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Volume V, Number 2
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Biological
& Medical
Serials

AMERICAN MUSEUM
~ JOURNAL

BRONTOSAURUS NUMBER

Published quarterly by
% Tue AMERICAN MusEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

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American Museum of Natural History
Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City

OFFICERS

Morris K. JEsuP

First Vice-President
J. PizerPoNT MorGan

Second Vice-President
Henry F. Ossporn

CHARLES LANIER

HeErRMoNn C. Bumpus

Secretary and Assistant Treasurer
Joun H. WINSER

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

MORRIS K. JESUP
ADRIAN ISELIN*

J. PIERPONT MORGAN
JOSEPH H. CHOATE

J. HAMPDEN ROBB
CHARLES LANIER

D. O. MILLS

ALBERT S. BICKMORE
ARCHIBALD ROGERS
GUSTAV E. KISSEL

WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER
GEORGE G. HAVEN

H. O. HAVEMEYER

A. D. JUILLIARD
FREDERICK E. HYDE
PERCY R. PYNE

HENRY F. OSBORN
GEORGE S. BOWDOIN
JAMES H. HYDE
ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES

ANSON W. HARD CORNELIUS C. CUYLER

CLEVELAND H. DODGE

* Deceased.

THE AmERiIcAN Museum or Naturat History was established in 1869 to pro-
mote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the
people, and it is in cordial coéperation with all similar institutions throughout the
world. The Museum authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the
dues from members for procuring needed additions to the collections and for carrying
on explorations in America and other parts of the world.

The membership fees are,

Annual Members.......... $ 10 Fellows... vst seine See $ 500

Tnife Members) sai sicics sees 100 Patrons. 4. 2. espe 1000

All money received from membership fees is used for increasing the collections,
and for developing the educational work of the Museum.

The Museum is open free to the public on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays,
Saturdays and Sundays. Admittance is free to Members every day.

. doe jel ie +a ON .

AYOLSIH TWHYNLVYN JO WN3SSNW NVOIYAWY AHL NI SQYNVSOLNOYNS 4O NOL313MS GALNNOW °*1 ‘Dl4 cde)

The American Museum Journal

VOL, V. APRIL, 1905. No.

bo

THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS.

Ey W. D. MatrtHew.

IGHT years ago the American Museum began a
search for fossil reptiles in the Rocky Mountain
States. The prime object of the search was to
obtain skeletons of the Dinosaurs, those gigantic
extinct animals whose fragmentary remains, dis-

covered in that region and studied and described especially by

the late Professor Marsh, have excited the greatest interest
among men of science. In order to place these marvels of an
antique world before the public in tangible form, a Dinosaur

Hall was planned, in which should he exhibited mounted skele-

tons of the principal kinds of Dinosaurs. To obtain these, a

series of expeditions into the regions of the arid West, where

such fossils are to be found, was inaugurated and carried on
under direction of Professor Osborn, and the collections of the
late Professor Cope, containing three splendid skeletons of Dino-
saurs, were purchased through the liberality of President Jesup.

This programme involved an amount of work hardly to be
appreciated by outsiders, and it is as yet far from being com-
plete. Nevertheless, the mounting of the largest skeleton, the

Amphibious Dinosaur Brontosaurus, has been finished, the skele-

ton of a remarkable dwarf Dinosaur, the ‘“‘ Bird-Catcher,’’ has

been mounted and placed on exhibition, the preparation and
mounting of entire skeletons of three other large and very ex-
traordinary types (the Carnivorous, Duck-billed and Armored

Dinosaurs) are well under way, and diligent search is being made

for complete and mountable skeletons of other important kinds.

Many other more fragmentary specimens have been found, some

of which are exhibited in the wall-cases around the hall.

63

64 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Visitors see here the largest fossil skeleton that has ever been
mounted, and may obtain some idea of the variety and the ex-
traordinary character of the animals which populated the earth
during the Age of Reptiles, millions of years ago, before the
Age of Mammals had begun or the various races of quadrupeds
which now inhabit the world had commenced their evolution.

The Brontosaurus skeleton, the principal feature of the hall,
is sixty-six feet eight inches in length, and stands fifteen feet
two inches high. Its petrified thigh-bone weighs 570 lbs. The
weight of the animal when alive is estimated at not less than
ninety tons. About one-third of the skeleton, including the skull,
is restored in plaster, modeled or cast from other incomplete
skeletons. The remaining two-thirds belong to one individual,
except for a part of the tail, one shoulder-blade and one hind
limb, supplied from another skeleton of the same species.

The skeleton was discovered by Mr. Walter Granger, of the
Museum expedition of 1898, about nine miles north of Medicine
Bow, Wyoming. It took the whole of the succeeding summer
to extract it from the rock, pack it and ship it to the Musuem.
Nearly two years were consumed in removing the matrix, piec-
ing together and cementing the brittle and shattered petrified
bone, strengthening it so that it would bear handling, and re-
storing the missing parts of the bones in tinted plaster. The
articulation and mounting of the skeleton and modeling of the-
missing bones took an even longer time, so that it was not until
February, 1905, that the Brontosaurus was at last ready for
exhibition.

It will appear, therefore, that the collection, preparation and
mounting of this gigantic fossil has been a task of extraordinary
difficulty. No museum has ever before attempted to mount so
large a fossil skeleton, and the great weight and fragile character
of the bones made it necessary to devise especial methods to give
each bone a rigid and complete support, as otherwise it would
soon break in pieces from its own weight. The proper articulat-
ing of the bones and the posing of the limbs were equally diffi-
cult problems, for the Amphibious Dinosaurs, to which this
animal belongs, disappeared from the earth long before the dawn
of the Age of Mammals, and their nearest relatives, the living

THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS 65

lizards, crocodiles, etc., are so remote from them in either pro-
portions or habits that they are unsatisfactory guides in deter-
mining how the bones were articulated, and are of but little
use in posing the limbs and other parts of the body in positions
that they must have taken during life. Nor among the higher

FIG. 2. SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS IN THE QUARRY

Showing three sections of the backbone partly covered with plaster bandages for transportation to the
Museum. The ribs have already been removed from the near side of the backbone. Tools used in the
work lie scattered about the quarry.

animals of modern time is there one which has any analogy in
appearance or habits of life to those which we have been obliged
by the study of the skeleton to ascribe to the Brontosaurus.

As far as the backbone and ribs were concerned, the articu-
lating surfaces of the bones were a sufficient guide to enable us
to pose this part of the skeleton properly. The limb-joints,
however, are so imperfect, that we could not in this way make
sure of having the bones in a correct position. The following
method, therefore, was adopted:

A dissection and thorough study was made by the writer,
with the assistance of Mr. Granger, of the limbs of alligators and

66 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

other reptiles, and the position, size and action of the principal
muscles were carefully worked out. Then the corresponding
bones of the Brontosaurus were studied and the position and
size of the attachments of the corresponding muscles were marked
out, so far as they could be recognized from the scars and pro-
cesses preserved on the bone. The Brontosaurus limbs were
then provisionally articulated and posed, and the position and
size of each muscle were represented by a broad strip of paper
extending from its origin to its insertion. The action and play
of the muscles on the limb of the Brontosaurus could then be
studied, and the bones adjusted until a proper and mechanically
correct pose was reached. The limbs were then permanently
mounted in these poses, and the skeleton as it stands is believed
to represent, as nearly as study of the fossil enables us to know,
a characteristic position that the animal actually assumed during
iikes

The Brontosaurus was one of the largest of the Amphibious
Dinosaurs or Sauropoda, a race of gigantic reptiles which flour-
ished during the Jurassic or Middle Period of the Age of Reptiles,
—some eight millions of years ago by a moderate estimate of
geological time. These Amphibious Dinosaurs are more ancient
than any of the extinct mammals in the adjoining hall (No. 406),
except for a few tiny jaws in the Small Mammal Alcove. They
were the largest animals that ever lived, excepting some of the
whales, and certainly were the largest animals that ever walked
on four legs.

In proportions and appearance the Brontosaurus was quite
unlike any living animal. It had a long thick tail like the lizards
and crocodiles, a long flexible neck like an ostrich, a thick, short,
slab-sided body and straight, massive, post-like limbs suggesting
the elephant, and a remarkably small head for the size of the
beast. The ribs, limb-bones and tail-bones are exceptionally
solid and heavy; the vertebrae of the back and neck, and the
skull, on the contrary, are constructed so as to combine the
minimum of weight with the large surface necessary for attach-
ment of the huge muscles, the largest possible articulating sur-
faces, and the necessary strength at all points of strain. For
this purpose they are constructed with an elaborate system of

THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS 67

braces and buttresses of thin bony plates connecting the broad
articulating surfaces and muscular attachments, all the bone
between these thin plates being hollowed into a complicated

FIG. 3. MODEL OF BRONTOSAURUS. BY CHARLES R. KNIGHT, 1905

Executed from the mounted skeleton, under direction of Professor H. F. Osborn

system of air-cavities. This remarkable construction can be
best seen in the unmounted skeleton of Camarasaurus, another
Amphibious Dinosaur.

The teeth of the Brontosaurus indicate that 1t was an her-
bivorous animal feeding on soft vegetable food. Three opinions
as to the habitat of Amphibious Dinosaurs have been held by
scientific authorities. The first, advocated by Professor Owen,
who described the first specimens found forty years ago, and
supported especially by Professor Cope, has been most generally
adopted. This regards the animals as spending their lives en-
tirely in shallow water, partly immersed, wading about on the
bottom or, perhaps, occasionally swimming, but unable to
emerge entirely upon dry land. More recently Professor Osborn
has advocated the view that they resorted occasionally to the
land for egg-laying or other purposes, and still more recently
the view has been taken by Mr. Riggs and the late Mr. Hatcher
that they were chiefly terrestrial animals. The writer inclines
to the view of Owen and Cope, whose unequaled knowledge of
comparative anatomy renders their opinion on this doubtful
question especially authoritative. |

The contrast between the massive structure of the limb-bones,
ribs and tail, and the light construction of the backbone, neck

68 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

and skull, suggests that the animal was amphibious, living chiefly
in shallow water, where it could wade about on the bottom,
feeding on the abundant vegetation of the coastal swamps and
marshes, and pretty much out of reach of the powerful and ac-
tive Carnivorous Dinosaurs which were its principal enemies.

FIG. 4. RESTORATION OF BRONTOSAURUS. BY CHARLES R. KNIGHT

This restoration represents Professor Osborn’s view of the habits of the animal

The water would buoy up the massive body and prevent its
weight from pressing too heavily on the imperfect joints of the
limb- and foot-bones, which were covered during life with thick
cartilage, like the joints of whales, seals and other aquatic ami-
mals. If the full weight of the animal came on these imperfect
joints, the cartilage would yield and the ends of the bones would
erind against each other, thus preventing the hmb from moving
without tearing the joint to pieces. The massive, solid limb-
and foot-bones weighted the limbs while immersed in water, and
served the same purpose as the lead in a diver’s shoes, enabling
the Brontosaurus to walk about firmly and securely under water.
On the other hand, the joints of the neck and back are ex-
ceptionally broad, well-fitting and covered with a much thinner

THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS 69

surface of cartilage. The pressure was thus much better dis-
tributed over the joint, and the full weight of the part of the
animal above water (reduced as it was by the cellular construc-
tion of the bones) might be borne on these joints without the
cartilage giving away.

Looking at the mounted skeleton we may see that if a line be
drawn from -the hip-joint to the shoulder-blade, all the bones
below this are massive, all above (including neck and head) are
lightly constructed. This line then may be taken to indicate
the average water-line, so to speak, of this Leviathan of the
Shallows. The long neck, however, would enable the animal to
wade to a considerable depth, and it might forage for food either
in the branches or the tops of trees or, more probably, among
the soft succulent water-plants of the bottom. The row of short,
spoon-shaped, stubby teeth around the front of the mouth would
serve to bite or pull off soft leaves and water-plants, but the
animal evidently could not masticate its food, and must have
swallowed it without chewing, as ‘do modern reptiles and birds.

The brain-case occupies only a small part of the back of the
skull, so that the brain must have been small even for a reptile,
and its organization (as inferred from the form of the brain-cast)
indicates a very low grade of intelligence. Much larger than the
brain proper was the spinal cord, especially in the region of the
sacrum, controlling most of the reflex and involuntary actions
of the huge organism. Hence we can best regard the Bronto-
saurus as a great, slow-moving animal-automaton, a vast store-
house of organized matter directed chiefly or solely by instinct
and to a very limited degree, if at all, by conscious intelligence.
Its huge size and its imperfect organization, as compared with
the great quadrupeds of to-day, rendered its movements slow and
clumsy; its small and low brain shows that it must have been
‘automatic, instinctive and unintelligent.

COMPOSITION OF THIS SKELETON.

The principal specimen, No. 460, is from the Nine Mile Crossing of the
Little Medicine Bow River, Wyoming. It consists of the 5th, 6th and 8th to
13th cervical vertebra, rst to 9th dorsal and 3d to roth caudal vertebre, all the
ribs, both coracoids, parts of sacrum and ilia, both ischia and pubes, left femur

70 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

and astragalus and part of left fibula. The backbone and most of the neck of
this specimen were found articulated together in the quarry, the ribs of one side
in position, the remainder of the bones scattered around them, and some of the
tail-bones weathered out on the surface.

From No. 222, found at Como Bluffs, Wyo., were supplied the right scapula,
roth dorsal vertebra, and right femur and tibia.

No. 339, from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyo., supplied the 2oth to 40th caudal
vertebre; No. 592, from the same locality, the metatarsals of the right hind
foot, and a few toe-bones are supplied from other specimens.

The remainder of the skeleton is modeled in plaster, the scapula, humerus,
radius and ulna from the skeleton in the Yale Museum, the rest principally
from specimens in our own collections. The modeling of the skull is based in
part upon a smaller incomplete skull in the Yale Museum, but principally upon
the complete skull of Morosaurus shown in Case 42.

Mounted by A. Hermann; completed Feb. 10, 1905.

TWO NEW BIRD GROUPS.

—
8.

=== HE recently completed group of Flamingos and of
) ‘il the summer bird-life of the San Joaquin Valley
A” of California, photographs of which are repro-
duced on pages 71 and 77, more closely approach
the Museum’s ideal of an exhibit illustrating the
haunts and nesting-habits of birds than any which have here-
tofore been prepared.

Both are based upon careful field studies, by artist as well as
by ornithologist, and both accurately portray not only the home-
life of the species they represent, but also, through the use of a
painted background, the character of the region in which the
birds live.

Aside from their beauty, which renders them attractive to
the most casual observer as well as to the ornithologist, these
groups possess much scientific value. This is particularly true
of the Flamingo group, in which the nesting-habits of this bird
are for the first time properly shown.

These two groups make important additions to the series
already prepared through the generosity of several friends of
the Museum, who have contributed to a fund designed for this
purpose.

By no means the least important feature of the Museum’s
expedition to the Bahamas in search of material for the Flamingo

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MUSEUM NEWS NOTES 7

group is the influence exerted by the Museum toward the enact-
ment of a law which has just gone into effect establishing a close
season on the Flamingo and other birds which formerly were
without legal protection in the colony, and prohibiting the killing
of song and insectivorous birds at any season.

MUSEUM NEWS NOTES.

LARGE part of the Philippine exhibit of the St.
Louis Exposition has been acquired by the
Museum, subject only to a gift of certain dupli-
cate material to the Smithsonian Institution and
to the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia.

When packed, ready for shipment, the material thus acquired
filled twenty freight cars. All visitors to the exposition will
realize that this acquisition is a matter of the highest import-
ance not only to the Museum and to the city, but to the country
at large, and that it places here the most comprehensive single
collection representing the life and industries of any of the
groups of Pacific islands.

The material has arrived at the Museum and a small portion
of it has been arranged for temporary exhibition in the North
and West Wings of the second floor of the building, but there is
material enough to fill an entire wing of the building without
duplicating exhibits. The present temporary installation en-
ables the visitor to gain a very good summary idea of the culture
of the important tribes inhabiting the islands. Clothing and
textile fabrics, household utensils, agricultural implements, fish
and game traps, arms, houses, boats and other means of trans-
portation and articles of manufacture, all find their place here
in ample illustration. The Museum, furthermore, is exhibiting
part of the original material at the Lewis and Clark Centennial
Exposition at Portland, Oregon. ‘The Portland exhibit will
come to the Museum at the close of the exposition.

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Geom

J. Pierrepont Morean, Esg., has lately added to the gem
collection material representing forty-one mineral species used
or available for use as gems. Among the cut stones are some

74 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

remarkable rubellites and other California tourmalines, and
some choice beryls and topazes. Two superb kunzites, one of
224 karats and the other of 118 karats, add brilliancy to the dis-
play of that peculiar new gem. Some new gold specimens are
worthy of special mention. The installation of the gem collec-
tion has been entirely remodeled, greatly to the improvement of
its effectiveness. The floor space of the whole corridor is now
devoted to the gems and gem material, each species having a
special pedestal case devoted to its proper display. The change
in the installation of the gems has necessitated the temporary
removal and storage of some of the finest exhibition portions of
the mineral cabinet, but they will be displayed again as soon as
room can be made for them.

Mr. MorGan has also presented to the Museum the George F.
Kunz collection of meteorites, which has been on exhibition for
some years aS a loan. The collection comprises some rare
specimens, including two which are unique and have never been
described, and the largest mass (1038 pounds) of Canon Diablo
which has been found.

THE mineral cabinet has been enriched by the acquisition of
several rarities from the noted Binnenthal locality in the Ty-
rolean Alps Among the species and varieties received may be
mentioned bementite, hutchinsonite, smithite, trechmannite and
lengenbachite. A remarkable antique jade labret is one of the
recent additions to the collection.

THE appearance and usefulness of the local collection of the
New York Mineralogical Club have been greatly enhanced by
the substitution of neat printed labels for the previous type-
written cards.

THE Department of Conchology has received.from Mr. F. A.
Constable a gift of the last installment of the celebrated Hirase
collection of the land shells of Japan, and the series is now on its
way to the Museum. This installment comprises about 1000
specimens of shells belonging to 220 species, bringing the total
of the Hirase collection in the possession of the Museum up to

MUSEUM NEWS NOTES 75

about 4000 specimens of 800 species. The series is fully repre-
sentative of the land molluscan fauna of Japan, and while the
specimens are not strikingly beautiful, they are of high scientific
interest.

A LARGE proportion of the radium exhibit gotten together
for the St. Louis Exposition by the United States Geological
Survey has been presented to the Museum and has been tem-
porarily installed in the Hall of North American Mammals (No.
206). The exhibit consists of minerals containing uranium,
polonium, radium, actintum and other radio-active minerals;
compounds and apparatus illustrating the various steps relay ite
process of manufacture, and photographs and literature bearing
upon radio-activity. The principal source of radium is pitch-
blende from Joachimsthal, Bohemia, but it has also been derived
from carnotite, a Colorado mineral, and it occurs widespread in
minute quantities. This exhibit attracted great attention at
the exposition and is the object of much study by visitors to the
Museum.

ANOTHER of the exhibits from the St. Louis Exposition which
have been received at the Museum is the material that was sent
out by the New York City schools. This exhibit has been
temporarily arranged in the East Hall of the second floor (No.
207) and has been visited by thousands of school children and
their parents.

A MODEL representing a village of the Koryak tribe of eastern
Siberia has been completed by the Department of Ethnology
and placed on exhibition in the West Hall of the ground floor.
The model represents not only the half-underground houses with
their strange hopper-shaped superstructures, but also the in-
dustries of the people and the preparation of their store of food
for the long winter. The season represented in the group is the
autumn.

TurouGuH the courtesy of the Oregon Historical Society of
Portland, the Museum has had the opportunity of studying,
photographing and making casts of an important series of

76 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

archeological specimens, mostly from the region between The
Dalles and the mouth of the Willamette River. There were
fifty-six specimens, comprising implements and other objects in
carved stone of several kinds. Such sculptures are rare so far
north in America, while several of them are quite unique and
are new to archeologists. This loan has enabled the Museum
practically to complete its data regarding known specimens
from this archeological province.

On February 17 the new Dinosaur Hall of the Department
of Vertebrate Palaeontology was opened to the public. The
principal object in this hall is the great skeleton of Brontosaurus,
an enormous herbivorous animal distantly related to the lizards.
A detailed description of this specimen, the only exhibit of its
kind in the world, is given in another part of the present issue
of the JourNaL. The other great families of dinosaurs (the
Carnivorous, the Horned, the Armored and the Spoon-billed)
will all be represented in this hall. On the south side of the
room have been installed several magnificent specimens of
fossil turtles and tortoises from the Cretaceous beds of the
West. The specimens for the Dinosaur Hall have been derived
from the collections made by the Museum field expeditions from
1897-1904, which have been presented by the Trustees, and
the E. D. Cope Collection of Reptiles, Amphibians.and Fishes,
which was presented to the Museum in 1902 by President Jesup.

The Tower Room has been set aside for the reception of the
collection of fossil fishes which is now in process of installation.
The principal portions of this collection are the famous New-
berry Collection deposited with the Museum by Columbia
University; the Cope Collection presented by President Jesup,
and an extensive series from Syria.

Over the arch leading into the Morgan Hall of Mineralogy,
the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology has installed the
giant fish known as Portheus from the American Mediterranean
Sea of the Cretaceous period.

THERE has recently been placed on exhibition in the Hall of
Fossil Mammals a representative series of the remarkably rich

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MUSEUM NEWS NOTES 79

extinct fauna collected in caves in Arkansas by Messrs. Walter
Granger and Barnum Brown in 1903 and 1904, on expeditions
sent into the region by the Museum.

Earty in March, Mr. Frank M. Chapman, Associate Curator
of Ornithology, went into the swamps of Florida for the purpose
of studying the life history of the Brown Pelican and of obtaining
additional material for the group illustrating this remarkable
bird. He reports exceptional success in attaining the objects of
the expedition. He has also obtained data, photographs and
specimiens with which to represent the nesting-habits of Ward’s
Heron, the Water Turkey and other birds, greatly enriching our
Museum and study collections.

In commemoration of Audubon’s one hundred and twenty-
fifth birthday, the Museum has placed on exhibition in Hall No.
308, a collection of Audubon relics. Among the objects is the
portfolio in which Audubon carried specimen plates while secur-
ing subscribers to his great work in this country and abroad,
together with sketches and finished plates. Here are also his
gun and hunting coat, and the dog harness used in Labrador,
mementoes of the journey to the then Far West.

Dr. E. O. Hovey, Associate Curator of Geology, went to
Mexico early in February on a geological expedition through the
practically unknown Sierra Madre mountain region of western
Chihuahua. He reports visiting a wonderful series of cafions,
from 2000 to 6000 feet in depth and from 5 to 11 miles in
width, which have been carved by the rivers out of the elevated
plateaus forming the major portion of the state. Dr. Hovey has
also visited the great copper mines at Bisbee, Arizona, and
Nacozari and Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. The specimens col-
lected from these mines, as well as from the region traversed in
the main expedition, will form valuable additions to our series
illustrating economic and mining geology. Hundreds of nega-
tives form an important part of the results of the expedition.
Professor Robert T. Hill, formerly of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, is the leader of the party.

80 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

LECTURES.
MEMBERS’ COURSE.

Tue second course of lectures to members of the American Museum
of Natural History by officers of the scientific staff of the Museum
was given according to the following programme:

Thursday evenings at 8.15 o'clock.

February 2—Pror. A. F. BANDELIER, “The Traveling Indian
Medicine Men of Bolivia.”

February 9.—Pror. Livincston FaRRAND, “Religious and Cere-
monial Life of the North American Indians.”

February 16.—Pror. MarsHaLi H. SaviLie, “Ruins of Mayan
Cities in Central America.”

February 23.—Mr. Greorce H. Pepper, “Explorations in the
Southwest and in Mexico during 1904.”’

March 2.—Mr. GeorGe H. SHERWOOD, “The Game and Food
Fishes of Our Atlantic Coast.”

March 9.—Pror. Witt1aAM Morton WHEELER, “The Habits of
Ants;

March 16.—Pror. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “‘ Northern Germany—
Bremen, Hamburg and Libeck.”’

March 23.—Pror. ALBERT S. Bickmore, “‘Southern Germany—
Stuttgart, Nuremberg and Rothenburg.”

PUPILS’ COURSE.

DurinG the spring and summer terms of the public schools the
lectures at the Museum to the pupils have been continued according
to the schedule which follows. These lectures, which are intended
to supplement the regular grade work in geography are so popular
with teachers and classes that it is necessary to use the Auditorium
for the whole course. The lecturers are Messrs. L. P. Gratacap,
R. W. Tower, W. M. Wheeler, E. O. Hovey, H. I. Smith, G. H. Sher-
wood, G. H. Pepper and Barnum Brown of the scientific staff of
the Museum.

Mar. Apr. May.
Mon. 6 3. 8 “Russia and Japan.”
Wed. 8 5 10 ‘The Capitals of Europe.’
2 ‘The Industries of the United States.”’
Mon. 13 to xs “The American Indian.”
Wed. 15 12 17 ‘In Polar Regions.”
Fri. 27 14 ir9 “Spanish America.”

Pre 2 1O. eye T

LECTURES 81

’

Mon. 20 24 22 ‘The Physical Divisions of the United States.’
Wed. 22 26 24 ‘Egypt and her Neighbors.”
Fri. 24 28 26 ‘Our Island Possessions.”

May
Mon. 27. 1 29 ‘Methods of Transportation—Past and Present.”
Wed. 29 3 «31 ‘The Work of Water.”’

Fri. 31 +5 2 ‘New York City—Past and Present.”

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY—MUSEUM COURSE.

Durinc February, Pror. HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBorN, Curator of
Vertebrate Paleontology in the Museum and Da Costa Professor of
Zodlogy in Columbia University, delivered a course of six illustrated
lectures on “‘The Evolution of the Horse,’’ in co-operation between
the Museum and Columbia University. The programme of the
lectures was as follows:

Wednesday, February 1.—‘‘The Horse as an Animal Mechanism.”

Adaptation of the teeth, skull, skeleton, musculature and internal
anatomy to the special functions of grazing and of speed.

Monday, February 6.—‘‘The Horse in Relation to the Idea of
Evolution.”’

The chief facts in the evolution and geographical distribution and the
special relation of horses to their environment.

Wednesday, February 8—‘‘The Fossil History of the Horse,
especially in North America.’’

Supposed ancestors of the horse in the Cretaceous and Basal Eocene
Periods. The first appearance of true horses in the Lower Eocene.

Monday, February 13.—‘‘The Fossil History of the Horse,”
Continued.

Reasons for believing that the evolution of the true horses has taken
place in this country. Causes of the extinction of all the native
horses in North’and South America.

Wednesday, February 15.—‘‘Existing Races iof Horses, Asses
and Zebras.”’

Discussion of the question as to which of these types inhabited North
America and the causes of their;present distribution in Asia and
Africa. é

Monday, February 20.—‘‘Probable Origin of the Domesticated
Breeds of Horses.”’

Are domestic breeds of multiple origin? Semi-wild or feral race of
horses in different parts of the world. Modes of distribution and
intermingling of these breeds. The horse as a factor in civilization.

82 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

PEOPLE’S COURSE.

The programme of public lectures given Tuesday and Saturday
evenings in co-operation with the Department of Education of the
City of New York for the third course of the season 1904-1905 has
been as follows:

Tuesdays, a course on European geography:

March 7.—Mr. GERHARDT C. Mars, “ Venice of the Golden Ring.”

March 14.—Pror. H. E. Norturop, “Vesuvius and the Bay of
Naples.”’

March 21.—Dr. CLARENCE H. Younc, “Travels in Greece.’

March 28.—Mr. Henry H. Parry, ‘‘ Wales and Her People.”

April 4—Mr. PETER MacQUuEEN, “Scotland.”

April 11,—ProFr. Sutton FLETCHER, ‘Castles and Palace Homes
of England.”’

April 18.—Pror. SuTTON FLETCHER, ‘The Cathedrals and Abbeys
of Britain.”

April 25.—Mr. Roranp S. Dawson, “‘The St. Louis Expedition.”

’

Saturdays, a course of lectures on sound and music by PRoF.
E. R. VAN NARDROFF:
March 4.—“ Nature of Sound.’’

March 1r1.—‘‘Musical Tone and Stringed Instruments.”’
March 18.—‘‘Sympathetic Tone and Musical Timbre.”
March 25.—‘‘Simple Wind Instruments.”’

April 1.—‘‘ Reed Wind Instruments.”

April 8.—‘‘Miscellaneous Musical Instruments.”’

April 15.—‘‘Sound Waves and Musical Harmony.”
April 22.—‘‘ Telephone and Phonograph.”

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The meetings of the various societies that make the Museum
their home have been continued throughout the quarter. Papers
on technical and general scientific subjects are read before these
societies. The papers and discussions are often of popular
character and are always of considerable general interest. The
public is invited to attend the meetings, and members of the
Museum, on making request of the Director, will be provided
with programmes of the meetings as they are published.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES 83

The New York Academy of Sciences holds its meetings as
follows, at 8:15 P.M.:

First Mondays.—Business meeting and Section of Geology
and Mineralogy.

Second Mondays.—Section of Biology.

Third Mondays.—Section of Astronomy, Physics and Chem-

. istry.
Fourth Mondays.—Section of Anthropology and Psychology.

On Tuesday evenings on varying dates meetings are held by
the New York Linnean Society, the New York Mineralogical
Club and the New York Entomological Society.

These meetings will continue throughout the month of May
and then recess will be taken until October.

As illustrating the wide scope of the work of these societies
and the general character of the papers presented at the meet-
ings, we quote the following titles from the monthly bulletins of
the Scientific Alliance of New York.

HorraTH Pror. Dr. ALBRECHT PENCK of the Imperial Univer-
sity, Vienna, on “The Glacial Surface Features of the Alps.” Illus-
trated.

Pror. Henry FairFIELD OsBorNn on ‘“‘Recent Discoveries of
Extinct Animals in the Rocky Mountain Region and their Bearings
on the Present Problems of Evolution.’’ Illustrated.

Pror. J. J. STEVENson on ‘‘Recent Advances in our Knowledge
of the Composition of Coal.”’

Pror. James F. Kemp on “‘ New Sources of Supply of Iron Ore.”

Pror. W. M. WHEELER on “‘Ants that Raise Mushrooms.” Illus-
trated.

Dr. F. A. Lucas on “Whales and Whaling on the Coast of New-
foundland.”’ Illustrated.

Pror. James F. Kemp on “The Physiography of the Adiron-
dacks.”’ Illustrated.

Pror. F. E. Lioyp on “Botanical Research at the Desert Labora-

tory in Arizona.”’ Illustrated.
Mr. B. S. Bownisu on “Photography in Nature Study.” Illus-
trated.

Mr. FRANK M. Cuapman on “Florida Bird Life.’”’ Illustrated.

84 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

Mr. C. G. Assort on “A Bird-lover in the Scottish Highlands.”

Mr. C. Witiiam BeeseE on ‘“‘A Naturalist’s Camping Trip in Old
Mexico.”

Mr. JonatHan Dewicut, JR., on “Some of the Rare Birds of
New York.”

Pror. J. J. Stevenson on “A Visit to the Coal Fields of the
Island of Spitzbergen.”’

Dr. GeorcE F. Kunz on ‘‘The Jagersfontein Diamond, the Lar-
gest Diamond ever Cut.’’ Illustrated with models and photographs.

Dr. Epmunp Otis Hovey on ‘‘St. Vincent, British West Indies.
The Eruptions of 1902 and their Immediate Results.”” Illustrated.

Scientific Staff

DIRECTOR
Hermon C. Bumpus, Ph.D.

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Prof. ALBERT S. BICKMORE, Curator Emeritus

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY
Prof. R. P. WHITFIELD, Curator
Epmunp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Associate Curator

DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY
Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Curator
FRANK M. CHAPMAN, Associate Curator

DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE PALAONTOLOGY
Prof. HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBorN, Curator
W. D. MattHew, Ph.D., Associate Curator
O. P. Hay, Ph.D., Associate Curator of Chelonia
Prof. BasHForD Dean, Honorary Curator of Fishes

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Prof. Franz Boas, Curator
Prof. MarsHaLt H. Savituz, Associate Curator of Archeology
Haran I. Smiru, Assistant Curator of Ethnology
CLarxk WIssLeER, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of Ethnology
BERTHOLD LAUFER, Ph.D., Assistant in Ethnology
Georce H. Pepper, Assistant in Anthropology

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Curator

DEPARTMENTS OF MINERALOGY AND CONCHOLOGY
L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator
GeorceE F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
Prof. W1LL1AM Morton WHEELER, Curator
GeEorGE H. SHERWoop, A.M., Assistant Curator
Prof. J. E. DuerpDEN, Honorary Curator of Coelenterates

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
Prof. RALPH W. Tower, Curator

DEPARTMENT OF PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION
B. E. Danicren, D.M.D., Curator

DEPARTMENT OF BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS
Prof. Ratpo W. Tower, Curator

DEPARTMENT OF MAPS AND CHARTS
A. Woopwarp, Ph.D., Curator

The American Museum Journal

Epmunp Otis Hovey, Editor

Frank M, CHAPMAN,
Louis P. GRATACAP, | ator Board
WILLIAM K, GrReEGorY,

Subscription, One Dollar per year. Twenty-five Cents per copy.

A subscription to the JourNnaAtL is included in the membership fees of all classes of
Members of the Museum.

Subscriptions should be addressed to The American Museum Journal,
New Rochelle, N. Y., or 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City.

Entered May 10, 1904, as second-class matter in the Post-office at New Rochelle, N. ¥.
Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.

CONTENTS, VOL. V, No. 2

THE MOUNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS. By W. D. MattHew sa
(Illustrated). Guide Leaflet No. 18 . ‘ - ; i ° ° ar, oe
TWO NEW BIRD GROUPS (lIilustrated) | ote
MUSEUM NEWS NOTES - 73
LECTURES . oe he ce SSE
MEEVINGS OF SOCIETIES. . . >.

The Knickerbocker Press, Rew Work