Photocopy only if necessarv GENERAL ZOOLOGY SYSTEMATIC ^ GEORGE SHAW,M.D.ER.S.fcc. WITH PLATES from thr tirst Authorities and most select specimens , ,EX, HIRUNDO rufa . ] ). 88 91 103 84 118 90 93 74 108 125 122 124 97 108 117 118 9 271 266 266 5 2 27 26 24 22 22 Briss. agrestis. Briss. — «--"' ^ulnris — « Jjjvjinici 1 i Icucoptcrn 17^1 ~», ca. Briss. Hoopoe-hen. Edwards. Laniusjhustus. Lin. — infaustus. Gmel. Briss. melliu. Lin. montana ijigrd Gmel. macrourus. Lin. Loxia colius. Lin. Manacus. Briss. Briss. . jor. Briss. Briss. Briss. Briss. Icnsis. Briss. Briss. . 1ND Manaciis cristatus griseus. Briss. . . p. 13 EX. IX MAXAKIN, little . p. 31 miacatototl 3-1 Briss. . .14 • — -. — oran^e-bel Briss. ' .11 lied . . 33 Papuan °0 Briss. . .11 - •— • • — . - . Peruvian 1O • ••' — Picicitli °9 Briss. . . 27 __. .... _ purple 11 rock f) Briss. . . 23 ___ _ .. — speckled 30 • spotted . 32 MANAKIN . . 8 ed . .29 — ..— "- •— supercilious 34 /o-c. Edwards. . 22 __ . tuneful 32 white-capped 24 • — ^ - ivhite e nred ed . .28 Lath. . .310 ed . .21 • '• • — — \vhitc fronted 26 . • white-headed 25 ed . .26 Martin . .118 common. Pen. QS throated . -17 vented . .16 Edwards. . . 10S — — TiuTnlc Cntcsbif 108 sand 104 ed . .18 Merula Amboynensis. Briss. . . 204 Merula Americana. Briss. . p. 193 — Americana cinerea. Briss. . . 283 — — aquafica. Briss. 313 . i Bengalensis. Briss. . .271 Borbonica. Briss. 301 . Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . . 229 ccerulea. Briss. 224 — — — • cri stain Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. 298 • Dominicensis. Briss. . .212 fusca Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . . 229 — Indica. Briss. 264 Indica cinerea. Briss. . . 207 Jamaicensis. Briss. . . 229 . Madagascariensis. INDEX. Merula Senegalensis. Briss. 2GO Madagascariensis aurea. Briss. . 231 — Madagascariensis cinerea. Briss. . 236 olivacea Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . 189 < olivacea Domini- censis. Briss. . 220 olivacea Indica. Briss. . .238 rosea. Briss. . 274 — — saxatilis. Briss. 205 — — saxatilis minor. Briss. 266 Briss. . p. 221 solitaria. Briss. 280. 303 solitaria Pliilip- pensis. Briss. Surinamensis. 281 Briss. . .261 torquata. Briss. 227 torquata Capitis Bonce Spei. Briss. . 253 viridis Angolensis. Briss. . . 246 viridis longicauda Senegalensis. Briss. 247 Mimus. Briss. . 212 major. Briss. 212 varius. Briss. 215 Motacilla aurocapilla. Lin. . .199 Muscicapa Carolinensis. Lin. . . 272 Virginianafus- . 272 ca. Briss. Night Hank. Wils. - Jar. Bewick. Ouzel, Penrith. Pen. < Water. Pen. PARUS Afer alpinus — — — Americanus 164 146 313 313 36 54 69 43 PARUS amatoriu*. Gwf/. p. ryr 42 42 57 52 57 62 62 65 4O 48 65 59 50 46 64 39 53 46 70 55 45 44 59 51 3" 49 68 66 00 39 .;j >EX. PARUS Sinensis p. XI 5Q 70 50 3 12 28 22 19 33 15 35 11 18 23 13 17 26 16 24 25 24 10 27 34 16 31 32 32 21 20 14 13 10 29 30 1 T _ o f pi* atricapiilus atricapiilus. Brisa. PIPRA • • albifror? > bicolor — caeruleus _ aureola tus. Briss. fy leucoiis. GmeL 3 novas Zealandiae naevia polonicus sh-e pe.i- dulinus. Briss. Peruvians — Picicitli INDEX. PIPRA rupicola — — - — serena - -••• striata P. 9 26 29 14 34 21 135 136 136 136 136 136 138 139 253 276 179 224 265 271 201 313 9.nn SWALLOW . . p • 77 12b 100 129 117 110 104 88 98 105 122 133 124 108 9* 96 129 84 102 94 93 111 126 106 115 111 101 101 131 132 126 9S 122 108 nl superciliosa torquata PRATINCOLE Catesby. Lath. Lath. Lath. _____ f^nnr- Lath. Pye» green, of Ceylon. Edwards. Robin. Wils. crtig . Sparrow, solitary. Ed- wards. Shrike, rock. Lath. . -" white-wreathed. Lath. . Stare, Geylonese. Lath. Sturnus, Cinclus. Lin. belly. Staunton. INDEX. Xlll SWALLOW, red-headed p. 128 THRUSH, ash-headed p. 226 Lath. . . 88 black and scar- let . . 273 - • • - swift . 97 _. .. *r-in?rf Tsjfh IHft black-faced 293 SWIFT . . 71 Chinese . 74 blue . 224 wards. »t . 75 • white-bellied . 75 • white-collared 75 THRUSH . . 171 Edicards. . .271 r^un: 011 XIV THRUSH, Chinese p. T , cineriscent INI 218 211 236 289 271 203 208 262 194 204 232 191 186 296 269 176 262 248 247 199 249 241 178 256 217 281 177 220 296 259 238 179 250 \ll >EX. THRUSH, long-billed p. 302 — — long-tailed 267 crying „ IVf 'iiirifi'iii nc\f\ Fiplrlf-irp Edwards. . .212 • Pen. ,.,._ New Holland 2QO i nun 2Q3 giossy ed Lath. . . 253 — green lied . . 254 Pirifir °7S pilm 244 pensive °80 .. .. . Philippine 003 ed > — i Hudsonian — — Indian • Jamaica Labrador •• . Port Jackson 103 • • - ••• punctated ^0° red brca-tcd" ""G THRUSH, red-necked p. IND 278 30O 183 263 2'27 265 266 274 219 291 300 260 212 202 221 246 221 303 174 257 195 238 307 235 246 192 287 261 181 215 222 2O1 192 251 or»r» EX. XV THRUSH, Warbler p. 197 _ white- browed 233 o ., . — rock lesser var. Lath. . 263 Lath. . . 193 ed white-headed 258 Lath. Lath. . . 21/ t,-ong ed . . 23/ ed . . 2OO TITMOUSE . .36 _ . 59 57 43 64 65 46 23 37 51 50 53 55 46 45 68 44 59 49 56 . 66 47 70 66 44 70 65 50 138 171 269 247 232 195 IEX. TURDUS alapi . p .284 21O 204 193 188 185 282 289 209- 239 294 268 229 193 248 31O 199 219 198 308 188 243 301 205 221 216 298 270 276 2/1 282 257 216 *9* creeping Amboinensis . ed arcuatus arundinaceus black. Edwards. — glCdb 1 aurantius var. Gmel. . auratus — — — auritus • aurocapillus Indian Malabar badius _ Rniihil Cafcr • Campanella — — — Canadensis. Briss. canorus Tringajusca. Lin. TURDUS ^Ethiopicus . Africanus Carolinensis. Briss. INDEX. XV11 TXJRDUS Cayancnsis. TURDUS griseus p. 241 GmcL . p. 190 Guianensis . 179 Cayanus 19° gularis. Lath. 3 1 3 chrysogaster 254 ——— cinchis. Lin. 313 • .harmonious . 217 • cinereus 207 Hispaniolensis 220 * 0 A«~ **.,„ 285 U,,A<.~~:~., ~-~ cirrhatus 311 • Jamaicensis . 179 „,•.,„• f _ji. 253 *!' - 1 no /-i i • • Oftri „•;,- f,_ f • • ^™" """^ v^ocninsiticDsis 9POU 291 sis. Briss. . .1/7 columbinus 245 Indicus . 238 • coraya 299 infaustus . 265 crassirostris 222 inquietus . 203 cureus 233 jugularis . 294 234 T «U_« 1 _ n -x» nnn«..» 224 1 1 1 . • • dilutus 208 leucogaster . 258 262 1Q «. nn^ icucogcnus , 22Q 7"! „«.,."«,*,*>«,«."„ 7" »« 212 7 t T j J f leiicopnrys, LMtn. 203 T\,,rt*^»rt 194 i . • leucocis . 290 dubius 204 leucurus . 230 • eremita 281 lineatus . 307 • erythropterus 280 U"idus. Wih. . 272 felivox 272 longirostris . 3O2 . flavus 255 lunulatus . 196 flavifrons 252 macrourus . 267 formicivorus 308 Madagascariensis 260 •— frivolus 269 major. Briss. . 172 • fuliginosus 195 Malabaricus . 305 — — — — fuscatus . 176 • Malabaricus. • fuscescens 182 Gmel. . . 252 • fuscipes 279 Manillensis . 280 • ' -Juscus. Gmel. . 177 — — Mauritianus . 256 • • gilvus 211 maxillaris . 206 • • • • Ginginianus 262 • melanophrys . 20(5 XV111 INE TURDUS melanopis. GmeL . p. 292 • i — melanops . 2p5 EX. TURDUS pectoralis p. 237 perspicillatus 235 Philippensis . 223 i melodes . 179 v Merula . 225 i migratorius . 276 1. i Mindanensis . 250 — _ ..... minor 177 — pilaris leucocepha- his. Briss. . .186 Briss. . .186 minutus . 242 Morio . 229 • — prasinus . 236 musicus . 174 — — — mustelinus . 181 . mustelinus. Wils. 182 naevius . 192 . — nigerrimus. GmeL 23 1 ___ — nigricollis . 288 nitens . 246 nitens var. Lath. 246 Noveboracensis 198 novae Hollandise 2QO obscurus . 203 ' — ochrocephalus 20O olivaceus . 1 89 1 ' Orientalis . 264 — — — orpheus . 212 orpheus var. GmeL 215 Ourovang . 236 Pacificus . 278 Pagodarum . 304 1 ' — pallidus . 208 • — Falmarum . 244 ruficauda . 30O - ruficollis . 2/8 — rufifrons . 219 • • rufus . .301 Sandvicensis . 202 - Saui-jala . 231 — — saxatilis . 266 saxatilis. GmeL 265 Senegalensis . 221 Sharihu . 292 Sibiricus . 233 - — Sinensis . 218 speciosus . 273 splendens . 246 • Suratensis . 287 Surinamus . 26l " tenebrosus . 297 TURDUS Thenca p INE .215 306 270 227 201 251 24Q 249 >EX. TURDUS viscivorus p. xix 1/2 290 241 253 312 313 164 Gmel. torquatus • Zeylonus WATEROUZEL Whip-poor-Witt. Wil?, 'dridis. Gmel. Directions for placing the Plates in Vol. X. Part I. The Vignette represents the Splendent Thrush about one sixth the natural size : it is described in page 246. Plate l to face page 2 j 7 lie 29 51 57 62 72 84 92 104 111 120 127 131 6>. — — 8, ,, 9, i •? 10 . 1/1 .., , in Plate 16 to face page 18 2O 21 22 24 25 28 29 136 152 186 212 227 244 267 286 The Waterouzel, by mistake figured 30, should be placed as No. 29. * BIRDS. ORDER PASSERES. COLIUS. COLY. Generic Character. Rostrum basi crassum, supra convexum, subtus plauius- culum, integrum, apice deflexum. Nares parvae ad basin pennis subtectte. Pedes siinplices, digitis tribus anticis, ad inuim fissis, uno postico versatilo. Cauda cuneiformi, longa. Beak thickened at the base, above convex, beneath strait and entire, tip of the upper mandible curved downwards. Nostrils small, placed at the base of the beak, and near- ly hid by the feathers. Feet simple, with three toes before, divided to their ori- gin, and one behind, capa- ble of being moved for- wards. Tail wedge-shaped and long. " * E are utterly ignorant respecting the habits of the birds comprehended in this genus, of which Linnaeus knew but two j one of which he placed v. x. p. i. 2 CAPE COLY. with Lanius, the other with Loxia : Brisson was the first that formed them into a distinct genus, in which he has been followed by subsequent writers. They are remarkable for being able to place the hind toe either backwards or forwards at pleasure. CAPE COLY. (Colius capensis.) Co, redricibus extimis externe albis, corpore cinereo subtus albido. Coly, with the outer edges of the exterior tail-feathers white; body cinereous, beneath whitish. Colius capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 842. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 368. l. Loxia colius. Lin. Syst. Nat. i. 3O1. 12. Colius Cap. Bon. Sp. Briss. 3. p. 304. 1. t. \G.f. 2. Le Coliou du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 4. 4Q4.—Buff°. PL Enl. 282. f. 1. Cape Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 100. 1. THIS species, which inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, is above ten inches in length : its beak is grey, with a black tip : head and neck reddish ash-colour: upper parts of the body ash-colour : breast pur- plish ; under parts dirty white : under wing-coverts dusky black : upper tail-coverts purplish chesnut : tail wedge-shaped, and ash-coloured, the exterior feather white on the outer edge : legs grey : claws blackish : size of a Chaffinch. CAFE RADIATED COLY. (Colius striatus.) Co. griseo-nifescens, sultus jiisco transversim striatus, pectore griseo-riifo, abdomine rufo ; cauda viridi. Reddish-grey Coly, beneath transversely striated with fuscous; with a rufous-grey breast, rufous abdomen, and green tail. Colius striatus. Gmd. Syst. Nat. 1. 843. — Lath. Ind. Orn. I. 369. 4. Le Coliou ra^e. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 40 J. Radiated Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 102. 4. THE radiated Coly is in length thirteen inches : beak above black, beneath whitish : upper parts of the plumage of a blossom-coloured grey: breast rufous grey, belly rufous ; both striped transversely with brown : rump and tail-coverts inclining to grey : tail greenish, and very much wedge-shaped j the two middle feathers being nearly nine inches in length. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. INDTAK T (Colius indicus.) Co. cinereus subtus rufus, sinciptie gulaque flaws, loris orbitisque nudisjlavis. Ash-coloured Coly, beneath rufous ; with the forehead and throat yellow ; the lores and orbits naked and yellow. Colius indicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 370. 7. Indian Coly. Lath. Syn. Sup. 147- 7. 4 GREEN COLY. THIS species is above fourteen inches in length : the beak is black, with its base, and orbits of the eyes, reddish yellow : crown of the head, and hind part of the neck, ash-coloured grey: forehead, chin, and lores, yellow : under part of the body pale ru- fous : back, wings, and tail, lead-coloured ; the latter wedge-shaped and seven inches in length : legs red : claws black. Inhabits India. GREEN COLY. (Colius vifidis.) Co. viridis nitens, sincipite palpebrisque, nigro-sericeis, rcmigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus. Shining-green Col}', with the sinciput and eyelids silky black, quills and tail-feathers dusky. Colius viridis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 36p. 0. Green Coly. Lath. Syn. Sup. 14/. THIS bird was communicated to Dr. Latham by Mr. Pennant. It is a native of New Holland, and is the size of the Redwing Thrush : its beak is black : forehead, and orbits of the eyes, covered with black, shining, velvety feathers ; the entire plumage of a fine glossy green :. quills and tail dusky; the latter wedge-shaped, and seven inches and a half in length : length above a foot, SENEGAL COLY. (Colius senegalensis.) Co. "dnaceo-grisescens, cauda ccerulescente, capite cristato, oca- pite riridi nitente. Vinaceous-grey Coly, with a blue tail, crested head, and shining green occiput. Colius senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 842.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 368. 2. Lanius macrourus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 134. 5. Colius senegalensis cristatus. Bris. 3. 300. 2. t. iQ.f. 3. Coliou huppe du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 404. t. 18. — Buff. PI. Enl. 282. f. 2. Senegal Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 101. 2. LENGTH twelve and a half inches : beak grey, with a black tip : head, neck, and breast, tinged with purplish ; the feathers on- the top, and hind parts of the former, green, and formed into a crest: rest of the upper parts pale grey: quills and tail grey brown, the latter inclining to blue : middle tail-feathers above eight inches in length ; outer ones scarcely an inch. Native of Senegal. WHITE-BACKED COLY. (Colius leuconotus.) Co. cristatus cinereus, subtui albus, dorso infimo uropygioque cas* faneo-purpureis, media villa long'tudinnli nihn. Crested grey Coly, beneath white, with the lower part of the back and rump chesnut purple, with a longitudinal white fas- cia in the middle. Colius erythropus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 842. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 36p. 3. White-backed Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 101. t. 41. THIS species, which is figured and described by Dr. Latham, is said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope : it is in length twelve inches: beak white, the upper mandible tipped with black ; head ornamented with a large crest of a dusky brown colour : prevailing colour of the plumage above blueish ash ; beneath, dirty white : lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, purple, with a white fascia running down the middle : vent white : tail long, and cuneiform ; the shafts chesnut: two outer feathers an inch and a half in length, and white on the exterior edge : legs red : claws dusky. COILIT, PANAYAN COLY. (Colius panayensis.} « Gen. THrds. ftl-jC 10. Rock Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 518. 1. THE Crested or Rock Manakin is the size of a middle-sized Pigeon; being about a foot in length : beak yellowish ; above an inch long : head with a flattened semicircular crest : pre- vailing colour of the plumage saffron-orange : quills part white, part brown ; their coverts loose and fringed : upper tail-coverts long, slightly webbed, and truncated at the end : base of the ten inner tail-feathers orange, tips brown ; outer feathers orange on the inner web at the base, the other part brown ; all the feathers margined with orange : legs, and claws, yellow : female entirely brown, except the wing-coverts, which are rufous orange : slightly crested : young bird of a yel- lowish brown colour, or grey. This elegant species is found in many parts of O PERUVIAN MANAKIN. South America in rocky situations, and builds its nest, in dark sequestered recesses, of dry bits of stick, laying two round white eggs : it is a shy bird. The female is said by Salerne to assume the plumage of the male in the ensuing moult after having ceased to lay, in the same manner as many of the gallinaceous kinds are known to do : both sexes are said to be a year before they arrive at their full plumage. PERUVIAN MANAKIN* (Pipra peruviana.) Pi. corpore croceo-rubro, tectridbus alarum majortbus cinereis, remigibus caudaque nigris, tectridbus rectricum non truncatis. Manakin with a reddish saffron-coloured body ; the greater wing- coverts ash -coloured ; quills and tail black, the coverts of the latter not truncated. Pipra peruviana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 555. 2. Le Coq-de-roche de Perou. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 43?.— Ruff. PI. Enl 745. Peruvian Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5lp. 1. A. THIS species is rather larger than the preceding, which it very much resembles : its head is crested, but the crest is not so well defined : its prevailing colour has more inclination to red: secondary wing-coverts, and rump, cinereous : wings and tail black 5 the upper coverts of the latter not trun- cated at the tips, and of the former not fringed : in other respects it agrees with it. According to Buffon, it is a native of Peru. 11 Head without the semicircular crest. YELLOW MANAKIN-. (Pipra rubetra.) Pr. crista lutea, corpore tcstaceo, remigibus rcctricibusque testa- ceis. Manakin with a yellow crest, testaceous body, wings, and tail- feathers. Pipra rubetra. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 4. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1000.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 55p. 17- Manacus cristatus rufus. Briss.4- 46l. 11. Rubetra, ou Oiseau d'Amerique huppe. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ow. 4. 425. Yellow Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 529. 15. THE Yellow Manakin inhabits Brasil and Cay- enne : it is in length four inches and a quarter : beak half an inch, and yellow : head with a yel- low crest : throat brown : prevailing colour of the plumage yellowish : quills and tail bright blue. PURPLE MAVAKIW. (Pipra cristata.) Pi. crista lutea, corpore purpureo, cauda rubra. Manakin with a yellow crest, purple body, and red tail. Pipra cristata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 3.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1- 999-— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 559. 15. Manacus cristatus ruber. Briss. 4. 462. 12. Purple Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 528. 14. 12 WHITE-FACED MANAKIN. LENGTH three and a half inches : beak red : head crested, and of a beautiful yellow colour: rest of the body and wings of a fine purple : tail red. Inhabits Mexico and Brazil. WHITE-FACED MANAKIN. (Pipra albifrons.) Pi. crista alba, corpore rubro testaceo, dorso nigro, gulture albo nigro marginato,femoribus c&ruiescentibus. Manakin with a white crest; body beneath testaceous; back black ; throat white, margined with black ; thighs blue. Pipra albifrons. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 5. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1000. — Lath. Ind. Orn. '&. oOu. 21. Le demi-fin a huppe et gorge blanches. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ota* 5. 335. Le Plumet blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 429- Le Manicup de Cayenne. Buff. PL Enl. 707. 1. White-faced Manakin. Edwards. 344. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 530. 18.— 531. 18. A. ABOVE five inches in length : beak black : head with a white crest, composed of long pointed feathers : supercilia white ; throat and between the eyes the same ; surrounded with black all round from eye to eye : hind part of the neck, middle of the back, and wings, blackish ash-colour: rest of the body and tail orange, inclining to cin- namon colour: thighs dusky: legs reddish yellow. Buffon describes a variety of this bird, which he says is distinct, but there does not appear suf- ficient grounds to warrant the conclusion : its GREY MANAKIN. 13 principal marks of distinction are, that it has a longer crest than the former ; and the beak is slightly curved in this, but pointed in the other : the colours are distributed over them exactly in the same manner ; but in this they are more bril- liant, and incline to ferruginous. It is found in Guiana. GREY MANAKIN. (Pipra grisea.) Pi. cristata grisea subtus jlavescens, sincipite luteo, tectricibus alarum minoribusjlavescentibuf, majoribius rubris. Grey, crested Manakin, yellowish beneath, with the sinciput yellow ; the lesser wing-coverts yellowish, the greater ones black. Pipra grisea. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1000. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560. 20. Manacus cristatus griseus. Briss. 4. 463. 13. Le Manakin gris huppe. Bt(ff~ Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 427- Grey Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 530. \?. NATIVE of America : above three inches in length : beak yellowish : head crested, and with the hind part of the neck, back, and rump, grey : forehead with a yellow spot : throat and fore-part of the neck, breast, belly, vent, and under tail- coverts, light yellow : greater wing-coverts red : quills and tail ash-coloured grey. BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN, (Pipra pareola.) Pi. crista sanguined, corpore nigro, dorso ctzruleo. Manakin with a blood- coloured crest, black body, and blue back. Pipra pareola. Lin. Syst. Nat. I. 339. 2. — Gmel. Sy&t. Nat. 1. 990. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 555. 3. Manacus cristatus niger. Eriss. 4. 459. 10. t. 35. f. 1. Le Tije, ou grand Manakin. Evff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 411. t. \Q, /•2. Le Manakin noir huppe. Buff. PL Enl. foj.f. 2. Le Manakin verd huppe de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 303> 2. foera. ? Blue-backed Manakin. Edwards. Q,Q\.f. 1 — Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 520. 2. LENGTH four and a half inches : beak dusky : irides bright blue : head ornamented with a few elongated feathers of a bright crimson colour, which can be elevated at pleasure : back and lesser wing-coverts blue: the rest of the plumage black: legs red : size of the House Finch : female and young bird with the whole of the plumage (the crest excepted) green. This species inhabits Cuba and part of South America. SUPERB MANAKIN. (Pipra superba.) Pi. aterrima, verticis mediis plumis longiusculis exfiammeo ruhris, dorsi inter alas area lunata dilute ccerulea, remigibus primori- busjuscescentibus. LONG-TAILED MAN AKIN. 15 Dark-coloured Manakin, with the crown ornamented with long flaming red feathers; the back between the wings with a pale blue lunated space ; primary quills brownish. Pipra superba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 999. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 556. 4. Manacus superbus. Pall. Spei. 1. 8. t. $.f. 1. Superb Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. 252. 1. THIS bird appears to have a great affinity to the preceding, which it very much resembles : it is of the same size : its beak is black ; and the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is the same : back pale blue : crown of the head with a bright red crest : primary quills brown : tail short : legs yel- lowish. May not this be a variety of Pipra pareola ? LONG-TAILED M ANA KIN. ( Pipra caudata.) Pi. ctsruleo, vertice sulcristato coccineo, alis nigris, rectricibus duabus intcrmediis elongnto-acuminatis. Blue Manakin, with the crown ornamented with a crimson crest; wings black, with the two middle tail-feathers elongate and acuminated. Pipra caudata. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 5. 153.— -Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. II. h-ii. 4. Long-tailed Manakin. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 153.— Lath. Syn. &$?, II. 254. 7- DESCRIBED as the size of the blue-backed Ma- nakin, which it has somewhat the habit of; the prevailing colour being a fine blue, glossed with 16 CRIMSON- VENTED MANAKIN. green about the neck: beak brown: the crown of the head crimson, and slightly crested : wings black : two middle tail-feathers nearly an inch longer than the rest : legs pale-coloured. MILITARY MANAKIN. (Pipra militaris.) Pi. nigra, subtus alba, scapularibus olivaceis, fronte uropygioque coccineis, rectricibus duabus intermediis elongatis. Black Manakin, beneath white, with the scapulars olive-coloured, forehead and rump scarlet, and the two middle tail-feathers elongated. Pipra militaris. Shan. Nat. Misc. 20. p. 849. Military Manakin. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 20. 84p. THE Military Manakin is described as above by Dr. Shaw, in his Naturalist's Miscellany. It is said to inhabit South America, and to have the same habits as the generality of the birds included in the genus. CRIMSON-VENTED MANAKIN. (Pipra haemorrhcea.) Pi. nigricans subtus alba, crisso macula coccinea. Dusky Manakin, beneath whitish, with a crimson spot on the vent. Pipra haemorrhcea. GmeL Syst. Nat. l. 1004.— Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 561. 24. Crimson-vented Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 533. 21. CRIMSON-THROATED MANAKIN. 17 THIS bird is in length three inches and three quarters : beak pale : upper parts of the body dusky : under parts white, with a crimson spot on the vent : under tail-coverts white, and reaching nearly to the end of the tail, which is very short legs brown. CRIMSON-THROATED MAXAKIX. (Pipra gularis.) Pi. nigro-ccerulea sublus coccinea abdomine albo. Black-blue Manakin, beneath crimson, with the belly white. Pipra gularis. Lath. Lid. Orn. Sup. Irii. 5. Crimson-throated Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup, II. 254. 8. THIS species is a native of Huaheine : it has the upper parts of the plumage blueish black : chin, throat, fore-parts of the neck, and vent, crimson : belly white : legs dusky : beak pale. This bird appears at first sight to be allied to the Crimson-vented Manakin, but upon a more accurate examination the dissimilarity is very evi- dent, not only in colour, but its inhabiting a dif- ferent country. v. x. p. i. GOLD-BREASTED MANAKIN. DESMARETS MANAKIN. (Pipra Desmaretii.) Pi. ccerideo-atra, nitens, ventre albido; crisso, gula, pectoreque coccineis. Shining blue-black Manakin, with a whitish belly, and scarlet vent, throat, and breast. Pipra Desmaretii. Leach. Zool. Misc. 1. 94. pi. 41. Desmaretian Manakin. * Leach. Zool. Misc. 1. Q4. THIS beautiful little species has all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful shining blue black : cheeks dusky : quills dusky blue above, and black beneath : throat, breast, vent, and under tail- coverts, crimson : belly with a blackish longitu- dinal streak, bounded with pale yellow : sides dusky : beak and legs black : length about three inches and a half. Discovered by M, A. Huey, in New Holland, where it is extremely scarce. GOLD-BREASTED MANAKIN. (Pipra pectoralis.) Pi. cceruleo-nigrat abdominejerrugineo, lunula pectoris aurea. Blue-black Manakin, with a ferruginous abdomen, and golden lunule on the breast. Pipra pectoralis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ivii. 6. Gold-breasted Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. Add. II. 374. C.ERULEAN MANAKIN. 19 THIS inhabits Brazil, and has the beak pale : head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body, fine blue black : breast with a lunulated yellow band, the horns pointing upwards : under parts of the body bright ferruginous : legs pale cinereous. CERULEAN MANAKIN. (Pipra caerulea.) Pi. supra cce rulea subtus jlavescens, vertice remigibus caudaque nigricantibus. Manakin above blue, beneath yellowish, with the crown of the head, quills, and tail dusky. Pipra caerulea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ivii. 3. Caerulean Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 254. 6. THE Caerulean Manakin is the size of P. punc- tata : the plumage of the upper parts of the body blueish : under parts of the body yellowish white : crown of the head, quills, and tail, dusky black : beak and legs brown. 20 BLACK-THROATED MANAKIN. PAPUAN MANAKIN. (Pipra papuensis.) Pi. nigro-virescens subtus albida, pectore macula ovata fulva, rec- tricibus duabus intermediis brevioribus. Black-green Manakin, beneath whitish, with an ovate fulvous spot on the breast, the two middle tail-feathers shortest. Pipra papuensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. JOOI. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 561. 23. Le Manikor. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 431.— Buff. PI. Enl. 707. /•2. Papuan Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 552. 2O. LENGTH not quite three inches and a half: beak black and short : head, neck, body, wings, and tail, greenish black: breast with an oblong orange- coloured spot, reaching to the belly ; rest of the under parts dirty white: the two middle tail- feathers shorter than the rest: legs dusky ash- colour. Inhabits New Guinea. BLACK-THROATED MANAKIN. (Pipra nigricollis. ) Pi. nigro-ccerulescens, subtus alba, gula crissoque nigris. Black-blue Manakin, beneath white, with the throat and rent black. Pipra nigricellis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 561. 25. Black-throated Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 533. 22. COLLARED MANAKIN. 21 THE Black-throated Manakin is in length four inches: beak brown: throat and vent black: belly white : rest of the plumage blueish black : legs brown. COLLARED MANAKIN. (Pipra torquata.) Pi. nigra, capite rubro, collo torqite aureo cincto, alis ceerukis, cauda nigra. Black Manakin", with a red head, neck with a golden collar, wings blue, tail black. Pipra torquata. Gtnel. Syst. Nat. 1. lOOO. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 56O. 18. Manacus torquatus. Briss. 4. 456. 8. Maizi de miacatototl. Buff". Hist. Nat. Ois. 4.. 424. Collared Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 52p. 16. LENGTH about three and a half inches : beak yellowish : head bright red : throat and fore-part of the neck golden yellow, having the appearance of a collar : wing-coverts and quills deep blue ; rest of the plumage black : legs pale yellow. Sup- posed to inhabit Brazil. RED AND BLACK MANAKIN. (Pipra aureola.) Pi. nigra, capite pectoreque coccineis, remigibus antrorsum macula alba. Black Manakin, with the head and breast crimson, front of the quills with a white spot. Pipra aureola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 7. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1001. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 558. 11. Manacus ruber. Briss. 4. 452. 6. t. 34. f. 3. Le Manakin rouge. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 415.— Buff. PI. Enl. 34. f. 3. Red and black Manakin. Edwards. iQl.f. 2. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 525. 9- ^3. capite collo inferiore pectore abdomine marginibusque alarum aurantiis, remigibus intus macula alba. With the head, lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and margins of the wings orange-coloured ; bend of the wing with a white spot. Pipra aureola. /3. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339- 7. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 558. 11. Manacus aurantius. Briss. 4. 454. 7. Le Manakin orange. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 417.— Buff. PI. Enl. 302. f. 2. Black and yellow Manakin. Edwards, f&.f. 2. THIS, which is the commonest of the genus, is in length three inches and three quarters : beak black: capistrum orange: head, neck, throat, and breast, crimson ; the middle of the belly inclining to red : wings with a white spot, under parts of them yellow ; rest of the body of a brilliant steel black : legs and claws red : in some specimens the forehead, chin, throat, and edge of the wing, are GOLD-HEADED MAVAKIN. 23 yellow : female with the upper parts of the body olive, under parts olive yellow ; and the head sur- rounded with a slight ring of red : young bird olive-coloured, with the head, throat, breast, and belly sprinkled with red spots. There is a variety of this bird, which has the head, neck, breast, belly, and sides, orange : thighs orange and black mixed : bend of the wing dirty orange : wings with a white spot in the middle : rest of the plum- age black. Inhabits Guiana. GOLD-HEADED MANAKIN. (Pipra erythrocephala.) PT. nigra, vert ice armillisquejulvis. Black Manakin, with the top of the head and ring round the thighs fulvous. Pipra erythrocephala. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 10O1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 556. /. ?>Ianacus aurocapillus. Eriss. 4. 4-48. 4. t. 34. f. 2. Le Manakin a tete d'or. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 418.—Btif. PI. Enl. 34. / 2. Gold-headed black Titmouse. Edwards. 21. Gold-headed Manakin. Penn. Gen. Birds. 64. t. 10. f. 2. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 522. 5. /3. -certice armillisque rubris. With the crown and garter red. Pipra erythrocephala. ft. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339- 6.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 7. Manacus rubro capillus. Briss. 4. 450. 5. Gold-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 523. 5. A. 24 WHITE-CAPPED MAN AKIN. LENGTH three inches and a quarter : beak dull yellow, nearly half an inch in length : cheeks, crown of the head, and nape of the neck, bright golden orange, with a ring of that colour round the legs, which are flesh-colour: rest of the plum- age, wings, and tail, of purplish black. There is a variety which differs in having the top of the head crimson, and thighs white, with a ring of crimson round the lower part : the rest of the body glossy black. Native of Brazil. WHITE-CAPPED MANAKIN. (Pipra leucocilla.) Pi. atra, pileo albo. Black Manakin, with the top of the head white. Pipra leucocilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 9. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 8. Pipra leucocapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002. Manacus albo-capillus. Briss. 4. 446. 3. t. 35.f- 2. Le Manakin a tete blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 41 8.— -Buff. PI. Enl. 34. / 2. White-capped Manakin. Edwards. 2<5o.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 523. 6. LESS than P. erythrocephala : length rather more than three inches : beak grey brown : crown of the head white : remaining parts of the body of a brilliant blue black: thighs with occasionally a red garter : legs and claws reddish. WHITE-HEADED MAXAK1N. 25 There is great probability that this is not dis- tinct from the preceding species, as it is found in Brazil with it, frequenting woods : though, ac- cording to Linnaeus, this birdsings very well, whilst the preceding has only the chirp common to the genus. WHITE-HEADED MANAKINT. (Pipra leucocephala.) Pi. nigra, capite albo. Black Manakin, with a white head. Pipra leucocephala. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 34O. 8. — Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 1001. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 9- White-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 524. /. THE White-headed Manakin is a native of Su- rinam, and is the size of a Wagtail : beak rather strong ; the base ornamented with a few strong bristles : the entire head white : rest of the body black. 26 WHITE-THROATED MAN AKIN. WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN. (Pipra serena.) I Pi. nigra,fronte alba, uropygio cyaneo, venire julvo. Black Manakin, with the forehead white, rump blue, and belly fulvous. Pipra serena. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 11. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 1002. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 556. 5. Manacus alba fronte. Briss. 4. 457- Q. pi. 36. f. 2. Le Manakin vane". Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 423. t. \Q\.f. 1. Manakin a front blanc de Cayenne. Buff: PI. Enl. 324. f. 1. White fronted Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 621. 3. THIS inhabits the same countries as the gene- rality of the species of the genus : it is the size of a Wren : length three and a half inches : beak black: feathers on the forehead black at the base, blue in the middle, and white at the tips : those of the crown without the white ; which makes it appear blue: belly, thighs, and vent, orange: rump blue : rest of the plumage of a shining blue black : legs black. WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN. (Pipra gutturalis.) Pi. nigray gutture albo. Black Manakin, with a white throat. Pipra gutturalis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 340. 10.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 10. BLACK-CAPPED MANAKIX. 2? Manacus gutture albo. Briss. 4. 444. 2. t. 36. f. 1. Le Manakin a gorge blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 421.— Buff. PL Enl. 324. /. 1. White-throated Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syx. 4. 524*. 8. THE lower mandible of the beak of this bird white, the upper blackish : front part of the neck and throat white ; rest of the plumage of a fine polished steel black, except some of the middle quills, which are more or less white on the inner webs : legs and claws red : inhabits the warmer parts of America : length about three inches and three quarters. BLACK-CAPPED MANAKIN. ( Pipra manacus.) Pi. nigra subtus alba, macula, cervicis alarumque alba. Black Manakin, beneath white, with a spot on the neck, and the wings, white. Pipra Manacus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 12. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 556. 6. Manacus. Briss. 4. 442. 1. Le Casse-noisette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 413. Manakin du Bresil. Buff. PI. Enl. 302. /. 1. Manakin a tete noir de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 303. ./. 1. ( female ? ) Black-capped Manakin. Ediv. 26o.f. I.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 521.4. THE Black-capped Manakin is above four inches in length : beak black : crown, and back of the head, the same: chin, fore-part of the neck, and 28 BLACK-CROWDED MAKAKIN. under parts of the body white, which colour passes round the neck, and forms a ring : wings with a large white spot : rest of the plumage dull black : legs orange : female ? without the white spot on the wings. Found on the borders of woods in Guiana ; fre- quenting the neighbourhood of ants nests, and are observed frequently to leap up, uttering a cry, similar to the crack of a nut, which they frequently repeat : they are not able to fly far at a time, but they are very restless, and are seldom seen quite still. BLACK-CROWNED MANAKIN. (Pipra atricapilla.) Pi. cinerca subtus griseo-alba, tectricibus alarum majoribus remi- gibusque nigricantibus, vertice nigro. Ash-coloured Manakin ; beneath grey white, with the greater wing-coverts and quills dusky, crown black. Pipra atricapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 561.22. L'Oiseau cendre* de Guiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 430. Manakin cendre de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 6^.f. 1. Black-crowned Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 532. 19. THIS inhabits Guiana : beak black : upper parts of the body and tail pale ash-colour, the. latter longer and more cuneiform than the rest of the genus: crown of the head black: forehead, cheeks, and all the under parts of the body greyish white : greater wing-coverts and quills dusky black, with grey edges : legs pale grey : length six inches. STRIPED-HEADED MAXAKIX. 29 PICICITLI MAX AKIN. (Pipra Picicitli.) Pi . cinerea, capite collogue atris, macula candente oculos ambiente, acunrine in pectus usque procedentc . Cinereous Manakin, with the head and neck dark-coloured ; a white spot round the eyes, reaching downwards to the breast in a point. Pipra picicitli. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 55Q. 16. Picicitli Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 252. 2. THIS small species is a native of Mexico, where it generally appears after the rainy season : its general colour is cinereous : the head and neck are black ; the former with a large white spot on each side, including the eye, and reaching down- wards to the breast. It does not sing, and will not bear confinement : is said to be very good to eat. STRIPED-HEADED MANAKIV. (Pipra striata.) Pi. c'mereo-fusca subtus jlavtscens, vertice nigro striis aUtis, loris remigibusque secundariis apice Jlavis, alula rectriceque extima apice albis. Grey-brown Manakin, yellowish beneath, top of the head black ; with white stripes; lores and secondary quills yellow at the tips. Pipra striata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 10O3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 558. 13. Striped-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 526./. 54.— Lath. Syn. Snp. 188. 30 SPECKLED MANAKIN. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham, from a specimen in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, as follows : " length four inches and a half: beak brown: crown of the head and nape black, with a stripe of white down the shafts of each feather : hind part of the neck and back of a brownish ash- colour, inclining to olive near the rump : between the beak and eye a deep yellow spot: the wing- coverts are brownish : the bastard wings tipped with white, and some of the outer coverts tipped with yellow, making an oblique band near the outer edge of the wing : the quills dusky ; the third shorter in proportion than any of the others, being a quarter of an inch shorter than the second, though all the others are of the usual length : the under parts of the bird are yellowish, growing very pale near the vent : under tail-coverts are buff-colour: the tail black ; very short: the outer feather tipped with white : legs dusky." Supposed to inhabit Van Dieman's Land. SPECKLED MANAKIN. (Pipra purictata.) Pi. griseafusco, undulata, vertice alisque nigris albopunctatis, tec- tricibus caudce rubris. Grey Manakin, waved with brown, with the crown and wings black, spotted with white, tail-coverts red. Pipra punctata. Shaw. Nat. Misc. p. 111. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ivi. 1. Speckled Manakin. Shatu. Nat. Misc. 1 1 l.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 253. 4. THIS variable species is a native of New Hol- land. In one specimen mentioned by Dr. Latham, LITTLE MAN AKIN. 31 the bill was black : forehead, and between the beak and eye, yellowish : the top of the head and back of the neck black, marked with pale spots : back and wing-coverts brownish yellow, with the middle of each feather dark brown : the outer edge of the wing, quills, and tail black, with white spots : all the under parts of the body yellowish white, with a red tinge on the breast : rump crim- son ; lower part of the back dullyellow: legs brown : another had only the top of the head black, spotted with white : hind part of the neck blue grey : forehead, and between the beak and eye, yellow- ish ; the yellowish colour passing through the latter. LITTLE MANAKI3ST. (Pipra minuta.) Pi. grisea, caplte nigro albo punctato, pectore Jlavescente lixeis transfer sis nigris. Grey Manakin, with the head black, spotted with white ; breast yellowish, with transverse black lines. Pipra Minuta. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 34O. 13. — Gmeh Syst. Nat. 1. 1003. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 558. 12. Little Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 526. 10. THIS little bird is the size of a Wren : head black, each feather spotted with white : back and wings grey : breast yellowish, undulated with black: tail brown, with pale margins: male marked with flesh-coloured spots on the fore-part of his head. Inhabits India. 32 TUNEFUL MANAKIX. SPOTTED MANAKIN. (Pipra naevia.) Pi .Jusca subtusjulva, gulajuguloque nigris, pectore fascia alarum bifida rectridbusque apice albis. Brown Manakin, beneath fulvous, with the throat and jugu- lura black ; breast, bifid fascia on the wing, and quills white at the tips. Pipra naevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 559. 14. Fourmilier tachete* de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 823. f. 2. Spotted Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 527. 12. INHABITS Cayenne : length four inches : beak dusky: throat and chin black: breast and upper part of the belly white : breast and sides spotted with black : upper parts of the body, quills, and tail brown : wings with two white bars : lower part of the back, some of the secondaries on their outer web, and tip of the tail, white : lower belly, thighs, and vent, orange : legs brown. TUNEFUL MANAKIN. (Pipra musica.) Pi. nigricans, corpore subtus uropygioquejulvis, gutture genisque nigris, vertice nuchaque cceruleis,frontejlava. Dusky Manakin, with the body beneath and rump fulvous, throat and cheeks black, top of the head and nucha blue, forehead yellow. Pipra musica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 562. 28. ORANGE-BELLIED MAXAKIX. 33 L'Organiste. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 2QO.—Bu/.Pl. Enl. Big. /I- Tuneful Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 534. 25. THIS active and agreeable bird is in length four inches: beak dusky: forehead yellow : crown and nape blue : upper part of the back, wings, and tail, dusky black : lower part of the back and rump orange : chin, cheeks, and throat black : breast, belly, vent, and thighs orange : legs dusky. The song of this bird is said to be the complete octave, which it repeats for a considerable length of time together note after note successively. It is common in St. Domingo, and like the Wood- peckers and Creepers, it shifts itself round the branches of the trees with such rapidity that it is not easily shot. ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN. (Pipra capensis.) Pi. obsciira, subtusful-co-Jtavescem. Obscure Manakin, beneath of a fulvous yellow- colour. i pra capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004. — Lath. //«/. Orn. 2. 561. 26. Orange-bellied Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 533. 23. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham, from a specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks. It is in length four inches : its beak is black : plumage on the upper parts of the body dusky : edge of the wing, and all beneath, pale yellowish orange : quills dusky, with pale margins : legs dusky. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. v. x. P. i. 3 SUPERCILIOUS MAN AKIN. (Pipra superciliosa. ) Pi. castaneo-rufa subtus flavescens, superciliis allidis supra nigro marginatis, rectricibus albo maculatis. Chesnut red Manakin, beneath yellowish ; supercilia whitislr above, margined with black ; quills spotted with white. Pipra superciliosa. Lath. 2nd. Orn. Sup. II. Ivi. 2. Supercilious Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 253. 5. SIZE of Pipra pnnctata : beak brown : supercilia white, with a black stripe above: prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage pale reddish chesnut: under parts dirty yellowish white: quills brown: tail black ; the two middle feathers spotted on the sides, and the others at the ends, with white : legs brown. Inhabits New Holland. MIACATOTOTL MANAKIN. (Pipra Miacatototl.) Pi. nigra plumis candentibus intersertis, venire pallente, alis cau- daque inferne cinereis. Black Manakin, varied with whitish feathers, with the belly palish : wings and tail beneath cinereous. Pipra Miacatototl. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560. 19. Miacatototl Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 252. 3. DESCRIBED by Fernandez, who states, that it is a small bird, and is found sitting on the top of maize C I \EREOUS MAN AKIN. 35 plants ; that its belly is palish ; rest of the body black ; wings with a few white spots ; under tail- coverts cinereous : is good food, and is fond of cool places. CINEREOUS MANAKIX. (Pipra cinerea.) Pi. cinerea, abdomine dnereo-albido. Ash-coloured Manakin, with the abdomen of an ash-coloured white. Pipra cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004. — Lath. fuel. Orn. 2. 562. 27. Cinereous Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 533. 24. THE Cinereous Manakin is in length three inches and a half: prevailing colour of the plumage ash- colour ; palest beneath : the belly very pale, in- clining to white. Country unknown. PARUS. TITMOUSE. Generic Character. Rostrum validiusculum, in- tegerrimum, subcompres- sum, basi setis tectum. Lingua truncata, setis termi- nata. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Beak strong, intire, a little compressed, hard, with the base covered with reflected bristles. Tongue truncated, the end terminated with bristles. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. A HE Titmice are noted for the peculiar elegant construction of their nests, which are composed of the softest materials ; many of them are fastened to the extreme end of a small branch of a tree that projects over the water, by which contrivance they are well secured from the attacks of quadrupeds and reptiles. They are very prolific, even to a proverb, many of them laying near twenty eggs, which they attend with great solicitude, and pro- vide for their young with the most indefatigable industry : they are very lively and active little birds ; are constantly in motion ; and possess a great degree of strength and courage, many of them venturing to attack birds above three times their own size ; they will even pursue an Owl with fury, endeavouring to destroy its eyes. When they GREAT TITMOUSE. 37 conquer a bird they always pierce a hole in the skull and eat the brains, which they will also do, if they find one that has recently died : they are very partial to flesh, particularly fat, which they eat with the greatest avidity: their principal food consists of insects, which they obtain in the spring by biting oft" the opening buds*, and in the summer by searching in cracks and crevices of trees. These birds are found over all parts of the old world, and many of them throughout the Ame- rican continent and West-Indian islands ; also in New Zealand, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean. GREAT TITMOUSE. (Parus major.) PA. tiridi-olh-uceus subtiis Jlavescens, capite nigro, temporibus albis, nucha lutea. Olive-green Titmouse, beneath yellowish, with the head black, temples white, and top of the neck yellowish. Parus major. Lin, Syst. Xat. 1. 341. 3. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 265. —Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 1003.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 562. 1. — Briss. 3. 539. 1. La grosse Mesange, ou Charbonniere. Buff". Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 392. 17. —Buff: PL Enl.3.f. 1. Great Titmouse. Penn. Brit. Zoo/. 1. 162. — Penn. Arct. ZooL 2. 425. A.—Albin. 1.46.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 636. I.— Be- wick. Brit. Birds. 1. 237.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 2.— Don. Brit. Birds. 1. 16. — Levin. Brit. Birds. 3. 121. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, t. 33. * By doing which they are in fact beneficial, and not, as is generally supposed, detrimental to the horticulturist. SB GREAT TITMOUSE. WEIGHT about ten drachms : length near six inches : beak black : irides dusky : head and throat black : cheeks white : back olive green : rump blueish grey : belly yellow, tinged with green, with a broad black stripe down the middle, reach- ing to the vent : quills dusky : wing-coverts blue- ish, the greater ones tipped with white: tail dusky; the outer feathers white on the exterior webs ; the others margined with blueish grey : legs lead- colour: claws black: female with the ventral black stripe much less conspicuous than the male. This bird is found throughout Europe, and is said to have been found as far as the Cape of Good Hope. Its nest is composed of moss, and lined with hair ; it is generally placed in the hole of a wall or a tree : it lays from six to eight eggs, which are white, spotted with rust-colour, so very like those of the Nuthatch, that they can scarcely be distinguished from them. They weigh about thirty grains : the young when hatched leave the nest, but remain in the immediate neighbourhood till the ensuing spring, when they separate in pairs, and establish a new colony : the young birds are said by Buffon to fly when they are about fifteen days old ; although they cannot see for several days after they are hatched : this species will build its nest twice or thrice in a season, if the first nests have been destroyed : it will also lay its eggs in a hole of a rotten tree, without any appearance of a nest. The common note of this bird is a sort of chatter, but in the spring it assumes a greater variety, a shrill whistle, and a very singular noise, somewhat AZURE TITMOUSE. 39 like the whetting of a saw ; which cease with in- cubation : its flesh is very bitter : it will live about five years, but is very seldom kept in confinement, as its song is not sufficiently varied to please. Lewin mentions a curious variety of this bird, in which the two mandibles of the beak crossed each other like those of Crucirostra vulgaris : it was taken near Feversham in Kent. AZURE TITMOUSE. (Parus cyanus.) PA. dilute cccruleus subtus albus, uropygio et vertice cano-albidis, cervicis albce fascia lata, humeris tectricibusque caudce cceruleis. Pale blue Titmouse, beneath white, with the rump and crown hoary white, with a band of that colour on the upper parts of the neck ; shoulders and tail-coverts blue. Parus cyanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1007. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 563. 3. Parus sabyensis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1008. La grosse mesange bleue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 455. Azure Titmouse. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 426. c. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 538. 3.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 18p. 3. THIS beautiful species was first described by Aldrovandus : it is the size of P. major : beak blue black ; the edges dirty white : forehead, crown, and cheeks, white : from the beak to the hind head, passing through the eye, is a blue stripe, with a pale band beneath : from the breast to the middle of the belly an irregular oblong blue mark ; rest of the under parts white : wings varied with white, lead-colour, and blue ; the first 40 BLUE TITMOUSE. forming a stripe across the wing : quills brown : primaries with the inner edge white, the outer blue: tips of all white: back and rump pale blue: upper tail-coverts deep blue, with white tips : tail blue, with the outer edges of the feathers whitish, increasing in width to the exterior feather, which has the whole of the outer web white : legs and claws black: inhabits the northern parts of Europe in great abundance, particularly in the forests of Siberia and Russia : it is migratory, as it is only found in the neighbourhood of St. Petersburgh in the winter, most probably coming from the north : it twitters like the Sparrow, but is much more agreeable. BLUE TITMOUSE. (Parus caeruleus.) PA, olivaceo virescens subtus lutcus, remigibus ccerulescentibus, primoribus margine exteriore albis^fronte alba, rertice cceruleo. Olive-green Titmouse, beneath yellowish, with the quills blue, the outer margin of the primaries white, forehead white, and crown blue. Parus cseruleus. Lyn. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. 5.— Lin. Faun. Suec. 267.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. ICOS.—Briss. 3. 544. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 566. 12. La Mesange bleue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 413. — Buff. PI. Enl. 3.f. 2. Blue Titmouse. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 163. t. 5f.f. 2. — Penn. Arct. . Zool. 2. 427. 8. — Albin. Birds. 1.47. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 543. 10. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 23p. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Mont. Sup. — Shaw. Nat. Misc. 138. — Don. Brit. Birds. 57. — L&win. Brit. Birds. 3. 120. BLUE TITMOUSE. 41 THIS elegant little bird is in length four inches and a half: its beak is dusky: irides dark hazel: forehead and cheeks white ; that on the former in- clines backwards, and forms a line round the crown of the head (which is of a clear blue) ; behind this there is a circle of blue, surrounding the head, and joining at the base of the under mandible, where it is nearly black : from the beak, through the eyes, is a narrow black line : the back is yel- lowish green : quills black, with blueish edges : wing-coverts blue, edged with white : under parts of the body yellow : tail blue, the two middle feathers longest : female rather smaller than the male, has less blue on the head, and the colours in general are not so bright. This well known bird is an inhabitant of Europe : it is supposed to be very destructive to gardens and orchards, by plucking off the buds in search of insects, and their larvae that are lodged within ; but whether it does more harm than good has never been correctly ascertained : it is fond of flesh of any description, either fresh or putrid, and will attack birds smaller than itself, and eat them to the bone : it is also fond of oats, which it takes between its claws and hammers with its beak till it breaks the shell : the nest is made in the hollows of trees, of moss lined with feathers and hair : the female lays seven or eight eggs, white, speckled with rust colour; she is very tena- cious of her nest, and will suffer herself to be taken rather than quit it ; and upon that occasion will hiss like a snake, 'erect all her feathers, and 42 AMOROUS TITMOUSE. utter a noise like the spitting of a cat : if it is handled, it will bite very sharply : its note is far from pleasing, consisting only of a disagreeable shriek : before the young are hatched, if the nest is touched it will forsake it, especially if one of the eggs should be broken. AMOROUS TITMOUSE. (Parus amorosus.) PA. cceruleo-nigricans, macula alarum longitudinali rufojlavoque dimidiata. Dusky-blue Titmouse, with a longitudinal spot on the wings half red, half yellow. Parus amorosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 508. 17- Parus amatorius. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1015. La Mesange amoureuse. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 456. Amorous Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 546. 15. THIS species is called the Amorous on account of its disposition, as, when kept in confinement in pairs, nothing can exceed the fondness of the sexes for one another : it inhabits the northern parts of Asia : it is five inches and a quarter in length : weighs three drachms : its beak is above half an inch in length, and is black at the base, and orange at the tip : wing with a longitudinal fascia on the middle, half yellow, half rufous : rest of the plumage of a dark slate colour, verging on black. CREEPING TITMOUSE. (Parus americanus.) PA. ccerulescenS) temporibus pectore dorsoquejla'cescentibus, hypo- chondriis purpurascentibus. Blue Titmouse, with the temples, breast, and back yellowish, sides of the body purplish. Parus americanus. Lin. St/st. Nat. 1. 341. 4. — GmeL Si/st. Nat. 1. 10O7. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 571. 28. Ficedula carolinensis cinerea. Briss. 3. 522. 66* Creeping Titmouse. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 326. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 558. 27. THE Creeping Titmouse is found in various parts of North America : it is the size of the White- throat : the upper mandible of its beak is brown ; the under one yellow : head blue : above and beneath the eye a white spot : upper part of the back yellowish green : rest of the upper parts dusky blue : quills blackish, within white, mar- gined with blueish ash-colour: wing-coverts spotted with white, forming two bands of that colour on the wings : throat yellow : neck with a half collar of a black colour : breast bright yellow : belly white : sides sprinkled with reddish spots : tail dusky black : the two middle feathers blueish; the rest margined with the same ; the two outer ones with a white spot towards the tip : legs yellowish: female variegated with black and brown. 44 SIBERIAN TITMOUSE. (Parus sibiricus.) PA. griseo-fuscus subtus albidus, abdomine nifo-griseo, collo in- feriore medio nigro, hypochondriis rufescentibus . Grey-brown Titmouse, beneath whitish, with the abdomen red- dish grey, under part of the neck black in the middle, hypo- chondria rufescent. Parus sibiricus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1013. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 571. 25. La Mesange a ceinture blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 446. La Mesange de Siberie. Buff. PI. Enl. 708../. 3. Sibirian Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn.k. 556. 23. THIS bird is in length five inches : beak black- ish : top of the head, and above the eye, grey brown : wings cinereous brown; quills edged with rufous grey : lower part of the back the same : throat and middle of the front of. the neck and breast black, bordered on the sides, and with the breast white; from thence to the vent rufous grey: tail slightly wedge-shaped, nearly two inches in length, and of a cinereous brown colour : the outer feathers edged with rufous grey : legs dusky. Inhabits Siberia. LATHAM'S TITMOUSE. (Parus Lathami,) PA. cinereo-fuscus subtus fronteque albus, collo subtus pectoreque medio nigris, cauda longiore obscura. KNJAESCIK TITMOUSE. 45 Cinereous brown Titmouse, with the under parts and forehead white; neck beneath and middle of the breast black ; tail long and dusky. Parus sibiricus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 571. 25. Siberian Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 556. 23. A. CONSIDERED by Dr. Latham as a variety of P. sibiricus, but it is evidently different, having a much longer tail, and without any rufous tinge on either the breast or the bottom of the back ; neither is the black on the chin and throat so broad : its beak and legs are black : the upper parts of the plumage pale cinereous : quills dusky, with hoary margins : forehead and under parts white : throat and middle of the breast black. Native place unknown. KNJAESCIK TITMOUSE. (Parus Knjaescik.) PA. albus, subtus macula, continua, linea oculari et-collari lividis. White Titmouse, with a continued stripe beneath, line through the eyes, and the collar livid. Parus Knjaescik. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 572. 30. Knjaescik Titmouse. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 256. 5. THE Knjaescik Titmouse inhabits the oak woods of Siberia, and is entirely white, with the excep- tion of a livid-coloured collar; a stripe of the same through the eyes, and a continued one on the under parts of the body. CRIMSON-HUMPED TITMOUSE. (Parus peregrinus.) PA. uropygio coccineo, corpore cinereo subtus albo. Titmouse with a crimson rump, cinereous body, beneath white. •Parus peregrinus. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 10JO. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 564, 4, Parus coccineus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 101 7» Crimson-rum ped Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 53Q. 4. THE male of this bird has the beak whitish : the head, neck, and back, ash-colour : between the beak and eye, and under the latter, dusky : front of the neck and breast deep orange-colour : upper part of the wings black, with the bases of some of the feathers orange, forming a spot of that colour on them : under part pale yellow : rump orange- colour : vent whitish : tail black, all but the four middle feathers tipped with orange : female paler above, with the whole of the under parts dusky white : rump and spot on the wings orange, the latter palest : in other respects she resembles the male, except in having more of the tail-feathers tipped with orange. Native place unknown. INDIAN TITMOUSE. (Parus indicus.) PA. cinereus subtus albidus, pectore abdomine crissoque ferrugi- neist rostro pedibus alis caudaque nigro^fuscis. NEW ZEALAND TITMOUSE. 47 Ash-coloured Titmouse, beneatli whitish, with the breast, abdo- men, and vent ferruginous ; beak, feet, wings, and tail, black- brown. Parus indicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1015. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 572. 29. Indian Titmouse. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 256. 4. SIZE of P. major: beak brown: forehead dusky: prevailing colour of the upper parts of the body ash-colour: wing-coverts dusky, with ash-coloured margins : quills dusky : chin and throat dirty white : breast, belly, and vent, ferruginous : tail dusky and slightly forked : legs brown. Inhabits India. NEW ZEALAND TITMOUSE. (Parus novae Zealandiae.) PA. cincreo-ruber subtus ritfo griseus, superciliis albis, rectricibus duabus intermediis nigris, lateralilus media macula quadrata alba. Reddish ash-coloured Titmouse, beneath reddish-orrey, with the supercilia white, the two middle tail-feathers black, and the lateral ones with a square white spot in the middle. Parus novae Zealandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 571. 27. New Zealand Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 558. 26. CALLED Toe-Toe in New Zealand, where it is found : it is five inches in length : beak brown, with a dusky tip: forehead rufous: supercilia white: cheeks and sides of the head ash-colour: 48 CAPE TITMOUSE. upper parts of the body pale ash-coloured red, variegated with brown : quills pale brown : under parts of the body pale rufous grey : two middle tail-feathers black ; the others similar in colour to the back, with a square white spot about the mid- dle : legs dusky : claws black. CAPE TITMOUSE. (Parus capensis.) PA. cinereo-griseus, remigibus nigrisalbo marginatis, cauda nigra sultus alba. Ash-coloured grey Titmouse, with the quills black margined with white ; tail black, beneath white. Parus capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1011. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5/0. 22. La Mesange du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 2O6. t. 115. Le petit Deuil. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 445. Cape Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 552. 19. BEAK black : irides red : the head, neck, back, belly, and wing-coverts, pale ash-coloured grey : quills black, with white edges : tail black above, white beneath : legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; and makes a nest of a cottony substance, which is placed in the thickest shrubs : it is the shape of a short- necked bottle ; the neck of the nest is narrow, and on the outside there is a sort of additional nest for the male, whilst the female is sitting. MALABAR TITMOUSE. (Parus malabaricus. ) PA. griseus, gula alls rectricibusque duabus intermediis nigris, corpore subtus uropygio macula alarum basique tectricum late- raUumfuhis. Grey Titmouse, with the throat, wings, and two middle tail- feathers black ; body beneath, rump, spot on the base of the wings, and sides of their coverts fulvous. Parus raalabaricus. Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 1012. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 56±. 5. La Mesange de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 2O4 . M14./1. Malabar Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 555. 22. BEAK black : irides red : head, hind part of the neck, and back grey: wing-coverts black, some of the lower ones with a pale reddish spot: second- ary and greater quills black : the tertials half red, half black : the throat black : breast, belly, and vent, fulvous : under tail-coverts pale rufous : two middle tail-feathers black, the rest pale red, with black tips : legs black : length of the bird near six inches : female not so brilliant in colour : all the under parts rufous yellow ; in other re- spects she resembles the male. Inhabits the Ma- labar coast. v.x. P. i. 50 GUIANA TITMOUSE. (Parus Cela.) PA. niger, rostra albot macula alarum basique caudaflavis. Black Titmouse, with a white beak, base of the tail and spot on the wings yellow. Parus Cela. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 343. 14. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1015.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 568. 16. La Mesange noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 458. Guiana Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 546. 14. THE whole plumage of this species black, with the exception of a spot on the wings, and one at the base of the tail, which are yellow : beak and legs white. Inhabits Guiana. VIRGINIAN TITMOUSE. (Parus Virginianus.) PA.fusco olivaceus subtus griseus, uropygio luteo. Olive-brown Titmouse, beneath grey, with a luteous rump. Parus Virginianus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 342. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1010 — Briss. 3. 575. 14. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.567- 15. La Mesange & croupion jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 453. Virginian Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 325. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 546. 13. THIS bird is five inches in length : the beak is blackish : the head and all the upper parts of the body are olive brown : rump of a beautiful yel- -Mutt -HEAMEIJ) TITMOUSE, GREAT-HEADED TITMOUSE. 51 low : under parts of the body grey : legs and claws brown : both sexes are similar. Inhabits Virginia. GREAT-HEADED TITMOUSE. (Parus macrocephalus.) PA. niger, abdomine albido, pectore sub/ulvo, fronte maculaquc alarum albis. Black Titmouse, with the abdomen white, breast slightly fulvous, forehead and spot on the wings white. Parus macrocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 571.26. Great-headed Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 557- 24. t. 55. THIS singular looking bird is figured and thus described by Dr. Latham. " It is in length four inches and a half: beak small, pale, and furnished with a few weak bristles at the base : the head very full of feathers, appearing very dispropor- tionate to the size of the bird : the head, neck, and back, dusky black : on the forehead, just over the beak, a spot of white : on the wing a bar of white : the breast is orange ; the rest of the under parts buff yellow, with a mixture of black on the thighs : the tail is long and rounded in shape ; the colour of it black ; the two outer feathers white, with the ends black, divided obliquely; the next white within near the tip : legs dusky brown : female is pale brown above : all beneath yellow : 52 CANADA TITMOUSE. the beak and spot over it as in the male : quills dusky." Dr. Latham also mentions a variety which has the breast of a beautiful crimson in lieu of orange : this species also varies in the tail ; some having only the four middle tail-feathers black ; the others white, with the outer edges and tips black. Found in Norfolk Island, and Queen Charlotte's Bay, New Zealand, in which latter place it is called Mirro-Mirro. CANADA TITMOUSE. (Parus atricapillus.) PA. pileo gulaque nigris, corpore cinereo subhts albo. Titmouse with the crown and throat black, body cinereous, beneath white. Parus atricapillus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 10O8.— Lath. Ind. Orn.2.566. }0.—Briss. 3. 553. 6. t. 2Q. ./!• La Mesange & tfete noire de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 408. Black-capt Titmouse. Wilson. Amer. Orn. 1. 135. pi. Q.f. 4. Canada Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 328. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 548. 9. LENGTH four and a half inches : upper parts of the head black : hind part of the neck, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts cinereous ; greater coverts brown, with grey margins : quills brown, fringed with whitish on the inner, and grey on the outer HUDSON'S BAY TITMOUSE. o3 webs : rump pale cinereous : upper tail-coverts dirty white: tail brown, with grey margins: the two middle feathers cinereous : throat black : cheeks and all the under parts of the body white : legs and claws blackish. Native of the United States of North America; generally observed about autumn and winter amongst evergreens, on the seeds of which they feed : about the middle of April they build their nests in the deserted hole of a Woodpecker or Squirrel, or digging one out with great labour : the female lays six white eggs, sprinkled with red ; the first brood appears about the beginning of June, and the second towards the end of July. The Hudson's Bay Titmouse of Latham is sup- posed by Wilson to be only the young of this species, it agreeing tolerably well with the de- scription, and being found within the limits of the countries with the Black-capt Titmouse. HUDSON S BAY TITMOUSE. (Parus Hadsonicus.) P. \.fnsco rubescens, dor so cinereo, jugulo atro, fascia suboculari pectoreque albis, hypochondriis rtifis. Fuscous red Titmouse, with an ash-coloured back, dark jugu- lura, fascia beneath the eye, and the breast white, sides rufous. Parus Hudsonicus. Philos. Transac. 62. 408. — GmeL Syst. Xaf. 1. 1013. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 566. 11. Hudson's Bay Titmouse. Philos. Transac. 62. 408. — Pen. Arct. Zool 2. "^g.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 557. 24.— LatJi. Syn. Sup. 190. 54 BLACK-BREASTED TITMOUSE. DESCRIBED by Dr. Forstcr in the Philosophical Transactions. It is in length five inches : weighs half an ounce : beak black : head rusty brown : cheeks white : back cinereous green : wings brown ; quills margined with ash-colour : throat black, bounding the white on the cheeks : breast and belly white ; sides of the latter rust-coloured: rump rufous white : tail two inches and a half in length, of the same colour as the wings, and slightly rounded : legs black : both sexes are similar in colour, and have the feathers long and loose, with their bases black. It inhabits the settlements at Hudson's Bay, where it braves the most severe weather : it frequents juniper bushes, and lays five eggs : it is called Peche-ke~ke-sliish by the natives : in the winter it is seen in small flocks, and feeds upon seeds and berries, but in the summer it feeds upon mosquitoes and other insects : it builds its nest in the juniper bushes, made of grass and lined with feathers : it has no song, but only a slight chirp. BLACK-BREASTED TITMOUSE. (Parus afer.) PA. nigricans, genis nucha abdomineque albis, collo subtus pec- toreque nigris. Dusky Titmouse, with the cheeks, nucha, and abdomen white, neck beneath and breast black. Parus afer. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1010. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 564. 7. Black-breasted Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 53Q. 6. JAPAN TITMOUSE. 55 IN length six inches : plumage above dusky : sides of the head, and orbits of the eye, white j neck on each side with a stripe of the same colour: hind head with a white spot: chin, throat, and breast, black : belly dirty white : quills brown : tail black : the outer web of the exterior feathers white ; the next to it tipped with white : legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. De- scribed by Dr. Latham. JAPAN TITMOUSE. (Parus japonicus.) PA. gula ft capite nigris, nucha fascia alba vel lutea, dorso cinc- reo, subtus alba. Titmouse with a black head and throat, white or yellowish band on the nape, ash-coloured back, and under parts of the body white. Parus palustris. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 565. p. Marsh Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 542. 8. B. N TAKEN off the coast of Japan, and described as a variety of the Marsh Titmouse by Dr. Latham, which it is very much like, but differs chiefly in having a black chii\ and coloured nape ; all the rest of the under parts of the body white : one sex has the whole head black, with a white band across the hind part : the other has the top of the head only black, with the nape yellowish. 56 MAESH TITMOUSE. ( Parus palustris. ) PA. capite nigro, dorso cinereo, temporibus albis. Titmouse with a black head, ash-coloured back, and white temples. Parus palustris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. 8. — Lin. Faun. Sttec. 26g.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 1009. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 565. 9. La Nonette cendree. Briss. 3. 555. 7. La Mesange de marais. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 403. — Buff. PL Enl. 3.f. 3. Le Mesange a gorge noire. Buff. PI. Enl. 502. f. \ . Marsh Titmouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. i. 165. t. 5?. f. 4.-— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 427. 2. — AlUn. Birds. 3. t. 38. f. 1. — Beivick. Brit. Birds. 1. 242.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 541. 8. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 189. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. 3, 119- LENGTH not quite five inches : beak black : irides dark hazel: the crown of the head and part of the neck behind deep sooty black : cheeks dirty white : throat black, in some individuals spotted with white : breast, belly, and sides, dirty white : back ash-coloured : quills and tail dusky, lightest on their outer margins : legs dark lead-colour. Buffon describes a variety which differs in having the black spot on the throat much larger, and the colours much more brilliant : the female without the black on the head, which is nearly of the same colour as the upper parts of the body. The Marsh Titmouse is fond of low wet ground, where old willow trees abound, in the hollows of which it often makes its nest. Mr. Montagu COILE TITMOUSE COLE TITMOUSE. says he has observed one excavating the decayed parts of that tree, carrying the chips in its beak to some distance, always working downwards, and making the bottom for the reception of the nest larger than the entrance : its nest is com- posed of moss and thistle down, intermixed oc- casionally with wool, and lined with down : the eggs are five or six in number, spotted at the larger end with rusty ; weight about twenty grains. This species is very fond of wasps, bees, and other insects ; it will also eat flesh, like the greater Titmouse: it is said to lay up a store of seeds against the winter. It is found throughout Europe, and is more plentiful than the Cole Titmouse. COLE TITMOUSE. (Parus ater.) PA. dorso cinereo, capite nigro, occipite pectoreque albo. Titmouse with an ash-coloured back, black head, white occiput and breast. Parus ater. Lin. Syst. Naf. 1. 3-J 1. /. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 268.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. lOGQ.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 564. 8. .Parus atricapillus. Briss. 3. 551. 5. La petit Charbonniere. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 400. Colemouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 164. t. SJ.f. 3. — Pen. Arct. Zoo/. 2. 327.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 540. 7. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 241.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Mont. Sup. — Lnain. Brit. Birds. 3. t. ISO.— Don. Brit. Birds. 4. t. /$. THE Cole Titmouse weighs about two drachms and a quarter : length four inches and a quarter : 58 COLE TITMOUSE. beak dusky : irides hazel : crown of the head glossy black, with a white spot dividing it behind: cheeks white : throat and under side of the neck black : breast and belly of a yellowish white ; the sides more yellow : quills, back, rump, and tail, of a blueish grey colour ; on the rump inclining to buff: smaller wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with white : legs and claws lead-colour. This is abundant in most parts of England, frequenting woods and gardens, but chiefly the former : it lives entirely on insects, and does not seem to be fond of flesh or grain, like many of the species : its nest is placed in a hole in a tree or wall; it is constructed of moss and wool, and lined with hair : its eggs are six or seven in number, white, spotted with rusty red, very similar to those of the preceding species, but the spots are more numerous. Dr. Latham appears to doubt whether this and the Marsh Titmouse be distinct ; but they differ so essentially, that we must consider them dis- tinct : this species is much smaller j has the head of a glossy black ; but the white spot behind the head is never found in the other ; neither has it any white on the wing-coverts, which is always to be met with in this, even in young birds. LONG-TAILF.n TITMOUSE. 59 CHINESE TITMOUSE. (Parus sinensis.) PA.ferrugineo-fuscus, capiie collogue diluiioribus ; remigibus can,' daqucfuscis nigro-marginatis. Rusty-brown Titmouse, with the head and neck paler, with the quills and tail brown, margined with black. Parus sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 21. — Lath, Ind. Orn.2. 570. 24. Chinese Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 555. 21. INHABITS China: length near four inches : beak short, and black : prevailing colour of the plumage rust-coloured brown, head and neck palest : quills brown, with black edges: tail the same, rather long : legs red. LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. (Parus caudatus.) PA. albo roseo nigroque longitudinaliter varius, vert ice albo, cauda long lore. Titmouse varied longitudinally with white, rose-colour, and black, with a white crown, and long tail. Parus caudatu*. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 11.— Lin. Faun. Suec. 83. I./ 63.— Groe/. Syst. Nat. 1. 1010.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5(59. 20. Parus longicaudus. firm. 3. 570. 13. La Mesange a longue queue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 457. t. ig. —Buff. PL En!. 502. / 3. Long-tailed Titmouse. Pen. Brit. Zoo/. 9. 166.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 428- G.—Albin. Birds. 2. 5J. f. 1.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 550.—- Lath. Syn. Sup. IpO.— Beivick. Brit. Birds. I. 243.— Mont. Brit. Birds. l.—Mont. Sup — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. t.l6. — Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3.t. 121. 60 LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. THIS most elegant and beautiful species has a short and thick beak of a black colour : irides hazel; orbits of the eyes yellow : top of the head white, variegated with grey : through each eye there is a broad black band, which extends back- wards, and unites on the hind head, from whence it passes down the back to the rump j which, with the rest of the back, belly, sides, and vent, is of a dull rose-colour : sides of the head, throat, and under part of the neck white, mixed with grey : wing-coverts black : quills dusky, with pale mar- gins : tail composed of twelve feathers of un- equal length ; the two middle ones being three inches and two lines, the next on each side three inches and a half, the third three inches and a quarter, the fourth three inches, the fifth two inches seven lines, and the outer one one inch and three quarters ; the four middle feathers are en- tirely black, the next has a slight white spot on the outer web near the tip, and the others are tip- ped and obliquely marked with white on the ex- terior webs : legs and claws black : some specimens have the whole of the upper part of the neck black : the under parts greyish white, except the vent and sides, which are purplish ; and an obscure dusky band across the breast : this is one of the smallest of the genus, measuring only five inches and a quarter, of which the tail includes upwards of three inches : weight near two drachms. The nest of this singular species is generally fixed firmly in the fork of some bush, or branch of a tree : it is of a long oval form, with a small hole T-OXG-TAILED TITMOUSE. 61 at the side as an entrance : the outside is com- posed of moss, wool, and dry grass, curiously and firmly woven together with wool, and lined with an immense quantity of feathers : it takes four or five weeks to complete its habitation. The female lays about a dozen eggs at one brood, and not, as is generally] supposed, upwards of twenty: they weigh about twelve grains ; are white, sprinkled with rust-coloured spots at the larger end. This bird is found in Italy and the northern countries of Europe, and frequents low situations, especially where the trees are covered with moss and lichen : it is very common in orchards and gardens, injuring the trees in the same manner as the rest of the genus, by plucking off the buds to search for insects; it flies very swiftly, and from its slender shape it seems like a dart flying through the air : it is an active, restless creature, running up and down the branches of trees with the great- est facility, and flying backwards and forwards. In the spring it is said to sing very prettily, though at other times it has but a shrill call. The young birds remain with the parents during the winter, and in the night they assemble and go to rest on a branch of a tree, and are huddled together so close as to appear like a ball of down : many small birds are observed to do the same. BEARDED TITMOUSE. (Partis biarmicus.) PA. rufus vertice cano, capite larbato, crisso nigro, cauda corpore longiore. Rufous Titmouse, with a hoary crown, head bearded, and vent black ; tail longer than the body. Parus biarmicus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 12. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 84.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 101 1. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 5/0. 23. Parus barbatus. Briss. 3. 567 '• 12. La Mesange barbue, ou la Moustache. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 518. 18,—Bii/. PI. Enl. 618. f. 1.2. Least Butcher Bird. Edwards. 55. Bearded Titmouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1.167. — Pen. -drct. Zool. 1. 428. H. — Albin. Birds. 1. 48. — Lath. Gen. St/n.4. 552. 20. — Lath. Syn. Sup. ipo. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 246.— Mont. Brit. Birds. I. — Mont. Sup. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. t.l. — Leivin. Brit. Birds. 3. t. 122. THIS elegant bird is about six inches and a quarter in length, of which the tail makes one half: the beak is near half an inch long, of an orange colour, which changes after death to a dingy yellow : irides yellow : head pale ash-colour : be- neath the eye is a tuft of loose black feathers, ending in a point downwards : hind part of the neck and back light rufous orange : scapulars whitish : quills dusky ; the inner webs of the pri- maries white ; the edges of the secondaries and the greater coverts the same colour as the back : throat white : breast cinereous flesh-colour ; belly, sides, and thighs, like the back, but paler : vent and HTMCTTSE. BEARDED TITMOUSE. 63 under tail-coverts black : tail about three inches long, very much wedge-shaped, and of the same colour as the back ; the three outer feathers more or less tipped with white ; black towards the base : legs black. The female differs in having no black under the eye and vent : the head is light ferru- ginous, sprinkled with black: between the beak and eye a dusky spot ; and a few black marks on the back. Of the history of this species there is very little known, although it is found in this country the whole year, and breeds with us : it is very abun- dant in the marshes between London and Erith, amongst the reedy tracks near Cowbit in Lanca- shire, and also in similar situations in Gloucester- shire ; it is likewise found near Winchelsea in Sussex, at Exeter in Devonshire, and in some part of Scotland. The nest of this bird is not at all known, unless, as Colonel Montagu observes, it is so like the Reed Wren's as not to be distinguished from it : various authors have attempted to give a description of it, but their accounts are so different, that there is no certainty respecting it ; whilst others have undoubtedly mistaken that of the Reed Wren for it : the most plausible conjecture that can be advanced to account for the above is, that the bird builds only in reedy places, that are quite inaccessible on account of their swampiness. This species is common in Denmark, Sweden, and the reedy banks of the rivers that fall into the Caspian Sea ; and Buffou supposes that they were first introduced into this country from a pair hav- 64 CRESTED TITMOUSE. ing escaped from the Countess of Albemarle, but it is only from the circumstance above mentioned that the nests are never found : it feeds on seeds and insects. CRESTED TITMOUSE. (Parus cristatus.) PA. griseo rufescens cristatus, collarinigro, venire albo. Reddish-grey crested Titmouse, with a black collar, and white belly. Parus cristatus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 2. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 266.— Gwel Syst. Nat. 1. lOOS.—Briss. 3. 558. 8.—Latk. Ind. Orn. 2. 56/. 14. La Mesange huppee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 44?.-<-Buff'. PI. Enl 502. f. 2. Crested Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 427- F. — Albin. Birds. 2. 57. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 545. 12. — Don. Brit. Birds. 2. t, 26. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Mont. Sup. WEIGHT two drachms and a half: length near five inches : beak dusky : irides hazel : forehead and crown white, with black undulated lines : hind head crested, and black : cheeks dirty white, with black spots : throat and chin black, with a line of black passing to the hind head, beneath the white of the cheeks : ears with an irregular black spot: upper parts of the body greenish brown: wings and tail rufous grey: breast and belly pale buff: sides tinged with rufous : legs lead-colour. This bird is a solitary species, being only found in the darkest recesses of gloomy forests ; particu- TOUPET TITMOUSE. 65 larlv those that abound with evergreens. It is common over most parts of Europe, but has never been taken in England ; but is not uncommon in the north of Scotland amongst the pines in the forest of Glenmore : it never mixes with other birds, not even with its own species in any num- ber : is said to be very prolific, and to lay white eggs, with red spots j but its nest is unknown. TOUPET TITMOUSE. (Parus bicolor.) PA. caplte cristatojronte nigro, corpore cinereo subtus ex albido rufescente. Titmouse with a crested head, black forehead, ash-coloured body, and of a reddish white colour beneath. Parus bicolor. Lin. fyst. Nat. 1.544. 1. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1005.— Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 56?. 13. Parus carolincnsis cristatus. Briss. 3. 56l. 9- La Mes-Mige huppe de la Caroline. Stiff". Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 451. Crested Titmouse. Wilson. Amer. Orn. 1. 137- pi. 8.y]5. Toupet Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zoo/. 1. 324.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 544. ll. LENGTH six inches : beak black : middle of the forehead with a black spot : head with a long pointed crest, of a deep ash-colour : all the upper parts of the body deep grey : quills edged with rufous grey: under parts reddish-white, deepest on the sides : tail similar to the quills, and slightly forked : legs lead-colour : female similar to the male, but not so bright in colour. v. x. p. i. 5 66 PENDULINE TITMOUSE. This species has a very singular flight, frequently folding up its wings : it is very abundant in many parts of the United States of America : it builds its nest in hollow trees early in May, laying six pure white eggs, sprinkled with extremely small red spots, near the larger end : it generally feeds on insects, but when captured and confined in a cage it will eat hemp-seed, cherry-stones, apple- seeds, and similar substances, if broken in small pieces : it soon becomes very familiar, but if placed in a wooden cage soon effects its escape. PENDULINE TITMOUSE. (Parus pendulinus. ) PA. capite subferrugineo, fascia oculari nigray remigibus rectrici- busquejiiscis margine utroquejerrugineo. Titmouse with a subferruginous head, black fascia beneath the eye, quills and tail-feathers brown, margined on each side with rust-colour. Parus pendulinus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 13. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1O14. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 568. 18. Parus polonicus, sive pendulinus. Briss. 3. 565. 11. t. IQ.f. 2. Mesange de Pologne, Remiz. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 423. — Buff. PL EnL 618. f. 3. Mountain Titmouse. Albin. Birds. 3. 57- male and female. Penduline Titmouse. Coxe's Travels. 1.218. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 547.. 16. IN size equal to the Blue Titmouse : beak ash- coloured : front of the head whitish ; hind part and neck ash-coloured: forehead black, which PENDULINE TITMOUSE. 67 colour is continued under the eyes : upper part of the back and scapulars rufous grey : lower parts and rump grey : upper lesser wing-coverts brown, with rufous tips : greater ones blackish, with ches- nut edges, and pale rufous tips : quills brown, with white margins : throat and front of the neck pale ash-colour : rest of the under parts pale rufous : tail similar to the quills : legs reddish grey : claws blackish : length four inches and a half. These birds are noted for the singularity of their nests, which are wonderfully constructed for the purpose of security against the attacks of quadru- peds or reptiles, of the down of the willow, poplar and thistle, which they twist into a close compact body, and strengthen with fibres and roots of plants, lining the whole with the fine materials : it is generally suspended on the extreme end of a weak branch that projects over some water; the entrance is the only place that is left uncovered, and is on one side, and generally on that which is opposite the water : they are often seen in the marshes about Bologna : and the peasants that in- habit the parts where they are abundant are very superstitious in respect to bird and nest : indeed the former is reckoned almost as a sacred animal, in the same way that the Redbreast is in many parts of England : the female generally lays four or five eggs, white and almost transparent ; and often has two broods in the year, about May and August. It is found in Poland, Italy, and other parts of Europe, and Siberia. 68 LANGUEDOC TITMOUSE. (Parus narboniensis. ) PA. riifo griseis, vertice cano, alt's caudaque nigricantilus rufo marginalis, remigibus primoribus margine albis. Reddish-grey Titmouse, with the crown hoary ; wings and tail dusky, with rufous margins; primary quills edged with white. Parus narboniensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1014. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 508. 19. La penduline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 453. Mesange de Languedoc. Buff. Pi. Enl. 708. f. 1. La pendulino, ou Canari sauvage. Hist. Prov. 1. 5l7. Languedoc Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 547- 17. THIS species is almost as remarkable as the preceding in respect to its nest, which is fixed on a forked twig of the poplar, and is composed of the downy parts of the flower of that tree : it is only open on one side, and there is a kind of por- tico erected over the entrance, as a security from the wind and weather, which projects nearly an inch from the sides : the nest is about the size and shape of an Ostrich's egg. The bird is found in Languedoc : it is four inches in length : the beak is black, the upper mandible edged with yellow- ish : top of the head grey: upper parts of the body rufous grey : upper wing-coverts blackish, edged with rufous : greater quills blackish, with whitish edges : secondaries the same as the upper coverts, but the tips paler : under parts of the body pale rufous grey : tail black, with rufous edges : legs lead-colour. ALPINE TITMOUSE. (Parus alpinus.) PA. niger subtus rufescens nigro maculata, linea alba a basi rostri ad cervicem decurrente. Black Titmouse, beneath rufescent, spotted with black, with a white line running from the base of the beak to the top of the neck. Parus alpinus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 1012.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 569. 21. Alpine Titmouse. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 256. 3. THIS bird is found in Persia : it is the size of the Long-tailed Titmouse : the feathers on the upper parts of the body are black, with ash-co- loured edges : from the base of the beak to the nape of the neck there is a white line: quills black : under parts of the body pale rufous, with black spots : tail black, slightly forked, and marked with a wedge-shaped white spot : hind claw very long in proportion to the rest. 70 NORWAY TITMOUSE. (Parus Strdmei.) PA. viridi^/lavescens, pectore rufo maculato, abdomine ceeruleo, caudajbrficata, rectricibus duabus exterioribus exlus albis. Yellowish-green Titmouse, with the breast spotted with rufous ; abdomen blue; tail forked, with the two exterior feathers white on their outer webs. Parus Stromei. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 563. 2. Parus ignotus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1006. Stromian Titmouse. Pea. Arct. Zool. 2. 426. B. Norway Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 537. 2. THIS species inhabits Norway: its beak is black above and yellow beneath : the neck and all the upper parts of the body yellow green : breast yel- low, spotted with chesnut : belly blue : vent yel- lowish : tail similar in colour to the back, and forked ; the two outer feathers white on the exte- rior web : legs black : hind claw very long. CYPSELUS. SWIFT. Generic Character. Rostrum basi glabrura, et ti i- ! angular!, versus apicem an- gustatum, utrinque cora- pressum ; mandibula infe- riore apicem recurvata. Rictus capite amplior. Pedes simplices, digitis om- nibus anticis ad imumfissis. Beak smooth, and triangular at the base, narrow towards the tip, and compressed on both sides ; the upper man- dible recurved at the point. Gape very wide. Feet simple, with all the toes divided from their origin, and placed forwards. JL HE birds comprised in this genus are remark- able for the shortness of their legs, which are co- vered with feathers to the toes ; and likewise for having all the latter placed forwards, and composed of two phalanges only, which enables them to ad- here very firmly to the perpendicular sides of walls, and such like places, which they frequent : they feed on insects, which they take during flight, not settling on the ground to collect them, like many birds, from the great difficulty they have in rising. They are found throughout both continents. 72 COMMON SWIFT. (Cypselus vulgaris.) CY. nigricans, gula alba. Dusky Swift, with a white throat. Hirundo Apus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 6.— Lin. Faun. Suet. 272,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. lOlQ.—Briss. 2. 512. \5.—Lath. bid. Orn. Q. 643. Le grand Martinet. Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 643.— Buffi PI. Enl. 521. f. 1. Swift, or Deviling. Pen. Brit. Zool. ]. 171. t. 57. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 354. — Albin. Birds. 2. 55. — Beivick. Brit. Birds. 1. 259.— Lath. Gen. Syn.4.58l. 34—Leivin. Brit. Birds. 3. 126. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 2. THIS singular and well-known bird weighs scarcely one ounce : it is in length about eight inches, and expands upwards of eighteen : beak black : iridcs hazel : chin white : the rest of the plumage sooty black, with a greenish tinge : the wings are very long in proportion to the size of the body : tail forked : legs and claws black : female less than the male, the white on her throat less dis- tinct, and the general colour of her plumage more inclined to brown. The Common Swift is a summer inhabitant of this island: it arrives at the beginning of May, and de- parts about the middle of August: it builds its nest in the holes and crevices of high towers, or lofty steeples j it is constructed of dried grass, silk or linen threads, pieces of muslin, feathers, and such like, which the bird collects on the wing, picking them up from the ground with great dexterity: it COMMON SWIFT. 73 lays only two white, oblong eggs ; and during the period of incubation, the male is continually flying backwards and forwards, uttering a loud scream- ing note, which is all it possesses : it is supposed to return to the same nest, year after year: it feeds on flies and other winged insects ; and as it is apt to catch at any thing during flight, it may be easily caught by tying an insect to a thread, and letting it fly, when the Swift will most proba- bly dart at and swallow it. Buffon observes, that the boys in the isle of Zante will take five or six dozen in a day, by getting on an elevated place, and throwing up a hook baited with a feather. In very warm or sultry weather these birds re- tire to their holes during the day, but in the morn- ings and evenings they assemble together, and play about amongst the most elevated trees or towers in the neighbourhood, with the most varied and amusing flight, uttering their screaming noise, which most persons are not displeased with, as it takes place only in the most serene settled weather: at other times they are almost continually on wing, even remaining so above eighteen hours; but if they should accidentally fall upon a piece of level ground, they experience great difficulty in rising, owing to the shortness of their legs, and the great length of their wings. They are said to inhabit the greater part of the old continent, even as far as the Cape of Good Hope, and the most remote parts of Asia; but are not found in any part of North America: travellers who have mentioned its being observed there, having mistaken the Purple Swallow for this bird. CHINESE SWIFT. (Cypselus sinensis.) CY. fuscus subtus griseo-rufescens, pileo rufo, gula orUtisque albis. Fuscous Swift, beneath greyish red, with the top of the head rufous ; the throat and orbits white. Hirundo sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021. — Lath. Ind. Or*. 2. 583. 35. Le Grand Martinet de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 199. Chinese Swift. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 586. 35. THE Chinese Swift was first described by Sonne- rat, in his Voyage to India : it is nearly a foot in length : beak and irides blue grey: top of the head pale rufous : hind parts of the head, back, wings, and tail, brown : orbits of the eye white : super- cilia brown, which colour passes backwards, and blends into that of the hind part of the neck: throat white : breast and belly pale rufous grey : legs short, and of a blue grey colour : wings long : tail forked, and as long as the wings. Inhabits China. WHITE-BELLIED SWIFT. (Cypselus melba.) CY. griseo^fuscus, gula abdomineque albis, Greyish-brown Swift, with the throat and abdomen white. Hirundo Melba. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 345. 11.-— Gmel. Syst. Ntf. 1. 1023. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 582. 33. Hirundo majorhispanica. Briss, 2. 504. 11. WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. 75 Lc grand Martinet £ ventre blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 660. Greatest Martin, or Swift. Edwards. 1. 27. White-bellied Swift. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 586. 36. THE White-bellied Swift is in length eight inches and a half: beak slightly bent, and black: hides brown : neck with a grey brown collar, variegated with dusky: upper parts of the body grey brown, with a reddish green gloss in certain positions : throat, breast, and belly, white: sides dusky, varie- gated with white ; vent and under tail-coverts like the back : legs flesh-colour. Found amongst the mountains of Spain : also on the borders of the Rhone, at Malta, Aleppo, and other mountainous countries of those climates: it is not very common ; lives on the same food as the common Swift : it flies high ; and breeds in holes of the rocks, about the latter end of April, in the mountains of Savoy and Tyrol, after re- maining amongst the ponds and marshes for fifteen or twenty days from its arrival in those parts. WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. (Cypselus cayanensis.) C\.i-iolaceo-nigricans, capite nigro, gutture fascia oculari bifida jemoribusque albis. Violet-black Swift, with a black head, the throat, bifid fascia near the eyes, and thighs white. Hirundo cayanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 583. 34. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1024. Le Martinet £ collier blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 671.— Buffi PL Enl. 725. / 2. White-collared Swift. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 587. 37- 76 WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. HEAD and beak black : upper parts of the body black, with a violet tinge : greater wing-coverts, nearest the body, brown, margined with white : quills black : chin and throat white, which colour passes round the neck, and forms a collar : between the beak and eye is a divaricating white streak, part of which goes above and part beneath the eye : sides of the lower belly and top of the thighs white : tail black and forked : legs black : length five inches and a half. This species builds its nest in the shape of a large truncated cone : it is composed of the down of the dogs-bane, well twisted together ; and is divided into two chambers by a partition running obliquely down the middle, and spreading over that part of the nest where the eggs are situated ; there is also a sort of plug made of the same down as the nest, to fill up the entrance so as to exclude the atmospheric air : it is said to build this singu- lar nest in the houses at Cayenne, where the bird is found. 77 HIRUNDO. SWALLOW. Generic Character. Rostrum minimum, incur- : vtim, subulatum, basi de- j pressum. Rictus capite amplior. Pedes shnplices, digitis tri- bus anticis, uno postico. Cauda plerisque forficata. Beak small, bent downwards, pointed, and depressed at the base. Gape extremely wide. Feet simple, uith three toes before, and one behind. Tail generally forked. A HE migration of the Swallow tribe has been a subject that has engaged the attention of natural- ists from the earliest ages, and has given rise to a vast number of hypotheses, some of which are ab- surd in the extreme *. Pliny, and the generality of the ancient naturalists, favoured the idea that they remained (without feathers) in the holes and recesses of rocks and mountains during the winter, and that the vernal sun called them forth from their hiding places. But more modern naturalists, amongst whom the first was Olaus Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, believed that they were often found in clusters, at the bottom of lakes and rivers, and that they crept down the * An anonymous writer on the migrations of birds has as- serted, that Swallows retire to the moon in the winter ! 78 SWALLOW. reeds in the autumn to those situations : Linnseus, Klein, Pontoppidan, Barrington, and others, were of the same opinion, as far as regards the Chimney Swallow, but differed in respect to the Martins ; Klein imagining that the Sand Martins remained torpid in their holes ; Barrington that the Martins remained concealed in old towers, and other se- cluded retreats. The appearance of Swallows late in the autumn, as well as the accidental circumstance of their being found in a state of torpidity, has no doubt given rise to both the above opinions. It is most probable that those birds mentioned as having been seen under such circumstances were in too weak a state to encounter the fatigues of a long journey, at the time when the general migration took place. It is most probably the case, that many of them may get into holes of rocks, and other recesses of a similar nature, to shelter them- selves from the inclemency of the season, and may have sunk into a state of torpidity from cold and hunger ; and that others may have crept amongst the weeds at the sides of ponds and rivers, and have been overwhelmed by the increase of the water occasioned by the heavy rains that occur in the autumn, and only having been immersed a short time, may have been restored to animation when brought into the sunshine, or before a fire. There are several instances on record of their having been seen very late in the autumn, as men- tioned by Montagu, Bewick, Forster, and others: the former relates, that he has observed them as SWALLOW. 79 late as the 5th November, 1805*; and Forster says he has frequently [seen them after the 19th October : and that they have been taken in a tor- pid state during the winter there can be no doubt, from the many eminent naturalists that have as- serted the fact. But that the greatest number of each species migrate is so well established by a multitude of observers, that there does not appear to be any reason to doubt the fact, especially when it is considered that they are generally eighteen or twenty hours on the wing daily, during their stay in this country ; and that they fly with greater celerity than the swiftest quadruped can run. We have an instance on record of a famous race- horse, that went at the surprising velocity of a mile in a minute, but only for the space of one second ; but allowing the Swallow to go merely at the rate of half a mile in the minute, for the space of eighteen or twenty hours, it will have gone over in that time between five and six hun- dred miles, so that it would be able to cross any part of the sea between this island and the conti- nent; a circumstance that has been doubted by many. The fact of their appearing in several parts of Africa (particularly at Senegal, as noticed by Adanson), when they disappear in Europe, and vice versa, tends to give additional plausibility to the theory of migration. * I found a Swallow (Hirundo rustica), at Hertford on the 2/th December, 1814, which, to all appearance, had not been dead any great length of time, as it had not contracted any bad sroeti, and in other respects was in good condition. 80 SWALLOW. If these birds were to remain torpid in the winter, would there not be annual proofs of it in almost every county ? Whereas we have but few accounts of their being taken in that state, and innumerable narrations from mariners and others who have observed them to settle on their ships, whilst out at sea : and would not they appear much earlier in forward years than in backward, and vice versa? The contrary appears to be the case ; Mr. Forster observes, that he has seen them as early as the second of April, when the thermometer was below the freezing point ; and at other times, when there has been a fortnight of mild weather in the same month, not a single Swallow has made its appearance. It is the opinion of most modern naturalists that the generality of these birds migrate, but that a few may occasionally remain behind, from being too weak to undertake the journey. The various species do not appear or disappear at the same time. The Sand Martin generally arrives first, about a week after the Chimney Swallow is seen, and in a few days the House Martin makes its appearance. It is a singular fact, that Swallows and other migrative birds always return to the same places they left in the autumn, which has been proved by many experiments, particularly by Frisch, who tied threads round their legs, stained with water colours, for the purpose of ascertaining whether they went under water during the winter, and in the ensuing spring, upon taking some of the Swallows that were in the vicinity of his house, SWALLOW. 8 1 he captured many with the threads still round their legs, and with the colours almost as bright as at first ; thus proving that they returned to the same places, and they did not retire beneath the water. These birds are always very much reduced in number when they return in the spring, proba- bly from many of them being exhausted by fa- tigue in crossing the sea, and being consequently drowned. Bewick relates the following experiments, which were communicated to him by Sir John Tre- velyan, and performed by Mr. Pearson ; which are well deserving the attention of naturalists. — " Five or six of these birds were taken about the latter end of August, 1 784, in a bat-fowling net, at night ; they were put separately into small cages, and fed with Nightingale's food. In about a week or ten days they took the food of themselves : they were then put all together into a deep cage, four feet long, with gravel at the bottom ; a broad shallow pan with water was placed in it, in which they eometimes washed themselves, and seemed much strengthened by it. One day Mr. Pearson ob- served that they went into the water with unusual eagerness, hurrying in and out again repeatedly, •with such swiftness as if they had been sud- denly seized with a frenzy. Being anxious to see the result, he left them to themselres about half an hour, and on going to the cage again found them all huddled together in a corner, appa- rently dead ; the cage was then placed at a proper distance from the fire, when two of them v. x. p. i. 6 82 SWALLOW. only recovered, and were as healthy as before — the rest died ; the two remaining ones were al- lowed to wash themselves occasionally for a short time only, but their feet soon after became swelled and inflamed, which was attributed to their perch- ing, and they died about Christmas. Thus the first year's experiments were in some measure lost. Not discouraged by the failure of this, Mr. Pear- son determined to make a second trial the suc- ceeding year, from a strong desire of being con- vinced of the truth respecting their going into a state of torpidity. Accordingly the next season having taken some more birds, he put them into the cage, and in every respect pursued the - same methods as with the last ; but to guard their feet from the bad effects of the damp and cold, he covered the perches with flannel, and had the pleasure to observe that the birds throve extremely well. They sang their song through the winter, and soon after Christmas began to moult, which they got through without any difficulty, and lived three or four years, regularly moulting every year at the usual time. On the renewal of their fea- thers, it appeared that their tails were forked ex- actly the same as in those birds which return hither in the spring, and in every respect their ap- pearance was the same. These birds were exhibited to the Society for promoting Natural History, on the 14th Feb. 1786, at the time when they were in a deep moult, during a severe frost, when the snow was on the ground. They died at last in the iummer, from neglect during a long illness which SWALLOW. 83 Mr. Pearson had ; who concludes this interesting account with the following words. Jan. 20, 1797 — I have now in my house, No. 21, Great Newport Street, Long-Acre, four Swallows in moult, in as perfect health as any birds ever appeared to be in when moulting." The general food of the birds of this genus con- sists of insects, which they capture while on the wing ; and from their amazing quick flight must be endowed with a wonderful keen sight, to enable them to distinguish such small objects: they usually have two broods in the year ; some will occasionally have three : their nests are made of mud, rendered firm by a mixture of hair, twigs, and such like ma- terials : they are fond of flying over the surface of rivers and brooks, and sipping the water, without staying their flight : many of them warn small birds of the approach of Hawks and other birds of prey, by setting up a loud scream. They are found throughout the whole world. 84 COMMON SWALLOW. (Hirundo rustica.) Hi. nigro-carulescens subtus albida,fronte gulaque castaneis, rec- tricibus ditabus intermediis exceptis, macula alba notatis. Black-blue Swallow, beneath whitish, with the forehead and throat chesnut, all but the two middle tail-feathers marked with an oval white spot. Hirundo rustica. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 343. 1. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 270.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1015.— Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 572. 1. — Turt. Brit. Faun. 1. 48. 132. Hirundo domestica. Briss. 2. 486. 1. Hirondelle de cheminee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. Q. 591. t. 25. f. 1, —Buff'. PI. Enl. 543. / 1. Chimney, or Common Swallow. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 168. t. 58. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 330. — Albin. Birds. 45. — Betuick. Brit. Birds.l. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 2. — Mont. Sup. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 561. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 192.— Lenin. Brit. Birds. 3. PI. 123. )5. Tola nivea. Entirely of a snowy white colour. Hirundo alba. Briss. 2. 489- A. White Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 563, THE Common or Chimney Swallow is rather more than six inches in length : its beak is black : irides hazel : forehead and chin chesnut red : top of the head and all the upper parts of the body black, glossed with purplish blue : quills in some positions of a greenish brown, in others of a blue black : upper part of the breast black ; lower part and belly white : tail greatly forked, with all but the two middle feathers marked with a white oval spot on their inner webs, near the tips : legs short, COMMON SWALLOW. 85 and dusky : female with the outer tail-feathers much shorter than in the male : in other respects she is similar : young bird without the white spots on its tail, which is not forked. The Swrallow is an inhabitant of the greatest part of the old world, retiring from us to the south on the approach of winter, and arriving here again in the spring : it is not, as asserted by many, a native of North America ; the mistake having •arisen through H. pelasgia being called the Chim- ney Swallow in those parts, and travellers and others having mentioned the bird by name, with- out giving a description of it ; and others having mistaken the Barn Swallow for this bird, which differs in colour and manners, and must conse- quently be a distinct species. Every person must have observed the elegant and varied flight of this bird, during the summer months, when it is almost continually on the wing, performing its various evolutions, and searching for its food, which it takes flying, with its mouth wide open : it is observed, on the capture of an in- sect, to make a noise similar to the shutting of a watch-case-, by rapidly closing its mandibles. The nest of this bird is composed of mud, ren- dered tough by a mixture of hair and straw, lined with feathers, and fixed firmly about three or four feet from the top of a chimney, on the inside : its eggs are four or five in number, and white, speckled with red : it generally has two broods in the year : the nestlings are sometimes dislodged from their ne—Euff. PI. Enl. 724. f. 1 . female ? Barn Swallow. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 34. PI. 38. l. male. 2. fe- male. Rufous-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 566. 5 ? THE Barn Swallow is seven inches in length, and thirteen in expanse : its beak is black : irides hazel : lores black : the upper part of the head, neck, back, rump, and tail-coverts steel-blue ; breast with a band of the same : forehead arid chin deep chesnut : belly, vent, and under part of the wings, light chesnut : wings and tail dusky black, with green reflections ; the latter very much forked, and with all but the two middle feathers with an oblong white spot, similar to the Common European Swallow : legs dark purple ; female with the belly and vent rufous white, and the outer tail-feathers shorter than in the male? Inhabits America, BARN SWALLOW. 89 This species has been confounded by most writers with the Common Swallow, which it very much resembles, but differs in having the under parts of the body chesnut-colour, instead of white ; and it builds its nest in barns, sheds, or other outhouses, on beams or rafters, and not in chim- neys, as that bird does : its nest occupies about a week in building, and is commenced early in May: it is in the shape of an inverted cone, with a per- pendicular section cut off, on that side by which it adheres to the wood ; at the top there is a ridge, that seems to be intended for the*old birds to perch on while tending their nestlings ; it is formed of mud, mixed with fine hay, and disposed in regu- lar strata from side to side, and is about an inch in thickness ; within there is a quantity of hay, which is profusely lined with goose feathers : its eggs are extremely transparent ; white, sprinkled with reddish brown, and are five in number : it has generally two broods in the season, the first about the middle of June, and the second about the tenth of August. These birds appear to live in great harmony, as twenty or thirty pair often build in the same barn, and several of their nests are within a few inches of each other, and no symptoms of quarrelling ever take place amongst them. When the young birds first leave the nest thej are observed to fly about within doors, for some days before they venture out ; which when they do they are conducted by the old ones to the sides of rivers, and similar places, where the food 90 SAVIGNY'S SWALLOW. is most abundant, and they are fed by them in the same manner as the European Swallow does its young: these birds are easily tamed, and soon become very gentle and familiar, and in the course of a short time, when confined in a room, will begin to employ themselves in catching flies, and will call out to their companions as they pass by the window. Their song is a sprightly warble, and is sometimes continued for a length of time. The Barn Swallows arrive near Philadelphia the latter end of March, or the beginning of April : about the middle of August they begin to assemble and make preparations for departing, and by the middle of September there is scarcely a single one to be seen : they are most abundant to the east of the Alleghany Mountains, and extend as far north as the river St. Lawrence j and are observed in great numbers in Florida, during the months of September and October, passing to the south. L'Hirondelle a ventre roux of Buffon has very much the aspect of the female of this species. SAVIGNY'S SWALLOW. (Hirundo Savignii.) Hi.c.f. 3. Le petit Martinet noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 668. L'Hirondelle noire. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 64. Black Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 572. 17. THE Black Swallow inhabits St. Domingo and Cayenne : it is nearly six inches in length, and is entirely black : its tail is greatly forked, and the wings exceed it by one inch and a half: it builds its nest in a hole in the ground, which it forms by its own labour j it is nearly six inches in length, with a very small entrance. WHITE-HUMPED SWALLOW. (Hirundo leucorhoa.) Hi. nigricans, pennis interioribus alarum apice, uropygioque albis. Dusky Swallow, with the tips of the inner wing-feathers and the rump white. Le Martinet a croupion blanc. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afri. 5. 146. pi. 244../. 1. male. THIS bird is very abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, and builds its nest against houses, in the WHITE-THROATED SWALLOW. 99 crevices of rocks, or holes in the wall, and lays four white eggs : its whole body is dusky black, except the tips of the interior webs of the lesser wing-feathers, and the base of the rump, which are white : the eyes are yellowish browrn : female not quite so dark as the male. WHITE-THROATED SWALLOW. (Hirundo gularis.) Hi. brunnea, subtus albida, fascia pectorali, lateribusque brunncis, gula alba, cauda maximeforficata. Brown Swallow, beneath whitish, with a band on the breast, and the sides of the body brown ; throat white ; tail greatly forked. Le Martinet a gorge blanc. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afri. 5. 143. pi. 243. THE head, the back and sides of the neck, the back, rump, wing, and tail-coverts, the upper part of the tail, and the wing-quills, of an earth brown colour, varying according to the position to greyish : the quills and tail are darkest, with the outer edges of the former light-coloured, and the inner webs white towards their tips : the tail is very much forked : the throat is pure white : the lower part of the neck, and part of the breast, with a fascia, similar in colour to the upper parts of the body ; sides of the body the same : abdo- men dirty white : the under tail-coverts brownish 100 AMBERGRIS SWALLOW. black and white mixed : the feathers at the bend of the wing are dingy white: the beak is brownish black : the irides yellow brown : the legs and toes covered with small plain brown feathers : the fe- male differs in having the colours of the plumage less brilliant. This species is extremely abundant throughout the southern parts of Africa : it builds in crevices of rocks, and lays four pure white eggs. AMBERGRIS SWALLOW. (Hirundo ambrosiaca.) Hi. griseo-^fiisca, suUus dilutior, cauda maximeforficata. Grey-brown Swallow, beneath paler, with the tail greatly forked. Hirundo ambrosiaca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 575. Q. Hirundo riparia senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 508. IS.pl. 45. Jfrfc L'Hirondelle ambrce. Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. 612. Ambergris Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 568. <). THE Ambergris Swallow receives its appella- tion from its smelling very strongly of the sub- stance of that name when recent : it inhabits Senegal, and measures five inches and a half in length: its beak is dusky black: the whole of the plumage is of a grey brown colour, darkest on the head and wing-quills, and palest on the under parts of the body : tail much forked : female ? beneath greyish white. 101 MARSH SWALLOW. (Hirundo palustris.) Hi. griseo-briinnea, su6tvs grisea, pennis alarum caudaque nifo marginalis. Grey-brown Shallow, beneath grey, with the feathers of the wings and tail margined with rufous. L'Hirondelle de Marais, ou la Brunei. Le Vail, Ois. a? Afri. 5. 15S.pl. 24(5./. 2. male. THIS bird frequents the borders of rivers and marshes in the southern parts of Africa : the pre- vailing colour of its body is grey brown ; the wings are dark brown, with the margins of the feathers rufous : the tail is short, forked, and of the same colour as the wings : the eyes are bright yellow brown: the feet and beak are dusky black. JAVA SWALLOW. (Hirundo javanica.) Hi. cezruleo-nigricans nitidus, subtus cinerascens, fronle, gida, juguloquejerrugineis, rectricibus lateralibus apice macula alba. Shining blue-black Swallow, beneath ash-coloured, with the forehead, throat, and jugulum ferruginous; the lateral tail- feathers with a white spot at their tips. Hirundo javanica. Mas. Carls. 4. 100. — Lain. Ind. Orn. Sup. hiii. 3. Javan Swallovr. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 259. 6. 102 CRAG SWALLOW. THIS species inhabits Java, and constructs its nest in holes on the ground : it is less than the common Swallow : its beak and legs are black : the upper parts of the body shining blue black : the quills black : the forehead, throat, and fore- part of the neck, are rust-coloured : the rest of the under parts and the rump pale cinereous: wings longer than the tail, which is black and not forked, and has all but the two middle feathers with a white spot near the tip. CRAG SWALLOW. (Hirundo montana.) Hi. cinerea subtus rtifescens, rectricibus duabus intermediis ex* ceptisy latere interiore macula ovata alba. Ash-coloured Swallow, beneath reddish, with all but the two middle tail-feathers with an oval white spot on their inner webs. Hirundo montana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1020. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 576. 12. L'Hirondelle grise des rochers. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6, 64 1. Crag Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5/0. 12. THE Crag Swallow is five inches and a half in length : its beak is black : the upper parts of the plumage mouse-coloured : the under parts rufous, the sides inclining to brown : quills and tail grey brown, all but the two middle, and the outermost one on each side, with a white spot on the inner web : legs downy, and of a brown colour : claws black. Inhabits the rocks about Savoy, also in ROCK SWALLOW. 103 the mountains of Auvergne, and Dauphine", and Gibraltar : it arrives at the former place in the middle of April, and retires the middle of August. ROCK SWALLOW. (Hirundo rupestris.) Hi. murina subtus albida, remigibus caudaque nigricantibus, rec- tricibus latere interiore macula ovali alba. Mouse-coloured Swallow, beneath whitish, with the quills and tail dusky, the lateral tail-feathers with an oval \vhite spot on the inner web. Hirundo rupestris. Gmel.Syst.Nat. 1. 1019- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.576. 11. Rock Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 56g. 11. SIZE of the Ambergris Swallow : length about five inches and a half: beak black : upper parts of the plumage the same as the Sand Martin, of a pale mouse-colour : the wings and tail darkest ; the latter very slightly forked, and each feather with a white spot on the inner web : under parts of the body whitish : legs black, not feathered : builds in the cavities of rocks a nest of mud and clay j and inhabits Carniola. 104 SAND MARTIN. (Hirundo riparia.) Hi. tnurina, gula abdomineque albis. Mouse-coloured Swallow, with the throat and abdomen white. Hirundo riparia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 4. — Lin. Faun. Succ. 273. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. lOIQ.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5/5. 10. — Briss. Orn. 2. 506. 12. — IVils. Amcr. Orn. 5. 46. L'Hirondelle de rivage. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 632. — Buft\ PI. Enl 543. f. 2. Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin. Wils. Amcr. Orn. 5. 46. pi. 38. f. 4. Sand Martin. Pen. Brit. ZooL 1. 170. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 332. — Albin. Birds. 2. 56. B. — Lath. Gen. Sun. 4. 5<)8. 10. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 260. — Mont. Brit. Birds. l.—Leiain. Brit. Birds. 2. 125. THE Sand or Bank Martin is near five inches in length : its beak is dusky : irides hazel : super- cilia whitish : head, neck, breast, and back, mouse- coloured brown : wings the same, with their in- terior feathers singularly notched at the tip : throat, fore-part of the neck, belly, and vent, white; tail brown; the outer feather slightly mar- gined with white : legs dusky, slightly feathered behind. This species is common to Europe and Ame- rica, arriving in this country first of the Swallow tribe: it is the scarcest and most local with us, but is extremely abundant in America : its nest is placed on the high sand-bank of a river, quarry, or gravel-pit, at a few feet from the surface, and BLACK AND WHITE SWALLOW. 105 often extends two or three feet in a horizontal direction : several of these holes are often within a few inches of each other, and extend for a con- siderable distance : at the extremity of this hole its nest is placed; it is composed of fine dry grass, lined with a few downy feathers, on which the eggs, which are pure white and very transparent, are placed; they are mostly five in number : the young are hatched late in May: it occasionally has two broods in the season, and will not always take the pains to make a hole for its nest, but will sometimes lay its eggs in a cavity of a quarry, or a hole in a tree. The manners of this species are similar to those of the common Martin, with which bird it often associates, and flies over the water in pursuit of insects : it has a low muttering voice. In some parts of America they are so numerous amongst the quarries and sand-banks as to appear like swarms of bees round their hives. BLACK AND WHITE SWALLOW. (Hirundo bicolor.) Ht. supra nigra, c&ruleo -ciridi versicolore, subtus nivea. Swallow above black, changing to blue and green ; beneath snow white. Hirundo bicolor. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 6l. L'Hirondelle bicolor. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. i. <5l. pi. 31. 106 GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. THE male of this species has all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful shining black, changing to brilliant blue and green, according to the posi- tion with respect to the light : the tail and wings are of a deep black, and the latter, in a state of rest, reach about six lines beyond the tip of the tail : the beak and irides are black : the legs and feet are brown : all the under parts of the body are of a snowy white colour : the female differs in having the black less brilliant : the young bird has the upper parts of the body dusky : the feathers of the wing and tail, with those of the rump, are edged with dingy white. Inhabits va- rious parts of North America, and is know at Hud- son's Bay by the name of Shasyivine peskew. GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. (Hirundo leucogaster. ) Hi. supra viridi-c&rulea , subtus alba. Swallow, above green blue, beneath white. Hirundo bicolor. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 44. Green-blue or White-bellied Swallow. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 44. pi 38.f. 3. THIS is in length five inches and three quarters, and in expanse about twelve : its beak and eyes are black : the upper parts of the body are of a light glossy green blue : wings brown black, with slight green reflections : tail rather forked, the two exterior feathers being about a quarter of an GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. 107 inch longer than the middle ones, and all of an uniform brown black : lores black : all the under parts of the body pure white : wings, when closed, extend about one quarter of an inch beyond the tail : legs naked, short, and strong, and, as well as the feet, of a dark purplish flesh-colour : claws stout : female with less of the greenish gloss than the male, and all the colours less brilliant; in other respects the same. The White-bellied or Green-blue Swallow has generally been confounded by European writers with the common Martin, but separated by Wilson in his American Ornithology with great propriety from that species, from which it differs in not being of a dark cserulean black above, and white on the rump : it arrives in Pensylvania a few days later than the Barn Swallow, and often takes pos- session of the boxes that are put up for the Purple Swallow : its nest consists of fine loose dry grass, lined with large downy feathers, rising above its surface, and so placed as to curl inwards, and completely conceal the eggs, which are four or five in number, and pure white in colour : the bird has generally two broods in the season, and will sometimes build in a hollow tree : it is a very quarrelsome species, and is continually fighting : they are extremely numerous in some parts of North America : Wilson mentions one hundred and two being brought down by one discharge from a gun, in the low lands of Long Island ! 108 PURPLE SWALLOW. ' (Hirundo purpurea.) Hi. violacca c&ruleo-nitens, alls, caudaque nigricantibus. Fcemi- na,gula,pectorequecinereo:fuscis, abdominc albo. Violet Swallow, with a shining blue tinge, and the wings and tail dusky. Female with the throat and breast grey brown, abdomen white. Hirundo purpurea. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 5. mas. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1020. mas. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 5?3. 22. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 58. Hirundo violacea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1026. mas. Hirundo subis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 7. fcsm.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1021. foem. Hirundo caerulea. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 57. Hirundo apos carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 515. 17. mas. Hirundo freti Hudsonis. Briss. App. Orn. 56. ] 8. foem. Hirondelle bleue de la Caroline ou Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 674. msLS.—Buff. PI. Enl. 722. mas. L'Hirondelle bleue. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 57. f. 26. mas. t. 27. foem. Le Martinet coleur de pourpre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 6/6. mas. Hirondelle de la baie d'Hudson. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 677? foam. Great American Martin. Edwards. 2. 120. foem. Purple Martin. Catesby. Carol. I. pi. 51. male. — Wilson. Amer. Orn. 5. 58. pi. 3Q.f. 1. male.fi 2. female. Violet Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 574. 21. male. Canada Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 575. 24. female. Purple Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 575. 23. male. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 333. male. THIS bird has been so frequently described under different names, that it has caused great PURPLE SWALLOW. 109 confusion in consequence. The male is eight inches in length, and sixteen in expanse: his whole body (with the exception of the lores, which are black, and the wings and tail, which are of a brownish black) is of a rich purplish blue, glossed with violet : the tail is very much forked, and is bordered with dusky blue : beak strong and dusky : irides dark hazel : legs dark dirty purple : female with the upper parts of the body of a dusky brown, slightly glossed with blue and violet : chin and breast grey brown : belly and vent dirty white, with obscure dusky and yellow stains : wings and tail dusky brown. This species of Swallow is an inhabitant of North America, where it is very abundant : it arrives on the southern frontiers of the United States late in February or early in March, reaches Pensylvania the beginning of April, and advances as far as Hudson's Bay by the middle of May : it retires in the month of August. The Americans are extremely partial to this bird, and fit up boxes for their reception : even the Indians fix up gourds and calabashes for the same purpose ; in these they build their nests, which are composed of dry leaves, straw, hay, and great quantities of feathers: their eggs are very small, and four in number : they have two broods ; the first comes forward in May, and the second in July : the male assists the female during incubation, and takes her place, uttering at -that time a peculiar soft and tender song : if there should not happen to be a box fitted up for them, they will build against houses, sign- 110 ASH-BELLIED SWALLOW. posts, or dove-cots; and if they take possession of the latter place, no pigeon dare set a foot on that tier where their nest is situated, or the Martins would soon despatch it. From these birds flying so much like the Swift, it has been said by travellers that bird in- habited North America, but that is not the fact : they are very fond of wasps, bees, and large beetles j and will attack crows, hawks, and eagles, with great spirit and audacity, like the common Martin : their note, peuo peuo peuo, is very loud and musical, but is generally succeeded by others lower and guttural. ASH-BELLIED SWALLOW. (Hirundo cinerea.) Hi. nigra nitens subtus cinerea, rectricibus margine griseo^flavi- cantibus. Shining-black Swallow, beneath cinereous, with the edges of the quills yellowish grey. Hirundo cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1026. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 578. 20. Hirundo peruviana. Briss. 2. 4Q8. 6. La petit Hirondelle noire £ ventre cendrc. Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 673. Ash-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 573. 20. ABOUT five inches in length : irides dark brown : upper parts of the plumage (the quills and tail excepted, which are dark ash-colour, and mar- and nest ESCULENT SWALLOW. 1 1 1 gined with yellowish grey) of a shining black: under parts ash-colour. Native of Peru and Otaheite. ESCULENT SWALLOW. (Hirundo fuciphaga.) Hi. supra nigricans, nitens, subtus cinerea, cauda tola immacu- lata. Swallow above shining dusky, beneath ash-coloured, with the tail entirely without spots. Hirundo fuciphaga. Act. Holm. 1812. vol. 33. p. 151. Esculent Swallow. Lath. Si/n. Sup. II. 25/. 1. Small grey Swallow, with a dirty white belly. Staunt. Emb. Chin. v. 1. p. 288. u. 2. p. 5. Layong-Layong. Marsden. Hist. SumaUp. 141 ? THE Esculent Swallow is the size of the Sand Martin : it is four inches and a half in length, and eleven in expanse : its beak is black : the upper parts of the plumage shining dusky black : under parts pale ash-colour : wings, when closed, one inch longer than the tail, which is slightly forked, and has all the feathers of an uniform black colour, and rounded at the end ; the outer feathers are one inch and three quarters, and the inner only one inch and a quarter, in length. The bird described by Brisson, Linnaeus, Buffon, and others, as the Esculent Swallow, does not ap- pear to be known to the naturalists of the present day, it having been described by the former from 112 ESCULENT SWALLOW. a drawing of Poivre, who, it is well known, has delineated many birds that were fictitious, and the present species may have been in the same predicament : if there was really such a bird, no doubt, from the thousands of edible nests that are procured, it would have occurred since his time ; but the contrary is the fact. The nest of this bird is exceedingly curious, and is composed of such materials that it is not only edible, but is accounted among the greatest dainties by the Asiatic epicures. It generally weighs about half an ounce, and is in shape like a saucer, with one side flatted, which adheres to the rock : the texture somewhat resembles isinglass or fine gum dragon ; and the several layers of which it is composed are very apparent, it being fabri- cated from repeated parcels of a soft slimy sub- stance, in the same manner as the martins form theirs of mud. Authors differ much as to the materials of which this nest is composed ; some imagine it to consist of sea worms of the Mollusca class ; others of the sea qualm (a species of cuttle- fish), or a glutinous sea-plant called Agal-agal. It has also been supposed that the Swallows rob other birds of their eggs, and, after breaking the shells, apply the white of them in the composition of these structures. The best sorts of nests, which are perfectly free from dirt, are dissolved in broth, in order to thicken it, and are said to give it an exquisite flavour ; or they are soaked in water to soften them, then pulled to pieces, and, after being ESCULENT SWALLOW. 113 mixed with ginseng, are put into the body of a fowl ; the whole is then stewed in a pot, with a sufficient quantity of water, and left on the coals till morning, when it is ready to be eaten. These nests are found in vast numbers in cer- tain caverns of various islands in the Soolo Archi- pelago ; but are nowhere so abundant as about Croee, near the south end of the island of Su- matra. The best kind sell in China at from one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars the peckul (about twenty-five pounds); the black and dirty ones for only twenty dollars. It is said that the Dutch alone export from Batavia one thousand peckuls of these nests every year, which are brought from the islands of Cochin-China, and those lying east of them. The following description of these birds and their nests is given by Sir George Staunton, in his account of the Embassy to China. " In the Cass* were found two caverns running horizon- tally into the side of the rock, and in these were a number of those bird's nests so much prized by the Chinese epicures. They seem to be com- posed of fine filaments, cemented together by a transparent viscous matter, not unlike what is left by the foam of the sea upon stones alternately covered by the tide, or those gelatinous animal substances found floating on every coast. The nests adhere to each other, and to the sides of the cavern, mostly in rows, without any break or in- * A small island near Sumatra. V. X. p. I. 8 114 ESCULENT SWALLOW. terruptiori : the birds that build these nests are small grey Swallows, with bellies of a dirty white. They were flying about in considerable numbers, but were so small, and their flight was so quick, that they escaped the shot fired at them. The same sort of nests are said to be also found in deep caverns at the foot of the highest mountains in the middle of Java, at a distance from the sea ; from which source it is thought that the birds derive no materials either for their food or the construction of their nests, as it does not appear probable they should fly in search of either over the intermediate mountains, which are very high, or against the boisterous winds prevailing there- about: they feed on insects, which they find hover- ing over stagnated pools between the mountains, and for the catching of which their wide opening beaks are peculiarly adapted. They prepare their nests from the best remnants of their food. Their greatest enemy is the kite, who often intercepts them in their passage to and from the caverns, which are generally surrounded with rocks of grey limestone or white marble. The nests are placed in horizontal rows, at different depths, from fifty to five hundred feet : the colour and value of the nests depend on the quantity and quality of the insects caught, and, perhaps, also on the situation where they are built : their value is chiefly ascer- tained by the uniform fineness and delicacy of their texture; those that are white and transpa- rent being most esteemed, and fetching often their weight of silver in China. GREY-RUMPED SWALLOW. 115 These nests are a considerable object of traffic among the Javanese, many of whom are employed in it from their infancy. The birds, after having spent nearly two months in preparing their nests, lay each two eggs, which are hatched in about fifteen days : when the young birds become fledged, it is thought the proper time to seize upon their nests, which is done regularly three times a year, and is effected by means of ladders of bamboo and reeds, by which the people de- scend into the caverns, but when these are very deep, rope ladders are preferred : this operation is attended with much danger, and several perish in the attempt." GREY-RUMPED SWALLOW. (Hirundo francica.) Hi. nigricans, snbtus uropygioque albidis. Dusky Swallow, with the under parts and rump whitish. Hirundo francica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1017. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5SO. 2S. La petit Hirondelle noire a croupion gris. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 696. Grey-rumped Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 582. 30. THIS species inhabits the Isle of France, and has the upper parts of the plumage dusky ; the rump and under parts greyish white : it is rather more than four inches in length ; delights to play about near fresh waters j is seldom seen to settle, 116 WHEAT SWALLOW. and is supposed to retire to the woods in the night, as it is generally seen about their skirts in the evening : it flies remarkably quick. WHEAT SWALLOW. (Hirundo borbonica.) fli.fusco-nigricans subtus griseafusco-maculata, cauda nonfor- Jicata. Dusky-brown Swallow, beneath grey, spotted with fuscous; tail not forked. Hirundo borbonica. Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 1017. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 580. 27. L'Hirondelle des Oles. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 604, L'Hirondelle de 1'isle Bourbon. Euff. PI. Enl. 544.i/i 2. var. Wheat Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 581. 29. THE Wheat Swallow has the beak and legs black ; the whole of the upper parts of the plumage dusky brown ; the under parts grey, variegated with longitudinal spots of brown : tail not forked. There is a variety figured in the Planches Enlu- mine'es, which has the head, wings and tail similar to the above, but the rest of the upper parts of the body are greenish brown : the three outer tail- feathers are likewise edged with that colour, and tipped with dirty white ; the under parts spotted with brown. Affects wheat fields in the isle of France, and is fond of elevated situations : retires in the evening to the clefts of mountains, where they are said to pass the night : their nests are made of straw and AOONALASCHKAN SWALLOW. 11? feathers : the eggs are grey, spotted with brown, and are two in number : they follow the herds of cattle for the sake of the flies. AOOJfALASCHKAN SWALLOW. (Hirundo unalaschkensis.) Hi. nigricans subtus cinerascens, uropygio albido. Dusky Swallow, beneath ash-coloured, with a whitish rump. Hirundo unalashkensis. Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 1025.— Vieil. Ois. del'Amer.Scpt. 1. 64. Hirundo aoonalaschkensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.577- 15. Hirondelle d'Ounalashka. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1.6-i. Aoonalaschkan Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 571. 15. THIS, as its name implies, inhabits Aoonalaschka : it is in length four inches and a half: its beak is dusky : the prevailing colour of the plumage is obscure black ; with the sides of the head, and under parts of the body, dusky cinereous : rump dirty white : tail slightly forked : legs dusky. 118 COMMON MARTIN. (Hit-undo urbica.) Hi. nigro-ccerulescens subtus uropygioque albis, rectricibus imma- culatis. Black-blue Swallow, beneath and rump white, with the tail-fea- thers immaculate. Hirundo urbica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 3. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 271. 1. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 101/. — Lath. Ltd. Orn. 2.573. 3. — Turt. Brit. Faun. 1. 48. 133. Hirundo rustica, sive agrestis. Briss. Orn. 2. 4C)0. 2. Hirondelle a cul blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. Q. 6l4. t. 15.f. 2. Le petit Martinet. Buff. PL Enl. 542. f. 2. Martin, Martinet, Martlet, or Window Swallow. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. l6g.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 33l.—Albin. Birds. 2. 5(5. A. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 564. 3. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 192. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 255.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 2.— Mont. Sup.— Letvin. Brit. Birds. 3. 124. THIS well-known species of Swallow is about five inches and a half in length : its beak is black : irides hazel : upper parts of the body and tail of a glossy blue black : rump and all the under parts of the body white : secondaries with a narrow white fringe : tail slightly forked : legs covered with white downy feathers as far as the claws, which are also white. Dr. Latham mentions having seen a variety of this bird which differed in being dusky where the above is black, and in having the quills, tail, and upper coverts of the latter, tipped with white ; but it most probably belongs to another species, COMMON MARTIN*. H9 as it came from some part of North America, where the Martin does not occur. It is found throughout Europe and Asia, and is much more abundant in England than the Swal- lo\v, which generally arrives here about ten days previous to this bird. On its first appearance it affects low, warm situations, and, should the wea- ther prove favourable, begins to build early in May : its nest is often placed beneath the eaves of houses, and it will sometimes commence in many different places before it fixes upon a spot that suits it : it will also build against rocks and cliffs by the sea side : the nest is composed externally of mud and straw, lined internally with goose feathers in preference to any other, and has a small hole on one side, near the top, for an entrance : it is no un- common thing to observe both the old birds in the nest during the period of incubation, and likewise after the young are first hatched : their eggs are pure white, and five in number the first brood, the second they are three or four, and the third two or three ; but it seldoms happens that they have the latter brood, although they generally have some unfledged young in their nests at Michael- mas : during the time the young birds are confined to the nest, the old ones feed them by adhering to the outside of the nest ; but as soon as they are able to fly, they receive their food on the wing, by a quick and almost imperceptible motion : as soon as the young can provide for themselves, the old ones prepare for another brood. As the season advances, the flocks increase in 120 WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW. number daily, from the addition of the second and third broods ; till at last, particularly about the villages on the banks of the Thames, they swarm in myriads, and almost darken the face of the sky, as they play about amongst the aits or islets of that river. About the beginning of October they assemble on the roofs of houses and other build- ings during the day, though at other times they are seldom seen to settle, and towards the middle of the month they begin to migrate, and continue to go off till about the sixth of November, by which time they have generally all disappeared. WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW. (Hirundo leucoptera.) Hi. cinerea cceruleo-nitens, subtus uropygio alisque nebuloso- albis. Ash-coloured Swallow, shining with blue, beneath and with the rump and wings clouded with white. Hirundo leucoptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1'022. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 579. 25. Hirondelle a ventre blanc de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 681.— Buff. PI. Enl. 546. 2. Hirondelle £ ventre tachet6 de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 682.— Buff. PI. Enl. 546, f. 1. female ? White-winged Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 577. 27. THIS is near five inches in length : beak black : crown, and whole of the upper parts of the body, cinereous, with blue and green reflections, ac- T. WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW. 121 cording to the position with respect to the light : greater coverts and secondary quills variegated with white: greater quills and tail brown, with green and blue reflections : rump and under parts of the body white : legs pale : tail a quarter of an inch shorter than the wings, and slightly forked : female ? with the upper parts of the body dull brown, and the under white, with oblong brown spots ; in other respects similar to the above. Abundant amongst the savannahs of Guiana, and, like the rest of the Swallows, is fond of settling on dry, leafless branches of trees. WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW. (Hirnndn faaciata.) Hi. nigra,fascia abdominis maculaquejemorum albis. Black Swallow, with a band on the abdomen, and spot on the thighs, white. Hirundo fasciata. Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 1022. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5/5.8. L'Hirondelle a ceinture blanche. Buff. Hist. ATnf. Ois. Q. 6ll. Hirondelle de Cayenne i bande blanche. Buff". PI. Enl /24 /2. White-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 567. 8. THIS species is very fond of flying about rivers and ponds at Cayenne and Guiana : it is six inches in length : its beak is black : the whole bird, with the exception of a white fascia on the abdomen, and spot on the outer part of the thighs, black : tail forked. 122 PERUVIAN SWALLOW. BRASILIAN SWALLOW. (Hirundo tapera.) Hi. corpora fusco, tubttis griseofasco, ubdomine tectricibusquc caudee inferioribus albis. Swallow with a brown body, the under parts grey brown, with the under tail-coverts and abdomen white. Hirundo tapera. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 345. Q. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1022. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5JQ. 23. Hirundo americana. Briss. Orn. 2. 502. 10. t. ±5.f. 2. La Tapere. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 678. Brasilian Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 576. 25. INHABITS Brazil, Cayenne, and Jamaica : length near six inches : beak black : upper parts of the plumage brown : quills and tail dusky brown : throat, under parts of the neck, breast, sides, and thighs, grey brown : abdomen, and under tail- coverts, white. PERUVIAN SWALLOW. (Hirundo peruviana.) Hi. nigra subtus alba, fascia abdominali cinerascente, alts caudaque pallide griseis. Black Swallow, beneath white, with an ash-coloured band on the abdomen ; wings and tail pale grey. Hirundo peruviana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 1O25. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 577. 19. Hirundo peruviana major. Briss. 2. 498. 7. Le Martinet noir et blanc a~ ceinture grise. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 0. 670. Peruvian Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5/3. lp- ST. DOMINOO SWALLOW. 123 THE Peruvian Swallow has the head, throat, and neck, grey: breast with an ash-coloured fascia: upper wing-coverts, quills, and tail, pale grey, edged with yellowish grey : beak, back, rump, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and claws, black : under parts of the body pure white. Native of Peru. ST. DOMINGO SWALLOW. ( Hirundo dominicensis. ) Hi. nigro-ch alt/ben, abdomine albo, rcctricibut nigricantibus* Steel-black Swallow, with a white abdomen, and dusky tail- feathers. Hirundo dominicensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1025. — Briss. 2. 493. 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 577. 18.— Vieil. Ois. del'Amer. Sept. 1. 59. Le grand Martinet noire ^ ventre blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 609- Hirondelle d'Araerique. Buff. PI. Enl 545. f. 1. L'Hirondelle & ventre blanc. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 59. pi. 28. male. 29. female. St. Domingo Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 5/3. 18. INHABITS the southern parts of North America, and also many of the West-India islands, particu- larly St. Domingo : it is the size of Hirundo rustica, and measures seven inches in length : its beak is black : its legs and claws are brown : the whole bird, with the exception of the belly, and under tail-coverts, which are white, is of a beautiful shining steel blue : its tail is very slightly forked ; and, with the wings, is dusky: female with the 124 BROWN-COLLARED SWALLOW. forehead and throat brown : the abdomen white, spotted with brown : the quills dusky brown : in other respects similar to the male. BROWN-COLLARED SWALLOW. (Hirundo torquata.) "Kl.fosca subtus alba,fascia pectoralijemoribusqiiefuscis. Brown Swallow, beneath white, with a band on the breast and thighs brown. Hirundo torquata. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1022. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 579. 24. Hirondelle brune et blanche & ceinture brun. Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 68O. Hirondelle brun a collier du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. PL Enl. 723. f. i. L'Hirondelle fauve. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afric. 5. 156. pi. 246. /. 1 ? male. Brown-collared Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 577- 26. BEAK dusky j between which and the eye there is a white spot : upper parts of the body, thighs, and band on the breast, brown : under parts white : tail not forked. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Le Vaillant mentions a bird that appears to be a variety of this species : it has the upper part of the head, the neck, the shoulders, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and the tail itself of a reddish yellow colour, but the feathers of the latter, with the exception of the outer one on each side, and the two middle ones, have each an oval white spot OTAHEITE SWALLOW. 125 on the inner webs : the tail is even : the throat, the front of the neck, and the upper part of the breast, are light brown j and the rest of the under parts of the body are greyish white : its eyes, feet, and beak, are brown. It is found at the Cape of Hope, builds its nest against houses, and lays five yellowish white eggs, slightly spotted with brown. OTAHEITE SWALLOW. (Hirundo tahitica.) Hl.fusco-nigricans, Corpore supra ca-ru1eo-niteiite,Jrontc colloque subtus purpureo-fulvis, cauda subforficata nigra. Dusky-brown Swallow, with the body above of a shining blue, forehead and neck beneath brownish purple, and black slightly forked tail. Hirundo tahitica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 1016.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 573. 2. Otaheite Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 563. pi. in front. 2. pt. 1. u BEAK black : irides brown : colour of the body brown black, with a shining blueish gloss : from the chin to the upper part of the breast it is of a fulvous purple : the rest of the parts beneath are of a sooty brown ; the vent palest : tail a little forked ; above black ; beneath the same, but paler : the length two inches and a quarter : legs black : length five inches." Described as above by Dr. Latham, and figured in the frontispiece to the third volume of his General Synopsis. It in- habits the mountainous parts of Otaheite. 126 FULVOUS SWALLOW. (Hirundofulva.) Hi. nigra CfEruleo-nitens, subtus albicans, gtila Jlava^fronte, uro- pygioque rufo-Jerrugineis. Black Swallow, with a gloss of blue; beneath whitish; throat yel- low; forehead and rump reddish brown. Hirundo fulva. Vieil. Ois. dc VAmer. Sept. 1. 62. L'Hirondelle fauve. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 1. 62. pi. 32. DESCRIBED by Mons. Vieillot in his splendid work on the North American birds: it has the upper parts of the body of a shining blue black : the forehead and rump are reddish brown : the upper part of the neck, and the sides of the body, are red : the quills and tail are dark brown, with all their feathers margined with whitish grey: the throat is yellow : the breast, greyish brown : the middle of the belly, and under tail-coverts, are of a dingy white: the feet and beak are black: the bird is five inches in length. In some individuals the whole of the under parts of the body are yellow. It is an inhabitant of the southern parts of North America. RUFOUS-HUMPED SWALLOW. (Hirundo platensis.) Hi. fasoo-nigricans viridi nitens subtus albida, uropygio crissoque tuft. RUTOTTS -HEADED SHALLOW. RUFOUS-HEADED SWALLOW. 127 Dusky-brown Swallow, tinged with green, beneath whitish, with the rump and vent rufous. Hirondo americana. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1017- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 581. 29. L'Hirondelle a croupion et queue quarree. Buffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 6Q8. Rufous-ruraped Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 582. 31. IN length six inches and a half: throat some- times rufous : upper parts of the body dusky brown, with a slight tinge of blue and green : quills white on their inner margins : under parts of the body dirty white : rump and vent rufous, variegated with white : tail not forked. Inhabits the borders of the river Plate, in South America. RUFOUS-HEADED SWALLOW. (Hirundo indica.) Hi. fusca, pileo-riifo, corpore stibtus albido. Brown Swallow, with the top of the head rufous, and under parts of the body whitish. Hirundo indica. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1025.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 577- 16. Rufous-headed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 571. 16. t. 56. DESCRIBED and figured'fry Dr. Latham as below. " Length four inches : beak dusky brown : the whole top of the head, even with the eyes, rufous, inclining to brown : the upper parts of the neck, wings, body, and tail, brown ; the last forked in shape : the under parts dusky white : some of the 128 ACULEATED SWALLOW. wing-coverts edged with white : the quills exceed the tail in length : legs dusky. Inhabits the East Indies." RED-HEADED SWALLOW. (Hirundo erythrocephala.) Hi. nigricans supra albo marginata subtus alba, capite rubro, alls caudaque fuscis. Dusky Swallow, with the feathers above margined with white ; the under parts of the body white ; head red ; wings and tail fuscous. Hirundo erythrocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1024. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 577. 14. Red-headed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 571. 14. SAID to inhabit India : is one of the smallest of the genus : the beak is flat, and dusky : the head red: back dusky, with all the feathers fringed with white : tail-coverts pale brown : wings and tail dusky, the latter slightly forked : under parts of the body white. ACULEATED SWALLOW. (Hirundo pelasgia.) Hi. supra nigricans, subtus griseo-brunnea, rectricibus cequalibus apice nudo subulatis. Swallow above dusky, beneath grey brown, with the tail-feathers equal, and their tips naked, and armed with an awl-shaped point. ACULEATED SWALLOW. 129 Hirundo pelasgia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 345. 10. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1023. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 581. 20. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 48. — Vieil. Ois. del' Amer. Sept. 1. 63. Hirundo carolinensis. Briss. 2. 501. 9. Hirondelle de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. /OO. L'Hirondelle brune acutipenne de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 6gg. L'Hirondelle a queue pointue de la Louisiane. Buff. PI. Enl. 726. f. 1. Hirondelle acutipenne de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 701.— Buff. PI. Enl. 726. f. 1. L'Hirondelle acutipenne. Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 1. 63. p. 33. American Swallow. Catesb. Carol. Appen. t. 8. Chimney Swallow. Wils. Amer. Om. 5. 48. pi. ZQ.f. 1. Aculeated Swallow. Pen. Arct. Zoo/. 2. 335. pi. 18. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 553. W.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 258. 2. HIRUXDO pelasgia is in length four inches and a half; and is entirely of deep sooty brown, ex- cept the chin and supercilia, which are dusky whitish : beak extremely short, and black : eyes black, surrounded with a bare blackish skin or orbit : legs covered with a loose purplish skin ; thighs naked, and of the same tint : feet extremely muscular, the three fore toes nearly of a length, claws very sharp : the wings when closed extend one inch and a half beyond the tip of the tail, •which is slightly rounded, and consists of ten fea- thers, scarcely longer than their coverts ; their shafts extend beyond the vanes, are sharp pointed, strong, and very elastic, and of a deep black co- lour : the shafts of the wing-quills are also re- markably strong : the female can scarcely be dis- tinguished from the male by her plumage. The two varieties of this bird mentioned by BufFon v. x. p. i. 9 130 ACULEATED SWALLOW. appear to be merely the young in their immature plumage : one has the throat and fore-part of the neck dirty white, spotted with greenish brown : the other is blueish brown ; has the rump grey, and the throat and fore-part of the neck rufous grey. This species arrives in Pennsylvania late in April or early in May, and builds its nest in high chimneys that are seldom used ; but in those parts of America that are inhabited with Indians, and where there are no chimneys, they construct it in hollow trees : it is of a singular construction, and is formed of very small twigs, fastened together with a strong adhesive gummy substance, which is said to be secreted by two glands, situated on each side of the hinder part of the head, and to be mixed with the saliva*. With this substance, which be- comes as hard as the twigs themselves, the whole nest, which is small and shallow, is thickly covered: it is attached by one side or edge to the wall, and is totally destitute of the soft lining with which those of the other Swallows are so plentifully sup- plied : its eggs are four in number, and of a pure white : it has two broods in the season. The young are fed at intervals during the night : and the nest is frequently detached from the sides of the chimney, by the heavy rains, and is preci- pitated to the bottom : the eggs, if there be any, are destroyed ; but if there be young, they will scramble up to the upper part, by clinging to the « Wilson's American Ornithology, vol. 5, page 64. SHARP-TAILED SWALLOW. 131 wall with their strong muscular feet, and in this situation continue to be fed by the old ones for a week or more. This bird is easily distinguished from the other Swallows by its peculiarity of flight, frequently shooting swiftly in various directions, without any apparent motion of its wings, and uttering the sounds tsip tsip tsip tsee tsee in a hurried manner. In roosting, the thorny extremities of its tail are thrown out for its support. It never alights but in hollow trees and chimneys, and is always most gay and active during wet and gloomy weather, and is the earliest abroad in the morning and latest out in the evening of any of the North American Swallows. It departs from Pennsylva- nia, the first or second week in September, towards the south. SHARP-TAILED SWALLOW. (Hirundo acuta.) Hi. nigra subtusfttsca, gula. grisea, rectricibus amce nudo subu- latis. Black Swallow, beneath brown, with the throat grey, and the tail-feathers naked and sharp-pointed at their tips. Hirundo acuta. Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 1C23. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 581. 31. Hirundo martinicana. Briss. 1. 409. 8. t. 45. f. 2. L'Hirondelle noire acutipenne de la Martinique. Buff. Hut. Nat. Ois. 6. 702.— Bujf. PL Enl. 544. f. 1. Sharp-tailed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 584. 33. 132 NEW-HOLLAND SWALLOW. THIS singular little bird is scarcely three inches and three quarters in length : it is black above : the beak and legs are brown : the throat is brown- ish grey : the under parts of the body generally dull brown ; sometimes reddish brown : and the ends of the tail-feathers are pointed as in H. pe- lasgia. NEW-HOLLAND SWALLOW. (Hirundo pacifica.) Hi. obscura, gula et uropygio caruleo-albidis, rectricibus apice acutis. Obscure Swallow, with the throat and rump of a blueish white, the tail-feathers pointed at their tips. Hirundo pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. II. Iviil. 2. New-Holland Swallow. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 259. 4. THIS bird has a very great affinity to the follow- ing, but it wants the needle-shaped processes at the tips of the tail-feathers : it is of the same size: the prevailing colour is dusky brown, but without any tinge of green on the wings and tail : the throat and rump are blueish white. Inhabits New Holland. 133 NEEDLE-TAILED SWALLOW. (Hirundo caudacuta.) Hr. obscura viridi-nitens, fronts gulaque albida, rectricibiu apice subulatis. Obscure shining green Swallow, with the forehead and throat whitish, and the tail-feathers awl-shaped at the tips. Hirando caudacuta. Lath. lad. Orn. Sup. II. Irii. 1. Needle-tailed Swallow. Lath. Syn. Sup, II. 259. 3. DISCOVERED in New South Wales ; double the size of the Aculeated Swallow : the prevailing colour of the plumage is dusky, with a green gloss on the wings and tail : the forehead is white : the throat very pale dusky, inclining to whitish : inner •wing-coverts variegated with white : the feathers of the tail pointed, and armed with sharp needle- like processes. Very abundant in February, and feeds on large insects, particularly locusts. BROWX SWALLOW. (Hirundo fusca.) Hi.Jusca, alis caudaque viridi-fuscis, gula, crisso, et tectricibus caudts inferioribus albis, rectricibus apice nudis subulatis. Brown Swallow, with the wings and tail green brown ; the throat, vent, and under tail-coverts white, and the feathers of the latter naked and awl-shaped at the tips. THERE is a specimen of this bird in the British Museum, which appears to be distinct from H. 134 BROWN SWALLOW. caudacuta ; it being much larger, and differing in other particulars from that bird : its length is six inches and a half, breadth about twenty : its beak and legs are dusky : the forehead is pale : the prevailing colour of the plumage is dusky brown, the head and neck deepest, and tinged with green : middle of the back light brown : quills and tail deep brown green ; the greater quills black on the outer edges : under parts of the body dark brown : throat and chin whitish: vent and under tail-coverts white. Native place unknown. 135 GLAREOLA. PRATINCOLE. Generic Character. Rostrum basi reclinsculum. validum. versus apicem compressuin, apice iucur- vum. Nares lineares obliquae. Rictus ampins. Pedes tetradactyli, digitis basi inembrana connexis. Cauda forficata, rectricibus duodecim. Beak straight at the base, strong, compressed, and in- curved towards the tip. Nostrils linear and placed ob- liquely. Gape very v.ide. Feet with four toe?, connected together by a membrane at the base. Tail forked, consisting of twelve feathers. JL HE only species of this genus knov/n to Lin- naeus was placed by him amongst the Hiruudines, but many subsequent writers have transferred it from thence and placed it among the writer birds, to which it has not the least affinity, except in having rather long legs, which are ba<3 of feathers a little above the knee ; whereas it has the entire habit of the Swallow tribe, especially in the shape of the wings and tail ; and like them it resorts to rivers and such like places in search of insects, on which it feeds, and for the purpose of building its nest'. 136 AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE. (Glareola austriaca.) GL. griseo-jusca subtus rufo-alba, linea gulari incurvata nigra, rectricibus quatuor exterioribus basi albis. Grey brown Pratincole, beneath reddish white, with an in- curved black line on the throat, and the base of the foux* outer tail-feathers white. Hirundo Pratincola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 345. 12. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 695. 1. Glareola austriaca. Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. *753. 1. Glareola. , Briss. Orn. 5. p. 141. t. 12. f. 1. La Perdrix de mer. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 544.— Buff. PL Enl. 882. — Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2l6. Austrian Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 222. pi. 85. — Lin. Trans. g. lQ8.—Mont. Orn. Diet. Suppl. La Perdrix de mer & collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 546. Collared Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 223. Maldivian Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 224. Coromandel Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 224. Madras Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 225. THIS variable bird is the size of a Blackbird, being in length about ten inches : beak short and black; the base of the under mandible and corners of the mouth bright red : upper parts of the plum- age grey brown ; the crown and the back of the neck with a rufous tinge ; the back and scapulars with a slight green bronzed reflection : wings very long, with their primary quills dusky brown ; the secondaries paler, tipped with white ; the tertials and coverts like the scapulars : under parts of the body, rump, and tail-coverts, white : f ' V - , i AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE. 137 throat and lower part of the breast yellowish: from the lower part of the eye, passing beneath the throat, is a black line : under parts of the neck, and upper parts of the breast, rufous brown : under wing-coverts bright rust-colour and black : feathers of the sides rust-coloured : tail greatly forked, and tipped with grey on the inner webs, the outer web of the exterior feathers white : legs and feet rufous brown : claws dusky. The variety called the Collared Pratincole, by Dr. Latham, is rather less, and has the forehead black, with a white spot on each side near the eye ; the throat and fore-part of the neck white, surrounded with a brown collar or line : rest of the under parts whitish. The Maldivian variety differs in having the throat white surrounded with a band, and all the feathers spotted with black on their shafts. The next, called the Coromandel Pratincole, is rather paler than either of the pre- ceding on the upper parts ; the throat is rufous brown, with a black collar ; the feathers at the base of the tail are whitish, and at their tips brown, with a dirty grey spot at the apex ; breast rufous white. The last distinct variety has the top of the head deep brown ; the neck, back, and wing-coverts dirty rufous grey ; quills brown ; two middle tail-feathers the same, all the rest tipped with white, and the outer ones white half way from the base : breast and belly pale brown. This bird appears to be pretty generally dif- fused, being found throughout the greatest part of the old continent, and is most abundant in the 133 SENEGAL PRATINCOLE. deserts towards the Caspian Sea, appearing in great flocks : it is not uncommon in Germany, where it frequents the borders of the Rhine near Strasburgh, and lives on worms and aquatic in- sects ; it is also occasionally seen in France, and is said to have been once taken near Liverpool, and likewise in the Isle of Unst, by Mr. Bullock, whereas it has never been observed on the con- tinent to go far beyond the 53d degree to the north : this bird lays seven oblong eggs, and is a restless noisy species. SENEGAL PRATINCOLE. (Glare ola senegalensis.) GL. rostra pedibusquefuscis, corporefusco immaculate. Pratincole with the beak and feet brown, body fuscous without spots. Glareola senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 696. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 754. 2. — Briss. 5. 148. 4. Tringa fusca. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 22. La Perdrix de mer brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. J. 544. Senegal Pratincole. Lath. Gen. 8yn. s. "H5. 2. THE Senegal Pratincole is nine inches and a half in length : beak nearly one inch, and brown: prevailing colour of the plumage brown ; legs the same : tail much forked. Native of Senegal. May not this eventually prove to be merely SPOTTED PRATINCOLE. 139 the young of the preceding, as the Coromandel variety of that bird has been identified at Se- negal ? SPOTTED PRATINCOLE. (Glareola naevia.) GL, macula fuscis et albicaniibus "caria supra fuica subtus rufat abdomine imo basique caudcs candicantibus. Pratincole above fuscous, beneath rufous, variegated with white and brown spots, with the lower part of the abdomen and base of the tail whitish. Glareola naevia. Gmd. Si/st. Nat. 1. QQQ.—Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 754. 3.—Briss. 5. 147- 3. La Giarole. Buff. Hist. Xat. Ols. 7. 545. Spotted Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 225. 3. THIS species inhabits Germany, and is the same size as the others : its beak is black : its head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the belly are spotted with brown and white ; the upper parts of the body the same, but the spots not so distinct : the secondary quills are black and ash-coloured, mixed ; the rest are all black : the lower part of the belly, sides, and vent reddish white, spotted with black. 140 CAPRIMULGUS. GOATSUCKER. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basi dilatatum et scepius setis divergenti- bus instructum, versus api- cem utrinque compressum aduncum : mandibula infe- rior apice recurvata. Rictus arnplissimus. Pedes breves, digitis tribus anticis,basi membrana con- nexis, uno postico. Ala longissimae. Beak short, at the base di- lated, and often furnished with divergent setae, to- wards the apex on each side compressed and hooked : under mandible recurved at the point. Gape very deep. Legs short, with three toes before, connected at their base by a membrane, one behind. Wings very long. JL HE birds of this genus are readily distinguished by their immense wide gape, which in many of the species reaches beyond the eyes : they do not build a nest, but lay their eggs, which are gene- rally two in number, on the bare ground ; neither are they ever seen in society, but appear to be all of a solitary disposition : their food consists of large insects, which their wide mouth is well cal- culated to entrap, and most of them take their prey flying: there is but one species found on the European continent, and the greater part of them are natives of America. 141 GREAT-HEADED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus megacephalus,) CA. cinereiis maculis siriisque pallidis, abdomine ferruginco* remigibus rectncibusque albo maculatis. Ash-coloured Goatsucker, with pale spots and stripes; abdomen ferruginous; quills and tail-feathers spotted with white. Caprimulgus megacephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. faiii. 3. Great-headed Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 263. 5. THIS singular species inhabits New South Wales: it has a remarkable large head and neck, the former having a set of feathers in front similar to a crest : its beak is pale brown : irides yellow : the prevailing colour of its plumage dusky brown, varied and streaked with whitish and rust-colour : the quills alternately barred and spotted with black and white : the breast is pale ferruginous : the belly cinereous : tail rounded at the end, and similar to the wings in markings : legs pale yel- lowish brown : length of the bird about two feet and a half. GREAT GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus grandis.) CA. nigricunte albojlavescenteque variegatus subtus ulbo nigroque varius, area cculorumjlavescente, pedibus albis. Goatsucker above variegated with dusky, white, and yellow; beneath with black and white; space round the eyes yel- lowish ; feet white. Caprimulgus grandis. GrneL Sijst. Nat. 1. 102Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 583. 1. Caprimulgus brasiliensis major naevius. Briss. 2. 4-85. 70. 7. Le grand Tbijau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 541. Le grand Crapaud volant de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 325. Grand Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5gO. 1. THERE was a magnificent specimen of this bird in the late Leverian museum, which came from Cayenne : it is described as the size of a small Buzzard, its length being nearly two feet : beak covered with hairs to the tip : gape about three inches wide : upper parts of the plumage cream- colour, dotted with brown ; and the shafts of the feathers the same : inner parts of the scapulars whitish: wings very long, reaching almost to the end of the tail, which is nearly half the length of the bird, and rounded at the end: quills deep brown, banded with white on each web, and with their shafts black : under parts of the body cream-colour ; the breast sometimes brownish : tail brown, with whitish bars: legs brown, covered with feathers to the toes : middle claw not ser- STRTGOID GOATSUCKER. 143 rated. This species frequents hollow decayed trees that grow near the water, and only appears of an evening. STRIGOID GOATSUCKER. ( Capriraulgus strigoides.) C A . jerrugineo-Jiiscus, supra striis maculisque obscuris, subtus HneisfusciSijasciis tectricum tribus pallidis, super ciliis albis. Rusty-brown Goatsucker above striated with obscure spots; beneath striped with brown lines, with three pale bars on the wing-coverts ; supercilia white. Caprimulgus strigoides. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sttp. Iriii. 2. Strigoid Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 262. 4. THE prevailing colour of the plumage of this bird is dusky brown above, variegated with obscure spots and stripes of the same : wing-coverts with three oblique mottled bands : quills brown, with the outer margins spotted with pale brown : su- percilia whitish : sides of the head, and streak through the eyes, pale brown : under parts of the body similar to the upper, but striped with narrow brown streaks: tail slightly forked: legs yellowish: beak black. Native of New South Wales. 144 JAMAICA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Jamaicensis.) CA. Jcrnigineus nigro striatus, alit albo variegatis, remigibus juscis maculis albis, rectricibus Jasciis nigris. Ferruginous Goatsucker striped with black, with the wings variegated with white; quills fuscous, with white spots; tail- feathers with black bands. Caprimulgus Jamaicensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1029. — Lath, Lid. Ois. 2. 584. 2. Guira guerea. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 536. Jamaica Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5Q1. 2. pi. 57. LENGTH near eighteen inches : beak black, and much curved at the tip : nostrils covered with short feathers : eyes surrounded with a circle of feathers similar to an owl : irides reddish yellow : upper part of the head, neck, and body ferru- ginous, with the shafts of the feathers black, giving the bird a mottled appearance : wing-coverts brown near the body; the others ferruginous and brown, mixed and spotted with black, with a few of the inner ones variegated with white: quills dark brown, with eight or nine white spots on their outer edges: tail ash-coloured, sprinkled with black, and barred with black brown : legs strong, feathered to the toes, which are yellow: claws black ; the middle one not serrated. In- habits Jamaica: is very scarce. 145 GRACILE GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus gracilis.) CA. cinereo Jusco alboque varius, subtus albidus striis maculis- que ferrugineo-Jlavis, cauda Integra. Ash-coloured Goatsucker varied with brown and white ; beneath whitish, with stripes and spots of a rusty yellow; tail entire. Caprimulgus gracilis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Iviii. 4. Gracile Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 263. 6. THIS is a large species : its beak is pale brown : irides yellow : the plumage mottled, and streaked in a similar manner to the common Goatsucker ; with all the under parts from the chin whitish, variegated with ferruginous yellow : legs yellow : it has a very slender appearance, which is height- ened by its long tail. It is a native of New South Wales, and is called Poo-book. VOL. x. p. i. 10 146 EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Europaeus.) CA. niger cinereo fusco ferruglneo alboque varius, subtus albo rufescensfosciisfoscis. Goatsucker varied with black, cinereous, brown, rust-colour, and white ; beneath reddish white, with brown bands. Caprimulgus Europaeus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 346. 1. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 274. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1027. — Briss. 2.470. *.44. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 584. 5. L'Engoulevent. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 512. Le Crapaud-volant. Buff. PI. Enl. 193. Nocturnal Goatsucker. Pen. Brit. Zool. 2. 1/3. t. 5g. Night Jar. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 262. European Goatsucker. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 437. A- — Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 10. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 503. 5.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 194. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Mont. Sup. — Don. Brit. Birds. 3. 67.— White Selb. 62. Q^—Letvin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 127. THE Common or European Goatsucker has its plumage beautifully variegated with black, brown, ferruginous, and white, sprinkled and dashed with cinereous ; the under parts ferruginous brown, undulated with numerous darker bands : legs very short, and feathered1 below the knee ; the middle claw serrated on the inner edge: the male has a large oval white spot on the inner web of the three first quill-feathers, and at the tip of the two outer tail-feathers : the female is destitute of the white spots, but resembles the male in other respects. This solitary bird is the only one of the genus that inhabits Europe, and with us it is only a bt* EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER. 147 summer visitant, appearing about the middle of May, and retiring the latter end of September or beginning of October *. In common with its kind, it is fond of perching lengthwise on. the branch of a tree: it likewise does not make a nest, but lays two oblong oval eggs, of a whitish colour, and elegantly marbled with light brown and cinereous, on the bare ground among fern, heath, or long grass, generally near some wood, where it conceals itself during the day; and it has been observed to shift its eggs to a more secure place when they have been disturbed. This species makes a most singular noise, which has been compared to that of a large spin- ning wheel, and which it has been observed to utter while perched with its head lowermost, and has on that account been called the wheel bird : it has also a plaintive note or squeak, which it emits during flight, and is supposed to be a call to its female, as it has been remarked to utter it when in pursuit of her. The food of this bird consists of the larger insects, such as Melolontha vulgaris, and solstitialis, and the large bodied lepidopterous insects, for Latham mentions having taken six of the former and four or five of the latter out of the stomach of one on dissection : its large gaping mouth appears to be well calculated to capture these insects, few of which ever escape it. It lives in woods, and comes out of a morning and evening in search of food, retiring in the day * One was observed by Montagu as late as the 8th of Novem- ber, 1805, in Devonshire. 148 GUIANA GOATSUCKER. to the darkest recesses, although it has been ob- served, during very gloomy weather, to fly about in the day, but only when it has been disturbed. It is found in every part of Europe, but not very abundant any where ; also in parts of Asia and Africa, having been observed throughout Siberia and Kamtschatka. In England it is known by many names, such as Dorr-hawk, Churn-owl, Goat-owl, and Night-hawk, which have been ap- plied from its habits : the term Goatsucker had its rise from the ridiculous supposition of the an- cients, that it used to suck the teats of goats ! but it requires no great reasoning to prove the phy- sical impossibility of its being able to perform such a feat. GUIANA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus guianensis.) CA. fulvus maculis diffbrmibus striisque rufis notatus, sub gula, lunula alba. Fulvous Goatsucker, irregularly striped, and spotted with rufous ; beneath the throat a white crescent. Caprimulgus guianensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1030. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 586. 8. Le Montvoyau de la Guiane. Bttjf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 54g. Tette-chevre roux de la Guiane. Buff". PI. Enl. 743. Guiana Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 598. Q. IN length about nine inches : beak covered with bristles : the prevailing colour of the plumage ful- CAROLINA GOATSUCKER. 149 vous, mixed with rufous, in irregular strise, those of the top of the head and hind part of the neck longitudinal ; on the upper part of the back ob- lique, and variegated with irregular shaped spots of a greyish tint on the rest of the upper parts, of the body : quills black ; some of them with a white spot towards their tips : under parts of the body similar in colour to the upper, but the strise are placed transversely : from the gape, reaching be- neath the throat, is a white beard : tail dusky, rather longer than the wings. This species is said to repeat the word mont- voy-au very clearly : it is a native of Guiana. CAROLINA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus carolinensis.) CA.griseo nigricanteque undulatus, subtus griseo-rujescens lineolis nigricantibus, rectricibus tribus exterioribus latere interiore albis. Goatsucker waved with grey and dusky; beneath reddish grey with dusky lines; the three exterior tail-feathers white on the inner web. Caprimulgus carolinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1028. — Briss. 2. 475. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5S4. 4. Engoulevent de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 532. Carolina Goatsucker. Lath. Geii. Syn. 45Q2. 4. THIS species has received the name of rain bird in America, from the circumstance of its only making its appearance in the evening, or during 1,50 SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. rainy weather : it is the size of the common Goat- sucker : length rather more than eleven inches : beak dusky, the upper mandible armed with bris- tles : the upper parts of the plumage with alter- nate zigzag lines of dusky and grey : wings spot- ted, and varied with longitudinal yellowish and dusky streaks : quills barred with dusky and grey, and with the outer webs spotted with yellow ; the three first with a large white spot on the inner web: the sides of the head, and all the under parts of the body, reddish grey, marked with longitu- dinal dusky lines : from the gape along the jaw, on each side, a white stripe, beneath which are a few yellowish spots : crown of the head with a few grey dashes: tail grey, crossed with dusky bands and lines : legs brown : claws black. Inha- bits Virginia and Carolina: lays its eggs, which are similar to those of the Lapwing, on the bare ground. SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus brachypterus.) CA. griseo nigricanteque undulatus, sultus griseo-ntfescensjasciis saturatioribus, gula albida, alls mfo nigroque variegatis, rec- tricibus nigrojctsciatis. Goatsucker waved with grey and blackish; beneath reddish grey, with dark fascia; throat whitish ; wings variegated with red and black, and the tail-feathers barred with black. Caprimulgus rufus. Vieil. Ois. de I" Amer. Sept. 1. 57. Caprimulgus carolinensis. Wils. Amer. Orn, 6- 95. SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. 151 L'Eugoulevent roux. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 1. 5/. pi. 2£, Chuck-wills- wido-.v. Wils. Amcr. Orn. Q. 95. ;;/. 54. f. 2. Short-winged Goatsucker. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. pi. 18. THIS is twelve inches in length : its beak is yellowish, tipped with black : mouth strongly bristled : cheeks and chin rust-coloured, varied with black : over the eye a line of whitish spots : head and back deep brown, powdered with cream- colour and bright ferruginous, and marked with long zigzag streaks of black ; scapulars spotted with deep black and cream-colour, and varied with whitish : nape of the neck with long fea- thers, and streaked with yellowish brown: quills barred with black and bright rust : tail round- ed, one inch longer than the wings; the four middle feathers powdered with ferruginous, and elegantly marked with zigzag and herring bone black figures : exterior edge of the outer feathers barred like the wings ; their interior webs are white two-thirds of their length, and marbled with black and white at their bases : throat with a whitish band : breast black, powdered with rust- colour : legs feathered in front to the feet, which are of a dirty flesh- colour : the inner edge of the middle claw is greatly serrated : the female wants the white on the outer tail-feathers, which are of a brownish cast. This is a solitary species : it arrives in Georgia in March, and in Virginia in April : it lays two eggs in the woods, without any nest ; they are of a dull olive-colour, sprinkled with darker specks, are oval in shape, and about the size of those of a 152 BANDED GOATSUCKER. Pigeon : in the evening this bird begins to utter its note, which is similar to the words chuck-wills- widow, and is continued for two or three hours ; it then remains silent till near day-break, when it again commences till the sun has risen ; the last syllable is pronounced the strongest : during the day it is silent: in September it departs: it is greatly troubled with vermin. Pennant has figured this species, but has not described it. BANDED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus vittatus.) CA. albidus, dorso cceruleo nebuloso, verlice fosciaque nuchce ni- gris, remigibus rectricibusqueferrugineojuscis. Whitish Goatsucker,, with the back clouded with blue ; bar on the crown and nape of the neck black ; quills and tail-feathers rusty brown. Caprimulgus vittatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Iviii. 1. Banded Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 262. 3. pi. 136. THE Banded Goatsucker is a native of New Holland : its beak is black : irides orange : head dirty flesh-colour ; neck and under parts of the body the same, but tinged with rust-colour : be- neath the eyes, and wings, and the sides of the neck, variegated with dusky lines and spots : nape of the neck with a black band, which is bifurcated about the middle of each side of the neck : crown of the head and back of the neck black, meeting on each side over the eye : back and wings dusky VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER. 153 blue, sprinkled with black : quills blackish, varied and edged with ferruginous : tail slightly forked, and dusky, the webs spotted on each side with ferruginous : legs reddish. VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus virginianus.) CA. Jusco-nigricante rufescente cinereoque varitu, subtus albidus Jasciis nigricantibus, gida maris lunula alba. Goatsucker varied with dusky brown, reddish, and cinereous; beneath whitish, with dusky bands ; throat of the male with a white crescent. Gaprimulgus virginianus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1028. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 585. 6. — Vieil.Ois. de TAmer. Sept. ]. 55. Caprimulgus vociferus. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 71. pi. 41. 1. male. 2. female. Le Whip poor Will. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 534. L'Engoulevent criard. Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 1. 55.pl. 23. Virginia Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 590. 6. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 194. 6. THIS species is in length eight inches : its beak is garnished on the sides with bristles : the whole of the upper parts of the body are of a dull brown, slightly mixed with ash-colour, variegated, and banded transversely with rufous brown, and very prettily sprinkled with grey : quills dusky ; the five first marked with a white spot on both the webs, the first quill excepted, which has it only on the inner one : above the eyes, and behind the 154 VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER. neck, a few orange spots ; beneath the eyes grey brown : chin of the male with a triangular white spot, varied with orange on the lower parts : under parts of the body reddish white, barred with dusky: tail similar to the wings ; the two outer feathers with a white spot near the end : legs flesh-colour : female with a rufous white spot on the chin, and without the white on the quills and tail-feathers. This species of Goatsucker, which is known in the United States of America by the name of . Whip-poor -will, arrives in Virginia about the latter end of April : it does not make a nest ; but la^s its eggs, which are two in number, and not much unlike those of the Popetue Goatsucker, except in being rather darker in colour, on the bare ground in May: its food consists of the larger moths, grasshoppers, and such-like insects, which it does not always catch while on the wing, but will frequently sit upon a post or rail, and leap up after them, as they fly by : it begins its note, from whence its American name is taken, about sunset, and continues it nearly till sunrise, with- out intermission ; and very often five or six may be heard at once : it is said to be very good for food : it departs in September towards the south. 155 WHITE-THROATED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus albicollis.) CA. rufo-fuscus albo nigricnnteque varius, subtus Jusco nigrican- teque transvenim (ineatus, gula macula triangulari alba. Red-browu Goatsucker, varied with black and white ; beneath transversely striped with dusky and brown ; throat with a triangular white spot. Caprimulgus albicollis. Gmel. Syst. Aaf. 1. 1030. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 585. 7. White-throated Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 5Q6. 7. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham from the collection of Major Davies : it is in " length ten inches and a quarter : beak brown with a black tip : nostrils rather prominent : plumage rafous brown dotted with black : head streaked with black ; upper part of the body the same, but more obscure : the scapulars and most of the outer wing-coverts have a black band near the end, and the tips yellowish buff: lesser quills spotted with rufous cream- colour on the outer web ; the greater dusky black, crossed about the middle with a white bar : tail somewhat cuneiform ; the four middle feathers like the back, and crossed with dusky bars ; the next on each side white ; the last but one white on the inner web, and dusky black on the outer, but near the base is a white spot ; the outer feathers dusky black, but white on the inner web near the base : the under parts are pale brown crossed with dusky lines : on the throat is a large 156 BOMBAY GOATSUCKER. triangular white mark, each feather of which is fringed with dusky : legs brown : middle toe very long, and greatly serrated. Supposed to come from Cayenne." BOMBAY GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Asiaticus.) CA. cinerascens, nigro Jerrugineoque nebulosus, pectore fcsciis cinereis, maxillari maculaque gulce pallidis. Ash-coloured Goatsucker, clouded with black and ferruginous ; breast with an ash-coloured band ; with the throat and fascia on each side of the under jaw white. Caprimulgus Asiaticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 588. 16. Bombay Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. 195. 16*. DESCRIBED by Dr. Latham from a specimen belonging to Sir Joseph Banks, as the remigibus unicoloribiis, cauda rottmdata, rectricibus nifis. Ferruginous Thrush, beneath paler and spotted; quills un- spotted ; tail rounded ; its feathers rufous. Turdus rufus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2p3. g.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 812.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 338. M.— Vieil. Ois. de V Amer, Sept. 2. 4.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 83. Turdus carolinensis. Briss. 3. 223. 8. Le Mocquer frangois. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 323.— Buff. PL Enl 645. La Grive rousse. Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 2. 4. pi. 5Q. Fox-coloured Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 1Q5. Ferruginous Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 3Q. 41. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 63. pi. 14. / 1. IN length eleven inches : the beak blackish : irides yellow : head and upper parts of the body rufous : the greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a double bar of that colour on the wings : quills brown, edged with rufous : the under parts of the body white, varied with dusky spots : tail rounded and rufous : legs brown : female with the white bars on the wings much narrower than the male ; in other respects the sexes are alike. This species is found in most parts of North America from Canada to Florida; in the latter place and Georgia it is constantly found, but in the northern parts it disappears in the autumn : in 192 SPOTTED TH11USH. September it leaves Pensylvania, and arrives there in March : it builds its nest in a low situation, on a cedar or in a thick bush : its nest is composed of sticks and leaves externally, and lined with fibrous roots and horse-hair : its eggs are four in number, of a blueish white, sprinkled with rust- colour at the larger end: it has generally two broods in the year : its song is very fine, and it will imitate that of many birds, from whence it has obtained the name of the French Mocking Bird, to distinguish it from the common Mocking Thrush of America. SPOTTED THRUSH. (Turdus naevius.) TV. obscure cinereus, pileo nigric.tnte, fascia pone oculos corpore- tjue subtus ferrugineis, tectricibus alarum remigibusque ferru- gineo maculatis, pectore fascia nigra. Dull cinereous Thrush, with the top of the head dusky, a fascia through the eyes, and body beneath ferruginous ; wing-coverts and quills spotted with ferruginous; breast with a black band. Turdus naevius. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 817- — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1. 331. 13. — Vieil. Ois. de V Amer. Sept. 2. 10. Le Merle tachete. Vieil. Ois. de fAmer. Sept. 2. 10. pi, 66. Varied Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 337. *• 55. Spotted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 27. 13. NATIVE of Nootka Sound and New York : in length ten inches : beak black, with the base of AMERICAN THRUSH. 193 the under mandible yellowish: head nearly black: nape with a ferruginous streak, reaching up to the eyes : the upper parts of the body dusky cine- reous : lesser wing-coverts plain ash-colour ; the other the same, with a ferruginous triangular spot at the tip of each : primary quills dusky, each feather with two ferruginous spots, one near the base, and the other about the middle of the outer web : secondaries with only one spot, which is situated near the tip : under parts of the body ferruginous orange, palest near the vent : breast with a black band: tail dusky cinereous: legs yel- low : female without the black band on the breast, which is dull red, of a dusky cinereous above, and the throat and chin inclined to white: lower parts of the body nearly white. AMERICAN THRUSH. (Turdus americanus.) Tu. corpore violaceo-nitente, subtus obscuro, remigibus apicerufis, rostro pedibusque riifis. Thrush with the body of a shining violet ; beneath obscure ; with the tips of the quills and the beak and feet rufous. Turdus americanus. Lath. Ind.Orn. 1. 342. 52. Turdus aurantius. $. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 832. Merula americana. Briss. 2. 308. 51. White-chinned Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 45. c. THIS species is a native of the warmer parts of America : it is the size of a Blackbird : its beak and v. x. p. i. 33 DUAMA THRCSH. legs are yellowish : the plumage is entirely of a shining violet, obscure beneath : quills rufous at their tips. DUAMA THRUSH. (Turdus Duama.) , Tu. lunulis nigris, supra Juscus, subtus albus, tectricibus alarum minoribus nigris albo variegatis, remigibus primoribus fuscis apice ci nereis. Thrush with black lunules, above brown, beneath white, with the lesser win^-coverts variegated with black and white; the primary quills brown, with ash-coloured tips. Turdus Duama. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 302. 134. Duama Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. 145. 127. THIS bird is said to inhabit India by Dr. Latham, who thus commemorates it. " Beak dusky : cheeks white : crown, hind parts of the neck, and back, brown, marked with curved black spots : lesser wing-coverts black, chequered with white : outmost primary black ; the rest of them rusty brown, tipped with ash : fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, white, barred with curved black marks : tail dusky : legs yellowish : in India it is called Cowal, from its note imitating that word: gorges fruit till torpid, and after a time flings up the stones." 195 SOOTY THRUSH. (Turdus fuliginosus.) Tu.fusco-o&scunis, collo anteriore pallide griseo, pectore maculit obscuris notaio. Dull-brown Thrash, with the fore-part of the neck p ale grej the breast spotted with dusky. Turdus fuliginosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlii. 14. Sooty Thrush. Lath. Si/n. Sup. II. 185. 23. THE Sooty Thrush is the size of the common Thrush : its beak is pale : the prevailing colour of its plumage is dark greenish brown : the chin and fore-part of the neck pale grey : the breast rs sprinkled with large dusky spots : the legs are yellowish. Inhabits New Holland. MARGINED THRUSH. (Turdus Africanus.) To. nigricans, pectore pennis nigris nifo marginal-is, siibtus rufo- Jlavus, pedibus cinereis. Dusky Thrush, with the feathers of the breast black, edged with rufous ; beneath reddish yellow ; feet ash-coloured. Turdus africanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 808. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 362. 130. Margined Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. 143. 123. 196 LUNULATED THRUSH. INHABITS Africa : it is the size of the Black- bird : its beak is yellow, with a black tip : the prevailing colour of its plumage is black : the feathers on the fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly edged with reddish brown, and towards the vent with white : the edges of the wings pale : legs ash-coloured. LUNULATED THRUSH. (Turdus lunulatus.) Tu. lunulis nigris notatus, supra juscus subtus albidus, rostrt nigro, pedibus pallidis. Thrush marked with black crescents, above brown, beneath whitish, with the beak black, and feet pale. Turdus lunulatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlii. 13. Lunulated Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 184. 22. BEAK black : the plumage on the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, brown : the under parts white, with all the feathers tipped with black, giving the bird an undulated appearance : legs yellowish : tail short. Inhabits New South Wales. 197 WARBLER THRUSH. (Turdus motacilla.) Tu. olivacco-fuscus, fascia per oculos, gula, pectoreque albis, ab- domine riifo, corpore toto subtusfiisco maculatis. Olive-brown Thrush, with a band through the eyes, the throat and breast white ; the abdomen rufous, and the whole of the lower parts of the body spotted with brown. Turdus motacilla. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. Q. La Grive Nochequeue. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 9. pi. 65. THIS very rare species of Thrush was first de- scribed by Mons. Vieillot in his splendid work on the North American Birds: the specimen there figured and described was procured from the in- terior of the United States : its beak is brown : the top of its head, neck and body, wings and tail, olive brown : from the beak, passing through the eye, is a white streak, terminating in a point on the occiput ; between the beak and eye it is bifur- cated, having a dark brown spot on that part : the throat, lower part of the neck and the breast, white : the sides and belly reddish : the whole of them sprinkled with dusky spots : legs yellowish : length five inches and a quarter. 198 PORT JACKSON THRUSH. (Turdus badius.) Tu. badius subtus albidus, vertice ccsrulescente, pectore nebuloso, remigibus rectricibusque plumbeis. Chocolate-coloured Thrush, beneath whitish, with the crown blue, the breast clouded, and the quills and tail-feathers lead- coloured. Turdus badius. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xli. 8. Port Jackson Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 183. 17. x. INHABITS Port Jackson : the beak is dull yel- low : the top of the head blueisli grey : the hind part of the neck and upper parts of the plumage chocolate brown: wings and tail lead-colour, with pale edges : middle of the neck inclining to brown, giving the bird the appearance of having a collar; all the rest of the under parts dusky white : legs brown. NEW YORK THRUSH. (Turdus noveboracensis.) Tu. nigro subferrugineoque nebulosus, subtus nigricans, remigibus cauddque nigris viridi-nitentibus, supra et infra oculos vitta nigra. Thrush clouded with black and subferruginous ; beneath dusky; with the quills and tail black, shining with green ; above and beneath the eyes a black stripe. GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. 199 Turdus noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 818. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 362. 132. New York Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool 2. 205,— Lath. Sup. 144. x. BEAK dusky: head, neck, and breast, variegated with black and pale ferruginous : from the beak extends a band of black towards the hind head, and taking in the eye : the back is very shining, and has the margins of the feathers ferruginous : wings and tail black, glossed with green; the latter rounded in shape : belly dusky : legs black. This is a migrative species, appearing in New York about October. GOLDEX-CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus aurocapillus.) Tu. olivaceus subtiis albus, vertice ferrugineo-floKOy superciliis nigris, pectore nigro maculato. Olivaceous Thrush, beneath white; with the crown rusty yellow; supercilia black; breast spotted \vith black. Turdus aurocapillus. Lath. Ind. Orn. \. 328- 6.— VieiI.Ois.de I'Amer. Sep!. 2. B.— JFils. Am^r. Orn. 2 83. Mortacilla aurocapilla. Lin. Syst. Kat. 1. 3 -i4. 8p — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. Q82. Ficedula pensilvanica aurocapilla. Brixs. 3. 5O4. 57. t . 29. f. '2. Le Grivelette de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Aat. Ois. 3. 3 1/. — Buff. PL Enl. 3Q8../: 2. La Grive couronnce. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sfpt. 2. 8. pL 64. Golden-crowned Thrush. Edwards. 2.52. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 203.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 21. 6 — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 83. pi. 14.f. 2. 200 YELLOW-CROWNED THRUSH, THIS most elegant little species is the size of the Sparrow, being in length five inches and three quarters: beak brown, with the base flesh -colour: crown of the head rusty yellow : supercilia blackish : upper parts of the plumage of an elegant brown green : quills and tail deep olive green : sides of the head and under parts of the body white: the throat, part of the neck, and part of the breast, spotted with dusky: legs yellowish brown. This bird inhabits the whole of the United States : it has a curious cry, like the words peche-peche- peche, which is continually uttered, and kept up for nearly half a minute each time : it builds its nest on the ground, of leaves and dry grass, lined with wool and hair ; it has a covering at the top, and a small hole in the side for an entrance : its eggs are either four or five in number, and are of a white colour, irregularly spotted with reddish brown, particularly at the larger end. YELLOW- CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus ochrocephalus.) Tu. pileo genisquejftavis, corpore subtus cinereo remigibus rectri- cibusque obscure viritiibus, sub genis striga alba. Thrush with the top of the head and cheeks yellow; body beneath ash-coloured ; quills and tail-feathers dull green; and with a white stripe beneath the cheeks. Turdus ochrocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. I. i.55. 103. Sturnus ze_yianicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 804. TRIPOLI THRUSH. 201 Ceylonese Stare. Lnth. Gen. Syn. 3. 11. 2. Yellow-crowned Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 74. 96. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 143. y&— Broicn. Illust. Zool. 5Q.pl. 22. THIS mimicking bird is as large as the common Song Thrush : its beak is black : the crown of the head and cheeks are yellow : from the beak, passing below the cheeks, is a black line : the breast and under part of the body ash-coloured ; the former sprinkled with arrow-shaped dusky spots : greater quills, tail, and legs, pale green. Native of Ceylon and Javra. TRIPOLI THRUSH. (Turdus Tripolitanus.) Tc. olivaceo-favus, subtus albidus, remigibiis nigris, rectricibus nigricantibus apice albis. Olive-yellow Thrush, beneath whitish, with the quills black ; tail-feathers dusky, tipped with white. Turdus tripolitanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.808.— Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 32Q. 10. Le Merle olivatre de Barbaric. Buffi Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 4O4. Tripoli Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 23. 10. SIZE of T. viscivorus : its beak is reddish brown: the plumage of the upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, olive yellow; the latter tinged with brown : the greater coverts and quills black : the wings reach to the middle of the tail : the under parts of the body dirty white : tail-feathers dusky, with yellowish tip : legs lead-coloured. In- habits the Barbary States. 202 SANDWICH THRUSH. (Turdus sandvicensis.) TIT. pallide fuscus, subtus cum sincipite, cinereo albus, abdo- minefuscescentc. Pale-brown Thrush, with the under parts of the body and the forehead of a greyish white; the abdomen brownish. Turdus sandovichensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 813.— Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 338. 42. Sandwich Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 3Q. 40. INHABITS the Sandwich Islands : length five inches and a half: beak dusky: forehead and under parts of the plumage ash-coloured white : upper parts pale brown : belly and lower parts of the thighs the same: tail even at the end: legs dusky. PUNCTATED THRUSH. (Turdus punctatus.) "Tu.jfuscus nigro-punctatuSy subtus cceruleo-albus, superciliis albis, sub oculis macula rufa. Brown Thrush, spotted with black; beneath whitish blue; su- percilia white ; beneath the eyes a rufous spot. Turdus punctatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliv. 23. Punctated Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 187. 32. THE upper parts of the body of this species are spotted with black : over the eye a white streak : DARK THRUSH. 2O3 chin white ; below which on each side is a rufous patch, that reaches behind the eye : fore-parts of the body, as far as the breast, slate colour ; from thence reddish white : sides over the thighs and vent varied with short black stripes: quills and tail dusky : beak black : legs yellow. Inhabits New Holland. DARK THRUSH. (Turd us pbscurus.) Tu. corpore Jusco, pectore nigricante, superciliis gula crissoque albis. Thrush with a fuscous body, dusky breast, and white supercilia, throat, and vent. Turdus obscurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 81 6.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 24. Dark Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 24. FOUND in the woods beyond Lake Baikal in Siberia : the prevailing colour of its plumage plain brown : the breast inclined to black : supercilia, chin, and vent, white. 204 DOUBTFUL THRUSH. . (Turdus dubius.) Tu. nigro ccerukscens subtus albus, remigibus, rcctricibusquc, juscis. Black-blue Thrush, beneath white, with the quills and tail- feathers brown. Turdus dubius. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xl. 4. Doubtful Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 182. 13. THIS dull bird is nine inches in length : its beak is dusky blue : the plumage is entirely blueish black on the upper parts, and dirty white beneath: the quills and tail are brown : legs dusky. In- habits New Holland. AMEOYNA THRUSH. (Turdus amboinensis.) Tu.Jusco-rubescens, corpore sultus remigibusque minoribus Jlaves- centibusy rectricibus subtusjlavis. Fuscous-red Thrush, with the body beneath and lesser quills yellowish ; the tail-feathers beneath yellow. Turdus amboinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 820. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 354. 101. Merula amboinensis. Eriss. 2. 244. 16. Le Merle d'Amboine. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3Q4. Amboina Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 73. 94. THIS bird is much admired at Amboyna for its song, which is said to be very fine : its head, neck, CHANTING THRUSH. 205 and upper parts of the plumage, and primary wing-feathers, are rufous brown : the lesser quills are also of that colour at their tips, but are pale yellow at their bases : breast, under parts of the body, and tail, light yellow ; upper parts of the latter reddish brown. CHANTING THRUSH. (Turdus Boubil.) Tu. Jvscus, pone cures fascia nigra. Brown Thrush, with a black fascia behind the ears. Turdus Boubil. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 349. /8. Le Boubil de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 1Q3. Chanting Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6l. 70. THE prevailing colour of the plumage of this bird is dark brown, inclining to umber : the beak ~and legs are yellowish grey: irides brownish : be- hind the eye is a longitudinal band of black, extending half way down the neck. Found in the southern provinces of China, and is nearly the only bird that has a song throughout the whole empire : called Boubil at Canton. MAXILLARY THRUSH. (Turdus maxillaris.) Tu.fuscus snblus cteruleo-albus, verticefasciaque maxillari albis. Brown Thrush, beneath blueish white, with the crown and fascia below the jaw white. Turdus maxiJlaris. Lath. Ind. Om. Sup. xliii. 18. Maxillary Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 186. 27. DR. LATHAM describes this species as follows: — " Size of the Blue-headed Thrush : crown of the head black, passing between the beak and eye on each side, and ending in a large patch below the jaw: hind part of the neck dull blue: back, wings, and tail, brown, with a tinge of greenish bronze; on the shoulders mixed with black and green: all the under parts of the body pale blueish white : tail even at the end ; the tips of all the feathers of it white : the beak has both mandibles slightly curved, and brown : irides orange : legs yellow. Met with at Port Jackson, in New Holland." BLACK-BROWED THRUSH. (Turdus melanophrys.) Tu, Jlavo^fuscus, loris elevatis, rostro macula pone oculos pedibus- que rubris. Yellow-brown Thrush, with the feathers of the lores elevated ; and the beak, spot behind the eyes, and feet, red. Turdus melanophrys. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlii. 15. Black-browed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 185. 24. ASH-COLOURED THRUSH. 20? CALLED Dilbong by the natives of New South Wales, where it is an inhabitant : it is the size of T. musicus : the prevailing colour of its plumage pale olive brown ; the wings and tail darkest : the feathers on the lores stick up like a crest ; they are yellowish, and towards the eye are black : behind the eye is a circular crimson spot, bor- dered with black : the beak and legs are red. ASH-COLOURED THRUSH. (Turdus cinerascens.) Tu. cinereo nigricans sttbtus dilutior, tectricibus alarum inajori- bus remigibus rcctridbusque lateralibus nigris. Dusky-cinereous Thrush, palest beneath, with the greater wing- coverts, quills, and lateral tail-feathers, black. Turdus cinereus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 810. — Lath. Ind. Oni. 1.352. QO. Merula cinerea indica. Eriss. 2. 286L 39. t. 25. f. 3. Le Merle cendre des Indes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 385. Ash-coloured Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 67. 82. THIS inhabits the East Indies : it is less than the Redwing : it is in length near eight inches : beak and legs black : the upper parts of the plu- mage deep cinereous : the greater wing-coverts black, with the edges grey: quills the same ; parts of the secondaries white on the inner webs : the under parts of the body pale ash-colour : the two middle tail-feathers deep ash ; the next on each side black, with the edges and tips black : the rest of the feathers entirely black. 20$ DILUTE THRUSH. (Turdusdilutus.) Tu. pallide fuscus subtus cteruleo-albus, capite collo uropygioque griseo ccerulescentibus. Pale-brown Thrush, beneath blueish white, with the head, neck, and rump, blue grey. Turdus dilutus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sap. xl. 5. Dilute Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 182. 14. THIS inhabits New Holland : its beak is blueish : the head, neck, and rump, are blue grey: the back, wings, and tail, pale brown ; the latter with a dusky tinge : legs blueish : under parts of the body blueish white. PALE THRUSH. (Turdus pallidus.) Tu. corporejla'vescente-cinereo, subtus albido, collo lutescente, rec- tricibusjusco-cinereis, extimis apice albis. Thrush with a yellowish grey body, whitish beneath, yellowish neck, and grey brown tail-feathers, the outer ones with white tips. Turdus pallidus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 815.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 334. 27. Pale Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 13. 32. 2/. FOUND in Siberia : the under parts of the plum- age whitish, inclining to yellow on the neck : the REED THRUSH. 209 tail grey brown, with the outer feathers tipped with white : all the rest of the bird yellowish ash- colour. REED THRUSH. (Turdus arundinaceus.) ln.fusco-ferrugineuSy subtus albido-testaceus, re migibus fuscis apice nifescentibus. Ferruginous-brown Thrush, beneath whitish testaceous, with the quills fuscous, tipped with reddish. Turdus arundinaceus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 296. 25.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 834. — Briss. 2. 21Q. 6. t. 22. f. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 334. 28. La Rousserolle. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 2Q3. t. \9.—Buff. PI. Enl. 513. Reed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 32. 28.— Lath. Syii. Sup. 141. IN length seven inches : the upper mandible of the beak brown ; the under whitish : the chin nearly white : the general colour of the plumage above rufous brown : the quills brown, with red- dish brown margins : the tail similar to the back : the under parts of the body dirty white : legs grey. There is a variety which differs principally in having the upper parts of the body testaceous brown : the rump and tail rufous, with all but the two middle feathers of the latter with black bars near the tip: the three outer ones are tipped with white, and the fourth on the inner web only. v. x. p. i. 14 210 WHITE-FRONTED THRUSH. This species frequents marshy places through- out the greater part of Europe, from Gibraltar to Poland and Russia : it makes its nest among reeds, and lays five or six eggs of a yellowish white colour, and during incubation the male continually amuses the female with his song. It is not found in this country. WHITE-FRONTED THRUSH. (Turd us albifrons.) 'Fv.plumbeO'nigricans, subtus obscure jlavescens, sincipite macula alba. Dusky lead-coloured Thrush, beneath dull yellowish, with a white spot on the forehead. Turdus albifrons. Gmd. Syst. Nut. 1. 822. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 354. 98. White-fronted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 71 . Ql. LENGTH above six inches : beak lead-colour : forehead with a white spot : head, neck, and upper parts of the plumage, nearly black plumbeous colour : under parts yellowish buff: legs brown : it is sometimes found with the beak black : the colour of the upper parts of the body and the tail the same, with a spot of white on each side the forehead, and with all the under parts of the body dirty white. It inhabits various parts of New Zealand. 211 CINER ASCENT THRUSH. (Turdus gilvus.) Tu. clnereus, suhtus albus, remigibus caudaque griseo-fuscis, rec- tricibtts lateralibus apice albis. Ash-coloured Thrush, beneath white, with the quills and tail grey brown, and the lateral feathers of the tail tipped with white. Turdus gilvus. Vieil. Ois. de FAmer. Sept. 2. 15. Le Merle Mocquere cendre. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 15. pi. 6S. bis. THE top of the head, neck, and body of this Thrush are of a grey brown, changing to dusky black on the wing-coverts and quills : the primaries are darker than the secondaries, which, as well as the coverts, are edged with ash-colour : the tail is similar to the wings in colour, and is tipped with white for about an inch on the outer feathers, the next on each side less, and the rest marked with that colour : the feathers on the sides of the head are long and thin, and are dark ash over the ears : from the beak to the eye extends a white line : the under parts of the body are whitish grey : the beak and legs are black : its length is about eight inches and a half. Inhabits Guiana, 212 MOCKING THRUSH. (Turdus Orpheus.) Tu. griseo^fuscus, subtus griseo-albus, rectricibus exterioribm apice, maculaque alarum, albis. Grey-brown Thrush, beneath greyish white, with the lateral tail-feathers and spot on the wings white. Turdus Orpheus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2Q3. 11. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 813. — Lath. Jnd. Orn. 1. 33p. 47. — Vieil. Ois. del'Amer. Sept. 2. 12. Turdus pdyglottus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 203. 1O. — Gmel. Sy&t. Nat. 1. 812. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 33p. 45. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 13. Turdus dominicensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2Q5. 21. — Gmel. Syst. •Nat. 1. 831.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 3-40. 48. Mini us. Briss. Orn. 2. 262. 27. Mimus major. Briss. 2. 266. 2Q. Merula dorainicensis. Briss. 2. 284. 38.^. 27.^ 1. Le Merle Mocquere. Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 12. pi. 63. Le Grand Mocqueur. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 325.— Buff. PI. Enl. 558. f. 1. Le Mocqueur. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 325. Merle de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat.. Ois. 3. 325. Mock bird, or Mimic Thrush. Catesby. Cos. 1. pi. 27. — Pen. Arci. Zool. 2. Ip4. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 40. 42. St. Domingo Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 42. 44. Lesser Mocking bird. Edtvards. Glean. 1. 78. Mocking Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 41. 43. — Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 13. pi. lO.f. 1. MONS. Vieillot was the first author that put the three Mocking Thrushes together, in which he appears to be quite correct, as the descriptions of each do not differ specifically from each other, Mocxnut MOCKING THRUSH. 213 and the variation is not more than would occur in different stages of moulting, or, perhaps, age of the bird: its most general appearance is as fol- lows : the beak is black, with a series of reflected bristles at its base : the cheeks and stripe over the eyes greyish white : irides yellow : the top of the head and neck, the shoulders, and the upper parts of the wings, grey brown : quills brown ; the pri- maries with a white spot in the middle : greater wing-coverts tipped with white: tail-feathers dusky brown ; the two outer ones entirely white, the four following white at their tips only : the throat and all the under parts of the body greyish white : the feet black: the length of the bird eight inches and a half : female has the colours duller : the young bird has the breast and belly longitudinally spotted with brown ; the white on the wings dirty ; the wing-coverts, scapulars, and back, reddish ; the feet and beak brown. This remarkable bird receives its name from its amazing powers of voice, being able to imitate that of almost every species of animal, and also noises that are produced artificially, such as the creaking of a door, wheel, or the like ; and its versatility almost exceeds its imitative powers, changing from the soft notes of the Wood Thrush to the discordant jarring of the Whip-poor- Will, then instantly reverting to its original song, and breaking out with the screeching of a Hawk : it has a very fine natural note: it is so much esteemed in America that it was very difficult to procure any in the vicinity of Philadelphia, a few years 214 MOCKING THRUSH. since, from the young birds being taken so fre- quently ; a fine bird has been known to fetch one hundred dollars and upwards : its general haunts are in moist shady woods, where it builds its nest, which is composed of dry sticks and twigs, mixed with straw, hay, pieces of wool and tow, and lined with a thick layer of light brown fibrous roots: its eggs are four or five in number, of an ash-coloured blue, sprinkled with brown blotches : the female sits fourteen days, and has generally two, and if disturbed, three broods in the year. Immense numbers of these birds are taken in some parts of the United States, for the purpose of keeping in confinement on account of their songs ; and amongst them many young ones are captured, w7hich are far from being difficult to rear, as they will bear great fatigue, and only re- quire to be kept clean and well fed : when first taken they will endeavour to escape through the wires of their cages, and will kill themselves if the upper parts of them be not made of wood, so as entirely to obstruct their view: they are fond of berries of various sorts, and also insects. They are found throughout all parts of North America, and great part of the West Indies. 21.5 THENCA THRUSH. (Turdus Thenca.) 'Yv.J\isco~cincreit&, subtus pallido cinereus, remigibus rectricibus- que apice albis. Brown-ash Thrush, beneath pale cinereous, with the quills and tail-feathers tipped with white. Turdus Thenca. Molin. Chili. 222,—Lcth. Lid. Om. 1. 33g. 46. Turdus orpheus. y. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 813. Mimus varius. Briss. Orn. 2. 265. 28? Thenca Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. if 8. 5. THIS greatly resembles the preceding, and is of the same size, but differs in having the entire plumage above cinereous, spotted with brown and white ; the under parts pale grey, and the quills and tail tipped with white : its beak, irides, and legs, are brown : it inhabits Chili, and its nest is cylindrical, armed on the outside with thorns, and lined with wool and feathers within ; the entrance is on one side: its eggs are white, with brown spots. 216 BRUNET THRUSH. (Turdus capensis.) Tu. nigricans, abdomine subflavescente, crisso luteo: Dusky Thrush, with the belly yellowish, and vent yellow. Turdus capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 2Q5. ] 7. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 822.—- Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 353. 97- Merula fusca Capitis Bonae Spei. Sriss. 2. 25Q. 24. 1. 17. f. 3, Le Brunet du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 390. Merle & Cul jaune du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 390. (var.) Buff. PI. Enl. 317. (var.) Brunet Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 70. 90. INHABITS the Cape of Good Hope : length seven inches and a half: beak and legs black: head, neck, upper parts of the body, quills, and tail, brown, the latter the darkest : under parts pale brown : belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, yel- low, the latter brightest : it varies in having the head and throat black. BRASILIAN THRUSH. (Turdus brasiliensis.) Tu. niger subtusjlavescens, dorso infimof err ugineo, fascia alarum alba, rectricibus tribus exterioribus apice, extimis toto albis. Black Thrush, beneath yellowish, with the lower part of the HARMON'IC THRUSH. 217 back ferruginous ; a white band on the wings ; the three ex- terior tail-feathers at the tip and the outer one entirely white. Turdus brasiliensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 831.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 340. 49. Yellow-bellied Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 42. 45. THE Yellow-bellied Thrush is a native of Brasil : it is the size of a Redwing : its beak and upper part of the plumage are black : the middle of the wing with a white stripe : lower part of the back and rump ferruginous : under parts of the body dirty yellow, palest on the chin and fore-part of the neck : sides of the body transversely striped with dusky : tail somewhat wedged ; the outer feather white, the two next tipped, and the rest merely fringed with that colour : legs brown. HARMONIC THRUSH. (Turdus harmoaicui.) Tu. paUide fuscus subtus albidus, remigibus rectricilusque ob- scuris. Pale brown Thrush, beneath whitish, with the quills and tail- feathers obscure. Turdus harmonicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xli. J. Harmonic Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 182. \6. THE Harmonic Thrush is in length nine inches : its beak and legs horn-colour : the upper parts of its plumage pale brown ; the under whitish, with 218 CHINESE THRUSH. the shafts of each feather dusky brown : wings and tail dusky : it has a very sweet note. CHINESE THRUSH. (Turdus sinensis.) Tu. rtifescens, capite fusco striato, superciliis albis, rectricibus fuscis strigis obscurioribus, pedibus flams. Reddish Thrush, with the head striated with fuscous ; supercilia white; tail-feathers brown, with obscure striae; feet yellow. Turdus sinensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2Q5. IQ.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 82g.—Briss. 2. 221. 7. t. 23. f. 1.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 337- 35. L'Hoamy de la Chine. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3l6. Chinese Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 36. 33. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 141. SIMILAR in appearance to the Redwing : its length not quite nine inches : the male above rufous brown j below rufous yellow : middle of the belly cinereous : streak over the eyes white : tail rounded in shape, and barred with six black lines : female with the beak yellowish : upper parts of the plumage similar to the male : the shafts of the feathers of the head and neck brown: the supercilia not quite so white as in the male, and the colour does not reach so far behind : the under parts of the body pale rufous brown : tail brown, with transverse deeper bars : legs yellow. This species inhabits China and India, and is called Hoamy. 219 RUFOUS THRUSH. (Turdus rufifrons.) Tu. JuscuSf sincipite lateribus capitis corporeque subtus rujis, tectricibus alarum nigrisjlavo marginatis, cauda cinerea, tectri- cibus irferioribus albis. Brown Thrush, with the forehead, sides of the head, and body beneath rufous ; the wing-coverts black, margined with ru- fous ; the tail ash-coloured ; and the under tail-coverts white. Turdus rufifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 82o.—Latfi. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 115. Le Merle roux de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 402. — Buff. PL Enl 6±4.f. 1. Rufous Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 80. 108. THIS species is found at Cayenne : it is above six inches in length : the beak is dusky : the crown of the head and upper parts of the body brown : the wing-coverts black, edged with yellow : the forehead, cheeks, supercilia, and all the under parts of the body, rufous : the quills and tail brown: the under tail-coverts white: legs cine- reous. NEW ZEALAND THRUSH. (Turdus australis.) Tu. corporefusco nigricante, pectore abdomineque albis. Thrush with a dusky brown body, white breast and abdomen. Turdus australis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 338. 43. — 3/u?. Carls. 69. New Zealand Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 178. 4. 220 HISPANIOLA THRUSH. THIS is the size of Turdus musicus: its beak and legs are black : the breast and belly white, with the bases of the feathers black : rest of the plumage dusky black. Inhabits New Zealand. HISPANIOLA THRUSH. (Turdus hispaniolensis.) Tu. olivaceus^sultus grisescens, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, extus violaceis. Olive Thrush, beneath greyish, with the quills and tail-feathers brown, externally violet. Turdus hispaniolensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 356. 106. — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 822. Merula olivacea dominicensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 296. 44. pi, 27. f. 2. Merle olive de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 403. — ~Bvff.Pl. Enl.2?3.f. 1. Hispaniola Thrush. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 75. 99. NATIVE of St. Domingo : beak and legs grey brown : plumage above olive ; beneath grey, va- ried with orange: greater wing-coverts and quills brownish, with their outer edges olive, and their inner whitish : tail brown, with the two middle feathers and outer edges of the others olive 5 the inner whitish. 221 SENEGAL THRUSH. (Turdus senegalensis.) Tu. grisco-fuscus, venire sordide albo, remigibus rectricibusque Juscis. Grey-brown Thrush, with the belly dull white, and the quills and tail-feathers brown. Turdus senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. N'at. 1. 823. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 352. Q3. Merula senegalensis. Briss. 2. 26l. 26. t. 22. f. 2. Le Merle brun du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 585. — Buff. PL Enl. 563.f. 3. Senegal Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 68. 85. THIS is eight inches in length : its beak is brown : the entire plumage, with the exception of the belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, which are whitish, is of a grey brown colour : the quills, tail, and legs, darkest. It inhabits Senegal. SHORT-WINGED THRUSH. (Turdus brachypterus.) Tu. cauda cuneiformi elongata, corpore cinereo-fusco, alis ab- breviatis. Thrush with an elongated wedge-shaped tail, ash-coloured brown body, and short wings. Turdus brachypterus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. 21. Short-winged Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 187. 30. THE wings of this bird are so remarkably short that it is scarcely able to fly, and is in conse- quence generally observed on the ground : it is THICK-BILLED THRUSH. about ten inches in length : the prevailing colour of its plumage is a pale brown, inclining to cine- reous below : the breast is mottled with ash- colour and brown: the wings hardly reach to the rump : the tail is wedged, and rather long : the beak and legs are dusky : irides blueish. Inhabits New South Wales. THICK-BILLED THRUSH. (Turdus crassirostris.) Tu. rufo-fmcis subtus cinereus, pennis longitudinaliter media striatiS) rectricibus latcralibus obscure riifis. Red-brown Thrush, beneath cinereous, with the feathers longitu- dinally striated, and the lateral tail-feathers obscure red. Turdus crassirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 815. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.335. 30. Thick-billed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 34. 30. t. 47. FIGURED by Dr. Latham, and by him described as follows : " Size of the Missel Thrush : length nine inches : beak three quarters of an inch ; very stout for the genus, and notched near the tip ; the colour blackish j at the base a few bristles : irides pearl-coloured : the upper parts of the plumage are rufous brown : sides of the head and all the under parts dusky brown, verging to ash-colour about the neck : each feather marked down the shaft with a very pale rufous streak as far as the breast, and from thence with a white one: the quills and two middle tail-feathers are darker than the back j the rest of the feathers like those PHILIPPINE THRUSH. of the Redstart's tail, but duller : the tail is even at the end, and the feathers rather pointed at the tips: the legs dusky: the female is wholly of a pale reddish brown, lightest beneath, where it is dashed with white like the male : across the wing- coverts two rufous bars. This species was met with in New Zealand, both in Dusky Bay and Queen Charlotte's Sound: it is known by the name of Golo-beoo." PHILIPPINE THRUSH. (Turdus philippensis.) Tu. otivaceo-Jttscus, collo pectoreque nifit albo mactilatis, abdo- minejlavescente-albo. Olive-brown Thrush, with the neck and breast rufous, spotted with white ; abdomen yellowish white. Turdus philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 338. 3Q. La petite Grive des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 31 6. Philippine Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 38. 3?. DISCOVERED by Mons. Sonnerat in the Philip- pine Islands : it is the size of the Black-faced Thrush : the upper parts of its body are olive brown : the neck and breast rufous, with white spots : the belly and vent yellowish white. BLUE THRUSH. (Turdus cyanus.) Tu. pennis margine cinereo-cceruleis, ore palpebrisque lultus. Thrush with the margins of the feathers of a grey blue ; the mouth and eye-lids yellow. Turdus cyanus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 296. 24. — Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 834.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 344. 60. Merula caerulea. Briss. 2. 282. 37. Le Merle bleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 355. 24. Le Merle solitaire. Buff. PL EnL 250. female. Solitary Sparrow. Edwards. 18. male. Blue Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 5/. 53. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 142. THE Blue Thrush is rather smaller than the Blackbird : length eight inches : beak blackish : the inside of the mouth and eyelids orange : the irides dull hazel : the entire plumage blue; the feathers with white tips, and a brown band near the tips : quills and tail dusky, edged with greyish white: legs dusky: female more inclined to ash- colour, and transversely waved with that colour and black on the under parts. Found in the Mediterranean, and amongst the islands in the Grecian Archipelago. 225 BLACKBIRD THRUSH. (Turdus Merula.) Tu. ater rostro palpebris pedibusquefidvis. Black Thrush, with the beak, eye-lids, and feet fulvous. Turdus Merula. Lin. Syst. Nat. \. 2Q5. 22. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 220. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 831. — Brlss. 2. 22?. 1O. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 340. 5O. — Turt. Brit. Faun. 1. 36. 65. Merle. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 330. t. '2Q.—Buff. PI. Enl. 2. male 555. female. Blackbird. Pen. Brit. Zoo/, lop. 4?. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 345. ]. — Albin. Birds. 1. 57. — Len-in. Brit. Birds. 2. 6l. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 43. 46.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 141. 46.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 1. — Bewick. Brit. Birds, \.Q4. THIS well-known bird is about ten inches in length : the male is entirely of a deep black when arrived at maturity : the beak and orbits of the eyes are yellow: the females and young birds are of a dark rusty brown, with dusky beaks and eye- lids : it varies in having the head, part of the wings, and behind the eyes, white ; also in being wholly of a pure white ; and again is found varie- gated with black and white. Its song is a shrill kind of whistle of various notes, which it commences early in the spring, and is very loud : it may be taught to whistle a variety of tunes, and will even imitate the human voice : it begins to build very early : its nest is com- posed of green moss, fibrous roots, and such-like materials ; the inside is plaistered with earth, and lined with fine dry grass j it is generally placed in v. x. p. i. 15 226 ASH-HEADED THRUSH. a thick bush, or against the side of a tree or bank: it lays four or five eggs, of a light blue colour, thickly covered with pale ferruginous brown spots, especially at the larger end; they are hatched after fourteen days incubation. It is a soli- tary species, and is likewise very timorous and restless : it frequents hedges and gardens in the summer, but in winter it affects woods. Its food consists principally of insects, worms, and shelled snails; the latter are dexterously broken against a stone, to extract the animal : it will also eat fruit, and in confinement will eat bread and flesh, either raw or cooked. This bird inhabits the greatest portion of the temperate parts of Europe, and in Russia it mi- grates in the dead of the winter. ASH-HEADED THRUSH. (Turdus poliocephalus.) Tu. obscurus, capite collogue canis. Obscure Thrush, with the head and neck hoary. Turdus poliocephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup, xliv. 25. Ash-headed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. App. 3?3. THE Ash-headed Thrush inhabits Norfolk Island : it is in length seven inches and a half: the pre- vailing colour of its plumage purplish black: the head and neck pale cinereous : beak and legs yellow: female with the head and neck dark ash, and the rest of the plumage pale dusky black. OUZEJL. RING THRUSH. (Turdus torquatus.) Tu. nigricans, torque aibo, rostrojlaveseente. Dusky Thrush, with a white collar, and yellowish beak. Turdus torquatus. Lin. Sytt. Xat. 1. 296.23. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 221. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 832. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.343.56. Merula torquata. Briss. 2. 235. 12. Le Merle a plastron blanc. Buff: Hist. Xat. Ois. 3. 340. 31. — Buff. PL Enl. 5 16. male. 182. young bird. Ring Ouzel. Pen. Brit. Zool. HO. t. 46. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 344. n.— Will. 194.— Lewm. Brit. Birds. 2. 62.— Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. Q2. — Albin. Birds. 1. 3g. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 46.49-— Lath. Sup. 141.— Don. Brit. Birds. 2.— Mont. Sup. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 3. 6l. THE description of this bird in the Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary appears to be the most correct of any I have seen, therefore I shall transcribe it as it is there written : " It weighs full four ounces, and is eleven inches in length : the beak is partly orange yellow, especially the under mandible all but the tip ; the point and the base of the upper mandible more dusky: irides dark hazel : the whole upper part of the bird is black, with scarcely any grey on the margins of the fea- thers: tail also black: the quills and wing-coverts dusky, more or less bordered with pale grey, most so on the secondaries, .and their larger coverts: the under parts black, with cinereous edges to the feathers on the body and under tail-coverts: gorget pure white : under wing-coverts pale brown, 228 RING THRUSH. with broad grey margins : legs dusky brown." The female differs in having the white on the breast less conspicuous, and in some it is almost wanting, which most probably marks the young state : there are several varieties of this bird ; some quite white, others spotted with white, and another spotted with white, but without the crescent on the breast. This species of Thrush is migratory, and is found throughout the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Africa ; in this country it is very abun- dant in the isle of Portland every spring and au- tumn, upon their arrival and departure, although they cannot be said to be common : they breed in Wales, and other mountainous parts of Britain and Ireland, on Dartmore in Devonshire, and near the Land's-end in Cornwall : its nest is ge- nerally placed on the ground, under some small bush ; it is formed like that of a Blackbird ; and the eggs in number, size, and colour, are very like that bird's: during the breeding season it is a rare occurrence to observe a second pair in the neighbourhood : they are very clamorous if they be disturbed, when they have young : their food consists of snails, insects, and berries, parti- cularly those of the juniper : when fat they are said to be excellent food. The young has been called the Rock Ouzel. 229 WHITE-CHINNED THRUSH. (Turdus leucogenus. ) Tu. Jusco-niger, gida abdomineque albis. Brown-black Thrush, with a white throat and abdomen. Turdus leucogenus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 341. 51. Turdus aurantius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 832. Merula jamaicensis. Briss. 2. 277. 34. Le Merle brun de la Jamaique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3Ql. White-chinned Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 45. 47. THIS is the size of a Blackbird : its beak is orange, with a black line near the tip : the plum- age is black brown : beneath palest : the chin and abdomen white : secondaries in some species spot- ted with white : legs yellow : beak of the female dusky. Inhabits Jamaica: is said to be good food : it feeds on fruits and insects; and makes a nest of twigs and roots strongly united together. AFRICAN THRUSH. (Turdus Morio.) Tu. ater niteris, remigibus primoribus ntfis, apice nigris. Glossy black Thrush, with the primary quills rufous, with black tips. Turdus Morio. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 297. 26. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 64. Merula Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. 2. 30g. 52. t. 23. f. 2. Le Jaunoir du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 366.— Buff. Pl.Enl. 199. African Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 55. 57. 230 WHITE-TAILED THRUSH. THIS is the size of the Blackbird : its beak is strong and black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is greenish glossy black, the primary quills, which are rufous, excepted : the three first quills have brown and the rest black tips : the legs are brown : the length of the bird is eleven inches. It inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. WHITE-TAILED THRUSH. ( Turdus leucurus.) Tu. niger, uropygio fomoribus caudaque a basi Jere ad apicem albis. Black Thrush, with the rump, thighs, and tail, from the base nearly towards the tip, white. Turdus leucurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 820. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 344. 58. White-tailed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 4£. pi. 38. THIS species is a native of Spain: it is less than the Blackbird : length eight inches : beak lead- coloured: prevailing colour of the plumage black: rump, thighs, and tail, white, the tips of the fea- thers of the latter excepted, which are black for about half an inch, and the two middle ones for about an inch and a half: legs and claws yellowish. WHITE -TAII.EID 231 BLACK-CHEEKED THRUSH. (Turdus Saui-jala.) To. splendide niger marginibus pennarum citrinis, giitturc re~ ntigibus rectricibusque nigris. Splendid black Thrush, with the margins of the feathers pale yellow; the throat, quills, and tail, black. Turdus Saui-jala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 356. 105. Turdus nigerrimus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821. Merula madagascariensis aurea. Briss. Orn. 2. 247. 18. pi. 24. /•2. Merle dore de Madagascar. Buff. Hist. Xaf. Ois. 3. 398- — Buff. PI. Enl. 53Q.f. 2. Black-cheeked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 75. 98. THIS bird has the name ofSatti-jala, in Madagas- car : its length is five inches and three quarters : its beak and legs are black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is velvet black, with the feathers edged with yellow: the sides of the head, throat, quills, and tail, shining black j the latter very short. 232 ETHIOPIAN THRUSH. (Turdus JEthiopicus.) Tu. niger corpore suUusjasciaque alarum albis. Black Thrush, with the body beneath, and band on the wings, white. Turdus ^Ethiopicus. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 824.— Lath. Ind.Orn. i. 357. iio. Le Merle noire et blarrc d'Abissinie. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 406.— Le Boubou.— Le Vail. Ois. d'Afriq. 2. 73. pi. 68. f. 1. 2. Ethiopian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 78. 103. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 180. g. THIS is a solitary retired species, always prefer- ring the thickest parts of the woods to make its habitation : its beak and legs are black : the under parts of the body and stripe across the wings white : the rest of the plumage plain black : the size of the bird is about that of the Redwing : the female is less than the male, and is brownish in those parts where the male is black ; the under parts of her body are entirely fulvous, the throat, which is rufous, excepted : the band on the wings is slightly inclined to that colour. It is abundant over great part of Africa: the male has a note similar to the word Boubou, and the female Cou-i: the latter lays four or five eggs. 233 WHITE-BROWED THRUSH. (Turdus sibiricus.) Tu. nigery superciliis alls subtus crissoque albis. Black Thrush, with the supercilia, wings beneath, and vent white. Turdus sibiricus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 815.— Lath. Ind. Orn. I. 333. 26. White-browed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 26. MUCH less than the Red-necked Thrush: the beak is yellow ; and the entire plumage, with the exception of a stripe over the eyes and the sides under the wings, which are white, is black : this bird has a fine song, and is found in the northern woods of Russia. CHILI THRUSH. (Turdus curaeus.) Tu. aier nitens, rostro substriato, cauda cuneiformi. Shining black Thrush, with the beak slightly striated, and the tail wedge-shaped. Turdus curaeus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 818. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 342. 53. Chili Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 1/8. 6. 234 BLUE-HEADED THRUSH. THE Chili Thrush is the size of a Blackbird : its beak is black : the plumage entirely of a beautiful glossy black : the tail long, and slightly wedged. It is extremely abundant in Chili : it sings well, and will imitate other birds : it feeds on seeds and worms, and will attack other birds and pick out their brains : its nest is made of twigs mixed with dirt and lined with hair: it lays three blueish white eggs. BLUE-HEADED THRUSH. (Turdus cyanocephalus.) Tu. supra fuscus subtus Jlavescens, vertice saturate carufoo, rec- tricibus margine albo maculatis. Thrush above fuscous, beneath yellowish, with the crown of the head dark blue ; the margin of the tail-feathers with white spots. Turdus cyanocephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. 17. Blue-headed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 185. 26. INHABITS New South Wales : it is the size of the Song Thrush : its beak is blue, with a black tip : the crown of the head is deep blue : the back, wings, and tail, are brown : the under parts of the body yellowish white : the sides sprinkled with narrow black lines : quills dark brown, with white tips : all the tail-feathers with triangular white spots on their outer margins : legs blue. 235 SPECTACLE THRUSH. (Turdus perspicillatus.) TV. griseo-viridis, subtiisjlavescente-alltus, capite colloque cinercis, sincipite lunulaqite sub oculis nigris. Grey-green Thrush, beneath yellowish white, with the head and neck ash-coloured ; the forehead and crescent round the eyes black. Turdus perspicillatus. Gmel. Syst. Not. 1. 830. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1.349.79. Le Merle de la Chine. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3.368.— Buffi PI. Enl. 604. Spectacle Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6l. 71. THIS singular looking bird, of which we have given a figure, is rather larger than the Blackbird : it is in length eight inches and a half: its beak is dusky : the head and neck ash-coloured, inclining to brown towards the breast : forehead and circle surrounding each eye black, appearing like a pair of spectacles : upper parts of the body greenish grey : breast and belly dirty yellowish white : the middle tail-feathers greenish brown ; the side ones much darker : tail slightly wedged : legs yellow. Inhabits China. 236 PRASINE THRUSH. (Turdus prasinus. ) Tu. cinereo-cceruleus subtus Jlavescens, macula aurium ovata nigra. Cinereous-blue Thrush, beneath yellowish, with an oval black spot on the ears. Turdus prasinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xli. g. Prasine Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 183. 18. FOUND during the summer in New South Wales : it is the size of Tu. musicus : its beak is dusky : the prevailing colour of its plumage pale blue : ears with an oval black patch beneath : wing- coverts spotted with, and the inner webs of the quills, black : chin white : under parts of the body pale yellow : tail black : legs dusky yellow. CINEREOUS THRUSH. (Turdus Ourovang.) Tu. cinereo-nigricans, capite collo pectore dorso tectricibusque alarum, olivaceis, abdominejlavescente. Dusky-cinereous Thrush, with the head, neck, breast, back, and wing-coverts olive, and abdomen yellowish. Turdus Urovang. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 351. 85. Merula madagascariensis cinerea. Briss. 2. 291. 41. t. 25. f. 1. YELLOW-BREASTED THRUSH. 237 L'Ourovang, ou Merle cendre de Madagascar. Buff. Hut. Xat. Ois. 3. 380.— Buff. PI. Enl. 55?. f. 2. Cinereous Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 76. CALLED Ourovang at Madagascar, where it is found : it is in length eight inches and a half: the beak is tipped with brown : the crown of the head inclines to greenish black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is ash-colour : the greater wing- coverts, quills, and tail, are dark ash-colour : the head, neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, with an olive green tinge : the belly and vent yellowish : legs brown. YELLOW-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus pectoralis.) Tu.fuscus, collo inferiore pectoreque rufescente-Jla-ois. Brown Thrush, with the neck beneath and breast of a reddish yellow. Turdus pectoralis. Lath.Ind. Orn. 1. 357. 112. Le petit Merle brun 4 gorge rousse de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 4O3.—Bitff: PI. Enl. 644. f. 2. Yellow-breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 78. 105. THIS is in length five inches : its beak is of a dusky cinereous : the chin, throat, and breast, rufous yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage above brown, with a paler mixture on the back : the legs greenish yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. 238 SORDID THRUSH. (Turdus sordidus. ) Tu. cinereo-virescens, alls caudaque nigris, macula remigium alba, rectricibus exterioribus apice albis. Grey-green Thrush, with the wings and tail black, a white spot on the quills, and the outer tail-feathers with the tips white. Turdus sordidus. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. xliii. 2O. Sordid Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 186. 29. INHABITS New Holland : beak pale blue : pre- vailing colour of the plumage greenish ash : wings and tail black, the former with a long white streak on the quills, and the tips of all but the two middle feathers of the latter white. INDIAN THRUSH. (Turdus indicus.) Tu. viridi-olivdceus, remigibus inlusjuscis, extusjlavicantibus. Olive-green Thrush, with the wing-quills brown internally, and yellowish outwardly. Turdus indicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 351. 89- Merula olivacea indica. Briss. 2. 298. 45. t. 31. f. 2. Merle olive des Indes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 384.— Buff". PL Enl. 564. f. 1. Indian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 66. 81. ASIATIC THRUSH. 239 THE upper parts of the body of this bird are deep olive green : the wing-quills are brown on the inner, and olive green on the outer webs, with two thirds of the edge from the base yellowish : the under parts of the body are of the same colour as the upper, but pale, and inclined to yellow : "the tail olive green : the legs and beak dusky : length of the bird about eight inches. Inhabits the East Indies. ASIATIC THRUSH. (Turdus Asiaticus.) Tu. niger subtusjlavus, fascia alarum duplici alba. Black Thrush, beneath yellow, with a double bar on the wings. Turdus asiaticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliv. 24. Asiatic Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 1S8. 33. SUPPOSED to inhabit China : it is described by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the collection of the late General Davies : it is near six inches in length : its beak and legs are black : the top of the head, including the eyes and all the upper parts of the body and wings, are black, with the primaries edged with yellow, and the secondaries with white, forming a bar on the wings when closed: edges of some of the greater coverts slightly tipped with white : all the lower parts of the body yellow : tail dusky, with a tinge of olive 'green. 240 YELLOW-BELLIED THRUSH. (Turdus mellinus.) Tu.fusco-virescens, subtus albus, abdominejlavo, superciliis albis, capite, cerviceque nigris. Brown-green Thrush, beneath white, with the abdomen yellow ; supercilia white ; head and neck black. Turdus mellinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliv. 22. Yellow-bellied Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 187. 32. THIS, according to Dr. Latham, is the size of the Missel Thrush : " its beak is pale red : the head, hind part of the neck, and sides of the breast, dusky black : back and wing-coverts green- ish brown : breast and belly olive yellow : chin, fore-part of the neck, and vent, white: quills olive brown, the lesser ones barred with black: tail olive above and pale beneath : at the back of the neck are transverse black marks, arid between that and the sides of the breast a few sagittal marks : legs pale red. Inhabits New South Wales, ap- pearing in the spring and departing in the au- tumn." 241 BAY THRUSH. (Turclus ulietensis.) Tu. nifo-fuscu$i alls cauda pedibusque nigricantibus, rostro in- carnato, cauda rotundata. lled-brown Thrush, with the wings, tail, and feet, dusky ; beak flesh-colour, and tail rounded. Turdus ulietensis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 815. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 335. 31. Bay Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 35. 31. THE Bay Thrush is a large species : it is a native of Ulietea: length eight inches and a half: beak reddish pearl-colour : prevailing colour of the plumage rufous brown : quills with dusky margins : tail rounded at the tip and dusky : legs dusky black. GREY THRUSH. (Turdus griseus.) Tu. griseus, sulitus griseo-rubescens, vert ice cerviceque albidis. Grey Thrush, beneath reddish grey, with the crown and back of the neck whitish. Turdus griseus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 824. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 352. 91. Le Merle gris de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 1Q3. Grey Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 67. 83. V. X. P. I. 16 242 MINUTE THRUSH. THIS is less than the Blackbird : its beak is yel- lowish white : the top of the head and hind part of the neck dirty white : the throat, fore-part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, deep grey : breast, belly, thighs, and vent, pale reddish grey : legs yellowish. This is a native of the Coromandel coast : it feeds on insects. MINUTE THRUSH. (Turclus minutus.) Tu. supra Jusco^ferrugineus, subtus Jerrugineo-cinereus, gula al- bida, alls et cauda nigrojerrugineoqiie notatis. Thrush above brown rust-coloured ; beneath rusty ash, with the throat white ; the wings and tail spotted with black and fer- ruginous. Turdus minutus. Mus.Carls.far.S.pLGS. — Lath. Ltd. Orn. 1.363. 136. Minute Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. If. 181. 10. ONE of the smallest birds of the genus, measur- ing only four inches in length : its beak is brown : the prevailing colour of the plumage brownish rust-coloured : two or three of the primaries dusky, and others black, with the middle part fer- ruginous : some of the secondaries with their tips of that colour, and many of them wholly so : the under parts of the body ferruginous ash : the chin whitish : tail ferruginous, the four middle feathers, which are black, excepted. Native place unknown. 2*3 WHITE-HUMPED THRUSH. (Turdus bicolor.) Tu. viricli^ftisnis, ubdomine uropygioque albis. Green-brown Thrush, with the abdomen and rump white. Turdus bicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 350. 84. — Daud. Orn. 2. 311. Le Merle brun du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff". Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3?8. White-rumped Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 75.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 179. 8. — Thunb. Trav. l.pl. 48. Stourne Spreo. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afriq. 2. 88. THIS is in length ten inches : the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, with a beautiful dull green reflection : the wings reach to about the middle of the tail : the belly and rump are white. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it is known by the name of Spreuw : it is a shy bird : it makes its nest in holes on the borders of rivers, or in old ruined buildings and hollow trees : its eggs are greenish, spotted with brown, and are five or six in number: it feeds principally on in- sects, but will do great damage to vineyards by feeding on the ripe grapes, by which their flesh becomes extremely delicate. 244 PALM THRUSH. (Turdus Palmarum.) Tu. viridi-olivaceus, subtus subcinereus, sincipite pileo genisque nigris maculis utrinque tribus albis. Olive-green Thrush, beneath pale ash ; with the forehead, crown of the head, and cheeks, black, with three white spots. Turdus palmarum. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 295. 19. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 824.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 356. \QS.-Vicil. Ols. de VAmcr. Sept. 2. 16. Le Palrniste. Briss. Orn. 2. 301. 47.pl. 2g.J'. 1. Le Merle Palrniste. Vicil. Ois. dc VAmcr. Sept. 2. l6.pl. 6g.— 70. young. Palm Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 76. 101. THIS beautiful species is a native of Cayenne, St. Domingo, and Surinam : the crown and back parts of the head are black, with three white stripes, one on the forehead, another above the eye, and the third at the bottom of the black below : the upper parts of the neck brown : the back, rump, scapulars, wing and tail-coverts, of a beautiful olive green, with which colour the edges of the quills and outer webs of the tail-feathers are bordered : the throat and lower part of the neck white, get- ting gradually darkened to grey towards the vent : all but the two middle tail-feathers brown on the inner webs : length six inches and a half: beak and legs black : female differs in having the back part of the neck black, and the throat and under parts of the body greyish : the young bird has the PIGEON THRUSH. 245 head and lower parts of the body grey : from the gape to the hind head a white stripe : the upper parts of the body dull green: beak and feet brown. PIGEON THRUSH. (Turdus columbinus.) Tu. viridis iiitens, corpore toto rersicolorc. Shining green Thrush, with the whole body changeable. Turdus columbinus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836. — Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 348. 70. Le Merle des columbiers. Buff. Hist. Nat. CHs. 3. 381. Pigeon Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 77. THIS receives its name from the circumstance of its building in pigeon-houses : it is nearly the size of the Song Thrush, but varies in that respect : the entire plumage is green, with various reflections according to the light : some birds have the rump and vent whitish : it inhabits the Philippine Isles. 246 SHINING THRUSH. (Turdus nitens.) Tu. viridis, macula tectricum alarum violacea nitida. Green Thrush, with a shining violet spot on the wing-coverts. Turdus nitens. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2p4. 13. — Gmel. Syst. Naf. 1. 818.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 66. Merula viridis angolensis. Briss. 2. 311. 53. t. 30.^ 2. Shining Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 56. 60. THIS elegant bird is a native of the southern parts of Africa : it is in length nine inches : its beak is black : the plumage is entirely of a bril- liant glossy green colour, some of the lesser wing- coverts excepted, which are of a bright steel blue, forming a spot of that colour on the front of the wing : legs black. SPLENDENT THRUSH. (Turdus splendens.) Tu. violaceO'Splendens, dorso alisque olivaceo-nitentibus his ma~ culis atris. Shining violet Thrush, with the back and wings shining olive- green ; the latter with pure black spots. Turdus splendens. Leach. Zool. Misc. 2. 30. pi. Ixxi. Turdus nitens. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 347. 66. GLOSSY THRUSH. 247 Le Merle vert d* Angola. Buff. PL Enl. aGl.—Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 372. Blue and green Daw. Edwards. 320. Shining Thrush. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 56. OO. A. THIS most splendid bird is generally admitted to be distinct from the Shining Thrush, than which it is less abundant. It inhabits the same places as that species : the upper parts of the head, neck, body, and tail, are of a shining olive green, with a tinge of blue on the back : \vings sprinkled with dark black spots : throat blue : fore-part of the neck blue green : breast, belly, thighs, and feathers covering the ears, violet : vent olive yellow : legs black. GLOSSY THRUSH. (Turdus geneus.) Tu. riridis nitens, capite nigro-czneo, abdomine cupreo, uropygio rectricibusque duabus intermediis purpurco splendent ibus, cmtda longissima cuneiforrni. Shining green Thrush, with the head of a brassy black ; abdo- men coppery ; rump and two middle tail-feathers most splen- did purple ; tail long and wedge-shaped. Turdus aeneus. Gmel. Syst. Not. 1. 818. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 347. 67. Merula viridis longicauda senegalensis. Briss. 2. 313. 54. t. 31. #1. Merle a longue queue du Senegal. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois, 3. 36o. —Buff. PL Enl. 220. Glossy Thrush. Lath, Gen, Syn. 3. 51. 6L GILDED THRUSH. LENGTH eighteen inches, of which the tail makes eleven : the beak and legs black : the head inclin- ing to blackish, with a tinge of gold : the prevail- ing colour of the plumage glossy green, which varies according to the light : rump and two mid- dle tail-feathers incline to purple : the belly and thighs glossed with copper : the tail much wedged, the outer feathers being very short. Inhabits Se- negal. GILDED THRUSH. (Turdus auratus.) Tu. viridis auratus, capite collo corporeque subtus violaceis, cauda jasciaque alarum cceruleis. Golden green Thrush, with the head, neck, and body beneath, violet ; the tail and stripe on the wings blue. Turdus auratus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 819. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 347. 68. Le Merle violet du royaume de Juida. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 5?3.— Sup. PI. Enl 540. Gilded Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 57. 62. INHABITS Whidah : it is the size of the Black- bird : the beak is brown : irides yellow : the head, neck, and under parts of the body, are violet : the back and wings are of a gilded green, with a blue band on the inner edge of the latter : the upper tail-coverts and tail blue : legs reddish brown. 249 GREEN THRUSH. (Turdus virescens.) Tu. griseo-viridis, corpore subtus snpercilns maculaque subocu- lari albis, gula grisea albo macidata, pectorc lateribusque albis. Grey-green Thrush, with the body beneath, supercilia, and spot under the eye, white ; the throat grey, spotted with white ; and the breast and sides of the body white. Turdus viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 351. 87. Green Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 65. 79- LENGTH seven inches : beak black, the tip brown, and the lower mandible yellowish : super- cilia white : head, neck, and upper parts of the body, greyish green : quills part brown, part grey : throat grey, spotted with white : cheeks with a white spot : breast and sides pale rufous : belly and vent white : thighs variegated with cinereous and white : legs and claws yellowish. Supposed to inhabit China : sings well. 250 MINDANAO THRUSH. (Turdus mindanensis.) Tu. c&ruleo-chalybeus, corpore subtus strigaque longitudinali alarum albis. Steel-blue Thrush, with the body beneath, and longitudinal stripe on the wings, white. Turdus mindanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 823. — Lath. Ind. Orn. I. 353, 05. Le Merle de Mindanao. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 387.— Bujf. PL Enl. 627. f. 1. Mindanao Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 69. 87. THE Mindanao Thrush was discovered by Son- nerat : its length is seven inches : its beak is lead- coloured : upper parts of the body, with the head, neck, and tail, polished steel blue : near the edge of the wing is a longitudinal white stripe j the greater coverts, part of the secondary quills, the breast, and under parts of the body, white : tail slightly wedged : legs brown : some specimens have the tips of the quills varied with changeable green. LABRADOR THRUSH. (Turdus Labradorus.) Tu. atro-nitens ccsruleo viridigue varians, rostro pedibusque nigris. Glossy black, varying with blue and green, with the beak and feet black. VIOLET THRUSH. 251 Turclus labraclorus. Gmel. Sy.tt. Nat. 1. 832. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 342. 54. Labrador Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 2O6.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 46. 48. IT is in length eight inches and a half: its beak is black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is a glossy black, with a tinge of blue and green : tail long : legs black : hind toes long : claws stout. Inhabits Labrador. VIOLET THRUSH. (Turdus violaceus.) Tu. -Aolaceo-nitens, pennis capltis colll pectoris tectricibusque alarum c&ruleo-chalybeis, macula al.irnm femoribusque intus albus. Shining violet Thrush, with the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and wing-coverts, steel blue ; spot on the wings, and thighs internally white. Turdus violaceus. Gmd. Syst. Nat. 1. 829. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l. 34/. 69- Le Merle bleu de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 188. f. 108. Violet Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 5~. 63. THIS inhabits China : it is the size of the Gilded Thrush : its beak and legs are black : irides red : the entire plumage is of a changeable violet blue : the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and wing- coverts, have at the end a changeable violet blue band, which has the lustre of polished metal : on the wing-coverts are two feathers with a white 252 YELLOW-FRONTED THRUSH. band : the thighs are white on the inside, and deep blue without. YELLOW-FRONTED THRUSH. (Turdus Malabaricus.) Tu. viridis nitens, fronte Jlava, gutture nigro, maxilla inferiore striga carulea, tectricibus alarum casrulescentibus. Shining-green Thrush, with a yellow forehead, black throat, a blue stripe beneath the under mandible, and blueish wing- coverts. Turdus malabaricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 837. — Lath. Lid. Orn. l. 349- 77- Le petit Merle de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 192. Yellow-fronted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 60. 69. THE beak of this bird is black : irides yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a fine glossy green : the wing-coverts are of a change- able light blue : the forehead yellow : the throat black : at the lower mandible of the beak is a streak of ultramarine : legs black : female smaller : the general colour of her plumage green, inclining to yellow on the belly : the throat light blue. In- habits the Malabar coast. 253 CEYLON THRUSH. (Turdus Zeylonus. ) Tu. viridis, subtus luteus, linea ocnlari utrinque in pcctus nigrum duct a. Green Thrush, beneath yellow, with a black line on each side beneath the eyes, reaching forward to the breast. Turdus ZeyloniK. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 29?. 28. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 837- — Lath. Lid. Orn. 1. 34Q. 8O. Turdus citrinus. Lath. Lid. Orn. 1. 350. 83. — (young?) Merula torquata Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. 2. 299. 46. t. 3O. /'!• Le Bacbakiri. Le Vail. Ois. d'Afri. 2. 65. t. 67. f. i. 2. Le Plastron noire de Ceylon. Stiff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3/4.— Buff. PI. EnL 272. Green Pye of Ceylon. Edwards. 321. Orange-headed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. 145. 12g. (young). Ceylon Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 62. 72.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 179- 7- NOT quite so large as a Blackbird, being only seven inches and a half in length : its beak is black : the crown is greyish olive : upper parts of the body fine olive green : supercilia white : from the nostrils, passing through the eye, and reach- ing forwards to the breast, is a black line, forming a crescent on the breast : the chin, throat, belly, vent, and thighs, are yellow: tail wedged in shape; the two middle feathers like the back, the others black, with yellow tips : legs blackish : female with the colours less brilliant, and the crescent on the breast dusky. The orange-headed Thrush 254 ORANGE-BELLIED THRUSH. of Latham appears to be the young of this bird, from which it only differs in wanting the black crescent, and in having a few whitish spots on the wing-coverts. Inhabits Ceylon and the Cape of Good Hope, where it is known by the name of Bacbakiri, Couit-couit, and Jentje-bibj, from some of its notes resembling those words : it is often found in the gardens : the sexes are generally observed toge- ther : they make their nest among thick bushes : their eggs are four or five in number; and the male assists his partner during incubation : the young remain with their parents till the following spring. ORANGE-BELLIED THRUSH. (Turdus chrysogaster.) Tu. viridisfulvo-splendens, subtusfulvus nitidus, remigibus qui- busdam extus albis. Green Thrush, shining with fulvous, beneath bright f ulvous ; many of the quills bordered with white. Turdus chrysogaster. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 350. 81. Merle £ ventre orange du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 377.— Buff. PL Enl. 3*8. L'Oranbleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 377. var. Merle du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. PI. Enl. 221. var. Ceylon Thrush, female. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 62. 72. ? Orange-bellied Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 63. 73. IN length eight inches : beak brown : the head, chin, throat, upper parts of the body, wings, and YELLOW THRUSH. 255 tail, green, with an orange reflection, according to the position with respect to the light : the under parts, from the throat to the vent, bright orange : a few of the quills with the outer webs white : the legs brown : it varies in having the margins of the feathers deep blue, on the upper parts of the body : the female Ceylon Thrush of Latham is referable to this, from which it only differs in having the throat grey, the breast and belly greenish yellow, and the upper parts of the body with more orange in them. It is a native of Senegal, YELLOW THRUSH. • (Turdus flavus.) Tu. fulvus, orbitis albis, fascia sub ocidari nigra. Fulvous Thrush, with the orbits white, and a black stripe be- neath the eyes. Turdus flavus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 35O. 82. Merle jaune de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 193. Yellow Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 63. J4. AT first sight this species looks like the Golden Oriole, but from which it differs in many respects when examined : it is the size of that bird: its beak is red : irides grey : the prevailing colour of the plumage deep yellow, palest beneath : all the fea- thers have their shafts white, with which colour 256 GUTTURAL THRUSH. the eyes are also surrounded : there is a black line reaching from the base of the upper mandible to the ears : its legs are yellowish red. It inhabits China. GUTTURAL THRUSH. (Turdus gutturalis.) Tu. viridis subtus luteus, capile nigro, gula alba. Green Thrush, beneath yellowish, with the head black, and throat white. Turdus gutturalis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xli. 6. Guttural Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 182. 15. COMMON at Port Jackson, in New Holland, during the winter : it much resembles the Ceylon Thrush in sha{>e : its beak and legs are black : head, neck, and upper parts of the breast, black : the nape yellowish : chin white : back and wings green : lower breast, belly, and vent, yellow. MAURITIAN THRUSH. (Turdus mauritianus.) Tu. toto corpore wrescente-cceruleo, pennis capitis colloque lon- gioribus angustis. Thrush with the whole body of a greenish blue, and the feathers of the head and neck long and narrow. SONGSTER THRUSH. 25? Turdus raauritianus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 822. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 349. 75. Le Merle vert de 1'isle de France. Buff". Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3S8-— Buff". PI. Enl. 64S.f. 1. Mauritius Thrusbv Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 69. 88. IT is in length seven inches : the beak is cine- reous : the feathers of the head and neck long and narrow: the legs lead-coloured : all the rest of the body of a deep green blue. Found in the Isle of France. SONGSTER THRUSH. (Turdus Cantor.) Tu. virescente-ater cceruleo violaceoqne nitens remigibus cauduque nigris. O Greenish-black Thrush, with a blue and violet tinge; the quills and tail black. Turdus Cantor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. S3?.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 348. 74. Le petit Merle de 1'isle de Panay. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 115. t. 73. Songster Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 59. 67- THIS species is noted for its agreeable song : it often builds in pigeon-houses; and is seen by thou- sands together in the Philippine Isles : its irides are red: head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, greenish black, with a tinge of blue and violet: feathers of the head and neck long and narrow, as in many others of the genus : quills and tail black. v. x. p. i. 17 258 WHIDAH THRUSH. (Turdus leucogaster.) Tu. violaceus, abdotnine alba, remigibus nigricantibus. Violet Thrush, with the abdomen white, and the quills dusky. Turdus leucogaster. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 81Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 348. 71. Merle violet a ventre blanc de Juida. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 402.— Buff. PI. Enl. 648. f. 1. Whidah Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 58. 64. THIS species is less than a Lark, being only six inches and a half in length : the beak is cinereous : the prevailing colour of the plumage is violet, the belly, which is white, excepted : the quills are dusky : the legs are cinereous. Inhabits Whidah. WHITE-HEADED THRUSH. (Turdus leucocephalus.) Tu. cinereo-griseus, capite collogue albis, alis caudague viridi- cuprds remigibus nigris, macula alarum alba. Ash-coloured grey Thrush, with the head and neck white; wings and tail coppery green ; quills black ; and spot on the wings white. Turdus leucocephalus. Gtnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 82p. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 348. 73. Le Merle dominiquain de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. ipj. White-headed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 348. 73. HUDSONIAN THRUSH. BEAK dusky, tinged with red : irides bright yel- low: hind part of the neck, hack, and rump, ash- coloured grey; the two latter palest : wing-coverts and lesser quills copper green, glossed with violet: primary and secondary quills hlack : wing-coverts with a fe\v white spots : head and neck white : the feathers long and narrow : hreast and belly similar to the back : tail like the wing-coverts, with its under-coverts white: legs yellow: female with the head grey, and the gloss on the wings less brilliant. Inhabits China. HUDSONIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Huclsonicus.) Tti. c&ruleo-cineretis, vert ice nuclia tectricibns alarum uropygio- que pallide-castaneo marginatis, catida cinerea rotundata. Ash-coloured blue Thrush, with the crown, nape, wing-coverts, and rump, margined with pale chesnut ; the tail rounded and ash-coloured. Turdus hudsonicus. Gmel. Syst. Nut. 1. 818. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 362. 131.— Vieil. Ois. de VAmer. Sept. 2. 17. Le Merle blueatre. VielL Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 17« Hudsonian Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 2OJ.— Lath. Sup. 143. 124. INHABITS Hudson's Bay. Length about seven inches and a half: beak black : prevailing colour of the plumage deep blueish ash, with the feathers of the crown of the head, the nape, wing-coverts, 260 MADAGASCAR THRUSH. and primary wing quills, and rump, margined with pale chesnut: tail rounded at the tip, and deep cinereous ; its coverts pale chesnut : the legs are black. MADAGASCAR THRUSH. (Turdus madagascariensis.) Tu. fu&cus, subtus albus, pectore lateribusque rufescentibiis^ ma- cula alarum riifo-aurea, rectricibus duobus intermediis latera- liumque marginibus viridi-auratis, extimis margine exteriore albis. Brown Thrush, beneath white, with the breast and sides reddish; a reddish gold spot on the wings; the two middle tail-fea- thers, and the edges of the outer ones, green gold ; the outermost one with the exterior margin white. Turdus madagascariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 823. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1.352-94. Merula madagascariensis. Briss. 2; 2JM. 33. t. 15. f. 1. Le Tauomb6. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 386.—Biif. PL Enl. 557. f- 1. Madagascar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 68. 86; BEAK black : head, neck, back, and scapulars, brown: quills dusky; from the second to the sixth part white, part violet, on the outer webs : the secondaries black, mixed with green and violet, and some of the inner ones glossed with gilded rufous : rump green brown : breast and sides rufous brown : belly, thighs, and vent, white : the two middle tail-feathers green gold ; the rest the same, with the inner margins dusky : the out- most feathers white on the outer edge j the two SURINAM THRUSH. 261 next margined with white : tail slightly forked : legs black. Inhabits Madagascar. Length above seven inches. SURINAM THRUSH. (Turdus Surinamus.) Tu. ater nitens, vertice uropygio maculaque laterali pectoris luteis. Shining-black Thrush, with the crown of the head, rump, and spot on the sides of the breast, yellow. Turdus surinamus. Lin. Syst. Xat. 1. 2Qf. 27. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 356. 10/. Merula surinamensis. Briss. Orn. Supp. 45. 13. pi. 3.f. 1. Merle de Surinam. Buff. Hist. Xat. Ois. 3. 899. Surinam Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 76. 100. LENGTH six inches and a half: beak dusky: crown of the head bright yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage velvet black: lesser wing- coverts white: quills blackish, all but the two outer ones, yellow on their inner webs at the base : on each side of the breast a pale yellowish spot: rump fulvous yellow : legs brown. Found at Surinam. 262 DOMINICAN THRUSH. (Turdus Dominicanus.) viola ceo-chalybeo variegatus, capite corporeque sub- tusjuscescente-albis. Brown Thrush, variegated with shining violet, with the head and body beneath brownish white, Turdus dominicanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836. — Lath. Ind. Orn. ]. 348. 72. Merle dominiquain des Philippines. Biiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3QG.—Buff. PL Enl. G2J. f. 2. Dominican Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 58. 65. DISCOVP:RED by M. Sonnerat in the Philippine Islands : it is in length six inches : beak pale brown : upper parts of the plumage brown, varied with bright violet colour : the head and all the under parts of the body are brownish white : the base of the tail with a polished steel gloss ; the tip greenish : legs pale brown : wings very long. GINGI THRUSH, (Turdus ginginianus.) Tu. griseuS) capite nigro cristato, alls virescenti-nigris, remigi- bus primoribus basi caudaque apice rttfis, supra oculos fascia nudajlava. Grey Thrush, with a black crested head; wings greenish black ; the primary quills at the base and the tip of the tail rufous ; above the eyes a naked yellow band. RESTLESS THRUSH. 963 Turdus ginginianus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 362. 133. Le petit Martin de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. J 94. Gingi Thrush. Lath. Sup. 144. 126. DESCRIBED by Monsieur Sonnerat, who dis- covered it on the Coromandel coast : it is the size of the Song Thrush : its beak and legs are yel- low: the irides red: head black, slightly crested: the neck, back, rump, and belly, are grey: the primary quills are rufous at the base, and black at tiie tips : the secondaries and wing-coverts greenish : the under tail-coverts pale rufous : the tail-feathers black, with rufous tips ; the most outward feather the deepest in colour : the eyes are placed in a naked yellow space, which begins at the base of the beak, and reaches to the sides of the head. RESTLESS THRUSH. (Turdus inquietus.) Tu. corpore supra nigro subtus albo, rostro pedibusque nigris. Thrush with the body above black, beneath white, with the beak and feet black. Turdus leucophrys. Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. x/r. 27. female. White-browed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. — App. 373. female. Turdus inquietus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xl. 2. Restless Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 181. 11. THE Restless Thrush inhabits New Holland : it is the size of the common Song Thrush ; and 264 ASH-RUMPED THRUSH. is in length eight inches : the beak is black : the entire plumage on the upper parts of the body is black, of which colour the legs are : all the under parts are white. The White-browed Thrush of Latham appears to be the opposite sex of this bird, from which it only differs in having the eye- brow, and a spot on the lower wing-coverts, white. ASH-RUMPED THRUSH. (Turdus Orientalis.) Tu. niger, subtus albus, uropygio cinereo, fascia per oculos nigra, rectricibus nigris, tribus extimis apice albis. Black Thrush, beneath white, with the rump ash-coloured; stripe through the eyes black ; tail-feathers black, the three outer ones with white tips. Turdus orientalis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 1.355. 104. Merula indica. Briss. 3. 248. \Q. t. 31. f. 3. Merle des Indes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 397.— Buf. PI- Enl. 273./. 2. Ash-rumped Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 74-97- THIS Thrush is in length six inches and a half: the beak, upper parts of the head and body, streak from the beak through the eyes, and the neck, black : the lower parts of the back and rump ci- nereous : wing-coverts dusky chesnut ; the greater ones edged with white : quills dusky ; the prima- ries with white bars to their inner webs, and the HOCK THRUSH. 265 secondaries to both : the sides of the head and all the under parts white: thighs grey: the tail black; the three outer feathers with white tips: legs dusky. Inhabits the East Indies. ROCK THRUSH. (Turdus infaustus.) Tu. mgricante fusco rufescenteque varius, capite cinereo rufes- cente maculato, rectricibus lateralibus nifis. Thrush varied with dusky, brown, and reddish, with the head spotted with cinereous red, and the lateral tail-feathers rufous. Turdus infaustus. Lath, Ind. Om. 1. 335. 32. Lanius infaustus. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 310. Turdus saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 833. Merula sexatilis. Briss. 2. 238. 13. Merle de roche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ols. 3. 351. Rock Crow. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 252./. Rock Shrike. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. l76.—Shmv. Gen. Zool. 7. 302. Rock Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 54. 07. THIS bird has a pale brown beak: the upper parts of the plumage are dark brown, with many of the feathers edged with ash-coloured -white: chin white: throat similar to the upper parts, but pale: fore-part of the neck and all the under parts of the body dirty orange colour, undulated with white and brown: rump rust-coloured, and margined with ci- nereous white : the tail-feathers dirty orange, the two middle ones excepted, which are brown, and edged with that colour : legs dusky. 266 LESSER ROCK THRUSH. It has been buffeted about from genus to genus, by various authors, but it certainly claims a place in the present in preference : it has an agree- able note of its own, and can imitate that of others: it makes its nest among holes in rocks, hiding it with great art, and laying three or four eggs ; it feeds on worms and insects, upon which it also rears its young : it is a sly bird. Found in many parts of Europe, from Italy to Russia : it will learn to speak as well as a Starling. LESSER ROCK THRUSH. (Turdus saxatilis.) Tu. capite ctsruleo, caudajerruginea, Thrush with a blue head, and ferruginous tail. Turdus saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 294. 14. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 336. 33. Lanius infaustus minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 310. 25. B. Merula saxatilis minor. Sriss. 2. 24o. 14. Merle de roche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 351. t. 23.—Buf. PI. Enl. 562. Lesser Rock Shrike. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. \*tf. 2?. A. RATHER less than the Fieldfare : its head, throat, and neck, blueish ash-colour, varied with rufous aod brown spots : the lower part of the back is ash-coloured and white ; the rest of it and the rump blackish, variegated with grey blue and rufous : the under parts of the body and tail si- milar to those of the former species. Inhabits va- rious parts of Europe, particularly Austria, where JLCKETG-TAILTEB THMUJSH. LONG-TAILED THRUSH, 26? it arrives in May, and disappears in September: it builds among stones j and lays five blue-green eggs : it feeds on insects. LONG-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus macrourus.) Tu, nigro-candescenS) venire rujb, uropygio rectricibusqne tribus extimis albis. Black-blue Thrush, with the belly rufous; rump, and three outer tail- feathers, white. Turdus macrourus. Gmel. Syst. N~at. 1. S20. — Lath. Ltd. Orn. 1. 354. 100. Le Globe mouche a league queue de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 196.? Long-tailed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 72. Q3.pl. 3Q. THIS remarkable species is nearly one foot in length, of which the tail measures more than half, the two middle feathers being six inches and a half in length : its beak is black : the head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, are shining purplish black : the quills obscure dusky black : the rump white: all the under parts of the plumage rusty orange : tail wedged, the four middle feathers entirely black ; the rust on each side, with their tips white ; and the three outer ones wholly of the latter colour : legs pale yellow : claws black. Found at Pulo Condore. This and the Amboyna Thrush frequently throw up the tail with a flirt- ing motion, similar to the Magpie. 268 BLACK-HEADED THRUSH. (Turdus atricapillus.) Tu. nigricans, capite atro, abdomine uropygioque rufis, macula alarum alba. Dusky Thrush, with a dark-coloured head, rufous belly and rump, and white spot on the wings. Turdus atricapillus. Lin. Sy&t. Nat. 1. 295. 18. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 822.— Briss. Orn. Sup. 4?.. t. 3.f. 2.— Lath. Lid. Orn. 1. 353. 96. Merle & tete noire An Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 3B8.—BuJf. PI. Enl. 392. Black-headed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 70. 89. THE beak, head, and upper part of the neck, are black : the back and scapulars dark brown : the wing-coverts brown, some edged with rufous, and some with white : quills brown ; the two first white on the inner edge at the base, the seven next on both webs, forming a white spot on the wings when closed : rump and upper tail-coverts rufous : under parts of the body dull rufous : the sides varied with dusky transverse lines : tail dusky, the feathers tipped with white, with the exception of the two middle ones : legs brown : claws black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 269 FRIVOLOUS THRUSH. (Turdus frivolus.) Tu. fiiscus subtus rufo-albidus,fronte cinereo alboque varia. Bro\vn Thrush, beneath reddish white, with the forehead varied with white and cinereous. Turdus frivolus. Lath. Lid. Orn. Sup. xliii. \Q. Frivolous Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 180. 28. THE Frivolous Thrush inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson : its beak is black : the upper parts of its plumage are brown : the forehead and front of the crown of the head varied with ash-colour and white : quills light brown : under parts of the body white, inclining to rufous on the sides of the neck and breast, and to yellow under the wings : tail dark brown, and short : legs lead-colour. ABYSSINIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Abyssinicus.) Tv.fuscus, remigibus caudaque saturatioribus,gutturefuscescente, corpore subtus fuko. Brown Thrush, with the quills and tail darkest ; throat brownish ; and body beneath fulvous. Turdus abyssinicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 824.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 357. 111. Le Merle brun d'Abissinie. Stiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 407. Abyssinian Thrush. Lath. Ge*, Syn. 3. 78. 104. 27O CHIMING THRUSH. THE Abyssinian Thrush is said to feed on palm- tree flowers, and also to cat grapes, when in sea- son : it is the size of the ^Ethiopian Thrush : the upper parts of its plumage are brown ; the quills and tail deepest, and edged with pale : the throat is pale brown ; and the under parts of the body fulvous yellow : the legs are black. CHIMING THRUSH. (Turd us Campanella.) Tv.fuscus, sultus uropygioque rnfo-fuk-us, gula alba, pileo ge- nisque albis nigro-maculatis, superciliis strigaque pone oculos nigris. Brown Thrush, beneath and rump reddish orange; with the throat white ; top of the head and cheek white, spotted with black ; supercilia and stripe behind the eyes black. Turdus Campanella. Lath. Ind. Orn. I. 35^. 121. Turdus tintinnabulatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826. Le Carilloneus. Buff. PI. Enl. 700. f. l.—Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 478. Chiming Thrush. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 3. 83. 114. IT is described to be four inches in length : the upper mandible is black, and the lower white : the top and sides of the head are white, sprinkled with black : above the eye is a broad streak of black, and a narrower one behind the eye, joining the former at its lowest pan- : the! back, wings, and tail, are brown ; the £ in colour : the wing-coverts are sp CRYING THRUSH. 271 the chin is white : the breast flesh-colour, spotted with black : the rump, belly, and vent, are rufous orange : the thighs are ash-coloured : the legs dusky. The habits of this species are rather singular : it assembles in small flocks of six or eight, and utters a remarkable note, which gives the idea of a chime of three bells, which is often continued for hours together : it is not very abundant, and is found in Cayenne and Guiana, among the thickest forests : it does not associate with any other birds of the genus, although it eats the same food. CRYING THRUSH. (Turdus canorus.) Tu. griseus subtus ferrugineus, tinea alba pone oculos, cauda ro- tundata. Grey Thrush, beneath ferruginous, with a white line behind the eyes, and rounded tail. Turdus canorus. Lin. Syst. Nat. l. 293. 8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 811.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 330. 34. Lanius faustus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 138. 26. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.311. Merula bengalensis. JSriss. 2. 260. 25. Le Baniahbou de Bengale. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 379. Brown Indian Thrush. Edwards. Birds. 184. White-wreathed Shrike. Lath. Gen. Syn. \. l?8. 28.— Shau. Gen. Zool. J. 323. Crying Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 35. 32. 272 CAT THRUSH. LENGTH nine inches and a half: beak yellow: the upper parts of the plumage brown : the quills dusky brown, with pale edges : eyes surrounded with a slender white line, reaching a short dis- tance down the neck : irides yellow : under parts of the body pale grey brown : tail dusky : legs reddish : the female ferruginous, three of the quills and three of the tail-feathers excepted, which are nearly all white: it feeds on rice and insects, has a very powerful note, and is an inha- bitant of Bengal and China. CAT THRUSH. (Turdus felivox.) Tu.fuscus subtus cinereus, cnpite nigro, crisso rubro. Brown Thrush, beneath ash-coloured, with the head black, and vent red. Turdus felivox. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sej)t. 2. 10. Turdus lividus. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. QO. Muscipapa carolinensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 326. 18. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. g46.—Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 483. 64. Muscicapa Virginiana fusca. Briss. Orn. 2. 365. 5. Le Moucherolle de Virginie. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 562. Cat Flycatcher. Pen. Arcl. Zool. 2. 272. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 353. 54. Cat Bird. Catesby. Car. I. pi. 66. Le Merle Cat Bird. Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 10. pi. 67. Cat Thrush. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 90. pi. 14. f. 3. LENGTH eight inches: beak black: the upper parts of the body and wings deep brown : the BLACK AND SCARLET THRUSH. 273 crown of the head black : the under parts of the body cinereous : the vent and under tail-coverts dull red : tail blackish : legs brown. At the latter end of February this species arrives in Georgia from the south, and in Pensylvania about April : it is fond of building in low thickets of briers and brambles, where it perches and utters its cry, which is precisely like that of a young kitten : it is extremely numerous in the United States, but is much hated by the inhabitants : it is very fond of ripe fruit of all sorts, especially strawberries and cherries : its nest is made of dry leaves, weeds, twigs, and dry grass, well lined with fibrous roots: its eggs are of an unspotted green blue, and are four or five in number : it has gene- rally two and often three broods in the year. BLACK AND SCARLET THRUSH. (Turdus speciosus.) Tu. ater, abdomine dorso postico tectricibus alarum intermediis maculis tribus remiginm rcclridbusque lateralibus coccineis, Dark-coloured Thrush, with the abdomen, upper parts of the back, middle wing-coverts, the spots on the quills, and the lateral tail-feathers, scarlet. Turdus speciosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 3(53. 135. Black and Scarlet Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. 146. 128. DESCRIBED by Latham as the " size of the Song- Thrush : length eight inches and a half: beak v. X. P. I. 18 274 ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. dusky black, a little bent at the tip : the head, neck, upper parts of the back, lesser wing-coverts, prime and second quills, and two middle tail-fea- thers, black : the under parts of the body, from the throat, the lower part of the back, the middle wing-coverts, and the rest of the tail-feathers, a rich deep scarlet : there are also three spots of the same near the tips of three of the second quills : the tail is rounded in shape : the legs black. Inhabits India." ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. (Turdus roseus.) Tu. subincarnatus, capite alls caudaque nigris, occipite cristato. Flesh-coloured Thrush, with the head, wings, and tail, black ; hind head crested. Turdus roseus. Lin. Syst. Nat. ]. 2Q4. 15. — Lin. Faun. Suec. ZlQ.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Bly^Lath. 2nd. Orn. 1. 344. 69. Turdus Seleucis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 837. Merula rosea. Briss. 2. 250. 20. Merle couleur de rose. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 348. f. 22. — Buff". Pl,Enl.25l. Rose-coloured Thrush. Pen. Brit. Zool. App. 5. t. 5.— Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 344. G. — Letuin. Brit. Birds. 2. 64. — Edwards. 1. 20. — Bewick. Eril. Birds. 1. 91. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 50. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 142. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 2. — Mont. Sup. — Shaw. Nat. Misc. 6. 231. THIS elegant species of Thrush is rather less than the Blackbird : length near eight inches : THUTTSH. ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. 275 beak slightly bent, of a flesh-colour, with the base dusky : irides pale : head crested, and, with the neck, wings, and tail, black, glossed with blue, purple, and green, according to the position with respect to the light: the back, rump, breast, belly, and lesser wing-coverts, pale rose-colour, with a few irregular dark spots : legs pale red : claws brown, and much crooked : female rather paler. This is met with in many parts of Europe, and has also been observed in Asia, even to India : it is abundant about Aleppo, towards the latter end of summer, where it pursues the locusts : it is also seen in flocks every year in the south of Russia : it also occasionally visits England, but so rarely as scarcely to be admitted into the British list : there are but few instances on record of its having been taken, except about Ormskirk in Lancashire, where one or two are said to be taken almost every season. It is frequent in France, especially about Burgundy, in its passage to other parts. 276 RED-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus migratorius.) Tu. griseus, abdomine rtifo, palpebris albis, rectrice extima apice interiors alba. Grey Thrush, with a red abdomen, white eyelids, and the outer tail-feather tipped with white on the inner web. Turdus migratorius. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2Q2. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 811.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 330. 12.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 35. — Vieil. Ois. tiff I' Amer. Sept. 2. 8. Turdus canadensis. Briss. 2. 225. 9. La Litorne de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 307. Grive du Canada. Buff. PL Enl. 556. 1. La Grive erratique. Vieil. Ois. de I' Amer. Sept. 2. 5. pi. 60. 6l. (young). Robin. JVils. Amer. Orn. \ . 35. ;;/. 2.f. 2. Red-breasted Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 196. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.26. 12. THIS is a large species, being ten inches in length : its beak is yellow at the base, and brown at the tip : orbits white : the upper parts of the body olive brown : the lower parts rufous, with many of the feathers tipped with whitish on the breast and belly : the throat whitish, sprinkled with black dashes : tail black, bordered with olive brown : legs brown : female with the whole of the upper parts of the body pale brown, the wings and tail darkest : the throat white, varied with blackish lines: the breast and belly reddish white, with a few brown spots : tail tipped with white, the two middle feathers excepted : the young bird has all RED-BREASTED THRUSH. 277 the upper parts of the plumage dark griseous, the lower pale, with a red tinge, with the lower parts of the breast, and upper parts of the belly, spotted with fuscous, as are also the sides of the throat, which is whitish : the sides of the body, beneath the wings, are rufous : it has very much the ap- pearance of the Fieldfare. This bird is a native of the greatest part of North America, being found from Hudson's Bay to Nootka-Sound on one hand, and as far as Georgia on the other : it is a very familiar bird, and is often kept by the Americans in confinement for its song, which is exceedingly fine, and is con- tinued nearly without intermission during the months of April and May : its eggs are of a beau- tiful clear blue colour, and the nest is generally placed in a tree : it is fond of gum berries, of which it will eat such immense quantities in the autumn as to give its flesh a purple tinge ; and that circumstance has tended very much to keep the bird from being extirpated in North America, as they used to be shot by thousands for food, until a gentleman, that had great regard for the species, asserted that they were poisonous, in con- sequence of eating so many berries ; and when the flesh appeared purple upon being opened, the inhabitants were afraid to eat them : its general food consists of insects and worms. 278 PACIFIC THRUSH. (Turdus pacificus.) Tu. cinereuSy corpore subtus genisque Jiiscescente-albis, loris ob- scuris, cauda nigra apice alba. Ash-coloured Thrush, with the body beneath and cheeks of a brownish white ; lores obscure ; tail black, with a white tip. Turdus pacificus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 813. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.338. 41. Pacific Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 38. 3Q. FIVE inches and a half in length : beak dusky : sides of the head, beneath the eyes, brownish white : between the beak and eye a dusky streak : upper parts of the body cinereous ; lower parts brownish white ; the sides of the neck and breast with great inclination to brown : tail black, tipped with white. Native of the Friendly Islands, in the South Sea. RED-NECKED THRUSH. (Turdus ruficollis.) Tu. corpore supra fusco subtus albo, collo rectricibusque laterali- bus rttfis. Thrush with the body above brown, beneath white ; the neck and lateral tail-feathers red. Turdus ruficollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 815.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 25. Red-necked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 25. BCFF-WIN'GED THRUSH. DISCOVERED by Pallas to inhabit the larch fo- rests beyond the Lake Baikal, in Siberia : the upper parts of the plumage, and two middle tail-fea- thers, are brown ; the breast and abdomen white ; and the rest of the bird rufous. BUFF-WINGED THRUSH. (Turdus fuscipes.) TLT. cinereus subtus obscure rtifus, pileo nigro, tectricibus alarum jlavcscentejasciatis . Ash-coloured Thrush, beneath dull rufous, with the top of the head black, and the wing-coverts barred with yellowish. Turdus fuscipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826. — Lath. Ind. Om. 1.359- H8. Buff-winged Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 81. 111. THE Buff-winged Thrush Dr. Latham describes as follows : " Length six inches and a half: beak one inch, stout, and notched at the tip : crown of the head black : the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, dark ash-colour: wing-co- verts barred with buff: quills brown : under parts of the body dull rufous: tail two inches and a half in length ; shape of it somewhat cuneiform : legs brown. Supposed to come from Cayenne, as it was seen in a collection from that place." 280 RUFOUS-WINGED THRUSH. (Turdus erythropterus.) Tu. ater, alls rufis, crisso reclricibusque lateralibus apice albis, cauda cuneiformi, Dark-coloured Thrush, with rufous wings ; the vent and tips of the lateral tail-feathers white ; tail wedge-shaped. Turdus erythropterus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 65. Le Podobe du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 368 — Buff. PL Enl. 354. Rufous-winged Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 55. 5Q. Tins species has all the upper parts of the body black, with short rufous wings : theunderparts are also black, the tips of the under tail-coverts, which are white, excepted : the tail is slightly wedged ; and all the feathers but the two middle ones are tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal : in length ten inches. PENSIVE THRUSH. (Turdus manillensis.) Tu. fiiscO'Ccerulescens, suUus rtifus albidoque maculatus, uropy- gio ccerulcscente, remigibus rectricibusquefusco-nigricantibus. Brownish-blue Thrush, beneath spotted with rufous and white ; rump blueish ; quills and tail-feathers dusky black. Turdus manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 833.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 345. 62. HERMIT THRUSH. 281 Merula solitaria. Briss. 2. 270. 31. /. 23.f. 2. Merle solitaire de Manille. Buff. Hist. Ntit. Ois. 3. 363. — Buff. PL Enl. 63(5. male. 564. 2. female. Pensive Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 53. 55. BROUGHT from Manilla by Sormerat : it is in length eight inches : its beak is brown : the head, hind part of the neck and back, ash-coloured blue : quills blackish : wing-coverts spotted with white and yellow : throat, fore-part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, spotted with yellow: the under parts of the body are orange, marked with blue and white crescent-shaped spots : rump blue : tail blackish, margined with rufous: legs blackish: female wholly of a brownish colour, with spots of deeper brown on the head, neck, and under parts, which are paler than the upper. HERMIT THRUSH. (Turdus Eremita.) Tv.fuscus, apicibus pennarum fascia nigricante nlbida terminatis, subtus sordide albo-nifescens fusco striatus, remigibus rectrici- busque griseo marginatis. Brown Thrush, with the tips of the feathers with a blackish bar terminated with white ; beneath dull reddish white, stri- ated with fuscous; quills and tail-feathers margined with grey. Turdus Eremita. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 833.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 63. Merula solitaria Philippensis. Briss. 2. 272. 32. t. 28. f. 1. Le Solitaire des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 364.— Buff. PI. Enl. 339. Hermit Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 54. 56. 282 MUSICIAN THRUSH. THIS very much resembles the Pensive Thrush : it is in length seven inches and a half: its beak is brown, with the base and orbits of the eyes whitish : the crown of the head is yellowish olive : the hind parts of the head and neck, with the back, are brown ; each feather with a dusky band near the tip, which is whitish : the feathers of the sides of the head and under parts of the body are reddish white, edged with brown, and tipped with dirty reddish white: the quills and tail are brown, edged with grey: the rump and lesser wing-coverts ash- coloured : legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. MUSICIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Arada.) Tu. rwfo-fu&cus nigricante transversim striatus, subtus albidus, sub oculis macula nigra albo-punctata, genis collogue hiferiore rufo-^fulvis. Reddish-brown Thrush, transversely striped with dusky; below whitish; beneath the eyes a black spot, sprinkled with white; with the cheeks and lower parts of the neck reddish orange. Turdus Arada. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 114. Turdus cantans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825. L* Arada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 480. Le Musicien de Cayenne. Buff. PI. EnL 706.f. 2. Musician Thrush. Lath. Gen. Sun. 3. SO. 109. THIS amusing species is one of the most solitary of the genus, rarely frequenting the neighbour- RED-LEGGED THRUSH. 283 hood of inhabited places, but in deep forests, where it may be observed perched singly on a tree, uttering its song, which is most beautiful, and is so much admired among the Cayennese, that they have given it the name of musician : its length is four inches : beak black : upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, rufous brown, striated transversely with dusky: the chin, cheeks, and throat rufous orange, with a broad black patch, spot- ted with white, on each side of the neck, beneath the eye : the breast, belly, and vent, dirty white : legs yellowish : it feeds principally on ants : its song, which is thought superior, by many, to that of the Nightingale, consists of different tones and ac- cents, much resembling the flute, and sometimes a short whistle. RED-LEGGED THRUSH. (Turdus plumbeus.) Tu. ccerulescens, gula atro punctata, rectricibus quatuor exteriori- bus apice albis. Blueish Thrush, with the throat spotted with blackish, and the four outer tail-feathers white at their tips. Turdus plumbeus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 334. 29.— Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 294. 12.— Vieil. Ois. de I'Jmer. Sept. 2. 2. Merula Americana cinerea. Briss. 2. 288. 40. La Grive cendree d' Amerique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 314. — Buff. PL Enl. 560. I.— Vieil. Ois. de I'Amer. Sept. 2. 2. pi. 5S. Red-legged Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zoo/. 2. 20O.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 33. 29. 284 WHITE-BACKED THRUSH. LENGTH ten inches : beak, eye lids, and hides, red : head and upper parts of the body deep cine- reous : quills blackish, edged with grey: throat white, spotted with black : all the rest of the under parts ash-coloured, but the colour towards the vent verges to white : between the beak and eye a spot of black : tail wedge-shaped ; the four outer feathers on each side tipped with white : legs red : female much smaller than the male, similar in plumage, but rather duller in colour. Inhabits various parts of North America, parti- cularly Carolina. WHITE-BACKED THRUSH. (Turdus Alapi.) Tu. Juscus subtus cinereus, collo inferiore pectorequc nigris, tec- tricibus alarum albo punctat is, dor so macula alba. Brown Thrush, beneath ash-coloured, with the lower part of the neck and breast black, the wing-coverts spotted with white, and the back with a white patch. Turdus Alapi. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826. — Lath. Ind. Orn. J. 359. 119- L' Alapi de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 4Q5.—Btiff. PI. Enl. 701. f. 2. White-backed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 82. 112. A LITTLE larger than the Buff- winged Thrush : length six inches: the beak dusky: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, black: the up- CLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. 285 per part of the head, neck, and back, olive brown; the latter with a white spot in the middle : wing- coverts sprinkled with white spots : wings deep ash-coloured brown : under parts of the body cine- reous : tail blackish: legs pale yellow: female without the white spot on the back : the colours of the upper parts of the body paler than in the male : the chin white: the under parts of the body and tips of the wing-coverts with a rufous tinge : the vent and under tail-coverts greyish ash-co- lour. This species is extremely numerous in the thick woods of Guiana: they feed on ants, are very active, and have only a quavering note, with- out any resemblance to a song. BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus cinnamoraeus.) Tu. testaceo-niber, collo inferiore nigro albo marginato, tectrici- bus alarum nigris, minoribus albo mediis majoribusque rufo terminatis. Testaceous-red Thrush, with the neck beneath black, margined with white ; the wing-coverts black, the lesser ones tipped with white, and the greater and middle ones with rufous. Turdus cinnamomeus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. S25. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 114. Le Merle & cravate de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.3. 3Q2. — Buff. PI. Enl. 560. f. 2. Black-breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 79. 107. LESS than Turdus iliacus : the beak and leg? black : the chin, sides of the head, cheeks, throat, 286 BLACK-CHINNED THRUSH. andbreast the same, edged with white, which colour is clouded with dusky on the breast : the upper parts of the body, quills, and tail, are testaceous red : the wing-coverts are black ; the lesser ones tipped with white, and the middle and greater ones with rufous : the belly, thighs, and vent, pale cinna- mon-colour. Native of Cayenne. BLACK-CHINNED THRUSH. (Turdus cochinsinensis. ) Tu. viridis, loris gulaque nigris, sub gula lunula lata jlava, ad basin rostri utrinque macula ccerulea. Green Thrush, with the lores and throat black; beneath the latter a broad yellow crescent ; and at the base of the beak. on each side, a blue spot. Turdus cochinsinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.357- H3. Le Verdier de la Cochinchine. Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 409- — Buff. PI. Enl. 643. f. 3. Black-chinned Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 79. 106. THE prevailing colour of this species is green ; towards the tail and outer edges of the quills blue: the space between the beak and eyes, the chin, and throat, black ; that colour on the latter edged with yellow, which forms a crescent on the breast : sides of the head, near the base of the beak, with two blue spots: beak and legs dusky. Inhabits Cochin China. THRUSH. 287 SURAT THRUSH. (Turdus suratensis.) Tu. capite cristato collogue nigris, subtus griseus, dorso uropygio~ quejlavescentibus, cdis viridibus nitentibus, remigibus primoribus caudaque nigris. Thrush with a crest on the head, and the neck black, beneath grey, with the back and rump yellowish ; wings shining with green ; the primary quills and tail black. Turdus suratensis. Gmel. Syst. Nal. i. 814.— LaM. Ind. Orn. 1. 338. 40. Le Merle huppe" de Surate. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 1Q4. Surat Thrush. Lath. Gen. St/n. 3. 38. 38. TURDUS suratensis is in length eight inches : its beak is rufous : irides red : the head and neck are black, with the feathers similar to those of the Pagoda Thrush, being very long and narrow, and forming a sort of crest : the back and rump are yellowish : wing-coverts and secondaries dark changeable green ; the two of the latter nearest the body dirty grey : quills black : the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts, dirty grey : tail black : legs black. Inhabits Surat. 288 BLACK-NECKED THRUSH. (Turdus nigricollis.) Tu.fusco-ferrugincuSy subtus jlisco-albus, capite toto albo, coilo remigibus caudaque nigris, secundariis apice albis. Brownish rust-coloured Thrush, beneath brown white, with the whole head white ; the neck, quills, and tail, black ; the secondaries tipped with white. Turuds nigricollis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 830. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. l. 34p. 76. Black-necked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 60. 68. THIS beautiful species, which is supposed to inhabit China, is given on the authority of Dr. Latham, who thus describes it : " Length nine inches : beak dusky : irides brown : head, chin, and nape, white : at the base of the beak begins a yellowish streak, which passes beneath and takes in the eye, but does not appear above it: the neck is black : the upper part of the back and scapulars ferruginous brown ; the lower of a dusky black, inclining to ferruginous on the rump : under parts of the body brown, except the breast and thighs, which are yellowish: all the quills are black, but the secondaries have white tips: tail cuneiform, of a deep lead-colour, almost black : legs dusky." 289 CRESCENT THRUSH. (Turdus arcuatus.) Tu. rtifo-fuscus, corpora sitbtus superciliis lorisqite albis, cervice jugulo pectoreque rubentibus, genis lunulaque sub gula nigris. Red-brown Thrush, with the body beneath, supercilia, and lores, white ; top of the neck, jugulum, and breast, reddish ; cheeks and crescent beneath the throat black. Turdus arcuatus. Gmel. Sy&t. Nat. 1. 829. — Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 337. 36. Crescent Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 3?. 34. THIS Thrush is in length eleven inches : its beak is lead-coloured, with a pale tip : supercilia white : cheeks black, passing in a crescent on the fore- part of the neck; on the middle of the black behind the eye a patch of loose white feathers : upper part of the body reddish brown : chin and lores white: hind parts of the neck and breast reddish : abdomen reddish white : vent pure white : tail rounded at the end and long, with a black bar near the tip, and the tips white : legs lead co- loured : claws white. Inhabits China. v. x. p. i. 39 290 VOLATILE THRUSH. (Turdus volitans.) Tu. supra niger subtus ulbus, alisfuscis, capite collogue nigris. Thrush above black, beneath white, with the wings brown ; head and neck black. Turdus volitans. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sitp. xli. 10. Volatile Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 183. 19. COMMON in New Holland: length nine inches: beak, head, neck, upper parts of the body, and tail, black, the latter rather long : the under parts of the body white : legs dusky : very like the Rest- less Thrush : feeds on worms, which it is said to entice out of the ground. NEW HOLLAND THRUSH. (Turdus novae Hollandiae.) Tu. cccrulescente-plumbem, facie gala juguloque nigris, remigi- bus nigricantibus, rectricibus lateralibus apice albis. Blue lead-coloured Thrush, with the face, throat, and jugulura black ; quills dusky ; lateral tail-feathers tipped with white. Turdus novae Hollandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 337. 37. New Holland Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 37. 35. FOUND in Adventure Bay, Van Dieraen's island : length seven inches : beak black : fore-part of the RUFOUS-NAPED THRUSH. 291 head, chin, and throat, black : the rest of the plumage pale blueish lead-colour : the quills and tail dusky, edged with lead-colour : all but the two middle tail-feathers tipped with white : legs black. RUFOUS-NAPED THRUSH. (Turdus Coluca.) TV. rufo-Juscus subtus clnereus, lunula nuchce rufa, juguto albo nigroque vario, macula narium gulaque albis. Red-brown Thrush, beneath ash- coloured, with a rufous cres- cent on the nape ; jugulum varied with black and white, with a spot on the nostrils, and the throat white. Turdus Coluca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827.— Lath. Inch Orn. 1. 360. 124. Le Coluca. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 475.— Buff. PI. Enl. 703. /•I- Le Teteuca. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 475.—Biif. PL EnL 821 . (female"?) Rufous-naped Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 85. 117. THIS is almost seven inches in length : its beak is blackish : the nape of its neck is rufous : the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, are rufous brown : lower part of the forehead with a white spot : the chin and throat of that colour ; the latter sprinkled with black: the breast greyish brown : the belly, vent, and thighs, ash-coloured : tail short : legs reddish brown : it varies in having the nape of the neck rufous brown : female ? with BLACK-FACED THRUSH. the colour on the nape of the neck extending lower down, and the general colour of the plum- age darker. Inhabits Cayenne. BLACK-FACED THRUSH. (Turdus Shanhu.) Tu. wridi-fwcus, capite cotto inferiore pectore abdormneque griseis, orbitis gula jugidoque nigris, macula aurium alba. Green-brown Thrush, with the head, lower part of the neck, breast, and abdomen, grey ; orbits, throat, and jugulum, black ; spot behind the ear white. Turdus Shanhu. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814. — Lath. Ind. Qrn. 1. 337. 38. Turdus melanopis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l . 82p. Black-faced Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 37. 36. THE black-faced Thrush is called Shanhu in China, where it is abundant in the woods, and feeds on insects: it is the size of the Blackbird: beak dusky: round the eyes, chin, and throat, black : some individuals with the forehead of that colour : ears with a large white spot : head, lower part of the neck, breast, and belly, grey: back and wings green brown : legs brown. 293 NUN THRUSH. (Turdus Monacha.) Tu.Jusco-luteus, subtus lutescens, capite collogue inferiore nigris. Brownish-yellow Thrush, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck beneath black. Turdus Monacha. Lath. Intl. Orn. 1.35". 109. — GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 824. Le Moloxita, ou la Religieuse d'Abissinie. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 406. Nun Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 77« 102. THE Nun Thrush is the size of the Blackbird : its beak is reddish : the head is black, which colour is continued over the throat, and ends in a point on the breast: the general colour of the upper parts of the body is yellow, tinged with brown : the wing- coverts are brown, with yellow edges : the quills dusky, edged with light grey: the under parts of the body pale yellow : tail similar to the wing-coverts: legs ash-coloured. Found amongst precipices in the woods of Abyssinia. 294 BLACK-THROATED THRUSH. (Turdus jugularis. ) Tu. griseo-juscus, subtus Jlmo-virescens maculis sparsis nigrisf facie, gula,juguloque nigris, ru/b marginatis. Grey-brown Thrush, beneath yellow green, sprinkled with black spots ; with the face, throat, and jugulum, black, margined with rufous. Turdus ater. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.*— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 351. 86. Le Merle £ gorge noire de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat- Ois. 3. 382.— Buff. PL Enl 55Q. Black-throated Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 65. 78. THE Black- throated Thrush is seven inches and a half in length : beak black : the hind part of the neck, back, and wing-coverts, grey brown, varied with pure brown : the greater coverts and quills are dusky brown, margined with light grey: the forehead, the chin, throat, and as far as the breast, black, bordered with rufous : crown of this latter colour : under parts of the body and rump greenish yellow, varied with large black Spots on the breast and belly: the tail the colour of the back, and rounded: all but the middle feathers edged with dusky: legs black. Inhabits St. Domingo. 295 BLACK-EYED THRUSH. (Turdus melanops.) Ttv.Jerrugineo-fascus, suit its cinn verticejlavns,per oculos macida longitudinal} nigra, intus ad imum macula pnrva fli Ferruginous-brown Thrush, with the under parts and crown ot' the head yellow, with a longitudinal black spot through the eyes, which has a small yellow mark towards the tip. Turdus melanops. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. xl. 3. Black-eyed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 181. 12. THIS is a large species, measuring above eight inches in length : its beak and legs are brownish : the crown of the head yellow: the forehead varied with dusky: the nape of the neck, wings, and tail, rusty brown, the two latter with yellow mar- gins : from the gape to the lower parts of the cheeks, and surrounding the eyes, runs a black streak, which is pointed behind, and has a small yellow spot near the tip : the under parts of the body are yellow. Inhabits New South Wales. 296 HOARY-CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus leucotis.) Tu. viridis sublus Jlavus, vertice cancscente, jugulo pectoreque nigris, macula aurium alba. Green Thrush, beneath yellow, with the crown hoary; the jugu- lum and breast black, and a spot on the ears white. Turdus leucotis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliv. 26. White-eared Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. App. 373. THIS is the size of the preceding, and is sup- posed by many to be the female of that species; but it appears to differ too materially for that to be the case : the crown of the head and nape of the neck are fine blue grey: the chin and fore- part of the neck and breast black : ears with a white patch : lower part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, pale green : belly, thighs, and vent, yellow: length seven inches and a half: beak and legs black. Inhabits New South Wales. FLYCATCH1NG THRUSH. (Turdus Muscicola.) Tu. capite collo superiore dorsoque nigris, corpore subtus albo, alis caudaquefuscis. Thrush with the head, upper part of the neck, and back, black ; the body beneath white ; the wings and tail brown. Turdus Muscicola. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xliti. 16. Flycatching Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 185. 25. BROWN-CROWNED THRUSH. 297 LENGTH ten inches : beak and legs brown: head, hind parts of the neck, and back, blueish black : wings and tail brown: chin and all the under parts of the body white : feeds on insects. Called Bana- in New South Wales. BROWN-CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus tenebrosus.) TLT. dorso alls gulaque nigris, corpore subtus albidot verticcftuco. Thrush with the back, wings, and tail, black ; the body beneath whitish ; the crown brown. Turdus tenebrosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xlii. 12. Brown-crowned Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 184. 21. NOT uncommon at Port Jackson, in New South Wales : length about six inches : beak pale blue : crown of the head and sides of the body brown : back and wings black ; the edges of the quills white : chin black ; all the rest of the under parts white : legs black. CAPE THRUSH. (T urdus cafer.) Tu. nigricans subcristatus, capite nigro-violaceo, nropygio -venire' que albis, crisso rubro. Dusky subcrested Thrush, with a violet black head, whitfe rump and belly, and red vent. Turdus cafer. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1 . 295. \6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 820. — Lath. Ind. Orn. ] . 354. 99. Merula cristata Capitis Bonae Spei. Briss. 2. 257. 23- *• 20^/C 2. Merle huppe ,du Cap de Bonne Espcrance. Biff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 39].— Buff". PI. Enl 563. f. 1. Cape Thrush. . Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 72. Q2. I'HE Cape Thrush is in length eight inches : its beak and legs are blackish : head crested and black, with a tinge of violet : the upper parts of the plumage brown ; the feathers edged with greyish : the quills brown, edged with grey : the fore-part of the neck and breast violet-coloured brown : abdomen brown, the feathers with grey edges : thighs, rump, and lower part of the abdo- men, white : vent and under tail-coverts red : tail wedge-shaped, and brown, with the tip white : sometimes found with the upper parts of the body brownish ash-colour, streaked with pale brown : beneath grey white : the vent crimson : in other respects similar. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 299 BARRED-TAIL THRUSH. (Turdus Coraya.) Tu. rufo-fuscus, pileo lateribusque capitis et colli nigris, gida jugulo strigisque sub oculis albis, cauda griseafasciis nigris. Red-brown Thrush, with the top and sides of the head and neck black; the throat, jugulura, and stripes beneath the eyes, white ; tail grey, v. ith black bars. Turdus Coraya. Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 825. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 117. Le Coraya. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 484.— Buf. PI. Enl. 701. f'l- ' Barred-tail Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 81. 110. THE length of this is six inches and a half: its beak is dusky, with the under mandible yel- lowish : the top and sides of the head and neck black, ending in a point on the latter: beneath the eye several short and narrow white streaks : the chin and throat white : breast with an ash- coloured tinge : upper parts of the body, wings, general colour of the breast, the belly and thighs red brown, the under parts palest : tail slightly wedged, and, with its under coverts, grey, varied with slender dusky bars. Native place unknown. 300 RED-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus Phoenicurus.) Tu. viridi-olivaceus, fascia per oculos nigra, super dim albis, cotto inferiors pectore rectricibusque lateralibus rtrfis. Olive-green Thrush, with a stripe through the eyes black ; su- percilia white ; lower part of the neck, breast, and lateral tail-feathers, rufous. Turdus Phoenicurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 81 6. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 23. Red-tailed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 23. MUCH resembles the following in many parts : it is the same length : its beak is dusky : crown of the head dusky : supercilia white : through the eyes a black sfreak : the upper parts of its plum- age are dusky olive green : the throat and breast are rufous: the quills and two middle tail-feathers are dusky reddish brown ; the rest of the tail- feathers are rufous : the legs are black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. RUFOUS-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus ruficaudus.) Tu. olivaceo-foscus, subtus purpureo albus, rectricibus lateralibus a Itasi ad medium rufis. Olive-brown Thrush, beneath purplish white, with the lateral tail-feathers, from the base to the middle, rufous. BOURBON THRUSH. 301 Turdus ruficaudus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 816.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 22. Rufous-tailed Thrush. I^th. Gen. Syn. 3. 30. 22. NATIVE of the Cape of Good Hope : length seven inches : beak black : upper parts of the body olive brown : quills dusky: lower parts pale purplish white: upper tail-coverts rufous : tail like the wings, with all but the two middle feathers rufous for two-thirds of their length : legs black. BOURBON THRUSH. (Turdus Borbonicus.) Tu. cinereo-olivaceus, subtus Jlavicans, vertice nigro, rectricibus .fuscisyfasciis duabus saturatioribus. Cinereous-olive Thrush, beneath yellowish; crown of the head black ; tail-feathers brown, with two darker bars. Turdus borbonicus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 821. — Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 355. 102. Merula borbonica. Briss. 2. 2^3. 42. t. 24* f. 3. Merle de 1'isle de Bourbon. Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 395. Bourbon Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 73. 95. SIZE of a Lark : length about eight inches : beak and legs yellowish : crown black : sides of the head, neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, greyish olive: greater wing-coverts brown, varied with pale rufous : quills brown, the lateral ones with reddish mar- gins : sides of the belly and body, with the vent, 302 LONG-BILLED THRUSH. yellow olive : middle of the former whitish : tail brown, with two transverse darker bands. In- habits the Isle of Bourbon. LONG-BILLED THRUSH. (Turdus longirostris.) Tu.fusco-virescens, subtus jlavus, superciliis rectricibusque ex fa flavescentibus. Greenish-brown Thrush, beneath yellow ; supefcilia and edges of the tail-feathers yellowish. Turdus longirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nut. 1. 823. — Lath.Ind. Orn. 1. 352. 92. Long-billed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 67. 84. THE beak of this species is very long in pro- portion to the size of the bird, being above an inch and a half in length, and of a brownish ftesh-colour : the feathers on the head are short and pointed : the supercilia are pale yellowish : the upper parts of the body are pale olive brown : the wing-coverts and quills margined with pale yellow: the rump yellowish: all the under parts of the body pale yellow: the tail rounded; the two middle feathers brown, with pale tips j the others dusky yellow, with pale shafts : legs dusky flesh-colour : some specimens vary in having more -pale buff on the wing-coverts, and in being mot- tled with dusky and buff. It inhabits the isknds of Eimeo and New York. SOS SOLITARY THRUSH. (Turdus solitarius.) Tu.fuscus albido-punctatus, genis collo pectorc alisque cceruleo- adumbratis, reel rid bus nigricantibus. Brown Thrush, spotted with white; with the cheeks, neck, breast, and wings, tinged with blue ; and the tail-feathers dusky. Turdus solitarius. Gmel. Syst. Nut. 1. 834. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 345. 61. Merula solitaria. Briss. 2. 268. 30. Le Merle solitaire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 358. Solitary Thrush. Lath. Gen. Sytt. 3. 52. 54. THE Solitary Thrush is much smaller than the Blackbird, and is in length between eight and nine inches : the male has a brown beak : the irides orange : the prevailing colour of his plum- age brown, varied with small whitish spots : the sides of the head, throat, neck, breast, and upper wing-coverts, tinged with blue : quills plain brown : rump and under tail-coverts the same : the tail dusky : legs brown : the female has not the slightest tinge of blue on her plumage, and the spots are more yellow than in the male, especially on the breast, where they are most numerous. Montagu has very erroneously supposed the Starling in its first year's plumage to be this bird, and as such has figured it in his Supplement, and introduced this species of Thrush into the British Fauna, whereas it is perfectly unknown in these parts, being only found in the south of Europe : 304- PAGODA THRUSH. it frequents mountainous and rocky places, and is always seen alone, except in the breeding season, and even then no more than a pair are seen in the neighbourhood, from whence it has received the name of solitary. Like the Starling, it pre- pares its nest in old ruined edifices, church towers, and other similar places, and lays five or six eggs: the young are readily reared, and have a beauti- ful song when they grow up, which they will utter at candle-light, for which the natives of the Archi- pelago esteem it so much as to think it sacrilege to take the nest, or kill the bird. Its food consists principally of insects, grapes, and other fruit: it is said to be common in France, Italy, and the islands of the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; and is observed to change its abode with the seasons, coming into those parts where it usually breeds in April, and departing in August. PAGODA THRUSH. (Turdus Pagodarum.) Tu. cristatus griseus, capite corpore subtus remigibus caudaque nigris, abdomine albo lineato, crisso albo. Grey-crested Thrush, with the head, body beneath, quills, and tail, black ; abdomen lineated with white ; vent white. Turdus Pagodarum. Lath. Syst. Nat. 1. 816. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 332. 2O. Le Martin Brame. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. I8p. Pagoda Thrush. Lath. Gen. Synt 3. 30. 20.— Lath, Syn, Sup. 140. 20. MALABAR THRUSH. 305 THE beak of this bird is black at the base, yel- low towards the tip : the irides are blue : the head is slightly crested, and black : the back, wing- coverts, and rump, are grey: the quills are black : the feathers of the throat, neck, breast, and ab- domen, are long and narrow, and black in colour, with white shafts ; those of the head are also of that shape: the tail is of the same colour as the quills, but its under coverts are white: the legs and claws are yellow. It is abundant among the Pagodas of Malabar and Coromandel, where it is known by the names of Martin Eramc and Fowee : it is often kept in cages, on account of its song. MALABAR THRUSH. (Turdus Malabaricus.) Tu. cinereo~fuscits> subtus rufo-fuscus, capitecoUoquealbo-lineatis. Cinereous-brown Thrush, beneath rufous brown ; with the head and neck striped with white. Turdus malabaricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 816. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 1. 333.21. Le Martin vieillard de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 195. Malabar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 30. 1\.—Latli. Syn. Sup. 140. THE Malabar Thrush is not quite eight inches in length : its beak is black, with the tip tinged v. x. p. i. 20 306 ALARUM THRUSH. with yellow: the feathers of the head and neck are similar in shape to those of the Pagoda Thrush, and are of an ash-coloured grey, with the shafts white: the upper parts of the body are cinereous grey : quills black : the under parts of the body rufous brown : tail greyish ash : legs yellow. Inhabits Malabar ; and, like the preceding, is kept in cages, and bears the name of Powee. As it only differs in wanting a crest, and in having the head of the same colour as the body, may it not be merely a variety, or young bird ? ALARUM THRUSH. (Turdus tinniens.) Tu.foscus, subtus albus, pectore nigricante nebuloso. Brown Thrush, beneath white, with the breast clouded with dusky. Turdus tinniens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827.— Loth. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 125. Le Grand Befroi. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 470. pi. 22.— Buff. PL Enl 706. f. 1. Alarum Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 86. 118. NEAR seven inches in length: the beak is black above, and white below: the general colour of the plumage is brown above, and whitish beneath, with the breast mottled with dusky: the tail is mode- rately long : the legs are pale plumbeous : the female is similar to the male, but larger in size. SPECKLED THRUSH. SO? This species receives its name from its loud and piercing cry, which is similar to the alarum of a clock, and is continued about an hour, morn- ing and evening : it is said to be good for food ; and is common in Cayenne. SPECKLED THRUSH. (Turdus lineatus.) Tu.fasco*o!ivaceus, stiltus albus fusco punctatus, lateribus colli albo-tineatis, tectriciltus alarum maculis riifis. Olive-brown Thrush, beneath white, spotted with brown ; the sides of the neck striped with white ; the wing- coverts with rufous spots. Turdus lineatus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 828. — Lath. Ind. Om. 1. 301. 126. Le petit Befroi. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 472. Fourmilier grivele de Cayenne. Biiff. PI. Enl. 813.f. 1. Speckled Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 87. 110. THIS very much resembles the preceding species, but is considerably less, measuring not quite five inches and a half in length : its beak and legs are brown, the latter palest : the upper parts of the body olive brown : the chin, throat, breast, and belly, white ; the two latter sprinkled with brownish spots : the sides of the neck marked with narrow white lines : the rump and vent pale olive brown : some of the wing- coverts spotted with pale rufous. Inhabits Cayenne. 308 BLACK-WINGED THRUSH. (TurdusBambla.) Tu. nebulosus, supra rufo-fu&cus, subtus cinerascens, alls nigris, fascia alba, cauda nigricante brevi. Clouded Thrush, above reddish brown; beneath ash-coloured; the wings black, with a white band; the tail short and dusky. Turdus Bambla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 122. Le Bambla. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. tfg.—Buff. PI. Enl. 703.f. 2. Black-winged Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 84. 115. NATIVE of Cayenne: length seven inches and a half: beak black : the upper parts of the plum- age rufous brown, varied : the wings black, with a white bar : the under parts pale cinereous, with dusky variegations : the tail short, and dusky : legs dusky brown. ANT THRUSH. (Turdus formicivorus.) Tu. rufo;fuscus, sublus albidus, macula dorsali, collo inferiore pec- toreque nigris, tectricibus alarumjlavo maculatis, cauda rufa. Red-brown Thrush, beneath whitish ; with a spot on the back, the lower part of the neck and the breast black ; the wing- coverts spotted with yellow ; the tail rufous. ANT THRUSH. 3O9 Turdus formicivorus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 828. — Lath. Ind. Oni. 1. 36l. 127. Le Palikour, ou Fourmilier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 473. — Buff. PL Enl. 700. f. 1. Ant Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn- 3. S~. 120. THE Ant Thrush is six inches in length : the beak is black: the irides reddish: orbits blue: the upper parts of the plumage reddish brown, edged with rufous, with a black spot on the back : wings black ; most of the coverts tipped with rufous yellow, some of the lesser quills tipped with brown, and some edged with white : the chin, throat, and breast, are black, surrounded with a mixture of black and white from the nos- trils, passing on each side of the neck to the breast, and taking in the eye, under which it is broadest : the belly, thighs, and vent, ash-coloured : the tail short and rufous on the upper parts : the legs blueish. It varies in having the chin and throat nearly white, and the thighs rufous brown: in others the chin and throat are rufous, bounded with black. This bird feeds on ants : its nest is composed of moss, and its eggs are brown, marked witii spots of a deeper colour at the larger end : it is a very lively bird. 310 WHITE-EARED THRUSH. (Turdus auritus.) Tu. nifo-olivaceus Jusco varius, abdomine albo, gula juguloque nigris, vertice fasciaque pectorali rufojuscis, villa aurium alba. Reddish-olive Thrush, varied with brown, with the abdomen white, the throat and jugulum black, the crown and band on the breast reddish brown, and a white spot on the ears. Turdus auritus. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 827. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 123. Pipra leucotis. GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 1003. Le Fourmilier a oreilles blanches. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 477. —Buff. PI. Enl. 822. White-eared Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 527- 13. White-eared Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 84. 116. NOT quite five inches in length: the beak dusky: the top of the head rufous brown : the lower parts of the neck, back, wings, and tail, are varied ru- fous olive brown : the breast has a rufous brown collar, joining that colour on the head: the chin and throat are black : the feathers behind the eye white and elongated, giving the appearance of a streak : the belly, thighs, and vent, are white : the legs are dusky : the wings reach to the end of the tail : the female has a greenish bar passing from the gape through the eyes, beneath the white on the ear : the chin and throat are whitish, and the band on the breast is broader than in the male : in other respects the sexes are similar. It inhabits Cayenne, and feeds on ants. BLACK-CRESTED THRUSH. (Turdus cirrhatus.) Tu. cristatus griseo-cinereus, pileo collo inferiore pectoreqne nigris, gtda albo-varia, tectricibus alarum apice, rectricibus margine et apice albis. Crested Thrush, of an ash-coloured grey, with the top of the head, lower part of the neclc, and breast, black ; throat varied with white; the tips of the wing-coverts and tail-feathers, also the margins of the latter, white. Turdus cirrhatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 359. 120. Le Fourmilier huppe. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 476. Black-crested Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 83. 113. THIS is one of the ant-eating species : it is in length six inches : irides black : the top of the head with long black feathers, forming a crest, which can be set up at the pleasure of the bird: the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a greyish cinereous : the wing-coverts tipped with white : the throat varied with black and white : fore-part of the neck and breast black : tail wedge-shaped, margined and tipped with white : female with a rufous tinge all over her body, and with the crest rufous : it sometimes varies in wanting the white tips to the wing-coverts. Inhabits Cayenne : is said to breed several times in the year, laying three eggs each time. CINCLUS. WATEROUZEL. Generic Character. Rostrum basi plumosum, et rotundatum, gracile, rec- tum ; versus apicem paulo compressum, et incurva- tum, marginibus subdenti- culatis. Nares nucke. Cauda brevis. Pedes simplices, digitis ti ibus anticis, uno postico. Beak downy, and rounded at the base, slender, straight ; towards the tip rather com- pressed and bent down ; the margins slightly tooth- ed. Nostrils naked. Tail short. Feet simple, with three toes before, and one behind. JL HERE being but one species of this genus known, it is unnecessary to mention its peculiar habits, as they wili be found detailed at length in the following pages. 313 EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. (Cinclus Europaeus.) Tv.fusco-nigricans, genis gutture collo inferiore et pectore ni-ceis, venire supremo fusco rufescente, imo rectricibusque nigrican- tibus. Dusky-hrnwn Thrush, with the cheeks, throat, lower part of the neck and breast, snowy white ; the upper part of the breast brownish red, lower part and tail-feathers dusky. Turdus Cinclus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 343. 5?. Sturnus Cinclus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 2QO. 5. — Lin. Faun. Suec. 214. — Lin. Anuen. Acad. 4. 594. — Gmel. Syst. Xat. 1. 803. Aquatilis Cinclus. Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. Lid. Turdus gularis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xl. 1.? Merula aquatica. Briss. 5. 252. 19. Le Merle d'eau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 134. \\.-Buff.PL Enl. 94O. Penrith Ouzel, Lath. Syn. Sup. II. I//. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. App. Water Ouzel. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 111. — Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 332. B. — Albin. Birds. 2. 3Q. — Lervin. Brit. Birds. 2. 63. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 48- 5O. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 142. 50. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 2. 16. — Mont. Brit. Birds. 2. — Mont. Sup. — Mont. Sup. App. — Don. Brit. Bink. \. 24. THIS most singular bird is rather less than the Blackbird : it is in length seven inches and a half: the beak is three quarters of an inch in length, nearly straight, and black; the upper mandible slightly turned down at the tip : irides hazel : upper part of the head and neck deep brown : the eyelids, chin, fore-part of the neck and breast, white, beneath which is a band of rufous brown : 314 EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. the rest of the upper parts, the belly, vent, and tail, are black : the feathers on the back and wings are edged with ash-colour : legs black : tail very short. Montagu describes the following interest- ing variety in the Appendix to the last volume of the Ornithological Dictionary : " Length about seven inches: beak and irides as usual: the upper parts of the head and neck are of a blueish black, with a slight mixture of brown, the middle of each feather being lighter than the margins: the back, scapulars, rump, and coverts of the wing, blueish black, dashed with hoary grey, the middle of the feathers being of the latter colour : the primary and secondary quills black, tipped with white : the tail wholly black : the throat, breast, and belly, white ; the extremity of each feather marked with a black semicircular line, which gives those parts a pretty undulated appearance ; these markings are fainter on the throat than on the other parts, and not the least appearance of the rufous band on the lower breast usual in the species : vent and thighs blueish black, the former with a mixture of white, the latter with brown : the legs and toes black." The above was com- municated by Mr. John Wilson of Edinburgh, an acute ornithologist: it was shot at Roslin, near Edinburgh : another similar variety has also been under his inspection. The Penrith Ouzel of Dr. Latham is referrible to this species. It is said to be larger than the common Water Ouzel : the head and whole upper parts of the body dusky : chin and throat white, EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. 315 at the bottom of the last a bar of dusky : breast, belly, and thighs, white, with short black streaks pointing downwards, more numerous towards the lower belly and thighs : vent rusty yellow, crossed with bars of black : legs rusty yellow. This was taken near Penrith by Miss Calvin, who gave it to Mr. Pennant. From the habits of this bird being so singular, the following account of them, taken from the Ornithological Dictionary, cannot but be accept- able. " A pair of these birds, which had for many years built under a small wooden bridge in Caer- marthenshire, we found had made a nest early in May. It was taken, but had no eggs, although the bird flew out of it at the time. In a fortnight after they had completed another nest in the same place, containing live eggs, which was taken ; and in a month after we took a third nest under the same bridge, with four eggs, undoubtedly the work of the same bird, as no others were seen about that part. At the time the last nest was taken the female was sitting, and the instant she quitted her nest plunged into the water, and dis- appeared for a considerable time : at last she emerged at a great distance down the stream. At another time we found a nest of this bird in a steep projecting bank over a rivulet clothed with moss : the nest was so w~ell adapted to the sur- rounding materials, that nothing but the old bird flying in with a fish in its beak would have led to a discovery. The young were nearly full feathered, but incapable of flight, and the moment the nest 316 EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. was disturbed they fluttered out and dropt into the water, and ta our astonishment instantly vanished, but in a little time made their appearance at some distance down the stream, and it was with dif- ficulty two out of five were taken, as they dived on being approached. The young birds which were taken shewed no inclination to dive in a tub of water, but shewed great uneasiness by strug- gling on the surface. They refused all food, and soon perished." Their nest is very large, is formed of moss and water plants externally, and lined with oak-leaves within ; it resembles that of the Wren in shape, but is not so deep, and has a sort of covering, and is usually placed in a mossy bank over a rivulet : the eggs are of a semitransparent white, and are five or six in number; they weigh rather more than a drachm. This is a retired, solitary bird, and is seldom seen, except on the banks of rapid and rocky rivers or streams in mountainous places, which it frequents for the sake of its food, living princi- pally on insects and small fish, which it procures by walking direct into the water, where it walks apparently without much exertion, although it is evident, from its specific gravity being less than that of water, that great exertion must be used : while under water Colonel Montagu says he has frequently observed it tumbling about in a very extraordinary manner with its head downward, as if pecking something, and at the same time making great exertion with its legs and wings. It cannot EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. Si? swim on the surface of the water, but will often float with the stream and dive down for its prey : it has been taken with a line and hook which were baited to catch fish. Inhabits the whole of Europe, Italy excepted : its song is very harmonious, and is begun very early in the season, even during a hard frost : its flight is similar to that of the Kingsfisher. END OF PART J. T. DAVISON, Lombard-street.. Whitefriars, London. University of Toronto Library Acme Library Card Pocket LOWE-MARTIN CO. LIMITED