood and W. D. Critcherson ; also students of
the N. Y.-American Veterinary College and several other visit-
ing veterinarians.

Dr. Bell read a paper entitled ‘‘ Stovaine : a New Local An-
zesthetic,”” which was listened to eagerly by those present. The
following is the full text of the paper :

STOVAINE: A NEW LOCAL ANASTHETIC—PRELIMINARY RE-
PORT.
By Roscoe R. BeELL,.D. V. S., and CLARENCE E. SHAW, V. M. D.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

“« Stovaine, or hydrochloride of amylene, was recently discov-
ered by M. Fourneau, a chemist in charge of the research lab-
oratories of the large chemical manufacturing house of Poulenc
Fréres Co., of Paris. It occurred during a systematic study
prosecuted by him to ascertain the nature of the different chem-
ical groups from which anesthetics having local analgesic
properties are derived. While the chemistry of its manufacture
is thoroughly treated by the literature of the Poulenc Fréres
Company, I will not here attempt to follow the subject in this
respect, as the object of the present communication is to detail
the results of our experience in the use of the product for the
purpose of producing local anesthesia in domestic animals.

‘“Stovaine crystallizes in small, brilliant scales, melting at
175° C., and is extremely soluble in water, methyl alcohol and
acetic ether. Absolute alcohol does not dissolve more than one-
fifth of its own weight. It shows slightly acidic properties to
litmus, but is neutral to methyl orange.

“ Mr. Walter F. Sykes, of the firm of Sykes & Street, of New
York, spoke to us some months ago about the wonderful ef-
fects which were being obtained by surgeons in France with a

974 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

new Jocal anesthetic, explaining that at that time none had
been sold, but that it was being extensively experimented with
in all lines. More recently, he has been enabled to place in
the hands of the leading surgeons in New York small quanti-
ties for use in hospitals and private practice, although none has
yet been offered for sale in this country.

“ The first experimental work done in France was by Dr. F.
Billon, who communicated his conclusions to the Academy of
Medicine of Paris, in March of this year. These are to the ef-
fect that its anzesthetic powers are at least equal to those of co-
caine, but its action upon the vascular system is very different ;
that is, while cocaine is a vaso-constrictor, Stovaine is a vaso-
dilator. In the opinion of many surgeons, this action is a dis-
tinct advantage. Upon the question of toxicity, Billon and
Launoy jointly contributed their findings to the Paris Academy
in May. Reducing their rather lengthy report to its basic de-
ductions, it may be said that if the mortal dose of the hydro-
chlorate of cocaine be represented by ove, that of Stovaine
would be represented by ¢wo. Also, if the minimum dose of
cocaine bringing on the first symptom of intoxication is repre-
sented by ove, this same dose would be represented by ¢hree in
the case of Stovaine. The toxicity of Stovaine, therefore, other
things being equal, is but one-half to one-third that of cocaine.
The slight toxicity of Stovaine, as compared with cocaine, has
also been treated of by Prof. Pouchet in a communication to
the Academy on July 5th, in which he states that the vaso-dila-
tory action of Stovaine is but transitory ; that in his opinion
one of the most important properties of the product is its tonic
action on the heart, and claims that it has antiseptic and germi-
cidal properties. -

‘“While Billon’s experiments were confined to small animals
(guinea-pigs and rabbits), Professor Paul Reclus has studied the
action of Stovaine upon the human subject, and in an article in
La Presse Medicale for July 9, 1904, he reviews 27 extenso the
reports of Billon and details his own experiences, concluding
that it has far less toxic properties than cocaine, and, ina rather
large experience with it, has never observed the slightest evi-
dence of toxicity. He, too, believes that it is equally powerful
as an anzesthetic with cocaine, and that well handled, well in-
jected, it counteracts all pain. Dr. Chaput, surgeon to the Paris
Hospital, has pursued researches parallel to those of Reclus, and
furthermore says its lumbar injection permits the undertaking
of all laparotomy operations, even the most difficult.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 975

‘‘ Its application in ophthalmological surgery has been report-
ed upon by Professor de Lapersonne in La Presse Medicale.
wherein he says that it may be administered by dropping or in-
stillation and by subconjunctival and subcutaneous injections,
By the former method it permits of nearly all operations upon
the cornea and conjunctiva, while by the latter method insensi-
bility to pain is complete in one minute and lasts sufficiently.
long for any operation upon the eye.

“In odontology, Professor Sauvez, of the Paris Dental
School, stated in a communication in /’Odontologie for April,
that he had then made about one hundred extractions with Sto-
vaine, using a three-quarter of one per cent. solution, and ob-
tained the same results from all points of view as with an equal
solution of cocaine. He had never observed the slightest
symptom of syncope nor any other ill effect. Dr. Nogue, also an
eminent Paris dentist, endorses the conclusions of Sauvez, and
points out that he has operated upon his patients in the sitting
position, while it is never safe to use cocaine save in the recum-
bent posture. Patients whom he questioned declared that they
had experienced no dizziness, nausea nor ill effects of any kind
during the day of the operation.

“This résumé of professional opinion in France is here
given for the reason that it has so recently been introduced into
America as to render detailed or systematic reports from sur-
geons with whose names we are more familiar impossible to ob-
tain at this writing.

“So far as we know, no veterinarian has yet employed Sto-
vaine in practice in Europe, and the few cases we shall report
to you this evening are the only instances where it has been
used by veterinarians in this country.

“ Case /.—Bay gelding, lame in both front legs from splints
and tendonitis. 25 minims of a 10 per cent. solution were in-
jected in each leg in the same manner as we have formerly used
cocaine. After fifteen minutes, the animal was fired with a Pac-
quelin cautery, and evinced very little sensibility to the punc-
tures. In this instance it was equally as effective asa Io per
cent. solution of cocaine ; there was not the slightest evidence
of intoxication ; no excitement, twitching nor sweating.

“Case [[.—Brown gelding; bone spavin each hock; 3
grains were injected in each leg and the hocks were fired in
points with the thermo-cautery. The anesthesia produced was
equivalent to a similar solution of cocaine; no intoxication.

‘“Case [/J.—Bay gelding; trotter; four years old; large

976 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

warty tumor on side, just back of the scapula. 25 minims of a
Io per cent. solution were injected, the quantity being divided
between the superior and two sides of the growth. It was re-
moved without the patient evincing any pain whatever, and the
sutures were inserted with all restraint removed, the twitch be-
ing taken off, and the horse munched hay for the remainder of
the ordeal ; no intoxication.

“Case [V.—Bay gelding ; lame in the near forward leg ; diag-
nosis, navicularthritis. Three grains of Stovaine were injected
in each side of the leg three inches above the fetlock joint, in
the vicinity of the nerve. When presented for operation the
horse was very lame in walking and trotting, and when stand-
ing ‘‘ pointed” his foot acutely. In fifteen minutes after injec-
tion he was trotted to the halter and travelled almost sound.
The search for the nerve trunk was accomplished without caus-
ing the animal any pain, and when the nerve was cut through
there was not a twinge to denote that the patient was aware of
it. The wound healed by first intention, and in two weeks he
resumed work, hitched to a coach. |

‘““ Case V.—Gray gelding ; large bone spavin ; horse so lame
that he was useless. Tarsal tenotomy and firing were perforined
under six grains of a solution of Stovaine. A very satisfactory
degree of anzesthesia was produced, and no toxic effects of the
drug upon the system wereobserved. When the skin was in-
cised he flinched perceptibly, but in the deeper tissues anzesthe-
sia was complete, as was the case with the skin later, when
punctured by the cautery point.

“ Case VI.—Brown gelding, lame from bone spavin ; six
grains were injected at different points of the internal face of
the hock, and, after fifteen minutes, tenotomy and firing were
done with similar experiences as in case No. V.

“ Case VI[.—Gray mare, melanotic tumor, above and a lit-
tle to the left of the anus, situated in the loose connective tis-
sues, without attachment to any muscle. ‘Three grains were in-
jected at various points about its periphery. A longitudinal
incision was made about three inches long, and the tumor dis-
engaged from its connection with the cellular tissue by means
of the finger and the handle of the bistoury. Beyond a slight
squirm when the skin incision was being made, the patient did
not show that she felt the manipulations, and displayed no con-
cern when the sutures were placed in the skin. There was lit-
tle or no swelling from the operation; the wound healed very
kindly, and was entirely healed in ten days.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 977

““ Case VIII.—Bay gelding, ringbone near forward pastern ;
two grains were injected on each plantar nerve, and the animal
fired without manifesting more pain than is usually shown
when the same amount of cocaine is used.

“ Case /X.— Brown trotting mare, very lame in the near front
leg. Three grains were injected into the cellular tissue on both
the inside and outside of the leg in the metacarpal region three.
inches above the fetlock. In twenty minutes the horse was
trotted to the halter, and the lameness was so slight as to leave
no room to doubt the regional seat of the lameness. ‘The ob-
ject here was merely to confirm a diagnosis of strain of the ses-
samoid bursa.

‘“* Case X.—A four-months-old male kitten received ten min-
ims of a 2% percent. solution inthe right inguinal region, and
the same quantity on the left, the injections being made as near
the emergence of the spermatic cord from the inguinal canal as
possible. In fifteen minutes the animal was castrated by incision
of each testicular sac, and the cord severed with a diminutive
emasculator. Two objects were particularly sought in this in-
stance: the anzesthetic effects of Stovaine and its toxicity in
small animals. One-half grain of the drug, while producing
absolute insensibility toa form of pain that is most excruci-
ating, had no systemic effect whatever. Indeed, the little fel-
low did not appear to realize that anything had been done to
him. He at once began to lick his paws and make his toilet,
purring when caressed and partaking of food offered to him.
Kept under observation fortwo days, no swelling nor ill effects
of any kind followed.

‘““ Case X/.—Two bull terrier puppies, four months old, ex-
ceptionally vigorous and healthy, presented for operation, which
the owner wished done with as little pain as possible. One
grain of Stovaine was used for each puppy. At the expiration
of fifteen minutes the first patient was operated on in the usual
manner, and he evinced no pain whatever. During the inser-
tion of the sutures these puppies did not manifest any pain.
Not the slightest constitutional effects were observed, and the
patients eat the first meal to which they had access. Contrary
to the experience of the French surgeons, Stovaine proved in
these cases to be a vaso-constrictor, as there was less hzemor-
rhage than from any similar case we have seen.

‘While our experience with Stovaine goes no further than
the cases here narrated, we have endeavored to give a faithful
report of its action in our hands. The limited opportunity we

978 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

have here had to study Stovaine, while making us feel very
kindly toward it, yet prevent us from drawing sharp conclusions
as to its general efficiency. Inthe class of cases here reported
we are confident that it is of equal merit with cocaine asa local
anesthetic; but the absence of all appearance of toxic proper-
ties in reasonable quantity recommends it very strongly, for,
while we have esteemed cocaine for its deadening effects upou
sensory nerves, we have learned to fear it from its poisonous ac-
tion upon the system. This is particularly true in the smaller
animals, in which we have long since prohibited its use.

“We have found that the same strength solution as is
usually adopted for cocaine is best, although our opinion may
be modified with greater familiarity with the product.

‘A great advantage which Stovaine possesses is its stabil-
ity. A solution of it never loses its strength. It may there-
fore be carried ready for injection, and the manufacturers are
contemplating dispensing it in standard strength solutions.

‘‘ Another point of much consideration to the veterinarian
is its comparative cheapness. While none has yet been sold,
the agent for this country has assured us that its cost will be
considerably less than that of cocaine.

“In conclusion: our experience with Stovaine has been
very satisfactory, and for many reasons we shall substitute it for
cocaine in all cases where we formerly used the alkaloid of coca,
and we expect to adopt it in canine and feline surgery in many
instances where we have been resorting to general anzesthesia.”

After reading the paper, Dr. Bell answered several questions
regarding Stovaine, in which he said that in small animals it
acted remarkably well, no ill effects following its use.

A discussion followed, on the advantages and disadvantages
of local anzesthetics, in which nearly all the members present
took part.

The questions found in the question box were as follows:

1. What is the cause of so-called paralysis of the fauces and
pharynx ?

2. What is known about osteo-porosis ?

3. Are the ill consequences of general anzesthesia, numer-
ous ?

4. What is the best treatment for shoe-boil ?

These questions were taken up separately and discussed by
all present, which brought out some very interesting points.

The Board of Censors presented the application for member-
ship of Dr. Geo. H. Berns, proposed by Drs. Bell and Ellis, and

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 979

that of Dr. Chas. W. Shaw, proposed by Drs. Clayton and Rob-
ertson.

Drs. Berns and Shaw were duly elected members of the As-
sociation.

The Secretary-Treasurer’s report for the session of 1903-1904
was accepted as read.

The next in order was the election of officers for the com- .
ing year.

Dr. Ellis moved that the by-laws be suspended for the time
being, which was seconded and carried, so as to permit the re-
election of the present officers of the Association.

The Secretary was then instructed to cast one ballot, re- elect-
ing the present officers.

The officers elected for the coming season are :

President—Dr. J. E. Ryder.

Vice-President—Dr. W. D. Critcherson.

Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. D. J. Mangan.

Meeting adjourned. D. J. MANGAN, Secretary.

ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION. ’

The twenty-second annual meeting was held at the Victoria
Hotel, Chicago, December Ist and 2d, 1904. The meeting was
called to order at 10 A. M., December Ist, with the President,
Dr. A. H. Baker, in the chair. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and approved. Dr. Baker then delivered the
President’s annual address.

The following members were present: Drs. A. H. Baker, R.
G. Walker, Julius Mildenberg, Jas. Robertson, A. C. Worms,
S. S. Baker, Chicago; L. C. Tiffany, Springfield; C. S. Hay-
ward, Mattoon; C. G. Glendenning, Clinton; F. H. Ames,
Canton; H. B. Cale, Macomb; E. F. Beckley, Rockford; J. T.
Nattress, Delavan; R. W. Story, Princeton; W. J. Martin,
Kankakee; R. F. Hoadley, Yorkville; J. H. Crawford, Har-
vard; N. I. Stringer, Watseka; N. P. Whitmore, Gardner; C.
D. Maulfair, McNabb; W. H. Curtiss, Marengo; J. M. Kaylor,
Barry; C. C. Mills, Decatur; H. J. Mongeau, Manteno; Jas.
Smellie, Eureka; F. H. Barr, Pana; F. W. Kee, Sheldon;
Matthew Wilson, Evanston; W. J. Lawson, Petersburg; O. A.
Hansen, Chicago; J. H. Miller, Dixon; John N. Beer, Blue
Island; E. S. Fry, Naperville; W. F. Weese, Ottawa; F. C.
Grayson, Paxton; W. H. Welch, Lexington; E. G. Clutts, Can-

980 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ton; W. D. Linn, Holcombeme, 1. Passmore, Huntley; -jaey?
Lehman, Sterling.

The following visitors were present: Drs. G. H. Clover, Ft.
Collins, Colo.; M. H. Reynolds, State Veterinarian of Minne-
sota ; Wm. F. Myers, Fort Wayne, Ind.; J. D. Wright, Ham-
mond, Ind.; Chas. Sham@ixon, 111: "Geo. Smith, Streator,
Iie B. I ‘Campbell, M. D., Chicago ; Bcf, Bliss, Earlville,
Ill.; G. Ed. Leech, Milwaukee, Wis.; and John Dill Robert-
son, M. D., Chicago. .

The following made application for membership and, on
motion, were duly elected: Drs. L. A. Merrillat (Ontario Vet.
College), Chicago; W. J. Lawson (Ontario Vet. Col., 1892),
Petersburg; E. G. Clutts (Chicago Vet. Col., 1902), Canton ;
John L. Beer (Chicago Vet. Col., 1904), Blue Island; W. D.
Linn (Chicago Vet. Col., 1890), Holcomb; O. A. Hansen (Chi-
cago Vet. Col., 1904), Chicago; J. H. Miller (Chicago Vet. Col.,
1889), Dixon; C. L. Passmore (Chicago Vet. Col., 1902), Hunt-
ley.

The following bills were allowed and ordered paid: To 75
badges, $11.25; 50 blank receipts, $2; 500 printed programmes,
$5.50; 500 circulars, $3.50; stamps, $7; Secretaries’ fee, $10 ;
total, $39.25.

The following papers were read during the meeting and
thoroughly discussed :

“‘Colocynth: Its Use in Veterinary Practice,” Dr. R. W.
Story, Princeton.

“The Relation of Fermentation to Disease,” B. J. Campbell,
M. D., Chicago.

os Antiseptics and Disinfectants,” Dr. W. J. Martin, Kan-
kakee.

“(Estrus Ovis,’? Dr. J. M. Kaylor, Barry.

‘“‘Cryptorchid Castration,” Dr. H. J. Mongeau, Manteno.

“ Fistula and Poll-evil,” Dr. N. I. Stringer, Watseka.

‘The Value of Manual Examination per Rectum,” Dr. N.
I. Stringer, Watseka.

“ Parturient Eclampsia,” Dr. C. C. Mills, Decatur.

“ What Was It?” Dr. S. S. Baker, Chicago.

‘Reports of Cases,” by Dr. W. C. Hannawalt, Galesburg,
were read, but on account of absence of the writer were not dis-
cussed.

The Treasurer’s report was as follows: Balance on hand at
last meeting, $48.59; collected at this meeting, $63 ; expenses
allowed, $39.25; balance on hand, $72.34.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 981

The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as fol-
lows :

President—J. T. Nattress, Delavan.

Vice-President—A. C. Worms, Chicago.

Secretary—W. H. Welch, Lexington.

Treasurer—R. G. Walker, Chicago.

Board of Censors—C. F. Greiner, Chicago; H. B. Cale, Ma- |
comb; F. H. Barr, Pana.

The President appointed the following standing commit-
tees: <

Committee on Programme—W. J. Martin, Kankakee; N. I.
Stringer, Watseka; E. L. Quitman, Chicago.

Commuttee on Arrangements—C. C. Mills, Decatur; C. G.
Glendenning, Clinton.

Committee on Legislatton—A. H. Baker, Chicago; Albert
Babb, Springfield; H. A. Pressler, Fairbury.

The following resolutions were adopted :

“WHEREAS, The all-destroying Scythe of Time, having
again invaded our ranks and removed from our midst our pro-
fessional friend and brother, Dr. R. J. Withers, who was a char-
ter member, and the third President of the Illinois State Vet-
_ erinary Medical Association, and realizing the loss not only to
ourselves, but to the profession, be it

“ Resolved, ‘That we,a committee representing the Illinois
State Veterinary Medical Association, do deeply deplore his
loss ; his unflagging loyalty to his profession, his amiable dis-
position, and his sincerity to his friends having endeared him to
all who came in contact with him. Be it further

“ Resolved, That we offer our heartfelt sympathy to the be-
reft family and his remaining friends. Be it further

“ Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be spread upon
our minutes and a copy sent to the family and also to the Chi-
cago Veterinary College, of which he was one of the originators.

“(Signed) A.C. WorRMs,
iS. S. BARKERS
“ MATTHEW WILSON.”

The committee appointed to memorialize Governor-elect
Deneen to appoint to the office of State Veterinarian of Illinois
a duly accredited graduate, prepared the following, which was
unanimously adopted :

“« Fon. Chas. S. Deneen, Chicago, Til. :

“DEAR SiR :—The Illinois State Veterinary Medical Asso-

ciation would congratulate you upon the election to the high

982 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

es

office of Governor of our great State, by such a signal and over-:
whelming victory, as to at once convey to you the great conf-
dence of the people in your ability as a public officer, and your
tireless energy and unbiased judgment as a servant of the
people. We would, as an Association, express our belief that
your acts, when you have assumed the duties of your office, will
be equally commendable with those of the past, and in keeping
with the public confidence, place men in responsible positions
who will not only do honor to you as Governor through the po-
sitions to which they may be appointed, but lend weight and
prestige to our great commonwealth.

‘““We would. respectfully, but earnestly, call your attention
to the appointment of State Veterinarian for your term of of-
fice. The live-stock interests of our State are, as you know,
very extensive and much depends upon it in the agricultural
districts, as well as in our large cities, and this Association, rep-
resenting the graduated, qualified veterinarians of the State of
Illinois, believe that the State Veterinarian should bea true
representative of the veterinary profession, that the duties of
this important office may be properly performed, to the end that
the consuming public, and the live-stock interests as well, may
be safeguarded.

‘““We have no individual candidate whose selection we de-
mand, but rely on your proven sense of worth, fitness and honor
to select one from among the qualified men whom you may
think eligible. Respectfully submitted,

‘“N. I. STRINGER, D. V. S:
W.-J. MARTIN, Dy Vile
CC. MILs, DeWeese

On motion, Decatur was selected as the next place of meet-
ing, on February 15th.

Society then adjourned, to meet at the banquet table at 8
P, M.

It was near If P. M. when, after an elaborate spread, to
which full justice was done by the many present, Dr. A. H.
Baker, acting as toastmaster, arose, and after a few brief remarks
called forth the following responses :

“The President’? was the theme of Dr. J. T. Nattress’ re-
marks.

‘Veterinary and Medical Students” was the topic of remarks
of John Dill Robertson, M. D., Chicago.

“The Educated Veterinarian ’’ was the basis of the remarks
of Dr. G. H. Glover, Ft. Collins, Colo.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 983

‘The Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association ’’ was
responded to by Dr. W. J. Martin.

‘““The Habits of the Veterinarian ” was the subject allotted
Dr. N. I. Stringer:

‘“The Ethics of the Profession”? was discussed by Dr. F. L.
Quitman.

‘Harmony in the Profession” was the theme given Dr. Jas. .
Robertson.

“The Army Veterinarian” was the subject treated by Dr. S.
S. Baker.

The Society then adjourned to meet February 15, 1905, at
Decatur. W. H. WELCH, Secretary.

KENTUCKY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
LEXINGTON, Ky., Dec. 10, 1904.

The following letter was sent to each member of the pro-
fession of Kentucky whose address was known:

DeEAR Docror :—At the first meeting of the K. V. M. A.,
to be held in the Fiscal Court-room on Dec. 27th, 1904, we are
anxious to have a large attendance. The charter members will
all be on hand, but we want every veterinarian in the State to
meet with us, as we would like to have as many as will
come forward and apply for membership at once so they may
be elected at this meeting. Enclosed you wiil find application
blank.

We are sure our Christmas session will pay you for coming,
as we are to have some very interesting and instructive papers
presented. The following is a list:

Dr. E. T. EKiseman, Louisville, Ky., ‘‘ Glanders.”

Dr. M. M. Leach, Lexington, Ky., ‘Sterility in Mares.”

Dr. R. W. Deats, Bardstown, Ky., ‘‘ Parturient Paresis.”

Dr. M. A. Purdy, Shelbyville, Ky., ‘“‘ Tetanus.”

Dr. J. E. Gray, Bowling Green, Ky., ‘‘ Choking.”

Dr. L. M. Land, Lexington, Ky., ‘ Tuberculosis.”

Dr. J. T. Shannon, Lexington, Ky., ‘“‘ Eserine.”

The enthusiasm shown at our organization meeting at the
Galt House, Louisville, Ky., Nov. 24th, will insure a good and
profitable session, but we want you to come and be with us and
see what we are doing for the citizens of dear Old Kentucky to
show them that we are not only ready to treat all animals, but to
protect the citizens themselves from the various forms of dis-
ease transmissible from animal to man.

984 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Come and be with us in this our first attempt at a meeting
and lend us your presence, your support, and do all you can to
make the K. V. M. A. a grand success. Lay aside your day’s
work and come to Lexington on the morning of Dec. 27th, as
the addresses and other formalities will occur during the morn-
ing session, which will begin at 11 A. mM. Papers will be read
and we hope liberally discussed in the afternoon session.

Sincerely,
DAA. PIATT, Séc. and dieas

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Boston Veter-
inary Hospital, Wednesday evening, Nov. 23d. Members pres-
eut were Doctors Beckett, Boutelle, Emerson, La Baw, Play-
don, Paquin, Tobin, Watson, Winslow and Winchester. Read-
ing of the minutes of previous meeting omitted owing to ab
sence of Secretary.

Dr. Winchester showed a specimen of a fracture of the out-
side condyle of the os suffraginis, with two pieces that did not
healon. He diagnosed the trouble in that locality, but not
fracture. Treatment unsuccessful ; owner kept animal about
18 months.

Dr. Watson reported case of a hack horse, which had been
lame three weeks; diagnosis foot lameness; cocained, went
sound ; said he would call next day and blister it. Owner re-
ported animal sound next day, and sound to date. Did cocaine
produce any curative effect ?

Dr. Beckett’s theory was that the cocaine did do some good
in a curative way, that there probably were some adhesions
which the horse broke down while under cocaine.

Dr. Winchester said that they treated some cases abroad
with cocaine and morphine, with the same idea in view.

Dr. Beckett showed a specimen of a case of adhesion of ten-
don to the navicular bone; sound part of the time, other times
dead lame, usually started sound.

Adjourned Io P.M.
DANIEL EMERSON, Secretary pro tem.

OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
WASHINGTON C. H., OHIO, Dec. 20, 1904.

The coming annual meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary

Medical Association promises in advance to be one of the best,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 985

if not the best ever held. Papers have been promised from
more members than ever before and on very varied subjects.
We would especially call your attention to one, ‘ Post-Mortem
Diagnosis of Rabies,” by Dr. Phillips, Pathologist at the Ohio
State University. The clinics will be quite elaborate, and last,
but not least, a banquet, or rather a ‘“‘ Dutch treat.”
Every veterinarian is invited.
W. H. GRIBBLE, Secretary.

PASSAIC COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The Association met at the President’s office, cor. Paterson
and Van Houten Streets, Paterson, N. J., Nov. 1st, 1904, at 8
Pp. M., with President William Herbert Lowe in the chair.

The Association transacted considerable routine business, in-
cluding the adoption of a revision of the ‘‘ Schedule of Fees,”
and adjourned until the first Tuesday evening in December.

The Association met at the usual place and hour, Dec. 6,
1904, with the President in the chair.

The President reported the death of Mrs. William C. Fergu-
son, which occurred since the last regular meeting, and that, at
a special meeting, he had appointed a committee to draft suitable
resolutions, to procure a floral tribute and to attend the funeral
services. This committee reported the fulfillment of its sad
duties and was discharged with the thanks of the Association.
A letter was read from Dr. Ferguson thanking the Association
for its kindness in his bereavement.

Dr. Augustus Berdan presented his resignation, as he had
moved to Hackensack, outside the limits of Passaic County.
His resignation was accepted and he was then unanimously
elected an associate member.

The office of Treasurer becoming vacant by the resignation
of Dr. Berdan, the Association proceeded to the election of a
Treasurer. Dr. J. Payne Lowe, of Passaic, was nominated by
acclamation and elected by a unanimous vote.

President Lowe promised to present a paper on the subject
of ‘“‘ Consultations in Veterinary Practice” at the next meeting.

The forthcoming annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New Jersey at Newark, Jan. 12th, was an-
nounced; also a meeting of the State Board of Veterinary
Medical Examiners, to be held at the State House, Trenton,

986 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

January 20th and a2tst, for the examination of veterinarians for
license to practice in the State of New Jersey.
Upon motion, the Association adjourned, after which a
clinic was conducted by the President.
Harry K. BERRY, Secretary.

THE NEW JERSEY STATE BOARD OF VETERINARY MEDI-
CAL EXAMINERS will be in session January 2oth and a2ist at
the State House, Trenton, for the purpose of examining veteri-
narians for license to practice veterinary medicine, surgery and
dentistry in the State of New Jersey. Candidates who have
graduated since May 5, 1902, must present diplomas from rec-
ognized three-year colleges or universities.

THE annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association
of New Jersey occurs on Thursday, January 12th, and will be
held this year at Stetter’s Assembly Hall, 842 Broad Street,
Newark. ‘The local committee of arrangements, consisting of
Drs. Baldwin, McGuinness and Kaiser, of Newark, together
with President Lowe and Secretary Pope, are working hard to
make the meeting a most successful and enjoyable one. A cor-
dial invitation is extended to veterinarians of neighboring
States to attend.

THE CHRISTMAS EXAMINATIONS of the Ontario Veterinary
College were held Dec. 22d, 1904, when the following were
awarded diplomas: T. B. Harries, Red Willow, Alberta,
N.-W. T.; H. B. EijgieegesyeBuress, Suffolk, Ene. ae
Lundy, Emo, Rainy River, Ont.; William McEwan, Wiarton,
Ont.; Frederick W. Ottewell, Feversham, Ont.; A. L. Trus-
ler, Forest, Ont.; E. Arthur Watson, Maple Creek, N.-W. T.;
Simon West, Madoc, Ont.; Frank A. Wehle, Lexington, Ky.,
Floyd E. Woolley, Lapeer, Mich.

“THE Bunyip,” a weekly newspaper published at Gawler,
Australia, in its issue of Nov. 11, contains a number of articles
on diseases of horses, notably influenza and strangles, by Veter-
inary Surgeon Desmond (a member of the A. V. M. A.). A dis-
ease of cattle, termed “dry bible’’—by inference impaction of
the omasum—has recently caused the death of hundreds of
dairy cattle in South Australia. The Agricultural Department
has assigned the investigation of the cause of this trouble to Dr.
Desmond, and we hope the doctor will communicate his conclu-
sions to REVIEW readers.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 987

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. J. L. TYLER has removed from Crowley, La., to Long
Beach, California.

Dr. J. R. SHAW has abandoned practicein Honolulu, H. T.,
and returned to California to enter the practice of Dr. E. J.
Creely as assistant.

Dr. CHARLES KEANE, formerly meat inspector B. A. I., lo-
cated at Los Angeles, California, has been appointed State Vet-
erinarian of California, vzce Dr. Chas. H. Blemer, resigned.

Dr. N. S. Mayo, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry
for Cuba, invited Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, B. A. I., to accept a po-
sition as his assistant, but the latter declined.

DR. GEORGE GIDNEY died suddenly on the 16th ult. from
heart disease at his home at Elizabeth, N. J. He was said to be
the oldest veterinarian in New Jersey in point of practice.

Dr. C. W. HEITZMAN, formerly of New Orleans, La., has
removed to Muskogee, I. T., primarily for the benefit of his
wife’s health, and incidentally he reports finding there a good
practice.

Miss GRACE Mary LAw, daughter of Professor and Mrs.
James Law, of Ithaca, N. Y., was married Nov. 14th, at Sage
Chapel, Cornell Campus, to Mr. James Alfred Foord. ‘They
will reside in Newark,‘ Delaware.

Dr. Cuas. H. BLEMER, of California, has resigned his posi-
tion of State Veterinarian, in order to apply himself to the pub-
lication of the Zzve Stock and Dairy Journal, and to take up
the management, in connection with Dr. R. A. Archibald, of
Oakland, of the United States Vaccine Company.

Dr. P. H. BROWNING, San Jose, Cal.,in the Western Veter-
znarzan for October, tells of the good effects of spaying cows to
increase milk secretion and to fatten them for the market. He
says: ‘It is a well-known fact that a cow in her prime and giv-
ing a full flow of milk will continue after being spayed for four
to six years.”

ANIMAL HusBANDRY.—The report of the Secretary of Ag-
riculture of the United States for 1904, says that horses and
mules reach the highest point this year, with an aggregate
value exceeding 1,354 million dollars. On the other hand cat-
tle, sheep, and hogs all show a slight decline. The steady ad-
vance in poultry leads to some astonishing figures. The farmers’
hens now produce 1% billions of dozens of eggs and at the
high average price of the year the hens during their busy sea-

988 NEWS AND ITEMS.

son lay enough eggs in a single month to pay the year’s inter-
est on the national debt.

Dr. V. A. NORGAARD, formerly Chief of the Pathological
Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has been invited
to go to Hawaii, the position to be jointly an inspector of the
transportation of animals on behalf of the United States and in
charge of work in animal husbandry for the Experiment Station,
under the Hawaiian Live Stock Breeders’ Association. The
salary is to be be paid jointly by the U. S. Government and the
Association. We have not heard whether Dr. Norgaard has ac-
cepted the position.

DENTITION TABLE FOR CATTLE.—The question of deter-
mining the ages of cattle by examination of their teeth is one
that has given much concern for many years to the manage-
ment of leading shows. It will be remembered that the matter
was brought up at last year’s International and much difficulty
was experienced in arriving at anything like a satisfactory basis
of comparison. Since then the management of the International
has had under consideration the matter of preparing a set of
dentition plates for the guidance of exhibitors and examiners at
this annual event. So much difficulty arises at once in the
matter of working out the details of such a set of finished’ en-
gravings, that it has been deemed best for the present simply to
announce general specifications which can be readily applied by
veterinarians or others to the mouths of living animals. The
subjoined schedule represents the consensus of opinion of a
number who have been consulted in reference to this important
subject. It is not put out by the International management as
representing absolute accuracy. It is believed that these speci-
fications deal very leniently with feeders ; that if they err at all,
it is in the direction of giving the feeder the benefit of all
doubt: Zwelve Months.—An animal of this age shall have all
of its milk (calf) incisor teeth in place. /72/teen Months.—At
this age the centre pair of incisor milk teeth may be replaced by
centre pair of permanent incisors (pinchers), the latter teeth be-
ing through the gums but not yet in wear. Lzghteen Months.
—The middle pair of permanent incisors at this age should be
fully up and in wear, but next pair (first intermediate) not yet
cut through gums. Twenty-four Months——The mouth at this
age will show two middle permanent (broad) incisors fully up
and in wear, and next pair (first intermediate) well up but not
in wear. Thirty Months.—The mouth at this age may show
six broad permanent incisors, the middle and first intermediate

NEWS AND ITEMS. 989

pairs fully up and in wear and the next pair (second interme-
diate) well up but not in wear. Thzrty-stx Months.—Three
pairs of broad teeth should be fully up and in wear and the cor-
ner milk teeth may be shed or shedding, with the corner per-
manent teeth just appearing through gums. TZyhzrty-nine
Months.—Three pairs of broad teeth will be fully up and in
wear and corner teeth (incisors) through gums but not in wear. -
—(Breeder’s Gazette.)

HORSES ON CHICAGO STREETS.—First the wide pasture,
green, soft, beautiful, the fostering mother, the joy of life, snif-
fing the fresh morning air, tasting the grass with the dew on.
An awkward, shuffling colt from a great draft mare! Standing
in shade of tree during the heat of midday, drowsing, waking to
gambol awkwardly with fellow colts. Then the coming con-
sciousness of strength and power, the swell of muscle and limb,
after a time the earth thunders as the young horses gallop over
it. Next the haltering, the kindness of farm grooms, the
comfort of warm stable, the joy of tasting new corn and sweet
hay. Then the gentle breaking by farm hands, the easy work
afield, dragging soft land, hauling fragrant hay in meadows, idle
labor that lets colts dream and rest and grow and grow! Then
the horse buyer with keen scrutiny; every limb and muscle is
measured and judged, the passing of muster, the check going to
the farmer and the halter end to the buyer’s man, the sad “ good
bye, old fellow”? of the farm attendant and the colt’s proud
prancing as he goes to the village and, joining his fellows, he is
put on the car for Chicago. Then the anctioneer, the showing
up and down, the unwonted sting of the lash to make him show
his paces, the bewilderment of shouting, the changing of owners
again and the consignment to city stable. Then the street, the
turbulent, roaring, clanging, slippery, ironbound street! And
the loads, piled high they are, the monstrous drays laden almost
to breaking point, the toil of pulling without soft clinging foot-
ing, the agonizing car tracks to cross diagonally, the frequent
strain of muscle, the often brutal driver, the stable close, ill
ventilated, the lack of personal kindness. Not all horses fare
so badly. Men are men—in Chicago or elsewhere. There are the
good drivers, proud of their teams, caring for them, sending con-
stantly out to them the spirit of help and cheer. See that team
drawing the load of lumber! That square-jawed man is a
Christian, like as uot; his horses say so at least. Not so the
poor brutes hauling that immense load of coal. There is some-
thing mighty heavy and ungiving about coal. The driver of a

990 NEWS AND ITEMS.

coal wagon is not proud of his job in America, and has scant
mercy usually on his horses.—(4reeders’ Gazette.)

CORNELL’S BRAINLESS FROG DEAD.—Early in December
a “brainless” frog that has caused a lot of interest in Cornell
University for the past five years, died of ripe old age, after a
life of usefulness in instructing the youths of the Ithaca institu-
tion how an animal can manage to exist with the front lobes of
its brain removed. The peculiar part of the death of the frog
seems to be connected with the fact that it died more from the
gradual decline of natural forces than from any inconvenience
caused by being deprived of part of the brain. Visitors at Mc-
Graw Hall, on the Cornell Campus, have noticed in the room
adjoining Professor B. G. Wilder’s office, a large open jar con-
taining a medium sized frog that was naturally quiet and indif-
ferent to what was going on. On December 4, 1899, while
etherized, the skin and skull were lifted so as to expose the
brain, and with a sharp pair of scissors the brain was cut in two
just behind the cerebral hemisphere ; these were then removed.
The skin reunited in a few days, and the frog lived until last
Friday, five years and five days, lacking what is regarded as the
organ of consciousness and volition. During this period the
frog displayed no initiative, the occasional slight movements be-
ing attributable tomuscularennui. The eyes, optic nerves and
optic lobes of the brain were uninjured, and it could evidently
see, but without understanding. The most attractive food was
absolutely neglected, and it was fed every two or three days
by opening the mouth and placing, with forceps, a bit of meat
or flesh far enough back in the throat to arouse the reflex mech-
anism of swallowing. If touched it would move or leap; if
placed in water it would swim until some support was reached ;
if turned upon its back it would promptly and vigorously right
itself. Until recently, if placed on the top of a slowly revolv-
ing cylinder, it would maintain its balance by crawling in the
opposite direction. It has served to impress upon several suc-
cessive classes in physiology both the functions of the cerebrum,
of which it was deprived, and the functions of the other portions
of the brain, which it has retained. It was also shown at the
meeting of the American Physiological Society, in Washington,
two years ago. The experiment has been occasionally performed
before in some rare cases, but probably no such frog has ever
been kept alive so long. The brain has been carefully exposed
and preserved, and will be studied not only as to the conditions
visible to the unaided eye, but also by Professor Kingsbury, as
to the histologic structure.

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

FEBRUARY, 1905.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
PARIS, FRANCE, December 15, 1904.

““ NEEDED REFORMS” IN VETERINARY EDUCATION.— When
I accepted the kind invitation of Secretary Repp I took for
subject one which I thought was almost imposing itself on our
American schools, and to that effect I addressed the A. V.
M. A. my paper on ‘‘ Needed Reforms.” President Roscoe
Bell had appointed Prof. Law to open the discussion on the
paper. It was a great honor done to me. ‘Needed Re-
forms” was read; the answer of Prof. Law was read, and the
whole subject, if I understand right, was referred to a commit-
tee—the Executive Committee, I believe—for further considera-
tion. I suppose Prof. Law’s paper and mine will now remain
in a quiet place until printed by the Publication Committee,
when I will be allowed to see what Prof. Law has thought of
my ‘‘ Needed Reforms ;” whether he endorses them or considers
them as either impracticable or unrealizable.

It will therefore be proper for me to wait before I can say
any more on the subject. I may, however, be justified in not
allowing the iron to get cold, but, on the contrary, strike it when
it is hot, and be permitted to present our friends with what I
find in other journals relating to the same question.

I suppose it is admitted that European schools are endeavor-
ing all the time to improve their work. Let us see what lately
in England has been decided by the power that grants the di-
ploma of veterinary surgeon. At a special meeting of the

993

994 EDITORIAL.

R. C. of V. S. “two motions were passed which,” says the Vet-
ertnary Record, ‘‘ will largely affect our (the English) profession.
One concerns the entrance of students to a school previous to
having passed the matriculation. . . . ‘The other to raise
the standard of our matriculation so that our graduates might
claim that their educational entrance test was equal to that re-
quired by the General Medical Council, and not much, if at all,
inferior to a University matriculation.

“The effect of this alteration will doubtless be that many
students before entering at a veterinary school will pass a
University examination. ie

This is what I suggested in the first part of my paper.

At the previous meeting of the said R. C. of V. S. another
motion was carried unanimously, ‘That the examination com-
mittee prepare and submit to the Council draft regulations speci-
fying appropriate courses of lectures, and practical instruction
to be attended by students in order to qualify for examination.”

This is somewhat in the nature of what I asked in the sec-
ond part of my paper.

* e *K 1

To realize these, I know, as Mr. Hunting says, it would be
almost a revolution. Expect to obtain in the United States
from the schools what has never been dared in England, up to
this day—interfere with the work of the schools—nonsense.
And, again, it will be objected that in America, each school
grants its diploma. Whether the student is poorly or thorough-
ly educated is not the question. There is no organization in the
States to be compared with the R. C. V.S. Of course I know
all this,—but, still, if such changes in rules of years existence
can be obtained in old England, I am at a loss to see why some
plan could not be realized by which in the United States some-
thing could be made by which matriculation of all the candi-
dates to admission to veterinary education shall be submitted to
uniform standard and that the teaching given by one and all
veterinary colleges shall be the same.

High education before entering schools will imply high ed-

EDITORIAL. 995

ucation and knowledge for our veterinarians, and will at least do
away with the possibility of such remarks as those that are
printed by some of us and reproduced in Europe. In the Revue
Générale de Médecine Vétérinaire for Oct. 1, 1 read a transla-
tion of part of the programme of an examination opened for meat
inspectors by the Bureau of Animal Industry, where it is said: .
““The programme demands the diploma of a veterinary college,
and knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and inspec-
tion of meat. Aut! zt zncludes also questions which give
rather a poor idea of the general instruction of veterinarians
of North America,—viz.: orthography (20 words of ordinary
difficulty), arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division, fractions); composition (a letter of 125 words at
least . . . . »)3 writing (legibility, rapidity, general ap-
Pestanee jars Tacy2ic?

I wonder if, after all, those ‘‘needed reforms’ are out of
place.

*
ad kK

OPENING ADDRESSES AT VETERINARY COLLEGES.—A num-
ber of years ago I had the opportunity to write a few remarks
on an Anglo-Saxon habit prevailing in some scientific schools,
viz.: that of having addresses delivered at the opening of every
session, and then I alluded to the fact, then existing, that
although the habit had taken first a foothold in America, and
was found in schools of human medicine, and was afterwards
losing ground in those institutions, it was, on the contrary,
making its appearance in veterinary schools. At that time,
and, in fact, I believe, even previous to my writing, opening ad-
dresses were generally delivered at our veterinary institutions,
few as they were.

Has the custom been kept up? I am not prepared to say,
although I believe it has; yet I have no other certainty or proof
to stand by except the word of the unfortunate man to whom
the pleasant duty of the delivery every time comes as his share
of professional obligations.

1 Italics are mine.

996 EDITORIAL.

There is, however, one certain thing; it is this: that in
America, where the number of veterinary schools is quite large,
we all know there have been but three opening addresses which
have been recorded and published—one in 1894, delivered by
Prof. O. Schwarzkopf before the class of the new college of
McKillip; the second in 1896, when Prof. Law addressed the
class at the opening of the New York State Veterinary College,
and the third in 1904, presented by our worthy collaborator,
Prof. Leonard Pearson, at the opening session of the Veterinary
Department of the University of Pennsylvania. In all the years
that schools of veterinary medicine have existed in the United
States those three opening lectures are the only ones recorded.
What a difference with other institutions. I remember well
how the medical papers of the Union recorded the lectures de-
livered at the opening of the medical schools, and I read to-day
those that we find in the journals of veterinary science of Great

Britain.

*
* *

Why should it be so?

Of course, if it should be, as I know it to exist, that always
the same person had to fulfil the duty of delivering the address,
the record of his lecture might not be always of great value for
general spreading, as he most likely would often be obliged to
repeat himself in his remarks, although many subjects would
offer excellent material for many lectures. Still, after 5, 10,
15 years of always the same work, how could he avoid repeti-
tion? And after presenting, as he might do on the various occa-
sions, say the life and history of celebrated men in the profes-
sion, or some important calls and duties connected with the
profession, etc., etc., he would certainly be obliged to come
back to the same subject, one which I fear he had already
treated and treated of, viz., the superiority of the college he
presided over, the arrangements of the course, the presentation
of each member of the staff, etc. Truly, all those subjects
would not give him much opportunity to write something very
new, and if he should go outside of them for material, how care-

EDITORIAL. 997

ful he must be of what he would say. At the last opening of
the Royal Veterinary College of this year the gentleman who
delivered the address, Prof. Brodie, according to the Veterzzary
Record, has made remarks which called for severe criticism.
He made some allusion to the change made in the Williams
College, closed in Edinburgh and reopened in Liverpool asa de-
partment of the University of that great metropolis, and ven-
tured to say in speaking of the Camden Town institution, and
of the position it held in Great Britain: ‘“‘That position was
now seriously menaced, and it behooved all connected with the
college to see that it was not outstripped in the race by a
younger institution which might have learned and profited by
the lessons of the past.” I certainly must confess these words
seem strange for the occasion, and gave rise to rather sharp
criticism ; yet I wonder if they could not be well considered, if
not by the schools of England, at least by those of other coun-
tries where routine seems to be the rule, and “‘ leave well enough
alone’ the motto.

After all, opening addresses have their good and their bad
sides, as everything else in this world has—but I believe their
publication is liable to do much good.

*

* *

CONCERN OF THE PROFESSION FOR THE WORK OF THE
ScHOoOoLs.—I believe the United States is the only country in
the world where members of the veterinary profession, once out
of college and entered upon the routine of their work, do re-
main indifferent to the general condition of their profession, to
the work done in the schools from which her members are re-
cruited or to the changes or improvements that scientific pro-
gress impose on them. It seems as if, once entered upon the
roll of veterinary practitioners, no matter in what capacity,
matters relating to the profession drop out of their minds, and
all they think of is their special business. There may have
been on some occasions exceptions to that general condition,
but they were so few, occurred so seldom, and in such quiet
manner, that it may be said they never existed.

998 EDITORIAL.

Probably this state of affairs is due to the fact that all the
schools in the United States are independent, and even those
that are branches of universities have so far presented no differ-
ences from the others in that respect. In fact, perhaps except-
ing recent meetings of the A. V. M. A., none of the doings of
schools have been considered, and even these inquiries have been
afterwards pigeon-holed or sent back to committee to be brought
to light at subsequent meetings. If they are!!

St _

How different it is in Europe, where all veterinary institu-
tions depend from one head—the general government. You
glance at the professional journals and you often meet with
criticisms, demands, requests, etc., which relate to the schools,
to their doings, to the welfare of the profession, etc. Even
in England, where up to lately the schools were very simi-
lar to our American institutions, and are in some respects
also dependent from one head—the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons—there also veterinary papers register all matters of
the nature of those that I havealludedto. For instance, in the
Veterinary Record a wonderful question is put by Mr. Gray, an
M. R. C. V. S., which is quite severe, viz.:—‘‘Is the diploma
of the R. C. V. S.a sufficient guarantee that the veterinary sur-
geon is proficient in veterinary hygiene?” And the arguments
of the author are quite caustic. All because post-graduate
teaching of hygiene has been started: ‘‘ The Royal College has
allowed other bodies to do what it has failed or not attempted
todo.” “It has failed in properly teaching and examining ona
branch considered a subsidiary or secondary matter, veterinary
hygiene, which properly,” the author says, “is in its broadest
sense the subject of prime importance to the veterinary profes-
sion in its relation with the public or State.”

It is not necessary, nor my plan, to consider nor follow the
question’ any further. What I desired to show was that ques-
tions of importance were treated by the profession through the
proper channels, the journals, and that the same might be fol-
lowed in the New World, where, no doubt, many questions of

EDITORIAL. 999

similar nature are waiting for needed attention. I must, how-
ever, say that I agree with Mr. Gray, if veterinary schools were
teaching equally and thoroughly all the branches of veterinary
science, there would be no need for any post-graduate educa-
tion. Post-graduate courses are a slur on the curriculum of
other institutions.

There is no doubt that, if it desires, the reorganized Asso-
ciation of Veterinary Faculties has much work in perspective.

* x

THE USE OF MANEQUINS To ILLUSTRATE OBSTETRIC
TEACHING.—Of all the various departments that constitute the
curriculum of veterinary schools, it seems that, truly speaking,
there is only one which has few opportunities and facilities
for its teaching—that of obstetrics, of practical obstetrics. Dif-
ferent from all other branches of medicine, practical cases are
not always at hand; in fact, it may be by chances only that the
professor has at his disposition a case of parturition, and when
it comes to the question of cases of distokia, of course it may
be said that students have never a chance to see even the sim-
plest case. Of course, I mean in large animals; those of
smaller animals are not so rare. In some schools, however,
the chairs of bovine medicine, whether of bovine pathology or of
zootechny, or of breeding, a number of cases may be found, but
even there they are not very common, and students may have
good opportunity to witness normal births; yet they seldom
have the good fortune to see a difficult case.

In order to fill up this gap the professors of obstetrics have
been obliged to have recourse to what might be called artificial
demonstrations, to the use of manequins or phantoms, as they
are also called. But those artificial means are too often very
poor ; and I remember to have seen some where they were worse
than nothing. However, many are perfect, and no doubt
those of our friends who, while at the meeting of the A.V. M. A.
last August, visited at the World’s Fair the exhibition of the
house of Hauptner, of Berlin, must have seen the handsome
phantoms of Prof. Majewski, teacher of obstetrics at Berlin.

1000 EDITORIAL.

The model, almost perfect, will no doubt find its way into all
well-equipped courses of obstetrics. I send herewith the illus-
tration of said phantoms, and the mode of securing two fcetal
dummies. The description
of this phantom of Majews-
ki’s has given rise toa claim
of priority from Prof. D.
Kaiser, of Hanover, who has
one which he has used for
over 20 years, and with
which he has obtained also

excellent results. Whether Majewski’s or Dr. Kaiser’s, there
is no doubt that both are very useful and can render the de-
monstration of a case of distokia much easier to demonstrate
and to understand than any oral illustration.

*
ok *

THE FEEDING OF MOLASSES AND MOLASSED Foops TO
HorseEs.—In one of the last letters that I have received from New
York, I finda blowing-up because, said the writer, ‘‘ you have
not kept up your remarks on the subject of molasses food.”
Well, that was rather hard on me, as by referring to the RE-

EDITORIAL. 1001

VIEW I find that several articles on the subject have received
my attention. At any rate, I will comply with the request
made on me, and satisfy my friend and correspondent.

I have received lately a little work, ‘‘Le Sucre dares 1’ali-
mentation des Animaux” (sugar in food of animals), written by
a veterinarian, Mr. EK. Curot. It was for him that in one of my .
articles I had asked our American friends for information of
American origin. By the way, I must say that my call received
but very few answers. Nevertheless, the book is published, and
it is an excellent one on the subject.

Different from many other books in that it is the result of per-
sonal work and observation, and not a compilation of what oth-
ers may have written on the subject, the work of Mr. Curot is on
that account peculiarly interesting. At the present time, where
alimentation with sugar is occupying such attention in the gen-
eral hygiene of animals, there can be no doubt that it will find
among many a welcome reception. The author is a practicing
veterinarian; he has experimented largely, and has well re-
sumed in his book all that is necessary to know to well under-
stand all that belongs to the subject. All the benefits that can
be derived are well presented and any one can see by the gen-
eral arrangement, the subject has been thoroughly exhausted by
the author. The 374 pages of the work treat of four parts, sub-
divided into chapters. The following isthe arrangement of the
subdivisions :—/zrst part: Generalities, glycogeny and its
functions, composition of food, digestibility of aliments, trans-
formation of food, nutritive value of sugar. Second part: Su-
gar products, their varieties, molasses, brown sugar, etc., mo-
lassed preparations. Thzrd part: Vegetable products rich in
sugar, such as sugar canes, beets, carrots, etc. Fourth part:
Sugar alimentation of horses, of brood mares, of army horses,
doping, molassed food for bovines, milch cows, sheep, swine.
As one can see by this concise exposé, the book of Mr. Curot
is one which presents the greatest interest, not only to veter-
inarians, but to all those who have anything to do with do-
mestic animals.

1002 EDITORIAL.

EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS AT BUDA-
PEST, 1905.—I have received the first official notice of the or-
ganized committee of the Eighth International Veterinary
Congress, which is to be held at Budapest in 1905. The follow-
ing are the questions which will be treated :

I.—FPolice Veterinary Sanitation.

1. Insurance of cattle (general insurance, private and cattle
for slaughter).

2. General formula for periodical veterinary bulletins.

3. Establishment of uniform principle for estimating the
reaction of tuberculin and mallein.

4. (a) Prophylaxis of tuberculosis in domestic animals.

(6) Vaccination against tuberculosis in bovines.

5. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease.

6. Prophylaxis of pneumo-enteritis of pigs; vaccinations.

7. Extension of restrictions with regard to movement of
animals on the appearance of diseases not immediately conta-
gious, and especially of charbon bacteridien.

8. Prophylaxis and extinction of hydrophobia.

I1.— Biology.

1. Milk and its treatment, especially with regard to reform
as to methods of handling.

2. Nutritive value of skim milk for fattening and rearing
cattle, especially for different breeds of pigs.

3. Falsification of meat and products of slaughter, and the
new methods of examining them.

4. Feeding with molasses.

5. The hygiene of stables and litters, comparison of differ-
ent litters.

6. Stable feeding and pasture from the biological point of

view.
ITl.—FPathology.

1. Relations of tuberculosis of man, cattle, fowls and other
domestic animals (especially of dogs).

2. Modes of infection in tuberculosis of domestic animals.

3. Milk and its products, as propagators of tuberculosis.

EDITORIAL. 10038

4. The importance in research of acid resisting bacteria re-
sembling the bacilli of tuberculosis.

5. The serotherapy of infectious diseases of domestic
animals.

6. Cancer of domestic animals.

7. Pulmonary glanders and other tuberculous formations of
the lungs.

8. Tropical diseases of domestic animals.

g. The véd/e of protozoa in diseases of animals.

10. Toxic matters produced by the parasites of animals:

11. Latest experiences in the transmission of disease of
animals to man.

12. Etiology and treatment of puerperal paralysis.

The questions enumerated in the programme will be taken
in three sections, and those of the first section shall be discussed
at the general meetings. Those of Biology and Pathology at
the seatings of the respective sections.

French, English, German and Hungarian shall be the lan-
guages used at the Congress. The original text shall be pub-
lished in these languages and distributed to the members.

The congress will be opened on the 3d of September and
lasts until the oth.

All applications for membership and other information must
be addressed to Prof. Dr. Stefan de Ratz, General Secretary,
(Budapest, vii., Rottenbiller-Utoza 23).

Subscription of membership is 20 crowns=17s. Ladies
tickets, 10 crowns=8s. Iop. Te Nea

CLEVELAND GETS THE A.V. M. A. MEETING OF 1905.

The Executive Committee of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association has reached a decision on the place for holding
the forty-second annual convention, and announces through
Secretary Repp that Cleveland, Ohio, has won. Fora great
many reasons this selection is wise and in the best interests of
the Association. It is beyond criticism in the matter of central-
ity, for it is equally accessible to the greatest number of the

1004 EDITORIAL.

membership; it isin a State pregnant with loyal members of
the organization, and yet there has not been a meeting within
its borders for twenty-one years ; the Cleveland Veterinary Med-
ical Association and the Ohio State Association each sent in
cordial invitations, and will provide a hearty welcome to the pro-
fession of the country in August. The principal competing
candidate for the convention was Ithaca, N. Y., where the fac-
ulty of the New York State Veterinary College offered splendid
facilities for the meeting. Had the latter point been selected,
there would undoubtedly have been presented a great surgical
clinic, one which would have justified the wisdom of those
members who have persistently held for this section of the pro-
gramme. The St. Louis clinic was a long step in advance of
its predecessors, and we trust that the Cleveland surgeons will
make this feature the subject of earnest consideration, placing
the arrangements, including the selection of proper subjects, in
the hands of its best and most energetic men.

The history of the A. V. M. A. for the past fifteen years is
distinctly one of progress, each year’s meeting being better than
the preceding one, until last year the programme, the attend-
ance, the interest, and the results were far in advance of any-
thing known in America. Let the veterinarians of the country
make of the 1905 meeting a record all to itself. Ohio is full
of earnest association members; it is full of good timber to
make members out of, as are its adjoining States. Surely
every element seems to conspire to accomplish a record-breaking
meeting.

Get ready for Cleveland !

THE “QUESTIONSEOX” AT THE LOCAL MEETING:

Local veterinary associations, which usually meet monthly,
are undoubtedly of great benefit to the members from many
standpoints. In most cities where they do not exist, the prac-
titioners do not frequently come in contact with each other, and
business jealousy is apt to spring up, followed by prejudice,
discourteous treatment results, and soon there is an estrange-

EDITORIAL. 1005

ment between most if not all the veterinarians. This state of
affairs can be verified by any one who will take the trouble to
investigate such alocality. In a city where a good, live veteri-
nary association is maintained conditions are very different. At
the monthly meetings the members are brought together to dis-
cuss scientific and practical subjects, and incidentally they be-
come better acquainted and learn to understand each other. In
the friendly discussions which take place each contributes some-
thing, and all are benefited, not only in the matter of profes-
sional knowledge, but the difficulties experienced in routine
practice and the means adopted to overcome them are related,
and through it allacloser relationship is brought about, and
more respect and sympathy are engendered. ‘The practitioners
of that city are very much more in harmony than in the former
instance, and many friendships are made which ripen into closer
relationship in business and social life.

The local society must, however, constantly seek to keep
up an interest for the members. A few evenings without a def-
inite programme to provoke discussion that will interest and
instruct, and the attendance will begin to lag, and it will be but
a short time until a quorum will fail to be present. Gradually
the proverbial faithful few feel that the evening is wasted, and
they too remain away from the meeting room; in a short time
the association is a thing of the past. It is not an easy matter
where the meetings succeed each other so rapidly to secure volun-
tary essayists, and where it is made compulsory the appointed
author is ‘‘ unavoidably absent,” or ‘‘ has not had the time to
prepare a paper.” Whether the excuses turned in are valid or
not, the chairman finds that his well-laid plans have miscarried,
and the programme has fallen through.

This was largely the experience of the Veterinary Medical
Association of New York County untilsome genius hit upon the
novel plan of establishing a “Question Box.” Many of the
members are better practitioners than speakers, or, at least, they
are diffident in addressing the meeting upon subjects about
which they are in doubt. Some questions may perplex them,

1006 EDITORIAL,

yet they fear to bring them forward else others might think them
lacking in knowledge. But they may place in writing the
query which seems cloudy to them and drop it, unsigned, into
the box, and at the next meeting, when the stated programme
is completed, and nothing else is before the house, the ‘‘ Ques-
tion Box” is opened, and slip after slip taken out, read, and dis-
cussed sevzatim by all present who care to. In this way many
very interesting and instructing discussions have taken place
during the winter evenings in Fifty-fourth Street. A single
question has on several occasions consumed the entire evening,
and every one left the room feeling that they had learned much,
and had spent a pleasant and profitable evening. At the Janu-
ary meeting, for instance, the first question found in the box
was, ‘“‘ What is the value of Mallein as a diagnostic, and can it al-
ways be relied upon?” A dozen or more members related their
experiences with the serum, and gave the meeting their im-
pressions of’ its trustworthiness, and kept at it until reminded
that the hour for adjournment had long since past. There were
half a dozen or more queries still in the box, such as ‘‘ What is
the best method for removing shoeboils?” ‘‘ What is known
about osteo-porosis?”’ ‘What is the pathology of azoturia ?”
and many other practical topics. There is no fear of a lack of.
material now at this society’s meetings, and when the first Mon-
day in each month arrives the members know that a profitable
evening is missed if they are prevented from attending.

The REVIEW brings before its readers the case of this local
association for the reason that it believes its example may be
emulated by similar organizations with profit. There are many
such associations in this country, and if there is indifference ex-
perienced in regard to their programmes, we advise them to in-
stitute the ‘“‘ Question Box.”

SUBSCRIBERS TO THE REVIEW are again reminded that,
when they permit their subscriptions toexpire, and do not re-
new for several months, there is no guarantee that they can se-
cure the back numbers from the publishers. When possible,

EDITORIAL. 1007

they will be supplied; but it not infrequently happens that
certain numbers are not available for that purpose. The way
to obviate such inconvenience is to remit upon receipt of noti-
fication that the term paid for has expired.

Two valuable illustrated case reports by that scholarly vet-
erinarian, Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of Minnesota, are in our hands,
and we regret that their publication is delayed until the March
number. Many other contributions from members of the pro-
fession throughout the country are also held up for lack of space,
though the present issue is many pages beyond its normal size.

Do Not OVERLOOK the “‘ Army Veterinary Department ”
in this number. The translation of Koch’s lecture on “ Try-
panosomiasis””’ is a subject of commanding importance. Many
other topics of interest to army veterinarians, and civil practi-
tioners are reviewed, while the present status of the Army Bill
is clearly set forth.

CONNECTICUT AND MAINE are making desperate efforts
during the present session of their legislative bodies to secure
adequate laws regulating the practice of veterinary medicine in
their respective States. The REVIEW hopes to record their en-
tire success before the snow leaves their mountain peaks.

QUAIL FOR NEW JERSEY.—Newark, Dec. 28.—The New
Jersey fish and game commission has arranged for the purchase
of 18,000 western quail, which are to be received before the end
of next spring. The birds will be placed in special preserves
in Bergen, Warren, Morris, Ocean and Atlantic counties that
will be leased fora term of years. It isthe intention of the au-
thorities to also stock the rivers and other streams in these
tracts with game fish. The plan of the commission is to
allow the birds and fish to breed unmolested for five years.
Shelters will be erected for the birds, so that no matter how
bad the weather may be there will be no danger from that
source. Food will also be placed where the birds will have easy
access to it.

1008 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

ORIGINAME RTICLES:
AN EXTRAORDINARY SPLEEN.

GIANT GROWTH OF THE SPLEEN OF A PIG OF CONGENITAL
ORIGIN. AN ABATTOIR DISCOVERY.

By D. ARTHUR HUGHES, PH. D., D. V. M., CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
GOVERNMENT INSPECTOR, EAsT St. LOUIS.

At times meat inspection by chance places before the pro-
fessional man material which may lead to the elucidation of ob-
scure points in pathology ; at other times meat inspection offers
opportunities for observation of pathological conditions, which,
though they may not clarify any point already raised in the sci-
ence, may, nevertheless, raise new points while they, at the same
time, excite us to wonder and even amazement. In the great
packing centres—Chicago, Kansas City, St. Louis—these oppor-
tunities are increased by reason of the immense quantity of ani-
mals which must pass before an inspector, either before or after
death. The inspection of forty-two thousand hogs post-mor-
tem, which was my allotment for September, or the inspection
post-mortem of sixteen thousand eight hundred cattle, which
was my task for December, is no uncommon occurrence.

Furthermore, the wide areas from which these animals
come—for the prominent packing houses draw upon, not alone
contiguous States, but far distant ones as well—compels the in-
spector to think of the influence of environment in the initia-
tion of pathologic conditions. The opportunities for observa-
tion are also furthered by the great variety of condition of flesh
and health in which the animals appear. Through the courte-
sies of the abattoir companies, which do everything possible to
assist the inspector in his work—giving him preservation fluids ;
at his request packing for shipment to college laboratories spec-
imens found: through the alacrity of the butchers, many of
whom from long years of expetience by the side of the inspec-
tors become accustomed to notice unusual conditions in the ab-
domen and thorax: through the vigilance of the inspector him-

AN EXTRAORDINARY SPLEEN. 1009

self—in all these things there is a conspiracy to compel the
inspector to see everything, to recall to memory points of which
he had read, but had perhaps well-nigh forgotten, to turn over
in his mind former observations, to wish at least to record in
our literature accounts of extraordinary pathological formations
of tissues or organs.

In the passing hours of a day on the killing floor there ap-
pear and reappear constantly before him lesions of the com-
moner diseases in their initiatory forms, it may be, for which car-
casses are non-condemnable. The inspector thereby enriches his
experience in pathological observation ; to his requisite labora-
tory knowledge of pathology and anatomy he soon adds this
enriched experience so that he learns to readily detect abnormal-
ities, and commonly can give a correct diagnosis based on his
post-mortem findings. With the tissues and organs containing
lesions of commoner diseases—like confined and localized in-
flammations attacking a tissue, a series of contiguous tissues, an
organ or, by extension, several organs together with manifold
sequelze of inflammations—like purulent microbian conditions
manifesting themselves in local abscesses—or like bruises and
injuries whether without or within the body: with such ma-
terial the inspector could in a few days, or at most in a few
weeks or months, stock an excellent pathological museum. Be-
sides these ordinary lesions the inspector sometimes comes, as I
have done, upon extraordinary appearances—two distinct spleens
slightly attached to one another at one point by the union of
the parenchyma of each, each of about the normal size, weight,
color and texture ina single pig; a pig with a single greatly
hypertrophied kidney, the other one having failed to develop
probably from the absence of a pronephros in the embryo;
heavy cattle with surprisingly small atrophied livers, others
with livers in which the lobes had taken the form of knobs or
bulbs, the bulbous formation being in no way, as far as could
be observed in the gross specimens, of neoplastic growth, nor
anything but true hepatic tissue. These he may make note
of, or remember, or he may collect and ship such specimens to

1010 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

specialists in pathology ; but when he goes a step further and
finds a spleen, the like of which has been seldom seen, at least
has been seldom described in our scientific literature, he cannot
forbear from putting the facts on record.

1. What was known of the animal at the time of slaughter :
history /

On May 27th, 1904, while I was inspecting pigs at the abat-
toir of Armour & Co., East St. Louis, there came along the
hanging rail a shote certainly not more than four months old,
and weighing, as the scaler afterwards told me, one hundred
and twenty-five pounds. When it appeared at the “gutter’s
bench’ washed, shaven and ready for evisceration, as far as
could be observed, there was not an unusually pendant nor
bulging abdomen; nor was anything important expected at
evisceration. Pigs which show any striking symptoms of ill-
ness or debility are tagged in an ear as rejected in the stock-
yards by the Government stock-yard inspectors. This animal,
then, was one of a large number of pigs of much the same size
purchased by the company the previous day in the stockyards,
and manifesting no striking symptoms of illness in its breathing,
in its general appearance, in its gait, nor in unwillingness to
move. It was bought as one of a herd, the individuals of which
averaged one hundred and forty pounds, presumably healthy
and fit for slaughter.

2. The abnormality.

The spleen of a normal pig, weighing one hundred and
twenty-five pounds, is ordinarily about seven inches long, one
and one-half to two inches wide, and half an inch thick at its
thickest point. The weight of such a spleen is commonly five
to seven ounces. The normal color of the uncut organ is light
brownish-red. The organ is of an elongated oval formation,
the external and internal borders making a gentle, even curve
as they gradually approach the inferior and superior extremities,
which are somewhat pointed. The width of the organ is nearly
the same throughout two-thirds of its length. The internal and
external faces have little curvature. The spleen is loosely ad-

OT egepOn

AN EXTRAORDINARY SPLEEN. 1011

herent by fibro-adenoid tissue, by its internal face, to the left or
great curvature of the stomach ;‘the fibro-adenoid tissue may be
considered a diverticulum of the gastro-splenic omentum. Much
of the inferior portion of the spleen floats in the left epigastri-
um. (See plate.)

How different was the abnormal spleen of the one hundred
and twenty-five pound pig, which I am about to describe, will
appear by contrast with the description of a normal eee from
an animal of the same size.

When the abdomen of this one hundred and twenty-five
pound pig was opened by the butcher, we were surprised to dis-
cover the hugeness of the spleen. (See plate.) The organ had
the normal position and attachment to the left curvature of the
stomach. But it was, when fresh, slightly less than three feet
long ; nearly five inches wide at the widest point ; three and one-
half inches thick; and weighed twelve pounds and two ounces.
It iay somewhat curved on itself inferiorly and extended from
the left epigastrium to the left hypogastrium, pushing the large
intestines towards the right flank. As nosuch abnormality was
expected, the organ was accidentally cut by the butcher in the
process of evisceration in two or three places, as illustrated in
the plate. Nevertheless there was no evidence that the organ,
when lying in the abdomen, had been ruptured. Each face
bulged, the bulging becoming more apparent as the central
point of the organ was reached ; though the bulging was more
easily observable on the external face. The two borders were
irregular, there being great differences in width. The color of
the uncut portions was blackish-purple; the internal color was
black.

As the pathologic condition of this organ was so unusual I
thought it well to describe its gross appearance ; to make a draw-
ing of the spleen; to have the organ placed in five per cent.
formaldehyde solution, preserved in an hermetically sealed zinc
box and despatched to the pathological museum of the New
York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, where, I
believe, the specimen is now on exhibition.

1012 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

3. Conditions which might have caused the abnormality.

The cause of this unusual abnormality might be looked for
in several directions. First, it might be looked for in a change
in the lymphatic system or in the relation of the leucocytes to
the red cells of the blood, leucocythcemia or adenomatosis. Sec-
ond, the cause might be a change in the blood due to an infec-
tion which leads to sanguineous engorgement. ‘Third, as the
spleen is a safety valve for the liver when that organ is threat-
ened with engorgement, the origin might be hepatic. Fourth,
the cause might really be looked for in cardiac or pulmonary
disorder : for when the heart or lungs do not functionate nor-
mally the blood is likely to be dammed back on the liver and
spleen.

4. Elimination of these possible causes.

The great size and weight of the spleen of which we are
speaking; the fact that the organ as it lay in the abdomen was
unbroken ; the lack of symptoms of ailment; the good condi-
tion of the pig and weight for a shote of four months, and the
fact that it compared well in weight with others in the herd,
must be borne in mind in a consideration of causes.

First, the case might be considered simple spleno-leukee-
mia or leucocythcemia. In this disease, however, there are such
retrograde changes in the blood that the proportion of leu-
cocytes to red cells may change from 1:800 to 1:80, or even less,
and the gross appearance of the spleen, aside from its general
enlargement, is noted in a different coloration: grayish, gray-
ish-white or yellowish appearance. But in the case of this pig’s
spleen, the internal appearance was tarry black, while the ex-
ternal color was purple. There was no change in the myelo-
genous tissue of the bones, for after splitting of the vertebral
column the color was normally pinkish. Nor was this a case
of adenomatosis. I have seen a characteristic adenomatosis in
a bullock where hard adenoid tissue in the form of large lumps
or irregular spheres were found scattered over the rumen and
liver, looking, before being cut, like so many knobs, some pe-
diculated. In the spleen under consideration we saw no ade-

AN EXTRAORDINARY SPLEEN. 1013

nomatous tumors wedged in the organ nor projecting from its
surface.

Second, the case might be thought to be an hyperezemia due
to a blood infection were it not for the fact that the enormous
size of the organ in so youthful a pig presupposes a slower, more
gradual enlargement than would occur in the more rapid move- |
ment of an infection through the blood current. Besides a
pyogenic microbian infection would likely have concomitant
. lesions in the liver or other important abdominal organs, whereas
in the case of this pig none were found. The spleen in this
small pig far surpasses in weight, comparatively, the average ©
weight of the engorged spleens of cattle in Texas fever or an-
thrax. It seems that so great a weight and so great a size could
not have come through a blood infection, especially when no
other marked lesions were found in the body.

Third and fourth, the cause can hardly be traceable to hepa-
tic, cardiac or pulmonary disorder. The liver of this pig, if we
judge from gross appearance, seemed to be normal in size,
weight, shape, color and texture. If there had been any he-
patic disorder probably no close scrutiny of this organ would
have been necessary: for it would have been apparent in the
post-mortem appearance of the organ at first sight. If the trou-
ble was correlative in spleen and liver, the lesions in the liver
would have been marked. Furthermore, the lungs of this pig
in the uninflated condition after death offered no striking lesions.
Palpation showed the normal elasticity; the color was the nor-
mal whitish-pink ; there was no sign of inflammation in the
parenchyma nor in the peritoneal coverings. Observation of
the heart showed the pericardium and myocardium practically
normal. ‘There was no stenosis nor insufficiency of the valves.
The blood stream seemed to be unimpeded.

The present writer’s conclusion.

The conclusion seems to be warranted that this partial giant
growth of the spleen (to use the technical term of pathology)
was of congenital origin. No other conclusion will cover the
conditions met. When the spleen appeared as an off-growth

1014 D. ARTHUR HUGHES.

from the alimentary tube in the embryo there was, in this case,
an inherent tendency of the cells which formed: this spleen to
multiply rapidly, a rapid multiplication which continued in
intra-uterine as well as extra-uterine life. In this way the
spleen continued to grow from its inception in the embryo up to
the fourth month of the life of the animal when slaughter dis-
covered the extraordinary abnormality.

BERLIN VETERINARY SCHOOL, 1902—1903.—A total of 453
students was present during the summer and 548 the winter
session. One hundred and twenty-four candidates presented
themselves for the final examination, and were classified I very
good, 20 good, 24 fair, 28 bad, 5 very bad. The medical clinic
for large animals under Professor Dieckerhoff treated 1445
horses, and in addition 492 were examined for soundness. In
the surgical clinic for large animals under Professor Frohner
898 horses were treated and 452 operations performed. ‘The
polyclinic under Professor Eberlein visited 10,803 horses, 3
oxen, 13 pigs, 4 donkeys and 4 goats; 2,421 operations were per-
formed. The clinic for small animals under Professor Regen-
bogen visited 7,576 dogs, 219 cats and 116 various other small
animals; 904 operations were performed, and 971 dogs and 4
cats treated as in-patients. Inthe pathological laboratory under
Professor Schuetz post-mortem examinations were made on 234
horses and 2 oxen. ‘The movable clinic under Professor Egge-
ling made 523 visits and treated 71 horses, 537 oxen, 184 pigs,
and 15 goats.—(Revue Generale de Médecine Vétérinaire.)

THE HOME OF REST FOR HORSES maintained at Friar’s Place
Farm, Acton, near London, England, is a unique institution of
its kind. A short time ago the thirteenth annual New Year
dinner was given to the inmates of the home, consisting of car-
rots, apples, sugar, white and brown bread and other dainties
dear to the equine appetite. At that time there were seventy
animalsin the Home, of which two were donkeys and two goats,
the remainder horses. ‘The dean of the Home isa gelding that
is thought to be 4o years old. About half of the horses on hand
are in the Home for what time they live on earth and the rest
will be put to work again as soon as they have recuperated sufh-
ciently. The Duke of Portland is the President of the associa-
tion which controls the Home, ‘and the annual banquet is usu-
ally donated by some one who likes to think of old animals
passing their declining days in comfort.

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1015

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.

By F. C. HARRISON, PROFESSOR OF BACTERIOLOGY, ONTARIO AGRI-
CULTURAL COLLEGE.

On the 5th of December, 1902, a veterinary surgeon from
Guelph brought ina piece of spleen from a five-year-old horse
(belonging toa farmer in the neighborhood), which had died
after a short and unknown illness. As the post-mortem exami-
nation did not show any cause of death, the veterinarian
brought the spleen to get it examined for anthrax. The spleen
was small, capsule uneven, pulp fairly consistent and dark. Un-
der the microscope no bacteria were found. The same day
another horse becaime sick with the same symptoms as the first
and died after twenty-four hours. As the post-mortem exami-
nation in this case did not show the cause of death, the farmer
suspected poisoning and brought us the stomach with contents
for examination. The stomach was half full of fairly well
chewed hay which had a strong sour smell. The stomach wall
was covered with a thick layer of grey slime, thickened at the
pyloric part, and contained large numbers of Gastrophilus lar-
ve. The mucous membrane was in several places slightly red-
dened, which might be attributed to the effect of sweet spirits
of nitre which had been given. Some of the stomach contents
were fed to guinea-pigs and rabbits without making them sick.
As the veterinary surgeon told us that another horse had been
taken sick, we visited the farm the next day and made a post-
mortem examination on this horse(No. 3) which had died. The
same day two other horses were sick, but before giving the
results of the post-mortem examination we shall describe the
clinical symptoms of the disease, in order to bring the patholog-
ical-anatomical and bacteriological results into closer connec-
tion.

On the morning of the 4th of December the farmer ob-
served that one of his best horses, a five-year-old heavy Clydes-
dale mare did not eat well. She stood in her stall in an apath-
etic position, with glaring, anxious look, and did not touch any

-

1016 F. C. HARRISON.

fodder or water. The veterinary surgeon was called, but before
he arrived the horse fell down, gave a few convulsions, and
died. The veterinary surgeon was called, and held a post-
mortem examination. The only peculiar symptom he found
was the dark tar-like condition of the blood; this and the sud-
den death awakened suspicion of anthrax, which, however, was
not present.

On the evening of the same day a two-year-old mare did
not eat well. When the veterinary surgeon arrived next morn-
ing he found the following symptoms: the mare was standing
in her stall with eyes shut, and staggering from side to side.
The body temperature was 38.50° C., pulse strong, respiration
very slow (6), deep, and quiet. The mouth contained much
mucus and fodder. ‘The veterinary surgeon gave sweet spirits
of nitre; two hours later the mare fell down, and almost im-
mediately died. The post-mortem examination, which was
held by two veterinary surgeons, did not reveal the cause of
death, but the blood was dark, and in a partly coagulated con-
dition. Although during life symptoms of affection of the
brain had been observed, they considered it superfluous to ex-
amine the head. ‘They suspected blood-poisoning. On the
morning of the same day a third horse, which had been stand-
ing in a stall next to that of horse No. 1, showed symptoms of
unrest ; sweet spirits of nitre was given, whereupon the symp-
toms of unrest disappeared; the horse ate some hay and water,
but soon became insensible to its surroundings. For some
hours the horse stood quietly, the head resting on the manger,
looking straight ahead without any expression in the eyes;
from time to time it made a few movements with its jaws;
later on it was unable to swallow; particles of fodder mixed
with mucus were flowing from the mouth and nostrils. Just
before death, which occurred 40 hours from the onset of the
disease, the tongue was paralyzed and hung from the mouth,
and death set in under gradually increasing symptoms and pro-
gressive coma.

On December 6th at noon, a fourth horse showed slight

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1017

symptoms of colic, and towards evening a fifth horse did not eat
well, so the remaining five healthy horses were taken to an
empty cow shed. The results of clinical examinations of 7th
December and the following days are as follows:

Horse No. 4, two years old, mixed breeding and in very
good condition, had shown slight symptoms of unrest at noon
of December 6th. Towards evening there was difficulty in
_ mastication, butsmall quantities of fodder and water were swal-
lowed. December 7th, noon, the horse was laying on his right
side with his legs stretched out, neck strongly bent backwards,
the head stretched, perspiring over the whole body, and with
fibrillary contractions of the neck and shoulder muscles. The
sensibility of the skin wasnormal. The horse was easily awak-
ened and then took the position of a cow suffering from milk-
fever. The expression indicated pain, temperature 38.6°C.,
respiration 24, pulse 56, conjunctive were much injected,
moist; pulse regular, strong ; action of the heart normal; res-
piration quiet; the lips were closed, partly smeared with mu-
cus and fodder; the mouth contained much hay, which was
well chewed and slimy. From time to time the horse tried to
chew and swallow small quantities of fodder, but with evident
pain. Water was taken in small swallows. The swallowing
was quite normal from the time the food passed into the cesoph-
agus; the visible mucous membrane of the mouth was pale.
The pharynx itself, and its surroundings, were quite normal ;
peristaltic action quite active; intestinal noises fairly loud ;
movements of the head were not painful. The horse could not
get up alone, and as soon as it was left unsupported it fell down
again.

December 8th, the horse was lying asleep on his right side ;
when awakened he only opened his eyes and seldom changed
the position of his head; the hind legs moved slightly from time
to time ; the animal was unable to get up; sensibility of the skin
normal; temperature 37.4°C.; pulse 72; respiration 24; con-
junctiva icteric; pulse strong, slightly intermittent; heart ac-
tion irregular, three to four loud beats followed by from ten to

1018 F. C. HARRISON,

fifteen quick weak beats; the heart sounds were pure; inspira-
tions and expirations were perfectly quiet. The mucous mem-
brane of the nose was slight pink, and yellowish-grey slime
was flowing from both nostrils. The mouth contained much
slimy saliva and fodder ; swallowing was altogether impossible.
When the tongue was protruded from the mouth it appeared at
first to be totally paralyzed, but was slowly retracted ; submax-
illary lymph glands were slightly swollen ; bending and rotation
of the head seem to cause pain, and was tolerated only reluc-
tantly.

December goth, the symptoms were similar to those of the
day before. The horse was in avery deep sleep and could only
be awakened for a short time; when awakened he often lifted
his head a little, but soon it fell back to the old position. The
look was expressionless, glaring; fibrillary contractions in the
shoulder muscles were frequent ; the sensibility of the skin of
the hind legs above the hock had disappeared altogether; tem-
perature 37.2° C.; respiration 24; pulse 84; the pulse was weak,
thread-like, and could scarcely be felt. Jugular pulse was visi-
ble near the entrance to the chest; beating of the heart weak,
knocking, irregular, often disappearing altogether for a short
time; the tongue was totally paralyzed, grey and uneven, and
hung from the mouth; peristalsis almost suppressed. The
freshly voided manure was covered with slime. The urine was
slimy, grey and turbid. The horse died during the night.

Florse No. 5.—14-yeat-old gelding, mixed breed, in fair
condition. He did not eat well on the evening of December
6th. Dec. 7th, noon, the horse stood in a stiff position, with
raised head. From time to time he ate a little hay, chewing
slowly and swallowing it in small quantities. When taken out
of the stable he staggered, but the leg movements were co-
ordinate. ‘Temperature 38.5; respiration 14; pulse 36. Con-
junctiva slightly red, pulse strong and irregular, heart beats and
sounds normal, respiration quiet. The mucous membrane of
the nose and mouth were slightly red. The mouth contained
some well-chewed fodder. Pharyngeal region apparently nor-

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1019

mal. Peristalsis active. The manure and urine were nor-
mal.

December 8th, evening; the horse stood in his stall with
his head pressed against the manger, with staring expression.
He could be wakened for a short time from this state by calling
or by striking him. He raised his head quickly, but it soon fell
back again to its former position. Temperature 38.7 ; respiration
14; pulse 56. Conjunctiva slightly icteric; pulse, heart action
and respiration were normal. Some grey slime was flowing from
the nostrils. The lips were smeared with saliva and particles
of fodder. The tongue hung about two inches below the lips on
the left side. The mouth was full of fodder and saliva; from
time to time a few lazy chewing motions were made, but noth-
ing could be swallowed. . When water was offered, the patient
put his mouth into it but was unable to swallow it. Peristalsis
sluggish. ‘the manure was voided infrequently in small
amounts, and was covered with slime.

December gth, evening.— Yesterday’s symptoms have chang-
ed as follows: The legs were placed wide apart. The head and
neck were raised and stretched. Temperature 35.5; respirations,
4; pulse, 72. Conjunctiva yellow-brown and moist. Pulse irregu-
lar and thread-like, heart action irregular, heart sounds often
scarcely audible, then for a short time loud and strong. Res-
piration slow anddeep. ‘Tongue was cyanotic, and hung about
four inches out of the mouth, and was held between the teeth.
Peristalsis very feeble. The manure was voided in small, dry
balls. The patient resisted having his head bent, the neck
muscles were hard, but not sensitive to pressure. The horse
could be slowly and cautiously turned about in his stall. He
stepped unsteadily, dragging his feet and staggering. Patient
often gave way at the knees and hocks, and had to be supported
to prevent him from falling. The next morning the horse was
shot by his owner.

From the clinical symptoms and the findings in the
post-mortem of horse No. 3 we made a diagnosis on the 7th of
December of acute infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis. The

1020 F. C. HARRISON.

healthy horses had been isolated on the day before (6th Decem-
ber), and none of these became affected.

The following treatment had been applied to horses 4 and 5:
Liniments to increase the action of the skin; later, as soon as the
functions of the intestines became disturbed, enemata of soap
solutions were given. Alcohol per rectum was given to coun-
teract the weakness and threatened collapse, and camphorated
ether administered hypodermically.

Post-mortem on forse No. 3.—¥our-year-old, well-fed
Clydesdale mare, dead for ten hours. Shortly after death she
had been taken out into the bush, the outside temperature being
15 to 18° C. Rigor mortis had set in. Two streams of yellow-
grey slimy secretions were visible at the nostrils; lips open, and
soiled with slimy fodder; the tongue hung out of the mouth and
was held between the teeth. The protruding portion was cya-
notic. The pharynx wall and pharyngeal region of the epi-
glottis were dark red-brown, mucous membrane thickened,
swollen and covered with a reddish layer of slime ; lymph folli-
cles were swollen and prominent. When the mucous membrane
was cut a fairly large quantity of bloody serum appeared, the
submucous tissue showed serous infiltration; retropharyngeal
lymph glands were swollen and moist. Csophagus was nor-
mal, the mucous membrane pale and folded. The stomach con-
tents cofitained fodder mixed with slime. Intestines almost
empty. Liver normal. Spleen small, capsule wrinkled, with a
few white fat spots on it. Spleen pulp, dark ; consistence firm.
Kidneys and ureters normal. The mucous membrane of the
trachea shows a few small bloody extravasations. Lungs
slightly cedematous. Pericardium studded with cloudy spots.
Pericardial sac contained about 5 c.c. of a grey liquid. The
heart contained much coagulated blood, dark and tar-like. The
blood was also half liquid and tar-like. The héad was cut off
at the atlo-axoid space and about 150 c.c. of a clear grey-like
fluid flowed out of the spinal canal.

. The head was brought to the laboratory and examined.
On cutting through the occipito-atloid joint about 50 c. c. of clear

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1021

serum flowed out. The brain cavity was opened by removing
the top of the skull. The meninges were very moist between
dura mater and the bone, small lymphoid spaces were filled
with serum. The dura (especially at the base of the cerebel-
lum) was grey, thick, serous. The sub-arachnoidal space
contained grey serum. The bloodvessels of the meninges
were filled with dark non-coagulated blood. The complex
of bloodvessels at base of cerebellum and pons looked like a
dark red vascular tumor, with surroundings much infiltrated. '
Pia mater showed several spotty blood extravasations along the
bases of the fons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Between
5th nerve and sheath on the left side and at its exit there was
a large blood extravasation 8 millimetres long, 5 wide and 3
thick. The extravasated blood was red and SE TIEL 2 The
ventricles of the brain contained grey serum.

Post-mortem on Florse 5.—About 18 hours after death. The
results on this animal differed in the following respects from
the p.-m. on horse No. 4. Some lymph follicles of the swol-
len pharynx wall were softened and two plugs of grey pus could
be pressed out of them. These are also found in the amygda-
loid cavity. The pharyngeal side of the epiglottis was slightly;
reddened, no blood extravasations of the mucous membranes of
the trachea. On removing the atlas about 200 c.c. of red-yel-
low slime like coherent liquid flowed out. The liquid contain-
ed a few grey floccules. The sub-arachnoidal space contained
similar liquid. Meninges along the base of the brain, grey and
cloudy. The spongy spaces between fza and medulla were filled
with a turbid, flocculent exudate. The bloodvessels of the
meninges were filled with dark non-coagulated blood ; there
were no blood extravasations. Ventricles of the brain contain-
ed about 50 c.c. of a grey homogenous serum. Brain tissues
soft and moist.

Microscopical examination from both horses showed the
following :

Juice from the spleen and blood from horse No. 3 contained
no microorganisms. In the juice from the spleen from horse

1022 F. C. HARRISON.

No. 4 some diplococci were present, which stained well by
Gram’s method. The brain exudate of the horse No. 3 con-
tained a few leucocytes and diplococci in moderate numbers
(Gram.) The exudate from horse No. 4 showed many mono and
polyneuclear leucocytes. ‘The flocculent masses consisted of
slightly granular fibrin and pus cells. These masses as well as
the free serum contained fairly numerous cocci and diplococci,
which stained well by Gram’s method; and showed capsules
when stained by Johne’s method. Sometimes the cocci were
bunched together in small clumps, but never in pus cells. The
serous bloody liquid from the cut pharynx wall contained long
thread-like bacilli, short, thick, round-ended coli-like bacteria,
and streptococci in large numbers, which stained irregularly.
The same three microorganisms were present in the pus press-
ed out of the lymph follicles.
BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS.

For the isolation of the organisms that had been observed
microscopically, some of the sub-arachnoidal exudate was placed
in melted agar and plates poured. After three days}small
punctiform colonies were visible, which were transplanted into
other media. In addition 0.25 c.c. to 1 c.c. of the fresh exudate
was inoculated intraspinally into guinea-pigs and rabbits. The
material was inoculated between atlas and occipital bones. All
guinea-pigs died in from 4 to 8 hours. They were weak and
partly paralyzed from the moment of injection. The post-
mortem showed in nearly all cases a bloody extravasation of the
spinal cord, otherwise no further lesions. The rabbits bore the
operation well.

December 8th, 1902, rabbit 1, 1870 gr.: 1 c.c. of the cerebro-
spinal exudate from horse No. 3 was injected in the spinal cord.
After the operation the rabbit was weak, lying down in its cage,
but next day was lively, but ate little. It died the morning of
Dec. toth. The p.-m. was made five hours after death. The
blood was not coagulated, but tar-like and black, spleen small,
pulp dark and firm. The muscles at the seat of inoculation
brown. ‘The bloodvessels of the meninges injected with dark

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1023

~

non-coagulated blood. The spinal canal was blocked with a small
blood clot. In the sub-arachnoidal space liquid was present, in
which were polyneuclear pus cells, cocci, and diplococci. The
spleen also contained cocci and diplococci. From spleen and
medulla oblongata the cocci were easily isolated.

December 8th, rabbit 2, 2020 gr.: 0.5 c.c. of the cerebro-spi-
nal exudate from horse No. 3 was injected into the muscles near
the occipital foramen. After operation the animal was lively.
In three days the general condition was disturbed, no: food was
eaten, respiration quickened, expression anxious, with protrud-
ing eyes. The animal died Dec. 12th. Post-mortem immedi-
ately after death showed no local lesions, the blood was dark
and tar-like, spleen enlarged, capsule wrinkled, pulp dark and
firm. The vessels of the meninges were injected, fluid in sub-
arachnoidal space contained pus cells, cocci and diplococci.
Spleen and blood also contained numerous cocci arranged in
short chains of 4 or 5 individuals. Those taken from the heart
blood showed capsules. Cultures made from blood, spleen and
medulla gave pure cultures of our coccus.

December roth, 1902, rabbit 3, 800 gr.: inoculated in spinal
cord with 0.5 c.c. of the meningeal exudate from horse No. 3.
General condition after operation normal. On the morning of
the next day the rabbit was lively, but towards evening it be-
came weak and refused food. Respiration increased, temper-
ature 40.5° C. Deathoccurred Dec. 12th, noon. Post-mortem
showed same lesions as rabbit 2.

Beside these inoculation experiments with meningeal exu-
date from horse No. 3, we inoculated other rabbits, guinea-
pigs and mice (subcutaneously) with juice from the pharynx
wall of horses Nos. 3 and 4. Rabbits died following injection
of rc.c. Blood tar-like, cocci and streptococci were found in all
organs, and as a rule in pure culture.

In guinea-pigs with 0.5 to 1 c.c.a local cedema at site of in-
oculation appeared, and death ensued after 5 or 6 days. All
organs contained numerous cocci and streptococci. In the cede-
matous liquid numerous bacteria were found. The cocci being

1024 F. C. HARRISON.

associated with organisms resembling B. septicaemia hzemor-
thagicee.

Mice died after inoculation with 1 or 2 oese of exudate. No
local lesions, numerous cocci and streptococci in all organisms.
Isolation was easy. .

The cocci directly isolated from the meningeal exudate of
horses Nos. 3 and 4, and those isolated from all laboratory ani-
mals were identical.

MORPHOLOGY OF ORGANISM ISOLATED, ETC.

The shape of the individual organisms was round or slightly
oval. In the meningeal exudate of the horse and in inoculated
animals, the cocci occurred in pairs or in small groups. In
blood, spleen and liver they occurred in pairs, but short chains
of 5 to 12 individuals were also present. In the spleen of
rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice, as well as in bouillon, milk,
and other favorable media they occurred in long chains. Di-
vision usually in one plane. Single individuals may become
oval and resemble short, thick rods when actively multiplying.

Division occasionally occurred in two planes, a method of
growth similar to that observed by Stolz in certain streptococci.
A spherical cell elongated, but instead of each end gradually
rounding and forming two cells, a narrow zone formed in the
centre which did not stain and presented the appearance of a
bacillus with bi-polar staining. In this stage the individuals
divided at right angles forming a chain of 6 or more cells. The
appearance at this stage resembled a row of bacilli lying side
by side, each individual showing bi-polar staining ; subsequently
the cells rounded out and assumed a spherical shape and grad-
ually tore apart, forming a double row of cocci. This condition
was seen in cocci taken from brain agar, and in the heart blood
of rabbits. In the latter case a number of individuals in the
second stage as mentioned above were observed in a single cap-
sule.

In cultures and in animal blood peculiar forms were often
seen, large, irregular, rod-like bodies, which stained very irregu-
larly, and the double row of cocci already mentioned would oc-

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1025

casionally terminate at one end asa bunch of cocci, the whole
mass forming a flask-like structure, which might be surrounded
by a capsule.

Irregular conglomerate forms which stained irregularly were
also met with. In some the protoplasm was at one end, usually
the wider. When no division into cocci was distinct these
masses looked like Klebs-Loeffler bacilli.

Staims.—The cocci stained with the usual methods, old cul-
tures showed chains of cells in which only some granules were
stained. Similar results were obtained from cocci taken from
the spleen; from al] organs as soon as decomposition had set
in, or after they had been kept frozen for from 4 to 6 weeks.

The streptococci found in the pharynx wall of the horses
behaved ina similar fashion. The size of the cocci was .5/,
older cocci .7 to .84. The size is the samein sections of the kid-
neys from rabbits and guinea-pigs strained by Gram’s method.
In sections from liver and spleen the individuals are only .35 to
.4y in diameter.

When the granules in the cocci stain they are .I to .3y in
diameter. Cocci with capsules were found in the meningeal
exudate, and in the blood of rabbits and guinea-pigs. The
capsules were as wide as a single coccus, regular and with
sharp outlines. They stained slightly red with Kutcher’s gen-
tian violet. The best results were obtained with Johne’s cap-
sule stain. No capsules were seen in cultures. Cocci and
streptococci were non-motile.

CULTURES AT 37° C.

Bouzllon.—Growth appeared in from 24 to 48 hours. On
bottom and wall of the tube small granular floccuient masses
form, which gradually collected at the bottom of the tube as a
sediment ; when shaken, these floccules rose in the medium,
but never dissolved. The sediment was in considerable quan-
tity. In beef, pork, chicken, whey, and glycerine bouillon the
growth was similar. In bouillon made from cow’s brain a
homogenous slight turbidity appeared after from 24 to 36 hours.
A few hours later small floccules appeared and settled on the

1026 F. C. HARRISON.

tube wall. The turbidity disappeared after 2 to 3 days and a
fairly copious flocculent sediment was formed. ‘This dissolved
more or less homogenously when shaken, although a few floc-
cules remained. After the micrococcus had been cultivated for
4 months the bouillon growth was similar to the growth in
cow’s brain bouillon.

Milk.—Good growth. The appearance of the milk did not
alter. After 14 days, however, the reaction became distinctly acid.

Blue litmus milk turned white after 6 days and gradually
became red.

Agar plates.—The colonies appeared after 2 or 3 days as small
white points. The surface colonies were flat and I to 1.5mm.
in diamefer. The deep colonies became a little larger, about
2mim.in diameter. Under the microscope the colonies appeared
round and of a fine granular and reticulated structure. They
were transparent and remained so, except some of the larger
deep colonies, which became darker at the centre, while the
edge remained transparent and granular.

Agar slope cultures.—In 48 hours small flat grey discrete
colonies appeared along the line of inoculation. ‘These colo-
nies became a little larger, but never united with one another.
Small whitish floccules appeared in the condensation water, and
settled at the bottom, forming a fairly copious sediment.

Agar stich.—No growth at the {surface. Along the line of
puncture small nodose-like colonies appeared after 24 to 48
hours. The single colonies often grew and formed an homogenous
grey line, which might develop half circular outgrowths. ‘The
growth appeared along the whole line of puncture. In anzrobic
cultures the growth was similar.

The coccus was grown in the following different kinds of
agar without observing any differences in the appearance of the
culture: whey bouillon agar, beef bouillon agar, alone or with
either dextrose or glycerine, or with both together. Upon agar
with some added garden soil, and agar made from brain, growth
was more luxuriant, the single colonies uniting together into a
more or less even surface growth.

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1027

Blood serum.—In liquid blood serum small flocculent
masses appeared which quickly settled and formed a whitish
grey sediment. On solid blood serum small colonies appeared
along the line of inoculation, which grew together forming a
uniform streak. The condensation water contained flocculent
masses.

Leffler’s serum.—Growth meagre. Only a few small dis-
crete colonies appeared. Condensation water slightly flocculent.

Egg media (Dorset’s method).—Meagre growth, only a few
small discrete colonies.

Potatoes (Roux method).—The seat of inoculation turned
white on the 4th or 5th day. No growth was visible.

Beef, peptone, gelatine at 20°.—Plates, streak and stich—in-
oculations produced, as a rule, no growth. Sometimes small
colonies hardly visible to the naked eye appeared.

Dunham's solution.—In D. Sol. and in D, Sol. glycerine
4 per cent. or saccharose 4 per cent., no growth. In D. Sol.
with dextrose, lactose and maltose a small flocculent growth ap-
peared, with subsequent acid reaction.

Neither nitrate nor indol was formed.

In media with 0.05 per cent. normal H.C. 1, or in 0.5 per
cent. normal NAOH, a very slight growth appeared; growth
was better in neutral media.

The best development occurred at 37.5 to 38° C., none at 42°
C., at from 20° to 25° only exceptionally a slight growth ap-
peared.

The duration of life of this coccus was very limited, most
cultures died in from 8 to 12 days. Milk and whey cultures
lived for 3 weeks. In decomposing animal tissue they were found
alive after 8 days.

From spleen, liver and brain which had been kept at tem-
peratures varying between 10 to 24° C. they could be easily iso-
lated after 8-10 and 12 weeks.

Spread on cover glasses and exposed to broad daylight (in
room) no development occurred after 5 days. Direct sunlight
killed them (Jan. 30th, 1903) in two hours, when dried on cover

1028 F. C. HARRISON.

glasses. On agar plates made with 1 oese of the same bouillon
culture and then exposed to sunlight. The following results
were obtained :—

Expostre—30 min. . . yee. 200 colonies per plate
t hour: [eee 120 &« Coe ne
30} au I rm ‘cae
Dy kaise O 6 6“ ‘
Control plate... oo. 400 « ic eae

The thermal Wena pote rember’ s method) was Io min.
abiao° C.
Effect of disintectants—

Corrosive sublimate. . I pro. 1,000 killed in 10 secs.

Carbolic’ acid. . °. -..-/ SagEiemmeent. ‘‘ instantaneously.
ae se . . 5) SSORSmatiEe ¢ 1n. 15 minutes:

Creolin’. 2. 1.2. ie - “(2 SE ear

Virulence.—The cultures used in the experiments to test
the virulence of the organism were 48 hour old agar streak cul-
tures washed with 48 hour old bouillon culture. Older cultures
were less virulent and culture 12 days old were no longer viru-
lent.

Rabbits.—o.25 to 0.75 ¢.c. above culture.

Minimum lethal dose—Subcutaneous

and intra-spinal inoculations. . .03 c.c. pro 100 gr. rabbit.
Minimal lethal dose—Intravenous in-

oculation. 2a me ... 0.01 pro 100 Sf tapos
Minimal lethal dose iame tonea!

inoculation or feeding . . . 0.01 to.04 pro 100gr. rabbit.

Death occurred in 36 to 50 hours with the above quanti-
ties.

The first 24 hours after inoculation the animals were lively-
Later they refused food, became apathetic, the head and neck
bones twisted to one side. Respiration quickened. Tempera-
ture 40.5°C. The eyes bulged out of their sockets, expression
anxious, later expressionless or glaring. Conjunctivee became
reddened, later icteric or brown-red. Death set in with pro-
gressive paralysis, often suddenly. In the former case the tem-

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1029

perature gradually sank below the normal, even as low as 34°,
before death set in.

In the feeding experiment we used half-dried turnips cut in
small pieces, and placed them in a measured quantity of culture
until all the liquid was absorbed. Then the turnip pieces were
fed. The first hour after feeding, the animals were lively and
ate heartily.

P.-M.—Similar changes in all. Blood dark, badly coagu-
lated and tar-like, spleen sometimes enlarged, with dark, fairly
consistent pulp, at other times spleen was small.

Liver large, yellowish and brittle.

Kidneys hypereemic, urine yellowish and slimy. At the
nostrils, and in the case of doe rabbits, in the vagina there were
small bloody extravasations, sometimes serous hemorrhagic ex-
udates were present in the pericardium, pleura and in the sub-
arachnoidal space, more seldom in the peritoneal cavity. In
the rabbits fed with pure cultures the stomach was always filled
with well-chewed fodder. Mucous membrane pale, covered
with a thick layer of reddish-grey slime. On the mucous
membrane of the intestines a few small bloody extravasations
were found. Intestinal contents were mixed with much slime.
The blood and all organs contained the inoculated cocci. In
the liver, spleen and kidneys the cocci were present in enor-
mous numbers. Many bloodvessels of these organisms were
almost blocked with the micrococci. The microscopical ap-
pearance of the organs was very like that seen in cases of an-
thrax, especially when the fresh kidney juice was examined, in
which the cocci were formed in chains; often the single indi-
viduals were not well differentiated or were square and gave an
anthrax-like appearance.

Guinea-pigs died in 30 to 48 hours from inoculations (intra-
peritoneal, intrapleural and intravenous) of .o5 to .I ¢. c. pro
100 gts. of guinea-pig.

From subcutaneous inoculations of .2 to .3 c. c. pro 100 gts.
of guinea-pig in 3 to 10days. The symptoms and p.-m. appear-
ances were similar to rabbits.

1030 F. C. HARRISON.

White mice died from a subcutaneous inoculation of a small
oese of culture. Cutaneous inoculation of the ear caused death
in 8 to Io days.

Intraperitoneal inoculation of 0.1 c. c. caused death in 2 to 3
days. Symptoms and p.-m. same as in rabbits, but sometimes
acute conjunctivitis was present which produced a gumming
together of the eyelids. There were also tonic cramps in the
muscles of the hind legs, followed by paralysis of the whole
hindquarters. Hens and pigeons were refractory to inocula-
tion.

One pig ate a whole inoculated rabbit, and remained well.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Although no inoculation experiments were made with horses,
the result of the investigation shows sufficiently that the micro-
coccus must be regarded as the cause of the outbreak. It is,
however, difficult to decide if our organism is identical with
other cocci which have been described as the cause of infectous
cerebro-spinal meningitis.

It differs from the JZ zutracellularzs of Weichselbaum, Jager,
and others in the following points :—

It is not found intracellular.

Accepts Gram’s stain in sections and cultures.

The growth in cultures is less vigorus.

Colonies are usually discrete on agar.

Grows better under anzerobic conditions.

Forms chains and capsules in the animal body.

Very virulent for rabbits, guinea-pigs and mice.

(Feeding, intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous in-
oculations. )

It differs from the Siedamgrotsky-Schlegel coccus of Bornas’
horse disease in the following points:—

Grows often in chains.

Is not motile.

.5 in diameter.

Grows badly on gelatine and does not make this media
cloudy or liquefy it.

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1031

Does not develop a surface growth on gelatine and agar stick
cultures.

Does not grow on potatoes, but fairly well on blood serum.

Virulent for mice and rabbits.

As the azplococcus intracellularis equi (Johne) grows like the
coccus of Weichselbaum, our micrococcus differs from this as:
stated above.

The streptococcus described by Ostertag as causing Bornas’
horse disease is similar to ours—perhaps identical. ,

According to Migula this is not a streptococcus because Os-
tertage describes division in two planes; our coccus differs in
the following respects :—

Forms capsules.

Stains with Gram’s stain.

Does not grow well on gelatine.

Virulent for laboratory animals.

From the streptococcus of purulent adenitis of the horse,
streptococcus egut, first described by Schutz, it differs as fol-
lows :—

Division in two planes.

No surface growth on agar stick culture.

Agar cultures are not shiny.

Does not grow on potatoes.

Is much more sensitive to heat, sunlight and desiccation.

Causes septicemia in laboratory animals, with occasional
local symptoms.

The source of the disease cannot be definitely stated. The
stable was roomy, high, well-ventilated and lighted. The
horses were not used much, but every day left in the barn-yard
for about an hour. Six days before the outbreak of the disease
some rotten turnips had been thrown into the barn-yard, and
two of the horses ate some of them.

Two rabbits and two guinea-pigs were fed with these turnips
and gave negative results. Microscopically fungi and two
species of bacteria were seen in the rotten turnips.

The drinking water from a 34 feet deep well was clear, and

1032 F. C. HARRISON.

contained 100 to 185 colonies per c. c.; none of these were cocci.
The horses were fed oats and hay. The timothy hay was ex-
cellent, well cured and free from dust and moulds.

The oats were of good quality, mould free, partly white and
partly black tartarian, and crushed before feeding.

The cerebro-spinal meningitis was very acute, the most strik-
ing symptom in all cases was the relatively early appearance of
paralysis of. pharynx and tongue, without preceding symptoms
of inflammation, (increased temperature, swelling, and increased
sensibility).

The presence of numerous micrococci in the pharynx wall
of the horses led us to think that the cocci entered by this way.
This opinion is strengthened by the results of the feeding ex-
periments with rabbits, and it is evident that the normal mu-
cous membranes, especially those of rabbits, possess little re-
sistance against the entrance of the cocci, as the same quanti-
ties of culture caused death as surely when fed as when direct-
ly injected into the peritoneal cavity. The presence of the
cocci in the pharynx wall of the horses also suggests how the
infection was spread. The cocci became mixed with the fod-
der which was chewed but not swallowed, and this was dropped
in the manger and stall; the organism was thus distributed
and infected the adjacent horses. This supposition is partly
proved by the fact that all the horses at one end of the stable
became diseased and died, while the five standing at the other
end did not become sick, although all had been fed exactly
alike.

Infectious cerebro-spinal meningitis is occasionally met with
among horses in North America, and several American investi-
gations of this disease are reported in the Annual Reports of the
U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. In Texas and Idaho horses
have died by the thousands from this disease after two to four
days’ illness; all sick ones usually succumb. W2lson, however,
states that about 50 to 60 per cent. of all diseased ones die. The
only American work which deals with the cause of the disease
is that by Pearson. He studied an outbreak of the disease in

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 1033

' seven horses, of which five died. The other two recovered
slowly after having been isolated and fed fresh fodder. The
outbreak occurred about a week after the opening of a new silo,
the ensilage from which was somewhat mouldy. The symp-
toms he described are much like those we observed. He em-
phasized the early symptoms of paresis and paralysis of the
pharynx, and great muscular weakness. Pearson conducted
feeding experiments on horses with the suspected fodder. Both
of them died with symptoms which resembled those of the out-
break. He concluded that the so-called cerebro-spinal menin-
gitis was not real cerebro-spinal meningitis, but a forage poison-

ing.

REFERENCES.

1. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal. Industry, U.S.
Department. of Agriculture, 1898. Pp. 537.

2. Buckley, S. S., Special Investigation of the so-called ‘‘ new horse
disease’ in Maryland, Sta. Bulletin 53. Pp. 110-114. U.S. Experi-
ment Station Record, 10, 1898-99. Pp. 394.

3. Friedberger und E. Frehner., Lehrbuch der speziellen Pathologie
und Therapie der Hausthiere. Bd. 1, 1900. Pp. 799.

4. Jeger, H., Zur Aetiologie der Cerebrospinalmeningitis epidemica
Zeitschrift fuer Hygiene. Bd. 19. 1895. Pp. 351.

5. Johne, A., Zur Kenntnis der seuchenartigen Cerebrospinalmen-
ingitis der Pferde. Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer Tiermedizin. Bd. 22. Pp.
369.

6. Ostertag, Nach den Angaben in Friedbergers-Froeehner’s Lehr-
buch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie der Hausthiere. tgoo. Bd.
Ee epaoues

Te Pear ee, Z., Preliminary Report upon Forage Poisoning in Horses
(so-called Cerebro-spinal Meningitis). Journ. of Comp. Medicine and
Vet. Arch., 1900. Pp. 654-657.

8. Schutz, Der Streptokokkine der Druse der Pferde Archiv fuer-
wissenschaft und prakt Thiehiel Kunde. Bd. 74. Heft 3.

g. Szedamgrotsky, O. A., und Schlegel, M., Zur Kenntnis der seuchen-
haften Cerebrospinalmeningitis der Pferde. Archiv fuer wissenschaft
liche und praktische Tierheilkunde. Bd. 22. Pp. 237.

10. Sfolz, A., Ueber besondere Wachstums—formen bei Pneumo-und
Strepto-Kokken-Cenr. f. Bakt. Bd. 24, pp. 337.

11. Weichselbaum, A., Ueber die Aetiologie der akuten Meningitis
Cerebro-spinalis. Fortschritte der Medizin. Bd. 5, 1887, Nr. 18 und
1g.
: 12. Williams, W. L., Enzoétic Cerebro-spinal Meningitis in Horses,
and Hog Cholerain Idaho, U. S. Dept. of Agricult., Bureau of Animal
Industry. 1897. Pp..179-187.

13. Wilson, /. Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. American Vet. Journal,
Bd. 53, 1901. Pp. 34-37.

1034 W. REID BLAIR.

INTESTINAL INTUSSUSCEPTION IN WILD ANIMALS.

By W. REID Buiair, D. V. S., VETERINARIAN AND RESIDENT PATHOL-
oGIst, NEw YORK ZOOLOGICAL :-PARK.

It may be of interest to the REVIEW readers to know that
this not uncommon condition in the domestic animals, especially
the dog, has been met with among wild animals.

This condition consists in the invagination of one portion of
the intestines in another portion. In all of the cases that I
have observed in wild animals, the invagination has taken place
from anterior to posterior—that is, in the direction of the peris-
taltic movements. These invaginations have been observed both
in the small and large intestine, the ileum, however, being the
most frequent site of the invaginations. In one instance—that
of a wolf—the posterior portion of the ileum was invaginated
in the colon to the extent of 22 inches. This case was further
complicated by the invagination of a second portion ia the inner
tube.

PHOTOGRAPH OF INVAGINATED BOWEL OF A WOLF.

A. Anterior portion of invagination,
A. to B. Extent of invagination
Arrows show direction of intussusception.

INTESTINAL INTUSSUSCEPTION IN WILD ANIMALS. 1036

In intussusception the following conditions are found :—
There are three portions of the intestine, one within the other.
The inner portion is continuous with the intestine above the
intussusception ; its peritoneal coat faces outward. The outer
portion is continuous with the intestine below; its peritoneal
coat also faces outward. .

The inner portion is turned inside out, its mucous membrane
being in contact with the mucous membrane of the outer portion.

The intussusception, by the dragging and folding of the
mesentery which it involves, leads to intense congestion of the
parts, or even to large heemorrhages between the coats of the in-
testine, the congestion and pressure on the invaginated bowel
producing chronic inflammation.

The exudation which is usually extensive in the mucosa and
sub-mucosa of the imprisoned gut, produces a thickening suffi-
cient to close the lumen of the intestine. ‘The compression of
the invaginated mass, along with the interruption of the circu-
lation, soon leads to necrosis. Portions of the dead tissue may
be sloughed off and passed with the feeces, giving the specially
characteristic odor of necrotic tissue. The patient rarely sur-
vives this state, however, as the gangrenous bowel soon perfo-
rates, inducing a fatal peritonitis, bringing the patient’s suffer-
ings quickly to an end.

This grave form of intussusception should not be confound-
ed with the small or sometimes extensive invaginations fre-
quently found on autopsy. These latter invaginations are not
attended with congestion or inflammation and the invaginated
portion is not adherent, but is easily disengaged from the en-
veloping portion. They are usually agonal, or may be formed
immediately after death.

3 ETIOLOGY.

I might say that the causes of intussusception in wild ani-
mals were the same as those producing the same disorder in the
domestic species. This indeed would be the easiest way in
which to conclude, but it would convey but little knowledge
beyond what is already known regarding this trouble.

1036 W. REID BLAIR.

Almost any intestinal irritation may cause intussusception
such as irritant poisons, long-fasting, debility and constipation.
In my observations the most probable causes have been indi-
gestion, with flatulent colic, constipation and intestinal worms.

A single case—that of a coyote (prairie wolf)—I think I can
safely say, was produced by the irritation due to intestinal
worms. Several cases in monkeys apparently followed attacks
of acute indigestion in which there was considerable flatulency.
After the distention was relieved, however, none of the cases
showed any signs of illness until several days later.

The members of the monkey family are particularly sus-
ceptible to indigestion. ‘The monkey, at best, is a glutton, and
it is not to be wondered that its physical nature rebels against
what its perverted instincts tolerate; so it naturally follows
that many of its ailments are traceable to the alimentary tract.

Few of these animals, indeed, are proof against the tempta-
tion to overeating.

SYMPTOMS.

The animal is usually found to be dull or listless, with
marked constipation, abdominal tenderness on palpation and
persistent colicky pain. The paroxysm is particularly acute,
especially after the animal has partaken of liquid food; abdo-
men is tucked up, and animal lies on its back a great deal, to
relieve the pressure on the intestine. The countenance has an
expression of fear, pupils are widely dilated. ‘There is usually
considerable straining without the passage of faeces; superficial
circulation, and especially that in the extremities, considerably
interfered with, resulting in a greatly diminished temperature
of these parts. An absolute diagnosis, however, is rarely possi-
ble, unless the disease be sufficiently advanced and the invagi-
nated portion is sloughed off and passed per anum.

In those animals which will permit handling, palpation of
the abdomen may reveal the exact location of the lesion. In-
tussusception might be confounded with obstruction of the in-
testine by foreign bodies, such as masses of string, rags, ete.
With intussusception, however, the swelling is usually firmer

INTESTINAL INTUSSUSCEPTION IN WILD ANIMALS. 1037

and more cylindrical in outliue and does not alter its shape upon
pressure between the fingers.

TREATMENT.

Laparotomy is the most radical measure when an absolute
diagnosis has been made. Personally, I have not yet made a
diagnosis sufficiently early or with sufficient accuracy to war-
rant the performance of such an operation.

If the intussusception exists in the posterior portion of the
colon or in the rectum, copious injections into the rectum, es-
_ pecially if the intussusception be recent, will sometimes be suf-
ficient to disengage the enveloped bowel.

About a year ago avaluable young tapir developed an intus-
susception of the rectum which was successfully reduced. Sev-
eral weeks later the rectum was again intussuscepted, but this
time in a much more aggravated form, involving the lower por-
tion of the colon, and resulting in the protrusion per anum of
the whole of the rectum. This case was operated upon, and
about eight inches of the rectum removed. This, however, was
not successful, the animal dying several days after the operation
from peritonitis. This case was apparently the result of pro-
longed constipation.

Great care should be exercised in the selection of the pa-
tient’s diet after an intussusception has been reduced. Only
easily digested food of a liquid nature should be allowed. To-
nics containing strychnine are useful in developing tone in the
dilated portion of the bowel. Strychnine should be persisted
with for some time after apparent recovery has taken place.

BITTEN BY HORSE THAT DIED OF RabBiEs.—Singhamption,
N. Y., Dec. 30.—William Moore, driver of the Lestershire fire
team, of which one horse died this week of rabies, was bitten by
the horse previous to its death. This afternoon the village of
Lestershire sent Mr. Moore to the Pasteur Institute at New
York for treatment. Dr. Garry Stone, a veterinarian, was also
bitten, but cauterized the wound and expects no. serious
results.

1058 THOMAS FARMER.

HEREDITY—THE ORGANIC RELATIONS BETWEEN
PARENT AND OFFSPRING.

By Dr. THOMAS FARMER, GRAND BLANC, MICH.
Read before the Michigan Veterinary Medical Association.

All offspring produced by sexual reproduction from a male
and a female organism owe half of their essential material to
each parent. Therefore, through successive generations there
persists a constancy of likeness or stability of type as expressed
in the familiar saying that like begets like. Besides this gen-
eral resemblance between parent and offspring, there is frequent-
ly a reappearance of minute features and peculiar traits; yet
this is not inconsistent with the occurrence of variations, which
are in part due to the twofold origin of the offspring, and force
us to modify the familiar saying into like ¢ezds to beget like.
In many cases the offspring exhibits not only parental, but
grandparental or ancestral characteristics. Nor is the inherit-
ance confined to normal characters, for diseased or abnormal
conditions of parents or grandparents often reappear in the off-
spring, though this reappearance is not always due to transmis-
sion. Characteristics acquired by the parents, not as outcrops
of their innate constitution, but as the results of use and dis-
use, or as dints from the environments often reappear, though
there is lack of evidence that they are transmitted. Finally,
throughout successive generations there is a tendency to sus-
tain the specific average by the continued approximation of ex-
ceptional forms towards the mean of the species.

DENIALS.

While a few have been so misguided by prejudice as to
maiutain that there was no transmission at all, and while a few
lave been exaggerated beyond all credence, the undeniable
tendency of similar work and surroundings to make offspring
like their parents, there is no skepticism of any importance ex-
cept that which denies the transmission of individually and ac-
quired characters. Be it clearly understood that natural in-
heritance is a certain fact, innate, constitutional, congenital, or

ee, *

HEREDITY. 1039

germinal qualities, and the results of these in the parents are
certainly transmissible to the offspring. The disputed problem
which awaits experimental evidence is to what degree, if any,
extrinsic, functional or environmental modifications acquired by
the parents can be handed on as a legacy for good or ill to the
offspring.

That such acquisitions often recur is indubitable, but it is
not at present certain that they recur because they have been
transmitted. They may, of course, be the result of the action
on the offspring of the same conditions as first evoked them in
the parents.

THEORIES OF HEREDITY.

The ancient hypotheses that germs were possessed and con-
trolled by spirits gave place to theories which invoked princi-
ples of heredity and formative forces, and these in turn have
been displaced by more concrete conclusions. Of.most histori-
cal importance are the so-called mystical, or preformative the-
ories, according to which the male or female germ contained a
miniature model of the future organism, and indeed of future
generations as well, while the development was merely a gradual
unfolding or literal evolution. We still believe, of course, that
the fertilized egg is a potential organism, and that it has great
complexity within its apparent simplicity.

THEORIES OF CONTINUITY.

It can hardly be doubted that in the more or less direct con-
tinuity between the successive sets of reproductive products lies
the solution of the main problem of heredity.

The germ cells which give rise to offspring are unique in
their continuity with those which gave rise to the parents, and
it is this continuity, or the involved sameness of material which
explains the production of like by like.

INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS.

The inheritance of characters acquired during the lifetime
of the parents includes much questionable evidence. We might
almost reserve our belief that the structural cells can react on
the sexual elements at all, and we may be confident that at the

1040 THOMAS FARMER.

most they do so in avery faint degree. In other words, that ac-
quired traits are barely if at all inherited in the correct sense of
the word.

Weisman, however, has brought the discussion to a climax,
for he denies that any such transmission occurs. He claims that
no variations produced in the body by use or disuse, or by out-
side influences, can be transmitted. For they could only be
transmitted by affecting the germ cells, and this is a possibility
which Weisman denies.

As Weisman’s conclusions that acquired characters are not
transmitted is of vast importance, both theoretically and practi-
cally, it is necessary to notice some of the counter arguments.

1st.—There are very numerous cases on record where the
effects of mutilation are said to be inherited, but I think this
open to serious objection ; for instance: circumcision has. been
practiced by. the Jews for ages, but its effects on the Jewish race
are imperceptible. While the same is true of mutilation of our
domestic animals, I think we may go on dehorning cattle for
ages with no more effect than the circumcision of the Jews.
There is no doubt that many malformations and weaknesses
appear through many generations, but there is no evidence that
such variations were not to start with germinal origin.

If so we can of course admit their transmissibility. Color-
blindness has been known to occur in the males only of six
successive generations; deaf mutism for 3, finger malformations
for 6, tendencies to consumption, cancer, gout, rheumatism, etc.
But none of these prove the transmission of characters acquired
by use or disuse, or impressed by the action of surroundings.

HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS AND TRAITS.

To show how perfect the law of heredity holds good in
hereditary characteristics I wish to cite in this connection a few
examples. R. A. Dugdale in 1877 traced the career and char-
acters of 1,200 descendants of a man by the name of Max, also
of Jonathan Edwards, the great divine. Of the descendants of
Max he found they were practically all paupers, criminals, im-
becile, insane or licentious. More than one-quarter of the fami-

HEREDITY. 1041

ly (310) were paupers, spending altogether 2,300 years in public
poorhouses or their equivalent. Another one-quarter died in
infancy from lack of proper care and conditions. Fifty women
were known to be professional prostitutes ; 440 men and women
were physically wrecked by their own wickedness ; 60 were pro-
fessional thieves, spending in all 723 years in lawless depreda-
tions ; 130 were convicted more or less often for crime, and 7
were murderers. Only 20 had a trade, and 10 of these learned
it in prison. None were reputably educated, and none occupied
positions of trust or honor in any capacity.

On the other hand, Jonathan Edwards at 24 married a girl
of 17, and until she was 40 there was never a period of two years
that a new child did not come into the home. None died until
after the last child was born. When all of the boys and three
of the girls were under 12 they went to live among the Stock-
bridge Indians. When the oldest son, upon whom came the
care of the family of eleven, was under 20 Mr. Edwards and his
wife both died of small-pox, yet with numerous difficulties three
of the sons graduated from Princeton and five of the daughters
married graduates of Yale, Harvard and Princeton. Of the eight
sons and sons-in-law, one was President of Princeton and one of
Union College, four were judges, two members of the Conti-
nental Congress, one a member of the Governor’s Council in
Massachusetts, one a member of the Massachusetts War Com-
mission, in the Revolution, one a State Senator, one Speaker of
the Connecticut House of Representatives, three were officers in
the Revolutionary War, one was a member of the famous Con-
stitutional Convention out of which the United States grew, one
was an eminent divine, and one was the first Grand Master of
the Grand Lodge of Masons of Connecticut.

Among the members of the Edwards family were found 285
college graduates, 65 college professors, 13 presidents of colleges
and higher institutions of learning. Out of the whole number
of J. E.’s descendants he could find only six persons who could
technically or morally be put in the criminal class, and one of
the worst of these being the brilliant Aaron Burr, who was

1042 THOMAS FARMER.

never convicted of any crime, and whose father and mother
both died before he was four years old. What a contrast!
IS HANDWRITING HEREDITARY?

It may seem strange to ask such a question, but it is a fact,
demonstrated in my own family of eight brothers; not one of
us is a good writer, my father being a poor writer; two of my
brothers are graduates of Toronto University ; still their writ-
ing is extremely bad. ‘The handwriting of father and son are
often very much alike, although the father has not taught the
son. Handwriting, according to Darwin and other authorities,
is hereditary just as much as disposition and other character-
istics. The theory is that certain ligaments are inherited, and
so we are led to shape our letters in the same way. Sometimes
there is a skip over a generation and the writing of grandfather
and grandson are almost identical, whereas that of the father
is quite different. Lord Brougham wrote almost exactly
like his grandfather, who died before Brougham’s birth,
and Lord Palmerston’s writing very strongly resembled his
father’s.

HEREDITY OF DISEASES.

As regards the inheritance of diseases, Iam not as strong a
believer as I am in the inheritance of characteristics. Disease
being usually brought on by environments, certain causes lead-
ing up to the result. Take, for instance, consumption ; chil-
dren born of mothers who at the time of conception are far ad-
vanced in the tubercular process, seldom show at birth any sign
of the disease, and inoculation of the foetal tissues with rabbits
give negative results. The commonly accepted belief of the laity
is that the children of tubercular parents inherit directly from
them the disease, which, harbored for many years in a latent
state under suitable conditions, becomes manifest.

Heredity, in the vast majority of diseases, means nothing
more than the transmission from parent to offspring of tissue
peculiarities, in accordance with that invariable tendency
throughout the animal and vegetable kingdoms for each indi-
vidnal to exactly reproduce itself, not only in its form, size,

HEREDITY. 1043

functions, and in its nature, but in its reaction to environment
and in its ability to withstand or to be overcome by the action
of various poisons and disease-producing germs. And this is
true not only of individuals, but of organ. and cell; and it is
this susceptibility of all to invasion by the bacilli of tubercu-
losis, and not the disease itself which has been inherited. The
old expression that the patient has inherited weak lungs covers
the ground, and with the proper soil which, under the influence
of our civilized life, is kept tilled by the depressing influences
of bad ventilation, bad food, and the like—these, with the wide
distribution and prevalence of the germ, give at some time all
susceptible individuals their opportunity to become infected ;
and, alas, how many there are that take the chance.
HEREDITY IN THE EQUINE RACE.

Coming now to our own profession, we find the same subtle
agent asserting itself among the equine race; we find defects as
well as perfections manifesting themselves. |

We find the following list of imperfections handed down
from parent to offspring, viz.: curbs, ringbones, spavins, roar-
ing, heaves, navicular arthritis, periodic ophthalmia, bad feet,
cribbing, etc., all traceable to that unerring law of nature, the
transmission from parent to offspring. I do not wish it un-—
derstood that the young are born with these imperfections any
more than that the child is born with tuberculosis, but I do
say that they are born with a weak conformation of these parts,
so that at any time when undue pressure is brought to bear
upon these parts they are not strong enough to withstand it,
and consequently the local disease is the result. I know of a
stallion shipped into our town from Chicago, being then two
years old, with a mark of 30, which was very good 18 years
ago. I noticed a slight scar on the inside of the right hock. I
asked the owner what it meant, there being no perceptible en-
largement. He told me he slipped on the ice and went lame
for a short time, and they thought best to have him fired for
fear a spavin might develop. But that spavin developed in
about twenty-five per cent. of his get. ‘That same horse rocked

1044 THOMAS FARMER.

over badly on the right hind foot, and eighty per cent. of his
get have the same defect. I have two of his get myself; they
both rock over on the same foot, and one has the characteristic
spavin.

Two other stallions I have in mind, the one a cribber, the
other a roarer. ‘The cribber transmitted cribbing to several of
his progeny; and the roarer to several of his.

I know of a great many cases of navicular arthritis trans-
mitted from the mother to her offspring, having a good oppor-
tunity to notice it while engaged in the business of horseshoe-
ing, and it used to be a matter of great anxiety to me at the
time, as the owner generally thought that the shoeing was the
cause, and one man I recollect raised five colts froma mare hav-
ing the disease; the first one developed navicular arthritis at
four years old, having been shod for a year, the next one he
raised he said he would not have shod, but that one and also
the third developed the same disease ; so three out of the five
developed the disease, one having been shod and two not. I
could go on citing cases similar to the above indefinitely, but it
is not necessary, as time will not permit.

But one more I wish to refer to showing that, like the

handwriting already referred to, that this germ may lie dormant

for several generations and then manifest itself. I refer toa
Clyde stallion that I knew several years ago, weight about 1,700
lbs. Asa general. thing he was a fine stock getter, but once in
a while a pony would be the result, even from a-large dam. In
tracing back for five generations they found a pony dam in the
line of ancestors. Now inthe face of these facts it behooves
us as veterinarians to use our influence at all times by impress-
ing upon the public the necessity of careful selection of both
sire and dam so as to produce aciass of horses that a $25.00
fee would be more cheerfully paid than a $5.00.

Now, in conclusion, I wish to say a word along the same
line as regards the propagation of the human species. What
are we doing for the protection and betterment of our own race,
both mentally and physically? I might say practically noth-

HEREDITY. 1045

ing. ‘The minister or the magistrate asks no questions as to
the health or mental capabilities of the couple before him, if
they have the license, and fee (and some not even able to fur-
nish the latter), may be united inthe holy bonds of matrimony,
then to go on and reproduce their like, many of them with con-
stitutions well fitted for the germs of disease to find lodgment.
Others, like Max, with the germ of hereditary crime lurking
within them. No wonder then that our several insane asylums,
state prisons, county poorhouses, hospitals, etc., are full to
overflowing. Our legislators will meet and enact laws to pro-
tect deer, squirrels, quail, and other animals, but rarely if ever
think of passing laws for the protection of humanity. But I
believe they did touch on it once by prohibiting the marriage
of first cousins. Well, that is good as far as it goes, but I think
it is like beginning at the bottom of the stairs to sweep. Anti-
saloonists, the W. C. T. U., and other advocates of temperance
lay all the blame on the saloons for the filling of our prisons,
asylums, etc., but I believe the minister and magistrate are as
much to blame as the saloon, if not more. For I think upon
close examination you will find at the bottom of more than one-
half of our crimes and diseases, heredity.

THE OHIO VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
was formed at Evansville, Ind., in January, Dr. John R.
Mitchell being elected President, Dr. J. W. Moses, Secretary.

SHIPPING FEVER.—Influenza, distemper, strangles or ‘ ship-
ping fever, acknowledged to be the result of streptococcic infec-
tion, can now be successfully treated with the so-called ‘ poly-
valent” antistreptococcic serum made at the Pasteur Lab-
oratories of France, established by Pasteur in 1854 (Institut
Pasteur, France). Originally, successful employment of- this
product was practically confined to anasarca, but now it is ob-
tained from horses immunized against all varieties of the strep-
tococcic germ, and results in this country and abroad show its
value for both the cure and prevention of shipping fever. To
get the best results horses should be immunized with the serum
either before they are shipped to other points or upon arrival at
their destination, thus avoiding the dread disease which so fre-
quently attacks green horses and often causes serious losses.

1044 “N. WELLS HILLOCK.

QUITTOR.

By N. WELLS HILLockK, V. S., CoLumBus, OHIO.

A Paper read before the Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical
Association,

Quittor is a necrotic inflammation of the lateral cartilage,
accompanied by formation of one or more fistulous tracts.

Quittor in horses has been recognized for years, and ac-
knowledged by all veterinarians of experience as an extremely
unmanageable disease, testing the skill of the veterinarian, tax-
ing the patience of the owners to the utmost, and in many in-
stances terminating unfavorably after months of careful attend-
ance.

The low organization and lack of vitality of the structures
involved, and the unfavorable position in which they are situ-
ated anatomically, are the chief causes of the obstinate char-
acter of true cartilaginous quittor.

The lateral fibro-cartilage if once inflamed, which may occur
from a large variety of causes, slowly but surely becomes ne-
crotic in spots, suppurates, and abscesses form, rupturing at the
point of least resistance, that is, in an upward direction from
the original seat of suppuration, leaving after partial healing,
fistulous tracts, frequently irregular in their course and varying
in length, which discharge a thin greenish pus. At the same
time the surrounding subcutaneous cellular connective tissue
becomes filled with plastic infiltrations, the skin loses its elas-
ticity and becomes thickened and indurated. The coronary
band from constant irritation, by inflammation of adjacent struc-
tures, is stimulated to increased activity and secretes an im-
perfectly formed horn, giving the wall of the foot a peculiar
rough, brittle and rammey appearance.

If perchance the fistulous tract closes up, and the practition-
er begins to hope for a speedy and favorable termination, he is
very apt to be undeceived in a week or two, when his patient
will again become very lame, new abcesses form and new fistu-
lous tracts follow.

QUITTOR. 1047

This process, in spite of the most careful and skilful treat-
ment on the part of the attending veterinarian, continues for
months without any appreciable change, or it may assume an
acute character ; the synovial capsule of the distal phalangeal
articulation or its ligaments, the coronary band, the entire kera-
togenic apparatus may become involved in acute suppurative in-
flammation, causing casting of the entire horny foot, and from
absorption of the septic material, which, in this stage, is so
abundantly formed, produces blood-poisoning of the entire
system.

The causes of quittor are numerous and diversified ; natural
conformation predisposes the low flat foot, with oblique heels,
to the disease of the quarters and basilar processes of the pedal
bone, to injuries to the sole, to quarter-cracks, broken bars,
treads, etc., ali of which are in many instances direct causes of
quittor. The strong boxy foot is predisposed to contraction of
the heels and quarter-cracks, from this cause, disease of the
bars, deep-seated, blind or suppurating corns, which may also be
instrumental in the formation of quittor. Nail wounds or pricks
in shoeing producing acute suppurative inflammation and ex-
tending to the coronary band, the skin, cellular, sub-coronary
tissue, and finally the lateral cartilage.

Direct injuries to the coronet : accidental causes, frost bites,
septic cellulitis—in fact, almost any inflammatory condition of
any part of the foot is sometimes followed by the disease.
Considering the fact that the lateral fibro-cartilage is the chief
seat of the trouble, and that from an anatomical point of view
it is situated in a position most unfavorable to perfect drainage,
it is not to be wondered at that the remedies which are ordinari-
ly effectual in the treatment of wounds and surgical conditions
have but little effect on quittors.

The parts that are usually involved are the lateral cartilage
and the sub-coronary cellular connective tissue, which com-
pletely covers the cartilage. In rare cases the basilar and re-
trosal processes of the pedal bone are necrosed.

Prognosts.—The questions owners ask are : Can it be cured ?

1048 N. WELLS HILLOCK.

How long will it take? I have always found it advisable not to
state any definite time it will take to effect a cure. Appear-
ances may vary, and this may help you as to prognosis.

Quittors that are well forward usually yield to treatment
quite readily, while those that are far back are quite tedious to
treat. The degree of lameness will also assist you. You may
find sinuses so close to the nerve that lameness will be entirely
out of proportion to the quittor.

Treatment.—Rest and removal of the shoe are essential in
the cure of quittor. After the shoe is removed, remove all su-
perfluous horn, shorten the toe, lower wall, thin sole, search
foot for irritants, and especially around the quittor; immerse
the foot in warm antiseptic bath, and poultice the foot a few
days before surgical interference ; then clip off the hair and you
are ready for operation. .

Quite a number of quittors will yield to the use of the probe,
curette, a syringe and solution of bichloride of mercury. Use
probe to get number and directions of sinuses. You may find
two sinuses discharging from one opening. Sinuses may rest
between hoof and pedal bone, may wind upwards and inwards
over the lateral cartilages, and the whole quarter is affected.
Bend probe if necessary to follow these orifices. Orifices may
be placed anterior, over digital vessels, nerves, etc., and then
you are apt to have great lameness, the foot may hang pendant.
Use great care in these, that the nerve, bloodvessels or ca/-de-
sac are not injured.

The question often arises, should we open the pendant same
as with other cases. When there is no connection between, we
should. I have seen some excellent cures effected by the use
of setons, but my tutor advises against the use of them. I
find that the use of the curette is about as effective as some of
our more difficult operations. Insert the curette, and as nearly
as possible, we find the bottom and scrape and lacerate its lower
parts, cartilage and all, then withdraw the curette, then syringe
thoroughly with some good antiseptic, then use dry dressing
and bandage with aseptic bandage; leave on two or three days,

QUITTOR. 1049

then remove and inject concentrated solution of bichloride of
mercury. ‘This treatment should be continued until cured.

In connection will mention another operation, which has been
very successful. This operation consists in removing as far as
possible all diseased structures involved in true quittor, without
lacerating, incising or in any way injuring the coronary band
nor the capsule of the coffin-joint, which is very close to the
inner surface of the lateral cartilage. The parts that are always
involved are the lateral fibro-cartilage and sub-coronary cellular
connective tissue, which completely covers the cartilage. In
rare cases the basillar and retrosal processes of the pedal bone
are necrosed.

In operating in all cases when the wall of the foot is com-
paratively sound, and where no corns, broken bars or other
lesions can be detected at the plantar surface, as their absence
is a fairly good indication that the wings of the pedal bone are
not affected.

The foot is prepared by clipping the hair over the tumor as
closely as possible, by having the horny wall from the heels to
the toe and from the inferior border of the wall up to the coro-
net rasped down until the blood begins to ooze through the
horn, and special care should be taken to see that the inferior
border of the wall is pared down as closely as possible to the
sensitive structures, for if left it is very apt to interfere with
the operation by preventing the proper directing of the blade of
the sage knife during the critical stage of the operation, and
that is when the inner surface of the cartilage is detached from
the ligaments and articular capsule of the joint. The animal
is then cast, properly secured, and if considered advisable placed
under the influence of an anesthetic. An elastic bandage is
next placed tightly around the pastern and ankle to prevent ar-
terial heemorrhage, and the horn to the extent of one-quarter of
an inch parallel with and just below the coronary border is re-
moved with a small drawing knife, and a semi-circular incision
following this grove is made; it should extend from the ante-
rior border of the cartilage to the heel, and completely separate

10506 N. WELLS HILLOCK.

the coronary band from the podophylous tissue and sever the in-
ferior margin of the cartilage from its attachment to the wings
of the pedal bone. The sage knife, with convex surface out-
wards, is then gently but firmly pushed under the coronary band
and skin in the centre of the tumor in an upward direction un-
til the superior border of the cartilage is reached, which can
easily be determined by the left hand and which should trace
the movements of the point of the knife through the skin, then
by a slow and careful rotary motion the skin is separated from
its underlying bed of indurated tissue over the entire length of
the cartilage. Care should be taken that injuries to the coro-
nary band are avoided. If the sub-coronary counective tissue
be greatly thickened, which is indicated by the size of the tu-
mor, that portion lying between the external surface of the car-
tilage and the skin should be removed, which leaves a space
sufficiently large to introduce a finger and explore the cavity.

The removal of the cartilage is next effected by beginning
at the heel and introducing the blade of the sage knife carefully
under its posterior border and slowly and carefully separating
the inner surface of the cartilage from its connective tissue bed,
from the ligaments and the synovial capsule of the coffin-joint,
which lies directly under and very close to the inner face of the
anterior half of the cartilage. If the toe is extended and the
movements of the sage knife carefully guided by the left hand,
there is very little danger of injuring the synovial capsule. The
cartilage is then seized with a strong pair of forceps and pulled
downward and outwards from under the coronary band, and any
smail adhesions remaining are severed until the cartilage is en-
tirely liberated. The cavity is then explored and all partly de-
tached tissues removed, edge of coronary band trimmed and the
wound dressed in accordance with the well-established princi-
ples of aseptic surgery.

If quittor be caused by quarter-crack, deep-seated corn or
other accidental injuries to the quarter, the basillar and retrosal
processes of the pedal bone are very apt to be involved and
should be exposed. This can only be accomplished by strip-

QUITTOR. 1051

ping the portion of the wall which lies between the anterior
border of the cartilage and the heel. This can be accomplished
by working two groves through the entire thickness of the wall,
and it can easily be removed by the use of a strong pair of ordi-
nary horse-shoer’s pincers, and by a slow but firm outward and
forward twist and the wing of the pedal bone is exposed, and
the operation of removing the cartilage is proceeded with as
described above.

THE OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION at
their meeting held at Columbus, Jan. 17 and 18, elected the
following officers: President, W. E. Clemons, Granville ; Vice-
President, S. Sisson, Columbus; Treasurer, T. B. Hillock, Co-
lumbus; Secretary, W. H. Gribble, Washington C. H. Cen- -
sors—O. V. Brumley, Columbus; E. H. Shepard, Cleveland ;
J. D. Fair, Berlin.

FROM DoGs, $1,000,000.— Discussion of new sources of State
revenue has developed the fact that legislation recommended by
the State Department of Health will be introduced at this ses-
sion of the legislature levying a tax on all dogs in the State.
The number of dogs within the State is estimated at 500,000,
and the proceeds of a $2 tax would amount to upward of $1,000-
ooo. Like the excise tax, it is proposed to divide this dog tax
between the State and the locality, giving half toeach. The
sum of $500,000 the State would thus receive, is, if the plans of
the State Department of Agriculture are carried out, to be de-
voted to a number of agricultural interests. It 1s estimated that
this sum in addition to paying all the expenses of the State De-
partment of Agriculture, would leave $75,000, a sum large
enough to meet the annual cost of the experiment station at
Geneva, $50,000 for the Cornell School of Agriculture, and a
sufficient balance to defray the expenses of the farmers’ insti-
tutes. Finally it is urged that this tax will supply enough rev-
enue to permit the reimbursement of dairymen whose cattle are
condemned by State orders because of tuberculosis infection.
The State Department of Agriculture has been led to make this
recommendation as a result of the abnormal expense incident to
disposing of dogs suffering from rabies this year. One-half the
$10,000 appropriation of the department for dealing with infec-
tious diseases among animals was expended for this purpose
during 1904.—[Albany Dispatch to N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 28.|

1052 MAURICE LETULLE.

PROPHYLAXIS OF TETANUS BY THE USE OF DRY
POWDERED ANTITETANIC SERUM.*

By Dr. MAvuRICE LETULLE, ATTENDING SURGEON OF THE PARIS HOS-
PITALS.

In the matter of tetanus prophylaxis there are no half-meas-
ures. Any erosions, even when they are superficial, the slight-
est abrasion of the teguments caused by a fall on the hands or
knees, the slightest bruise on the face, the elbow or the foot
are liable to serve as an opening for the tetanic bacillus which
is profusely spread on the ground of towns as well as on dusty
roads. In children, in particular, slight traumatisms of the skin
are frequently soiled with earth or excrementitious matters.

It is not sufficient to cleanse in the most thorough manner
these small accidental bruises; it is, besides, necessary to surely
immunize the patient against tetanus.

The classical method consists in making as soon as possible
a first subcutaneous injection of antitetanic serum, which it is
wise to renew at the end of eight to fifteen days. Many per-
sons frightened at the idea of so solemn an intervention, which
they wrongly consider as out of proportion, reject the prevent-
ive inoculation. Quite lately at the hospital I had to contend
with several of these refusals on the part of alcoholics of both
sexes brought to my service after a fall in the street, and having
the face covered with erosions and ecchymotic scratches.

In the presence of this ill will against which no administra-
tive measure could prevail, I established officially obd¢gatory
antitetanic dressing for all wounds of an accidental nature for
all my patients as well as for my personnel. The epileptic
who falls on the ground and wounds himself, the drunkard who
is brought to me with the slightest scratch, the nurse who
scratches herself with an unclean pin or who is wounded by the
nails of my delirious patients, all undergo the prophylactic, dry
powdered antitetani serum dressing. A number of my col-
leagues of the Paris hospitals have recourse to the same method

*Tyanslation of an article published in Za Presse Alédicale of July 16th, 1904.

PROPHYLAXIS OF TETANUS. 1053

which I have had the good fortune to have had adopted in a
certain number of the Paris schools and colleges.

The technique is most simple and conforms with the method
introduced in this science by Prof. Calmette, manager of the
Lille Pasteur Institute. After a very careful washing of the
wound, which may either be made with an ordinary liquid anti-
septic, or with an abundant quantity of water recently boiled
for 15 minutes (which latter seems preferable to me), any visible
foreign matter being removed, and, in short, once the wound is
quite clean, it is extensively sprinkled with a thick layer of dry
powdered antitetanic serum, which it is very easy to procure
throughout France. Care should be taken to well fill all the
anfractuosities of the parts that are torn. The operation is ter-
minated by covering the wound with a dressing of hydrophil
aseptic absorbent cotton or of ordinary tarlatan which is asep-
tized by sufficiently prolonged boiling. |

At the end of twenty-four hours, the dressing is lifted ; the
wound is then either in the process of immediate healing, or it
begins to suppurate. In the latter case it is prudent to renew
the dressing with antitetanic serum powder each day and until
the suppuration ceases and the cure is complete.

This simple and practical method of antitetanic prophylaxy
possesses no inconvenience. ‘The numberless observations
which are already known do not make mention of any erythe-
ma, any exanthema, or any arthralgia which may be attributed
to this discreet yet sure mode of preventive serotherapy. To
this day, this technique or ‘‘ Calmette method” has not met
with any failure.

It is very much to be desired that it should definitely enter
into current practice. Sofar as I am concerned, I think that in
view of its advantages, its simplicity and the decisive results
obtained therefrom, it should be imposed in all social bodies de-
pending directly upon the government. Nothing would be
easier than to prescribe it to the schools, high-schools, and col-
leges, and also tothe army and navy. By so doing the respon-
sible authorities would shelter their responsibility and create a

1054 MAURICE LETULLE.

mode of social prophylaxy as useful as it is inexpensive. Soon
the public, enlightened by the successes obtained, and knowing
that tetanus has become an unknown disease in the circles in
question, would follow the good example, and cyclists, motor-
cyclists, automobilists, as well as riders and pedestrians, would
henceforth venture on the roads, their minds at peace, and with
the assurance of being able to ward themselves in due time
against one of the most fatal of our ‘‘ avoidable diseases.”

“THE VETERINARIAN AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.”’—Doctors
Gould, McGillivray and Reynolds attended the recent meeting
of the Minnesota Live Stock Breeders’ Association at St. Paul.
Dr. Gould is president of his county agricultural society, and
attended the meeting of the State Agricultural Society as of-
ficial delegate. This is as it should be. Veterinarians should
identify themselves with agricultural societies, stock breeders’
associations, etc., and thus win a better respect and more appre-
ciation for their profession, and help bring about a stronger tend-
ency to cooperation between veterinarians and live stock breeders.

A PROTEST FRom Hawail.—Dr. W. T. Monsarrat, of Hon-
olulu, writes the REVIEW under date of Jan. 19, as follows: “I
have just received the ‘ Proceedings’ of the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association. I am surprised that the Zerrztory
of Hawaii is classed as one of the colonies of the United States.
Why this mistake? There is hardly any excuse for it, as our
standing at Washington, D. C., is as good as Arizona, New
Mexico, or any other territory of the United States. I hope you
will through the. REviEW enlighten the veterinarians that we
are not a colony”

PROFESSOR W. OWEN WILLIAMS, who has occupied an edi-
torial position on the London Veserznary Journal for the past
ten years, and since the death of his father, Principal William
Williams, in 1900, has been the editor-in-chief, closed his official
connection with the paper with the December number. He is
succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Nunn, Deputy Director Gene-
ral of the Army Veterinary Department, who has been assistant
to Prof. Williams on the Jouvna/ since 1903. In retiring Prof.
W. states that his increased duties in connection with the New
Veterinary College, which has recently removed from Edinburgh
and become a department of Liverpool University, necessitates
his relinquishment of the active direction of the Journal.

REPORTS OF CASES. ° 1055

REPORTS OF CASES.

** Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.”’

TALLIANINE IN FORLORN CASES OF PNEUMONIA.
By W. F. DERR, V. S., Wooster, Ohio.

On Oct. 4th, at midnight, I had a telephone from M. D.
Ramsey, asking me to come at once and see two very sick
horses. These cases had been under the treatment of two vet-
erinarians (father and son) for a period of six days, and were
given up by the older doctor, he telling the owner that they
would be dead in twenty-four hours. After getting a history of
the cases I was very reluctant in complying with his request to
take cases that were going to die. However, the owner insist-
ing, I went out and found a very large black horse, very fat,
with double catarrhal pneumonia, complicated with the bowels,
having had no movement for two days, suffering a great deal
of pain, could neither stand nor lie, was continually getting up
and down. ‘There was also a slight discharge from the nostrils,
of a foetid character; pulse very weak and intermittent, 102,
temperature 1064, respiration 48 and very laborious. He had
taken but very little nourishment for the past three days.

The mare was in about the same condition, with the excep-
tion of not having any trouble with her bowels, the left lung
on her being completely solidified, but had some appetite, while
the horse refused all feed.

After making a thorough examination of these cases, I in-
formed the owner that my prognosis was unfavorable, and,
knowing that they both had received the old line treatment
with no beneficial results, the only alternative was to try the
effects of Tailianine, of which the party knew absolutely noth-
ing, and after telling him that the cost would be $1 per dose,
with an unfavorable prognosis of the cases, it did not go down

very well with the owner. ‘ However,” says the owner, ‘‘while
there is life there is a little hupe; go ahead and do what you
can.”’ I at once injected intravenously 20 c.c. of Tallianine

into each case, and gave the black horse one and one-half pints
of oil; this being at 2 A.M.on the 5th. At 6 P.M. on the
same day I gave each 10 c. c., making 30 c. c. to each case the
first 24 hours. I then gave 1oc.c. daily to each case for a period

1056 REPORTS OF CASES.

of seven days more; there was but little change the first four
days, the temperature and respiration remaining about the same,
the pulse, however, becoming stronger and the discharge from
the nose losing its fcetid character in the black horse. The
mare had improved somewhat more than the horse, in having
more appetite, etc. ; on the fifth day after treatment, the temper-
atures and respirations began to drop, the pulse slower and
stronger, appetite better. Onthe sixth day great improvement.
On the eighth day they were both convalescent after having
been sick fourteen days. My reason for reporting these cases
is, first, I never thought they would recover ; second, they were
treated on Tailianine alone, in order to see the results of the
drug in cases like these, which I am satisfied were saved by in-
jections of Tallianine. You will see that there was but very
little change the first four days, but I made up my mind to see
the results of the Tallianine, live or die.

EXPERIENCES WITH PARTURIENT PARESIS—RECURRENCE OF
THE SYMPTOMS AFTER EACH FULL MILKING.
By T. J. PENH. o.,. lroy, Ohio.

I sent to Cleveland, Ohio, for a 4o-gallon tank of oxygen
June 1, 1904, and have since treated 19 cases without a single
loss. Iuse the strychnia injection also—from ¥% to I grain as
indicated, old and young ; small or very weak cases I use smaller
doses than for large and middle-aged cows. I also catheterize
and irrigate the uterus if necessary, and also use warm inject-
ions to stimulate the bowels.

Now, as to milking cows in this trouble. I think it isa
mistake to draw off too much milk for a few days, as we know
the little calf does not do so, and by our not milking too much
we are only obeying one of nature’s laws. It is too much ofa
shock to the system. Now,I want to relate just one case. I
was called bya Mr. Prackle June 23, 6 A. M.; cow down and
moaning; gave her oxygen and strychnia ; cow was on her feet
at 11.30 A. M.; seemed all right all afternoon ; she was a heavy
milker. Owner said they took four gallons of milk from her in
the evening. The next morning at 5 A. M. found her down
just about as he found her the morning before. I was called
and gave her same treatment; she got up about four and one-
half hours afterwards and-remained up all afternoon, doing
nicely and eating. They repeated the milking as on the pre-
vious day, and to my great surprise he telephoned me his cow
was down again next morning, and seemed to be just as bad as

REPORTS OF CASES. 1057

ever. He had by this time become discouraged. I told him to
come to my office and I would let him have my Schmidt outfit
to try on his cow ; hedid so, and gave her the treatment with
the strychnia injection. She got up in about six hours. I
told him not to milk her out but very little. He did as I told
him. She did not go down any more, and did nicely. Since
that time I have cows milked but slightly, and I lose none of
them ; all are up in from one hour to six hours, usually in three
and one-half to four and one-half hours.

I would like the experience of others as to milking out dry.
Icannot think the Schmidt treatment was better than the
oxygen treatment. I treated 34 cases with Schmidt treatment,
and lost two.

HorsEs to the number of 31,650 and valued at $2,308, 383,
were exported from this country to Europe during the first
eight months of 1904.

THE STATE VETERINARIAN OF OREGON has ordered all wild
horses shot on sight. It appears that the wild herds are infested
with mange to such a degree that it has now become necessary
to take heroic measures to destroy them in order to protect the
horses of private individuals.

THE GOVERNMENT HORSE-BREEDING FARM.—Word comes
from Denver that a start has been made in purchasing the founda-
tion stock for the breed-forming horse experiment to be conduct-
ed by Prof. W. L. Carlyle, of the Colorado Experiment Station
for the United States Department of Agriculture. Prof. Carlyle is
to be assisted by a commission which will consist of Prof. F. C.
Curtiss, Ames, Ia.; M. H. Tichenor, Chicago; Eugene H. Grubb,
of Colorado, and Dr. D. E. Salmon, of the United States Bu-
reau of Animal Industry.

TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE VETER-
INARY COLLEGE.—The annual college banquet of the students
of the New York State College will take place this year at the
Ithaca Hotel on the evening of the 16th inst., and will be in the
nature of an ovation to Prof. James Law, Director of the School.
Commemorating the tenth anniversary of the founding of the
college, prominent speakers have been invited to be the guests of
the students. Hon. Andrew D. White, former President of Cor-
nell University, will address the meeting, and many of the lead-
ing veterinarians of the country are expected to join in the cel-
ebration.

1058 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

om

FRENCH REVIEW.

3y Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M, D., V. M.

ABNORMALITY IN MOLAR TEETH OF A HorRSE [JZ E.
Bourdelle|.—This was observed in a seven-year-old mare killed
for butchery purpose, which had great difformity of the head
towards the maxillary region. The head carefully examined
was found presenting az entire absence of the left lower molar
arch. In its place, the alveolar border of the lower maxilla of
the side was thin, sharp and covered with the mucous mem-
brane. The corresponding upper arch extended. downwards
and was provided with six largely developed molars, with rub-
bing plate almost free from wearing. ‘The other-t€eth, molars
and incisors, were in normal number, as were also the tusks, ir-
regularly developed in both jaws. After maceration, the lower
maxillary bone was found without any moiars on the left side ;
on the right there were six molars well developed, worn, espec-
ially the posterior ones; there were six incisors quite regularly
arranged, and back of the corners two small tusks. The left.
branch of the bone was irregularly developed, very thin and
much narrower than the right. The alveolar border was thin
and sharp forward, thicker posteriorly; the inferior was also
thicker. The external plate of the bone removed, the inside
showed a few irregular cavities, but no trace of the correspond-
ing molars. In the upper jaw the teeth were much developed,
especially on the left side. ‘There were six incisors, two small
tusks ; the molar arches were enormously developed. The right
had six large and well worn teeth, with the third front molar
pushed inwards and having an irregular form. The left arch
had also six teeth, long, thick and having a dental rubbing sur-
face free from wear. They all had a cementous covering.
The third premolar was longer than the others, and carried
the remains of the milk tooth, which had not shed out. The
two jaws corresponded quite well to each other by the incisive
arches, but very abnormally by the molars. In other words,
there was in the present case abnormality in number, in dispo-
sition and in size of the remaining molar teeth.—( Revue Veter.,
Aug. I, 1904).

ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE FEMUR AND TIBIA IN A

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1059

HorskE [J Cazlliband|.—The horse was 15 years old, and for
Io years has never been laid up, except once for a punctured
wound of the foot, of which he recovered rapidly. One day he
fell down, got up, was taken to the stable without lameness.
After two days he was found lameon the left hind leg. Blistered
on the stifle and rested for ten days, he was no better. The
muscles atrophied on the left hip and thigh, the horse had fre-
quent lancinating pains in the leg, which he carried in flexion ;
there was also great itching sensations, as the animal frequently
bit and gnawed his lame leg. The seat of lameness was very
difficult to make out. Cocaine located it in the upper part of
the leg. A blister was applied on the hip joint. No improve-
ment; on the contrary, the lancinating pains and the itching
increased. The animal had difficulty in getting up, and finally
after a run to pasture he was destroyed. The suspected osteitis
was found at the post-mortem. The hip and stifle joints, the en-
tire femur and the upper third of the tibia were involved in the
diseased process. The two joints contained a greater quantity of
synovia than normal; the articular surfaces were ulcerated.
The periosteum of the femur was congested and infiltrated, the
bone covered with large red spots; the spongy tissue of the ex-
tremities was dark wine color, with here and there spots of ne-
crosis; the marrow was red, and at some points purulent. The
tibia had the same aspect. All those lesions belong to acute
osteo-myelitis, the principal symptoms of which seem to have
been the lancinating pains and the sensation of itching.—(Re-
vue Vet., Sept. 1, 1904.)

ABNORMAL GROWTH OF A HORSE, ACCOMPANIED BY
ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS—RECOVERY | A. /etzt|.—A half thor-
oughbred gelding, handsomely formed and fully developed,
showing a dentition of six years, although but five, and meas-
tiring I metre 62 under the standard, had been lame for several
months on the right fore leg, when examined by the author.
Tested with cocaine, the lameness is supposed to be located in
the foot, due to navicular disease, but before resorting to neu-
rotomy, mild work and walking exercise only are prescribed.
After several months, he is examined again. In a wretched
condition, he has on both sides of the right principal metacar-
pal, below the carpo-metacarpal joint, large splints, more devel-
oped on the right leg, and is lame on that leg. The horse has
lost his appetite, lays down continually, and seems to have
grown taller—in fact, he measures 1 metre 665 millimetres.
This condition suggests the idea that the animal is suffering

1060 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

with gigantism, and that if radiography was applied the epi-
physes of the bones would be seen incompletely united to the
diaphyses. The difformity of the metacarpal is due toa dif-
fused osteitis, probably complicated with osteomyelitis. The
animal is placed under treatment of phosphorated oil to the
thousandth, gentian and creosote, and receives besides 100
grammes of phosphate of lime. After some time improvement
becomes manifest, appetite is restored ; arsenious acid in doses
of one gramme is given for ten days. Finally the lameness
subsides and gradually the horse canresume work. He is then
put on the stand again, and measures only r metre 64 centime-
tres—a reduction in his size of 2 centimetres and one-half.
Why? Is it that the uniting cartilage between the epiphysis
and the diaphysis has retracted while ossification was going on ?
It is probable. However, the important fact to observe is that
the animal did grow at an age when growth is generally ended
and became smaller in two months while under phospho:
treatment.—( Rec. de Med. Vet., Aug. 15, 1904.)

RUPTURE OF THE HEART AFTER A FALL [M. Maleral|.
—While at work, this nine-year-old horse falls after jumping a
wide ditch. He gets up quite easily, and is taken back to the
stable. He has apparently nothing except a slight contused -
wound at the lower extremity of the sixth rib. He eats well
that morning; is dull in the afternoon, and eats poorly, yet fin-
ishes his meal. The next morning he is taken out for work,
but, contrary to his habit, he is dull and does not answer to the
spurs. After going one kilometre walking and five hundred
metres in trotting, he suddenly stops; he is spurred by the
rider, makes a few turns on himself and drops; in one minute
he is dead. At the post-mortem lesions of asphyxia are observed
all over. Internally the region of the heart is principally
affected ; the pericardium is filled with blood ; there is a rupture
of the left ventricle, four centimetres long andtwo wide. Situ-
ated at four centimetres above the apex of the heart and six
back of the left coronary groove, it runs from upwards downwards
and from forwards backwards. It involves the whole thickness
of the left ventricle. Sections made of the myocardium and ex-
amined with the microscope revealed no degeneration of any
kind. It was evident that at the time of the fall, the rupture of
the myocardium had been incomplete, and that under the influ-
ence of the work of the next day it had become complete and
followed by internal hemorrhage, with almost instantaneous
death.—( Rec. de Med. Vet., Aug. 15, 1904.)

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1061
SENSATIONS IN BovINEs [/. Ponsanx].—Emotional sensa-
tions are very rare in bovines, or at least they are observed
with difficulty. The author relates one quite interesting. A
young bull, pet of her owner, had a large abscess of the parotid,
which is fluctuating and must be punctured. The animal is to
be conducted toa blacksmith shop close by, but as he has al-
ways had much liberty, he rebels against the restraint and it is
only after much struggling that, being frightened, he is placed
in stocks and secured. A red hot cautery is brought to the
author, who pushes it in the neoplasm. At that moment the
bull makes a slight motion and reacts no more, while the whole
point enters the tumor. A second instrument is called for, and
as itis going to be used, it is noticed that the tongue of the
bull hangs out of his mouth, breathing has stopped, the open
eye is dull—the bull is dead.—(Prog. Vet., July, 1904.)
DouBLE RUPTURE OF THE GEMELLI OF THE TIBIA IN BOTH
Lecs [Prof Moussu|.—This unusual case was the object of a
clinical lecture by Prof. Moussu. It has occurred in an 18-
months-old heifer, some two months after falling in a ditch,
without any direct traumatism or violence. The condition of
the animal was peculiar. The injury being characterized by a
change in the attitude of the animal while in the standing posi-
tion and by an alteration in the movements. At rest in decubi-
tal position there is nothing abnormal to be noticed, but if the
animal is asked to rise, she does it perfectly well with her fore-
legs, but remains half up with the posterior quarter. The
standing is made with the posterior face of the hocks, the can-
non bones and the plantar face of the feet. In this condition
the animal seems free from pain and remains in it while eating.
She even makes attempts to move. In the side-way motions
she carries the leg in abduction. The articular angles of the
coxo-femoral and femoro-tibial are more in extension than nor-
mal and the femur and tibia are vertical. If the animal is asked
to walk, she does it with a great deal of difficulty and only as a
consequence of the extension of the superior angles. In other
words, the flexors, abductors and adductors of the leg and thigh
act; there is almost no action on the part of the extensors. On
examination by palpation of the legs, the tendo-Achilles of both
legs are found perfect ; there is no rupture, no elongation of the
tendon. But in feeling the popliteal region, this is found in-
creased in size, more on the right than on the left. There seems
to be no pain, even with great pressure. The tail has kept all
its physiological properties. The sensibility of the entire

1062 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

hind quarter is the same as normal. The diagnosis was made
of double rupture of the muscular bodies of the gemelli of the
tibia. The animal was of course destroyed. At the slaughter,
it was found that the two muscles were involved. At four or
five centimetres of their superior insertion there was, in their
thickness, a wide transversal laceration, filled with a clot of
blood partly organized. The inferior part of the muscles was
infiltrated, lardaceous and in condition of sclerotic degeneration.
—(Rec. de Med. Vet., Sept. 15, 1904).

CREOSOTE TRACHEAL INJECTIONS IN GANGRENOUS PNEU-
MONIA [A. Vasson and C. Vazeux|.—This mode of treatment
has not yet entered the domain of daily practice. Still, it de-
serves it. Employed by the authors on two occasions, it has
given excellent results. Called to see a horse which presented
all the classical symptoms of gangrenous pneumonia of the right
side, rather in an advanced stage. ‘Temperature about 4o°. A
drench had been given to the horse several days before and that
was the result. Ordinary treatment is provided, and, besides,
an injection of 20 centimetres is made slowly in the trachea.
The solution used was made of creosote I gramme, alcohol 40,
water 40. No cough followed the injection, which was repeated
for three days. On the second day the gangrenous smell has
subsided. The third day the animal is better, he eats and the
temperature is down to 30.9°. The treatment is stopped, but
after a few days alarming symptoms returnagain. ‘Three other
injections are made and are followed by a lasting improve-
ment and recovery. In another case of gangrenous pneumonia
by foreign body, where all treatment had been abandoned, six
injections of creosote brought a favorable termination of the
trouble.—(/Journ. de Zobtecth., July, 7904.)

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M.

AN ABSCESS IN A Bony Box [/. C. Paton |.—Under this ti-
tle, the author gives the history of a case of suppurating cyst
with bony walls which he was called to treat. Last January,
an eight-year-old horse was brought to him for a serous ab-
scess of the left hind leg. A free incision and washing with
ordinary cold water was the treatment and in a fortnight the
animal resumed his work, having, however, a swelling at the
seat of the abscess, not painful and not giving rise to lame-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1063

ness. The following July the horse was brought back, because
of the swelling having become larger and very hard. Blisters
were applied, “with no results. It was decided to puncture it
with the red iron; this was followed by the escape of high col-
ored serum. A seton was then introduced, but in so doing the
blade of the instrument struck a hard bony substance, which.
was supposed to be one like those sometimes found in that re-
gion. It was to be removed. A large incision was made over
it, but instead of a simple plate, a bony box was discovered
containing a quantity of green and fcetid pus. After careful
dissection the whole mass was removed without hemorrhage.

It measured eight inches by five. The wound was closed with
stitches and a drainage tube left in place fora few days. Abun-
dant suppuration was present for three or four days, but cica-

trization went on without trouble.—(Vet. Record, Aug. 7,
1904.)

AN OPEN. Jaw Joint [W. Hunting, F. R. C. V. S.|.—A
mare, turned out to grass, was found one morning with a wound
on each side of her head, just above the zygomatic arch. It was
only four days later that she received care. On the near side
the wound was healing, but that of the off side was suppurating
and at each motion of the jaws synovia escaped freely. This
wound received careful treatment, but it was not until after
some three weeks that the synovial discharge was stopped. Cica-
trization went on gradually and for a few days the mare
seemed to progress favorably. After a short time, however, it
was noticed that she did not feed as well, and, although food of
easy mastication was given, she lost condition. Then the mas-
seter of the diseased side began to waste away. This atrophy
kept on increasing, but still the jaws could open to their full ex-
tent. However, the mare kept on going from bad to worse and
finally was destroyed. At the post-mortem necrosis of both
tempo-maxillary joints was found, the cartilages being com-
pletely destroyed on the condyles of the lower maxillary bone.
The author concludes by saying that the case illustrates the
danger of neglecting wounds of that kind, as if neglected, there
is a possibility of its becoming purulent and that the cavity of the
joint may become affected with septic synovitis.—(Vet. Record,
Sept. 24, 1904.)

CASTRATION OF CryPTORCHID [Prof /. R. U. Dewar].—
After an address on the subject delivered before the Edinburgh
Veterinary Medical Association, the author presented the speci-
mens he had found in three cases he had operated upon. The

1064 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

first consisted of two testicles, both cystic and of different sizes.
One was a dermoid cyst, with the walls partly cartilaginous
and partly bony. It contained besides a large quantity of fluid,
debris of epithelium, hairs, etc. Its capacity was three and one-
quarter pints, its weight 21 ounces. Its congener weighed only
seven ounces. The second specimen consisted also of two
testicles. One of these was also cystic. It was very large and
had to be punctured to be removed. Its capacity was more
than four pints. Its weight 2234 ounces. During the punc-
ture and while the serosity was escaping, the animal struggled
violently and the instrument was pulled with the testicle in the
abdomen. It was secured, however, but not until a certain
quantity of the fluid had run into the abdomen. The other
testicle was smaller and sarcocelous instead of cystic. The third
specimen wasa cyst, much smaller than the others; its capacity
was 1% pints and its weight 914 ounces. All animals re-
covered.—( Vet. Record, Oct. 8, 1904.)

A PECULIAR ACCIDENT [G. M@.].—A lady was taking a
walk with her pet dog. He, while running to and fro, came to
pass through a hedge in which there was some barbed wire.
He was caught in the hedge, fought to get out, gave out some
sharp cries and finally got free with quite an abundant haemor-
thage flowing from the preputial opening. It was an arterial
hzemorrhage. In pressing the penis out, it was found that at
about two inches from the end there was a deep triangular
wound with the artery cut in two. The hemorrhage was
stopped with cauterization by nitrate of silver. As there was
no wound on the prepuce it was supposed that in his struggles
through the hedge, the dog stood on his hind legs, that by
pressure on the abdomen with the wire, the penis was squeezed
out of the prepuce and torn by one of the barbs of the wire.—
(Vet. Record, Oct. 8, 1904).

DEATHS BY ELECTRIC SHOCK [X. Lewts Green, M. R. C. V.
S.|..-This is the result of the post-mortem of three animals
killed by the current from the electric pole of a tramway, one
day when it was raining and in winter. The three horses were
harnessed to a wagon, one in the shafts and two in traces in
line ; they passed along the pole, and, according to the conduc-
tor, seemed to be drawn towards it. .The leader was killed in-
stantaneously. [The second dropped without a struggle; the
third, in the shaft, fell and died in a few seconds. The ground
was damp and loaded with fluid. The driver had a shock in
the neck and arm, the current passing along the traces. White

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1065

Mare, § years old.—She was in the shafts. On the right thigh
two lineal bruises, one on the leg, one on the abdomen and the
forearm. ‘These burns vary in size; they are superficial; on
the right shoulder there is one, through the thickness of the
skin and the muscular tissue underneath. Along the neck there
are several more or less severe. There is another which from
the right nostril passes about the lip and ends under the jaw;
it measures 15inchesin length. Behind the left shoulder there
are two slight burns. There is also a hole, made through the
skin, which corresponds to a link of the chain of the traces.
The left side of the neck hasa slight burn. The tongue and
gums are scorched and dark in color; evidently the bit has ac-
ted asconductor. The pectoral muscles are purplish and hem-
otrhagic. The fat of the abdomen under the burnt parts of the
skin is purplish. The spleen is firmer than usual, dark with
petechia on its surface. On section, it leaves off a semi-fluid
blood, tar-like. The liver is firm to the touch; dark blood
flows out when it is cut. On the base of each lobe and spread-
ing on the capsule only, there are several dark purplish points
of various sizes. The heart is flabby and contains an azZe-
mortem clot. ‘This animal did not die instantaneously; that
is certain. In the stomach and intestines the bloodvessels are
filled with dark blood, semi-fluid, tar-like. Several portions of
the small intestine are the seat of contractions, which correspond
to the portions of the abdomen which show burning outside.
Black Mare, 9 years old.—She was in the middle of the team.
The left side where the trace chain rested is burnt severely.
There are seven holes in the shoulder, which correspond to
seven links of the chain. The right side isalso seriously burnt.
There is a patch on the ribs, in the middle of which is seen a
deep wound, penetrating the intercostal muscles and scorching
the pleura and lungs. Twelve link marks, two on the arm and
ten on the hind leg, are noticed. ‘he last extend between the
stifle and the thigh. The stifle joint isopen. In the middle of
the neck, there isa burn passing round the trachea and running
up to the side. The spleen is firm, dark in color with petech-
ia. It gives on section a dark semi-fluid blood. The right
lung is emphysematous. The left has a patch near the base and
in the thick portion shows a decidedly burnt surface. Both
lungs are covered with petechiz and are gorged with blood
similar to the one already spoken of. Brown Gelding, 8 years
old.—The leader.—Although he received tne shock, his burns
are not as severe as would be expected. There are slight ones

1066 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

on the near side; one on the shoulder rather large, and one
much larger, triangular in shape, over the thigh. On the tibia
there is one which passes round the leg to reach the inner side
of the hock. ‘The abdomen has on that side also a burnt patch
six inches square. The intestinal bloodvessels have the ap-
pearance already described. The small intestines present also
contractions as in the first case. Liver firm. Lungs with pe-
techiz. Blood as already described. Heart flabby. No clot.
Spleen normal. General remarks.—The majority of the burns
were distinctly visible on the tissues situated under the skin and
in several cases could be traced in the muscular tissue. When
burnt, the skin could not be removed easily and underneath the
muscles were infiltrated with dark, semi-fluid blood. Cuta-
neous bloodvessels and jugulars were gorged with similar
blood. The pupils were dilated. In two animals the neck had
a marked curvature which could not be straightened. One
- animal was biting his tongue; his lower jaw was drawn to the
left. In the gelding the penis was pendulous. In all the anus
was dilated, the mucous membrane had a purplish tint. With
all there was frothy, highly crimson-colored bloody discharge
from the nostrils. —(/ournal of Comp. Path. and Therap., Sept.,
1904.

oe FEATURES OF A CASE OF RABIES IN THE HORSE
[C. A. A. Jolliffe, Lieut. A. V. D. |.—A well-bred horse of ten
years, which had always been in perfect health, had for two
days shown slight fever, anorexia and dysuria. His manners
have also something peculiar. When examined by the author
about 1 Pp. M. he was observed champing his jaws, grinding his
teeth, slightly salivating and having a rather wild anxious ex-
pression. That was very unusual for him because he has always
been a most quiet animal. He squealed and struck with one fore-
foot when first approached—yet when once near him he
was easily handled. His temperature was 102.4° F.; his mu-
cous membranes congested, pupils normal, breathing and pulse
somewhat increased. There were frequent efforts at micturation
and only one or two drops of urine were expelled. He walked
with a peculiar gait of thefore legs, viz., a rigidity and non-
flexion of the knees with hyperflexion and general exaggerated
action of the elbow and shoulders. After being taken to the
hospital, when approached he emitted a vocal sound, having
the faintest resemblance to the usual squeal of a stallion. Ra-
bies was then suspected, but no history could be obtained. His
bladder being found largely distended the animal had to be cast

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1067

with much care to introduce the catheter, and when he found
himself secured he commenced to fight and struggle furiously
and was in the most unusual state of excitement. The bladder
was emptied. Hethen received an hypodermic injection of mor-
phia and atropia and a full dose of chloral. Shortly after this,
it became apparent that he was snapping and endeavoring to
bite. There was also a strong tonic contraction of the urethra’
and neck of the bladder. The tongue then hung out of the
mouth, there was constant screaming and snapping of the jaws,
increased salivation. The pulse ran up to 95, the temperature
to 106.4° F. respiration 80 per minute. The whole muscular
system was in a state of almost clonic spasm,interrupted now and
then by extreme tonic contraction. The pupils were wildly
dilated. ‘The horse died at 5 p. M.—four hours from the appear-
ance-of the first symptoms.—(Ve¢. Record, Oct. 22, 1904.)

Honors fell to three veterinarians, at least, at the first regular
meeting of the Kentucky State Veterinary Medical Association
Dec. 27. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of the Department of Veteri-
nary Science of the Louisiana State University ; Dr. Wm. Her-
bert Lowe, Secretary and former President of the Veterinary
Medical Association of New Jersey, and Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, edi-
tor of the REVIEW, were elected honorary members of that new
yet strenuous addition to our rapidly growing list of State
organizations.

A Report from a reliable correspondent has reached the
REVIEW that our old friend, Dr. J. F. Winchester, of Lawrence,
Mass., full of honors if not of years, has at last capitulated and
made an unconditional surrender to Gen. Cupid, and is now en-
joying the blissful period of a Massachusetts honeymoon. We
trust that he will be permitted to retain his side arms, and be
as devoted an associationist as of yore, with the addition of
swelling the ranks of lady visitors by bringing with him the
fortunate daughter of Eve who has won this son of Adam.

Davip W. NEVINS, of New York City,a freshman at the
New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, was found wander-
ing aimlessly at Coney Island on January 13th. He could offer
no explanation of his whereabouts for several days before, dur-
ing which time a general alarm had been sent out by his father
on account of his disappearance. During December he had
been operated on for appendicitis, and was discharged from the
hospital at Ithaca on New Year’s Day. Since then he had
acted queerly.

1068 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

TRYPANO@S@GMTASDISHASES.
By PRoF. DR. ROBERT KOCH.
[Report of the ‘‘ Berlin Thterdrztliche Wochenschrift,’’ Nov. 3, 1904.
(Translated by VETERINARIAN OLOF SCHWARZKOPF, 3a Cavalry.) |

At the meeting of the Berlin Medical Association of Octo-
ber 26, 1904, Prof. Koch summarized his experiences and ob-
servations of the trypanosoma diseases in Africa as follows:

There has been lately isolated from general bacteriology a
new field of study, namely, that of the pathogenic protozoa.
Three important discoveries diverted our attention to this new
cause of diseases :

1. The discovery of Laveran of the cause of malaria, the
parasites of which are transmitted by mosquitoes.

2. The discovery of Smith of the protozo6n of Texas fever
which is transmitted by a tick (Jvodes bovis).

3. The discovery of the tsetse trypanosoma, which is trans-
mitted by biting flies.

These discoveries were followed by others, which showed
protozoa to be the cause of various diseases, of which may only
be mentioned the oriental boil, the sleeping-disease of negroes,
ELC.

The parasite.—The trypanosomide are morphologically
characterized by a flagellum. If we examine fresh blood of
infected animals, it is next to impossible to overlook them in
the blood specimen, because we notice that the red blood cor-
puscles are visibly shaken back and forth by their movements.
But the real form of the parasite can only be recognized in the
stained preparation. The best method of staining is that of
Romanowski. by which it is seen that the body of the trypano-
soma is fish-like, and that the anterior end of the body carries
a flagellum. ‘The body of the parasite is stained blue. Within
the anterior part of the body is seen a red-stained nucleus, and
on the posterior end a much smaller nucleus, the centrosoma.
From the centrosoma starts a red-stained thread winding along
the exterior border of the body and running into the flagellum.

The reproduction of the trypanosoma is accomplished by
longitudinal division. The centrosoma divides first, next the
nucleus, and finally a second flagellum develops. Sometimes

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1069

the newly produced young parasites do not separate themselves
but remain in connection and then rosettes are formed.

Posterior end.

Centrosoma.

Red thread from centrosoma to the flagellum.
Nucleus.

Anterior end.

Flagellum.

DIAGRAM OF TRYPANOSOMA, AFTER KOCH’S DRAWING ON A BLACKBOARD.

Trypanosomiasis.—The diseases produced by trypanosomidze
show mostly no acute symptoms, but extend over months and
years. Asa principal symptom is observed an uncertain fever
with longer intermissions. As a result of the destruction of the
red blood corpuscles aneemia develops, the affected animals or
men become weak and lose flesh, and cedemas appear on differ-
ent parts of the body. At times erythema is observed, as also
swelling of the lymphatic glands.

The ¢rypanosemiasts of rats is one of the most common. On
average, 30 per cent. of all rats show the parasites in the blood,
in some instances as high as go per cent. The trypanosoma of
rats is morphologically characterized by a sharp-pointed poste-
rior end of its body, and its centrosoma lies far backwards. As
regards the virulence of this parasite it is noteworthy that it
does not produce any signs of disease in the rats, in fact, it does
not seem to harm them in the least. This parasite is only trans-
missible torats, not evento mice. The transmission of the
parasite from infected to healthy rats is done by fleas, as proven
by Rabinovitsh and Kempner.

The tsetse disease became first known in the country
around the Zambesi. It was there already observed by Living-

1070 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

stone and quite well described by him. Later investigations, |
however, have shown that the disease extends over all Africa.
The tsetse parasite is distinguished from that of rats by a marked
rounding of its posterior end of the body. While the try-
panosoma of rats can only be transmitted to rats, the tsetse
parasite can be transmitted to all mammalia, particularly to
horses, mules, cattle, dogs, rats and mice. As regards the
virulence of the tsetse parasite it has been demonstrated that it
kills horses and mules, while cattle are less affected. ‘There ex-
ists a certain race indifference. About the susceptibility of
asses the investigators differ, but Koch could not infect them.
Very slightly susceptible are further sheep and goats, and en-
tirely insusceptible to this parasite is happily the human family.
The transmission of the tsetse parasite from diseased to healthy
animals is done by a biting fly (Glossina morsitans).

Surra is another trypanosomiasis. It is endemic in India,
and has lately been carried to Java, the island of Mauritius and
the Philippines. According to Koch’s investigations the ‘try-
panosoma of surra is identical with that of the tsetse parasite.
It affects principally horses, but in India elephants also. As
the glossina morsitans js not indigenous in India, other biting
flies are the transmittors of the parasite.

Still another trypanosomiasis is the horse-sickness known as
mal de caderas, prevalent in South America, particularly in
Argentina and Brazil. The parasite of this disease looks to
Koch exactly like those of the tsetse disease and surra, but
some investigators assert that the parasites of mal de caderas
distinguish themselves from the others by a peculiar, small
centrosoma. Koch has not been able to convince himself of
this fact. It is certain, however, that mal de caderas affects not
only horses, but all those animals that are affected by the tsetse
disease.

Another variety of trypanosoma is evidently that discov-
ered by Theiler; it is very large, is only found in cattle, and its
virulence is very small.

The ¢rypanosomiasts of man was first established by Costel-
lani in r1g901, who found trypanosome in the cerebro-spinal
fluid of a patient. Roos demonstrated later that these parasites
constitute the cause of the sleeping-disease. It ends always
fatally, and must be looked upon as the final course of trypan-
osoma infection. How long these parasites are able to vege-
tate within the human body without producing any particular
symptoms of sickness is demonstrated by the fact that negro

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1071

slaves have died from the sleeping-disease five years after they
had left Africa. The trypanosome of the sleepiug-disease do
not show any particular morphological deviation from those of
the tsetse disease or surra.

Classification.—Koch divides the trypanosomide into two
large groups. ‘There are three important distinctions of the’
parasite which lead up to such classification :

1. The morphological characteristics.

2. The virulence of the parasite.

3. The relation of the parasite to its host.

To the first group belong the trypanosoma of rats, and the
trypanosoma Theileri. They live only within one host, and
have already adapted themselves so completely to their host
that they do not strive within another. The virulence of the
parasites is constant and weak.

The second group, to which belong all other trypanosome
as yet known, show an entirely uncertain virulence. In their
morphology they are also changeable. ‘The parasites are not
limited to one host, but they are transmissible to dogs, rats,
horses, etc. Their morphological peculiarities change with
each species of animal to which they may be transmitted. Thus
the tsetse parasite, transferred to dogs or rats, appears as pecu-
liarly small with the centrosoma on the end of the body; but
reinoculated upon horses, they again assume their original char-
acteristic. Again, if they are transferred to hogs, the flagellum
becomes markedly short. The virulence is also greatly vacil-
lating.

Koch explains this on the following example: Sometime
ago the Berlin Zodlogical Garden received two Togo horses,
which were admired for their attractiveness. These little horses
had to pass on the march from their home to the coast through
a country which was known to bea tsetse district. Four months
after they were there infected in spite of precautions; they
showed symptoms of sickness, and Staff Veterinarian Dr. Mar-
tin found trypanosome in their blood. Sometime later the
parasites could not be found in the blood, a circumstance well
known to exist in trypanosomiasis, but in order to verify the
presence of virulent parasites, several c.c. of blood from each
horse were inoculaled into experimental animals. But while
all animals, mostly dogs, inoculated with the blood of the
Togo stallion, died, the river dogs so inoculated with the blood
of the Togo mare remained alive. The stallion died, whereas
the mare lived one year longer. She was then inoculated by

1072 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

Koch with trypanosomee of the stallion and she died within a
short time. It is thus shown that the stallion and the mare
were hosts of different varieties of trypanosomz, each greatly
varying in virulence.

Attenuation of Trypanosomide.—it has been proven feasi-
ble to artificially increase or decrease the virulence of trypano-
somide, similarly as has long since been practiced with bacteriz,
and this is accomplished by the passage through animals. Dogs
are infected with parasites of weak virulence which are again
and again transmitted to other dogs. By this continued pas-
sage the virulence of the parasite is greatly increased. But the
attenuation of trypanosome, as demonstrated by Koch, is at-
tained if parasites which are highly virulent for cattle are passed
through dogs and rats both, by which method their virulence is
greatly reduced. At the first glance such a discovery may ap-
pear as unimportant, but it constitutes the first ground on
which to build up a protective inoculation against try panosomi-
asis.

Koch followed up these investigations at Dar-el-Salem. He
infected healthy cattle with the attenuated trypanosomidz, and
reinfected them with highly virulent parasites. The result was
that all control animals died, and only the cattle previously treat-
ed with attenuated parasites survived. He then instructed his as-
sistant veterinarian, Dr. Schmidt, in Africa, to closely observe the
cattle for a longer period and toreinfect them from time to time
with highly virulent material. In spite of these repeated inocu-
lations the cattle remained perfectly healthy for six years after
the first infection.

In this proceeding, however, it is to be observed that not too
much attenuated trypanosome are used for the first inoculation.
Now, by this method we would already have had a protective
treatment if it would not have been found that the cattle so inoc-
ulated and apparently entirely well, do still contain parasites in
their blood. If we would apply this method on a larger scale,
we would not really suppress the disease, but rather concentrate
it. Herds would be established which do not show any signs
of the disease, yet in which the parasites are constantly present
and artificially preserved. ‘The resistance to the disease is,
therefore, only relative, because it is possible, at all times, to in-
fect dogs with the blood of the cattle so immunized. It is,
moreover, known that the so-called large game of Africa, the
buffaloes and antilopes, are the hosts of trypanosome without
externally showing any signs of the disease.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1073

We shall have to look, therefore, for the present, for another
method of suppressing trypanosomiasis. ‘This can only be di-
rected against :

(1) The destruction of the biting flies, and there is hardly
any prospect of success ; or (2) the destruction of the parasites,
which promises result. The destruction of parasites in animal
scourges is long known to veterinary science, and is effectively
accomplished by killing or slaughtering the infected animals.
That this proceeding is practicable in surra, has been demon-
strated by the history of the two surra outbreaks on Mauritius
and in Java. When surra appeared on the island of Mauritius
nearly all cattle died within two years. In Java the Dutch
veterinarians at once recognized the character of the disease, all
suspected animals were promptly slaughtered or isolated until
slaughtered, and by this proceeding it was possible to soon sup-
press the disease.

Such a radical suppression of trypanosomiasis in man is, of
course, excluded. A remedy like quinine in malaria, we do not,
unfortunately, possess for this disease, although nearly the whole
of the pharmacopceia has been experimented with. The only
remedy which has been recommended as at all promising is ar-
senic, and lately trypanred. Whether this will be more useful,
cannot be stated at present.

In the face of these facts it is high time that all those na-
tions possessing colonies which are economically endangered by
trypanosoma diseases, should unite in further and more exten-
sive research in order to evolve some exact method for the sup-
pression of these destructive diseases.

* ‘ *
tae RINDERPEST AND THE EFFECT OF KOCH'S
BILE INOCULATION.* .

(OBSERVATIONS DURING THE CHINA EXPEDITION IN 1900.)
By STAFF-SURGEON DR. HAEDICKE, GERMAN ARMY.

(From the“ Berlin Thierarztliche Wochenschrift,” Dec. 8, 1904.)

Although the rinderpest, this most dreaded of cattle diseases,
has threatened our Eastern frontier for many hundred years, it
is no longer considered a danger to our country on account of

* Several interesting articles have been published by German army veterinarians about
the outbreak of rinderpest in China in 1900. The above article from a surgeon gives an
instructive account of the prompt dealing of the German corps with this disease, much in
contrast with our own lack of action in the Philippines with the same disease.—(O. S. )

1074 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

the strict laws so well enforced to prevent its ingress. It is dif-
ferent in case of war, when the accumulation of masses of men
and animals tend to develop infectious and contagious diseases
of men and animals. This was our experience in the war with
France, and lately these experiences have been renewed in our
expedition against China in 1900. As in future wars the same
or similar dangers will be encountered, it is not superfluous to
chronicle our dealing with this animal plague in China.

It has long been known that the rinderpest is endemic in
Asia. On landing the corps of expedition in China, large pur-
chases of Chinese cattle were made for the maintenance of our
corps. Staff-surgeon Dr. Kohlstock was the first to recognize
the disease among cattle belonging to the French corps, and it
developed soon after among our own cattle. Comprehensive
measures for the suppression of the disease were at once ordered,
of which Koch’s protective inoculation naturally occupied a
prominent part. As there were only few army veterinarians
available for this duty, because we had only few mounted troops,
it became necessary to detail several assistant surgeons for the
supervision and treatment of the infected herds of cattle. This,
of course, was entirely new experience to us as surgeons, but
none the less interesting and important because our whole meat
supply seemed in imminent danger.

We started at once to isolate the older herds and quaran-
tined all newly arriving cattle. All visibly affected animals and
all suspects were singled out and slaughtered, while those that
had remained healthy were inoculated with bile. With this
proceeding it was possible to suppress the disease in Tientsin
and Tongku in a comparatively short time. Early in October,
however, it was reported from Shanghai that rinderpest had
broken out among the herds of cattle purchased there for us, and
Staff-veterinarian Scheid and myself were ordered to proceed
there to prevent the further shipment of diseased or infected
animals.

We learned in Shanghai from responsible sources that rinder-
pest was endemic in the interior back of the city, and that it had
destroyed at certain intervals nearly all cattle raised there. Into
the city itself the disease had crept about every 4-5 years, de-
stroying the milk-farms, etc. The municipal health officers
(English) stated that it was impracticable to prevent such, be-
cause the cattle were transported on dshunks on the many canals
leading into the city (about 200), which could not be controlled.
The Chinese themselves accept the evil of this disease as a dis-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1075

position of heaven, but get even with humanity by charging
enormous prices for the cattle. However, the danger of the
disease is well known to the milk-farmers around the city and
even to the stock-raisers in the interior, and visibly diseased
animals are mostly slaughtered or isolated. But this is generally
donetoo late. Above all, it seems that the Chinese have no con-
ception of the idea of ‘‘the transmission of a disease by con-
tact,” as their manner of handling together healthy and diseased
animals, the preservation of the manure of infected and diseased
animals, the preservation of their hides, the careless spreading
of food to all animals, their own careless clothing, etc., amply
demonstrates. Thus the suppression of the disease in China
seems, indeed, far off, and will constitute a lasting danger for
all nations dealing with them.

We found in Shanghai three separate herds of cattle, con-
sisting altogether of 364 head. The largest herd (A) was re-
duced by rinderpest from 400 to 258 head, the second herd (B)
from 118 to 56 head, and the third herd (C) of 50 head was re-
ported as still intact. Thus 204 head of cattle out of a total of
568 (36 per cent.) had died from the disease, and this within
three weeks. Some measures had been taken by the English
municipal veterinarians to control the disease, in providing airy
and rain-proof shelters of bamboo with grass roof; the sick ani-
mals had been isolated and the dead burned by a simple and
practical device, but a thorough disinfection of the infected ma-
nure had not been carried out, nor had the temperatures of the
cattle been taken to ascertain the infected animals before “ clin-
ical’ symptoms appeared. As a compliment to our sudden ap-
pearance and action the North China Daily News announced
forthwith that the Germans had imported the rinderpest into
Shanghai.

In taking charge of the herds we divided them for super-
vision and treatment, Staff-veterinarian S. taking the large herd
A, and myself the two smaller herds, B and C. I immediately
made comprehensive arrangements for proper stabling of the
animals, which had only been loosely tied, by providing for
each animal a separate stall of bamboo, so arranged that all ani-
mals could be easily observed. All were marked, by painting a
number on the croup, for record of temperature, and the care
and feeding was turned over to the sergeants and soldiers
brought with us, retaining the unreliable Chinese coolies only
for the removal of the manure, which was thoroughly disin-
fected right after defecation by chloride of lime and then car-

1076 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ried off to be burned. Asa sick-stall I arranged a nearby hut.
As entrance to the corral only one gate was permitted, on which
a sentinel was posted with orders to see that only authorized
persons entered, and that these on entering and departing prop-
erly disinfected their shoes in a vessel filled with chloride of
lime, in order to prevent a new infection or the carrying of in-
fection from us to outside parties.
( Zo be continued. )

* *
PROGRESS OF THE ARMY BILL.

The Bill ‘to promote the efficiency of the veterinary service
in the United States Army,” is now before the General Staff of
the Army. It has been well endorsed at the starting points
and favorably received at the War Department, and from all
that can be learned its modest features seem to commend it to
the military authorities. There are some army veterinarians
who have little hope for its unimpeded passage through the
General Staff, as we have no powerful Chief of Bureau to back
it up and see it carried through its various stages of routine
circulation. But there are other veterinarians who have full
faith in the justice and disinterested judgment of the officers of
the General Staff, because they are men chosen from among so
many for their broad knowledge and keen judgment of the
actual needs of our Army. With our Bill before sucha tribunal
we hardly need a powerful backing, because the reasons and
objects of the Bill were concisely and convincingly set forth in
an appendix which very plainly shows the causes of our back-
ward army veterinary service and of our dubious official posi-
tion. While we may have to practice patience in regard to the
further progress of the Bill, there is all reasonable hope that
its ultimate issue will be favorable as far as the General Staff
is concerned.

* if *
PERSONAL.

Dr. J. M. Lawrence, 5th Cavalry, who has had the misfor-
tune to injure his left leg by a fall with a horse, which resulted
in complications that necessitated a hip-joint amputation, writes
us in a private letter that he has now fully recovered and wears
a neat artificial limb that enables him to get around very well.
With little inconvenience he can ride well enough to go with
the troops on all practice marches, and he rode lately 48 miles
in one day. He humorously remarks that while he is anxious

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 10%%
to see the retirement clause of our Bill passed for the benefit of
our aged confréres in the Army, he feels now so well that he
will hardly avail himself of the benefit of the Bill, should it be
passed. Weare greatly pleased to hear of the doctor’s recovery,
and hope to have him long in our midst as one of our brightest
young army colleagues.

RENEW your subscription now to Vol. XXIX of the
REVIEW.

Not YET DISCOVERED.—Complaint is made that the horse-
shoers of England are behind those of continental Europe, and
that the perfect way of shoeing a horse is yet to be discovered,
although it seems that there are 115 ways of shoeing a horse as
practiced in the different armies in Europe. ‘The chief farrier
of the Fourteenth Dragoons of the French army, A. M. Grosset,
spent nearly the whole of his spare time in obtaining specimens
in order to constitute illustrations of these methods. When he
died a short time ago he presented the whole of his collection °
to the French minister of war.—(/-vchange.)

AVERAGE PRICE OF ‘Horses.—The average price of horses
sold at the public sales in New York in 1904 was $456, against
$392 and $364 in 1902 and 1903 respectively. The highest
average in a decade was recorded in 1901, when prices averaged
$543, and the preceding year public sales averaged $502. In
explanation of the high averages of 1900 and 1gor it should be
stated that The Abbot sold for $26,500, during the first named
year, and the rgor sale witnessed the dispersal of the stock from
the celebrated Bitter Root farm of Marcus Daly, and the Subur-
ban farm of W. E. Spier, the joint consignment of 260 horses
from these two establishments alone yielding an average of
$1,000.

SHOES WoRN By Docs IN ALASKAN SNows.—In Alaska
even dogs wear shoes—at least, part of the time. It is not on
account of the cold, for a shaggy Esquimau dog will live and
be frisky when a man would freeze to death. The dog does all
the work of dragging and carrying, which in this country falls
to the horses, and in trotting over the rough ice of the moun-
tain passes his feet soon become bruised and sore. Then his
driver makes him soft little moccasins of buckshin or reindeer
skin, and ties them on with stout thongs of leather. In this
way he will travel easily until his feet are thoroughly healed up ;
then he bites and tears his shoes with his sharp, wolf-like teeth,
and eats them up.

1078 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

ACCIDENTAL PUNCTURE OF THE URINARY BLADDER IN THE
BITCH DURING SPAYING.
IrHaca,.N. Y., Sept. 19, 1905.
Editors American Vetertanry Review:

DEAR SirS:—Two case reports have appeared in the REVIEW
in which the operators relate having penetrated the urinary
bladder of a bitch with a scalpel during spaying and both pa-
tients recovered without attention to the bladder wound. We
recall no other records of this accident, but if other operators
have met with it, with a less favorable outcome, it is very un-
fortunate that they, too, have not recorded their experiences,
since these cases alone might lead to erroneous inferences.

By these two reports one might infer that the accident is
liable to occur even in the hands of an experienced operator and
that 100 per cent. of bitches may recover without surgical atten-
tion from stab wounds in the urinary bladder.

Unless considerable danger can be demonstrated, and two
isolated cases can scarcely be held.to establish it, it would be
unfortunate to lead the inexperienced operator to think there is
serious risk of stabbing the bladder of the bitch in making an
abdominal incision, because few things tend more to cause a
timid operator to make errors than an ‘exaggerated view of the
dangers besetting him.

Neither do we believe it best to teach the inexperienced that
it is safe or advisable to leave a penetrant wound of the bladder
without attention unless it is first clearly determined that the
wound is so small that it will close spontaneously.

A study of the two reports reveals that the narrators failed
to state the size of the wound in either case, or even to state that
the wound itself was actually seen, felt or otherwise definitely
recognized, nor are any data submitted to show that the fluid
escaping was urine.

All that the narrators relate is quite possible. We habitu-
ally puncture the bladder with a trocar when occasion demands
and make quite as large a hole as might be done with a pointed
scalpel, such as each operator used, and have no thought of evil
results. Jacobi (Gurlt & Hertwig’s Magazin, Vol. XVIII, page
219) records two spontaneous recoveries from ruptured bladder
in the ox following obstruction of the urethra by urinary calcu-
li; and Huth (Ibid, Vol. XV, page 386) records a third recov-
ery of the same character. In these cases the recovery of the

CORRESPONDENCE. 1079

bladder was made possible by the removal of the stone from the
S-formed curvature of the urethra. We do not suppose, how-
ever, that the viscus had been torn asunder by a great rent, but
that the rupture was what we may term ‘ ethmoid ” in charac-
ter, in which the urine was forced out through the greatly
thickened bladder walls by small sieve-like openings. This is
a common form of rupture of the bladder of the ox.

In more than 30 years’ experience in spaying mares, cows,
sows, bitches and cats, we have not knowingly had the accident,
although in our operation we aim to complete the abdominal
incision with one sudden stab wound with a broad knifé, mak-
ing a cut at least 34 in. wide.

Neither have we seen the accident in the hands of others,
although our observations include several hundred operations
on bitches and cats by inexperienced students.

We have often seen a flow of fluid from the peritoneal cavity
as soon as the scalpel penetrated it, and only recently when the
writer was operating there was a gush of a pint or more of fluid
which very much resembled urine in appearance, heightened
by the presence of an odor of urine, which was not strange, as
the bitch was urinating copiously at the moment. A similar
experience befell the writer recently in spaying a mare, the in-.
cision being followed by a gush of some two quarts of fluid not
unlike urine in appearance and accompanied with urine from
the urethra which supplied any required uriniferous odor.
Puncture of the bladder was suspected in none of these cases
and all made uneventful recoveries.

Fluid flowing from an abdominal incision may vary greatly
in its origin and character. The bitch, as is well known, is
very prone to ascites, sometimes voluminousand grave, at others
limited, inconsequential and not discernible during life except
by abdominal incision; we have seen cystic kidneys, ureters,
ovaries and various tumors which might supply a varying quan-
tity of fluid which might strongly resemble, or actually be,
urine, without coming from the urinary bladder. Our expe-
rience and observation lead us to believe that, with ordinary
care, the danger of stabbing the bladder of the bitch in spaying
is very remote and that a gush of fluid from the abdominal in-
cision is far more suggestive of ascites than of a penetrant wound
of the bladder. If there is any question, it seems to us advis-
able to ascertain definitely the source of the fluid, and if a wound
of the bladder exists, the organ should be lifted out through
the incision and the bladder wound given such attention as the

1080 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

case demands. ‘The bladder is easily lifted out, or at least we
have had it forced out upon us during the operation.

The recommendation of one of the reporters, that bitches
about to be spayed should first be caused to urinate, would, if
carried out, render the accident impossible except by well-nigh
criminal carelessness. W. L. WILLIAMS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 41st Annual
Meeting at St. Louis, Mo , Aug. 16-19, 1904. Edited by Richard P, Lyman,
Chairman of the Publication Committee, Hartford, Conn. Published by the Associa-
tion.

As each succeeding year in the history of the A. V. M. A.
matks a distinct advance in its work and its worth, so too the
volume which records its transactions also improves from all
points of view. The Association has been peculiarly fortunate
in the selection of men to edit this publication, for it involves so
great an amount of hard work, and requires a degree of judg-
ment and special attainments which are not always available in
a scientific organization. Qualified men may be found, but it is
not always easy to secure one willing to devote the time and
labor required. Beginning with Hoskins, the task has fallen
upon W. L. Williams, M. H. Reynolds, and now Lyman has
proven himself a worthy successor of those efficient Chairmen of
the Publication Committee. The volume which reflects so
faithfully the proceedings of the great meeting at St. Louis con-
sists of 414 pages, and as regards arrangement, typography, pa-
per, illustrations and binding, it can be said to fairly excel any
of its predecessors, for year by year there has been constant im-
provements as experience has dictated through comparisons with
previous editions.

Every year new teference lists are added and made a perma-
nent feature of the book, until now the possession of a copy of
‘‘ Proceedings” will place its owner in command of most data
concerning the Association and its history that is requisite for
ordinary purposes.

The edition for 1904 contains the revised Constitution and
By-Laws adopted at St. Louis, the pith of all that transpired at
the convention, and every paper which was read, either by the
essayists or by title, together with the assigned and voluntary
discussion. And what a range of subjects are included! Surely
no work upon any department of veterinary medicine can have

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1081

a greater value to the average American veterinarian than this
faithful record of the transactions of that large representative
gathering of the profession of the Continent.

Book OF VETERINARY DOSES, THERAPEUTIC TERMS, AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING,
By Pierre A. Fish, D. Sc., D. V. M., Professor of Veterinary Physiology and Phar-
macology, New York State Veterinary College. Ithaca: Published by the Author, —
1905.

While Dr. Fish prepared this little manual of 159 pages
primarily as an adjunct to his laboratory and clinical work, he
has incidentally placed in the hands of his colleagues a small
volume which will be of indispensable value to practitioners
and students, for he has gathered in compact form a great mass
of material referring to veterinary medicines and their dispen-
sation which will make it a constant source of reference. Such
works have for many years found ready sale among those pre-
scribing for humans, and it was very sorely needed in our own
profession. Prof. Fish may well feel satisfied with the results
of his work, and those who take our advice will write for a copy
at once. Its price is one dollar, and it will return the invest-
ment with interest every other day.

DURLAND’S RIDING ACADEMY in New York City cannot ac-
commodate all the horses that it requires for its own uses, and
which patrons desire to board with it. Many have to find quar-
ters for their horses at nearby stables.

HosPITAL FOR WILD BEasts.—A hospital and infirmary
where the aching tooth of an elephant or tuberculosis of the
smallest monkey may be treated with the latest surgical and
medical equipment has recently been completed in the zoologi-
cal gardens in Philadelphia. The infirmary, which fills a long
felt want at the gardens, is constructed of hydraulic gray brick,
33 by 73 feet, with four large ventilating skylights. The in-
terior is lined with hollow terra cotta to prevent dampness. The
building consists of four large rooms, an operating room, dis-
pensary and two wards with corridor. The interior walls are
enameled white and the cement floors coated with a thick layer
of paraffin, making it impervious to any liquids. A large re-
frigerator has been installed in one section of the building. The
hot water system is used for heating throughout. The opera-
ting room is so arranged that any animal may readily be placed
in a position to be put under the influence of an anesthetic and
operated on without the difficulty and danger usually expe-
rienced in coming in proximity to the wild beasts.

1082 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
PHILADELPHIA, PA., Jan. 25, 1905.
To the Members of the American Veterinary Medical A ssoczation:

With invitations before it from various and widely separated
parts of our country the Executive Committee, to whom this
power is delegated by the constitution and by-laws, has decided,
upon the second ballot, that the 42d annual meeting shall be
held in Cleveland, Ohio. This decision is founded upon a cor-
dial solicitation from the Cleveland Veterinary Medical Assocti-
ation, issued on January 12th, supported by a similar action by
the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association at its annual
meeting, January 17th and 18th, the latter association naming
Put-in-Bay and Cleveland. That the decision to go to Cleve-
land is a wise one cannot be doubted when one considers the
strong backing by veterinarians which that city has. The ques-
tion of local arrangements, always a weighty one, comes ready
answered. Furthermore, Ohio has not had a meeting since
1884, a fact which also points to the wisdom of the selection.
The dates of the meeting will be August 15, 16, 17 and 18,
1905.

The report of the proceedings of the St. Louis meeting shows
what those who had attended had already observed, namely,
that it was by far the best meeting yet held. Thus a high
standard has been set for the 1905 meeting, one which will re-
quire a strong effort of the members to surpass, something we
must do if we would maintain our traditions. Elective officers,
committees, resident secretaries and members alike must put
their shoulders to the wheel. The late selection of the place of
meeting leaves rather scant time to prepare for it, hence the
work must be more earnest.

At the St. Louis meeting provision was made for a commit-
tee on programme which is constituted as follows: S. Stewart
Chairman; A. M. Farrington, J. G. Rutherford, Alexander Plum-
mer and S. Brenton. Those contemplating a contribution to
the programme will kindly communicate with the chairman or
soine member of the committee.

The report of the St. Louis meeting has been published and
sent out through the Adams Express Company from Hartford,
Connecticut. Each member’s copy was sent to the address

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1083

given in the list published in the report, such address being in
each case the latest authentic address furnished to the Secretary
by the members prior to the time of publication. If amember has
changed his address since last notifying the Secretary of change
and he has not yet received his copy of the report, he can get
trace of it by writing the express agent at his old address ; fail-_
ing in this, he should write the chairman of the Publication
Committee, Dr. R. P. Lyman, Hartford, Conn.
Respectfully, JOHN J. REpP, Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATON OF NEW
JERSEY.

The annual meeting was held at Stetter’s Assembly Hall,
842 Broad Street, Newark, N. J., January rath, 1905, with Pres-
ident William Herbert Lowe in the chair.

A motion was made and carried dispensing with the roll-call
and instructing the Secretary to record the names of members
in attendance, who were as follows: Drs. Baldwin, Berry,
Bridge, Budd, Butler, Churchill, Conover, Fredericks, Gall,
Height, Holdenby, Hopper ( A. G.), Hopper (J. B. ), Hurley,
Kaiser, King, Little, Loblein, Lockwood, Lowe ( William Her-
bert), Lowe ( J. Payne ), Lowe (W. H., Jr. ), Magill, Mat-
thews ( E. ), Mecray, Meiners, McBride, McDonough, Pope,
Read, Rogers, Smith ( T. E.), Stage, Treadwell, Tuttle, Van-
der Roest. Visitors present :. Dr.S. G. Hendren, Newark, N.
J.; Dr. A. A. Moody, New Egypt, N. J.; Dr. Otis H. Downs,
Englewood, N. J.; and Dr. W. Reid Blair, Veterinarian and
Resident Pathologist, New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New
York.

The minutes of the last regular meeting were read and ap-
proved.

PRESIDEN'’S ADDRESS.

President Lowe spoke extemporaneously, first alluding to
the fact that this was the 21st anniversary of the birth of the
Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and said that it
was very fitting and proper that this meeting should be held in
the city of Newark, for Newark was its birthplace. The soci-
ety was organized in Newark, February sth, 1884, and on April
15th, 1885, it became an incorporate body under the laws of
the State of New Jersey, the President being one of the incor-
porators. The President was in favor of celebrating the twenty-
first anniversary of our corporate existence next year in a

1084 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

manner commensurate with the profession’s advancement and
achievements. He briefly reviewed some of the more impor-
tant occurrences and achievements, including the registration act
of 1889, the origin and rivalry of two other State veterinary
societies, both of which surrendered their charters for the com-
mon good of the profession and amalgamate d with the Veteri-
nary Medical Association of New Jersey in the year 1900. This
was of paramount importance, in his judgment, to the welfare
of the best interests of the State from an agricultural and from
a public-health point of view, to the general public, and to the
veterinarian. A divided profession became a united profession
in the year 1900, since which time the Veterinary Medical As-
sociation of New Jersey has occupied an influential position and
has grown in strength and in public favor. By the voice and
unanimous vote of his fellow-members Dr. Lowe became the
first President elected by the consolidated association in January,
1901, which was the most distinguished honor that the profes-
sion of New Jersey ever had in their power to confer upon a
fellow-member. In January, 1903, when his term of office ex-
pired, the Association emphasized its continued confidence in
President Lowe’s ability and disposition to lead the profession
right by reélecting him to a second term and by a like vote.
The President referred to the great responsibility that had thus
been placed upon his shoulders and of his endeavors and labors
during his four years in the executive office and said that he
would feel a deep sense of relief when he relinquished the office
to his successor and was again permitted to take his place
among his colleagues on the floor. The Veterinary Medical
Association of New Jersey had the distinguished honor of wel-
coming and entertaining the American Veterinary Medical As-
sociation at Atlantic City in September, 1901. This was the
first time the American Veterinary Medical Association had
held a meeting within the confines of New Jersey, and it was said
to be the largest and most representative gathering of veterina-
rians that had ever assembled on this continent up to that date.

The most important achievement of his first administration
was the placing upon the statute books of New Jersey, Chapter
18, Laws of 1902, ‘An act to regulate the practice of veteri-
naty medicine, surgery and dentistry in the State of New Jer-
sey, to license veterinarians and to punish persons violating the
provisions thereof,” approved by the Governor March 17th,
1902. ‘The next was the organization of the State Board of
Veterinary Medical Examiners at the State House, Trenton,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1085

May 5th, 1902. The work of this board consisted in examining
veterinarians for license to practice veterinary medicine, sur-
gery and dentistry in the State of New Jersey; in licensing vet-
erinarians who passed said board; in enforcing the law and in
prosecuting violators of the act. A movement was inaugura-
ted to organize county societies in affiliation with the Veteri- -
nary Medical Association of New Jersey by organizing the
Passaic County Veterinary Medical Association at Paterson,
July 7th, 1902. It was recommended to the profession in other
counties where the veterinary population would warrant it, such
asin Essex and Hudson, to organize county societies, and in
counties where there were not enough practitioners to form a
local society to apply to the State association to have county
secretaries appointed.

The President’s office had been a bureau of information dur-
ing the past four years. The correspondence of the office was
sufficient to keep one person busy all the time, much of it of a
semi-official character, which should really come under and be
taken care of by a departinent of the State government.

The President recommended a two days’ session ; the pub-
lication of the proceedings of the Association in book form, so
that every member and others interested, kindred associations,
public libraries, boards of health, boards of agriculture, etc.,
could be furnished with copies to place upon their library
shelves.

He would like to see some member who has literary ability
undertake to write a series of popular articles for one of the cur-
rent magazines on veterinary topics conveying to the public
mind the broad, fascinating and ever-widening field of the vet-
erinary scientist and the scope of the profession in dealing with
agricultural problems as well as the safeguarding of the public
health.

The President took occasion to einphasize the fact that abil-
ity with energy and high purpose were essential to real success
with the veterinarian ; that ethical conduct was desirable, but
of secondary importance to these qualities.

Undoubtedly the most important proposition before the vet-
erinary profession of New Jersey at the present time and far-
reaching in its effects, is the merging or amalgamation of the
allied branches of the animal industry of the State into one de-
partment of the State government under veterinary direction.
There is a growing sentiment and even demand coming from
various quarters for such a State institution. There are at

1086 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

least three parties concerned in such a service, viz.: the pro-
ducer, the consumer and the veterinarian. Nothing in the way
of legislation should be attempted until those concerned were
made acquainted with the needs of and the benefits to be de-
rived from such legislation. If a measure is a right one and is
fully understood by those whom it will benefit, the only opposi-
tion that it is likely to meet with is that coming from those with
selfish ends to serve. Veterinary sanitary measures introduced
into the legislature must be forthe benefit of animal industry
and to safeguard the public health of the human population, and
not for individual advancement or benefit. It is not enough to
have a State bureau of animal health under competent veteri-
nary direction for dealing with contagious animal diseases, the
supervision of the milk, meat and other animal food products,
for the protection of animal and human health, important and
valuable as this would be. The true veterinarian wants to see
a bureau or department established with ample scope to deal
with all animal problems, such as breeding, vegetable and animal
physiology, maintenance and utilization of animals, animal hus-
bandry, inspection of all animal food products and the develop-
ment of the animal industry of the State to the highest possible
state of perfection. In fact, such a bureau or department should
work more along the line of the prevention of animal diseases and
their communication to mankind by applying the best scientific
and practical knowledge of the age to breeding, raising, main-
taining animals under conditions exempt from disease, rather
than by taking steps to eradicate or restrict diseases, many of
which would not have occurred at all had well-known scientific
knowledge been available and applied at the proper time and in
the proper way. ‘The future of human as well as animal medi-
cine will be more and more along the lines of preventive medi-
cine. In veterinary science measures can be adopted and car-
ried out for the prevention of disease that would be impracticable
if not impossible in the human family. It is therefore all the
more deplorable that advantage is not generally taken of this fact.
The scientific veterinarian is the logical animal expert and
should be able to advise his clients on all essential points con-
nected with animal problems. By having everything connected
with animal husbandry and animal industry in one department
and under one head duplication and complications would be
avoided, responsibility readily determined and the scope of the
work enlarged as the demand and necessity require it. There
is no longer any question about it, in the minds of those best

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1087

able to determine it, that efficiency and economy demand such
a service and its realization is largely a matter of education, for
legislation is soon enacted when there is a public demand for it.
One of the most important things connected with such a bureau
or department would be a properly equipped laboratory where
farmers, breeders and owners of animals, veterinarians and
others concerned could apply and obtain such scientific data as
is essential for them in so many ways and would place agricul-
ture in our State upon a truly scientific basis. Biology, chem-
istry and bacteriology are the very foundation upon which mod-
ern veterinary sanitary science must develop her superstructure.
The qualified veterinarian is by profession the expert in all mat-
ters pertaining to animal life and should be the executive head
of such a bureau or department of the State government, in the
same sense as a physician is usually selected to be the executive
officer of a board of health. The Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion of New Jersey has a great work and responsibility before it
in enlightening public opinion as to the scope of the veterinary
field and the benefits to be derived from the establishment and
maintenance of a bureau or department devoted exclusively to
our animaland dairy industry under veterinary direction. When
this is accomplished, but not before, will the necessary legisla-
tion be enacted.

In concluding his address, President Lowe expressed his ap-
preciation of the earnest support and the courteons treatment
that had been accorded to him by his colleagues during his two
administrations and requested the same kind of support and
courteous treatment for his successor in office, who would soon
be called to assume the duties and responsibilities of the presi-
dential chair.

NEW MEMBERS PROPOSED.

Dr. J. William Fink, Newark, N. J., Inspector of United
States Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C.; Dr.
Harry K. Berry, Paterson, N. J.; Dr. Albert F. Mount, Jersey
City, N. J.; Dr. A. S. Leatherman, Clinton, N. J. These appli-
cations were duly referred to the Executive Committee, who re-
ported favorably on all four applicants, and they were elected to
membership.

e COMMITTEES REPORTING.

Executive, by Dr. Budd, chairman; Public Health, by Dr.
Tuttle, chairman ; Legislation, by President Lowe, chairman ;
Finance, by Dr. Conover ; Press, by Dr. Budd, chairman; Con-
ference, by President Lowe, chairman (committee discharged at

1088 . SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the request of the chairman, having completed its labors) ; Horse
Show, by Drs. Budd and Vander Roest (Drs. Tuttle, Loblein,
and McDonough also spoke on the subject); Local Arrange-
ments, by Dr. Baldwin, chairman; Delegates to the State Board
of Agriculture, by Dr. Pope; Delegates to the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association meeting at St. Louis, by President
Lowe; Delegates to the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical
Association, by Dr. Magill; Delegates to the New York State
Veterinary Medical Society by Drs. Little and Hopper (Drs.
Pope, Baldwin, and Rogers also spoke on this subject).
SECRETARY’S REPORT.

Secretary Pope presented his annual report in writing, con-
taining a number of excellent suggestions, which was accepted
as read. ‘The report is as follows :

“ Mr. President and Fellow-members: A member cannot
act for a term of years as Secretary of such an association as this
without learning something; something of association work ;
something of his profession; something of his fellow-members.

‘He cannot fail to observe progress in association interests,
and on the other hand note deficiencies and defects.

‘“‘Tf an officer notes conditions which are made manifest to
him by virtue of his office, and in his opinion such conditions
can be changed for the best interests of the organization, is it
not his duty to frankly speak of them? And if he does frankly
and in the right spirit bring such conditions to the attention of
his fellow-members, is it not safe to say that his suggestions
will be received in as kindly a manner as they are offered ?

‘“As we are now organized, very much of the life of the
Association depends upon the Secretary; he is empowered to
answer correspondence, which in many cases may commit the
organization ; outsiders dealing with the Association largely re-
ceive their impressions of the organization through his office.
The Secretary through correspondence is probably brought into
closer touch with his fellow-members than any other officer of
the organization, and he of all officers must be faithful and at-
tentive to every detail. The Secretary of all officers must con-
sider himself the servant of the Association. The President is
the general; the Secretary is the aide-de-camp and it is essen-
tial that the aide be in harmony with his superior officer and
men in the ranks, or the camp life and field service will not be
what they should be.

“While I am willing to admit that a Secretary should be
somewhat experienced in the details of his duties, I am con-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1089

vinced that he should bring to his office originality, and we all
know that the resources at the command of any one man are
practically limited. Therefore it is my conviction that no one
man should occupy the office of Secretary for a great length of
time. True, not every member of this Association is adapted to
the work, but we have a large number of faithful men who are
so adapted and by transferring the office from one to another,
new ideas, new blood, new life will be injected into the organi-
zation.

‘Just a few words regarding our programmes; we are weak
scientifically. Our programmes are deficient from a literary
point of view, and our clinics are not what they Should be.
This is not my own criticism ; it is based upon criticisms which
have come to me from outside our membership. My conten-
tion is not to do away with the discussion of practical questions
and the reports of cases of interest, but to add more matter of a
scientific character to occupy much time now devoted to routine
affairs and also to elevate our clinics to a point above the criti-
cism which has in some cases attended them. The most trying
duty of your Secretary is to arrange a programme fora meeting.
Frequently at the very last minute plans are upset; members
as a rule are loath to prepare a paper, and it becomes necessary
to go outside the organization for material or talent, and it is
not always an easy matter to secure contributors from outside
of the State or beyond the Association membership. I frequent-
ly receive from other State associations interesting programmes
of meetings, and it is quite noticeable that the participants as a
rule are members of the respective organizations. This is as it
should be. We have a large membership and with no member
who is not capable of producing an essay or a practical report
of interest and profit. Let each member do his part. Possibly
it would be well to make the presentation of an essay a require-
ment for membership. Possibly it would be well to add to our
committees one on programmes to act in conjunction with the
President and Secretary. These are suggestions. Take them
for what they are worth.

‘We have excellent reports from our committees and dele-
gates. Such reports are not at all times in writing. It would
be an advantage to have such reports invariably presented in
writing, thus enabling the Secretary to place them upon the
records or incorporate them in the published accounts of the
meetings.

“We have a good publication committee; why not give

1090 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

them something to do? Would it not be a good plan to have
printed one hundred copies of our minutes or possibly a full re-
port of each meeting and distribute the same to our members?
Added to this might bea list of members with residences ; some-
thing which every member should be glad to have.

‘‘ Now as to our membership: We have about reached the
one hundred-mark. I believe the time has come when this
Association should not consider it an honor to receive a man to
membership, but that we have reached the stage when any prac-
titioner in the State of New Jersey should consider it an honor
to be accepted as a member. I donot mean that we should not
have application blanks handy and present to outside members
of the profession the advantages of our organization. What I
do mean is that we should consider this Association greater than
any individual member of the profession, and let those coming
into our ranks see that while they are welcomed and needed by
the Association they themselves are the more honored and bene-
fited by joining us. .

‘‘ As I am about to retire from the office of Secretary I wish”
to express at this time my appreciation of my fellow-members.
After four years’ service I leave the chair of Secretary with
broader views; with a deeper conviction of the nobility of our
profession ; with a deeper conviction of the mission of this or-
ganization and with a high regard for my fellow-members. My
relations with all have been most pleasant; my duties have been
lightened because you have all so cheerfully helped me, and to
all I extend sincere regards and thanks.

“ Respectfully submitted,
“GEORGE W. Pops, Secretary.”

Treasurer Mecray presented his annual report, showing a
balance on hand January Ist of $156.57. The report was received
and referred to the Finance Committee.

At 1.30 o’clock the Associatiou adjourned for luncheon, and
reconvened at 2.30 o’clock.

On motion, the recommendations contained in President
Lowe’s address were referred to the Committee on Legislation
with power.

Dr. John B. Hopper offered an amendment changing Article
5 of the Constitution so as to make the semi-annual meeting a
two days’ session. ‘The amendment was referred to the Execu-
tive Committee.

Two veterinarians were reported for practicing without a
license from the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1091

as required by law. A motion was made and carried authoriz-
ing the President to appoint a prosecuting committee of three
members and referring both cases to said committee for investi-
gation and prosecution if the facts should warrant such pro-
cedure. ;

The Secretary read a letter from Dr. Laddey, requesting
that he be suspended from membership for such time as he
might be absent in the Philippines, with the privilege of being
allowed to resume active membership on his return. It was
moved and carried that the Secretary be instructed to.commu-
nicate with Dr. Laddey and state to him that his request can-
not be constitutionally granted.

Upon motion of President Mecray, it was ordered that the
Treasurer give security to the Association by a bond for $500;
that such bond be obtained from a surety company and paid for
by the Association.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The election for officers resulted as follows :

President—Dr. T. Earle Budd, Orange.

First Vice-President—Dr. H. Vander Roest, Newark.
Second Vice-President— Dr. Charles T. Magill, Haddonfield.
Treasnrer—Dr. J. M. Mecray, Maple Shade.

Secretary—Dr. William Herbert Lowe, Paterson.

READING OF PAPERS.

Dr. W. Reid Blair, Veterinarian and Resident Pathologist,
New York Zoological Park, Bronx, N. Y., was introduced by
President Lowe and read an interesting paper on ‘‘ Fillaria Im-
mitis,’”’ * and exhibited specimens. Dr. Blair was listened to
with interest, and given a vote of thanks for his valuable con-
tribution to veterinary science.

Dr. James M. Mecray presented an excellent paper on the
“ Production of Milk,’’* which was discussed by several mem-
bers from different standpoints.

Dr. V. B. Height: presented photographs of several mange
cases.

Dr. J. William Fink, who had charge of the exhibit of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry at the World’s Fair,
St. Louis, was on the programme to present a paper on the
newest and most ‘practical things to the veterinarian from an
educational and practical point of view brought out by the

* Will be published in an early number of the REVIEW.

1092 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

various exhibits of the great Exposition, was unavoidably ab-
sent.
INSTALLATION OF OFFICERS.

The retiring President appointed a committee to escort the
President-elect, Dr. T. Earle Budd, to the chair, whom he wel-
comed in a most cordial manner. President Budd addressed the
Association in a few well-chosen words, referring touchingly to
the labors and achievemenis of his predecessor.

President Budd then appointed a committee to escort the
Secretary-elect to the Secretary’s chair. Dr. Lowe said that he
appreciated the continued confidence his fellow-members enter-
tained of his ability and disposition to serve the best interests
of the profession. In justice to himself he ought not to accept,
yet inasmuch as his colleagues thought he could serve the Asso-
ciation to advantage at the present time, through the office of
Secretary, he would accept.

PLACE OF SEMI-ANNUAL MEETING.

It was the sense of the Association that the semi-annual
meeting, July 13th, 1905, should be held in South Jersey, and
that the ladies by invited. Upon vote, Washington Park, on
the Delaware river, was chosen as the place. It was also voted
that a two days’ session be held July 13th and 14th, and that
provision be made, not only for the literary part of the pro-
gramme, but for a good clinic and for recreation, such as a
moonlight excursion down the Delaware river to the Bay.

APPOINTMENTS.

President Budd made the following appointments:

Executive Committee—Dr. FE. 1, Loblein, Chairman, New
Brunswick ; Hopper, George, Hurley, Treadwell.

Public Health Committee—Dx. \,. E. Tuttle, Chairman, Ber-
nardsville ; Ripley, Mecray, Baldwin, Conover.

Animal Industry Committee—Dr. George W. Pope, Chair-
man, Athenia; Meiners, Matthews, McDonough, Height.

Legislation Committee—Dr. William Herbert Lowe, Chair-
man, Paterson; Rogers, Smith, Gray, Budd.

Finance Committee—Dr. J. Payne Lowe, Chairman, Passaic ;
Ferguson, Runge.

Publication Commiuttee—'The Secretary, Lockwood and
King.

Press Committee—Dr. 'T. Earle Budd, Chairman, Orange ;
Harker and Magill.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1093

Prosecution Commuttee—Dr. T. E. Smith, Chairman, Jersey
City ; Vander Roest and Berry.

Local Committee of Arrangements—Washington Park Meet-
ing, Dr. T. B. Rogers, Chairman, Woodbury ; Mecray and Ma-
gill.

Members of the State Board of Agriculture—Dt. George W..
Pope, Athenia, and Dr. George F. Harker, Trenton.

DELEGATES.

New Jersey Sanitary Association, Lakewood, Dec., 1905—
Lowe (William Herbert), Rogers and Lowe, Jr.

American Veterinary Medical Association, Forty-Second An-
nual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, August 18-21, 1905—Lowe
(William Herbert), Smith, Glennon, Hopper, and Loblein.

New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, Sept.,
1905—Hopper, Mount, Halliday, Zucker and Buckley.

Veterinary Medical Association of New York County ( first
Wednesday evening in each month at 141 West 54th St., New
York City)—Kaiser, Leis, English, Lindslay and Dixon.

Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association— Lowe
( William Herbert ), George, Horner, Hurley and Magill.

Keystone Veterinary Medical Association—Dilks, Sellers,
Mecray, Jones, Christie.

National Horse Show—Smith, Dickson, Vleit, Read, Lowe
(J. Payne).

Orange Horse Show—Buckley, Bridge, Berry, Glennon,
Fredericks.

Atlantic City Horse Show—Mecray, Magill, Rogers, Jones,
Fink ( William F. )

Long Branch Horse Show—Vander Roest, Loblein, King,
Gall, Churchill.

Morristown Horse Show—Mosedale, Dustan, Hopper.

Bernardsville Horse Show—Tuttle, Glennon.

Westfield Horse Show—Butler, Lockwood

ESSAVISTS—WASHINGTON PARK MEETING.

Dr. John B. Hopper, ‘‘ Meat Inspection. ”

Dr. Whitfield Gray, ‘“‘’The Value of Post-Mortems. ”

Dr. William Herbert Lowe, ‘‘ Fungi Poisoning. ”

Dr. T. B. Rogers, ‘‘ The Best Methods for the Improvement
of Veterinary Education. ”

Dr. J. William Fink, “The Newest and Most Practical
Things to the Veterinarian from an Educational and Practical
Point of View, as brought out by the Various Exhibits of the
World’s Fair at St. Louis. ”

1094 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

It was decided to invite the Medical Society of New Jersey,
the New Jersey Sanitary Association, various district medical
societies, agricultural, live stock, dairy and kindred organiza-
tions of the State to send delegates to the meetings of the Vet-
erinary Medical Association of New Jersey.

Upon motion meeting adjourned

WM. HERBERT LOWE, Secretary.

ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The annual meeting was held in the Veterinary College,
Toronto, on Friday, Dec. 23, 1904.

The President, Dr. W. Lawson, V. S., opened the meeting
with an excellent address. He congratulated the members on
the large attendance, proving that the Association is a popular
organization, and that the veterinarians of this Province are
alive to the welfare of their profession. He said that by meet-
ing together we have the advantage of an exchange of ideas, and
the formation of courses of action, tending to obtain better leg-
islative measures than those now existing. We are also at these
meetings drawn closer together individually, and become bet-
ter known to each other, and better able to set aside any selfish
interests, and push forward the common cause we have in view.
We meet also with many old friends, and it is in one sense an
‘old boys reunion.”’ For here the graduates of different years
meet and repeat or listen to stories of old college days. In
closing his address he said he hoped that each and every mem-
ber present would feel it not only his privilege, but his duty to
enter freely into the discussions that may arise, and give
their views on the questions that may be brought before the
meeting, so that we may have the opinions and ideas of all
present.

The following new members were duly proposed and ac-
cepted: Drs. A. C. Ramsay, Exeter; W. Nicholls, Kingston ;
J. Fyle, Brantford; A. D. McLachlin, Belmont; P. T. Bowlby,
Tweed; W. A. Gill, Dorchester ; J. A. Johnson, Trafalgar; L.
Bailey, Orillia; B. R. Poole, Peterboro; D. McKercher, Peter-
boro; J. A. McDonald, Embro.

The Secretary reported a very large amount of correspond-
ence, especially in relation to the Veterinary Organization, and
inquiries relating thereto. Letters from the Royal Institute of
Public Health, received since the last meeting of this Associa-
tion, inviting delegates to attend its Congress held at Folke-
stone, England, last July. ‘These had all been promptly attend-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1095

ed to. Also he had written to the Hon. John Dryden, Prov.
Minister of Agriculture, and to his Worship Mayor Urquhart
of Toronto, requesting the honor of their presence and addresses
from them at this present meeting. Each sent a courteous re-
ply, and promised to attend and address the meeting, other en-
gagements permitting.

The Secretary-Treasurer reported the finances in a favorable
condition, there being a balance on hand now of $44.21.

The Secretary-Registrar reported four registrations since the
last annual meeting, viz.:—Drs. A. Brown, V.S., Sarnia; F. C.
Jones, Fenwick ; Newton Cossilt, Grimsby; R. Colgan, St.
Catherines.

Dr. Rutherford, Chiet Veterinary Inspector for the Domin-
ion of Canada, reported some very gratifying results from the
local organization committees. But he could not say that the
results were generally so satisfactory as he had hoped. As
treasurer of that fund he now had in his hands $456.60. He
made an urgent appeal to all practitioners who had not con-
tributed to that fund to do so. He said that in order to push
forward for improved legislation we must have at least $1,000
available. He reported that the Manitoba Veterinary Medical
Association had offered to contribute $100 to assist our organ-
ization. But that he could hardly think it consistent with the
proper position and standing of our profession in this Province
for us to avail ourselves of their very generous offer. He fur-
ther said that he did not approve of political matters being
brought forward at our meetings, but as we were now on the
eve of an election, would not the present time be suitable for
pushing onward for improved legislation ?

And the meeting adjourned for lunch, which was generously
provided by Prof. Andrew Smith.

On reassembing the President, Dr. Lawson, called on the
members to suggest something as to the course to be pursued
in connection with the proposed legislation, and discussions en-
sued, in which Col. Lloyd, Drs. O’Neil, Tennent, Orr, Steele,
George, Robson, Bowlby, Elliott, Fyle and others took part,
and it was ultimately moved by Dr. Bowlby, seconded by Dr.
O’Neil and carried, ‘‘ That the members of this Association who
are present and who reside in the various counties will pledge
themselves to interview the various aspirants for political
honors in their respective counties, and endeavor to get them to
promise to favor the legislative measures required by us asa
profession.”

1096 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The following gentlemen responded to the motion :—Dr.
Bowlby, of Hastings; Dr. Jupp, of Lambton ; Dr. Orr, of Perth; -
Dr. Fyle, of Brant ; Dr. L. A. Wilson, of New York; Dr. Brand,
of Oxford; Dr. Nicholls, of Fontenac; Dr. John Wilson, of
Huron; Dr. O'Neil, of Middlesex, and Dr. Short, of Erie. Dr.
Read, of Guelph, said that in consequence of his engagements
at the Guelph Agricultural College, Dr. Davidson, of Guelph,
would act for him.

An animated discussion now took place, in which a number
of members participated, and a motion was brought forward
“That the question as to whether legislative measures be press-
ed at the first coming session or left for the following session,
be left in the hands of the Organization Committee.”

An amendment to that motion was brought forward and
carried in due course ‘‘That the legislative measures be
pushed at the first coming session of the Provincial Legisla-
sare.”

Dr. Rutherford, Chief Veterinary Inspector, gave an inter-
esting address, recounting the changes that had taken place in
his department since he had held that office. He mentioned
the examinations that had been held by his predecessor, and
that these examinations had not been abided by; that some 250
so-called inspectors had been appointed from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. ‘These appointees were not really inspectors. They
were not under the control of his department. He also men-
tioned the changes in the mode of dealing with tuberculosis,
actinomycosis, black-quarter and anthrax, differing in the manner
of dealing with these diseases. In tuberculosis, the animals, if
they succumbed to the tuberculin test are ‘‘ear marked,” and
instructions given to the owners. In actinomycosis the animals
are not necessarily ruthlessly condemned and the farms quaran-
tined. In black-quarter vaccination is recommended, and the
department will supply vaccine. In anthrax it is dealt with by
a Government Inspector. It is thoroughly stamped out and
thorough disinfection of everything.

Dr. Barnes gave.a short address, showing deep thought, on
the actual cause of parturient toxicosis (parturient apoplexy).
He asked why does it not occur ata first calving? An inter-
esting discussion ensued, in which Drs. Reed, Mole, and others
participated.

The sum of $25 was appropriated for a medal to be compe-
ted for by the students of the Ontario Veterinary College at the
approaching spring examinations.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1097

Dr. W. Lawson and Col. T. H. Lloyd were added to the Vet-
erinary Organization Committee.

After a short discussion it was ultimately resolved that a
meeting of the Association be held in the City of London, Ont.,
in July next, and that the resident veterinary executive be a
committee to arrange that meeting.

Dr. Tennent moved a hearty vote of thanks be tendered to
Prof. Andrew Smith for his kindness and hospitality to the
members at the meeting.

The officers for the ensuing year are :—

President—J. N. George, Ingersol.

First Vice-President—L. A. Wilson, Aurora.

Second Vice-President—J. W. Orr, Stratford.

Secretary-Treasurer—C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto.

Assistant Secretary—R. Barnes, London.

Auditors—C. Elliott and J. H. Reed.

Directors—Messtrs. Gill, Stewart, Bowlby, R. H. Milne, M.
Crawforth, Duncombe, Fowler, and J. D. McDonald.
Delegates to Industrial Fair—Prof. A. Smith and Col. Lloyd.

Delegates to Western Fair, London—Drs. J. D. O’Neil and
Fitzgerald.

The President-elect, Dr. J. N. George, closed the meeting.

C. H. SWEETAPPLE, Secretary.

NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The third annual meeting was held in Hotel Metropole,
Fargo, January roth, 1905. President Smith being absent
Vice-President J. W. Robinson took the chair, and called the
meeting to order at 10.30 A. M. Members present: J. N. Shep-
pard, Fargo; E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks; J. W. Robinson,
Coal Harbor; B. C. Taylor, Hillsboro; L. Van Es, Fargo; D.
Fisher, Grandin; J. W. Dunham, Fargo. Minutes of last meet-
ing were read and approved.

Applications for membership in the Association were re-
ceived from Dr. R. G. Tracy, Bismarck; Dr. O. F. Anderson,
Christine; Dr. J. A. H. Winsloe, Cooperstown ; Dr. J. P. Chis-
holm, Lisbon; Dr. A. A. Walker, Casselton ; Dr. F. H. Farmer,
Wahpeton; Dr. S. E. Cosford, Jamestown ; Dr. G. D. Fisher,
Lidgewood; Dr. G. D. NcNaughton, Webster, and Dr. J.
O’Connor, Hunter. The above candidates were reported on fa-
vorably and admitted to the Association as members.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

1098 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

President—Dr. R. H. Treacy, Bismarck.
Vice-President—Dr. J. W. Robinson, Coal Harbor.
Secretary—Dr. E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks.
Treasurer—Dr. B. C. Taylor, Hillsboro. .

It was moved and seconded that the rules be suspended, new
business postponed until afternoon session and papers be read.

The first paper, ‘‘ Antiseptic Wound Treatment as applied to
Wounds of the Foot,” * was read by Dr. Van Es, who favored
the Association by submitting a cut of the syringe and nozzle
adopted by him in his practice for such purposes. Discussed by °
all present. .

Meeting then adjourned until 2 Pp. M., when the next paper
was read by Dr. D. Fisher, Grandin, subject ‘‘Arecolin.”* It
was freely discussed and some interesting points brought out.

Dr. J. W. Robinson, of Coal Harbor, prepared an interesting
subject, ‘‘ Veterinary Legislation,” and the matter of legislation
was discussed by all members.

There being no more papers on account of the absence of Dr.
Minge, of Langdon, and Dr. Crewe, of Devil’s Lake, who were
to read, new business was taken up and the Secretary’s report
was read. The report of the Finance Committee was accepted.

A motion was made byDr. Davidson, seconded by Dr. Farmer,
to have the President of the Association appoint a committee of
three, the President to be chairman of same, to draft a bill
amending our present veterinary law in regard to the Examin-
ing Board, tending to get an appropriation from the State for
the maintenance of said board. Motion was carried.

It was moved and seconded to amend by-laws so that our
next meeting, instead of being held on the second Tuesday in
January, could meet at the same time as the Grain-Growers’
Convention, thereby deriving benefits of reduced rates. Motion
carried.

There being no further business, meeting adjourned at 5.30
p.M. Next meeting to be held at Agricultural College, Fargo,
on call of Secretary, in the month of January, 1906.

HE. J. DAvipson, Secretary.

WOLVERINE STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The meeting was called to order at Howell, Mich., Decem-
ber 20, 1904, by Vice-President A. E. McCall, of Memphis,

* Will be published in an early number of the REVIEW.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1099

Mich., President Wardell being detained at home by sickness.
Dr. B. J. Fitzmorris was appointed Secretary fro tem, as Secre-
tary W. W. Thorburn was detained at home by the expected
death of his wife’s sister. |

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The reports of committees being in order, Dr. A. Winegar,
of the Committee on Diseases, reported a number of cases in the
vicinity of Howell of young horses, geldings, that had been af-
fected with ophthalmia, terminating in complete blindness, and
without any acute symptoms.

The Committee on Legislation had nothing of importance
to report, further thau that the Supreme Court had ordered the
State Veterinary Board of Examiners to register graduates from
the Grand Rapids Veterinary College. The Committee have
evidence in their possession showing that the report of an in-
vestigation of this college made some time ago was false in its
leading features, and that said report was accompanied by false
affidavits.

At 12 M., an adjournment was taken for dinner. An invita-
tion was read from the Michigan State Breeders’ Association
asking the Wolverine Association to meet with them in the af-
ternoon, which was accepted.

An evening session was held, at which time much routine
business was transacted and a regular “‘speaking meeting” fol-
lowed. At11 P.M. the meeting was adjourned to meet at Dr. A.
Winegar’s, where a clinic was to be given at 8 A. M. on the 21st.
A number of animals were operated upon at the clinics. Dr.
Donald, of Bay City, extracted the fourth inferior molar of a
horse in the standing position. The subject was an old family
pet, and many were the comments upon the careful, easy man-
ner in which the Doctor handled the animal.

December 21.—Meeting called to order by the Vice-Presi-
dent, in the County Court House, at 1o A. M., in the same rooms
that were occupied by yesterday’s meeting, Dr. Fitzmorris act-
ing as Secretary, who read a paper on ‘Contagious Ulcerative
Vulvitis,” which was thoroughly discussed. Several other pa-
pers were read by title only, and will appear in the Secretary’s
annual report.

At 12.30, upou motion, an adjournment was taken for din-
ner, after which the Wolverine Veterinary Association again
met with the State Breeders’ Association. After listening toa
number of papers read by stock owners and others, Dr. L. L.
Conkey was called on for an address, selecting tuberculosis and

1100 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the environments which contribute to its development. He
gave a very interesting talk to the breeders of dairy cattle, touch-
ing upon sheep and swine husbandry. The discussions which
followed showed conclusively that a very favorable impression
had been made upon the minds of the breeders of live stock.
The next meeting of the Wolverine State Veterinary Asso-
ciation will be held in Lansing, February 22-23, in the Council
Chamber, with a banquet at the Hotel Butler in the evening.
J. B. FitzMorris, D.V.S., Secretary pro tem.

CANADIAN VETERINARIANS HOLD CONVENTION.
(From the Montreal Star, Dec. 17.)

St. Hyacinthe, Dec. 17.—The veterinary surgeons of this
province and Eastern Ontario held a very successful convention
here yesterday. The object of this meeting, which was called
by Messrs. Etienne and Gatien, veterinary surgeons of this city,
was for the further advancement of this profession. Dr. Eti-
enne is State Secretary of the American Veterinary Association,
and Treasurer of the Province of Quebec Veterinary Associa-
tion.

Dr. W. L. Williams, professor of Cornell University, and
one of the best known veterinary surgeons in America, was
present and performed several difficult operations.

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Veterinary Director-General of the
Dominion, delivered an interesting address on contagious and
infectious diseases, especially on glanders and tuberculosis. He
claimed the only way to prevent the spread of glanders was to
destroy the animal affected, and said the Government had re-
cently decided to proteet the owners whose horses it is necessary
to kill by allowing them two-thirds of the animal’s value.
There were very few cases of tuberculosis in this province, but
the Government was using every effort to stamp it out in other
parts of Canada where it was more prevalent.

The following veterinary surgeons were present: W. L.
Williams, of New York; J. G. Rutherford, of Ottawa; Dr.
Boyer, M.P.; M. C. Baker, formerly professor at McGill Col-
lege ; J. D. Deschenes, editor of the Veterinary Journal ; B. A.
Sugden, J. D. White, J. H. Peterson, M. Kannon, O. R. La-
fleche, H. A. Morin, D. Genereux, P. E. Maurice, H. Gauvin,
O. E. Moffett, T. Thacker, S. Young, L. P. Sylvestre, J. A. Fre-
chette, W. D. Durocher, A. Rousseau, E. Gingras, J. C. Reid,
L. G. Trudel, R. B. Skellen, A. Gaudry, J. A. Lefebvre, M:

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1101

Jacques, J. J. Irwin, J. P. Dubois, J. A. Tellier, A. A. Houde,R.
Telmosse and A. Cote.

Besides the above, the medical profession was represented
by the following from the city: E. and G. Turcot, O. and U.
Jacques, Mayor E. St. Jacques, Paul Ostigny and J. N. Four-
nier.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The regular meeting was held in Augusta, Jan. 4, 1905,
at the Cony House, at 7.30 Pp. M., with Vice-President Dr. Pope
in the chair. The following members answered to roll-call :
Drs. Pope, Salley, Joly and Blakely. Mr. L. K. Smith, of Au-
gusta, was present asa guest. This being the annual meeting
at which election of officers usually takes place, the members
proceeded to balloting, with the result that the following were
declared elected :

President—Dr. L. Pope, Jr., Kittery, Maine, and Portsmouth,
N. H.

Vice-President—Dr. W. S. Lord, Portland.

Treasurer—Dr. I. L. Salley, Skowhegan.

Secretary—Dr. C. L. Blakely, Augusta.

Executive Committee—Drs. Geo. F. Westcott, Portland; F.
E. Freeman, Rockland, and F. L. Russell, Orono.

The application of Dr. W. Harry Lynch, of Portland, for
membership was received and referred to the Executive Com-
mittee, to report on at next regular meeting.

The remainder of the evening was spent in discussion of our
Veterinary Registration Bill, which comes up before the Legis-
lature next month. The present indications are most favorable
for a successful ending to our vigorous campaign, and it will
mean a great deal to the veterinary profession of Maine in years
to come.

The Association voted to meet in Waterville in April, with
Dr. A Joly. with possibilities of a good clinic. Meeting adjourned
at late hour, all feeling. amply repaid for any inconvenience in
getting to the meeting on account of the terrible snow storm.

C. L. BLAKELY, Secredary.

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCI-
ATION.

The annual meeting will be held Tuesday, February 7, 1905,
at Drs. Colton and Lyman’s Hospital, in Hartford, at 10.30 A.M.

1102 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

This will be an interesting meeting in a variety of ways, and
by far the most important meeting ever held in the history of
this Association, if not the most important meeting of veteri-
narians ever held in Connecticut, coming at a time when the pres-
ent legislature is in session, which will act upon a bill establish-
ing a veterinary registration law in this State. A vast amount
of hard and faithful work for this bill has already been done by
a few veterinarians. Now EVERY veterinarian in the State
should come to this meeting with a firm determination to put
his shoulder to the wheel and help all he can to secure the pas-
sage of this much needed law. Besides the discussion relative
to the proposed law, several good papers for this meeting have
been promised the Secretary by some of the leading and well
known practitioners of Connecticut. If time and opportunity
will warrant, a clinic will be conducted at the hospital. Assist-
ance at the meeting from veterinarians outside the State is ex-
pected; also a good time! Dow’t miss this meeting /
Veterinarians from other States are cordially invited. |
B. K. Dow, Secretary.

LOUISIANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

There will be a meeting of the veterinarians of Louisiana at
Baton Rouge on Saturday, Feb. 18, to perfect the organization
of a State Association. It is to be earnestly hoped that the
qualified members of the profession of that State will turn out
to a man and enroll themselves as charter members. It has
been proven over and over that there is no instrument so potent
to elevate and advance the veterinary profession in a community
as organization. Through it the members of the profession
are brought into contact with each other, a thorough understand-
ing of the needs of the profession is obtained, educational ad-
vantages secured through the reading and discussion of papers,
and in every way the individual and the cause are benefited and
uplifted. The REVIEW hopes to record in its March number
that not one of those who have a right to attend were absent
from the first meeting on Feb. 18.

A WELL-DESERVED crowning of forty years of professional
life and a graceful Christmas present was the election of Dr. A.
Liautard toa titular membership in the Société Centrale de
Médecine Vétérinaire, the true Academy of Veterinary Medicine
in France, unanimously carried at the meeting of Dec. 22, 1904.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1103

NEWS AND ITEMS.

MARK WHITE, JR., U. P.’o4, of Denver, Col., was veteri-
narian to the Denver Cat Show, held Jan. 12-14.

Dr. A. W. MILLER, Inspector B. A. I., has been transferred
from So. Omaha, Neb., to Salina, Kansas.

‘Dr. C. E. MAULDIN is engaged in quarantine work for the
Bureau of Animal Industry at San Antonio, Texas.

THOMAS MEREDITH, Ontario 1880, who has been in contin-
uous practice at Jamestown, N. Y., ever since graduation, died
Jan. 14, from gastric carcinoma.

Dr. GEORGE W. BROWNING, Inspector, Bureau of Animal
Industry, has been transferred from San Antonio, Texas, to
Nashville, Tenn.

Dr. HENRY MARSHALL, Georgetown, Delaware, is a mem-
ber of the House in the Legislature of his State. It is under-
stood that he is in line with the anti-Addicks people.

Dr. W. DEAN WRIGHT, until recently a B. A. I. Inspector
at Fort Worth, Texas, has entered the service of the Bureau of
Insular Affairs of the War Department, and is located at Manila.

Dr. A. S. SHEALY has left his position at Clemson College,
S. C.; and a few days ago embarked for the Philippines, where
he has taken a position with the Department of Agriculture of
the Islands.

RICHARD EpBiTT, F. R. C. V. S., formerly of Grand Island,
Nebraska, is now in the service of the Bureau of Insular Affairs,
United States War Department, and is stationed at Malaflang,
Mindanao, Philippine Islands. |

Dr. C. A. McKim, Norfolk, Neb., spent the holidays at
Salina, Kansas, with his mother and brother, and while there
visited Dr. Hugh S. Maxwell, Secretary of the Kansas State
Veterinary Medical Association, and found the latter just occu-
pying his new infirmary. Dr. McKim finds the REVIEW “of
gteat help in practice and cannot do without it.”

Dr. T. EARLE Bupp, of Orange, is the new President of the
Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, and former Pres-
ident Lowe has taken the Secretary’s chair. The new Secre-
tary is ideal, if we may judge by the report of the recent meet-
ing at Newark, which will be found in the regular department
of this number.

Dr. Louis A. KLEIN, for a number of years engaged with
the Bureau of Animal Industry in quarantine work in Texas
with headquarters at Fort Worth, a short time ago entered upon

1104 NEWS AND ITEMS.

new duties as Professor of Veterinary Science at Clemson Col-
lege, S. C., and State Veterinarian of that State. He succeeds
Dr. G. E. Nesom, who is now in the Philippines.

Pics THREE MONTHS WITHOUT Foop.—The following re-
markable story was published in the Batavia (N. Y.) Dazly
News of Jan. 18. Ina note Dr. J. W. Corrigan, veterinarian, of
Batavia, assures the REVIEW that the account is genuine,saying:
‘““T saw the owner of the hogs, Mr. John Bower, to-day and he
confirms the article.” ‘Oakfield, Jan. 18.—Three months ago,
John Bower, a farmer living three miles north of this village,
lost three fine hogs, which were running in a 25-acre lot on his
farm. He searched far and near, and advertised in the Vews,
but was unable to find any traceof them. It was remarked here
that they had disappeared as completely as though the earth had
swallowed them, and that came pretty nearly being the truth.
Yesterday afternoon miners at work in the United States Gyp-
sum Company’s mine No. 10, which underlies a portion of the
Bower farm, heard a peculiar noise issuing from a tunnel-some
distance from the point where they were working. They were
a little frightened at first, but they finally approached the source
of the sound, which they soon determined was the squealing of
some animal. Going further they were astonished to find three
hogs, which turned out to be the animals lost by Mr. Bower.
When the pigs disappeared they weighed about 225 pounds
each, being literally nothing but skin and bones. They were
nearly dead from starvation and so weak they could walk buta
short distance. ‘They were taken to the foot of the mine shaft
and hoisted to the surface and Mr. Bower was sent for. He
took them home and believes that by careful feeding he can
bring them around all right. In the field in which they were
running when they disappeared, there are several abandoned
shafts with tunnels connecting with mine No. Io and it is evi-
dent that the hogs fell down one of these shafts and had been
wandering around in the mines three months with absolutely
nothing to eat as far as is known, although it is suggested by
some that several Polish miners who are said to have disap-
peared within two or three months may have been killed and
eaten by them. ‘There isa little water in parts of the mines and
they undoubtedly found that. It isa wonder that the fall down
the shaft, which is about fifty feet deep, did not kill them. They
showed no signs, however, of injury.”

THE VALUE OF MOLASSES AS A FooD FoR HorsEs.—It is
no secret that molasses is good for horses. It has been proved

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1105

that not only is molasses good for horses as a remedial agent in
sickness (colds and the like, entailing affection of the throat),
but that it is good for tood, for the main maintenance of the
equine subject. This we aver has been proved. It matters not
whether the American Sugar Trust at its refinery in Brooklyn
was the first to make use of the so-called ‘sugar house syrup,” -
which means the syrup after every possible atom of sugar has
been driven out of it, or whether it was a veterinary surgeon
who first took to feeding molasses to the horses in his hospital
in order to save expense. This makes no difference; the main
point is that the fact has been established that molasses will
make and keep horses fat, and that in such quantities as to
make the maintenance ration a most inexpensive one. But we
need farther light. It is admitted that the food is good and
cheap. There is the treacle to be bought at a few cents a gal-
lon. ‘The hay to feed it on or with is at hand and horses must
be kept through winter on as economical a ration as possible.
Everything points to the molasses diet being the cheapest and
best tobe used. Not only that, but it is not without the bounds
of probability that a stated proportion of the treacle can be used
in fitting horses for market and for show. The latter we know
to be the case from personal experience, indeed under certain
circumstances it is hard to get along without it. Now then
here we havea fine subject for study by the various State ex-
periment stations. They have all been notoriously lax in de-
voting their time to the study of the horse, which just at this
time happens to be the most valuable and profitable animal
reared on American farms. Why is not the time opportune for
a study of this matter? Molasses there isin plenty in every
city, cheap and at once available. Every one of the stations
uses horses, some of them several teams. The stations have or
should have the men who can make such a trial to good pur-
pose. It is a cold weather experiment, for molasses gathers
flies in summer and becomes nauseous to man and beast alike
for that reason and for its stickiness. But here we have the
cold weather, the horses, the treacle and enough data to go on
to warrant the belief that there is a right good result to be
achieved. Now is the time to prosecute this inquiry. Let the
stations do at least this one little thing for the horse and the
men who breed him. ‘The molasses ration with and without
grain whole crushed and cooked, may be made the basis of one
of the most valuable studies the stations have ever undertaken.
—(Breeder’s Gazette, Jan. 4).

1106 NEWS AND ITEMS.

VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSERTING ITSELF IN THE PHIL-
IPPINES.—In a letter from Dr. R. H. McMullen, of the Manila
Board of Health, under date of December 12, were enclosed
some newspaper clippings showing the progress being made by
the veterinary corps ; in combating rinderpest and surra in the
Archipelago, for the reliability of which the Doctor vouches.
Incidentally he enclosed a photo showing the only white water
buffalo (carabao) ever imported into the Philippines from China.

~

Those who know Dr. McMullen will recognize the figure in the
foreground as the talented veterinarian who formerly lived in
Buffalo, N. Y., and who recently contributed a valuable article to
the REVIEW upon one of the tropical diseases of animals. From
the clippings we reproduce the following as showing most
clearly the value of the scientific handling of Eastern scourges:
‘‘Rinderpest, the-scourge of the agricultural regions of these
islands, may soon bea thing of the past. The disease which
has caused the death of more than half a million of carabao
during a single year has been practically brought under sub-
jection by the board of health. The immunizing of the island
caraboa by a serum treatment has proved itself entirely success-
ful, and the march of the disease will no longer leave behind a
trail marked by dead beasts of burden, untilled fields and fam-
ine. Of nosmall moment are the results shown by the first

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1107

eight months of the immunizing treatment as administered by
the board of health. Since last March 11,280 cattle have been
given the serum treatment, with a reported mortality among
that number of but 144. It has been shown that the results
are all, and even more, than were expected or hoped for, and
that the cattle so treated are practically immune from the rav-
ages of rinderpest. Among the animals not immunized, the
average mortality averages about seventy-five per cent. during
an epidemic of the disease and in many cases it has even ex-
ceeded this. During this last epidemic it is estimated that
more than half a million caraboa died from the effects of the
scourge. The result was the practical paralysis of all agricul-
tural interests in many parts of the islands. This was felt with
particular severity in the hemp, rice and sugar districts. The
actual money loss to the islands, estimating the value of each
animal at fifty pesos, exceeded twenty-five millions of pesos. It
is the plan of the board of health to shortly increase the num-
ber of veterinarians from the present number of nine to fifteen,
and the inoculators from fifteen to thirty. This will enable the
department to send one veterinarian and two inoculators to any
threatened point, and it is believed that the disease can be kept
under subjection, and in time entirely stamped out of these
islands.”

THE CUBAN DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.—The
Havana ost, in its Christmas edition, has a full-page illustra-
ted article entitled ‘‘Cuban Agricultural Experimental Station
and the People who are Making it a Success.”” We find through
this means that that sterling American veterinarian, Dr. Nelson
S. Mayo, is not only the Chief of the Department of Animal
Industry, but Vice-Director of the Station. Dr. B. A. Gallagher
is assistant to Dr. Mayo, and there is a second assistant and two
student assistants. Referring to the scope and work of the De-
partment of Animal Industry the /os¢ says: ‘‘ For a country
like Cuba, which ought to produce every pound of meat and all
the dairy products which she consumes, not to mention grow-
ing and fattening beef for the northern markets, the study of
animal industry is of extreme importance, and the experiment
station is fortunate in having secured for this department the
services of Dr. Nelson S. Mayo, who has had long experience
as State Veterinarian of Kansas, where the lives tockindustry is
of the greatest importance. Besides being a skilled veterina-
rian and a bacteriologist of widely recognized ability, Dr. Mayo
is a practical live stock man and thoroughly understands the

1108 NEWS AND ITEMS.

handling of horses and cattle. His first work after his appoint-
ment was to investigate the conditions of the Cuban live stock
industry in order to determine how best to build it up and safe-
guard it. After gaining an idea of the needs of the country he
returned to the States to represent the Cuban station at the an-
nual meeting of the American Association of Experiment
Stations, and, while absent, he purchased for the station some
of the best specimens of cattle, swine and chickens, selecting
those breeds which seemed best adapted to Cuban conditions—
both climatic and economic. For beef breeds he chose fine rep-
resentatives of the Shorthorn, or Durham, the Hereford, and
the Polled Angus ; while for dairy purposes Jerseys were chosen.
All the animals bought are of notable individual excellence and
come from prize winning herds. This stock will arrive in Cuba
about the first of January, the cattle in the meantime having
been immunized against the southern or tick fever, and its im-
portation will serve in part to determine whether immunized
cattle from the best livestock centresin America can be success-
fully acclimated in Cuba. It is the hope of the department to
improve the native stock of Cuba by the introduction of the
best breeds from other countries. It also plans to experiment
with milk and its products, with the view of showing that a
dairy industry is practicable. In connection with other investi-
gations the question of the best foods for animals will be con-
sidered, with a view to adapting the home production of grain
and forage to the most successful raising and fattening of cattle
for market. The study of all the contagious diseases of animals
will be part of the work of this department, of course, and every
effort will be made to devise means for their prevention and
their cure. It is noteworthy that Dr. Mayo’s study of the out-
look for animal industry in Cuba leads him heartily to corrobo-
rate the opinion of the director of the station who, in the initial
report referred to, declares: ‘I see no reason why beef of the
best breeds cannot be grown and fattened in Cuban pastures
and placed on the New York market in better condition and at
less cost than can now be done from the Western ranges and
cornfields. Such an export industry is a source of lasting profit
toa country ; for the production of beef, unlike that of the other
great staples, increases the productiveness of the soil instead of
impoverishing it. A review of the agricultural countries of the
world to-day will show that they are prosperous in direct pro-
portion to the extent on which their agriculture is based on the
intelligent production of cattle and other domestic animals.’ ”

AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.

MARCH, 1905.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
PARIS, FRANCE, January 15, 1904.

MANIFESTATIONS OF STRANGLES vary very much, and all
veterinarians in practice for some time, or those who are under
special conditions where the possibilities of contagion are fre-
quent and cases numerous, have had occasions to observe pecu-
liar forms probably never seen before and where the true nature
of the disease could only be thoroughly established by the
microscopic examination of the suppuration and the discovery
of the typical microbe. The streptococcus of Schutz has a spec-
ificity which establishes the positiveness of a diagnosis; it
exists in the state of purity in the pus of strangles.

I have found in several numbers of the Revue Générale
from the pen of Mr. P. Chaussie the long exposé of several ob-
servations of strangles which are indeed very interesting, and
in which the true nature and confirmation of the cases were al-
ways completed by the presence of the typical character. I
send our readers a brief extract of those various observations, as
they have seemed to me exceptional, and as strangles is one of
the most common affections of horses, and one that the prac-
titioner has most occasion to diagnosticate, all peculiar aspects
which are not likely to be presented in classical works ought

to be made known to all as much as possible.

*
* *

Case 1.—Sub-parotid Abscess.—A six-year-old mare in which

Leer

PLZ EDITORIAL.

surgical interference is imposed because the abscess is prevent-
ing her from feeding and exposes her to death by starvation,
and also because septic pneumonia is possible. The abscess
was opened by the introduction of the S-probe passed under
the parotid through an incision made below the interior border
of the gland. ‘The wound was enlarged by introducing blunt
scissors into it and spreading its branches open. Recovery.

Case I1.—Sub-parotid Abscess Opening in the Pharynx—
Pneumonia—Death.—The abscess suddenly disappeared, opened
in the pharynx and gave rise to a fatal bilateral septic pneu-
monia, which carried off the animal in two days.

Case [11.—Pharyngeal Fistula.—The parotid abscess opened
immediately in front of the larynx, a little to the left of the
median line. Irritating injections of tincture of iodine brought
recovery in four weeks.

Case [V.—Abscess tn the Jugular Groove.—Most compli-
cated case where a Jarge abscess in the left jugular groove gave
rise to difficult respiration and roaring, which had to be relieved
by tracheotomy,and was complicated with necrosis of the cesoph-
agus and ultimately death by septic pneumonia.

Case V.—Abscess of the Prepectoral Glands.—Manifested
by enormous abscess more developed on the right side and
spreading downwards to the arm, forearm and axilla. Recov-
ery after puncture with the bistoury and the S-probe to avoid
bloodvessel injury.

Case VI.—Abscess of the Brachial Glands.—The whole
right shoulder, arm, forearm, right side of the breast and of the
lower part of the thorax were enormously swollen. The ab-
scess had developed in eight days and was relieved by several
punctures, from which very abundant purulent discharge took
place. The animal died from general intoxication. |

Case VII.—Facial Lymphangitis, following a slight cuta-
neous scratch of the face and for which mallein was used to
make a differential diagnosis. It ended by the formation of
abscesses in the sub-glossal glands with abundant suppuration.

Case VITI.—Abdominal Strangles, which ended fatally,

EDITORIAL. alii:

with the formation of three large abscesses of the mesenteric
glands, containing several litres of pus.

Case 1X.—Strangles [Inoculated with the Crupper and Re-
sembling Coital Strangles.—Coming from a stable where stran-
gles prevailed, a mare has slight wounds due to the crupper.
One of these is the cause of a large cedema of the vulva. A:
large abscess is formed at the base of the tail, to the left of the
rectum, which gives escape to abundant suppuration. The
mate is sold. Another abscess around the anus is formed, in-
terfering with defecation. Ultimately mare recovered.

Case X.— Splenic Strangles.—Mare having had sub-glossal
gland strangles remains ailing; there is no lung trouble, but
her temperature remains high. Notwithstanding injections of
antistreptococcic polyvalent serum, she dies. At the post-
mortem the spleen is found enlarged, adherent to the lumbar
region ; it weighs 15 kilog., 250 grammes, and is infiltrated
with pus.

Case XI.—Abscess of Bronchial Glands, or Intrathoractc
Strangles.—This case ended fatally with abscess under the
trachea at the entrance to the chest. It had others near the
vulva, another on the internal face of the thigh. Death oc-
curred suddenly by cardiac syncope.

Case XII.—Cottal Strangles.—Mare, covered bya stallion
which had had sore throat without abscess. Five or six days
after, the mare had inflammation of the vulva and peritoneum.
Later on the udder was involved. Antistreptococcic polyvalent
serum was resorted to. Abscesses of the rectum ulcerated inter-
nally. Others formed within the rectum, another at the en-
trance of the abdominal cavity, at the lumbar region. Posterior
paresia appeared, it progressed and the animal died. At the
post-mortem, abscesses were found in the udder, the pelvis,
the abdomen, along the vertebral column, a little back of the
loins.

ene *

THE EFFECTS OF REPEATED MALLEIN INJECTIONS.—Since

mallein has entered into general practice, its use, which was at

1114 EDITORIAL.

first limited to the diagnosis of suspicious cases of glanders, has
now made another step which in its practical application
has been thoroughly demonstrated by our esteemed collaborator,
Dr. Olof Schwarzkopf, in his great experiment in the Philip-
pines. Nevertheless, the question may yet be properly asked:
“Do we know everything in relation to mallein? Are we
acquainted with all its properties, with all its effects? Perhaps
not. And it is for that reason that any question relating to it
has its interest.

It was with this idea that Professor Attilio Antonissi made
the experiments which he related in the Clznzzca Veterinarta.
He had occasion to use mallein on a number of horses; the ob-
ject was to test their conditions as to glanders. Injections of
mallein were resorted to several times, twice and three times,
and it is the result of the observations he made that he has pub-
lished. Although the report does not say what became of the
horses, the general results were those that could be expected by
the malleinization of healthy, of suspects and of diseased horses.
The following, however, are pointed out: (1) It has been ob-
served that with all horses where the injections had been re-
peated several times their general condition improved; (2)
repeated injections have almost constantiy brought a sensible
and gradual diminution in the thermic reaction; (3) re-
peated injections, in his experiments, have had for result the
reduction in the. proportion of suspected glanderous horses,
in such a manner that from 19 suspects after the first injection
there remain only 16 after the second; and out of 13 only ro
after the third.

*

1K *
But in relation to the first conclusion, viz., that when the

injections were repeated several times, the general condition was
raised. I found in the Revue Générale de Leclainche, Nov. ist,
an article on the effects of mallein by Mr. G. Deysine, army vet-
erinarian, which differs very much from that of the Italian pro-
fessor. Glanders had broken out in his regiment, all the horses
were malleined, and out of the whole number 17 were con-

EDITORIAL. 1115

demned-and kiiled. There remained 14 doubtfulcases. These
were divided into two lots: In one were placed those that
had presented a thermic elevation, which lasted to the 2oth
hour and beyond; in the other those in which the hyperther-
mia lasted only acertain time and diminished before the 2oth
hour, with local and general marked manifestations.

All of these horses were placed under the best hygienic
conditions, in relation to food, lodging and ventilation. They
were malleined every thirty days. After the last two negative
tests, they were all returned to their work. ‘They were, how-
ever, subjected to close watching. After several months, six of
those horses were observed losing in condition and became less
ambitious to work. Notwithstanding great care, their general
state did not improve. They were malleined again but failed
to react. These horses had been submitted to mallein 5, 6, and
even 7 times. For supposing that at a certain time they had
lesions of glanders, which would explain this condition, the
presence of the disease could not be admitted now, and the sup-
position of the interference of those glanderous lesions cannot
be admitted.

Then what is the cause of this abnormal loss of flesh and
condition. Is it that the repeated doses of mallein have given
rise to a chronic intoxication? This is a point to elucidate. At
the time the report was written, one horse had returned to his
normal state, the others had ups and downs which demanded
care, the three others were still rather poor in flesh and receiv-
ing special attention.

*
%K *

A SCIENTIFIC TEST OF THE ENDURANCE OF THE HORSE.—
I received a few days agoa résumé of a sporting event which
occurred here a while since, namely, the AzApzc race from Bor-
deaux to Paris, or rather to Versailles—a new sport, which in
Europe has of late been making its way among others, such as
bicycles, foot ball, automobiles, etc. This race was to cover a
distance of nearly 500 miles (800 kilometres ), in exact measure
744 kilometres. It was open to all horses, allowing the widest

1116 EDITORIAL.

liberty as far as number of stops, but with only one positive con-
dition, that the animals would, during the totality of the dis-
tance, be allowed 65 hours of rest. I gather from the report
before me, which was made to the Soczété Nationale ad’ Agricul-
ture by Mr. Lavalard, a few facts which I think will prove in-
teresting to our readers.

There were 55 horses entered, but only 47 started, October
9, from Bordeaux—32 reached the end of the journey in per-
fect condition. Among these 26 were in harness and 6 were
under the saddle. Among those in harness, the first 8 horses
arrived after travelling between 50 and 58 hours. ‘Those that
came after, took between 60 and go hours. ‘There was among
them a male mule, which made the distance in 81 hours 56
minutes and 36 seconds.

Among those which were ridden under the saddle, one took
60 hours 9 minutes and 51 seconds; another 61 hours 26 min-
utes and 58 seconds. A third one, which had become some-
what disabled, travelled the distance in 82 hours 9 minutes.
All the horses, with few exceptions, arrived in fresh condition,
and through the attentive care they had on their journey, were
able to perform it without difficulty. It was a training experi-
ment more than an overwork; indeed the reports made by the
numerous veterinarians which had been appointed at various
places to examine the animals as they reached the various sta-
tions, show that none of the animals exhibited marks of over-
work, fatigue or over-exertion ; and they were able to arrive at
the end of the race on October 14 in the morning, all in normal
condition of respiration and circulation ; none were overtired,
and, if a few of them seemed to be a little shaky on their legs,
a few hours of rest were sufficient to straighten them out per-
fectly.

* . *

It was not possible to weigh the animals during the whole
journey, at every one of the various stations. But taken at the
starting and at the arrival, it was observed that the loss in flesh
varied between 33 and 31 kilogs. with the harnessed horses.

EDITORIAL. itl

For the two animals mounted one lost 56 and the other 12
kilogs. One horse in harness gained 1 kilog.

The temperature taken revealed the fact that the more fa-
tigued the horses were the higher was the temperature. It was
as high as 38°, 38.5 and even 39°C. After a few hours of rest,
all went down to normal.

The respiration and the pulse followed the condition of the
temperature, and yet it has been noticed that even with a dis-
tance of 130 kiloms. travelled on an average in one day, the
horses would arrive at the end of the trip without excessive
perspiration or too accelerated breathing.

In relation to the mode of feeding, only a little information
could be obtained, but yet no other food but the one to which
horses were ordinarily used to, was given—coffee, wine, bread
soaked in brandy, sugared water—in other words, doping—has
been certainly used very moderately, as the competitors were
afraid of changing the ordinary rations of their horses.

Shoeing is one point which has been at fault, as some horses
had to be shod while on the road.

*
ss *

The following is the record of the first four arrived by day

of work :

No. of hours Hours of rest.

No. of Kilo of works
“ 4natole” in harness. m3 2 7-54 13.34
135 8.45 14.55
147 9.29 14.58
157 10.39 16.29
143 13-59 2°37
“Fyrtivole.” 159 10.34 h2.2%
108 7.58 make
147 9-48 OHSS,
L57 10.22 7

173 13.06 9.17

1118 EDITORIAL.

No. of Kilo. No. of hours

re a Hours of rest.

“« Alphonsine”’ under the

saddle. 132 9.50 11.26
135 11.34 LSE
TA7 £3°39 eS)
96 8.57 12.28
eae) 8.49 12.28
II5 7.04 4.25
TS 5 a RN 159 e457 10.39
108 g.1I 1E.56
123 10.30 13.43
120 II.12 11.42
119 8.56 13.57
II5 8.20 3-32

es

* *K

After such exhibition who will say that the horse is doomed
to disappear? No, his place in society is as grand as ever, and
much can be expected from his courage, his energy and lasting
power. What is required is to know how to use him and apply
him to our domestic needs.

ok . *

LITERATURE REVIEWED.——My notes on bibliography must
be short, as I have had but little material tolook over. But if I
have had a scarcity of books, two, however, have proved suff-
cient to call all my attention.

The first is the new edition of Chauveau’s Anatomy. It is
always so-called, although for a long time Prof. Arloing has
been co-author of this excellent work,—and to the names of
these two celebrated anatomists the fifth edition comes out with
a third, viz., that of Professor F. X. Lisbre.

It is not my intention nor have I sufficient space to analyze
minutely this new work, but since the publication of the succes-
sive editions the changes and the improvements have been so
numerous and so great that any one acquainted with the preced-

EDITORIAL. 1119

ing issues would scarcely recognize the good Chauveau’s An-
atomy of years ago. ‘To-day the work consists of two volumes,

1,434 pages, with 743 illustrations. The first volume treats of

locomotion and digestion ; the second of respiration, urinary de-

puration, generation, circulation, innervation and of the diverse
sensations. It closes with a few considerations on the develop- ~
ment of the foetus anditsfunctions. It is unfortunate, however,

that the value of the illustrations does not go with that of the

text ;--many of them are rather poor and not free from errors, but

their usefulness is undoubtable. Great improvement has also

been made in the description of the plates, and the student can

have but little trouble in finding in the plate the object he is

looking for. There can be no doubt of the success of the new

work.

The second book which I have received is the twentieth an-
nual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, that of the year
1903. What can I say of this excellent report of our friend
Dr. D. E. Salmon? I have spoken of other reports in terms
which I would have to use again in speaking of this one. It is
always the same good work that our friend issues every year—
with, however, a series of new material, always full of interest
and showing the amount of work which is accomplished by the
Bureau. Among the many valuable reports that are issued
this year I call special attention to those of the worthy Chief,
Dr. D. E. Salmon, viz., Some Observations on the Tuberculosis
of Animals, bovine tuberculosis affecting the public health, in-
fectious and contagious diseases of farm animals and their effects
on American agriculture. [hen I find an interesting work on
the spread of tuberculosis among healthy cattle upon exposure
to tuberculous cattle, by Drs. E. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cotton.
Again a work from poor E. A. de Schweinitz and Dr. M. Dor-
set on the chemical examination of various tubercle bacilli ;
and when one will look for a special treat, let him read the
‘‘ Pathological report on a case of rabies in a woman,” or “ Pul-
monary mycosis of birds, with report of a case in a flamingo,”
both by the Chief of the Pathological Division, Dr. John R.

1120 EDITORIAL.

Mohler. ‘These are a few of the many parts which are treated
in the twentieth report. There are many others whose inter-
ests may not be as great to veterinarians—yet all deserve atten-
tion. ‘The illustrations which are found in the book are very
good.

I also acknowledge the receipt of Bulletin No. 1, on “‘Ac-
tino-bacillosis”, by Dr. C. H. Higgins; ‘‘Mycotic Stomatitis
of Cattle,” and ‘Milk Fever, its Simple and Successful Treat-
ment,” by Dr. J. R. Mohler; pamphlets from the San Francisco
Veterinary College, No. 2 of the Western Veterinarian, the
Quarterly for September and December of the Kansas City
Veterinary College, and that of the Chicago Veterinary College,
and finally the catalogue of the publishing house of Mr. Eger,
of Chicago. . Auris

A REFRESHING EVIDENCE OF SANITY.

We very cheerfully surrender a large portion of our editorial
department this month to an after-dinner speech of Mr. Samuel
Walter Taylor, editor of the Rzder and Driver, delivered at the
annual banquet of the Automobile Club of America, at the Wal-
dorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, last month. The trend of his
remarks is in such contrast to the usual character of the utter-
ances on such occasions that it is positively refreshing to observe
such evidence of returning sanity, and we commend Mr. Tay-
lor’s wisdom and common sense to those swallow-tailed auto-
enthusiasts who indulge in asinine twaddle about the extinction
of the horse. Previous to laying aside the faithful equine ser-
vant (who alone of all means of transportation was able to breast
the storms of the present severe winter) let them perfect their
hobby to a point where it will move when commanded to and
stop when appealed to, and allow the idol of all ages to work
out his own destiny in his own way.

‘Notwithstanding that much has been uttered with tongue
and pen about the inevitable extermination of the horse by the

automobile has been ascribed to you, I am here this evening as
au earnest of good will and kindly greetings from millions of

EDITORIAL. I WLP AL

your friends among the noble animal’s steadfastly loyal support-
ers—a mouthpiece and token of fellowship, sympathy and co-
operation, rather than as a militant challenger to throw down
the defiant gauntlet from a hostile camp. Believing that this
rampant rumor of your annihilative spirit has been thought-
lessly engendered, unwarrantably magnified and unauthorized
by the humane and intelligent among you, I would take leave
to paraphrase Mare Antony beside the gaping corse of immortal
Cesar, and ask you are we here to bury the horse or to praise
him? Would you have it go forth from this exquisite banquet
that the superb triumph of American mechanical genius and
industry, to which we pay tribute to-night, is to be in some
sense like Brutus, the assassin of our more than life-long
friend?

‘Rather would I say for all of us, nay; but that it will be
the happy instrument for striking from his lacerated shoulders
the fetters of slavery. Sanctified by that visitation of divine
favor, through which his lowly manger became the cradle of an
epoch-marking event in the progress of the world, his has been
a career of ceaseless and uncomplaining toil for us until now,
with the coming of the new deliverer, he shall be uplifted to a
higher plane of usefulness, a broader field of development, a
grander goal of achievement. We have no haughty monarch
such as Czesar dead on the cold slab of our contemplation. It
is a living and lovable companion for whom we speak, and I
venture to say for you as well as his avowed friends that the
human heart. does not beat which is without throbbings of re-
ciprocated love and affection. Our President, Mr. Morris, is
noted the wide world over as a horseman, and in no social
organization probably could there be found more horse owners
than are in this most representative Automoble Club of Amer-
ica.

‘Would you have it knelled hence that our clubs and gar-
ages are to be histomb? No! Let us acclaim it to the world
joyously that we have devised them in part as the gateways of
his liberty. In the annals of peace, as in the chronicles of war,
the noble beast has been at our side, anticipating our every
wish, eager to serve in the yoke of commercial labor, in the
caparisons of pomp and pleasure, in the play of sport, and in
the smoke and din of battle. Has he had fair opportunity to
do aught more for his own uplifting ?

“Tt has been ruthlessly said that the horse is without intelli-
gence, without affection, without gratitude and without any of

1122 EDITORIAL.

thie Hones order of faculties to differentiate him from the com-
mon herd of the lower animal kingdom. Are we of that faith ?
Not I; and as I glance about me and into the faces of mental
and moral and civic attainment grouped here this evening, I see
more than responsive negation. With eyes obscured by blind-
ers, with head held rigid in leathern thongs, with mouth en-
cumbered in steel to stifle his every wish, what wonder is it that
the noble animal—noble in spite of all these shackles and gags
and blindfoldings—should still be dumb? Hark back to the
Arab on the desert and the Indian on the plain, to the primor-
dial days if you will, when man and beast slept together under
the same blue blanket of heaven, and ask of these dark ages
whether or not the equine did his master’s behest with the spirit
of unquestioning volition, with the impulse of sacrificial affec-
tion and with the undying devotion of brother to brother. Un-
weighted of saddle and unfraught of bit or spur or bridle, his
was the body like that of Centaur to answer with deed the
thought in the brain of man.

“From the practical and sentimental and physical aoe of
view, how shall we regard the horse of the future? On every
hand to-day society is organized not for his extermination but
for his perpetuation by purer and loftier breeding. Strife for
supremacy has been the unmitigative law of advancement
throughout the ages, and with the perfecting of mechanical ap-
pliance to match the physical structure of bone and sinew, nerve
and muscle, heart and lung, and, last in the past but first in the
days to come, the brain of the brute the result shall be higher
attainment on either hand. When labor-saving machinery was
introduced, the man who labored cried out in despair lest the
heritage of sin, his bread by the sweat of his brow, would be
taken from him. But there are no less men, albeit there may
be less sweat and there is more of sustenance. So may it be
with the horse.

“We are told by the minds in the forefront of psychical
science to-day that the spirits of the dead communicate with the
living ; that telepathy and clairvoyance are established scientific
facts and that the marvels in the line of psychics, yesterday re-
carded as superstitions, are but realisms of to-day; mesmerism,
discarded in the past, has been vindicated by the hypnotism of
the present; halos and the stigmata are believed to exist and
due to the magnetic influence. If therefore, as the occultists
say, there is a dark continent in the human realm, demanding
exploration and promising the richest fruits, what may we not

EDITORIAL. 1123

expect to evolve, on a lower scale to be sure, if we take into in-
vestigation the regenerated animal kingdom with the unmewed
horse as the highest type? With philosophical idealism thus
becoming vindicated, may we not expect that in proper environ-
ment the horse may in time approach nearer to the bar of
reason ?

‘Lest I weary you with further advocacy of the possibilities _
in store for the horse’s development when the automobile has
emancipated him from drudgery rather than caused his extir-
pation ; taken him out of the control and debasing influence of
ignorant and brutal keepers and fixed him on the par of human
companionship in labor, sport and pleasure, I leave you with the
suggestions I have offered as the basis for a brotherhood between
the horseman and the automobilist which, by wiser laws and
more abundant reciprocal privileges, will redound to the credit
and the benefit of all who live in this century of wonders and
blessings yet to be unfolded.”

THE ovation given to Director James Law by the students
and alumni of the New York State Veterinary College, on the
occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of that
school on the 15th ult., was but a just tribute to the great work
which Dr. Law has accomplished in the forty years he has la-
bored in this country. The gist of the events of the evening
are given in an account of the banquet in this number of the
REVIEW, and while circumstances prevented us from accepting
an invitation to join with those who paid homage to the good
dean, we here offer our sincere congratulations to him, coupled
with the hope that he may long live to enjoy the fruits of his
great genius and indefatigable energy.

THE senior editor of the REVIEW last month in referring to
opening addresses at veterinary colleges in America which had
been recorded and published, overlooked the fact in his remarks
that the late J. Payne Lowe, Esquire, one of the trustees of the
Columbia Veterinary College, New York, which school after-
wards amalgamated with the American Veterinary College,
delivered the opening address before the faculty and students
of that institution in October, 1881, years before the other in-

1124 EDITORIAL.

stitutions referred to came into corporate existence. J. Payne
Lowe’s address was recorded and published in 1881 in the Pex
and Plow, of which periodical Mr. Lowe was editor, and in
numerous other publications in America. J. Payne Lowe was
the father of Drs. William Herbert and J. Payne Lowe. All
credit to the present workers in the profession, but one must
not forget the pioneers in the cause of veterinary education in
America—the men who laid the foundation.

For the April REvirw Dr. D. Arthur Hughes has prepared
a profusely illustrated article of great worth entitled ‘The
Value of Meat Inspection to the Public Health,” in which he
deals, not only with the scientific side of the question, but also
with its practical accomplishment.

BECAUSE the brood mare is content to stand in the stable is
no reason she should be allowed todoso. Keep her outside
several hours each day. There must be plenty of outdoor exer-
cise and good feeding to produce a rugged foal.—(Farmer’s Ad-
vocate),

Dr. HESTON BRADSHAW died at his homein Trenton, N. J.,
Feb. roth, 1905, suddenly from pneumonia. He came to Tren-
ton from Carversville, Bucks Co., Penn., in 1860, and began a
practice that continued without interruption to the present time.
He enjoyed the confidence of the best people of the city, was a
skilful and honest practitioner, much above the average.
He was a credit to the profession. He wasa brother-in-law and
a pupil of the late Isaiah Michener, who was one of the recog-
nized pioneers of the veterinary profession of this country.

(N. M. D.)

AN important ruling was promulgated last week by the
Iowa State authorities in relation to live stock insurance. Defi-
nite statement has not yet been obtained, but the dispatch says
that it has been held that in that State live stock cannot be in-
sured against sickness and death, but may be against accident.
As a great many farmers and other owners keep their horses
insured against death from any cause it would seem that this
ruling must be far-reaching in its effects, more especially when
insurance against death by stroke of lighting must be included.
Full text of the finding will be submitted as soon as obtained.
—(Breeder’s Gazette.)

WOUND TREATMENT. 1125

ORIGINAL ARTES.

WOUND TREATMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
NAIL PUNCTURES OF THE HORSE’S FOOT.

By VAN Hs, M. D.) V. Si BARIGORINERD:

Of all the injuries and wounds which we meet in practice,
there are certainly none which are more important than those
of the foot of the horse.

The nature of the wounds and the anatomic relation of the
various structures which form the foot not only make them
particularly interesting from asurgeon’s point of view, but their
importance from an economic standpoint should never be over-
looked.

I am certain that any one of you will agree with me how
difficult it sometimes is to explain to a client how it is possible
that a simple nail puncture in the frog can produce so much
more serious results or cause a horse to be laid up so much
longer than the formidable looking flesh wounds caused by a
barbed wire cut. And yet such conditions are so often met in
practice that through their common occurrence, they do not al-
ways receive the attention which they certainly deserve. This,
however, is in most cases more to be attributed to neglect of
owners than to that of the experienced surgeon. From my
own observations I feel safe to say that the majority of cases of
nail puncture in horses do not become the subject of profession-
al treatment until after either owners or horse-shoers have tried
their hand with “burning out” or with the poultice, and
neither one of those methods of treatment will tend to lighten
the task of the surgeon to whom the case is subsequently en-
trusted or will be in the least productive of any Speer benefit
to owner or patient.

As the process of healing of wounds of the foot and the
conditions by which such healing is modified are identical to
those in wounds in general, there seems to be no reason why

1126 L. VAN ES.

the principles of modern surgery should not be applicable to
the injuries of the foot.

As you all know the following conditions are essential to
the normal process of repair, viz: (1) Arrest of haemorrhage.
(2) Correct apposition of the parts. (3) Absolute local rest.
(4) Absence of foreign bodies and free drainage. (5) Perfect
freedom of microdrganismms, asepsis.

In wounds produced by nail puncture, and those are with-
out doubt the most important of the injuries to the foot from a
clinical point of view, the two conditions first mentioned may
be left out of consideration, while the third in many cases will
be fulfilled by the lameness of the horse. The two conditions last
mentioned, however, are of great importance and on their ful-
filment depends the subsequent course of the healing process.

Like all other accidental wounds, those produced by nail
punctures must be regarded as infected from the beginning, and
if we are to have healing under aseptic conditions it will only
be through our own efforts with the possible exception of the
rare cases in which a free hemorrhage has brought about a me-
chanical sterilization of the wound canal, and when this sterile
condition has been maintained by appropriate wound dressing
soon after the injury was received.

If nail punctures were aseptic and could be maintained so,
they would but rarely produce serious consequences and it
would matter very little what part of the foot received the trau-
matism or how deep the puncture, but in too many of our cases
we have to face infection and sequelz following in its wake.
For this reason all our efforts in treating this class of cases
should be concentrated on the following points: To establish
asepsis and maiutain it wherever possible, and should infection
have taken place to so apply what modern surgery has taught
us as to remove, destroy or overcome the microdrganisms which
have gained entrance in the tissues or the effects already pro-
duced by them.

It needs not to be pointed out that the earlier those indica-
tions are met the better, because only in cases which are pre-

WOUND TREATMENT. 112%

sented for treatment immediately after the wound is inflicted,
may we at all hope to establish aseptic conditions. In such
cases the foot involved should be thoroughly cleansed, even
before attention is paid to the wound. ‘This may be done by
washing and scrubbing with water to which some antiseptic
has been added.

This completed, the sole and frog should be trimmed so as
to establish a smooth surface and in order to widen the clefts
and commissures of the frog and between frogs and bars. This
will facilitate the subsequent disinfection of the parts surround-
ing the wound which is done by a liberal flushing with a hot
solution of mercuric chloride (1 to 2,000) applied by means of a
fountain syringe or some other form of irrigator.

After this the wound may be approached without danger of
adding to any infection which may have already taken place.
In case the foreign body is still present in the wound it should
be removed without causing laceration of the tissues and after
its removal it should be carefully inspected in order to ascer-
tain if parts of it could possibly have remained in the wound.

The next step consists in widening the canal of the wound
for so far as it passes through the horny structures of the foot.
This must be done with a narrow hoof knife, which should
have been sterilized previously, and should extend to the sensi-
tive structures of the foot, but no further. The resulting wound
orifice is funnel-shaped, with its apex resting on the sensitive
parts.

Assuming that infective material has been carried into the
wound by means of the nail, our next step should be aimed at
a thorough disinfection of the entire wound canal. If we suc-
ceed in this, healing by primary intention will take place, and
if we fail we must prepare ourselves to face infection and its
possible consequences.

The disinfection of the wound canal is difficult as it is not
always possible to extend the procedure to the bottom of the
wound, especially if we have to depend on the syringes com-
monly in use in veterinary practice.

1128 L. VAN ES.

Owing to the difficulties thus encountered and especially
owing to the large number of cases of nail puncture which fell
into my hands while in active practice, I was forced to look
about for a method and appliances by which a thorough disin-
fectant of the nail wounds could be accomplished and an asep-
tic condition established.

After trying various syringes and appliances I
finally came to use the method which has given me
the best results. The apparatus used is a syringe
with a thin, flexible, probe-pointed nozzle. The
syringe is an all-metal antitoxine syringe and the
nozzle is made of silver, soft and flexible, about
from one and a half to two mm. in thickness, and
which can be attached to the syringe in the same
manner as a hypodermic needle.

As disinfecting agents, I have used various ones,
but obtained perhaps the best results with a five
per cent. solution of carbolic acid in a mixture of
one part of glycerine to five parts of water. An-
other solution which I can recommend is a one
per cent. Lugol solution with about ten per cent.
of glycerine, although the latter solution has the
disadvantage of slowly attacking the silver of the
canula.

After the parts surrounding the wound are dis-
infected as before mentioned, the canula, with the
syringe attached, is gently introduced into the canal
and the fluid slowly poured into the wound, taking
care to avoid great pressure and allowing the fluid
to escape along the sides of the canula as it is forced
from the syringe. Disinfection of the wound must
be done thoroughly ; the operator should not be
hasty in his work and several syringefuls have to be used before
the task is accomplished.

In the cases in which the presence of a foreign body is sus-
pected the canula also serves the purpose of a probe, which has

WOUND TREATMENT. 1129

this advantage over the solid instrument, that the probing can
be done with a constant return flow of an antiseptic solution,
thereby reducing the danger of mischief produced by forcing
septic matter into the depth of the wound.

It is scarcely necessary to say that syringe and canula are to
be kept thoroughly aseptic.

After having thus attempted to render the wound and its
surroundings aseptic our next aim should be to maintain it so;
and in this effort we usually experience the greatest difficulty.
While the foot can be readily enclosed in suitable dressings, and
while those dressings can be kept in the desired position with-
out much trouble, their constant contact with the soil, floors or
moisture renders the exclusion of septic matter very difficult.

As long as our patients are kept in clean, dry and well-
bedded stables, there always is a probability of success; but
when an animal stands ina place covered with manure and
moisture, the ordinary dressings soon soak through and wound
infection is sure to follow. For this reason we should always
insist that our patients be kept in a clean and dry place.

The method of dressing is the same as used in the treatment
of wounds in general. A few layers of sterilized gauze are
placed over the wound, this is covered with a thick layer of ab-
sorbent cotton, while the whole foot is then enclosed in a layer
of oakum, the whole being kept in position by means of a roller
bandage. In place of the gauze I have often used simple ab-
sorbent cotton which had previously been treated with iodine;
this was done as an extra precaution against tetanus, a disease
endemic in the locality where I practiced. In cases where the
dressings are apt to be soiled by moisture I have often placed a
layer of oiled muslin under the bandage or have covered the
bandage itself with a thick layer of pine tar.

In many cases the bandage was dispensed with and the
dressing secured by means of pieces of band iron kept in posi-
tion by the shoe. This method, however, is not near as satis-
factory as the former and was only used when the owner insisted
on keeping the horse at work.

1130 L. VAN ES.

As very frequently the wound becomes infected in spite of
all our efforts and this infection is not always to be ascertained,
otherwise than by a local examination, it is well to remove the
dressing after forty-eight hours for the purpose of inspecting
the wound. If the latter is found to be free of pus, the sur-
rounding parts are again disinfected and the dressing applied
as before.

Infected wounds always require far more care than aseptic
ones and may, on a clinical basis, be divided into two classes,
viz. : shallow ones and deep ones. To the former belong those
which do not extend in depth beyond the papillary layer, and
to the latter those which penetrate the deeper structures, includ-
ing bone, fatty cushion, tendon or articulation.

In the first class of cases there is always inflammation of the
whole superficial layer of the sensitive structures, which is ac-
companied by exfoliation of the hoof horn, corresponding in
extent with the underlying area of inflammation. This may
remain localized in the immediate vicinity of the wound or ex-
tend for considerable distance, when the hoof horn becomes
undermined, and a sero-purulent discharge makes its appear-
ance at the quarters, when frog or sole are involved, or at the
corona when the puncture took place close to the white line.

The indications to be met in such cases are a removal of the
loosened horny structures and a daily application of antiseptic
wound treatment.

In the majority of cases the removal of the horn is about all
that is desired, as it is often found that the initial wound has
healed before the condition spoken of is discovered. In some
of this class there is a necrotic condition of the outermost layer
of the soft structure, while in others a mass of unhealthy gran-
ulations is seen after the removal of the exfoliated horn. The
necrotic tissue should always be removed, the parts well disin-
fected with a sublimate solution, after which they may be dusted
with an antiseptic drying powder and the ordinary dressing
supplied.

In case of granulations they may be removed with the

WOUND TREATMENT. sil

curette or be treated with astringent applications. I have often
treated them with a five per cent. solution of iodine and glycer-
ine. Dressings should be frequently changed as long as the
parts remain moist.

When the parts remain dry an oakum protection is all that
is required until the hoof horn is of sufficient firmness to with-
stand the ordinary wear and tear.

The second variety of cases are those which give us the
most trouble ; they sometimes terminate fatally and quite often
give rise to chronic lameness.

One of the most common conditions here is phlegmon of the
fatty cushion, and here, of course, all our efforts should be used
in establishing free drainage and in the disinfection of the parts.
In most cases of this kind the wound should be enlarged in or-
der to make drainage and antisepsis possible. This enlarge-
ment will also enable us to explore the wound thoroughly,
which is always advisable in order to find and remove any gan-
grenous tissue which may be present. Should any necrotic
tissue be found, it may be removed by means of the sharp spoon
or curette.

In the application of antisepsis, the sublimate solution is
perhaps the most efficient, but it must be applied in liberal
quantities and while quite warm.

In deep punctures of the plantar cushion in which sepsis is
present or cannot be avoided I would always recommend that a
counter opening be made wherever such is possible, and that
this opening be made large enough so that the wound canal
may be flushed from above as well as from below.

In dressing this class of wounds absorbent cotton should be
liberally applied and dressings should be changed as often as
the quantity of wound discharge may demand.

In cases in which the bone has been injured, free drainage
should also be provided for, and in addition any part which has
become necrotic should be thoroughly removed by means of a
sharp spoon. Thorough disinfection with a sublimate solution
is to be daily practiced and the dressing described above should

1132 L. VAN ES.

be applied in order to protect the parts against additional con-
tamination and with a view of removing the wound’s secretions.

In injury of the tendon or bursa, free drainage and antisep-
tic treatment must ever be provided for, as from a surgical point
of view the same indications are to be met as in the preceding
complications. Iu the experience of the writer, however, sep-
tic wounds of the parts mentioned have been frequently followed
by necrosis of the tendon, a complication which often required
radical operative measures.

Before concluding, a few words in regard to the use of the
poultice may be said. Surgeons have now had sufficient time
to learn the value of excluding bacteria from healing wounds.
In the modern treatment of wounds, not only efforts are made to
inhibit germ life by the use of antiseptics, but the wounds are
kept free from substances which may furnish nourishment
to bacteria and before all the wounds and everything in connec-
tion with them are kept as dry as possible, a surgical principle
based upon the fact that moisture is imperative to germ life
and growth.

In applying poultices, everything favorable to germ life is
being provided: The moisture, nourishment, as well as the op-
timum temperature and in the great majority of cases the bac-
teria themselves. In an extensive experience with nail wounds
in the horse’s foot, in which to some extent poultices were in
use, as well as the antiseptic treatment, I was led to depend en-
tirely upon the latter and to conclude that in all cases in which
poultices were used they did more harm than good.

MILK TRrust.—7Zvenion, N. /., Feb. 15.—-The American But-
ter Refining Company, with its registered office in Jersey City,
this afternoon filed articles of incorporation with the Secretary
of State. The capital of the concern is $17,000,000. The com-
pany is chartered to deal in milk and all milk and food prod-
ucts, and to buy up the business and plants of other like corpo-
rations. ‘The incorporators are Walter E. Hope, Beverly R.
Robinson and E. T. S. Thygeson, of Jersey City.—( V. Y. Zven-
ing Sun, Feb. 15, 1905.)

AN ANOMALOUS CRYPTORCHID. 1133

AN ANOMALOUS CRYPTORCHID.

By CHARLES FRAZIER, M. D. V., INSTRUCTOR IN ANATOMY AND SuR-
GERY AT THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Ol THE
WASHINGTON STATE COLLEGE.

The possibilities in veterinary surgery which may be real-
ized by perfecting the means of performing aseptic operations
was illustrated recently by an operation upon a cryptorchid in
the clinic of the Veterinary Department of the Washington
State College.

The operation in question was performed upon a very un-
usual case in which the retained testicle, weighing nearly fifteen
pounds and measuring eleven inches in the greatest diameter,
was removed through an incision in the flank, thirteen inches
in length. The wound healed by primary union with the ex-
ception of a portion of the skin incision and the patient made
a nice recovery.

The animal was first operated upon on May 23, 1904, by
the usual method, the entrance to the abdominal cavity being
made through the inguinal region. Upon discovery of the
much enlarged testicle, however, it was decided that removal of
it through the inguinal region would be impracticable because
of the necessity of a large incision in so dependent a region.
The wound was dressed and the patient allowed to rise.

On June 7th, the second operation was performed and the
testicle removed. Previous to the operation the animal was
dieted by being placed on light rations for several days. No
physic was given, neither was the food completely suppressed
at any time. It is the writer’s opinion that the best results in
abdominal operations are obtained if such operations are car-
ried out when the intestines are moderately full of ingesta and
free from the irritation of physics. An empty bowel irritated
by the action of a physic and further irritated by an operation,
certainly predisposes to volvulus, colic, peritonitis and these are
bad complications.

Before being taken into the operating room the patient was

1134 CHARLES FRAZIER.

made as aseptic as possible by repeated brushings and creolin
baths. Throughout the operation the principle aimed at was
to,have as near perfect aseptic conditions as possible.

The animal was placed upon the operating table with the
left side exposed, and chloroformed. An incision was then

THE ABDOMINAL INCISION,

made in the flank, beginning about four inches below the trans-
verse process of the lumbar vertebrze and three inches in front
of the anterior iliac spine, and extending downward for a dis-
tance of thirteen inches. The incision was carried through the
skin and external abdominal muscle down to the internal ab-

AN ANOMALOUS CRYPTORCHID. 1135

THE Two TESTICLES REMOVED FROM THE PATIENT.

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE PATIENT ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER OPERATION AND SHOW-
R ING RETAINED ABDOMINAL BANDAGE AFTER HAVING BEEN WORN THREE DAYS.
.
q

1136 CHARLES FRAZIER.

dominal, which, with the transversalis and peritoneum, was
incised in the direction of its fibres. The testicle was forced
through this opening by means of tenaculums and by an assist-
ant manipulating in the rectum. The wound was closed by
three sets of sutures. The peritoneum and transversalis muscle
was included in one; the internal oblique in another, and the
skin and external oblique in a third. Gut was used in the first
two and strong silk in the third.

After being taken from the table the abdomen of the patient
was bandaged. Roller bandages moistened with a corrosive
sublimate solution containing a small amount of starch was
applied. ‘The starch had the effect of preventing the bandages
from shifting their position after drying.

The attached copy of the hospital record shows the after-
treatment and the progress made by the patient.

The testicle was a flattened, ovoid body, measuring eleven
inches in greatest diameter, and eight and one-half inches in
least diameter and weighing fourteen pounds, twelve ounces.
The spermatic cord was varicose, as large as a man’s wrist and
about fourteen inches long, allowing the testicle to lie forward
on the floor of the abdomen among the intestines. The blood
supply was enormous.

Following is a report of the mobid anatomy of the specimen
by Dr. Maynard Rosenberger, pathologist of the school.

MORBID ANATOMY.

(a).—Macroscopy.—Examination of the tumor showed the
testicular artery to be larger than a carotid and the veins enor-
mously enlarged. Upon palpation the tumor mass appeared
hard, having in places areas of fluctuation. Sectioning showed
the enveloping tissues to be adherent and almost inseparable.
From the tunica propria, fibrous tissue ramified the entire mass.
These ramifying bands were exceedingly hyperplastic and in
places had undergone calcarious infiltration. The calcarious
deposits were so compact that difficulty was experienced in sev-
ering the mass with a heavy bistoury. Areas of gelatinoid de-
generation were numerous. These were present in sinuses,

AN ANOMALOUS CRYPTORCHID. 1137

surrounded by fibrous walls. In some instances the sinuses
were one and one-half inches in diameter.

(6).—Microscopy.—For microscopical examination, tissues
were selected from areas in process of degeneration. These
snowed a fibromatous formation with cavernous blood vascular

changes and gelatinoid degeneration as secondary changes. No
spermatozoa were found.

Tuesday, June 7th.

Operated, 2.30 P. M.

Pulse. Temperature. Appetite. General Appearance.
Gr Me.” 48 103 Good. Good.
IO P. M. 48 102.8 ee i

The patient was given one ounce of alcohol and a small bran
mash, at six o’clock.
Wednesday, June 8th.

Pulse. Temperature. Appetite. General Appearance.

6 A. M. 40 IOI Good. Good.

8 A. M. 42 IOI ce “
10 A. M. 42 IOI.5 s° .
12 M. 42 102.5 5 7s

6 Pp. M. 48 103 a ES
IO P. M. 48 103 * =i

Was fed light feeds of bran, oat chop and hay at morning,
noon and night. For treatment a pint of linseed oi] was given
at eight o’clock A. M., and an enema of warm water at six P. M.

Thursday, June oth.

Pulse. Temperature. Appetite. General Appearance.

6 A. M. 42 103 Good. Good.

8 A. M. 42 103.4 is ai
12 M. 48 103.6 . BS
2.30 P. M. 48 103.6 st sg

6 Pp. M. 48 103.7 = cb

IO P. M. 48 104 « ‘6

1138 CHARLES FRAZIER.

Treatment and feed same as on previous day.

Friday, June roth.

Pulse. Temperature. Appetite. General Appearance.

6 A. M. 42 102.5 Good. Good.
8 A. M. 45 10227, y
I2 M. 45 103.3 ia ¢
3 P. M. 45 103.5 Fair.
6 P. M. 50 104.2 vs Fair.
IO P. M. 45 1@2.4 es

The dressing was removed at six o’clock p. M., and the
wound irrigated and rebandaged. There was no appearance of
sepsis. ‘The patient was given alcohol, two ounces, quinine sul-
phate, one-half drachm, dilute sulphuric acid, one-half drachm.
This dose was repeated at ten P. M.

Saturday, June rith.

Pulse. Temperature. Appetite. General Appearance.

6 A. M. 42 IOI.4 Good. Good.

8 A. M. 45 Oley oS 7
12 M. 45 101.6 i af

6 P. M. 45 101.6 . *

As shown by the above record the patient was apparently
normal on this day. The pulse and temperature remained nor-
mal. ‘The record is interesting in that it shows that in cases of
this kind, so long as the heart action is normal, a temperature
of as high as 104.2 F. does not necessarily indicate serious infec-
tion.

The wound healed by primary union with the exception of
the lower half of the skin incision. On Monday, June 13th, a
subcutaneous serous collection necessitated opening the lower
portion of the external set of sutures. The patient left the hos-
pital on June 30th.

THE VETERINARY BRANCH IN MANITOBA.—It is under-
stood that the Veterinary Branch of the Department of Agricul-
ture at Ottawa, is to take charge of contagious diseases of
animals in Manitoba.

PRODUCING WHOLESOME AND CLEAN MILK. 1139

NECESSARY QUALIFICATIONS FOR PRODUCING
WHOLESOME AND CLEAN MILK.
By JAMES M. MeEcray, V. M. D., MAPLE SHADE, N. J.

Presented to the 2Ist annual meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New
Jersey, at Newark, N. J., January 12, 1905.

Under existing conditions there seems to be no way that the
consumer can be assured or made certain that milk is as repre-
sented by the dealers. The persons who handle milk, from the
most slovenly servant to the dainty dairy maid, are positive that
their habits of cleanliness are unquestionable and are perfectly
willing to certify that the milk they handle is absolutely clean
and pure. The dealers have the same positive ideas, yet they
may never have seen the cows from which it was taken, inside
of the stables, milk house, or the care the milk received before
it was delivered to them, and the only proof they have of its
purity is the word of the owner.

The most ignorant and slovenly people are just as positive
that they are furnishing a first-class article as it is possible for
the most scrupulous and intelligent men in the business to sup-
ply. Consumers are impressed by this to a certain extent, some
because it was the custom of their forefathers, others because
they neglect to consider the subject. Some people are willing
to buy shoddy goods wherever they can be purchased, the cheap-
est irrespective of quality; others will purchase only the best
goods of the most reliable dealers. There is still another class
of people who seem to be very particular in purchasing cloth-
ing, furniture, etc., but who are totally indifferent to the char-
acter of other things far more important, as milk and meat.

Milk to be wholesome and clean should be obtained from
clean, healthy cows bya clean, healthy person, in an atmosphere
as free as possible from dust, odors and germs; it should be
aerated and cooled quickly and kept cool until used, in a clean
well-sealed receptacle. This appears to be a simple, easy oper-
ation, yet it is nearly impossible to produce and transport milk
from the dairy to the consumer without it becoming contami-

1140 JAMES M. MECKAY.

nated with stable odors, dirt, dust and germs from wherever it
is exposed to the air.

When we consider that a drop of milk may contain virulent
bacteria enough to exterminate a whole family, it will be seen
how important it is that every step in the process of handling
milk should be guarded with the most faithful and intelligent
attention. There are many people who can never appreciate
the importance of this work.

Bacteriology and sanitary science have demonstrated many
facts in the past few years which, if properly applied to the
dairy interests, will revolutionize the whole system. No pro-
gressive producer or dealer can ignore these facts; it may not
be practical for these persons to possess the necessary knowl-
edge to prescribe the rules that must be in order to produce
milk according to the most approved and scientific principles ;
nevertheless, they should be intelligent enough to follow these
rules when pointed out by those who do possess such knowl-
edge. Science has shown the way, why not follow it ?

One reason is because too many of our scientific men who
are familiar with these subjects are too busy with their investi-
gation to make practical applications of the facts they already
possess ; others let politicians and men not familiar with the
importance of this work, make the laws and prescribe the
methods by which the work shall be executed. Chemistry
furnishes the necessary facts to determine the chemical constit-
uents of milk and the nature of antiseptics used to often pre-
serve milk. The bacteriologist can determine the number of
germs in milk and something of their nature, and many of the
numerous sources of these and larger particles of dirt.

There seems to be no reason why these sciences should not
be represented in prescribing how milk should be handled, and
in judging if its qualities have been followed. With the present
knowledge it is not possible to produce for market milk that is
free from germs. (Consequently pure milk does not exist.)
Bacteriology shows us that commercial milk contains from 100,-
000 to 1,000,000 germs and more per c. c. Under what appears

PRODUCING WHOLESOME AND CLEAN MILK. 1141

to be the most scientific system of handling milk at the present

time, it has been produced in the country and inspected every

day for nearly two years at the Pepper Laboratory, by a capa-
ble, honest bacteriologist, who has found the germs to average

less than 10,000 per c. c. during this time. The work has been

accomplished through the generosity of a member of the medi-
cal profession who realizes the importance of such service.

These results have been obtained without pasteurization, steril-

ization or the addition of preservatives. ‘They have .been ac-

complished by faithfully following scientific methods.

To produce milk so free as this milk was produced from
germs and dirt, which I believe to be the best results recorded,
it has required the most careful supervision and instructions by
persons who have devoted their whole attention to the subject
of producing wholesome milk. It takes the milkers weeks to
become proficient enough with a good instructor, to obtain
milk so nearly pure. With a little carelessness on the part of
the handler, or unnecessary disturbance around the stable or
milk house, the germs may increase 100,000 per c. c. or more
in one day.

Fortunately the majority of germs that gain access to milk
are non-pathogenic, or not disease-producing germs, yet they
have no beneficial action and are foreign to pure milk.

Among the disease-producing germs around a stable, the
colon bacillus found in the fzeces of cattle is perhaps the most
common; it is well known that this germ causes severe di-
gestive disturbance in the human family. Tubercle bacilli,
which causes tuberculosis, while not so common. as formerly
(thanks to science), are still present in large numbers. We ad-
mit that there is no experimental proof that tuberculosis has been
transmitted to the human family from such a source. I think
Dr. Pearson, of Philadelphia, developed a tubercle from a scratch
while holding a post-mortem, and Dr. Taylor, of Camden, called
my attention a few days ago to a butcher, who developed a tu-
bercle the same way. Yet the circumstantial evidence isso strong
that it should convince the most skeptical person, milk from

1142 JAMES M. MECRAY.

tuberculous cows when used for experimental purposes has
been found to produce tuberculosis beyond a doubt ; even dust
from stables where tuberculous cattle are kept has been shown
experimentally to produce tuberculosis; many cases of tuber-
‘cular udders and generalized tuberculosis have been found by
inspectors in herds that are managed by intelligent dairymen
before they even suspected anything wrong with the health of
the animals. Science again has a remedy to eliminate the dan-
gers of this malady, not only the bad cases of tuberculosis, but
those that will be bad in the future if they are not eliminated.
In tuberculin we have a safe, harmless method of pointing out
the tuberculous animal ina herd, that is as far superior to the
old method of physical diagnosis as the microscope is superior
to the naked eye.

Milk may contain myriads of tubercle bacilli, also the germs
that cause diphtheria, typhoid fever and many other germs that
produce contagious diseases, and still appear perfectly normal to
the naked eye and smell; lactometer and all ordinary tests. To
overcome these dangers, it is mecessary that the cows and at-
tendants should be healthy and clean, the sanitary condition of
the stables, milk houseand milking utensils should be carefully
guarded, the stables should be well lighted. Sunlight is one
of the best and cheapest disinfectants we have. The stables
should be roomy ; there should be one cubic foot of air space in
the stable for every pound of animal weight. In addition to
this the stables should be well ventilated. In the majority of
stables the cows have about one-half of this amouut of air space
and little light or ventilation supplied. With these conditions,
it is impossible to perform the operation of milking without
the milk becoming contaminated with stable odors, thousands
of germs and dirt.

Food and water are important factors in the production of
wholesome milk. ‘The food must be clean, fresh and free from
odors; the same is true of drinking water, which is as cheap as
sunshine and pure air, yet it is often supplied to the dairy cow
in the filthiest kind of a mudhole, or go without water.

PRODUCING WHOLESOME AND CLEAN MILK. 1143

You may think these facts are too well known to be spoken
of, yet these conditions exist not only among the poor and ignor-
ant, but also among the better class of farmers.

Many of the producers and dealers realize the necessity of
sanitary measures and the importance of keeping healthy cattle,
others try to copy their efforts and use such measures only to de-
ceive their customers. We can see an illustration of this every day
on milk wagons as ‘Pure Milk,” “Pure Country Milk,” “Alderney
Milk,” and many other forms of lettering, which serve only to dec-
orate the wagon and deceive the people. We believe that the vet-
erinarian should not only be able to diagnose and treat sick ani-
mals, but he should also know how to direct their care to prevent
sickness. His clients have a right to expect him to be familiar
with the best system of care and feeding, not only for sick ani-
mals but for those in health. Weshould study feeding carefully
that we may know how to prescribe the best and most econom-
ical rations for dairy cattle. By careful feeding many diseases
can be prevented.
| Preventing disease is the most noble work of a veterinarian.

We should understand thoroughly sanitary conditions and the
best and most scientific process of handling milk. Many gen-
tlemen who are particular where they buy their cigars are buy-
ing milk for themselves and families with as much thoughtless-
ness as is exercised in buying coal oil from anybody who has it
to sell. The question naturally arises how can these difficulties
be overcome? ‘There is already a milk inspection system in
operation in some cities. The Veterinary Department of the
University of Pennsylvania has done and is doing a great deal
of necessary work, perhaps as much as it is possible to accom-
plish by legislation for a large city.

It has been demonstrated that the best results in the pro-
duction of wholesome milk can only be obtained by an intelli-
gent cooperation of inspectors, dealers and producers; a system
should be established for the production and handling of milk,
then the working of this system should be carefully inspected
as well as the milk that is produced under it; this system should

1144 JAMES M. MECRAY.

be formulated and established by a commission of scientific
men, men who are familiar with bacteriology and sanitary
science ; such a commission might be composed of veterina-
tians ; they should possess knowledge of these two sciences and
also of the diseases and care of animals more than we could ex-
pect of members of any other profession.

But in order that wholesome milk shall be a success there
must be a demand for such milk. The people should be edu-
cated to see the advantages to be derived from a scientific hand-
ling of milk and we must look to the medical profession for as-
sistance in furnishing the necessary education; they can see
the advantages of handling milk in a scientific manner, and
possess the influence to establish these facts in the minds of the
people. It would therefore seem best that the commission
should be made of scientific, energetic men in the medical pro-
fession; veterinarians, dealers, scientific men and producers
could codperate in formulating and establishing the most
scientific and practical methods by which the work could be
done. Medical societies, or committees from these societies,
could constitute the commission, which should adopt the sys-
tem that seemed best; the commission should select the nec-
essary assistance to carry on the work; among the assistants
necessary should be a veterinarian, bacteriologist and chemist ;
there should be an agreement with the dealer to use his best
efforts to produce milk in accordance with this system ; regular
inspections ‘and reports should be made to the commission, and
if satisfactory they should certify or guarantee the milk to be
as represented ; the dealer should get a better price for his milk ;
it has a right to be sold as a first-class article; there is no mer-
chantable article where all is sold for one price, whether good
or bad, and handled by a reliable dealer or a cheat. Why
should it be so with milk which we all know to be one of the
principal articles of diet from birth till old age, whether sick or
well? Why should it not,be paid for according to its cleanliness
and quality ?

The subject of producing milk according’ to’scientific princi-

PRODUCING WHOLESOME AND CLEAN MILK. 1145

ples is nothing new or original. A commission was established
in New York City, composed of fifteen representative members
from the medical profession ; they adopted a scientific system to
be followed in the production and handling of milk and its in-
spection ; they entered into a contract with the producer to fur-
nish milk according to their directions. By the terms of the -
contract the commission must be satisfied as to the qualifications
of a physician employed to inspect the help on the farm; this
physician was required to inspect all the heJpers twice a month
and report to thé commission ; they must be satisfied the helpers
are healthy and free from transmissible diseases, and possess
clean habits. A veterinarian, bacteriologist and chemist were
also chosen by the commission and paid a fair sum for their ser-
vices by the producers; they reserved the right also to employ
any other expert inspector considered necessary by the commis-
sion ; the veterinarian must inspect all cows before admission to
the herd, and once a year at least thereafter if the cow is to be
kept in the herd. New animals when brought to the herd
must be quarantined for a reasonable length of time, or until
the veterinarian is satisfied they have no transmissible disease ;
he is to inspect the sanitary conditions of the premises and the
health of the cows used in the dairy once every two weeks and
report the results of this investigation to the commission. The
bacteriologist must be satisfied with this system of handling
milk and make such inspection of the milk and dairy as he or
the commission think necessary. The chemist analyzes the
water used and determines the chemical constituents of it and
of the milk, and reports the same to the commission.

The producer has been able to sell milk under these condi-
tions at a reasonable price, a few cents in advance of the retail
price of common milk; pay his help more, as he must have a
better class of help, and is satisfied to continue the work on
scientific and business-like principles, not alone for his love of
mankind, but from a financial standpoint.

There are some dealers in Philadelphia trying to produce
wholesome milk under the same scientific principles as described

1146 JAMES M. MECRAY.

above, but have no commission to encourage and assist in the
matter. Scientific men in the cities are too much inclined to
stand back and wonder if it can be a successful effort.

I believe that the medical societies and the veterinary med-
ical societies should appoint a joint committee to investigate the
work, a report should be made on the conditions, and if found
to be satisfactory these societies should endorse the work al-
ready being done and that of any new dealers who may choose
to furnish milk according to the same or similar methods and
thus show that the efforts being made in the line are being ap-
preciated.

It is not claimed that this system is perfect, neither is it
claimed that the milk is perfect, but the system is far superior
to any other yet advanced and the milk contains all the con-
stituents that nature can supply with no preservatives or artifi-
cial coloring matter, unnecessary germs or filth. Science can
demonstrate that it is much cleaner and safer and is nothing
but practical common sense. — ,

I believe that all intelligent people should unite in an effort
to create a more practical application of scientific principles in
handling milk. The Dairy Division of the Department of
Agriculture of Washington, the dairy schools, and experimental
stations, are each doing their best to bring about this reforma-
tion. Every dairyman and dealer should be encouraged to
bring about a system of wholesome and clean milk by every
person and encouraged by the medica! profession. By such as-
sistance, ignorant and dirty milk producers would be driven
out of business. It may be a long time before properly whole-
some milk will be required by the citizens, but it will be,
sooner or later, and the sooner the better, and I can see no
reason why it should not be the universal milk.

A BIL to prohibit the docking of horses’ tails has been in-
troduced into the Missouri Legislature and the committee to
which it was referred has reported it out with a recommenda-
tion that it pass.

FILARIA. 1147

FILARIA.

By W. REID BLAIR, D. V. S., VETERINARIAN AND RESIDENT PATHOL-
oGIST NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

Presented to the 21st Annual Meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New
Jersey, at Newark, N. J., January 12th, 1905.

FILARIA IMMITIS (LEIDY).

While this filaria is commonly found in man and dogs in
China, Japan and the East generally, it is not, however, un-
known in America and Europe. |

Its usual habitat is the right side of the heart and pulmo-
nary arterial system, where it occasionally occurs in such large
numbers that it is difficult to see how the circulation can pro-
ceed.

To the unaided eye, the sexual differences are readily dis-
cernible.

The female worms are usually more numerous and of
greater length than the males. The length of the female is
from 6 to 11 inches, while the male is about 5 inches. The
body has a white metallic lustre and the mouth has six small
‘papille.

The female maintains almost throughout a uniform calibre
of 4. inch, but at the cephalic it diminishes to about -\, inch
and at the caudal extremity to about ,}, inch.

The ovaducts of the females are usually crowded with eggs
in various stages of development. ‘The largest contain coiled
embryos. ‘he male parasite is readily recognized by its com-
paratively slender body, having a diameter of about ;', inch,
and also by its spirally curved tail, which is three or four
times twisted upon itself with the regularity of a corkscrew.

The coiled portion is much narrower than the body of the
worm, gradually becoming attenuated to the breadth of =},
inch, the extreme point, however, terminating bluntly as in the
female.

Unfortunately, so far as I know, the life history of this
parasite has not yet been ascertained, so that it is difficult to

1148 W. REID BLAIR.

decide whether the /7/arza sanguinis canis and Filaria sangut-
nis hominis found in the blood of man and dogs are not embry- -
onic or immature forms of the F2/arza zmmitis.

A microscopic examination of the blood from cases suffer-
ing from persistent anzemia and obscure circulatory manifesta-
tions may reveal the presence of the ova or young filaria.

The embryos of one or more nematoids have been found in
large numbers in the blood of the dog by a number of investi-
gators, among whom are Gruby and Delafond, Lewis and Man-
son.

The hzmatozoa of Lewis is described as a long, thin worm
with an extremely delicate tail and a round mouth, which ex-
pands, acting like a sucker.

In France, Gruby found these hematozoain 4 to 5 per cent.
of the dogs examined, while in China, Calcutta and Italy they
were found in 33 per cent. of the animals examined by Manson
and by Lewis.

According to Gruby and Delafond, Rieck, the number of
heematozoa in a single host varies greatly but is usually enor-
mous. ‘They found from 3 to 15 in a single drop of blood, or
from I1,000 to 1,000,000 in the patient.

They have been supposed to pass from dam to foetus, but
Gruby and Delafond could not detect them in the blood until
the puppy was 5 to6 months old.

It is thought that the embryos live fora time in fresh water,
and are then taken up by a species of fresh-water crustacean,
in whose body they undergo further development and by the
ingestion of which the infection of the human subject and dogs
occurs.

One of the embryonic stages of development is believed to
take place in the body of a species of nocturnal mosquito.
Through the bodies of the dead mosquitoes, which are liable to
fall into the drinking-water, it is believed that the spread of the
parasite may occur.

However, this much is known, that the parasite prevails es-
pecially in regions where the ground is low and wet and where

FILARIA, 1149

there is every opportunity for the external existence of the
worm in water or some aquatic host.

It is interesting to note in this conneetion the occurrence
of this parasite in a number of California sea-lions in the New
York Zoological Park.

These animals were kept in an artificial pool and lived ex- -
clusively on fish, which is their natural food.

The animals, which were apparently in prime condition,
were suddenly noticed to refuse all food and developed pro-
nounced symptoms of broncho-pneumonia and convulsive at-
tacks, which shortly terminated in death. In all these cases
the filaria were very numerous. ‘They were found in the heart
wound around the columne carne and corde tendine.

They were also found in the pulmonary artery and in its
ramifications in the lungs. In the right ventricle of one sea-
lion I found fourteen filarize, only three of them being males.

An absolute diagnosis may sometimes be secured by micro-
scopical examination of specimens of blood obtained from a
suspected case and finding the embryos, which are furnished
with a delicate pointed tail.

Manson noted a habit of these embryos of abounding in the
superficial bloodvessels during the night and retiring to the
large vessels of the chest and abdomen during the day, after the
manner of the Fz/arza sanguinis hominis.

Dr. Frank H. Miller, of New York, recently sent me speci-
mens of blood obtained from a dog infected with Fzlarza tmmz-
tis, which showed these embryonic worms.

The Filarta immitis does not often betray its presence by
any recognizable symptoms during the lifetime of the infected
animal.

In the majority of instances the worms are found at the au-
topsy of animals which have died after various morbid manifes-
tations. Death is usually sudden or has been preceded for an
hour or two by dyspncea and convulsions.

Frequently the animal has exhibited for a variable number
of days dullness, debility, local dropsies and more or less fre-

1150 W. REID BLAIR.

quent attacks of convulsions or epileptiform seizures.

Respirations are often hurried and spasmodic in character.

Treatment.—It is but seldom that the necessary advantage
of an early knowledge of the true nature of the affection is se-
cured, and when the trouble has become apparent, it is often too
late to resort to the remedical measures which might have been
employed in the early stages.

It is obvious that nothing can be done when the parasites
have once obtained possession of so vital an organ as the heart.

However, Law reports having obtained a steady improve-
ment by giving daily 10 drops of a one per cent. solution of ar-
senite of soda in combination with nux vomice.

FILARIA GRACILIS IN A SPIDER MONKEY.

This interesting monkey, Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey (A¢eles
geoffroyt),is a native of South America. They are found in-
habiting both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of Nicaragua,
United States of Colombia and Costa Rica, where they occur in
large numbers from the coast forests up to nearly 6,000 feet on
the mountains.

This species derives its trivial name from its long and
slender limbs and by its light and very slender body, which is
narrower across the loins than across the chest.

The head is rounded, and the muzzle somewhat projecting.
Both pairs of limbs are much elongated, the hind limbs being
shorter, however,.than the fore, and the thumb of the fore limb
entirely absent.

The Greek word A/eles signifies zmpferfect, and is applied to
this genus in allusion to the absence of the thumb on the hands,
which characterizes them.

The tail is very long (26-27 inches), generally exceeding
the length of the body and head, and is nude on the under side,
and very sensitive towards its termination. As a prehensile
organ, it has reached perfection, serving as a fifth hand.

The spider monkeys are great favorites in the menageries,
as they are remarkably intelligent, gentle in their manners,
and exceedingly lightand graceful in their movements.

FILARI®. roe

ffistory.—My attention was first called to the case on the
morning of March 25th, by the keeper, who said that the ani-
mal’s face was swollen and that it had severe diarrhea.

On close examination I found the swellings to be confined
to under the eyes and nostrils, and pitting on pressure, but not
particularly painful ; no evidences of any external injury or pus. .
Heart rhythm irregular and inclined to depression. I made a
small incision into one of the swellings, which showed
cedema.

Treatment.—The animal was given a liberal diet of rice,
fruit, etc., with small doses of digitalis, iodide potassium and
blackberry brandy.

March 26th.—The swellings seem to be a trifle less to-day.
Some improvement in bowels, also; faeces discharges not so
fluid.

March 27th.—Swellings under eyes gradually disappearing ;
appetite good.

March 28th.—Animal quite bright this morning. Swellings
entirely gone from face. Bowels quite normal.

March 30th.—I find considerable swelling under jaw, which
seems to be confined principally to subcutaneous tissue. Appe-
tite continues good. General condition very good, and is quite
active to-day. Digitalis, iodide potassium and brandy con-
tinued.

April 1st.—Swellings have entirely disappeared from face
and neck. Patient seems to be as well as usual.

April 4th.—Continues to improve. Animal bright and ac-
tive. Medicines discontinued.

April roth.—Animal’s right arm greatly swollen, beginning
at point of elbow and extending down and including fingers.
The swellings uniform, pitting on pressure and painful, and
several degrees cooler than left. Absence of pulsations in lower
part of limb. Brachial lymphatics not enlarged. Animal re-
fuses all food, and is greatly depressed. Diarrhcea. The arm
was gently massaged and liniment applied ; digitalis and iodide
potassium given three times daily, in milk. ‘

1152 . W. REID BLAIR.

April r1th.—Still refuses all food, but is very thirsty.
Swelling of arm about thesame. Diarrhcea troublesome. Gave
frequent doses of blackberry brandy in whites of eggs.

April 12th.—Swelling of arm less than yesterday. ‘Took
a little food to-day,—fruit, milk and egg. Diarrhoea bet-
ter:

April 13th.—Refuses food; great weakness. Right arm,
right leg and tail enormously enlarged, and cedematous ; also
swellings have appeared about face and head. Skin on under
surface of tail broken and raw. Decided to chloroform, and
examined immediately afterward.

Autopsy.—External lesions: head, right arm, tail, swollen
and oedematous.

Heart :—Abnormal dilatation, muscle soft and flabby. Peri-
cardial sac contains considerable quantity clear fluid without
inflammatory coagula. Blood pale and semi-fluid. ,

Lungs :—Pigmented ; numerous long filariz attached to
pulmonary pleura; many filariz in bloodvessels of lungs, 6-7
inches in length.

Liver :—Enlarged and cedematous; numerous large filariz
coiled loosely around and along portal vein, alive and very ac-
tive, none, however, being found within portal vein.

Kidneys :—Extremely pale and cedematous; capsule free.

Spleen :—Not enlarged, but congested.

Lymph Nodes :—Cidematous.

Stomach :—Anzemic ; catarrh.

Intestines :—Mucous membrane extremely anzemic through-
out. Upon the mesentery were numerous filariza extremely
active ; a great many others could be seen and felt through the
smaller mesenteric bloodvessels. I pulled 8-10 filariz from
these vessels of such a large size that they seemed to almost
occlude the lumen of these small bloodvessels. Attached to
the posterior end of two filariaze were small irregular pale fibri-
nous clots the size of a pea. The longest filariz found within
the bloodvessels measured 1234 inches in length and of the
thickness of ordinary twine.

FILARIA. 1153

FILARIA GRACILIS (RUDOLPH]).

Iam not aware that this nematode has ever before been
found in this country. However, a number of preparations of
this filaria are reported to be in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons in London.

Some of these specimens were originally obtained by Pro-.
fessor Owen from the pleural cavity of a Capuchin monkey,
others having been found by him in the thorax of an orang-
utan.

The distinguishing features of this nematode are itsextreme
length and nearly uniform thickness throughout, only slightly
attenuated at the cephalic end, the caudal extremity, however,
gradually tapering for about an inch, terminating in a fine
point.

Female considerably longer than the male—7 to 14 inches
for the female.

All the males which I examined were under 6% inches. A
single female has been reported over 20 inches in length.

The tail, as I shall show you by an illustration of a draw-
ing made from life, is furnished near its extremity with three
conical papille. The actual extremity of the tail has an ex-
ceedingly minute prominence with a centrally placed duct.

THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY receives this year an
appropriation of a million and a half dollars, including amounts
to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia, black-leg, tuber-
culosis, sheep scab, glanders, hog cholera, etc., including the
destruction-of diseased animals when necessary. The act pro-
vides that the Secretary may mark or label, in other words
grade dairy products for exportation, thus giving them an estab-
lished standing.

Goop RESULTS IN AZOTURIA.—Dr. E. S. Roberts, Lewiston,
Idaho, writes as follows under date of Feb. 14: “I am having
good results with arecoline in one grain doses hypodermically
in azoturia and flatulent colics. Have had 17 cases of azoturia
in nine months past, and have not lost one case. I also use soda
bicarb. in large doses for the first twelve hours, but not before I
have all passages open. After using the soda I give diuretics
with hot pack. All my cases have been down when called.”

1154 M. H. REYNOLDS.

TUBERCULIN CORRECT.

By M. H. REYNOLDS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA.

A cow showing a clinical picture, and history of tuberculosis,
but without being tuberculous was one of the interesting devel-
opments at the University Farm during the year 1902.

This animal was a grade shorthorn cow (‘‘ Rose”’), from the
dairy herd. She was in poor condition, had a chronic cough
and showed progressive emaciation. During her last month
there was a gain in strength and activity, but she was still in
very poor condition when killed, as shown in the accompa-
nying figure. She had been tested several times with tubercu-

Rose. APPARENTLY TUBERCULAR.

lin, but failed to give even a slight reaction. Under the sup-
position that she was very badly diseased, and therefore did not
react to an ordinary dose of tuberculin, she was given, before
killing, a very large dose, 12 c.c., or about six times an ordinary
dose; but still without reaction. [See test. ]

1155

TUBERCULIN CORRECT.

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1156 M. H. REYNOLDS.

Examination post-mortem [see autopsy] was made on May
26, 1902, and showed that several lobes of the lungs had been
affected with a chronic lobular pneumonia, and for a considera-
ble period. ‘There was a large foreign substance in the common
bile duct. This duct was greatly enlarged and the obstruction
was almost complete.

There was also an interesting collection of short pieces of
wire and a considerable amount of loose shot of large size in the
second stomach. One piece of wire had penetrated the stomach
wall, but was held from going further by coil at the inner end.
There was another small hole about the size of a lead pencil,
extending through the diaphragm and into the adjacent lung
tissue, evidently caused by a foreign body.

The unanimous opinion of three veterinarians present at
this examination post-mortem was to the effect that there was
no evidence whatever of tuberculosis, although the subject had,
during life, presented a perfect picture of an advanced case of
this disease. There are at least two important suggestions to
be drawn from this and two other similar experiences which
have come under the writer’s personal observation.

These are: /Fzrst, these three cases, as far as they show any-
thing support the well-established view that tuberculin is
more reliable than any other method of diagnosing this disease,
even in advanced cases. The writer does not hold that there
ate not advanced cases which fail to react; but he believes that
such cases are less common than is supposed. ‘The important
point in this connection, however, is that tuberculin offers us
not only the most but the only accurate means of ante-mortem
diagnosis that is at present available to the ordinary practi-
tioner. Bear in mind that this cow was from a herd where
there had recently been plenty of tuberculosis.

The second important thought to be drawn from this case
is, that tuberculin even in an enormous dose caused no reaction
and did no harm to a cow in poor condition, for she ate, drank
and moved about as usual, during the test. Her temperature
was not affected, nor did the large dose produce any untoward

TUBERCULIN CORRECT. 1157

effect upon her health that could be observed. In fact, she
improved somewhat in condition during the four weeks follow-
ing this test. It will be noted in the record that she was kept
under observation for about four weeks after this test in which
the very large dose of tuberculin was given. In this respect
the present case adds one to the list and supports the experi-'
mental work previously done at this station and the conclusions
based on that work and published in Bulletin 51, ‘‘ Bovine
Tuberculosis.”
Autopsy Record.

Cow “Rose,” shorthorn grade, aged, weight about 1,000
pounds; condition poor. Tested for tuberculosis April 26,
1901; December gth, 1901; and May 1st, 1902. All parts
apparently normal except as mentioned.

Lungs.—The left cephalic, left ventral, left caudal; the first
right cephalic, second right cephalic and right ventral all
showed plainly the results of an old and extensive lobular pueu-
monia. Nothing that could give a reasonable suspicion of tu-
berculosis was found. One lobe contained a considerable mass
of foreign substance, soft, friable and cheesy, which probably
had origin in an extensive hemorrhage.

Liver.—The ductus choledochus was greatly distended and
contained a soft, cheesy mass, similar to that found in the lungs,
about 40 x 60 mm. in dimensions, yellow in color and streaked
with red. This substance was soft and friable. It may have
had origin in a blood clot, or merely a mass of inspissated bile:

Reticulum.—This organ contained a considerable collection
of wire in short pieces, nails, and large shot. One longer piece
of wire penetrated the stomach wall and was held in place by a
sort of coil at the end. Another hole as large as a common lead
pencil, extended through the diaphragm and into one lung
lobe. Evidently this latter opening was caused by a sharp for-
eign body which had disappeared.

Ir is known that of the 2,400 stallions standing in Ireland
only about thirty per cent. are pure bred.

1158 I. C. NEWHARD.

OPEN JOINTS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

By Dr. I. C. NEWHARD, ASHLAND, PA.
Read at the Semi-Annual Meeting of the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, at Reading, Pa , Dec. 21, 1904,

An open joint is a wound where the skin, the binding, and
capsular ligaments, and the synovial membrane are ruptured,
allowing the escape of synovia, and ingress for germs of varions
kinds that cause inflammation of the tissues, especially synovitis
and arthritis. The case runs through four stages: First, a
flow of pure synovia in limited quantity. Second, as the in-
flammation develops, the flow of synovia increases, and if con-
fined so as to accumulate, it coagulates in the form of an amber-
colored, odorless clot; the joint swells and becomes painful;
fever develops; the pulse is hard and increased in frequency, the
animal is restless and inclined to keep the affected limb in near-
ly constant motion if the trouble is below the elbow or stifle; he
usually stands, becomes tucked up, and emaciates rapidly. In
a few days, more pus is mixed with the discharge. Third, the
articular cartilage becomes involved, suppurates,.ulcerates, and
becomes absorbed. ‘The discharge in this stage is offensive and
occasionally streaked with blood, the limb swells extensively,
and numerous abscesses form around the affected joint, rupture,
and form sinuses, the swelling becomes indurated, the animal is
only able to put his weight on the foot intermittently, some-
times not at all, and dies in the course of two to six weeks. If
it runs a somewhat milder course, with less swelling, suppura-
tion and induration, it runs into the fourth stage, in which the
articular ends of the bones become involved in a rarefying ostitis,
with a liberal exudation of lymph, which coagulates, organizes, and
anchylosis is the result, more or less ruining his usefulness, accord-
ing to which joint is affected. The leg is always permanently en-
larged, with considerable ossification of the inflammatory deposits.

In this disease, the temperature usually rises from one to four
degrees above normal. ‘The appetite is lost, and the bowels are
constipated.

OPEN JOINTS AND THEIR TREATMENT. 1159
te

Etiology.—Open joint may occur in any joint of the body,
though the stifle, knee, hock and navicular joints are most fre-
quently affected. Very often the navicular joint is opened eith-
er directly by a penetrating nail, or by suppuration from the in-
flammation resulting from such an injury. Open joint may also
follow a severe attack of acute articular arthritis. The most
common causes are, however, traumatic injuries, such as kicks
upon the joint by another animal, falling upon the knees while
drawing heavy loads or in driving, or race horses while being
driven at a high rate of speed. ‘The pitchfork in the hands of
an angry groom is often the cause of this disease.

Termination.—In this disease, we may have resolution, sup-
puration, gangrene, arthritis, and anchylosis. In several cases
of open joint, resolution takes place but seldom. It is much
more apt to end in the destruction of the articular cartilage cov-
ering the ends of the bones, and even the vascular structures of
the bones themselves are laid bare by the inflammation. Asa
result of this inflammation, we have an exudation of a bone-
forming lymph taking place within the cancelli and Haversian
canals of the bones forming the articulation, which fills up
these openings and becomes organized into bone, thus binding
the entire articulation into a solid mass of bone. This condi-
tion is the most common termination of an open joint. Fre-
quently the diseased joint will become enormously enlarged by
the osseous deposits which take place around it.

Treatment, to be rational, must be directed toward reducing
the inflammation by removing the cause, viz., destroying the
germs which have entered the wound, and allowing granulation
to go on in a natural way.

The first thing to do is to remove the hair as closely as pos-
sible from a considerable surface, remove shreds of lacerated
tissue if any, wash the wound with soap and water, then irri-
gate it thoroughly by syringing with an antiseptic lotion, such
as bichloride solution, 1 to 2,000, then apply an antiseptic dust-
ing powder composed of iodoform and alum, or iodoform and
tannic acid. ‘Then apply a good-sized pad of oakum or absorb-

1160 I. C. NEWHARD.

. eee
ent cotton, which is held in place with an appropriate bandage.
Dress it well night and morning.

If the case does not do well with this treatment, it is be-
cause the wound is not aseptic, and in such a case there is that
continued motion spoken of induced by pain. Probably your
wound is too small. Enlarge it with a probe-pointed bistoury,
say half-an-inch each way, upward and downward, making a
V-shaped opening. Irrigate thoroughly. In the mines, I often
pack the joint in cracked ice several times daily until the ex-
tensive inflammation is reduced. Whenever it is practicable,
render flexion of the limb impossible. This can be accom- |
plished either by means of a splint applied to the posterior part
of the leg, or by means of a plaster-of-paris bandage placed
around the joint, leaving the seat of injury exposed for treat-
ment. This, however, cannot very well be done in the hock
joint. All probing and unnecessary handling of the injured
parts must be avoided. Youdo more harm than good. Where
there is much inflammation present in the joint, together with
the discharge of bloody pus mixed with synovia, showing that
destructive tissue-metamorphosis is going on within the joint,
warm anodyne applications should be used. Very often in the
early stages, where the opening into the joint is small and not
much laceration of external tissues, a smart blister composed of
red iodide of mercury and cantharides, stops the flow of syno-
via. Ina case of some days’ standing, where the discharge is
largely pus, it will be useless to arrest the discharge from the
joint. If we did succeed, it would soon break out again in
some other part of the joint. At this stage of the disease, re-
covery by anchylosis is our only hope. I might mention that
I have had good results with hydrogen peroxide injections.

Constitutional treatment consists of antipyretics, such as
quinine, salicylate of sodium, acetanilid, etc. It should be
given internally if the temperature runs very high.

At the beginning of the disease, the animal should be
placed in slings. When the flow of synovia ceases, and the
joint remains hot and swollen, resort to blistering or firing.

REPORTS OF CASES. 1161

REPORTS OF CASES.

‘* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. Byre-
cording his observations, he adds tothe knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.”

INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE FLOATING COLON AND AN TERIOR
PART OF THE RECTUM, WHICH PROTRUDED THROU GH
THE ANUS.
By WALTER SHAW, V.S8., Dayton, Ohio.

s

The following case is not reported because so much skill wa
required in its treatment, but to remind us that we are some”
times justified in treating cases which seem to be altogether in™
curable. About seven o’clock on October 12, 1904, Horace Jus”
tice telephoned me to come out to his farm, a distance of abou
six miles, to treat a horse which was suffering from flatulent
colic. One hour later I had arrived at his home. The door waS
immediately behind the stall in which the animal lay, and upon
opening it his legs fell out. One of the men was asked to go to
the horse’s head and pull him back in order that he might get
on his feet, whereupon he replied ‘“‘ the horse’s intestines are out
and he can’t get up.”’ The protusion of the inverted colon had
occurred about fifteen minutes prior to my arrival. The owner
of the horse suggested that he be killed, but such a decision
seemed too hasty.

Taking the lantern in my hand, and stepping over the
horse, I made a careful examination, and discovered twenty-six
inches of the floating colon inverted and six inches in the rec-
tum, thus making the intussusception thirty-two inches in
length—in other words, five and a half feet of the bowel was
involved.

Through this telescoped colon some flatus was escaping.
The animal was weak, the heart pulsations were eighty per
minute and they lacked vigor.

_ The bowel was severely lacerated by the rough, coarse
shavings with which the stall was littered; there was blood
over the hind legs and the bedding.

The animal was then assisted to his feet and a careful ex-
amination proved that none of the lacerations of the colon had
penetrated the muscular wall. It was then decided that the
case should be treated, which was done in the following man-
ner: The horse was given a general stimulant, antiseptic, and
hzemostatic, consisting of oil of turpentine 3 ii, creolin 31, fl.

1162 REPORTS OF CASES.

ext. nux vomica 3i, oil lini Ziv. The attendants having
brought two large buckets of warm water, the bowel was
washed and all foreign materials were removed. ‘The intestine
was then placed ina large vessel of water, the temperature of
which was 130° F.; it was kept there about ten minutes to
start and establish the circulation. It was then dressed witha
lotion of carbolic acid 31, tinct. opii 21, warm water 3 xii,
and it was then replaced by manipulation as follows: An at-
tendant held the tail, I grasped the bowel in my left hand, then
placed my right hand in the rectum about six inches from the
point where the bowel had telescoped, then gradually com-
menced to replace it and when my arm was inserted to the
shoulder, there was yet remaining about ten inches of the in-
vaginated bowel by the side of my arm in the anterior part of
the rectum. The fingers of the right hand were then placed
in the end of the intussusception and gradual pressure applied
until my arm was again in the bowel the full length, and after
manipulating the invaginated part two or three minutes, the
intussusception suddenly disappeared, and from the manner of
its disappearance, I concluded that the reduction was complete.
Into the rectum I then injected tinct. opii 21, warm water Oi,
to allay any irritation which might be present.

I left creotin 3 i1j, fl. ext. nux vom. 2 11j, alcohol 3v; these
to be made into five doses, one to be given every three hours in
half a pint of warm water in the form of a drench. Directed
the attendants to blanket the horse, to give him no feed but all
the warm water he cared to drink.

Having directed the owner to report the next morning I left
the patient apparently relieved. The following day Mr. Justice
telephoned me that the animal was on his feet and wanted his
feed. After twenty-four hours the patient was allowed to eat
two quarts of scalded bran three times a day for two successive
days, then he was given asmall quantity of hay for a few days,
after which he was hitched up again and is to this day doing
his accustomed work.

RADIAL PARALYSIS, FRACTURE, OR AZOTURIA.
By M. H. REYNoLDs, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Park, Minn.
A large bay gelding came to the hospital October 25, with
a fistula of at least two years standing, near the inferior extrem-
ities of the left 9th and roth ribs, perhaps involving their.costal
cartilages.
The horse stood zdle in the stable until the 27th, when he was

REPORTS OF CASES. 1163

Fic. 1, HILLary Horse, Ocroser 31. LEG ALMosT USELESS.

Fic. 2. HILLARY Horse, NOVEMBER 5. RESTORATION PRACTICALLY COMPLETE.

1164 REPORTS OF CASES.

cast on a deep bed of shavings with English hobbles, for more
careful examination and operation. After operation on the fis-
tula, the horse was unable to rise. He was a powerful horse,
and had struggled violently while confined. After making sev-
eral efforts, he finally succeeded in getting up on three feet.
The right front limb was apparently useless and the case some-
what resembled a unilateral azoturia, except that when the limb
was placed well forward and the joints straightened he could
bear considerable weight on it. He succeeded in walking to
the stall with some difhiculty by having a rope placed around the
pastern and the limb carried forward and put into position by
this means. He could bear the weight fairly well as long as the
limb was in position and the joints straightened.

There was no pain caused by weight pressure at this time and
there was apparently a moderate dropping of the elbow. ‘The
muscles belonging to this limb were not noticeably relaxed, as
in paralysis, nor tensely contracted—as in azoturia. Several at-
tempts were made to secure samples of urine; but none was ob-
tained. As shown by dry stall floor and failures with the cathe-
ter, there was a condition of almost complete suppression of
urine during several days after the operation on October 27th.

About the fifth day after the operation it was noticed that
walking seemed to cause considerable pain, and the horse was
not disposed to bear weight even when the limb was placed in
position, although he could support some weight on this limb if
forced to do so. Uptothis time there had been no evidence
of pain on weight pressure and this disappeared a few days
later.

On November 2d the horse was first noticed to bear the
whole weight on this limb, although this may have occurred a
day or two earlier.

From October 27th to the 31st the horse was able to advance
the limb only with considerable difficulty and apparently al-
most entirely by the supra-spinatus, with possibly some aid from
the long and short flexors of the forearm. This condition grad-
ually disappeared after this date, but up to November oth there
was a slight uncertainty in controlling the limb. ‘The horse
could pick up the foot, advance it in a natural way during the
latter part of this period, but if the toe happened to strike an
obstruction, or if the foot was not well placed, he would stum-
ble very easily and go over at the knee and ankle. During this
period the recovery in the use of the limb was very rapid.

Record on November 4th was as follows: Could pick up

REPORTS OF CASES. 1165

and place forward the foot quite easily, but seemed a little uncer-
tain. ‘lhe horse had lost but little weight.

During the period between October 27th and about Novem-
ber 1st the horse was unable to extend the forearm, and all of
the extensor muscles seemed to be quite useless.

Five veterinarians saw this case and agreed on these three dis-
tinct diagnoses. The case was seen on the fifth day only, the .
day of pain on weight pressure, by the gentleman who diagnosed
‘fracture involving the humero-radial articulation,” with prog-
nosis bad. On this particular day the case certainly did look
like a fracture. And this gentleman is a man of years of expe-
rience and one of the ablest practitioners in the Northwest.

One suggestion from this experience is, that the veterinarian
should see enough of his case and be as certain as possible of
his footing before making diagnosis, prescribing treatment or
making prognosis.

ACUTE LARYNGITIS, DUE TO MICROBIC INFECTION.
By W. T. CAMPBELL, D. V. S., Cheviot, Ohio.

Having practiced in a locality where nearly all the pulmon-
ary diseases are common, and coming in contact with a class
this fall which was new to me, I thought it might be interesting
to some of my professional brethren.

The last two seasons have been very dry and water in most
parts has been very scarce, and stock were watered at the creeks
and springs, which, being nearly dry, did not contain the purest
of water.

Along the latter part of October I began to get a number of
cases of acute laryngitis without any apparent cause. All seemed
in great pain and would not improve with my former treatment
of such cases, and in summing up matters I knew I had a dis-
ease I had never before had occasion to treat.

The first symptom would be a dry harsh cough with a tem-
perature of 104.5°; loss of appetite, staring coat, eyes dilated
and mucous membrane reddened, a very distressed look about
the head, and dry hard feces, with urine scanty and high
colored.

After trying everything I knew without any success at stop-
ping the cough, and knowing the value of Glyco-Heroin (Smith)
in such cases, also the fact that the animals were in great pain
and much distressed, I concluded to give same a trial, which I .
did, with great success, as the following cases will show:

A grey gelding was brought to hospital which had been

1166 REPORTS OF CASES.

coughing nearly a month, he having ad: an TT: of distemper,
and had been stabled in camp tent; had been watered at the
creek and, not being able to work, was turned out on the com-
mons. He had been treated at tent for two weeks when ordered
to my hospital. I rubbed his throat with a stimulating lini-
ment'and gave him one ounce doses of Glyco-Heroin (Smith)
every two hours for two days. On the third day a marked
change was noticed and he was given one ounce three times a
day before feeding, and in a week’s time he was able to resume
work, the cough having left him entirely.

Another case was that of a cow I was called to see, which
had been in pasture and had been getting water from a spring
which was nearly dry. When I first saw her she was hardly
able to breathe, with a temperature 106°, pulse full and strong,
appetite gone, coat rough and staring, with a very depressed look
about her head. I ordered hot blankets, plenty of straw ina
loose box, with a mustard draft to the neck and ounce doses of
Glyco-Heroin every two hours. On the following day the tem-
perature had decreased, cough not so often, but still no appetite,
which, however, returned the third day, when I ordered hot bran
mashes, and decreased the number of doses to three times a day.
From this time on she did very nicely, and on the sixth day I
left her, after having advised owner as to water, etc., she having
regained her milk to its former quantity.

On Nov. 20, there was brought to the hospital a brown horse
who had been working in a log wagon, and it was the habit of
the driver to water his horses at a creek which ran through the
woods, as it was impossible for him to get: water any place else
until he got home. The horse was suffering from an attack of
acute laryngitis, and was in severe pain every time he breathed.
He hada dry harsh cough, temperature 105 14°, pulse full and
strong, his coat very rote! his nostrils dilated, ears cold and
drooped. I gave him a good steam bath, followed by a good
rubbing out and had him put in a roomy box. I applied a
stimulating liniment to the throat and gave him an ounce anda
half of Glyco- Heroin every two hours. On the second day his
appetite came back and he was given a good warm bran mash.
His temperature on the third day was nearly normal, his cough
had decreased in number and was less painful. He was put to
work on the ninth day and has been at work ever since, his
cough having left him entirely.

About the same time I was attending this horse I was called
to the kennels of Mr. Chas. S., who stated that all his beagle

REPORTS OF CASES. 1167

hounds were affected with a very severe cough, which seemed
to get worse every day. The runs of his kennels cross a small
creek and he used same to water his dogs. On examining dogs
I found all in about the same condition, viz. , eyes reddened,
heavy breathing, temperature increased, appetite gone, hait
roughened, with a dry harsh cough. I had the dogs ‘all housed
up, changed the water and gave Seach half an ounce of fi. ext.
cascara sagrada, to be followed every two hours with a tea-
spoonful of Glyco-Heroin. ‘The second day found them much
improved, as all had regained their appetite, and in five days
all were well and able to go out.

A bay gelding was brought to the hospital Dec. 15th and
owner said he had been coughing for the last month, and had
lost his appetite or ‘‘ could “not “eat,” as owner said. He had
given horse medicine, but it did not have any effect, in fact, he
said, made him worse. The horse had been kept in a good dry
barn, with plenty of good feed, but had been watered at a creek.
His throat was swollen, eyes inflamed, temperature 106°, with
a dry harsh cough, in weakened condition, and hardly able to
stand. I had him put in a good roomy box, bandaged his legs,
and put on a warm blanket. I ordered doses of Glyco-Heroin,
one ounce, to be given every two hours, good warm mashes,
with plenty of body rubbing, hot fomentations to legs three
times a day, with continued use of bandages. On the second
day I gave a mild stimulant, and had throat rubbed with lini-
ment and reduced Glyco-Heroin to three times a day, as pain
had ceased, and his cough a great deal better. He was fed on
two feeds of warm mashes and one of boiled oats. On the
fourth day his temperature decreased to 104, on the fifth to 102
and on the eighth day his cough was checked. He was at hos-
pital for two weeks, and when turned over to owner was sound
and well, and in good condition, and has been since.

A contractor who had been working on railroad brought to
the hospital a span of mules, each of which was suffering with
a severe cough. Both had been coughing fora month. At
first it was only a slight cough, but would notice it getting
worse every day after watering. As the railroad ran along the
bank of the creek he watered his stock there. The cough in
both cases was very harsh and both had a very distressed appear-
ance; eyes inflamed, ears cold and drooped, throat swollen and
very painful, and difficult breathing. The temperature was
104%4° 105°, and neither had eaten for two days. I gave each
a good steam bath, with good rubbing, then had them blanket-

1168 REPORTS OF CASES.

ed and warm bandages applied to the legs. I put them in boxes
and gave each a pint of linseed oil, followed by one and a half
ounces of Glyco-Heroin, this being given every two hours
thereafter. On the second day both mules began to eat and a
warm bran mash was given three timesaday. After the third day
I gave the Glyco-Heroin three times a day for one week, when
they were turned over to their owner and he has worked them
every day.

These are some of the cases which I thought would be of
interest. Of course, during this time I met with lots of cases
of laryngitis from different causes, but these seemed to have but
this one cause, that of drinking bad water. Now, my opinion
is this disease was caused by microbic infection, obtained i in the
drinking water, as I have never seen horses show so much dis-
tress and pain in acute laryngitis as these did.

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS (?) IN A BULL.
By Hucu S. MAXWELL, V. S., Salina, Kansas.

The accompanying picture will show a heart taken from a
sixteen-months-old registered Shorthorn bull. This bull was
loaded on the cars at Lawson, Mo., by his owner, Mr. R. A.
Ford, on or about Dec. 12, 1904; was shipped to Nebraska,
loaded and shipped from there to some point in northern Kan-

s; then in a fewdays was again loaded and shipped to Salina,

REPORTS OF CASES. 1169

where he was sold to C. C. Hahn & Son on Jan. 7, 1905. When
he was led into the sale ring Mr. Ford said that this bull was
seemingly a little sore from being shipped around so much ;
was not looking just as good as he should, and that when bought
he should be taken home and turned out where he could get
some exercise ; he would then be all right, as he was a very
thrifty fellow. ‘At home he is all right, and I will guarantee
him to be ali right.” The bull was led home on the following
Monday morning, Jan. 9,a distance of 6% miles. He was
seemingly a little more sore than on the previous Saturday. So
Mr. Ford told Mr. Hahn the bull was off his feed. When the
bull reached his destination, being led by a man on foot he laid
‘down and refused to eat. When made to rise he would hold
his body stiff, would drink a little, and only nibbled at his feed.
On the following. Sunday, Jan. 15, I was called to see this bull.
I found him lying down, breathing hard, and grunting consid-
erably at each breath. I had neglected to take my thermome-
ter, so do not know his exact temperature, but noticed some
rise in tempereture. Could not detect his pulse, but on listen-
ing to his heart it seemed as though there were three beats, one
gurgling and two hard thumps.

He was very costive. I gave him a rectal injection of two
gallons of soapy warm water, with one pint of oleum lini. He
passed considerable feces, about the size you see from sheep,
and extremely hard, covered with blood and mucus. I left the
usual treatment for enteritis and asked Mr. Hahn to phone me
next morning the condition of the patient. His message con-
veyed the news of the death of the bull, as follows: At 8 P. M.
Mr. Hahn was in the barn bedding some of his fine cattle; he
put a fork full of bedding under the bull, turned to go into the
next stall to bed down a heifer, when the bull died, not even
moving a foot—making no movement at all.

Monday, Jan. 16, I went down to hold a post-mortem. I
found the small bowels somewhat inflamed ; the omasum and
abomasum were in fair condition; the rumen seemingly all
right; the reticulum was adherent to the diaphragm. I then
examined the point of unison for foreign body, but found none.
The pericardium was attached to the diaphragm at the same
point as the reticulum. On opening the pericardium at least
two gallons of a thin yellow fluid ran out. The pericardium
was a half inch thick. Covering the heart was a growth of a
fibrous character, an inch thick at the base of the heart, and
eradually tapering till it was not over a half inch thick at the

1170 REPORTS OF CASES.

apex. The heart muscle was very pale, showing lack of blood
supply. Every cavity of the heart was full of blood. Cover-
ing the heart, extending from the heart, there were strings of a
fibro-fatty substance. The heart and pericardium weighed 12%
pounds, as it hangs in the accompanying picture.

I would like to hear the opinions of some veterinarians as
to how long this animal had been affected, and what the trouble
was. Is it pericarditis, or fatty degeneration? ‘The heart it-
self seemed atrophied. I showed this heart to physicians ;
some said it was fatty degeneration, while others called it peri-
carditis. This is my first of this nature.

[Nore.—In answer to Dr. Maxwell’s call for professional
judgment on the condition of the heart and its appendages
found at the post-mortem, we are of the opinion that the bull
suffered from traumatic pericarditis, a pointed object having
passed from the reticulum, through the diaphragm and into
the pericardium. It may have been a small object, and was
not found in the extensive lesions produced. ‘The remarkable
point in the history occurs in the absence of serious symptoms
until such a short time before death, as the inflammatory le-
sions must have been in process for a month or more.—EDITOR
REVIEW. |

MORE EXPERIENCE WITH PARTURIENT PARESIS WITH RECUR-
RENCE OF SYMPTOMS.
By E. D. Smiru, V. S., Cleveland, Ohio.

Having read in the February issue of REVIEW Dr. Pence’s
article on parturient paresis, and passing through a similar
experience, I take the liberty to add my little mite.

I have treated:in the last year seven cases of parturient pa-
resis. ‘wo with pure oxygen and five with air. Lost none.

Those treated with air were on their feet in from one to
three hours, those with oxygen four and six hours.

My first case, I was called to a Mr. Osborn’s at nine P. M.,
found a grade cow which had calved 18 hours previous, down
and almost out, with characteristic symptoms of death and par-
turient paresis. There being a dangerous tympanites, I imme-
diately tapped her, while the owner was emptying and cleansing
udder. Next I inflated udder with air, evacuated bladder and
rectum and placed cow well on sternum. No medicine. Left
cow for the night. Owner called up at midnight, said cow was
up and apparently as well as ever, but wislied me to call in the
morning to make sure that everything was all right. At 64.

REPORTS OF CASES. aL Gis

M. found cow in normal condition and discharged case. At 5
P. M. same day owner called up again and informed me that
the cow was down and thought she would be dead before I
could get there. I beat the owner’s prophecy by a few min-
utes and at once inflated cow’s udder with air and gave hypo-
dermic % grain strychnine sulph., and in less than two minutes
got the toxic action of the drug, which passed off in about 15 -
minutes, much to the relief of myself—and also my patient. I
was suspicious that the owner had exceeded my orders in some
way, and thinking that his wife might throw some light on the
doings of her husband the past 24 hours, I interviewed her,
which resulted in the fact that since my first call all her hus-
band had done was to stay out in the barn and try and get
milk out of the cow’s udder, not even giving the calf a chance,
and persisted in his efforts until the cow went down the second
time. Was the return of symptoms due to the owner’s efforts ?

The cow was up again in three hours ready for food. I
cautioned owner to take calf away from cow and not disturb
udder for 12 hours and then only milk lightly until the milk
secretion was fully established. No more trouble.

One of the first symptoms we get in parturient paresis is a
large indurated udder with a scanty secretion of milk, which I
would suggest indicates that the milk glands and udder are in
a high state of congestion and not able to perform their natural
functions, and the more you irritate the udder by milking and
the bunting of the calf, until there is a natural flow of milk
(which in my experience is not until the third day), you are
simply adding fuel to fire. Contrary to the laity’s belief, I
think the stimulation of the secretion of the cow’s milk origi-
nates within the cow instead of the bunt of the calf.

Since keeping calf away from udder and milking but little
until milk fully starts, I have had no further return of symp-
toms. I think internal medicine dangerous and excess of
treatment, especially strychnine, it being too active a stimu-
lant for the conditions met with, and that the paralysis will
subside when the cause is removed, which pure oxygen or
air will effectually do in from one to six hours if there has
been no medicine given.

I notice that some of my colleagues are in the habit of
ligating the teats to prevent the escape of oxygen. (The
ligatures, by the way, setting up a constant irritation.) If you
will pinch vigorously with your thumb and finger for a few
seconds the extremity of each teat you will find that the

1172 REPORTS OF CASES.

sphincter muscle will contract on itself and prevent the es-
cape of oxygen after the tube is withdrawn.

CASAREAN OPERATION IN.A BITCH.
By C. S. Moore, V. S., Danvers, Mass.

On Jan. 5, 1905, Mr. Hugh Healy, of this town, called me at
8 p. M. to see his Boston terrier bitch, and said to bring instru-
ments. On arrival I was informed that the bitch had been try-
ing to whelp for twenty-four hours. Examination revealed
foetus presenting at the pelvic outlet. Forceps applied and found
that it was impossible as the diameter of the pelvis was too
small. I then applied a noose made of twine around the foetus,
and tenaculum in lower jaw, with negative results. I then ex-
plained to Mr. Healy that it would be impossible to deliver her
by any other method than operation. He, which is quite nat-
ural to all owners, wanted to wait until the next day. How-
ever, at 9 Pp. M. he decided to have operation. I took the animal
into my laboratory, prepared her in the usual way for such ab-
dominal operations. Anesthesia given, incision made on median
line, cutting through the skin and muscles. Peritoneum rup-
tured with tenaculum. Uterus drawn out. Sterile towels
packed under uterus, filling the abdominal cavity, thus prevent-
ing escape of the intestines and absorbing blood or any liquids
that might escape. Incision made through the uterus large
enough to remove fcetus, two being taken out with membranes.
Soft sterile towels inserted into uterus until thoroughly dry.
Uterus closed by edges being rolled inward with continued cat-
gut suture. Peritoneum and muscle closed in the same way.
Skin closed with interrupted silk suture. Abdomen washed
with saline solution, covered with iodoform gauze, absorbent
cotton and bandage. On Jan. 6th, at 9 A. M., pulse, respiration
and temperature normal. Jan. 7th, animal normal, bandage re-
moved and wound washed with creolin solution each day. Jan.
11th, visited the animal, removed stitches, wound nearly healed.
Animal fed twice daily with sweet oil, milk and oatmeal. Told
Mr. Healy that it would not be necessary for me to call again
unless the animal presented some condition other than normal,
and if so to bring it to my office.

I am of the opinion that it would be possible, if ‘the opera-
tion was performed early enough, to save both mother and off-
spring.

I presume that this may be a common operation with many

REPORTS OF CASES. io

of you. I have been in practice since 1891. Have operated
several times, and each time the animal died within twenty-four
hours. I was satisfied that the reason was that the animal was
in a state of collapse and the foetus beginning to decay.

I hope that you will pardon all technical errors, as this is
my first attempt at reporting a case to a journal.

A UNIQUE CASE REPORT FROM FAR-OFF TASMANIA.
By E. A. WESTON (Graduate Melbourne Veterinary College), Laun-
ceston, Tasmania.

I thought it might interest you to know that your journal
had reached even to far- -away little Tasmania, where I am I be-
lieve the only qualified veterinary surgeon in active private
practice. ‘To cement the introduction I enclose the history of a
rather unique case.

The subject was a six-weeks-old cart foal, which for the first
fortnight of its existence showed nothing amiss. About this
time, however, he began to discharge from the nose, appeared
slightly swollen about the jaws, and did not seem to be thriving
well. A neighbor whose advice was sought recommended
blistering the throat with vinegar and mustard. ‘This treat-
ment appeared to benefit the patient for a few days, but after
this his owner noticed that when the foal drank for a few seconds
all the milk ran out of his nostrils. . He continued in this con-
dition for about a month, some days seeming to drink better,
but on the whole growing steadily worse. He would visit the
creek, and stand with his nose immersed in the water, as though
he longed to drink, but could not. About this time I was called
in, and was informed that the foal could not swallow. In order
to test the correctness of this statement I drenched him with
some water, which he swallowed eagerly until about half a pint
had been taken, when with a convulsive contraction of the in-
ferior cervical muscles he vomited the whole lot in a stream
from his nostrils, some of it passing down the trachea, and pro-
ducing great distress for a few minutes. I now suspected some
obstruction in the thoracic portion of the cesophagus, so threw
my patient, placed a gag in his mouth, and carefully passed a
small probang, which, however, entered the stomach without
meeting with any obstruction. Stranger still the passing of the
instrument did not appear to cause the foal any pain or incon-
venience. I again tried drenching with water, only to find the
same eager swallowing followed by rapid expulsion. I told the
owner that there was either an obstruction in the duodenum im-

1174 REPORTS OF CASES.

mediately posterior to the pyloric orifice, or else there was an
irritable, inflamed, and possibly ulcerated condition of the gas-
tric mucosa, and that I would advise the patient to be treated
on the latter supposition. The following prescription was ac-
cordingly prepared: IK Opii pulv. gr. xvi, ac. hydrocyanici B. P.
Mx ; creta prep. 21, soda bicarb. 31j, glycerine and aque ad 31.
M. Ft. haust., one dose. I ordered this administered three times
daily in a little linseed tea. Thirty-six hours after my visit the
foal died, and I rode out ten miles to make a p.-m., as I was
very interested in the case. A careful examination of the
pharynx failed to reveal anything, but on slitting up the cesoph-
agus I found a black patch about two inches from the pharynx,
and in the centre of this was an ulcer which had penetrated
the mucous coat, and gone some depth into the muscular. The
stomach, bowels, liver and other organs were perfectly healthy,
and the vomiting was undoubtedly a reflex nervous action re-
sulting from irritation of the ulcerated cesophageal lining
caused by the liquid flowing continuously over it. This is the
more strange, as, according to Fred Smith’s Physiology, ‘“‘ We
are bound to suppose that the vomiting centres in the medulla
of both horse and ox are either only rudimentary or very insen-
sitive to ordinary impressions.” Does this apply to the young
of these animals?

COLLARGOLUM IN THE TREATMENT OF CELLULITIS AND. ALL
SEPTIC CONDITIONS.

By R. H. STEVENSON, V. S., Sigourney, Iowa.

As there is no literature on the use of collargolum that I
know of in the veterinary profession, and being much impressed
with the good results I have obtained with the use of the drug,
I feel it my duty to state a case or two that I have used it in.

July 5th last I was called to see a brown gelding, seven
years old, pulse 65, temperature 102°, respiration 25, legs
swollen to knees. Diagnosed incipient influenza. Left regular
treatment. Was called again on the gth and found the horse
with all legs swollen to body ; swollen across abdomen three
inches thick, nose swollen nearly up to eyes; all symptoms ag-
gravated. Could not make horse move. Could hardly diagnose
morbus maculosis, as the swelling was regular and the horse
had been running in pasture and was in very fair condition.

Treatment: I injected 3 xij of a 1% solution of collargolum
in the jugular vein at one o’clock p.m. Left more medicine,

Ee

REPORTS OF CASES. 1175

21 to be given in bottle of water every six hours. Went back
on 11th at noon, 48 hours from first treatment. The swellings
had all disappeared, except a little at knees and hocks. The
recovery was so quick that it induced me to go farther. In
short, will say that I have used it in all cases of cellulitis, let it
be located where it will; abscesses, fistulee, influenza in all its
different forms, in fact, in all septic processes, locally and in-
ternally, with the same results. The quickest results are ob-
tained by intravenous injections, which are very easy to do.
The drug appears to be harmless. Colloidal silver is rather a
new remedy, especially in this country, in human practice. It
is so good in that, I find it just as good in veterinary practice.
I believe it is going to be one of the best therapeutic agents we
have.

THERE are 240 students attending the Kansas City Vet-
erinary College this year.

AN OLD WAR HorsE.—These old horses never forget the
calls, no matter how long it has been since they last heard them.
One day some years ago when I was passing an open lot in the
outskirts of Chicago I found a boy trying to flag an old cornet.
While the boy and I were at work on the cornet, an old negro
ash hauler came along driving an animal that had once been a
good horse, but was now onlya collection of skin and bones.
The horse stopped when he heard us, and stuck up his ears. I
came to the conclusion that he had once been a cavalry horse,
and asked the old negro where he had got him. ‘ Froma
farmer,” he said. I could not find a “U.S.” on the horse; he
had probably been discharged so long ago that this brand had
been worn off. But taking the cornet I sounded the table call,
and the horse began to dance. ‘‘ Hold fast to your lines, now,
Uncle,” I warned the old negro. ‘I am going to make that old
horse do some of the fastest running he has ever done since he
left the cavalry.” Then, beginning with the call for the gallop,
I next sounded the charge, and the old plug went plunging up
the road at his fastest gait, dragging his wagon after him. I
gave him the recall next, and he came down to a walk, much
to the relief of the old negro. He said that this was the first
time he had ever seen the horse run. He had never been able
to get him to go faster than a slow walk before. ‘ You don’t
feed him well enough to get him to do much running,” I told
him. “That horse, when he did have to run, got his 12 pounds
of corn and all the hay he could eat every day.”

1176 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ITALIAN REVIEW.
By Prof. A. LIAUTARD, M. D., V. M.

SHORT PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS [Dr. Arnaldo Fuma-
galli|.—Fibro-Sarcoma tn Ruminants.—A steer taken with
tympanites was rumenotomized by a country fellow, who used a
big knife and made an incision about six centimetres long. A
few days after the author was called and noticed that the edges
of the wound were irregular, of bad aspect, and a greenish fluid
escaped with the food on the sides of the animal. He attended
to the wound, sewed it with interrupted sutures, involving skin,
muscles and rumen, and prescribed disinfecting lotions. In
a week the animal was almost well and began to take on flesh.
A short time afterward the man who was taking care of the
steer observed around the old cicatrix subcutaneous nodosities
of various sizes and not adherent to the skin. A few being ex-
cised they were examined under the microscope and found to be
sarcomatous. They were growing quite numerous, began to
annoy the animal, which became nervous and lost its appetite.
It was sent to the slaughter-house. With the exception of six
large growths the steer was in perfect condition. Large
Vesical Tumor.—A_ seven-year-old cow shortly after having
delivered begins to show signs of irritation ; she frequently kicks
with her hind legs as if about micturating, but this function
is rather painful; defecation is also difficult. She was killed.
All her organs were found in good condition except the bladder,
which near the neck presented a large fibroma, cause of all the
trouble—difficult urination, pain and irritation of the animal.
—(Clinica Vet., Oct. 22, 1904.)

Onicomicosis In ANIMALS [Prof A. Baldon?|.—Known
under various names given by those who have studied it, onico-
micosis, onychia (seedy-toe in plain English), has been the ob-
ject of investigation at the hands of many and the parasitic
form of the disease has given rise to many interesting commu-
nications. Recognized as almost special to the foot of solipeds,
there are cases, however, on record of its presence in cattle.
According to the various authors that have written on its para-
sitic origin, the Achorion kerathophagus, Tyroglyphus echino-
pus, Cepophagus echinopus, and Trychophyton gigas, have been

— ~~ = * =

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. Al rg

mentioned. ‘The author records two cases which came to com-
plete the history of the disease. The first he observed in an
elephant which had the toes of both fore feet affected. In the
second he noticed it in a barn where several cows were kept
and four of them had the disease. In all his cases Prof. Bal-
doni has found the Achorion kerathophagus.—(Clinica Vet.,
Oct. 29, 1904.)

GUTTA-PERCHA IN THE TREATMENT OF ONICOMICOSIS
[Dr. B. Michele|.—Naving one case of this affection to treat in
a horse suffering on the external quarter of the anterior biped,
the author after removing the loose horn and thoroughly disin-
fecting with a 2 percent. solution of lysol, covered the part with
iodoform, over which a wide sheet of impermeable rubber was
applied, kept on by ordinary bandage. After 4o days of this
treatment, renewed according to the condition of the parts, the
wall of the foot recovered to such extent that the animal could
be returned to work. But after two months the trouble had all
returned, brought about by the filth of the street as well as by
the bad condition of the foot. The same treatment was recom-
mended, but after some ten days, when the nails had resumed a
better aspect, the two cavities were filled with gutta-percha,
which allowed the application of the shoes and fitted the horse
for its work. Since this case the author has used the same ap-
plication of gutta-percha, and always had good results.—(Gzor-
nale della R. S.and Acad. Vet. Ital,, Oct. 22, 1904.)

A CASE OF PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS IN A BUFFALO [D7.
Angelo Padrone|.—In making his inspections at the abattoir
of Naples, the Doctor had his attention called to lesions, which
in a long experience as inspector he never had seen in carcasses
of buffaloes. The bronchial glands were enlarged, of oval form,
and when one was cut in its centre it had a peculiar aspect.
The glandular tissue was atrophied, and replaced by nodules of
various sizes, whitish in color and of calcareous consistency.
On the external surface of the lungs there were indications of
dry pleurisy and in the pulmonary structure nodules having the
same characters of the bronchial glands, were found. ‘Three
others similar to those of the lungs were found in the liver.
The other organs were healthy. Examined under the micro-
scope, however, the glands and the nodules were not recognized
of tuberculous nature, the bacillus not being present, and in its
place numerous cocci and diplococci, which had given rise to a
pseudo-tuberculosis.—(Gzorn. della R..S. and Acad. Veter. Ital.,
Oct. 22, 1904.)

1178 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES BY NELIS’ METHOD [ Dr. Beliger].—
The author has published an interesting article upon 37 ani-
mals, 30 of which have died certainly with rabies. His con-
clusions were as follows: (1) The Nelis method allowed a
quick diagnosis of rabies in all the dogs that died with the dis-
ease or were killed during its development. (2) In horses,
cattle, goats and swine, the alterations in the ganglions are less
marked and the diagnosis can be certain only when the animal
has died with the disease, but not if he has been killed. (3)
The superior cervical ganglion has a diagnostic value only in
dogs killed during the infection ; in those that have died and in
the other animals, the ganglions of the neck must always be ex-
amined. (4) Thealterations are found on both sides of the neck.
(5) Alterations of the ganglions in rabies begin not by a pro-
liferation of the endothelium of the capsules of the nervous
cells, but by an infiltration of the connective tissue of the gan-
glionary cells. This infiltration is always present in dogs as
well as in the other animals. The proliferation of the capsules
of the nervous cells is the consequence of the atrophy of those
cells. (6) The extent of the alteration of the ganglions is due
to the idiosyncrasy and not to the intensity of the disease. (7)
For the examination a microtome with freezing apparatus and
hematoxylin are necessary. (8) Fresh cadavers, the head, ner-
vous ganglions, kept in alcohol or in concentrated sublimate
solution, are used. (9g) The presence of the alteration of the
ganglions is a positive sign of the diagnosis of rabies. (10) For
a better diagnosis, it is better to wait for the death of the ani-
mal. (11) In healthy dogs and those that are free from rabies
the alterations described by Nelis are missing.—|C/znzca Vet-
erimaria. | .

CEREBRAL MANIFESTATIONS IN ANTHRAX [Dr. Eugento
Nicolett:|.— These are rather rare. One day the author in mak-
ing inspection of meat observed the carcass of a cow which
evidently had not been slaughtered, but had died naturally. He
tried to make a diagnosis by macroscopic examination, but the
spleen was not to be’had; all the information that could be ob-
tained was that the cow was at work, when she was suddenly
taken sick ; that she acted as crazy, grew worse rapidly, and
was killed on the spot. All of this history, the aspect of the
meat, that of the blood, which was black, sticky, and did not
coagulate, brought the doctor to the conclusion that he had a
case of anthrax, and he condemned the meat. Shortly after-
wards he was requested to inspect a calf of three months, also

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1179

killed because of having acted as crazy (?). Anthrax was again
suspected and bacteriological examination was begun. In the
meanwhile it was found that the calf was taken ill, refusing
food, salivated abundantly, ground his teeth; the skin had _ be-
come very rough and the calf acted wildly; he was turned out
in a field and then began walking in a circle, turning to the left
with the head turned on that side. The veterinarian that at-
tended him thought he had ccenurus and asked to have the head
examined, but nothing was found except congestion of the
meninges. At the inspection of the viscere the spleen was
found longer than usual, not much bigger, and on section let
out.a liquid sticky blood, similar to that found in the heart. It
did not coagulate. The meat was very dark. A diagnosis of
anthrax was made, similar to the first one, but which then was
confirmed by the presence of numerous Baczllz anthracis, when
the blood was examined under the microscope.—(// Nuovo
Ercolant, Sept. 15, 7904.)

- A CASE OF DRUNKENNESS IN A Horse [Dr. Cottide
Fabrettt|.—Some horses like wine; that is known; but this
case is interesting to the pathological point of view, and as far
as the use of wine goes in therapeutics. A man had a horse
which liked wine, not bread soaked in the red juice, but the
liquor itself. One day his owner, who did not like the juice of
the grape, stopped at one place in the country ; some friends
made up their minds to get the horse drunk, and allowed him
to drink such a quantity that they succeeded, and when the
owner started to go on his route with him, he had a queer ex-
hibition of symptoms. The horse refused to go, did not answer
to the vocal urgings or to the whip; he stopped, staggered,
moved with great difficulty, and fell. His physiognomy was
sleepy. The owner finding out what his friends had done, ap-
plied cold water to his drunken breast, especially on his head ;
allowed him to sleep off his wine, and after two hours was able
to resume his journey with his sober horse. After giving this
brief report the author says that he found out that the poor
horse had had not less than three litres at one time. Wine is
resorted to as a therapeutic agent, and if a little is goud, too
much may do harm. One litre must be the limit to give to
solipeds ; large ruminants may receive two litres at one dose,
but it is better to divide it in two. Of course one must be guided
by the effect obtained and act accordingly.—(Gzornale a’ [p-
pologia, Oct. 5, 1904.)

1180 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

GERMAN REVIEW.

By ADOLPH EIcHHOoRN, D, V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Thayer, Mo,

DIRECTIONS ‘TO THE CHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF URINE Ex-
' AMINATIONS IN VETERINARY PRACTICE [Prof. Dr. Gmeumer].
—The urine analysis for the purpose of veterinary practice is
chiefly conducted to determine the presence of albumen, heemo-
globin and sugar. The best method for testing for albumen is
the boiling test with the adding of nitric acid. The urine is
filtrated and about 5-7 c.cm. of it is boiled in a test-tube ; to this
is carefully added one drop of concentrated nitric acid, awaiting
the development of carbonic acid and then successively alto-
gether 10 drops of the acid is added. In the act of boiling the
calcium and magnesium bicarbonate and _ biphosphate are
changed to carbonic acid and monocarbonates and phosphate,
the latter, also mucin and like substances to mucin will form a
precipitate. Through the adding of the acid after boiling the
same is again dissolved, while an insoluble precipitation proves
the presence of albuinen. If albumen is present in 0.1-1.5 per
cent., it forms at first a yellowish white flack, which changes
into a dirty brown color. If present in 2 per cent. or more it
forms immediately a fixed mass. ‘Thistest is satisfactory in de-
termining the presence of albumen, even if only present in
1:20,000. For the test of hemoglobin it is advisable to apply
a modification of the Shoenbein-Almen test ; the test-tube is
filled to one-fourth with filtrated urine acidified with acetic acid,
to which a layer of a finger thickness of tincture of guajaci is
added, and also the same amount of old ozonized oil of turpen-
tine; the whole is then thoroughly shaken, and the test-tube is
placed aside. In a short timea pretty blue color indicates the
presence of heemoglobin. This extremely delicate test is due to
the ability of oxidation of the hzemoglobin, which it extracts
from the ozonized oil of turpentine, which again oxidizes the
guajaci rosin, and thereby obtains the blue color. For the sugar
test an appropriated modification of Trommer’s test is used ;
the urine is tested for albumen and at first the filtrated, and from
albumen freed urine is used for the test. With this, one-third
of the test-tube is filled, and a solution of copper sulphate is
added drop by drop; aftereach drop it is well shaken, until the
liquid ceases to dissolve the last added drop, but takes up a dim
color. ‘Then by holding the tube in a slender position, the up-
per third of the solution is very slightly heated, in which pro-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 1181

cedure care should be taken not to bring the test-tube in direct
contact with the flame, so as to prevent boiling. If orange red,
thick non-transparent clouds of copper-oxydul are precipitated,
the presence of sugar is demonstrated. This reaction is typical
even if sugar is present only in 0.2 per cent. quantities. The
fermentation test, which is next to Trommer’s test the most
reliable, will indicate the presence of sugar in quantities of
0.05 percent. Tenc.cm. of filtrated and otherwise unprepared
urine is taken, to which a small piece of fresh yeast, diffused in
a small quantity of water, is added (wash the yeast before using
in distilled water), and mixed in a test-tube; with this Ein-
horn’s fermenting saccharometer is filled, and after closing the
same, is laid in a warm place for 24 hours. If sugar is present
it will be fermented through the yeast, the formed carbonic acid
will ascend to the top of the longer arm of the saccharometer,
and presses the liquid gradually downwards. As the quantity
of gasis in proportion to the fermented amount of sugar, this
can be easily read from the graduated tube. The reagents re-
quired for these tests are the following: 1. Acidum nitricum.
2. Acidum aceticum. 3. Liquor nat. caust., to be kept in bot-
tle with rubber stopper. 4. Tinct. guajaci (crumbled guajaci
rosin is extracted with alcohol (1:17), left over night and filtrat-
edthe following morning. The tincture, if possible, should be
made fresh, and preserved in a dark bottle). 5. Ol. terebinth
(old, ozonized). 6. Cupri sulph. (10 per cent. in dist. water).—
(Berl. Thierarzt. Wochenschr.)

A CASE OF AMPUTATION OF THE UTERUS [ Alexandrow].—
The patient was brought before the author with a prolapsed
uterus; the affection occurring a week before. On account of
its cedematous swelling and dark discoloration, an operation of
amputation of the uterus was decided upon. After applying a
ligature of a thin cord on the cervix uteri, the uterus was re-
moved. The resulting hemorrhage was treated with tampons
moistened in liquor ferrisesquichlorat. The neck of the uterus
was not replaced, so as to facilitate its washing with a carbolic
solution. ‘The cow showed no signs of diminished appetite or
thirst. ‘he neck of the uterus gradually returned to its place,
but only after a considerable length of time. The cow was sold
the following year in excellent condition for slaughter.—(Ved-
erin. Feldsch. Westntk.)

A NAIL IN THE LUNG TissuE [.Sturmann].—In a well-
nourished cow the author noticed complete anorexia, with con-
stant desire for laying down. ‘The animal groaned, and on the

1182 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

whole surface of the body, especially nearer the back, was a pro-
nounced crepitation from the accumulated air. It was suspect-
ed that with the food a sharp object entered the stomach, work-
ing its way into the lungs, and by penetrating the same, the air
_escaped, filling the subcutaneous tissue. The cow was de-
stroyed and a nail was found in the lung tissue.—(Vederzn.
Feldsch. Westntk.)

THE COMBATING OF TUBERCULOSIS IN DENMARK [Dr
Stoedter|._-In Denmark, October 1, 1904, the following meas-
ures were put into effect regarding the prevention of the spread-
ing of tuberculosis. The Department of Agriculture receives
in connection with the enforcement of this law an appropriation
of 100,000 crowns, for the support of those cattle owners who
adopted measures for the eradication of tuberculosis from their
herd, as recommended by Prof. Bang. The importation of liv-
ing animals from foreign countries is only permitted through
certain places, designated by the Secretary of Agriculture. The
cattle originating from foreign countries are to be placed im-
mediately after their arrival in a quarantine station, and the
tuberculin test applied. Those not reacting are remitted to the

owners, while all reacting animals must either be deported or

immediately slaughtered in a public abattoir under veterinary
police supervision. Animals which are imported for slaughter-
ing will not be quarantined, as well as the tuberculin test
omitted, but are, after official marking, to be taken to an official
abattoir and slaughtered inside of ten days. All cows affected
with tuberculosis of the udder must be slaughtered under offi-
cial supervision per order of the veterinary police. After the
slaughter of these animals the owners receive compensation
from the government. The dairies are prohibited from feeding
or distributing milk or buttermilk for the feeding of animals
which is not heated to at least 80°C. To the same heat must
also the cream be subjected, from which the export butter is to
be produced.—(Maanedsskrift f. Dyrlaczer.)

‘“Root-RoT IN SHEEP: Its Nature, Cause and Treatment,”
is the title of Bulletin No. 63, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
by John R. Mohler, V. M. D., and Henry J. Washburn, D. V.
S., Chief and Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try. It is a thorough exposition of the subject, well illustrated
with cuts of the lesions produced, and colored plates of micro-
scopical fields of the Bacillus necrophorus, as well as test-tubes
showing the development of colonies of the bacilli.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1183.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

THE RINDERPEST AND THE EFFECT OF KOCH’S
BILE INOCULATION.

( Continued from page 1076. )

The bile for inoculation is taken direct from the gall-bladder .
of an animal just dead. It is best secured by standing over the
opened cadaver with the back turned towards its head, then
firmly grasping with both hands the base of the gall-bladder
and pushing the contents slowly towards the fundus so that the
bladder becomes tightly filled. An assistant then opens the
bladder with an aseptic knife at a place that has not been
touched by the hands, and the stream of the bile is caught in a
sterilized glass jar. The bile should be used for inoculation as
speedily as possible, because it can only be preserved a short
time and this only in a cool place protected from sunlight. It
is also best to make the inoculation in the shade of a stable,
tree, efc.

As pointed out by Koch, not every kind of bile is fit for the
protective inoculation, but only such as presents a dark green
color, a fluid consistence, which has the normal, characteristic
smell, and which, when shaken, produces a white and lightly
greenish foam. Such a bile is only found ina small propor-
tion of deceased animals. The bile was often enough of the
proper color, but either too thick or mixed with concrements,
or it had a light-green to gold-yellow color as a result of pro-
gressive decomposition. The greatest trouble, however, was
that even if the bile was of the desired quality it was seldom of
sufficient quantity for a prompt inoculation of all animals,
which consequently had to be divided into smaller bunches for
this operation, and delay occasioned.

The inoculation is performed by hypodermic injection of
10 c.c. of bile into the soft skin of the lower neck and chest
near its median line, after this part has been previously disin-
fected. Asa rule the animals give little resistance to the oper-
ation, and it was generally sufficient to have one or two men hold
the animals by the horns. Within a few days a swelling forms.
at the point of inoculation (inoculation-tumor), which is not
painful to the touch, and which gradually disappears, only in a
few instances leaving a hard nodule in the skin. Septic infec-
tion has not been noticed by this proceeding.

After the inoculation of the herds B and C there appeared.

1184 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

still 14 acute cases with 4 deaths (28 per cent.), but as the mor-
tality had been before threefold the favorable result of the pro-
tective inoculation was doubtless. On the other hand it was
proven that the immunization with bile does not absolutely pre-
vent death after the acute process of the disease has taken its
course. Thus the question offered itself whether something
more definite could be ascertained in regard to the nature of the
effect of the inoculated bile, and whether it was possible to
evolve a more accurate method in its application by which the
mortality could be reduced to a minimum.

Some hints in this direction were given us by the results of
a control-experiment which was undertaken with another object
in view. One ox which had 24 days previously been injected
with bile, and a second ox which in all probability had not yet
been infected with rinderpest, were each given two c.c. of
virulent pest-blood. While the first ox showed no other signs
of reaction but a rise of temperature of one degree Celsius (from
38° to 39°C.). On the morning of the second day the second
and unimmunized ox soon evinced signs of an acute illness.
On the morning of the fifth day his temperature, which had pre-
viously been vacillating between 38.9 and 39.2°C., was now
39.4°C., running up to 40.7°C. on the seventh day, then falling
in irregular remissions to below normal on the 17th day. Soon
after fever had set in he showed loss of appetite, which occasion-
ally changed into a ravenous appetite; diarrhoea was present
from the 8th day with bloody emissions on the 16th day. He
died on the 17th day.

The post-mortem examination showed in the fourth stomach
and in the duodenum numerous ulcers which had mostly cleaned
themselves and were already covered with scales indicating a
process of healing. A few other ulcers, however, were still cov-
ered with a dirty, slimy material. There were hemorrhagic
infarcts in the inflamed mucous membrane of the colon, and
swollen and partially hemorrhagic Peyer’s plaques. The ex-
amination of the mucous membranes of the eye and mouth
showed them to be normal.

From this post-mortem result and the long-drawn course of
the disease it was evident that this was a mild case with a ten-
‘dency for recovery. Yet, in spite of this fact, this animal
showed all the clinical symptoms which were ordinarily ob-
served in all other infected animals with the exception of a dis-
charge from the eyes and nostrils.

(To be concluded. )

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 1185

THE STATUS OF THE ARMY VETERINARY. BILE:

While definite information regarding further progress of the
Army Veterinary Bill has not been obtainabie up to this date
(February 15), it is at least known that it has not made an un-
favorable impression at the offices through which it has been
passing so far. It is further known that some officers who may
be called upon later on to decide the fate of the Bill, have given:
it as their private opinion that the Bill should meet little if any
opposition. That it has not as yet been under consideration by
the General Staff is explained by the fact that several urgent
measures which needed immediate action had taken up all the
time of this military tribunal, but that it will be officially con-
- sidered as soon as its docket is reached.

While thus happily no bad news need be recorded, it is
nevertheless evident that the Bill cannot possibly reach Con-
egress during the present session. It will thus be our duty to
continue our efforts in a steadfast but conservative manner, and
to have our Bill carried through the necessary preliminary
steps early next fall so that it may not again be held back by
other more urgent measures. (O. S.)

Tuer State Associations of Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska
are each making an effort to secure veterinary legislation in
their respective States.

BULLDOG SAVES CHILD.—The entire family of Morris Kun-
nel narrowly escaped suffocation last night in a fire in their
home in the five-story tenement house, No. 183 Harrison Street,
Brooklyn. ‘They live in the basement. Mrs. Kunnel had fallen
to sleep in the kitchen early in the evening. She was awak-
ened by dense smoke. Half suffocated, she threw her five-year-
old son Isaac through the back door and then started to the
front of the house for her other two children—Rafael, six years
old, and Robert, seven months. Robert had been asleep in his
crip most of the evening. When Mrs. Kunnel got to the crib
she found it empty. The child was not in the room. She
aroused Rafael and both began to search for the baby. The
mother had to stagger to the hall to get some fresh air. Just
outside the door she fell over the baby, which was being
dragged through the hall by the family bulldog, Pete. Pete
had gone to the crib when the fire first broke out, and over-
turned it. He had then seized the baby’s clothes in his teeth
and dragged him to safety—(New York Tribune, Feb. 12.)

1186 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

DR. LEONARD PEARSON ISSUES A CIRCULAR LETTER OF WARN-
ING ANENT A PREMATURE ATTEMPT TO IMMUNIZE
CATTLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS.

PHILADELPHIA, January 31, 1905.

The following letter is being sent out to owners of cattle by
a large firm of druggists in New York City:

‘* We would like to call your attention to some facts in ref-
erence to combating tuberculosis in cattle, feeling sure that
they will interest you. Tuberculosis in cattle has proved to be
more destructive to these animals than all diseases put together.
Aside from this, tuberculosis in cattle is more or less dangerous
to human beings, especially to children, due to the consump-
tion of milk. All measures taken so far to suppress tuberculo-
sis in cattle have proved to be of no success ; the strictest vet-
erinary police and the most thorough sanitary institutions,
supported by the use of tuberculin, have failed to check tuber-
culosis. |

“The latest method of Professor v. Behring, whose name
is world renowned, seems to have solved the problem as to the

suppression of tuberculosis in cattle. Professor v. Behring has

been working on this subject practically for quite a number of
years, and his wonderful results base upon thorough experi-
mental work. We therefore have to deal with facts and not
with theories.

“The method itself is comparatively plain and consists of
two inoculations, the second one following the first twelve
weeks later. The inoculation is especially opportune in calves
and young heifers not exceeding the age of six months. The
two inoculations will immunize them against tuberculosis for
their lives. In order to render older cattle immune, a thorough
examination, followed by a tuberculin test, has to be made be-
fore inoculating.

“We furnish the vaccine and have it also injected by our
veterinarian, in order to be sure that it will be done properly.”

The above letter states, in effect, that cattle may be protect-
ed. against tuberculosis for their lives by vaccination according

to the method of von Behring. ‘The project isto introduce into ~

this country the method of immunization that has been prac-
ticed and written upon by von Behring and others of his school.

CORRESPONDENCE. 1187

It is not claimed that this drug firm has any information upon
the subject beyond that resulting from the experiments of von
Behring and others of his school.

The plan recommended in the above letter is good and the
claims made by it are reliable and sound if the plan of imimu-
nization recommended by von Behring is good, and if his results
substantiate the claims set forth.

The work of von Behring is on record. Vaccinations made
according to his plan have been carried out by others and have
become matters of record. ‘Therefore, it is not necessary for us
to rely for our information upon the unsubstantiated claims of
a business firm endeavoring to make money by the sale of vac-
cine against tuberculosis.

Briefly, I may say, that the claims in relation to the work
of von Behring are exaggerated and in part they are without
foundation. Professor von Behring has but recently adopted
the method of vaccination that is advised in the above letter.
There is absolutely not the slightest evidence to show that by
means of it cattle may be immunized ‘for their lives” or, in-
deed, that they may be immunized against tuberculosis from
natural sources for a length of time sufficient to make the vac-
cinations at all valuable.

What has been proven is, that by means of certain methods
of vaccination, much more prolonged and laborious than the
two-inoculation-method referred to in the above letter, cattle
may be immunized to a certain, and also to a great extent
against artificial infection by direct inoculation. So much is
definitely established; but how long immunity will last, and
whether a practicable degree of immunity can be conferred at
all by such a short method as von Behring now recommends
remains to be proven.

Experiments with the view of settling these points are now
in progress in this country under the direction of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania. Similar experiments
are in progress in Germany, Austria and Hungary under the di-
rection of Professor von Behring and others. It should be stated
that the last reports upon von Behring’s method, published in
his own journal, by Hutyra, fail to show that the method of
vaccination now recommended by von Behring is sufficient for
practical purposes. The report referred to shows that the ani-
mals vaccinated according to von Behring’s method whose im-
munity was afterwards tested by inoculation with bovine cul-
tures, became infected with tuberculosis and some in an exces-

1188 CORRESPONDENCE.

sively severe form. Not the slightest immunity followed
vaccination in some cases.

It should be made clear that von Behring’s vaccine is noth-
ing more or less than dried, living tubercle bacilli of precisely
the sort that are most frequently found in human tuberculosis.
These organisms are injected into the blood. ‘They are, of
course, carried to all parts of the body and it is possible that
they may be excreted through the udder. Some recent experi-
ments on goats by Karlinski have shown that tubercle bacilli
injected into the circulation may be excreted in the milk a long
time afterward, in a large percentage of cases, and may infect
animals fed on this milk, even though the udder of the animal
that received the injection is wholly free from evidence of tu-
berculosis. It will, therefore, be seen that precautions should
be observed in regard to the vaccination of older cattle beside
those referred to in the druggists’ letter. This isa phase of the
subject that must be carefully studied before vaccination is ap-
plied to milch cows.

Personally, I am strongly of the belief, as a result of numer-
ous experiments made by Dr. S. H. Gilliland and myself, that a
practicable and safe plan for immunizing cattle against tubercu-
losis will soon be available. It should, however, be made clear
that the plan of von Behring, that is recommended so unquali-
fiedly by the druggists, is not proven and is insufficient so far as
it has been tested by direct inoculation.

Any one who is disposed to try this system of vaccination
should feel that he is making a scientific experiment for the
purpose of gaining information. With our present knowledge,
vaccination should not be practiced on cows in milk, or on
heifers or cows carrying calves, excepting for purposes of re-
search.

It should also be understood, and this is a highly important
point, that an animal that has been vaccinated after von Behr-
ing’s method may subsequently respond to the tuberculin test
as a result of the vaccination; consequently such animals can-
not be sold subject to the tuberculin test.

Altogether, the tone of the letter and its unsubstantiated
claims are of the patent medicine variety and furnish support to
the arguments of those who believe that the production and
sale of vaccines, anti-toxines, etc., for animals as well as for
man, should be under more stringent State control.

ILLEONARD PEARSON,
Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary Board.

i hai at i i i i

CORRESPONDENCE. 1189

LOCAL ANESTHESIA FOR ARYTENECTOMY.
LEWISTON, IDAHO, Feb. 14, 1905.
Editors American Veterinary Review ;

DEAR SIRS :—Would it be possible to operate for roaring by
exposing the pneumogastric and recurrent nerves, and using
cocaine or stovaine as per operation on the eye, instead of using
chloroform, as used by Dr. Tegg, M. R. C. V. S., and reported
in the REVIEW for November, 1904 ?

Yours respectfully,’ EH. SO ROBERES. 1. V5:

Army HospiraLs.—We are informed that field hospitals for
sick and disabled horses will be part of the future war equipment
of the British army. According to the MWeazcal Record, two
such hospitals have been formed in England, and the system is
proving most satisfactory in India. In Manchuria the Japanese
have put to practical use the field-hospital service for animals,
with the result that the loss of horses is only six per cent.—( Our
Animal Friends.)

A Goop EXAMPLE.+—Dr. William Herbert Lowe has been in-
vited by the Passaic County Medical Society to read a paper be-
fore that body, Tuesday evening, March 14, on ‘‘ Conditions
and Diseases of the Cow Rendering her Milk Unfit for Human
Consumption.” Several prominent human practitioners will
speak on the milk question from other standpoints. We make
note of the fact that Dr. Lowe is going to speak because it has
been, and still is, rather the exception than the rule for medical
societies to invite a veterinarian to address them even on animal
food products or on diseases having their origin in the lower
animals.

A L&sson IN ADDITION.—Speaking of milkmen, this story
comes from one of the primary schools in Auburn. It was the
lesson hour in combination of objects. ‘‘ Now,” said the teacher,
by way of explanation, ‘‘ you can’t add apples and pears to-
gether and just get apples or pears and you can’t add marbles
and nuts and get just marbles.” At this moment a long, lean
arm shot up from one of the back seats. The arm belonged to
—, who was the sonof amilkman. ‘ Well?” asked the teacher.
The littie fellow stood up by his desk and composed his coun-
tenance as best he could. ‘I know of two things that you can
add together and git jes’ the same figgers,” said he, stoutly.
“Ver can add water ter milk an’ git jes’ milk !”—(Lewzston
(Me.) Journal.)

1190 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

IOWA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The seventeenth annual meeting was called to order by Presi-
dent J. Miller, at 2 Pp. M. in the club-room of the Savery Hotel.
Owing to the extreme cold weather, we had no morning session,
the thermometer registering 20 degrees below zero. A number
of trains were cancelled and nearly all were late, there being only
about ten members in attendance before noon.

President Miller presented his annual address as follows:

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

“ Fellow-Members of the Towa Veterinary. Medical Asseciation :

‘“As I stand before you I feel the inspiration and vigorous
enthusiasm kindled by this excellent organization of practition-
ers which stimulates its Presidents, augments the mutual spirit
of fellowship between us and promotes in those in this assem-
bly a greater pride in their State, their profession and their co-
workers. Ste

‘We may well be proud of the Hawkeye State, her fame
has spread far and wide as a. producer of horses, cattle, sheep
and swine which mature so quickly and completely on its luxu-
riant pastures and abundant supply of golden grain from her
rich and rolling prairies. With such an environment as ours
we cannot reasonably expect anything but glorious success.

‘“None of the unpleasant experiences of nursing a feeble,
emaciated institution back to vigor has come to me, but rather
the exhilarating effect of coaching a vigorous body towards the
goal. An increasing membership, a constant gain in the eff-
ciency of its members, a gradual but very perceptible widening
of its influence all mark the fact that this organization has
awakened in part, at least, to its individual responsibility and
that it has a commendable position among institutions of this
order. The chief purpose of these annual meetings is to pro-
moté interest in veterinary science, to exchange valuable ac-
counts and to foster animal husbandry.

“The narration of different cases we have found to be bene-
ficial, instructive and interesting, and nothing but the highest
commendation can be offered to practitioners who have given
us such valuable accounts of their experiences which have
proven so helpful in similar cases we have met.

“Tt is within the power of this enterprising body of ever-

SOCIETY. MEETINGS. 1191
increasing members to in the future prepare articles of even
greater interest and helpfulness, for we have more men to report,
therefore, ever-widening field and experiences. In one or more
sections of the State certain diseases are frequently found, while
in other portions they rarely occur, and thus the mature judg-
ment born of the large experience of one practitioner gs
supplement the limited experience of another.

‘“New remedies are coming on the market and are being
largely advertised among the profession and stockmen through-
out the country. Some of these remedies have considerable
merit while others are worthless and should be tabooed by this
organization. Serum therapy is attracting more attention than
ever before, and according to recent developments wonderful
things seem to be in store for us along this line, and it is a mat
ter of unusual interest that we are to have a report at this meet-
ing bearing upon the use of anti-streptococcic serum. It is hoped
that Ligniere’s polyvalent serum will fill the place intended by
its discoverer.

“The vigorous campaign being waged by Dr. D. E. Salmon
and his corps of inspectors against scabies is of very great im-
portance to the stockmen of this State, whose cattle and sheep
interests were threatened by the appalling spread of this disease
from contiguous territory.

During the year maladie ducoit, another contagious disease,
has made its appearance in this State for the first time. Itis only
within the past few years this subtle venereal malady has been
known to exist in this country. At first only a limited area was
infected and the strict measures followed would seem to insure
its extermination, but it continues to make its appearance in
new places, causing a great disturbance and intercepting the
horse business in the locality for months. Because of the great
interest at stake and the serious business disturbances and finan-
cial loss that may be sustained by this and other contagious
diseases, it is imperative that veterinarians who are guardians of
these interests should be quick to recognize and prompt to re-
port all outbreaks to the proper authorities.

“ Any carelessness or indifference on the part of any mem-
ber of the profession in this regard is not in accord with the
best interests of the public, from whom he may expect the se-
verest censure.

“A few years ago hog cholera ceverel crippled the swine
industry of this commonwealth, but since the dry season of
1902 very few localities have suffered to any great extent from

1192 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

this disease. ‘To be comparatively free from such scourges is a
reason for great rejoicing, especially among the agricultural
class. But it is found that this species harbors another disease
which is on the increase, and already is found ina sufficient
number of carcasses at almost every official abattoir in this coun-
try to cause business anxiety and worry, if not alarm. I refer
to tuberculosis, which is found more frequently in swine than
any other class of the food-producing animals. ‘The tubercular
bacillus has no conscience, it knows no bounds and refuses to
confine itself to any species. It is not satisfied with the ravages
upon the human family and the domestic animals, but it has in-
vaded the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea are not alto-
gether immune from its attack, as it can accommodate itself
alike to warm and cold-blooded animals.

“Tn looking over a thousand hogs it would be hard to con-
vince a farmer or any observer that several had consumption,
because they all appear in good health, there being no appre-
ciable signs of disease, the animals’ constitution being strong
enough to conceal all evidence of the disease until the latter
stage has been reached.

““Owing to this concealment the packers have been obliged
to bear the brunt of the loss, but the time is coming, there being
considerable talk already at some markets of discrimination
against hogs from certain localities in this State. In view of
these facts and the knowledge of the brief exposure necessary
to transmit this disease from one animal to another, as indi-
cated by recent experiments in the Bureau of Animal Industry,
would indicate that present measures in vogue in this State are
altogether inadequate to cope with this plague.

“The frequency of tuberculosis among food-producing ani-
mals and especially among cattle and swine is a problem for
solution vastly more difficult than cholera or contagious foot-
and-mouth disease, or any other contagious disease known. So
firmly has it become entrenched in the human family and such
devastation has it wrought that for the past few years the skill
and genius of the physicians and sanitarians throughout the
civilized world have been battling against it with the result of
having only slightly reduced the mortality.

‘With similiar tenaciousness tuberculosis has fastened itself
upon the chief food-producing animals, and unless better meas-
ures are inaugurated for its control and eradication and a more
thorough organized warfare waged against this infection the
cattle and swine industry will be severely damaged.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1193

““Since such meager results have been obtained in the field
of regular medicine, the question might be asked, could we hope
to achieve any more in the domain of veterinary medicine ?
While it is admitted that we could not expect to receive any
more cooperation from the general public in the latter than in
the former sphere, as the preservation of the human family is of
paramount importance, it should be remembered that one of the
most efficient ways of stamping out contagious and infectious’
diseases in the veterinarian’s domain is entirely inadmissible in
our sister profession ; therefore, it is reasonable to assert that
more speedy and lasting results might be attained. It should
not be omitted, however, in dealing with a contagious disease
acknowledged to be transmissible from man to the lower orders
of animals and vice versa, and one that has already encom:
passed the various species, that the best results can only be se-
cured by a general attack against the common foe. If we would
accomplish the greatest good in a work of this character we
must relegate our professional interests to the background and
strive to advance the public welfare by identifying ourselves
with dairy organizations, farmers’ institutions and breeders’ as-
sociations where we may become familiar and help solve some
of the problems which annoy more or less of their members.

“We all love magnanimous people, and some good profes-
sional advice voluntarily, but yet judicially bestowed will be
appreciated and at the same time win for us a host of friends.
Without this friendship we shall appear as antagonists and can-
not hope for codperation in bringing about legislation which shall
result in mutual blessing. In addition to the inspection of
dairy cows already recommended by this Association, it is hoped
the present sanitary committees will bring in some suggestions
relative to the sterilization of the by-product of dairies, cheese
factories and skim stations.

‘“‘ Your officers, especially the Secretary, have endeavored to
secure a good programme for this meeting, and we believe we
have succeeded, with the exception of the clinic. We realize
the importance of this phase of the work of this organization,
and we regret exceedingly that the programme shows nothing
definite along this line. There are, however, some members of
this Association who frequently do better than they promise or
even intimate, and it may be they have a pleasant surprise in
store for us this year. ‘The Secretary taking cognizance of this
and being a man of faith has announced a clinic.

“ast year the clinic was a failure owing to unfavorable

1194 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

weather. This year nothing definite is announced because
of the small amount usually voted to defray such expenses.
These are items for us to consider, for undoubtedly arrange-
ments should be made to meet such contingencies. If I am
correctly informed the usual revenue is not obtained from the
majority of this class of clients as gratuitous service is a neces-
sary bait and has become more or less customary. It is stated
by one of our members that he paid out $100 in cash in caring
for a clinic besides the loss of considerable time and some good
customers. Such an experience would dampen the ardor of
any enthusiast and it is wrong that any member should be im-
posed upon to such an extent. It. is said of many of -our citi-
zens that they always want something for nothing, but I am of
the opinion the members of this Association are not of that stripe.

“T am persuaded they want a good medical and surgical
clinic established and properly conducted and that they are
willing to pay their proportion of the necessary expense.

‘‘Our members want not an exclusive diet of fine spun the-
ories which tend to dyspepsia and professional dessication, but
anintermingling of these theories with some practical demon-
strations which insure assimilation and the harmonious devel-
opment of each individual. Under proper management a va-
ried clinic will give force and vital energy to our meeting by
stimulating a general interest among its members, by increas-
ing their efficiency and by making more valuable their services.

‘During the past year some of our members have rendered
considerable service for the benefit of this Association, and I
wish to thank you, especially our Secretary and the members of
the committees on legislation who secured for us a modification
of the law regulating the practice of veterinary medicine in the
State whereby the means is provided for the efficient working
of the Examining Board and theright of members of other Asso-
ciations to register and practice here.

‘““ And, now, friends of this assembly, having given a brief
résumé of the situation as found professionally in this State, I
now declare the seventeenth annual meeting of the Iowa Veter-
inary Medical Association formally opened.”

The Secretary announced that instead of the roll-call there
would be a card system of registration.

The Secretary moved that the minutes as published in the
March (1904) number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
be adopted as published. Carried. The Secretary read his re-
port as follows:

—_——

VE eC CU

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1195

REPORT OF SECRETARY.
‘“ Ur. President and Members of the Towa State. Veterinary
Medical Association -

‘Tt is with pleasure that I greet you to-day. All here look
prosperous and have the appearance of having had another splen-
did year for practice. There has been some criticism because
programmes were not sent earlier. ‘This could not be avoided.
I have had what seemed to me a great deal of difficulty in get-
ting the members to agree to prepare a paper or areport of a case
for this meeting, but from what I can learn I have had no
more trouble than is ordinarily met with by different secreta-
ries. This should not be. All should feel free to ‘help one
another. It is not the Association that receives the most benefit,
but the member who prepares the paper or report. There are so
many successful practitioners who can just as well as not report a
case or two. Itisa wonder tome that sofew do. There isn’ta
man here but who ran on to something unusual during the past
year. It is these reports that are of the most practical interest
to us as veterinarians, and while I do not want to underrate the
value of a paper, yet so often unless they are on some subject
that the author has made a special study of for years, they are
just extracts from books which we all have, or should have at
any rate. I wrote a number of personal letters asking contri-
butions for our programme. A number responded either by a
paper or a good excuse, but there is no excuse in my mind for
those who did neither.

“Two different circular letters were sent to all non-mem-
bers. The first had application blanks enclosed. A few re-
sponded, asking for a copy of the constitution and by-laws, and
some of these filled out application blanks for the Board of Cen-
sors to act upon.

“Tn the second letter they were again invited to attend the
meeting and become one of us, and a few more responded favor-
ably. Weare making slow but steady growth and are getting
to the top of the profession in the State. In my last letter sent
out with the programmes I asked each member to ask personal-
ly some of his neighboring practitioners to join. If this was
done there is no doubt in my mind but that a number would do
so. This Association ought to have at least 175 members.
This can only be attained by each member trying to get at least
one new member for next year.

“ Personal letters were sent twice to those in arrears three
years, reminding them of their standing and requesting them to

1196 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

pay up and retain their membership. There are only twelve
members subject to suspension for non-payment of dues, and
possibly this number will be reduced before the meeting is over.
I am in favor of suspension. If the Association isn’t worth
paying dues to it isn’t worth belonging to.

“Letters were also sent to all those who were suspended at
past meetings whose addresses were known, asking them to pay
up and again become members.

“If we had membership enough that we could reasonably
expect one hundred in attendance we could get the benefit of re-
duced rates each year.

‘As per motion at last meeting I had 2006 copies of the con-
stitution and by-laws printed. I looked over all records in my
possession and tried to get them right, but to my mind they
should be revised soon. The blank pages were left so that any
changes could be written in, also a list of new members.”

The report of the Treasurer was read as follows:

TREASURER’S REPORT.

Receipts. Disbursements.
To cash on hand 1-25-04. .$ 9.35 By cash, C. W. Gay Exp.
con forsdiues 1-24-04 to Com. D,.& To eas
1-20-05. mae 109.00 peer bl. K. Talbot fom:
on: Membership fees Janites os 2.00
1-27-04 tO-I-20-05 . 22.00 Poo buck Bros. Signs 2.00
(eR ed ms tate ment fea Ih EE. Lalibiot
MienilberSinit5am wa - 14.00 Room rent... 5.00
“5, SCE ae 5 ae Mohler, No-
; ecard Fund... > eee
aoe. Fal C. Simpson,
Sec’y Fees. 79) 25700
ie.» Hal C. Simpson
Editing Proc. \),. .20rge
Booey ¢ Hi. .N. Seiesitens
Stenographer . . 3.00
oe U.. Ge Fohnsom
Penta deg fl
Sie aaa eee) Tucker,
Printin gees 31.90
Bie Meyers,
ps ie. 4.00
has? | SAGE Casw ell,
Pees Sis 22.00
oy io: SS 2 eee Carpenter,
Badges 5 3) -5 12.85
Balance in Treasurer’ S
Hands, | 1-25\:) -7aeesege
$154.35 $154.35

Respectfully submitted, Har C. Srpson.

a

—

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119%

It was moved that a committee of three be appointed to
audit the Treasurer’s report. Carried. President Miller ap-
pointed H. E. Talbot, W. A. Heck and F. H. P. Edwards.
The Auditors reported as follows:

‘“We, the Auditing Committee for the Seventeenth Annual Meeting
of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association, hereby certify that we
have examined the above account of the Treasurer and that we find it
correct. (Signed) H. E. TAsor.

(We AAU ELE CK:
ree ee EDWARDS,

By vote the report was accepted and the committee dis-
charged.

The Board of Censors elected two years ago being absent,
except the Secretary, who was otherwise engaged, President
Miller appointed J. S. Potter, J. W. Haxby and W. H. Austin
to constitute such Board.

Dr. L. U. Shipley read his reports of cases: “A Tubercular
Gaseq encase of. Tetanus as.a Sequelto, Parturition); -“¢ A
Case of Pelvic Hernia ;” ‘‘ A Radical Operation for Strangulated
Scrotal Hernia.” All were thoroughly discussed by those
present.

Prof. Henry Albert, Bacteriologist to the State Board of
Health, was present and gave a very interesting talk on bacte-
ria. Dr. Albert had a great many slides, which were passed
around. Rabies was probably more thoroughly discussed than
any subject mentioned.

Prof. Albert was elected to honorary membership in the As-
sociation.

Dr. D. E. Baughman read his paper on “ Prolapsus of Anus
and Rectum,” illustrating his ideas by several original drawings.
Discussed by McNeal, Heck, Stewart,. Bauman, Austin and
Haxby.

Dr. J. J. Richardson being absent, the Secretary read his
two reports of cases: “ Foreign Substance in the Bladder of a
Mare;” ‘“‘A Punctured Wound.” Discussed quite freely by Bau-
man, L. U. Shipley, Koto, Potter, Newman, Edwards, Haxby
and Simpson.

Dr. L. L. Diller being absent, the Secretary read his report:
“An Ante-mortem Blood-Clot.” This was shown. It had-been
nicely mounted by the doctor.

Moved that we adjourn until 7.30 P.M.

EVENING SESSION.
President Miller called the meeting to order at 8.10.

1198 SOCIETY . MEETINGS.

Dr. S. H. Bauman read a report of a case, ‘“‘ A Peculiar Case
of Luxation of the Patella.” .

Dr. J. T. Thompson not being present, the Secretary read
his reports: ‘“‘ Potassium Iodide in a Case of Nasal Obstruc-
tion ;” ‘‘My Experience with the Treatment of Chronic Crural
Paralysus following Azoturia;” ‘‘ Prolapsus of Intestines fol-
lowing Castration.”

Dr. H. E. Talbot, Secretary of the Iowa State Board of Vet- .

erinary Examiners, nade a verbal report on the workings of
the Board. That in the five years five graduates and about
forty-five non-graduates since registering have died. There
were 240 graduates and 546 non-graduates registered. That 620
of these had renewed certificates for this year.

Dr. A. Adamson made a verbal report of four cases of tetanus
treated with dilute hydrocyanic acid U. S. P. No. 1, mule,
cause, rusty nail scratch on breast, Mxv, in water 71, intra-
tracheally ; No. 2, mule was lame two weeks before, 1x, in water
31; No. 3. and 4, cause unknown, both had Mx, in water 31
every eight hours, and all made good recoveries.

J. H. McNeal reported that F. R. Ahlers had splendid re-
sults from the injection into neck every two hours of carbolic
acid, M90, glvcerine M90. Produces swellings, pain ensues.
The immediate neighborhood sloughs out, but the resulting
wounds heal very rapidly. In plain cases 90 per cent. recover.

W. C. Scholty reports good results from mercury bichloride,
1% gr. in 20c. c. water every four hours.

W. H. Austin, 80 per cent. recoveries with carbolic acid.
He gives l|xxv in water 71. Is strong in his belief that sur-
roundings have a great deal to do with results obtained. If
needed he gives chloral hydrate or cannabis indica, or sodium
hyposulphite per rectum.

C. J. Heckard reports 75 per cent. recoveries with carbolic
acid 31ij, water 3 ij, every four hours for 24 hours, then waits 12
hours before beginning to repeat.

F. H. P. Edwards and L. U. Shipley reported that in bog
spavin and thoroughpin so far they had good results from lay-
ing open freely of tendon sheaths under proper precautions and
injecting collargol, 1 per cent. W. C. Scholty aspirated three
times. Injected alcoholic solution of iodine 5 per cent., 3 iij
each time ; repeated in two weeks, and then in four more weeks
afterwards; bandaged, and in a couple of days blistered. This
mare raced afterwards. W.H. Austin and P. O. Koto report
bad results from this treatment. Probably used too strong a

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1199

solution. C. J. Heckard after aspirating puts chloropercha,
cotton next, and then a bandage. Repeats chloropercha in
twelve hours and leaves chloropercha on until it wears off.

J. H. McNeal aspirated two cases of gonitis and injected 33
per cent. carbolic acid, and in one case 50 per cent. carbolic
acid. Manipulate, then let all run out that will. Also ob-
tained good results from same treatment of extensor tendon ~
sheaths. J. W. Haxby reported having opened two extensor
tendon sheaths under proper precautions and obtaining good re-
sults. One high actor he aspirated and injected four times,
finally obtaining good results.

Moved by W. A. Heck that we adjourn until 9 o’clock to-
morrow morniny.

SECOND DAY—JAN. 26TH.

Meeting called to order at 9.30. Secretary read a commu-
nication from Dr. Repp. Moved that the Secretary cast the
unanimous vote of the Association for Dr. Repp for honorary
membership.

The names of several members who are now non-residents
was next read, and their dues being paid in full they asked to
be placed on the list of honorary members. Motion made to
have these applications laid over until next meeting.

Motion that a committee of three be appointed to revise
Constitution and By-laws, to codify and bring them up to date.
Amended to read five instead of three. Carried. President
Miller appointed T. A. Shipley, W. A. Heck, G. L. Buffington,
S. H. Bauman and Hal C. Simpson.

Dr. W. A. Heck read his paper, ‘‘ Some Minor Operations.”
It was thoroughly discussed by L. U. Shipley, T. A. Shipley,
G. L. Buffington, H. L. Stewart and W. H. Austin.

Dr. S. H. Bauman read his paper, ‘‘ Foot Rot in Sheep.”
It was thoroughly discussed by W. A. Stuhr and J. H. McNeal.

Dr. P. O. Koto made a verbal report on maladie du coit.
Dr. S. H. Bauman read notes of a post-mortem of a mare that
had died of maladie du coit. A great many questions were
asked regarding this outbreak. It certainly speaks well of Dr.
Koto, the State Veterinarian, and of Drs. Davidson and Day, of
the B. A. I.,. that this outbreak has been handled so successfully.

Meeting adjourned until 1.30.

Meeting convened at 1.30, Vice-President Hazlet in the
chair. Secretary read letter from Dr. J. E.. Brown relating to
serum-therapy. Heafterwards read Dr. J. E. Parslow’s paper on
“My Experience with Antistreptococcic Serum.” Both were

1200 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

thoroughly discussed. Dr. C. E. Stewart spoke very favorably
of results obtained from anti-pneumonic serum, and also from
the immunizing serum for distemper and influenza.

Dr. H. L. Stewart read his paper on ‘‘ Amputation of the
Penis.”

Dr. R. R. Hammond not being present, Dr. W. H. Austin
was appointed in his place on the Committee on Resolutions.

Dr. G. L. Buffington read his reports of cases. ‘They were
freely discussed, particularly the one relating to acute indiges-
tion.

Induration of os uteri was discussed quite freely by W. H.
Austin, T. A. Shipley, W. A.» Heck, 1. U..Shipley, S. H. Bau-
man and Hal C. Simpson.

Periodic ophthalmia wasfreely discussed. Dr. J. W. Haxby
makes a hood, puts large pledgets of cotton over eyes and has a
slit in hood and keeps the cotton saturated with 1 to 1,000 of bi-
chloride solution. Drs. L. U. Shipley, W. H. Austin, G. L.
Blanche report that 80 per cent of the cases of periodic ophthal-
mia come from the bottom farms. Drs. A. A. Adamson, S. K.
Hazlet, S. H. Bauman, D. H. Miller and F. J. Neiman believe it
to be hereditary. If hereditary, why do Western horses who
never have it out West become affected after coming into the
more thickly settled States ?

The Secretary reported that last year when trying to get
suspended members to apply for reinstatement a mistake had
been made and a number had asked to be reinstated at the re-
duced rates. It was shown how this was due to an error of the
printers and was not found out until after the meeting. Moved
that reinstatements stand. Carried.

Report of the. Cominittee on Sanitation called for. The
Chairman, Dr. Niles, not being present, Dr. Koto said he had
forwarded to Dr. Niles his report. Dr. Koto made a short ver-
bal report.

Dr. F. F. Parker, Chairman of the Commitee on Disease and
Treatment, could not be present on account of sickness. Dr.
W. A. Heck made a verbal report on open joint. His sugges-
tions were cleanliness, have drains flushed clean with bichlo-
ride solution. Dr. P. Malcolm reported on azoturia.

Committee on Resolutions presented their report as follows:

‘‘ We take this means of extending our sincerest regrets
and most heartfelt sympathy to Mrs. Sarah E. Harrison, wife of
the deceased Dr. EK. I. Harrison, in this the hour of her sad _be-
reavement. Dr. Harrison has been a long and faithful member

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1201

among us, has been ever willing to contribute the best of his
efforts toward making the Association meetings most profitable.
Having experienced the pleasure of his association, we shall
feel the loss of his helpful influence in the future. Therefore,
we, the chosen representatives of the I. S. V. M. A., ask that
a copy of the above be spread upon the minutes of the Associa-
tion and also that a copy of the same be enclosed to Mrs. Sarah.
E. Harrison, wife of the deceased brother.
‘Respectfully submitted, T. A. SHIPLEY.
Wi AA STURR.
AV TieUS TINA)

President Miller read ‘‘ A Comedy.” *

Board of Censors reported favorably the names of R. M.
Edwards, M. D. C.; W. C. Scholty, D. V. M.; F. l. Skrable, M.
D. C.; B. F. Barker, M. D. C.; W. W. Talbot, M. D. C. Moved
that the Secretary cast the ballot of the Association for the
above-named veterinarians for membership in this Association.

Carried. |
Moved that the application of Dr. P. A. Aegeson be laid
over, there being no vouchers. Carried.

It was moved that by reason of his allowance from medical
schooling that the By-laws be suspended and that Dr. James
Dixon be accepted for membership. Carried.

Dr. J. H. McNeal invited the Association to come to Ames
for the next annual meeting.

Moved by Dr. C. E. Stewart that when we adjourn we do so
to meet at Ames at call from the President. Carried.

Election of officers resulted as follows :

President—S. H. Bauman, Birmingham.

First Vice-President— P. Malcolm, New Hampton.

Second Vice-President—W. H. Austin, Newton.

Secretary-Treasurer—Hal C. Simpson, Denison.

Board of Censors—D.:H. Miller, Harlan; C. E. Stewart,
Chariton ;4G. L. Buffington, Brooklyn.

Moved by Dr. Koto that the Association extend a vote of
thanks to the management of the Savery Hotel for the cour-
tesies extended the members of the Association. Carried.

Moved by Dr. J. Miller that the Secretary be allowed the
usual fees for his services, and for editing the proceedings.
Carried.

The following were in attendance: T. A. Shipley, Cedar

*See April REVIEW.

1202 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Rapids; J. H. McNeal, Ames; S. K. Hazlet, Oelwein; F. J.
Neiman, Marshalltown ; W. W. Talbot, Oskaloosa; J. Miller,
Ottumwa; W. A. Stuhr, Ames; G. W. Blanche, Belle Plaine ;
D. EK. Baughman, Fort Dodge; J. W. Bunker, Winterset; W.
A. Heck, West Liberty; W. H. Austin, Newton; E. G. Mar-
tin, Schaller; B. F. Barber, Fonda;) J. S. Polter, lowa City;
L. U; Shipley, Sheldon ;° F. \H:°2 Edwards, Iowa City 2Ea@
Koto, Forest City; C. J. Heckard, Wheatland; S. H. Bauman,
Birmingham ; James Dixon, Tipton; C. E. Stewart, Chariton ;
7 W.s Haxby,;.. Villisca; sH. He alpet. Des Moines 3; Weems
Scholty, Osage; D.. H. Miller,” Harlan ; A. Kaderahek, Bort
Dodge; Hal C. Simpson, Denison; P. Malcolm, New Hamp-
ton; H. L. Stewart, Lacona; Prof. Henry Albert, Iowa City.

: Hat C. Simpson, Secretary.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting of this Association was held in-the
class rooms of the Kansas City Veterinary College, corner of 15th
and Lydia Avenue, Kansas City, Mo., January 11th and rath,
1905. The morning session was called to order at Io A. M. by
the First Vice-President, Dr. V. Schaefer, of Tekamah, Nebraska.
A letter of regret at inability to attend was read from the Pres-
ident, Dr. J. H. McNeal, of Ames, Iowa.

The following members and visiting veterinarians were
present: Drs. A. Byrd, G. R. Conrad, F. F. Brown, J. J: Drasky,
F. H. Davis, F. N. Elwell. W: J; Guilfoil, J. H. Gould, S: E:
Hershey, T. W. Hadley, D. Knisley, A. T. Kinsley, W. T. King,
B. F. Kaupp, W. C. McPherson, B. W. Murphey, C. M. Mor-
- gan, S. T. Miller, G. W. Merker, R. C. Moore, W. E. Martin,
T. C. McCaséy, C. B. McClelland, O. M. Norton, G. B. Nicho-
las, F: W. O’Brien,’ F, A. Poupgpese A. ‘T. Peters,'Ov Jo nuiipg
H. L. Ramacciotti, H. V. Goode, C. E. Steele, Chas. Saunders,
xX. 1. Richmond, ‘Ll Palmemgade M: Schmeltz; F.\H.cimeker
W. H. Gatchell, V. Schaefer, S. Stewart, H. J. Sebaugh, S. E.
Watkins, W. Warren, F. M. Starr, L. H. Thurston, and 250
students.

The minntes of the previous meeting, which was held in
Omaha in June, 1904, were read and approved.

The President appointed Drs. A. T. Peters and S. Stewart to
serve on the Board of Censors in the place of absentees.

The following applicants for membership, duly vouched for
and favorably passed upon by the Board of Censors, were present-
ed : Missouri :—Drs. S. A. Peck, Oak Grove; Stanley Smith, Co-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1203

lumbia ; M. A. Peck, Independence ; W. E. Martin, Perry; A. J.
Munn, Fayette ; Hugh McConnell, Marshall; J. B. Tiffany, Co-
lumbia ; J. H. Slater, Richmond; W. Warren, Windsor; H. J.
Sebaugh, Farmington; H. Bradley, Windsor. Kansas :—Drs.
Robt. Dill, Kansas City ; F. A. Pouppert, Leavenworth ; L. H.
Thurston, Girard ; J. H. Gould, Ft. Riley; S. E. Watkins, Wis-
ley ;C. L. Barnes, Manhattan ; G. M. Fox, Minneapolis. Iowa:
—Dr. S. H. Bauman, Birmingham. Nebraska :—Dr. J. J. Dras-
ky, Crete. Indian Territory :—Dr. C. D. Meredith, Vinita.
Moved by Dr. Stewart, seconded by Dr. Goode, that the Secre-
tary be instructed to cast the vote of the Association for the
names read to become members of the Association. Carried.
The Secretary then cast the vote of the Association, and the Pres-
ident declared them elected.

The following resignations were presented and accepted: Dr.
M. Jacobs, Knoxville, Tenn., and Dr. O. Verschelden, St. Mary’s,
Kansas.

A paper by Dr. O. O. Wolf, of Eureka, Kansas, on the sub-
ject of ‘‘ Abortion” was then presented. The paper brought
forth a lengthy discussion, which was participated in by Drs.
Peters, Martin, Moore, Schaefer, Stewart and others. This paper
will appear in the REVIEW very soon.

At 12 o’clock the Association adjourned to luncheon, which
was served in the rooms of the College Building.

At 1p. M.aclinic was held in the amphitheater of the K..
C. V. C., which was witnessed by 300 veterinarians and stu-
dents.

Case No. 7.—Sorrel mare, weight 1,000 lbs., aged 9g years,
was presented for diagnosis. Lameness in the left hind leg. Dr.
V. Schaefer was called upon to diagnose the disease. Diagno-
sis: bone spavin, advanced stages. Prognosis unfavorable.

Case No. 2.—Brown mule, weight 1,200 !bs., aged 10 years,
presented for diagnosis. Lame in left hind leg, could not bear
weight upon leg. Dr. W. E. Martin was called upon to diag-
nose case. Diagnosis: destruction of articular cartilage of the
femoro-tibial articulation. Prognosis unfavorable.

Case No. 3.—Grey gelding, aged. Lame in left fore leg,
“cocked ankle,” presented for diagnosis. Drs. Phillips, -
Goode and Warren were called upon to examine and make
diagnosis. Diagnosis: contraction of perforans tendon. Ten-
otomy recommended. ‘The horse was confined on the opera-
ting table, an anesthetic administered (chloroform), and the
operation performed by Dr. V. Schaefer, of Nebraska.

1204 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Case No. 4.—Dr. W. E. Martin demonstrated passing the
stomach tube, using the Phillips’ tube.

Case No. 5.—Dr. Moore gave a short and instructive talk
upon the structure of the larynx, followed by an operation for
roaring (the removal of the vocal cords).

Case No. 6.—Next case, exhibition of a grey gelding which
had been previously treated for thoroughpin of the right hock.
The thoroughpin was a large one, on which blisters had been
tried with no favorable results. The synovia was aspirated and
the sheath injected with a mixture of iodine 1% ounces and
carbolic acid 114 drachms, which was permitted to remain 15
minutes and was then withdrawn. No satisfactory results.
Next procedure was puncturing into the sheath with a firing
iron and immediately injecting above mixture which was al-
lowed to remain. Severe lameness and swelling followed; the
horse was kept in the hospital 30 days, then in stable at home
two weeks, then turned on pasture three months, returning
cured. Tater a small bursal enlargement appeared on the other
hind leg which yielded to severe blister.

Case No. 7.—Two heifers were presented for spaying. Dr.
S. T. Miller, of Shelby, Iowa, performed the operation through
the flank, the patient standing. The doctor performed the op-
eration on the left side and used a spaying ecraseur. Asked
about the larva of flies invading wound the doctor said he used
pine tar as a preventive, covering the sutured incision and
adjacent parts with a coating of tar.

Case No. 8.—A black gelding, 6 years old, weighing 1,400
pounds, was presented. No history could be obtained. An ab-
scess had formed in the region of the jugular furrow, about 12
inches posterior to head. A fistulous tract had formed extend-
ing considerable distance down the neck. Other abscess forma-
tion was observed in various parts of the body which were sen-
sitive upon palpation. The opinion of Drs. Knisley, Saunders
and McClelland, who were called upon to make examination and
diagnosis, was that these were secondary abscesses. Dr. Moore
reported having seen a case in which acetanilid had been given
in paper, the paper lodging in the cesophagus. A hyperdermic
needle was inserted and fluid injected into the mass, which was
thus softened and passed down. A fistula was the result, finally
extending down to the scapulo-humeral articulation. Second-
ary abscesses in other parts of the body formed.

Case No. 9.—Bay gelding, aged 10 years, presented for diag-
nosis. History : Had been taken out of stable three weeks previous

SOCIETY MEETINGS, 1205

to do his regular work, and after going a short distance became
exhausted and fell. Was assisted to his feet and led to the barn.
Palpitation of the heart was noted, and a venous pulse extend-
ing well up the neck. While the animal had somewhat im-
proved under treatment and rest, yet sufficient lesions remained
to afford a basis for diagnosis. Drs. Knisley, Hadley and Saun-
ders were called upon to examine and diagnose the case. The
opinion was: Insufficiency of the right auriculo-ventricular
valve, due to endocarditis. In response to suggestions for treat-
ment they stated that heart stimulants and rest were indicated.

Case No. ro.—A bay mare, 12 years old, presenting an en-
largement in the occipito-atloid region. Dr. L. H. Thurston
was called upon to diagnose and advise treatment for same. The
opinion was: A well-developed case of “ poll-evil,” and an op-
eration advised. Dr. Thurston perforined the operation, advised
removing some necrotic bone, making good draining and finally
dressing the abscess cavity with solution of eucamphol. Good
drainage was afforded and thuoroughly irrigated with eucam-
phol.

Case No. 11.—A Hereford bull, weighing 1,600 pounds, was
presented, showing the effects of iodism produced by the prev-
ious administration of potassium iodide.

Case No. 12.—Bay gelding, 10 years old, belonging to the
city fire department. This horse, while making a runa few
weeks previously, had been run into by a street car, injuring the
right shoulder, also severely lacerating the biceps rotator tibialis
and triceps abductor femoris muscles. “The wound involved the
anus, but not to a serious extent. The postea-spinatus and teres
externus muscles had greatly atrophied. Drs. McCasey, Hayes
and Gould were asked to examine the horse, and if possible ar-
rive at an opinion as to the cause of the atrophy. The conclu-
sion was that there had been an injury to the nerve supply of
these muscles which interfered with nutrition of the parts.

Case No. 13.—A black male dog, 2 years old, weighing about
30 pounds, with two enlargements in the anterior part of the
neck. Drs. Phillips and Warren were called upon to make ex-
amination and diagnosis. ‘The opinion was that there was a
diseased condition of the thyroid glands. Both lobes were en-
larged to about the size of a hen’s egg. No treatment was sug-
gested.

Case No. 1g.—A cystic calculus was presented for inspec-
tion by Dr. McCasey, of Concordia, Kansas. The doctor had
removed it from the bladder of a jack. ‘Thesymptoms described

1206 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

were: emaciation, fever, difficult urination, and examination
per rectum revealed the presence of an immense calculus. The
stone was removed through an incision made in the urethra at
the ischial arch and the wound left to heal without suturing ;
no stenosis of urethra following the operation. A member pres-

ent stated that he had likewise operated upon a similar case, ~

which resulted in stenosis of urethral passage at point of opera-
tion.

Adjourned for supper, which was served in the College
Building.

EVENING SESSION.

At 7.30 P. M. the meeting was called to order by First Vice-
President Dr. V. Schaefer.

The first paper presented was prepared by Dr. J. Harvey
Slater, entitled ‘Strongylus Paradoxus or Lung Worm in
Swine.” *

Dr. D. F. Luckey presented a paper on ‘“‘An Epizootic of
Quittor Among Horses and Mules,” and Dr. W. R. Cooper on
‘“Some Problems Relating to the Value of In-and-out Breed-
ing,” both of which will be published in the REVIEW. |

Under reports of cases, Dr. G. R. Conrad stated that he had
observed several cases of urethral calculi in steers, the calculi
lodging or forming at the S-shaped curve of the penis. The
steers showed uneasiness, stamping, dribbling of urine, etc.
Incision was made through the urethra and calculi removed.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY.
Dr. Robert H. Carswell.

WHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from our midst
Dr. Robert H. Carswell, of Kansas City, Mo., a valued member of our
association, whose death occurred during the past year ; be it

Resolved, That this association greatly regrets his loss, and extends
to his family its sympathy in their bereavement ; and be it further

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records of this
association and a copy be sent to his family.

C. E. STEELE,
S. STEWART, >} Commtttee.
A. Taieiers:

Dr. John Nott.

WHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from our midst
during the past year Dr John Nott, of Clay Center, Kansas; be it

Resolved, That this association regrets his loss, and extends to his
family its sympathy in their bereavement ; and be it further

* Will be published in an early number of the REVIEW,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1207

Resolved, That these resolutions be entered upon the records of this

association and a copy be sent to his family.
C. E. STEELE. )
S. STEWART, } Committee.
AGT PETERS,

The resolutions were adopted.

Moved by Dr. Moore, seconded by Dr. Martin, that next
place of meeting be left to the officers of the Association.

Adjourned until 8 a. M., January 12.

At 8 A. M. a demonstration was given by Dr. B. F. Kaupp
of the various lice of horses and cattle and of scab parasites of
cattle, sheep, chickens and hogs; also some specimens of the
head and segments of the various armed and unarmed tape-
worms.

The clinic began at Io A. M.

Case No. 1.—Dog presented with enlargement of scapula.
Dr. Conrad diagnosed case as a tumor and advised opera-
tion.

Case No. 2.—Oophorectomy in bitch by Dr. H. V. Goode.
It was suggested that 14 grain morphine be given, as it had
been reported as being satisfactory in dogs of 30 pounds weight.
The operation was proceeded with in 15 minutes after the in-
jection. The dog recovered from the effects of the morphine
in a satisfactory manner.

Case No. 3.—Amputation of the uterus, performed by Dr.
Conrad, after the injection of morphine as in Case No. 2. The
uterus was gravid, containing foetuses about two weeks old.
Was removed immediately anterior to the os by means of an
emasculator. ‘The bitch recovered satisfactorily from the ef-
fects of the morphine.

(It would perhaps be interesting to know that the bitches
have both made good recoveries.)

Case No. 4.—O6phorectomy in mare per vagina, by Dr. V.
Schaefer.

Twelve o’clock, adjourned to luncheon, which was served in
the class rooms of the Kansas City Veterinary College.

One p. M. Clinic resumed.

Case No. r.—Plantar neurectomy, by Dr. D. Knisley.

Case No. 2.—Bossi’s double tarsal neurectomy, by Dr. R. C.
Moore.

Case No. 3.—Peroneal tenotomy, by Dr. Brown.

Case No. 4.—Median neurectomy, by Dr. Moore.

Adjourned.

B. F. Kauprp, Secretary.

1208 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE NEW YORK
STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, CORNELL
UNIVERSITY.

The regular meeting of the Society of Comparative Medicine
was called to order in the amphitheatre of the Veterinary Col-
lege by President Dimock at 7.30 P.M. P. V. Weaver, ’05,
gave an interesting paper on “Glanders,” in which he brought
out clearly the five reliable means of diagnosis. (1) Clinical
symptoms; (2) Mallein test; (3) Orchitis by inoculation of
male guinea-pig ; (4) Auto-inoculation ; (5) Cultural character-
istics. The paper was followed by discussion.

The regular order of business was then taken up. Roll-call
showed 63 members present. The minutes of the previous
meeting were read and approved. F. H. McNair reported for
the banquet committee stating that the second annual banquet
of the Society would be held at the Ithaca Hotel, Feb. 15th, at

P. M.
: It being the last meeting of the first term of the college year
the election of officers followed :

President—C. E. Smith, os.

Vice-President—W. J. Taylor, ’06.

Secretary—F. H. Wright, ’o6.

Treasurer—G. R. Chase, ’07.

Meeting adjourned at 9.30 P. M.

C. L. ROADHOUSE, Secretary.
*

* *
THE BANQUET IN HONOR OF DIRECTOR JAMES LAW.

The second annual banquet of the Society of Comparative
Medicine in honor of the roth anniversary of the founding of
the New York State Veterinary College at which a special ova-
tion was given Professor James Law, was held in the dining
parlors of the New Ithaca Hotel on the evening of February
15th. About 125 students and guests were present.

The tables were prettily decorated with palms and candela-
bra. All joined in signing “ Alma Mater,” after which an elab-
orate banquet was served.

At the conclusion of the feast F. R. Smith, ’05, gave a
speech of welcome, and said in part: ‘‘Gentlemen, we are here ©
this evening for the second annual banquet of this society, at the
same time to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the founding of
our college, and furthermore to express our love and esteem and
to do honor to our ‘Grand Old Man,’ Dr. Law. ‘To the distin-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1209
c

guished friends who are with us to-night and to the alumni of
the college who are present on behalf of the Society of Compar-
ative Medicine, I bid you welcome.” He then introduced Dr.
Fish as master of ceremonies.

Dr. Fish, with a few well-chosen remarks, called on Presi-
dent Schurman to respond to the toast of ‘‘ The University.”
President Schurman said that it was not often that he accepted
invitations to banquets, refusing more than he accepted, but on
this occasion he could not refuse to be present when such a great
man as Dr. Law was to be given an ovation.

He spoke at some length on
how Andrew D. White discover-
ed that such a man as Dr. Law
existed. He said that the stud-
ents of the veterinary college
might well be proud of their
director, who was a man who has
raised the standard of veterinary
science to its present level and
who had done more for that science
than any other living man. He
also spoke of the growth of the
college which in the year of its in-
auguration had 11 students enroll-
ed and to-day had 108, an increase
of tenfold in 10 years.

The Hon. Andrew D. White

: was next called on to respond
JAMES LAW. to ‘Dr. Law in his Relation to
Cornell University, New York -
State, and the United States.” He spoke of his early relations
with Dr. Law. He said that no other university professor
would ever be able to produce such a man as Dr. Law. He said
that he had produced Law and that President Schurman had
produced the college.

He told of Dr. Law’s duties when he came to this college 4o
years ago, and of how hard he worked in the one little room of
the only building on the campus at that time,and of what he
had done for veterinary science from that time to the present
day.

Dr. V. A. Moore responded to the toast of ‘“‘ Dr. Law asa Sci-
entific and Professional Man.” He spoke of his early experi-
ences at the college in 1893 when he came here as a freshman,

1210 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

and of the zeal with which the students used to gather in the
old lecture room to listen to lectures given by Dr. Law. He
told of how a fellow student told him the story about Ezra Cor-
nell sending A. D. White to England to get a horse doctor.
He said at that time Ezra Cornell wanted and Andrew White
did.

The next speaker was Dr. David S. White, Dean of the Ohio
State Veterinary Coilege, who responded to the toast, ‘‘ Dean
Law Through the Eyes of Dean White.” Speaking of Dr. Law
he said in part: ‘His name and fame are known throughout the
land and sea. As we gather here to-night to do him honor and
witness his students extend to him a token of their love and es-
teem in the material form of a loving cup, Iam tempted to draw
from his life a lesson which will ever be to us an inspiration,
that it is to be ever noble and to work. And now, Professor
Law; I ask you in behalf of the faculty and students of the Col-
lege of Veterinary Medicine of the Ohio State University to ac-
cept our consecrated wish that you will ever be liberally
endowed with life’s greatest blessing of health and prosperity.
For the institution you have founded, may her escutcheon ever
be emblazoned with the motto: ‘Ever upward, still higher, ex-
celsior.’”

In presenting the loving cup, Dr. D. H. Udall, in behalf of
the faculty and students, paid a high tribute to Dr. Law, and said
in part: “As pupils we recognize in him those qualities which
inspire one with an ambition for scientific proficiency and for
the cultivation of those elements which furnish the material for
character. We recognize and are impressed by the spirit of per-
sonal sympathy and interest in our welfare that forebears our
faults in recognition of the best that isin us. These traits have
stamped their influence and left their imprint on the minds
of every student that ever became his pupil. In moulding
the professional destiny he has unconsciously, by the force
of his personal example, exerted a powerful influence in the
development of those faculties which we respect and admire in
our fellow creatures. The students and alumni of this institu-
tion are brought together here to-night by the spirit of loyalty it
has inspired in them. We take unspeakable pleasure in paying
our respects to that personality. Its light can never depart from
the campus of Cornell University. May its bearer live long in
the enjoyment of those gifts he has so skilfully used, and may
this token of our esteem and gratitude convey to him thoughts
that he has so many times expressed to us in deeds.”

_——_—— ~<a

im a el

———S oS ee

eo Oe

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1211

Dr. Law in response said that he did not know that a cup
was to be presented him until he came to the table, and if
he were a younger man his emotion would be so great that to
make a speech would be impossible. He said that one of his
greatest pleasures would be to look upon the loving cup. He
talked of his early experiences in this city and said that when
he came to the United States he came here to stay, to make it.
his home and to do his work. He said that his work had not
been that of a genius but of hard labor. His best advice to
students was not to jump at conclusions, but to do their work
faithfully.

The cup presented Dr. Law, a magnificent specimen of the
jeweler’s art, was made by Tiffany of New York.

The banquet committee was as follows: F. H. McNair,
Chairman; F. W. Andrews, A. J. Burley, J. G. Wilis, Waiter
Nelligan, W. E. Frink, O. E. Williams and Cassius Way. Mr.
Way acted as cheer leader. .

The menu programme was made in imitation of Dr. Law’s
well-known text book, it containing an excellent likeness of
him, which is reproduced herewith. The following prescription
occupied the second page:

CHAP DPE Ras.

R Crustatorum.
Consommae regiae.
Apii graveolentis.
Olivae.

Cucumeris sativis.

Piscis lacus.

Solani tuberosi.

Avis cum pisco sativo.

Lemonis frigid.

Bovis cum fungo.

Phaseoli vulgaris.

Solaui tuberosi contusi.

Piscis misturati.

Vanillae lactis frigidi.
. Panis dulcis.

Casel.

Cachetis.

Caffeinae.

Misce et fiant boli octodecim.
Sig. Capiat statim, non repetatur.
Post cib. inhale crematum tabacum.

eH CHnr

1212 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Letters of appreciation from Drs. Roscoe R. Bell, Leonard
Pearson, C. W. Gay, ’o1, and others were read.

Thus was fittingly ended the roth anniversary of the found-
ing of the N. Y.S. V.C. A permanent record of the celebra-
tion will be secured by the issuing of a University paimphlet.

F. H. McNarr, ’05, Chazrman.

CENTRAL CANADA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The third annual meeting of the Central Canada Veterinary
Association was called to order by the President, Veterinary
Major Harris, on Wednesday evening, Feb. 8, at 8 o’clock.

After the minutes of the last meeting had been confirmed
three applications for membership were received and accepted.
The new members are Drs. W. A. McGill and W. Nichols, of
Kingston, and H. S. Manhard, of Smith’s Falls. Dr. Potter,
one of the oldest medical practitionters of Ottawa, was elected

an honorary member of the Association.

The President delivered a brief address outlining the efforts
being made to have the profession organized throughout Ontariv
that legislation might be obtained. Through the increased
value of live stock, the profession, he said, offered brighter pros-
pects for those engaged in its practice than had been the case for
many years. ‘The movement on foot toward the establishment
of municipal abattoirs would require the services of veterinari-
ans as inspectors, and this would prove beneficial to the profes-
sion.

The election of officers for the ensuing year was then pro-
ceeded with and resulted as follows :

Honorary President—Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa.

President—Dr. T.. A. Allen, Brockville.

Secretary-Treasurer—Dr. A. E. James, Ottawa.

Committee to form the Council in conjunction with these
officers—Drs. Lynchke, Thacker, Fisher, McGuire, Higginson,
Hollingsworth, Higgins and Harris.

Auditors—Drs. Hollingsworth and Haworth.

Instructive and interesting papers on professional topics
were then presented. Dr. W. C. Young, of Almonte, gave in
detail the results of some experiments he had conducted with a
view to reducing ‘ Dilatation of the Bursa of the Capsular Lig-
ament of the Hock Joint.” These experiments had not been
wholly successful, but they had indicated lines on which it
might be expected to obtain more beneficial results.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1213

Dr. C. H. Higgins, of Ottawa, read a paper the title of which
was, ‘‘ The Veterinarian,” in which he indicated the duties of
veterinarians. Among the many points presented were, an in-
dication of the necessity for veterinarians to read more and that
all would be aided in their work if greater efforts were put forth
to keep an accurate record of cases. It was also pointed out
that autopsies are too infrequently performed by veterinarians.

Dr. A. E. James reported an outbreak of ‘‘ Malignant Ca-
tarrh”’ in which the owner had lost a number of valuable cat-
tle. Disinfectants and a general remodelling of the sanitary ar-
rangements under which the animals were maintained checked
the outbreak and there has up to the preseut been no further
trouble.

Veterinary Major Massie, of Kingston, presented a paper on
“ Horse-Shoeing,” which showed a wide and complete knowl-
edge of farriery. He advocated the establishment of a school of
farriery either in connection with the Dairy School at Kingston
or the Agricultural College at Guelph, or even in connection
with both institutions. In the discussion of this paper the au-
thor pointed out that there was a marked distinction to be
drawn between the horseshoer and the blacksmith.

Dr. C. W. J. Haworth, of Eganville, gave an interesting ac-
count of a case that had come under his notice of a horse that
had swallowed an ordinary sack needle. ‘This produced an ab-
scess in the flank region, which yielded to treatment. Teu
months later he was called to the same animal and found an
abscess in about the same region. ‘This time on making an in-
cision an object was found which proved to be a needle, and the
owner remembered of the disappearance of same just prior to
the appearance of the first abscess.

An extended discussion took place on all of the papers and
many interesting and practical points were brought forward.

Many members were interested in the subject of milk fever
and it was freely discussed, it being the opinion of the majority
present that the ‘‘ oxygen treatment” was the only method that
deserved consideration by the practitioner who had at heart his
own interests and those of his client.

The Council was instructed to make arrangements fora mid-
summer meeting which should take the form ofa surgical clinic
under the direction of an expert surgeon, the time and place
depending upon the surgeon and the material offered.

Dr. Higgins as reporter for the Association was instructed
to edit and have printed a sufficient number of copies of the

1214 : SOCIETY MEETINGS.

proceedings of this meeting that each member could have
one.

The members present were: Drs. A. W. Harris, A. E. James,
W. W. Boucher, J. B. Hollingsworth, C. H. Higgins, C. J. Mar-
shall, and Thos. Potter, of Ottawa; T. A. Allen and D. McAl-
pine, Brockville; Thos. Thacker, Renfrew; W. C. McGuire,
Cornwall; C. W. Haworth, Eganvilie; T. C. Young, Cobden;
W. D. Monk, South March; Geo. W. Higginson, Rockland ;
G. A. Hay, Campbellford ; T. Johnson, Peterborough; P. W.
Kenning, Pembroke ; A. M. McKay, Winchester ; W.C. Young,
Almonte; A. G. Young, Merrickville; and A. J. Telmosse,
Hull. C. H. Hiccins, Reporter.

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL AsS-
SOCIATION.

The semi-annual meeting of this Association was held at
the Board of Trades Room, Reading, Pa., Dec. 21st, 1904.
The meeting was called to order at 10 A. M. by the President,
Dr. E. D. Longacre. The minutes of the previous meeting
were read and approved. Dr. Longacre then delivered the
President’s annual address.

The following members were present: Drs. D. R. Kohler,
I. C. Newhard, W. G. Huyett, E. D. Longacre, O. G. Noack,
W. S. Longacre, F. H. McCarthy, and U. S. G. Bieber. Among
interesting visitors were Dr. N. Rectenwald, Veterinarian of
the Humane Association, of Pittsburgh, and John Reber, of
Shamokin.

The Secretary submitted and read several letters of commu-
nication and correspondence. Dr. Noack gave an interesting
account of the Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association
meeting, held at Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 20th, 1904, after which
he incidentally explained the objetts and principles of the Vet-
erinary Bill framed by that Association, which is in part: Re-
pealing clause of Sec. 8 of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary
Law, which says, ‘‘ Any person not heretofore authorized to
practice veterinary medicine and surgery in this State after the
first day of July, 1896, must have pursued the study of veteri-
nary medicine for at least three years, including three regular
courses of lectures of at least six months each in different years
in some legally incorporated veterinary college or colleges,”
and substitute as follows: ‘‘ Any person not heretofore author-
ized to practice veterinary medicine and surgery in this State,

Oe Se Se eS eee

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1215

and desiring to enter upon such practice, may deliver to the
Secretary of the State Veterinary Examining Board, upon the
payment of the fee of ten ($10.00) dollars, a written application
for license, together with satisfactory proof that the applicant
is more than twenty-one years of age, is of good moral charac-
ter,” etc., the Board not enquiring. concerning his collegiate de-
gree, but wholly acting upon his ability and qualifications in
passing an examination conducted by said Board, before he is
considered competent to practice. Again, where it says: ‘‘ Ey-
ery practicing veterinary surgeon of Pennsylvania must be duly
registered in the office of the prothonotary of the Court of Com-
mon Pleas in the said county,’ and substitute as follows:
‘“« Any person desiring to practice veterinary medicine and sur-
gery in the State must hereafter register with the Veterinary
Examining Board of same State.” And, furthermore, to amend:
“That every practicing veterinary surgeon in the State be
compelled to register every year before said Veterinary Examin-
ing Board upon the payment of one ($1.00) dollar.”

A motion was made and seconded that this Association assist
by all possible means, the committee appointed by the Pennsyl-
vania State Veterinary Medical Association in bringing these
measures before the legislative body assembled, and the Secre-
tary was authorized to notify the chairman of said committee to
that effect.

Dr. Kohler ably responded as chairman of the Committee
of Intelligence and Education.

The Treasurer’s report was accepted as read.

Dr. I. C. Newhard, Veterinarian of the Philadelphia and
Reading Railroad Company Coal Mines, Ashland, Pa., who was
the essayist of the occasion, gave a paper on “‘ Open Joints and
their Treatment.” The paper was discussed by Drs. Longacre,
Kohler, Huyett and Rectenwald and several other members
present. A vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Newhard for his
paper. The paper will be published in the REVIEW.

Dr. McCarthy, of Pottsville, Pa., spoke eloquently upon
‘‘ Fxostosis and Treatment,’”? and the subject was well discussed
by nearly all present.

_ A motion was madeand seconded that the essayists hereafter
send their papers to the Secretary one week previous to the day
of session, so that they can be read and discussed, in case the
essayists cannot be present or get there late.

The annual banquet of the Society was held at Krick’s Cafe,
Bissinger, after the business session, and it proved to be one of

1216 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the most enjoyable functions ever given under the auspices of
the organization. ;

The essayists for the next meeting will be Drs. D. R. Kohler,
A. R. Potteiger, F. N. Schneider, and Wehr.

A motion was made and seconded that the next meeting
will be held at Reading, June 21st, 1905.

A motion was made and seconded to adjourn.

W. G. HuvetTt, Secretary.

KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION:
A regular stated meeting was held at Donaldson’s Hall,
Broad and Filbert Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., Tuesday evening,
Feb. 14th. The President, Dr. George S. Fuller, was absent and
Vice-President Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr, Pa., presided.
The following members responded to roll-call: Drs. E. P. Alt-
house, H. B. Cox, D. B. Fitzpatric, W. Horace Hoskins, Joseph
D. Houldsworth, Bassett Kirby; C. J. Marshall, James Mecray,
Adam W. Ormeston, Edgar W. Powell, W. H. Ridge, W. L.
Rhoads, John J. Repp, A. T. Sellers;'S: J. J. Harger, [.. S.Car
lisle, Charles Dingley, Otto G. Noack, and F. H. Schneider.

Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.

Dr. W. H Ridge reported a case that had come recently un-
der his observation. ‘This was a case of a gray gelding, about
twelve years old, weight about 1,200 lbs., used for pleasure
driving in the city. It had recently developed an aggravated
case of stringhalt. With rest the symptoms would nearly dis-
appear, but when exercised for a short time he would lift the
feet so high that they would strike the under part of the abdo-
men with considerable force. Dr. Ridge was unable to account
for the cause or the lesion that might produce such symptoms.
The horse seemed to be well in every other particular. Many
questions were asked in reference to the case, but no one seemed
able to account for the peculiar symptom exhibited by Dr.
Ridge’s case.

The regular routine of reading papers was dispensed with
and the time was devoted to discussions of how to make the
State meetings more interesting and instructive.

The first question that was discussed was in reference to
holding clinics. After a thorough discussion of this subject, it
was unanimously voted to hold a clinic. The members of the
Keystone were urged to keep a watch for interesting cases and
to report to the Secretary any cases that could be obtained for
this purpose.

:
5

—— ee

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1217

It was decided to hold the clinic at the Veterinary Depart-
ment of the University of Pennsylvania, Wednesday forenoon,
March 8th. The meetings are to be held at the Hotel Han-
over, 12th and Arch Streets, March 7th and 8th. A smoker is
to be given to the members of the profession at the same place
Tuesday evening.

The University of Pennsylvania is asking for $100,000 for .
equipment for a new Veterinary Department. The members of
the Keystone were urged to assist in every way possible to get
this amount of money. The school is badly in need of build-
ings and there seems to be no reason why the State should not
provide them. A large proportion of the wealth of our State is
in live-stock. For this reason she needs the best veterinarians
in order that the losses from disease may be reduced to the min-
imum. We believe that if our legislators can be made to see the
vast amount of money invested in live-stock, the large annual
dividends obtained from this source and the large losses that
might be prevented each year by competent veterinarians, they
wouid willingly and justly provide money to educate and train
men for this particular work. ‘The work of making these facts
clear will rest largely upon our profession, and we should assist
in every way possible to obtain this necessary appropriation.

There is another matter before the Legislature that is of great
importance to our profession. This is in reference to taking
the system of registrations out of the hands of the prothonotaries
and putting it in the hands of the Veterinary Medical Examin-
ing Board. ‘There is no opposition anticipated to this measure,
but we must show the legislators why this change is necessary.

It was decided to hold no meeting in March on account of
the P.S. V. M. A. holding a meeting in Philadelphia at the
time of our regular meeting. The meeting was regularly ad-
journed at eleven o’clock to meet again Tuesday evening, April

11th, at the same place. C. J. MARSHALL, Secretary.
GENESEE VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
: CIATION.

The eighth annual meeting was held at the Whitcomb
House, Rochester, N. Y., on Wednesday, Jan. 25th. The fol-
lowing responded to the roll-call : A. McConnell, D. P. Webster,
J. C. McKenzie, J. W. Corrigan, O. B. French, John Steiner, W.
J. Payne, A. Geo. Tego, Wm. B. Switzer, H. S. Beebe, Warren
EH. Stocking, J. H. Taylor, L. R. Webber, J. E. Smith, and Wm.
F. Woolston. The morning session was devoted to the routine

1218 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

business of the Association and the election of directors. The
Board of Directors held a meeting during the noon hour and
elected the following officers :

President—Dr. A. McConnell, Brockport.

Vice-President—Dr. H. S. Beebe, Albion.

Secretary—Dr. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta.

Treasurer—Dr. A. Geo. Tegg, Rochester.

Censors—Drs. ly. R. Webber, GeC. Kesler, O. B: Freneh
W. E. Stocking, J. E. Smith, J. W. Corrigan.

At the afternoon session the following papers were read :

“ Parturient Apoplexy,” by Dr. Wm. B. Switzer, of Oswego.
Dr. Switzer had been so successful in treating these cases with
oxygen that he now considered them among the most satisfac-
tory cases to treat that he had. Drs. Webster, Corrigan, Stock-
ing, Beebe and French had been using oxygen during the last
year with very marked success. Dr. French reported four cases
that had been treated by their owners, with the air treatment ;
three out of the four developed septic mammitis.

Dr. W. J. Payne, of Fairport, then read a very interesting
report of an outbreak of a skin disease that he diagnosed as
‘““Crustee Labialis.”” Small pustules formed on the tongue, then
on the lips and face; these broke and discharged a sticky fluid,
which formed in crusts ; these horses were all stabled and fed on
hay and oats ; nothing could be found in the feed that would be
likely to cause the trouble. The cases recovered promptly under
astringent antiseptic treatment.

Dr. A. Geo. Tegg reported a similar outbreak in a herd of
cattle that had been fed on mouldy ensilage. This was discon-
tinued and the cases promptly recovered without treatment.

Dr. J. W. Corrigan then read an excellent paper on ‘‘Loco
in Sheep,” due to the presence of Zenza /jimbriata in the gall
duct ; this occurred in a flock of sheep near Batavia that had been
purchased in Buffalo. The symptoms pointed to cerebral dis-
turbance, but it was proven by post-mortem on some of the
sheep that the disease was due to large numbers of Zenza fim-
briata in the duodenum and gall ducts. Dr. Corrigan was asked
many questions, which were answered by him in his pleasing style.

Several of the members who were to leave for home on the
afternoon train were so interested in the papers and discussions
that they forgot their trains and consequently were left. All
agreed that this was the most interesting meeting ever held by
the Association. The next meeting will be held in July at
Rochester. J. H. Tayvtor, Secretary.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1219

ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL »
ASSOCIATION.

The fifteenth annual meeting was held at the St. Nicholas
Hotel, Decatur, Jan. 18-19, 1905. ‘The meeting was called to
order at I P. M., Jan. 18, with President Dr. F. J. Bliss, of Earl-
ville, in the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were
read and approved. Dr. Bliss delivered his annual address. The
membership attendance was above the average, with consider-
able interest. The following papers were read during the
meeting, and thoroughly discussed: ‘The Use of the Stomach
‘Pump Tube in Veterinary Practice,” by Dr. F. J. Bliss, of Earl-
ville, which was a most complete, carefully prepared paper, and
very interesting, drawing forth some animated and instructive
discussion. Dr. Wills read an excellent and instructive paper,
“Does Nutrition Determine Sex.”? This paper was listened to
with close attention. ‘ Ovariotomy,” by Dr. S. H. Swain, was
a splendid paper, describing the teachings of modern operations,
which was responded to by Dr. John Osborn. ‘The Action of
Drugs in Equine Medicine,” by Dr. S. D. Brown, of Assump-
tion, was a very worthy and beneficial paper. ‘ Bursal En-
largements,” by Dr. J. W. Marsh, of Illiopolis, an excellent
paper. ‘‘ Professional Ethics,” by Dr. V. G. Hunt, of Arcola,
was a most excellent paper, which was fully indorsed by the
Association. Under the head of ‘‘ Reporting of Cases,’ several
interesting subjects were introduced and discussed. ‘‘ Strongylus
Tetricanthus,” by Dr. J. M. Reed, of Mattoon, offered several
quotations of former and different authors on that deep subject,
which was listened to with close attention.

On Jan. 19 the meeting was called to order by President
Bliss.

Election of officers being in order the following were chosen:

President—Dr. F. J. Bliss, Earlville.

First Vice-President—Dr. S. H. Swain, Mt. Pulaski.

Second Vice-President—Dr. John Osborn.

Secretary—Dr. J. M. Reed, Mattoon.

Treasurer—Dr. V. G. Hunt, Arcola.

Committee on Membership—S. H. Swain, S. D. Brown,
John Osborn, H. P. McKinney, John Turrill.

Committee on Programme—F. J. Bliss, James M. Reed, J.
W. Marsh.

Committee on Arrangement—John Osborn, W. H. Swain,
R. W. Brathwait.

1220 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Committee on Legislation—S. H. Swain, V. G. Hunt, F. J.
Bliss.

Treasurer V. G. Hunt reported a balance of $16.75 on hand.
Bill of $5.15 allowed the Secretary for stationery and stamps.

Meeting adjourned. Next semi-annual meeting to be held
in Champaign, and at such date as may be selected by Commit-

tee on Arrangements. JAMES M. REED, Secretary.
OHIO VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The above-named association was organized in Evansville,
January 25, to embrace the veterinarians of Southern Illinois,
Southwest Indiana and Western Kentucky.

There were about thirty representatives of the veterinary
profession in the three states at the meeting and it is expected
ultimately the membership will reach 75 or 100. Quarterly
meetings will be held, the next one to be in Evansville some
time in April. It is expected the territory of the Association
will extend 100 miles from Evansville. Such an organization
has been under discussion since last summer and really had its
inception at the national meeting held last year in St. Louis.
Calls for the initial meeting were sent out last week by Dr. John
R. Mitchell, of Evansville, and the meeting was held at his new
veterinary hospital in Upper Fourth Street. The object of the
organization is the mutual benefit of the members and their pro-
fessional advancement. It in no way conflicts with the State or
national organizations, but is rather supplemental to them and
affords opportunities for more frequent meetings and consequent
benefit.

The morning was spent in the reception of visitors, in be-
coming acquainted and in holding acliuic at which several in-
teresting and valuable operations were performed. In theafter-
noon the society was organized with the following officers:

President—Dr. John R. Mitchell, Evansville.

Vice-Presidents—Illinois, Dr. A. Robertson, Mount Carmel ;
Kentucky, Dr. James Campbell, Henderson; Indiana, Dr. J.
W. Snider, New Harmony.

Secretary—Dr. J. W. Moses, Mount Vernon, Ind.

Treasurer—Dr. D. A. Davison, Princeton, Ind.

Dr. W. G. Hassell, of Grayville, I1]., Dr. D. A. Davison, of
Princeton, Ind., and Dr. Alex. Marvel, of Owensville, Ind., were
appointed a committee on by-laws to report at the next meet-
Ing.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 1221

During the afternoon Mrs. Mitchell served a lunch which
was much appreciated by the members of the new organization.
The visitors were much interested in Dr. Mitchell’s hospital,
which was declared to be complete in every detail.

KANSAS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The Association niet in the Council Chambers in Topeka,
Jan. 10, at 10 A. M., President Dr. Pritchard presiding. Busi-
ness was transacted as lively as possible, so as to discuss and
adopt a measure to present to the legislature this session, which
is now in the hands of the representatives. Our bill was intro-
duced on Jan. 25th. I have been unable to learn anything from
it since, except that it was referred to the Committee on Live
Stock.

The discussion on the bill was lively and interesting ; but
took up so much time that we were obliged to dispense with our
programme, so as to elect officers and get through so that the
boys could catch a night train to Kansas City, where they wished
to attend the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association. Most of
the officers were reélected, and several new members were ad-
mitted. We now have a membership of 42, but expect to have
at least 50 in a short time.

Our next meeting will be in Topeka, Jan. 11, 1906. I feel
sure of a law for Kansas this time.

HucH S. MAXWELL, V. 5., Secretary.

TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The third annual meeting of this Association will beheld in the
Live Stock Exchange Building (Union Stock Yards), Fort Worth,
Friday, March 24, at 9.30 A. M. Members and visitors will be
escorted through the packing plant by Fort Worth members,
A. collection of pathological specimens from meat producing
animals, will be exhibited by members of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Fort Worth, after which there will be a discussion
upon them.

The papers announced are as follows: ‘‘ Behring’s Work on
Suppression of Tuberculosis,’ by Dr. J. H. Rietz; ‘“ Trauma-
tisms in Beef Animals,” by Dr. H. D. Paxson; “Cattle and
Sheep Scab,” by Dr. J. W. Parker ; ‘‘ Food Poisoning,” by Dr.
E. L. Lewis; “ Fistulous Tracts and their Treatment,” by Dr.

1222 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

W. G. Langley. There will also be promiscuous reports of
cases by various members.

Dr. M. Francis, College Station, is President, and Dr. A. E.
Flowers, Dallas, is Secretary.

A report of the meeting is promised the REVIEW.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.

The annual meeting will be held at Philadelphia, Tuesday
and Wednesday, March 7th and 8th, 1905, in the Hotel Han-
over, 12th and Arch Streets. Every veterinarian and friend of
the profession is cordially invited to be present. An account
of the meeting will be published in a later REVIEW.

B. T. WoopwARD,V. M. D., Kec. Seey:

THERE are more operating tables in use and in process of in-
stallation in Brooklyn than in any other city in the country.

Bitt AipSs MonKEys.—Lzucoln, Neb., Feb. 15.—Union hours
for monkeys when owned by organ grinders is one of the provi-
sions of a bill passed by the Nebraska Assembly yesterday.
The measure in general prohibits cruelty to animals and was
introduced at the request of the Nebraska Anti-Crueity Society.
Its authors, however, were prompted to include the provision
concerning monkeys by the methods of a band of hand-organ
grinders at the State Fair last year, who used monkeys in the
gathering of coins from twelve to sixteen hoursa day. Here-
after any organ grinder working a monkey more than eight hours
a day will be subject to a heavy fine.—(/. Y. Evening Sun,
Feb. 15, 1905.)

MELBOURNE VETERINARY COLLEGE.—Lately a paragraph
has appeared in the newspapers stating that the Melbourne Vet-
erinary College would probably be closed. ‘The Victorian S. P.
C. A. deplores that event as a calamity which it hopes may be
averted. Says the Society: “In a country such as this where
so much of the support and of the wealth of the community is
derived from and depends on animals, every effort should be
made to retain in the highest state of efficiency an institution
for the education and training of men thoroughly to understand
the care and treatment of animals in health and disease, and not
to allow a return tothe bad old way of leaving the treatment of
sick animals in the hands of persons who have had no proper
scientific training for the work.—(Owr Animal Friends, Febru-
ary, 1905.)

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1223

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Mrs. OLOF SCHWARZKOPF has been quite ill from sciatic
rheumatism at Fort Assinniboine, Montana.

THE next meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso-
ciation will be held in Omaha in June.

Dr. NELSON P. HINKLEY, of Buffalo, N. Y., was a caller at.
the REVIEW office in February. He is in excellent health and
reports business good.

Dr. S. EK, HERSHEY, Charleston, W. Va., and O. J. Phillips,
Holden, Mo., are among ‘the list taking the post g graduate course
at the Kansas City Veterinary College.

Dr. W. D. CRITCHERSON and family, of New York City, are
spending the late winter at Los Angeles and other resorts in
California.

Mrs. EFFIE WALLACE, wife of W. B. Wallace, V. S.,
Marion, Indiana, died on January 19 of pneumonia. She was
a most estimable lady, formerly Miss Shade, of Greenville, Ind.

C. D. McGILvray, V. S.,M. D. V.,. Binsecarth, Manitoba,
contributed an interesting article on “‘Breeding Better Horses in
the West’ to the Christmas number of the Farmers’ Advocate.

Dr. W. F. JONES, B. A. I., located at McCook, Neb., has re-
cently returned to his post, after a pleasant vacation spent in
visiting the World’s Fair, his old home in Ohio, and his friend
Dr. McKim, at Norfolk, Neb.

MICE exposed to radium for twenty days, in the experiments
of Dr. Roux, of Paris, lost their hair; and when the hair grew
again it was quite white. Longer exposure developed muscu-
lar paralysis.

THE STUDENTS of the Veterinary Department of the Wash-
ington State College at Pullman havea flourishing veterinary
medical association which meets on the first and third Fridays of
each month. Particulars in the directory of association meetings.

Dr. W. L. WILLIAMS, professor of surgery at the New York
State Veterinary College, has been suffering from a severe cold
all winter, and, being unable to rid himself of it in the cold cli-
mate of Ithaca, left for Florida on the 17th ult., where we sin-
cerely trust he may find the relief which he seeks.

Ir is claimed that by nailing a strip of sheepskin about eight
inches in width the entire length of the manger, selecting a
skin covered with long wool and sprinkling it freely with cay-
enne pepper (renewing the pepper occasionally), the worst crib-
ber may be cured of the habit.

1224 NEWS AND ITEMS.

F. S. SHOENLEBER, M. D., D. V. S., who has filled the Chair
of Anatomy for the past eight years at the McKillip Veterinary
College, Chicago, Ill., has been elected to the Chair of Veteri-
nary Science in the Kansas State Agricultural College at Man-
hattan, Kansas. His resignation at the McKillip will take
effect at the close of the present term.

RULING Passion.—‘ Now, Dr. Pullen, I want you to fix
my teeth up in good shape,” said the lady to her dentist. ‘ De-
pend upon me to do that, ma’am ” replied the man behind the
chair. ‘‘ You see, I’m keeping company with a veterinary sur-
geon now, and I know, before he proposes, he’l1 want to look at
my teeth to see how old I am ! "—( Yonkers Statesman.)

“PROCEEDINGS” OF THE A. V. M. A.—Dr. Richard P. Ly-
man, Chairman of the Publication Committee of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, has asked the REVIEW to pub-
lish the following notice: ‘‘ Many inquiries have been received
by the Chairman of the Publication Committee as to the possi-
bility of obtaining a copy of the published report of 1904. Cop-
ies of this report can be had upon application to the Librarian
of the A. V. M. A., Dr. W. L. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y., for $2.50
per volume. ”’

ONE OF THE FLORIDA VARIETY.—The following letter was
received by Dr. Chas. F. Dawson, State Veterinarian of Florida,
Lake City, and is reproduced verbatim :

‘Hon Veetnary of state of Fla. Dear Sir will you Please
let me know what kinde of an examination you Require before
you will Permition or give a licen to Run a vatenary stable, or
work on or use meadicen on sick animals, I have had 15 years
expearence in Curing horses, and now I want to set up a vet-
nary stable for my self, and would like to Pass an examination
on administerun medicine and Prepairing same. Please let me
hear from you earley and what will a sutifickate Cost Iam
known all over the state as a vatenary. Will Refer your Honor
to the Hon. * * * he knows me well. Yours truly

* * * 3)

A SPLENDID TRIBUTE FROM THE BREEDER’S GAZETTE.— |
The following question and answer appeared in the Gazeéée of
February 18: “C. S. T., Harrisville, Utah, writes: ‘I am in-
formed that in Chicago there is a splendid institution promot-
ing the science of veterinary medicine. Sometime within the
next twelve months I desire to identify myself with some one
of the veterinary colleges. In view of the fact that the tenden-
cy of the farming community and the lovers of all classes of

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1225

stock is to relegate far to the rear the mongrel and substitute
therefor the animal with pure blood lines, is it not, in your
judgment, a most opportune time for a young man to take up
the study of veterinary medicine, and may he not expect greater
remuneration from a pecuniary viewpoint, and at the same
time the profession command greater respect than at any time
heretofore? In these parts there seems to be a disposition not:
at all favorable to this particular profession.’ Azszwer.—Our
correspondent is certainly correct in his views as to the time
being opportune for entering the veterinary profession. It is
strange, however, that a prejudice exists against that profession
in his neighborhood. There was a time when the so-called
veterinarian was so very generally a quack that the public had
little faith in and less respect for him, but veterinary science
and education have progressed so far now that this prejudice,
reasonable or unreasonable as it may have once been, has been
for the most part removed. Indeed the veterinarian properly
educated nowadays stands on a complete professional equality
with the M. D. providing he is alive to the demands of the hour
and deports himself accordingly. Our correspondent is to be
congratulated upon his determination to seek this instruction at
the best available sources. In this line of life as in all others
there is the most room at the top. Farthermore the demand
for the services of well-educated veterinarians is in excess of
the supply. The distribution of pure-bred stock of all kinds is
now so wide and so many rich men have farms as side issues
that a thorough knowledge of veterinary medicine is a very
marketable commodity.”

IN Favor OF DEHORNING.—The Lzve-stock Report, pub-
lished by one of the largest live-stock commission dealers in
the United States markets, has the following on dehorning :—
‘““The appearance of occasional large bunches of horned cat-
tle at the various markets justifies the reiteration of the facts
concerning the comparative value of horned and dehorned
steers. The feeder will tell you that he leaves the horns on
because he believes it cruelty to remove them ; another thinks
his cattle look better with horns. If a person once sees a few
loads of horned cattle arrive at the market. some with their
sides gouged, and the hide materially injured, and others with
the horns broken off by contact with the car, he will cease to
believe in the cruelty of removing horns in the proper manner.
On the other hand there are very few men who can afford in
this day of close competition to lose twenty cents per hundred

1226 NEWS AND ITEMS.

pounds on their cattle simply to have them more pleasing to
the eye. At the present time, the shipping and export trade
furnishes the outlet for the greater part of the choice steers that
reach this market, and buyers for that trade seldom, if ever,
purchase a horned steer. With them this discrimination is not
a matter of sentiment, but one of dollars and cents, as more de-
horned cattle can be shipped in a car, and this without so much
danger of injury. The removal of this competition invariably
causes horned beeves to sell fifteen cents to twenty-five cents
lower than dehorned steers of the same quality. Add to this
the increased docility and lessened injury to dehorned cattle in
the feed-lot, and you have the practical reasons why horns are
objectionable to the beef producer. The process of dehorning
is simple, and if properly attended to can be performed without
injury to the cattle. Where possible, the dehorning of the
calves is always the safest method, but on older cattle dehorn-
ing in the fall seldom produces any noticeable bad effect. This
article is not intended to give any new ideas on the subject in
hand, but simply to keep before the minds of cattlemen a point
which often means the loss of dollars if neglected.”
HORSE-SHOEING.—The practice of paring away the sole of
the foot, or, in other words, thinning it, is a pernicious one.
The shoer appears to like to do this, as it cuts very easily and
gives, as he thinks, a very neat appearance to the hoof. ‘The
owner appears to endorse this, as he is very careful to have his
groom stop the feet, forgetting that he has permitted the shoer
to remove a much more efficient stopping than any artificial one
in the outer surface of the sole. This is very easy of expiana-
tion and illustration, if one examines an unmutilated hoof.
First of all, it must be noted that the outer hard and tough
crust, called the wall, grows out indefinitely, unless it is worn
or broken off by contact with the ground,or reduced by the in-
struments of the shoer. ‘This is not the case with the sole, for
it is so constituted that after it attains a certain thickness, by a
process of nature, it exfoliates of its own accord, thus maintain-
ing its normal thickness. These outer scales that keep coming
out are nature’s stopping. Why? Because by protecting the
inner and deeper layers from the drying-process effects of the air
they maintain all the moisture that is necessary in the sole. If
you cut through by paring, and examine a normal sole, you
will find that the part next to the quick (the part freshly se-
creted by the quick) is moist, and as you proceed to the surface
of the sole it gradually gets drier, the outer part being almost

NEWS AND ITEMS. 1227

entirely free from moisture and admirably adapted to protect
the inner and moister part until it gradually is forced outward
by fresh growth within, and becomes, in its turn, a “stopping ”
for the inner and freshly-formed layer of sole. What happens
if the knife is used instead of nature being allowed to go on
with its process of desquamation? ‘The deeper parts of the sole
become exposed to the action of the air before they are prepared -
for it, by a gradual process of drying, and abruptly dry and con-
tract. This is what causes the sole to become increasedly
cupped and the hoof to become contracted, ina measure. The
stopping of horses’ hoofs is not necessary, as a rule, if the sole
is left as it should be, in an unmutilated condition. All the
fuss and waste of time and material involved in the stopping of
horses’ hoofs is based on error. All that is necessary to remove
of the sole in a normal foot is accomplished when the rasp is
flatly applied to the lower surface of the wall in reducing it to
its proper dimensions. The thicker the sole, the better, pro-
viding it does not project below the wall. One can readily un-
derstand how much more efficient a thick sole is as a protec-
tion to the underlying quick, especially on rough, frozen and
stony roads, than a comparatively thin one. Now, if the sole
is as thick asit should be, and in such case the white line
would necessarily be, it is a good guide to the shoer in the ma-
jority of cases to rasp down to the white line. Another error
frequently made, though not so commonly as mutilation of the
sole, is cutting away the frog. It does not require a deep stu-
dent of physiology of the foot to see almost at a glance the
function of the frog. Take a normal hoof and examine the
frog, and you will observe that it is placed at the back of the
hoof where the major portion of the pressure comes. You far-
ther find that, unlike either the sole or the wall, it is endowed
with elasticity to a degree equalling India-rubber, so it is very
evident that it is not only intended to come in contact with the
ground, but also to act as a buffer in lessening concussion.
Now, what happens if you cut it away and leave the heel so
high that the frog does not come in contact with the ground ?
It shrinks and becomesas hard as wood, entirely unsuited to
stand pressure without bruising the underlying quick, and no
longer capable of performing’ its office of breaking concussion.
Not only that, but with a thin, dried-up sole, the shrunken
hoof draws the quarter with it, and you have contracted feet,
or at least heels. After this mischief has been done through
ignorance, then the horse must have that cure of all ills of the

1228 - NEWS AND ITEMS.

foot (according to some wise ones)—spreaders—to overcome the
contraction of the hoof. Although horses are largely kept un-
der artificial conditions there is no reason why their hoofs
should become contracted if rationally treated, unless some
disease of the foot develops, such as navicular disease. Under
such circumstances, the contraction is the result -of disease,
not the cause. Another pernicious practice among shoers is
that of ‘opening the heels,” which weakens the hoof and some-
times causes heel cracks, which are even more obstinate to treat
than quarter-cracks. ‘Opening the heels” is supposed to over-
come contraction of that part of the hoof, but it is more likely
to help it along, under usual conditions, than it is to overcome
it. Another point that should be carefully watched in prepar-
ing the hoof for the reception of the shoe is to have it level. If
either inside or outside of the hoof is left too long, it changes
the direction of the line of weight and subjects some portion or
portions of the extremity to undue strain or pressure, and the
consequent liability to injury. Horses that are turned out into
soft fields or put into box stalls or barnyards, where there is not
sufficient attrition to wear the hoof to its normal dimensions,
should have it rasped down every month to its proper propor-
tions. This particularly applies to colts, and neglect of it is the
initial step in causing hoofs of defective formation. The prac-
tice is very general when city horsesare turned out in the coun-
try, for some reason or other, to put ‘‘tips’’ on the hoofs to pre-
vent breaking of them. This plan isa very good one, if the tips
are properly applied, but the way it is usually done is most irra-
tional. The usual course is to prepare the hoof as for ordinary
shoeing, then puta tip on about a quarter of aninch thick. The
lengthening of the toe without a corresponding lengthening of
the heel leads to tilting backward of the foot when it is placed
onthe ground. The toe, protected by the tip, grows, while
the heel does not, so that the condition becomes intensified, and a
great strain is put upon the supporting structure of the fetlock,
and the normal relations of the various parts of the fore legs are
disturbed. All this may be avoided by using light tips and
having them completely sunken in a groove made in the wall
around the toe, so that their lower surface is flush with the wall
at the heel. In this way the level of the hoof is maintained,
there is normal pressure on the frog and heels, and no breaking
of the wall. In other words, the hoof is placed in perfectly
natural conditions without the danger of too rapid breaking off
of the wall.—( F. C. Grenside, V. .S., in Breeder's Gazette. )

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. 1229

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places of meet-
ing, and Secretaries’ names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical
Associations of the United States and Canada. Secretaries are re-
quested to see that their organizations are properly included in the list.

Name of Organization. ea ee Name and Address Secretary.

American V. M, Ass’n........ | August 15-18. |Cleveland, O.|J. J. sa 5249 Addison
, Phila., Pa.
Vet. Med. Ass’n of N.J...... ‘july 13 14,1905|Wash’gton Pk|W. i. ‘Lowe, Paterson.
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n...... ees ne B, K. Dow, Willimantic.
New York S. V. M. Soc’y....|September,1905| Ithaca. WEE Kelly, Albany, N.Y.
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A....| June 21, 1905. | Reading, Pa. |W. G, Huyett, Wernersville.
Passaic Co. V. M. Ass’n......| \March 6, 1905.|Paterson, N.J.|H. K. Berry, Paterson, N. J.
Wexas V. Mo Assn...:...... | March 24. | Fort Worth. |A. E, Flowers, Dallas.
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n..... Monthly. Boston. |F. J. Babbitt, Lynn, Mass.
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n....... April, 1905. | Waterville. |C. L. Blakely, Augusta.
M@enretinantnneye ASST... |. . |... 5 welds eines Ottawa. |A. E. James, Ottawa.
Beer eve MASS nN...) ..........safeeceeeeent ss Judson Black, Richmond.
Alumni Ass’n N. Y.-A. V.C..| April, 1905. |141 W. 54thSt| W.-C. Miller, New: ‘City.
Illinois State V. M. Ass’n..... | Feb. 15, 1905.| Decatur, |W. H. Welch, Lexington, Ill
Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad..... | Call of Pres t, Racine. (|S. Beattie, Madison,
Illinois V. M. and Surg. A....| Call of Com. | Champaign. |J. M. Reed, Mattoon,
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba....... July, 1905. |Notdeterm’ed'F. Torrance, Winnipeg.
escttes Garighirity WmEEPASSH. ¢ | 665... cals ca oe cles ae ieee T. B. Carroll, Wilmington,
RpEREIOy WEE ASST Tne <ic.2's - July, 1905. |London, Ont.|\C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto.
V. M. Ass’n New York Co... .|1st Wed.ea.mo.|141 W. 54thSt|D. J. Mangan, N. Y. City.
2 3 LN SSS ee ee Columbus, W. H. Gribble, Wash’nC.H.
Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n...|Ist Wed.ea.mo.| Pittsburgh. |F. Weitzell, Allegheny,
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n..... August, 1905 | Kansas City. F. F. Brown, Kansas City.
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n.. .| July, 1905. |Roch’ter.N.Y : H. Taylor, Henrietta, IN-Y
Iowa State V. M. Ass’n....... January, 1906. | Ames. H, C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n..| .........---- oes ee J. G. Annand, Minneapolis.
Pennsylvania State V. M. A.. .| March 7-8. | Philadelphia. ic if Marshall, Phila.
Keystone V. M. Ass’n........ 2d Tuesday of | Philadelphia. |C. J. Marshall, 2004 Pine
each month. St., Phila
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n...jIst Mon.inJune| Denver. (|M. J. Woodliffe, Denver.
Missanrd, Valley Mer Ass Mae of os. a eee | Banses City. B. F. Kaupp, 3712 Michigan
Ave., Kansas City

poe” Es are ee cs Fn. sci os a 0 os ca ale wmisiapeiale te) > Robinson , Westerly, R I

North Dakota V. M. Ass’n...,| January, 1906, | Fargo. E. J. Davidson, Grand Forks
California State V. M. Ass’n.. .|Mch. Je.Sep, De) San Francisco P. H. Browning, San Jose.
Southern Auxiliary of Califor-
nia State V. M. Ass’n.. . -|Jan. Apl. Jy, Oct.| Los Angeles, |H.D. Fenimore, Los Angeles

South Dakota V. M. A....... 1... SOR eso = = E. L. Moore. Brookings,
INGR Ser MG eo. en eee i \A. T. Peters, Lincoln,
Beninas- State Vou. ASS alee en =... Topeka. (Hugh S. Maxwell, Salina.
Ass’n Médécale Veternaire 1st & 3d Thur. |Lect. R’m La-|J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.

Brartcaise °* Waval3* 2... <7 of each month. |val Un’y Mon.)
Alumni Association A. V. Col..| April each yr. | New York. |F. R. Hanson, N. Y. City.
Province of Quebec V. M. A...| March, 1905. | Mon. & Que. |Gustave Boyer, Rigand,P.Q.
Meetaricy V. M. Acqiaee_’:.. . |. Seems ..-|.....-2- 20s) Dee. Piatt, Lexington.
Mealwerme State Vio MaeASS Nn . .|) Societe we]... ee oe nee W. W. Thorburn.
Washington State Col. V. M. A.|1st & 2d Friday Pullman, Wa.|Wm. D. Mason, Pullman.
Ohio Valley V. M. Ass’n.....| April, 1905. |Evansville,I’d J. W. Moses, Mt. Vernon, Ind.

PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance, foreign countries, $3.60,
students while attending college, $2, single copies, 25 cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage ts forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon
changing their address. Make all checks or P. OQ. orders payable to American
Veterinary Review.

AS THE TIME FOR ‘‘ Milk Fever ’’ cases is approaching, the veterina-
rian must see to it that he is equipped to meet them beforehand; and, as
the ‘‘Oxygen Treatment’’ has proved itself to be a specific in this class
of cases, it behooves every practitioner in dairy districts to procure an
OXYGEN OUTFIT NOW. THE LENOX CHEMICAL Co., of Cleveland, have
perfected an outfit with bifurcated tubing, that has become quite popu-
lar. ——

SyKEs & STREET, whose name veterinarians have learned to asso-
ciate with ‘‘ Tallianine,’’ have placed before the veterinarians of Amer-
ica another French preparation called ‘‘ Stovaine,’’ a new local anzes-
thetic, possessing all the anzesthetic qualities of cocaine with none of
the harmful effects sometimes resulting from the use of the latter.

Aqueous solutions are permanent under all conditions.

LOOK THROUGH THE ‘‘ BUREAU OF INFORMATION ’’ (the advertising
pages), this month, for new arrivals, and you may learn of something
to your advantage. The advertisements are all selected ones, and from
reliable sources a

NO MORE POULTICING IN THE U.S. ARIIY.

IN A RECENT notification by the Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army,
it is asserted that all the good results from poultices can be obtained in
a more cleanly way by the use of wet hot compresses. Hence the order
to the army surgeons to drop linseed and linseed meal from army medical
requisitions.— (Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly.) We highly approve
of the above order as far as discarding poultices made of putrescible
and hbacteria-breeding materials is concerned, for that is what has been
done by all up-to-date physicians in private practice, but we can hardly
recommend the substitute offered. We supposed that every one in this
enlightened age was using Antiphlogistine in all such cases because of
its advantages over everything else in permanency, efficiency and clean-
liness. Compare Antiphlogistine, renewed but once a day, with hot
compresses renewed every twenty minutes and we cannot imagine any
one using compresses when Antiphlogistine is available.—(7he Denver
Chemical Mfg. Co.)

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

Practice for sale at Trenton, N. J. City of 65,000. Practice established 45 years.
Reason for selling, death of owner, Mrs H. BrapsHaw, 47 West Front Street, Tren-
ton aN, |.

ee

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

Veterinary Practice established 8 years with 480 acres of splendid mixed farming land.
Good water and well wooded near R. R. depot, Manitoba. Price $20 per acre, half cash,
the remainder to be paid in 5 years at 6 per cent. interest. For full particulars address
A. B, C., AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 West 152d St., New York City.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXVIII.

Contagious Ulcerative Lymphangitis, View Left Side.................. 35
View Mighbreidesss .) .. ...)...%s0el ae
Photo of Cow from which an Umbrella Rod was Removed............... 40
Meum STtInem Needle; GRigs:, I; 2,-3) i ccs ec cere cate sic e.0 ela Jhrerale 118
Pmpreeamomstrosity (Figs. t-and 2) .....0c<s.tte es cee manic ns cence 153 ;
A Case of Distokia with Rings to Assist in ‘Removal of Feetus........... 155

Teratology of the Hyo-Mandibular Gill-slit in the Horse—
Plate I., Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Plate II., Head of Case 6.

Plate III., Cranium of Case 6. :

Biater Piss, T, 2, and 3...) 7.6: eee eee eee Following 238
MHIP ELC CIR ACIA EE ADALYSIS 0 5.5.56: 4.5.08 « overs) acevo Siete OOS OE ee a ote eae ere 373
Nexasepeverelmmiini zation... ....... «ce... aeneres Frontispiece, Opposite 400
Cystic Tumors in the Pelvic Cavity—

CASS. INIGS SAE pe Ieee serena So 21) ) 1 Ra ca Re are 454

@ase No. 4..... hatin acco ae eh SC URMR: See eeaa epee men haa tae Acree’ 456

(Case. IMC) 56th Sia AERP S) 48 9 oie aha Carn GHD Gi anin 458
Melano-Sarcoma from Yearling Steer............ PE ees techaee oe 460
BertiaisotmtneneaterDr, R. J. Withers... .csekececenmos selec ce oie ae 476
“Nervous,” “Stiff-Legged,” or “Fainting” Goats—

No. 1—Typical Specimen of “Fainting” Goat...............-. 557

INo: 2—he same, after being frightened)... o..2.,.- .-. .aseeers 557

No.. 3—The same, attempting to jump a bar...............-n.« 558
Dentigerous Cyst—The Healed Wound and the Removed Cyst........... 562
AS Taine IGG (Co) ln rer arr crate e A Ee os 563
Js. Tnslonalealn Crh Sean er SP em re Gr dcnacerera choc. <6 563

Exhibits of the Bureau of Animal Industry and Agricultural Colleges, at
the World’s Fair—

puree the B.A. I. Exhibit..v.ggeee seed ote cree 636
etd US ¥ CLR ecpoetseneegee eae 638
aot ee ‘ 6 PER ee eaciee ae 640
“ EV: foe “ “ce “ce ere 640
eb VG —Agricultural Colleges Exhibit—General View. St 2 644
“« — VI— —Animal Industry... 646

The A. V. M. A. at St. Louis—Second Day—Just Adjourned for Luncheon 695
Hemorrhagic Colitis of the Dog—Figs. 1, 2, and 3............Opposite 725

Resection of Flexor Pedis Tendon—Solar View of Horse’s Foot......... 749

Two Views of a Case of Elephantiasis....... vlad te ela e eee Oe ee 766

Scabies in Cattle—A Colorado*Specimen.............0- es eescecenneees 767
Clinical Study of Lameness—

KeqbT HA A GPM Soi c 6.6.0 toc ok a TOSS 205.50.5 CoMIO Doc 806

Pe. |: Semele ocr ees 806

f BOP SRA ts ood o. le Doe Sorienotnncdo aseo se: 808

eM. St MM «ws ow wos nse 0 tie een Ad End Oeineel oe 808

x EE 52 Fe MIT in « 3 oo oo x's 0 locopstanonahe welsh challeh oral stop nen ea 8Io

eae (0): SORA coc. < - oO CR ODOC" OOO CTO OD Oc - 810

IV ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XXVIII.

NON 2 {ETT 5 6 35.4550 G4 5 ARO omiubioe olecr 812

SEDO. vss co oo 2 SEE Oe oes. oo Seat eee 814

iy TOs Sas bathe Hee ee PU eS sg a DESES Se 814

0 RESO". 2 5 A i cl 816

Bey OT 2... se aoe be ve +2 ens... oS 816

my Monstrosityztrom Indiana: }. ct teceeeeeee teas... cls. ce eee 869

Diphtheria in Chickens—Plate: Figs. 1, 2, 354,55, 6.............. Opposite 924

*A Case-Report in Few Words— Before Aster... ............. eee 961

Manequinss tor Obstetric “Leaching? acces... ss ss ce 1000

mn Extraordinary: Spleen— Plates: 5/22 erent ee. =.'s. 2... Opposite I0Io

iavapinated: Bowel of a-Wollt.”.......2smeeeeeeeeae. os). .. 0a s.r 1034

Diagram: of » Trypariosoma:: 3) 27. sae eee fe ssw... ss 1069
The First White Water Buffalo Imported into the Philippines from

GShitia soe Salis asain piece eee ee sc. ss 2 ee 1106

An Anomalous Cryptorchid

The, Abdominal; dncisionsi teeter iin cas + cis os 1s, «2 oe 1134

The Two Testicles Removed from the Patient........:......00- 1135

General Appearance of Patient on Third Day after Operation. .1135

SpecialaSynringe: for Nail ®Puncttres s-eepeeeeeeer en «. s6>- 2+... eee 1127

Apparently Tuberculous Cow. “Rose” seems. sp: 2... eg II54
Radial Paralysis, Fracture or Azoturia—— 2s

Figure 1; Hillary Horse, Octebersgre-....-...... 1. seen 1163

Figure 2) Hillary ‘Horse; Novenibemesece =... .. -../. ace 1163

Traumatic ‘Pericarditis’ (2) ain, a Buller. .)- =. > «0c. oe ee 1168

Portrait of Prof: James Law? i): sons... ee 1209

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

EDITORIAL.

EuroPpEAN CHRONICLES—I, I13,

211, 313, 409, 507, 621, 711, 797,
909, 903, IIII

Von Behring’s Method of Im-

munizing Against Tuberculo-
SS bags. 0.30 S38 I

Marmoreck’s New Poiyvalent
Serum and “Gourmine”.... 3

MinctirelOmAtnica......0..... 5
Prof. Dieckerhoff’s Death..... 6
The Nocard Subscription...... 7
Radium Radium! !)..5..:.... 113
The Curability of Glanders
Winn IMIG aoe 116
A New Suture Needle........ 118
PEESOTAIMINOLESH cis. co3 vss sos IIQ
An American Veterinarian
lonored Albroad........0...% 2II
Advance in the Curative Treat-
ment of Tuberculosis....... 212
Difficulties of Veterinary Rec-
ognition in England......... 213
A Valuable Veterinary Vade
IME rr) ee 3 36: 215
The: Mutual Benefit Associa-
“ST aes Reh oe at ee 313
ae Physiology of Crib-Bit-
dees on Ones oe de 314

The: Diploma in Hygiene—The
Edinburg School to Remove

fosMiverpOOlt ss ccccnt....- 316
Relation of Veterinarians to
PMTGIRIG! id SOB GR o BOO noe 318
“The Nocard Treatment” of
GlanaeEsi =. hack... 409
Babés’ Conclusions upon Mall-
CINatiOn! «cn, s ee ee 409

The Proposed Removal of the
“New” Veterinary College to
Wiverpool 22 7no0n-eeeameeee 4II

Stringent Rules Against the
Importation of Rabies into

Bneland 225212. = eee 412
The Mutual Benevolent Asso-

Gratin (sb Meee se ee 413
Brterature Recetved= ....csauee 414
Doping” or --Dopping” |. -aeee 507

The Use of Cocaine as a Di-
agnostic for Lameness...... 508

Colics in fIiorses and their
BUSES er Poets os wie oe veto 510
A Silly Article from an Eng-
lisht Joti aliments. cee! ci 5 513

The Question of Immunity of
Bovines toward Glanders.... 621
Uniform Veterinary Title for

Germativaemmara. Semesr ine oe 623
Rabies) Rear lath eer ee 625
Epizootic Lymphangitis ...... 627
Laurent Leopold Trasbot...... 627
A New Method for Caudal

Mayotomiy: tc ost see 711

Pathogeny of Osteo-Arthritis.. 712
Koch’s Theory Exploded by the
Findings of the Royal Com-

TNS StOLe: SA OM = rain tieteac a 715
Honors for American Veteri-
Man (an Siy- Sse). oe never 717
Accoutumancy from Repeated
Tuberculin Injections ...... 797
The Discovery of Rabid Im-
MUNILy/ preys decks oe ee 799

Infectious Anemia of Horses.. 800
Protection for the Hands in

Operations’ {27-20-5260 Sor
Some European’ Veterinary
Schoolsigeiiin nee eee 802
Last Word on Distemper Vac-
Cifiatio ny aati eae oe 909
Immunization against Tubercu-
loSISme eee eee ee QII
“A Miracle of Nature’....... 913
“Needed Reforms” in Veteri-
nary Mducation es. nse 993
Opening Addresses at Veteri-
nary, Collesesua.. eases 905

Concern of the Profession for
the Work of the Schools.... 997

The Use of Manequins to Illus-
trate Obstetric Teaching..... 999

The Feeding of Molasses and
Molassed Foods to Horses. .1000

Eighth International Veteri-
nary Congress at Budapest,
1905... este one eee 1002

Manifestations of Strangles...1111
The Effects of Repeated Mal-
lein Injections! 2. .a.2--eeee III3

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

A Scientific Test of the En-
durance of the Horse ...... IIIS
Literature Received .......... 1118

The St. Louis Meeting of the

The Automobile Discredited by

1£S SE GVETIG SMe ee cicisve)c seaports ae)
“Veterinarian and aioe Bor 12
BrotaAvibiautard’s «. os.. ts ees I2
Naso-ceophageal Intubation.:... 120

The Annual Fiasco at Albany... 121
“Quarterly Bulletin of the Cali-
fornia State Veterinary Medi-
Gal VAsSOCIatiON (7: /.). ota eauete 123
“Teratology of the Hyo-Man-
dibular Gill-Slit in the Horse”. 123
Our National Convention at St.
Louis
Epidemic of Tuberculosis Among
Street Sweepers ..........000. 210
Oxygen as a Cure for Milk Fever 219
The Work of the B. A. I. Ap-

DREBIALEE baeimatrneeay a iccter ie docieisies 319
The Existence of Rabies........ 321
Army? Veterinarians... ...0..... 323

The Last Word Before St. Louis. 414

Naso-cesophageal Intubation..... 417
The Great Meeting of Veterinar-
he) Gignshe Loria. Nein Suacnes 514
Unite for a Better “Review”..... Ey,
The New York State Meeting... 519
“The Western Veterinarian”.... 519
Dri AB eiddtard cron Rs 519
Dr Gaye. Nesom...2) 52 ose 520
Surgical Clinics at the A. V. M.
Ao Meetings: sf cinine oes Sat oe 628
Louisiana to Have a State Vet-
erinary Medical Association... 630
The Bureau of Animal Industry
Hshibits-at St Ieowise..)..1.0s.2nO3o

Dr. N. S. Mayo Goes to Cuba... 631
Surgical Dexterity at the St.
Louis Clinic

“Hemorrhagic Colitis of the
ID oye 2 eae a tee eee 631
Local Associations Resume Their
Wit thapist miss ss. oss 52 oo SES 632
Opening of the Colleges........ 632
Veterinarians for Veterinary
NOR ei... ic be ss ov OE FAL)
Magnificent Endowment for Vet-
efindty- Education. ....«..0eshiee 7190
Plagiarism with a Vengeance.... 720
The “Veterinary Journal” (Eng-
HENTVG'))" ig NPR ree Ce 721
Prof. Leonard Pearson Becomes
a Review Collaborator........ 721
The Veterinary Correspondence
Schoolemessilw:... J.ki eee 3
Dr. Williams’ Account of the
Clinics of the New York State
SSORISIN PRA sci. Wels ss oo we 804
Dr. Hughes’ Contributions to the
RawawatOr I905.:s.... seeeee 805
The Veterinarian and Animal
igsnamdnys 25. 3. eee O14
The Reliability of Mallein......: 916
Work of the Bureau of Animal
MGIGIES Eta eens o's | «Stl eee O17
Cleveland Gets the A. V. M. A.
Meeting Of 190532)... eee 1003
The “Question Box” at the Local
MBSE Ss... tse eee 1005
Subscribers to the REVIEW....... 1006
Two Valuable Illustrated Cases. . 1007
The Army Veterinary Depart-
ES MEAEMEO Doh 0iior's wie: w siar ot arate belts amateeane Ean 1007
Connecticut and Maine Seeking
Mesislation, .. .i..2s eos tee 1007

A Refreshing Evidence of Sanity. 1120
Addresses at Opening of Veteri-

mary Colleges: “55 Sea cere 1123
The Banquet to Dr. Law........ 1123
“The Value of Meat Inspection

to the Public Health”......... 1124

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

Veterinarian and Scholar. By

DeArthur Huchest.s.caceee 13
Contagious Ulcerative Lymphan-
gitis. By C. H. Jewell........ 34

A Few Cases of Injury to Cat-
tle from Swallowing Pointed
Objects. By H. M. Gohn..... 38
Extreme Susceptibility of Arctic
Animals to Tuberculosis. By

Cecil Frenchii.ccc% sec eee 4I
Treatment of Parturient Paresis.
By. W. H: Ridges. ...2. jane 124

On the Use of the Stomach Tube
in the Treatment of Acute
Stomach Disorders. By J. M.
Phillips 225, ..\ do. eee 128
Pharmaceutical Items of Interest
to Veterinarians.. By H. Jen-

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII. vil

Seth eh ac o/ 136
The Laboratory and the Veteri-
nary Practitioner. By C. H.
ELGG. 6355 See eee 142
Etiology and Treatment of
Azoturia. By B. M. Flint.... 146
Teratology of the Hyo-Mandi-
bular Gill-Slit in the Horse.
Eye laeWeilliams: 2... i... 220
The Use of Oxygen for Milk
Fever. By Richard P. Lyman. 256
Navicular Disease. By J. B. Hol-
ORS (00) 2 re rr 263
Fowl Cholera. By Archibald R.
WWebrl 4. 5.0¢05 Eee ee eee 324
Heroic Treatment. By I. A.
“IRGSLIRT | oon oh eee eee oe 340
Some Facts Concerning Meta-
bolkstiaby, W. A. Stuhr..... 346
Veterinarians in the West. By

YE. OzIGNERS Soe CRS eee 357
Tuberculosis in Ducks. By W.

(BS Lo 361
Malignant CEdema. By V. Schae-

Ne cohock sc tde cen cen eee 364
The Cure and Prevention of Bo-
vine Tuberculosis—Subcutan-
eous Injections of Oil. By T.

12 ISEVES 5. 15S eee 419

Some Facts and Ways of Proy-
ing them to our Patrons. By
WS 2 S020 Scirn <0 ae 432

Impotence in the Stallion, with

Report.of a/Gase. By F. J

INGIMEIY "REGé Sos 56 SOS peenaEee 438
Ulceration of Lips of Lambs. By

IR: IN| MIG a3 Ge ho ad Geen 4AI
Military Veterinary Hygiene.

By Olof Schwarzkopf......... 521
When to Operate. By L. A.

Ve soilinteeyie eecelaet es aac ia sls 6's « 540
“Nervous,” “Stiff-Legged,’ or

“Fainting’ Goats. By Geo.

R. White and Joseph Plaskett. 556
The Exhibits of the Bureau of
Animal Industry and of the
Agricultural Colleges at the
World’s Fair. By-.D. Arthur
Te Bh fed Yeo Mee Pn ro Med Oe
Azoturia. By Richard Price..... 648
A Rapid Method for the Diag-
nosis of Rabies. By V. A.
Moore and:Ga Way... sakes
Obstetrics. By M. S. Whitcomb. 63
Hemorrhagic Colitis of the Dog
due to Infection with the
Trichocephalus Depressiusculus.

By Frank H. Miller........% 722
A Few Differential Characteris-

tics in the Anatomy of Some

of the Lower Species Compared

with that of Man. By W. H.

Dalnymiptewen <:....-.e o. seeres 730
Contagious Abortion in Cows.

By 2 Agpbee loore. .....0cskeeee 743

Resection of Flexor Pedis Ten-
don for Purulent Infection of

the Navicular Bursa. By W.

| Brea (Cilieinice Sah Oe eee ene - 748
Veterinary Education. By Leon-

ard 'Reansonn a ceis ont. -ci< a 751

Fresh Steer’s Blood when Prop-
erly Prepared Contains the
Best of Food for Man and
Beast. By Andrew Cullen.... 755

Clinical Study of Lameness. By
A. “PeReterssicac. aces eee 806

Immunization: Its Field
Limitations. By James Law.. 818

Vaccination Against Tuberculo-
sis. By D. Arthur Hughes.... 836

The Effect of Molasses Feeding
on Horses at Rest. By Pierre
A. Fish and A. M. Seaman.... 853

The Etiology and Morbid Anat-
omy of Diphtheria in Chic-
kens- By W. B. Mack.?......- 919

Physiology of the Rubber Horse-

Shoe Pad. By Roscoe R. Bell. 928
A Preliminary Report on the

Presence of Anthrax in the

Philippine Islands. By R. H.

MeMullem)..2...2.2 32. eee 035
Strongylus Micrurus or Lung-

Worm) jin... Cattle, Bya ©.

Ye) (Pini ae oe eee Rm Sin er Oe: 9042
Capped Elbow. By A. E. James. 946

Some Notes on the Treatment
of “Choking.” By T. B. Rogers. 950
The Diagnosis and Treatment of
Lameness. By Geo. W. Pope.. 952
Intussusception, with Report of
a Case. By Clarence E. Shaw. 956
An Extraordinary Spleen. re
D. Arthur Hughes. 2. .5.,aeeo:
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. By.
BP. (CG; Harnisonkansce er gece IOI
Intestinal Intussusception in Wild
Animals. By W. Reid Blair. .1034
Heredity — The Organic Rela-
tions Between Parent and Off-
spring. By Thomas Farmer. ..1038
Quittor. By N. Wells Hillock. .1046
Prophylaxis of Tetanus by the

Vill

Use of Dry Powdered Anti-
tetanic Serum. By Maurice
Letulle
Wound Treatment with Special
Reference to Nail Punctures

of the Horse’s Foot. By L.

Wa) TELS e ea snus 3k ce Ee: 1125
An Anomalous Cryptorchid.

Bye Charleswiiraziers <2... ..s 21133

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

REPORTS OF CASES.

A Case of Malignant Lympha-
denoma in a Dog. By Cecil

ISS REsRY Cll ARES Aeneas s ARPES OLS Sioc 42
Anomalies Found in Practice. By
Ik IR. JalkyisbntosaVels Goan ge booemor 43
A Fractured Ischium Punctures
the Bladder—A Urinary Ascites
—Absence of Systemic Symp-
tOMSsa Dyno! El. sBaumans ss 45
Amputation of the Penis of the
Horse. By P:.Malcolm....... 46
Abscess of the Anterior Mediasti-
num. By N. A. Christianson.. 48
A Case Resembling Anthrax of
Long Duration. By C. C. Shep-
(ALC ch We ate Ayres ea there ede Giomt 148
Pigs with Broken-Down Shoul-
ders. Byghe deeSmitho— oc. 149
Dentigerous Cyst. By J. F. Roub. 151
Complete Occlusion of (sopha-
gus by Gastrophilus Equi. By
HME ae WilS <boyt satan sees 152
An Interesting Case of Distokia,
in a Cow (Monstrosity). By
SS), [Lise See re 153
A Pig Without an Anus Lives
Two Months. By J. F. Roub. 154
A Case of Obstetrics. By C. A.
Baxtengee sch Actes hes coke mashscone 154
Parturient Apoplexy—More Re-
sults from Oxygen. By S. S.
Sriydemee secre erect 269

Calcium Sulphide in the Treat-

ment of Septicemia. By

RY MOUNE-. .a.\ ete eee ne 270
Salivary Calculi. By N. G. Le

Gearaciy.co 2. a co eevace ene 272
Tetanus ina Dog. By L. E. Tut-

the.) BRE etnies ic See ee 273
Amputation of Uterus of a Dog.

By GAA CuMickay-. See.) ene 274
Experience with Tallianine. By

Ze Weseibert.< 5. eee 275

Oxygen in the Treatment of

Necessary Qualifications for
Producing Wholesome and
Clean Milk. By James M.
Meera rere, > s+... see 1139

Filarie. By W. Reid Blair......1147

Tuberculin Correct. By M. H.
LEC AC) | SS aS II54

Open Joints and Their Treat-
ment. By I. C. Newhard...... 1158
Parturient Paresis. By J. Mil-

Se). 3 eee. 368

Hypertrophy of the Spleen with
Amyloid and MHypertrophied
Liver. By G. N. Walrod......

Experience with Ascaris Megalo-
cephala. By Z. W. Seibert....

Cystic Tumors of the Pelvic
Cavaivaae by. GC. Lyford. tae

A Rare Obstetric Case. By D.
etiallionanhass.. ...... 06 Rhee

Melanotic Sarcoma (Melanoma)
from Red Yearling Shorthorn

Steemum bye). ). Repp...cip.ees 460
Dentigerous Cyst. By J. P. Fos-
WS? > on SORE Ss on onc 561
A Rachitic Texas Colt. By W.
Gapleaneley: 2... s... 520: eReeee 563
A Two-Headed Calf. By H. W
10 ly Abb oes 563
An Interesting Case that Did Not
Piegeoy G. E. Griffinicageere 667
Mercurial Poisoning of Cattle.
Byles. Curner.. . ... scene 6
A Puppy and a Hat-Pin. By H.
Semercuards......2 sees 671

A Peculiar Symptom During an
Attack of Acute Indigestion.
ibyaoscoe R. Bell 23 4eeseese

A Remarkable Recovery from
Osteo-Porosis. By W. Runge. 763

Incomplete Rupture of the Stom-
gem. By FF, Abele jira eceer 765

Two Views of a Case of Ele-
phantiasis. By H. B. Ambler.. 766

A Triple Attack of Tetanus in
a Mule. By. Av ajasmes:.-neee

Anomalies Met in Cattle Prac-
tice. By F. Abele; jre. - cee

Scabies in Cattle. By J. V. Lad-
dey...) .: Se

T. M. Halles... .. eee 8
Intestinal Obstruction in Horse—

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII. IX

The Value of Post-Mortems.
By iW) Oe oi se cease 870
A Painless Case of Impaction.

Ly Ia 958
A Case of Scrotal Hernia. By

[RSS Ries: 5) oe 960
A Case Report in Few Words.

Ey 2 Snot 961

Accidental Puncture of the Urin-
ary Bladder in a Bitch. By R.
Sv JRIGRP. | oS. eee 961
Tallianine in Forlorn Cases of
Pneumonia. By W. F. Derr..1055
Experiences with Parturient Pa-
resis—Recurrence of the Symp-
toms After Each Full Milk-
i oe eee ence. .... 2... 1056
Intussusception of the Floating
Colon and Anterior Part of
the Rectum, which Protruded
Through the Anus. By Walter

Shaw eeeioe > » css cjedatet eae II61
Radial Paralysis, Fracture, or
Azoturia. By M. H. Reynolds.1162
Acute Laryngitis, Due to Mi-
crobic Infection. By
Campbell
Traumatic Pericarditis (?) in a

Bull. By Hugh S. Maxwell. .1168
More Experience with Par-

turient Paresis with Recur-

rence of Symptoms. By E.

1D2 SS init eeemereitine cts siecink II70
Cesarean Operation in a Bitch.

By; G-S2Mooretan saseeses sins 1172

A Unique Case Report from
Far-Off Tasmania. By E. A.
Weston ova eee 1173

Collargolum in the Treatment of
Cellulitis and all Septic Con-
ditions. By R. H. Stevenson. .1174

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

GERMAN REVIEW—

Contribution to the Therapy of
Hemoglobinemia of the
JBOSS (Wich ooo. 660 peer 49

Expulsion of the Foetus After
lO Sai Oe oo 49

Concerning the Effects of Feed-
ing the Milk of Tuberculous
Athi Bao bes as Coe Eee 50

Drying Food in High Temper-
ature and its Influence on
the Digestibility of Raw Pro-
GING. s So pons eae Grae eee 50

Localization of Tuberculosis
Among Meat Cattle in Mos-
GON onde st.oOciees clo COBO Gogo 51

The Application of the Silver
Preparations of Credé in
@phthalmici@asess ase... 157

The Treatment of Septic Af-
fections with Injections of
Colargol sacar. - 157

Recoveries from Spinal Menin-
gitis in Dogs with Eserine-
Pilocarpine Injections....... 157

Intermittent Lameness in a
Horse Due to a Compression
of the Pelvic and Femoral

INF tETIOS: sicheaspene <> «3c B77
A Case of Malignant CEdema
fata. Horse tier... : : ae 277

Contribution to the Diagnosis

of Chronic .Gonitis in the
TOrsew 4 Aeainns.dleie see 277
An Experimental Study of the
Action of Suprarenin on the
Organic Tissues, and its Ac-
tion in Surgical Operations... 278
The Staining of Some Bateria
in Tissues which are Diffi-
Cult tos Staine mee eae eee 278
Contribution to the Question
of the Presence of Tubercle
Bacilli in the Milk from Re-
actinstCOwStni 2 aq.6 Fs cee 468
The Application of Brain Sub-
stance Subcutaneously in Tet-

ANUS hte UR ooh ee 469
C.rcinoma of the Bladder in
a: CERO FSG} Baie a ase eee 4

Negri’s Producer of Rabies... 470

The Treatment of Hemo- .
globinuria in Cattle......¥.- 571
Tallianines (an. snes ee 572
Tuberculosis of Men and Cat-
tle > sche. sgh eee 573
Actinomycosis in the Dog..... 574
Third Report of the African
Coast Fever stmastt. iss ects 963
Experiments with Endovenous
Sublimate Injections in the
Horse a8 adis pas cee eee 9065

Todide of Potassium in Peri-
odic @phthalmia.....- 2g. 965

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

The Application of the Infu-
sion of Valeriana in Colicky
IA TEE CHIOMS ee ttetereiaeicts a(ciestave

Directions to the Chemical
Diagnosis of Urine Exam-
inations in Veterinary Prac-
tice

A Case of Amputation of the

WHtem Sesion eile overs soclers one 1181
A Nail in the Lung Tissue. ...1181
The Combating of Tuberculo-
SicmimDenmeatic, «+ sc: Ta Senet: 1182
FRENCH. REVIEW—
Secondary Suppurative My-
‘ ositis in a Horse—Gene-
ralized Pyxemic Infection—
Weathag aii cece ees een ce 279

.

Rupture of the Bladder in a

Slut
Cerebral Tumor in a Horse...
Acute Cerebral Congestion in

280
281

ee

AMES OSE iotiote ietetott itis «sees 282
Ossifying Spinal Pachymenin-

SAIS Of OR nico sore men eincisss 283
A Case of Chorea in the

PL ORSEUe seer ase ihekisee ene 284
Congenital Absence of a Kid-

ney—Cryptorchidy of the Op-

posite Side in a Steer....... 284
Temporo-Maxillary Arthritis.. 380

Encephaloid Sarcoma of the
Testicle in a Horse.........
Hemorrhage of the Bulb and
Cerebellum in a Dog.......
Dental Duplicity—Two Inferior
Dividers: sWmitedae: 2. sae
Spasms of the Throat due to
the Presence of a. Hair in
(30 “1Bdatcheypab ee see eae
Rupture of the Right Cardiac
Artery
Paralysis of the Radial Nerve
Atlee COW hie Soea ee anne tee
Canalization in the Intestine of
an Ovarian Abscess—Death
by Intestinal Strangulation. .
Interesting Case of Cancerous
Abdominal Cryptorchidy.... 564
Recovery of a Voluminous
Chronic Inguinal Hernia,
Operated by the Method of
Pelizeli “0.8.05 06 cy coho eee
Right Pelvi-Crural Hernia in
AMSECEL cerrsicioved ote ek eee 565
Simple and Practical Way to
Make a Cow Get Up........ 566

381
381
381

382
382

ai wie).0 ©)e!6) fe -s\ 6 6/6) sla e),e/ 0) oles

383

383

Subcutaneous Angioma Caver-
nosum in a Dog... .. se.»
Intrathoracic Fibro-Sarcoma-
tous Tumor Complicated
with (Esophageal Ectasy and
Pleuro-Pneumonia—Death ..
The Prognosis of Complete
Fracture of the Ribs, With-
out Displacement. ......2-2)2 568
Peculiarities Observed During
Castrations of a Fox and of

566

567

GaGa ett) os. sees ste ee 676
Cerebral Tuberculosis in a
Gane 54 ial SS ME D5 676

Fracture of the Tibia due to
Traumatic Osteo-Periostitis
of Long Standing in a Horse. 677
Foreign Body in the Csopha-
gus near the Pharynx in a
Horse—Good Results from
Pilocarpine and Eserine.....
Curious Case of Heredity of
(Gapsractim a. Dog: asses 678
Therapeutic Effects of Caffeine. 678
Notes on the Treatment of
Summer Sores by Antisep-
tic Subcutaneous Injections
—Curious Recovery after one
of Antistreptococcic Serum.. 679
Abnormality in Molar Teeth
OfpawELOTrse. |... s. style 1058
Acute Osteomyelitis of the Fe-
mur and Tibia in a Horse. ..1058
Abnormal Growth of a Horse,
Accompanied by Acute Os-
teomyelitis ... .1059
Rupture of the Heart. After a
Hal)... .. ..2. +2 eee 1060
Sensations in Bovines........ 1061
Double Rupture of the Gemelli
of the Tibia in Both Legs. .. 1061
Creosote Trachael Injections in
Gangrenous Pneumonia..... 1062

ITALIAN REVIEW—

Lameness of the Shoulder and
Ointment of (\Garlic=ssesenes 5I
Longevity of Animals......... 52
Perforation of the Csophagus
by Foreign Body—Quick

Fatal Termination... seme 52
Pseudo-Membranous Diarrheeic
Enteritisam a Steer... Seeeee 53
Prolapsus of the Uterus—Am-
putation—Recovery ........ 53
Cystoplegia and Chronic UI-
cerative Cystitis ina Horse.. 54

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII. XI

Filaria Labiato-Papillosa in the
Small Intestine of a Steer... 55
Mare, Mother of Two Mule

TS 3. ee 55
Fistulous Fracture of the Low-

er Jaw Opposite the Right

Interdental Space........... 158
Upon Umbilical Hernias...... 159
Contagious Catarrhal Metritis

iit MIGERCOWS 355 2c cess 159°
A@ase ‘or Polydactile........ 160
Dermoid Cyst of the Shoulder

yi 2), 2 re ea 161
Clinical Obstetric Observa-

GTS! i, +) area 161
Transmission of Rabies Dur-

ing the Period of Incuba-

PRES ie oe. sees 465
Traumatic Pericarditis in a

(0 4 ee 405
Renal Calculi in a Sow........ 466
imomeG@ases - of Lockjaw

Treated and Recovered with

Subcutaneous Injections of

Carbolic Acid (Baccelli

Method) . 466
Meat Inspection at the Market

er IDRIEN Occ eee 467
Cysticerer an-the Liver of a. |

JUBS TINE ok 3 os. 06 Oe 467 |
Two Peculiar Cases of Mer- |

curialism in Bovines........ 468
A Remarkable Case of Fcetal
_ Distokia due to an Enor-

mous Condition of Anasarca

OELHVE. BOCES cciy ccc = oc eee 672
A Double Attack of Lockjaw. . 672

A Calf Heifer with Six Legs.. 673
Hydrometra in a Cow Simu-

latino Peeenanty.<....:..... 673 |
A Case of Abnormal Reten- |

tion of the Feetus in a Cow.. 674
Laceration of the Vagina Dur-

ing Coit—Protrusion of the

Intestine—Recovery ........ 674
A Case of Buccal Atresia in a

(Cl eons. ©: - aa 675
An Epizooétic Outbreak of

Paronychia Gangrenosa..... 871
Tumors in the Stomach of a

Steet) Stasis 871
Four Cases of Cryptorchidy in

HOrSeS: ten a si 5 3 Sees 872
Ammonia in the Treatment of

Fistula of Steno’s Duct..... 873

Contribution to the Surgical
Treatment of Carcinoma of

the Penis in Horses........ 873
Osteo Chondro-Sarcoma of the

Foteaem, in a‘ Dog.s2.. ices 874
A Case of Idiopathic Epilepsy

ITM PAUMEVO MATIC =...:<. 6 ccs 874
Short Practical Observations. .1176
Onicomicosis in Animals ..... 1176
Gutta-Percha in the Treatment

GE ‘Onicomiucosis .... 22... ge Ti77

Case of Pseudo-Tuberculosis in

Methodiieee. ts 500-5 ys tiec eine 1178
Cerebral Manifestations in

Aaithpaxcey.: Steere, os =, a. sees 1178
A Case of Drunkenness in a

FHOFSE ee ee eet es 1179

ENGLISH REVIEW—

A Case of Fracture of the Py-*
ramidal Eminence of the Os
Pedis (Buttress Foot)......

An Outbreak of Venereal Dis-
ease in Sheep... 2 2%... = eae

A Contagious Disease of the
Generative Organs in Sheep.

Epizootic Lymphangitis in
England

Fracture of the Os Suffraginis
After Neurectomy..........

Three Cases of Rupture of the
Heart

Sarcoma of the Penis in a Dog
—Amputation *

Fractures of Bones
Hock

Tooth Tumor in a Steers... -- -

Multiple Uterine Myomata in
as ACOW Ao Sa ae ae oe

Lumbar .Tuberculosis, with
Fracture Following in a
Peter y= ed ees ce eee

An Enormous Tumor.........

Swallowing Placental Mem-
branes

A Case of Intussusception....

Abscess of the Liver in a
Horse: 2.55..cae sen See

Intussusception of the Small
Intestine in a Horse......... 7

Excision of the Vasa Deferens
as a Substitute for Castra-
tion

Suture of the Recurrent Nerve
to the Pneumogastric Against
Roaring

Ulcerative

376

eee ps a

av ele ee » cc oe 000 2.6 Gules ese

eee ee ee)

eee cesses op ew 0 26 qe 6 es

Cystitis—Rupture

XII TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

and _Pyelo-Nephritis in a
Ie: 1. Peirce - B35 769
Carcinoma of the Testicle—
Twisted Spermatic Cord in a

Gry ptorchidieamrrr.cie< 5st 770
Two Martyrs to Science—Tox-

THe QO SeAtA) Pa Sy ld 4 ole eee RIAN OnE 770
Peculiar Intestinal Condition

Litem el ONGeeeitle ras % + fers aerate ans 770
An. Outbreak of Intussuscep-

LION MAME MIpPPIES a ce-« ss veut 771
An Abscess in a Bony Box....1062
Ana@pen Jaw Joint... ..t2-° 1063
Castration of Cryptorchid....1063
A Peculiar Accident.......... 1064

Deaths by Electric Shock......1064
Clinical Features of a Case of
Rabies in the Horse......... 1066

BELGIAN REVIEW—

A Few Remarks on the Use
of Carob in the Food of
Horses

Scorbut—Ulcerative Stomatitis
—— Ry PhS OLD OS tes andes 286

Fracture of the Cannon in a
Horse—Recovery

Generalized Tuberculosis in a
Miae.aPaetntse ere eee jane 287

Lameness of the Right Hind
Leg—No Diagnosis, and Re-
covery with Injection of Co-
caine and Morphine......... 288

Pathogeny and *Treatment of
Parturient Fever........... 568

Rare Cause of Roaring in a
Pig

An Epizooty of
Miata 10 RIGS «ofa cite aah ood 570

Erroneous Diagnosis of Tu-
berculosis in a Cow—Ordi-
nary Infectious Lymphadeni-
TASER ee sass .5 oe oe 571

Locomotor Ataxia in a Dog—
Cerebellar Syndrome—Syn-
drome of Millard-Gubler—
Motienmin a) (Cirele.:::..- ss 966

Thrombosis of the Aorta and
Iliac Arteries in a Horse.... 966

Fistula of the Parotid Duct in

Treatment of Acute Non-Sup-
purative Arthritis, and Es-
pecially that of Colts, by
Bape Runcture......:22ee6 967

Numerous Adenomas of the
Large Intestine in a Bovine.. 968

Motion in Circle in a Horse
After a Wound of the Paro-

SC) A ge rr 968
Cutaneous Sloughs, Following
WeGUBEOMIYy =... 0... 06sn5008n 969

ROUMANIAN REVIEW—

Clinical Observations and Re-
searches upon the Tricho-
phyéou. Tonsurans...../.... 876

Double Ventral Hernia—Tu-
mor of the Right Mammez
in a Slut—Operation—Re-
SOOEEN Sy .s........ssaceeee 876

The Treatment of Periodic
Ophthalmia with Iodide of
armeeiiiiy) .... 2. oasadaneeee 877

Foreign Body in the Stomach
of a Cat—Gastrotomy—Re-
Bee)... ... 2 eee 877

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

A Sudden Discharge of an Army
Veterinarian Without Trial... 56

Another Army Veterinarian
Seeking Retirement........... 56
A Request to Our Colleagues in
Civil Giies.). 3. Stee eee 57
Petition of Army Veterinarians
Before the General Staff...... 163
The “Nocard Treatment” of

Glandefs.........163, 280, 388, 471
Dr. Service’s Application for Re-

tirement
The Army Veterinary Depart-

ment

The Difficulties of Passing the

memy Hxaminattone. -asereaee 205
Fate of the Petition to the War
Wenartment ..... tae eee 205

Army Veterinary Notes, 296, 775, 878
Proposed New Petition of Army
Seterinarians cy.2.7eee cee 385
An Act to Promote the Efficiency
of the Veterinary Service in

the United States Army...... 385
Brief Explanation of the Feat-

utes of thewBadl-~. ...seeeeeeene 386
The “Nocard Treatment” for

Glanders

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

Dr. Glasson and the “Cure” of
Glanders by Mallein......... 575
Progress of the Army Bill. .680,
878, 970, 1076, 1185
Professor Liautard’s Rejoinder.. 680
Army Horse Hospital.......... 682

XIII

Approved in the Philippines. .*773

Gate 1XGyeln)) Rear Seats 1068
The. Rinderpest and the Effect
of Koch’s Bile Inoculation. .

Trypanosoma Diseases. (By Rob-

1073, 1183

Dirwsciwanzkopr on the March. 773 | Rersonalieeseer o.-----2. 2 eee 1076

The New Army Veterinary Bill

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Surgery of the Foot of Domes- Manual of Materia Medica and
ine Janis CaaS eae ae 58 Pharmacy, ctcanccscec- ¢ se - ree 475

Proceedings American Veteri- Handbook of Meat Inspection... 577
nary Medical Association, Ses- Merck’s Yearly Report for 1903. 777
sion 1903 . 58 | Lehrbuch der Veterinarchirurgie 777

Synopsis of Veterinary “Materia Proceedings of the American
Medica, Therapeutics and Tox- Veterinary Medical Associa-

“ao cine . JD 59 TION) TOO4'Ss,.); Ss sa eee F080

Treatise of Topographical An- Book of Veterinary Doses,
atomy of Domestic Animals... 176 Therapeutic Terms, and Pre-

Dictionaire Vétérinaire (Veteri- SCIP tl Ofls VWEILINI Seer le cameos IOSI
Haw MICLONATY)) <<... -.. 0.00 308

CORRESPONDENCE.

Parturition in the Sow—Reply to Association: ./35)).1:. eee 580
Dr. Maxwell — Troublesome The Need of Uniformity of
Scratchesmeeeiie cls os <tc eae cis 60 Veterinary Titles in America.. 776

As to Oxygen Injections in The Habit of Tongue-Lolling—
Parturient Apoplexy.. 61 Who Can Help Dr. Drew?.... 776

Naso-Oesophageal Intubation De-.
scribed by Dr. Gribble in 1890. 173
Intravenous Injections of Normal
Salt Solution in Purpura
RReimOuTMACTEAL Piet alc. -\- 2). 002 174
Dr. Wyman Wants a Test of
Swine Fever Antitoxin........ 175
Dr. Stewart Reviews Dr. Jop-
ling’s Intelligence and Educa-
tion Report to the Michigan

INGSOCIATIONM Een re eee. +s 302
The Right to Practice in New
York State—The Relation of
American Colleges to the
Regent’s Requirements........ 302
Azoturia and Parturient Paresis. 395
SA Cute for Glanders’ “poe: 25... 307
The Inter-State Association of
Live Stock Sanitary Boards... 474
Contribution to the Study of Par-
turient Paresis. . -% . 474
Dr. Halloran’s Obstetrical Case. . 580

Dr. Kaupp Explains Some
Items Concerning the Recent
Meeting of the Missouri Valley

Dr. Conkey’s Printer Explains,
and Incidentally Gives the Doc-
tor a Little Free Advertising. . 879
Small Animals Having Tumors
Wanted by the University of

Penpsylvatitals setecemice aeaecae 880
To Cure Tongue-Lolling........ 880
An Echo from the Class Room... 880
The Value of Mallein: as a

Diagnostic; as a Prophylactic;
as a Curative—A Call for

Professional Judgment........ 970
Another Method of Preventing
Tonetie-Lolling, 2223-5. see 972

Accidental Puncture of the Uri-
nary Bladder in the Bitch
During) Spayingeck J. . eee 1078

Dr. Leonard Pearson Issues a
Circular Letter of Warning
Anent a Premature Attempt to
Immunize Cattle Against Tu-

berculosis) °: 9e2.- (2ec). ae 1186
Local Anesthesia for Aryten-
eCtOMty-| . ijs, Gaia <sole cs se 1189

XIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

Kansas City Veterinary College.. 169 | Chicago Veterinary College...... 300
McKillip Veterinary College..... 169 | New York-American Veterinary
Indiana Veterinary College...... 170 PS GINSBON ihe o Yaad: ae 475
Ontario Veterinary College...... 171
OBITUARY.

Ralphy W. Hall, D.V.S... ..2.u2 48 | Professor James Beart Simonds. 581
Roberts Bartholow, A.M., M.D., MeopoldhTrasbot: re. «....:%.2 «eens 581

ILL) UES Serine arti acitc 300 | Dr. i. A. de Schweinitz..... 22/770
Richard J. Withers, M.D., V.S... 476 5

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Ohio State Veterinary Medical Colorado Veterinary Medical As-

AGSSORLATION 4i co Gah acne eresas 62 SOCisiOM S45 ....-....\s> «ab oe 404
Veterinary Association of Mani- New York State Veterinary Med-

10 Dae tale ees peancraciamere 87 ical Society...... 483, 611, 683, 881
Veterinary Medical Association Society of Comparative Medicine

of New York County.g1, 108, at the New York State Veteri-

893, 973 nary College. .......: 497, 788, 1208

Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso- Alumni Association of the New

CiatiOmwercs Mote tennis: 95, 484, 1202 York-American Veterinary Col-
Minnesota State Veterinary Med- Ge |. SRS Chis c

ical Association.............99, 608 | Territorial Veterinary Associa-
Illinois State Veterinary Medical ‘0 5 SOR eee < s\sielagaee 503

Association ... .104, 979 | Missouri Veterinary Medical As-

Schuylkill Valley Veterinary As-
SOCIAOM 265 0: .105, 501, 1214

Pennsylvania State "Veterinary
Medical Association...... 177.1222

American Veterinary Medical

Association, .184, 306, 400, 478,
582, 604, 785, 1082

Michigan State Veterinary Medi-
cal Association. . 185
Towa-Nebraska Veterinary Medi-
1Calae NasMela OMS a2 yh. janie ier
Wisconsin Society of Veterinary
Graduates
California State Veterinary Medi-
Gal -Atssecitationi. 0-2 220e;
Passaic County Veterinary Medi-
cal Association. ..204, 307, 403,
502, 786

Maine Veterinary Medical Asso-
CIATIGHBR REE. is eon 204, 788, IIOI

Nebraska Veterinary Medical
Association

Massachusetts be lar Asso-
ciation. , .308, 787, 901

V eterinary. Medical Association
of New Jersey. ..300, 615, 986, 1083

192

200

8909

BtAPIOTL «6... < »,s vic selena tele eee 503, 781
Connecticut Veterinary Medical

INSEOGIATION « « <%ccreis aie. + Olle OL TTR
Inter-State Association of Live

Stock Sanitary Boards........ 700
Kansas State Veterinary Medi-

Gal Association. ...). «anne 900, 122
Kentucky Veterinary Medical

PNSSOCIA TION ©. ci.o2ceeene eee 983
Ontario Veterinary Association. . 1004
North Dakota Veterinary Asso-

eiattOn -... - 1097
Wolverine State ‘Veterinary Med-

ical Association. .-jc 1s seinen I
Canadian Veterinarians hold

Convention: -.. 5.2610 eee 1100
Louisiana Veterinary Medical

ASSOCIatiONl ic seieee ee 1102
Iowa State Veterinary Medical

A SSOCIatiON mettre eee ae II90
Central Canada Veterinary As-

SOCIATION, 8G isnawss ood eee 1212
Keystone Veterinary Medical

Association} Sstmk..-) scence 1216

Genesee Valley Veterinary Medi-
cal AssociatiOn:. . . .j, omens ele ue

TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XXVIII. XV

Illinois Veterinary Medical and

Surgical Association.......... 1219

Ohio Valley Veterinary Medical

Association
Texas Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

New Jersey Legislative News.... 172

The “Blomo” Patented Horse
“oid aS Bee. (a ree 207

Towa Veterinary Law........... 304

Tame Animals I Have Known.. 390

News and Items. .. .12, 33, 40, 48,
57, 106, 107, 108, 109, II0, 123,
127, 135, 141, 145, 147, 156, 162,
176, 206, 207, 208, 255, 262, 268,
276, 288, 296, 299, 305, 309, 310,
339; 345, 360, 363, 367, 375, 384,
391, 398, 399, 405, 406, 418, 437,
"440, 451, 461, 470, 473, 477, 504,
520, 539, 555, 500, 563, 574, 576,
579, 580, 581, 616, 617, 618, 632,
662, 666, 679, 682, 703, 704, 750,
754, 761, 772, 775, 770, 789, 790,
791, 792, 794, 805, 817, 835, 852,

868, 870, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905,
906, 918, 934, 941, 945, 949, 951,
955, 962, 969, 972, 986, 987, 988,
989, 990, 1007, 1014, 1037, 1045,
1051, 1054, 1057, 1067, 1077,
IO8I, 1102, 1103, 1104, I1I05,
1106, 1107, 1108, 1124, 1132,
1138, 1146, 1153, .1157, 1175,
T182;.° MISS) -1180,.) 1222.) 12298
122A 1225. wl e20NenI227)

Veterinary Medical Association
Meetings... .1II, 209, 31I,. 407,
506, 619, 709, 795, 907, 991,
II0Q, 1229

Publishers’ Department. .112, 210,

312, 408, 506, 620, 710, 796, 908,
992, IIIO, 1230
What Review Subscribers Say... 208

1228

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