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COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

NUMBER 7

9

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Ki~^

BY

GEORGE WILLETT

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA

Published by the Club
July 25, 1912

Edited by

JOSEPH GRINNELL

and

HARRY S. SWARTH

at the

Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
University of California

NOTE

Pacific Coast Avifauna no. 7 is the seventh of a series of publications
issued by the Cooper Ornithological Club for the accommodation of papers whose
length prohibits their appearance in The Condor.

The publications of the Club consist of two series: The Condor, which is
the bi-monthly, official organ, and the Pacific Coast Avifauna. Both pub-
lications are sent as issued, free to honorary members and to active members in
good standing. For information as to either of the above series, address the
Club Business Managers, either J. Eugene Law, Hollywood, California, or W.
L,ee Chambers, Eagle Rock, California.

The printing of Pacific Coast Avifauna no. 7 has been made possible
through prompt and liberal donations from many members of the Southern
Division of the Club.

CONTENTS

PAGES

Introduction 5-6

Acknowledgments 7

Main List 9-110

Hypothetical List 110-113

Index 115-122

INTRODUCTION

In February, 1910, at the request of the Southern Division of the Cooper
Ornithological Club, 1 began the compilation of the paper presented herewith.
The first idea of the Club was to revise Grinnell's Birds of the Pacific Slope of
Los Angeles County, published in 1898 by the Pasadena Academy of Sciences.
It was finally decided, however, to extend the boundaries of the territory cov-
ered by that list so as to take in the Pacific slope of southern California from,
and including, Santa P>arbara County, to the Mexican line, and from the summit
of the mountains to the ocean, also including all the islands of the Santa Barbara
group. This territory comprises all of Santa Barbara and Ventura
counties, Los Angeles County south and west from the Liebre Mount-
ains, Sierra Pelona and Sierra San Gabriel, San Bernardino County south
and west from the Sierra Madre and San Bernardino ranges, all of Orange
County, Riverside County west from the San Jacinto Range, and San Diego
County west from the Volcan and Cuyamaca ranges : also the eight islands of
the Santa Barbara group, namely San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa,
Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, Santa Catalina and San Clemente. In some cases
I have deemed it advisable to refer to records outside the limits as described
above in order to show certain connecting features in distribution or migration.

By vote of the Southern Division of the Club, it was recommended that I
adhere closely to the nomenclature employed in the latest edition of the American
Ornithologists' Union Cheek-List of North American Birds, published in 1910.
In some instances I have been led to differ from the decisions of the A. O. U.
Committee, as given in the Check-List, in regard to the distribution of certain
species and subspecies. In such cases I have given reasons for my contrary
opinion.

I have endeavored to treat conservatively all instances of unusual occur-
rence recorded without absolute evidence of their authenticity. Some of these
that have appeared to me to be most unlikely, and probably the result of mis-
identification, I have omitted entirely, and others whose occurrence in this
locality, although appearing doubtful, is supported by a certain amount of
apparently authentic evidence. I have assigned to the hypothetical list.

In the case of the rarest breeding birds, I have attempted to give all, or
at least several, breeding records. In case of species that breed commonly, 1
have given the earliest and latest nesting dates that have come to my attention.

The dates given for migration and nesting are. I believe, practically correct.

6 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

However, there will be found exceptional instances, particularly as to times
of migration, which will not come within the dates as given here. This, of
course, is to he expected, as it is a well-known fact that individuals or small
companies of many species either precede or straggle behind the main migra-
tory body.

Especially is this true in the case of many of the water-birds, which are
frequently noted along our coast at times when, according to the general dates
as given here for their migrations, they should he engaged in incubating their
eggs or raising their young in a more northern latitude. Some of these strag-
glers may have dropped behind the main body of their species as the result
of wounds or disease which render them incapable of making the long north-
ward journey to their breeding grounds. In some instances where the species
does not mature the first year, many of the immature birds may remain with
us, while the mature birds of their species go north to perform their reproductive
duties. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the scoters.

In some other species, ordinarily migratory, there seem to be a consi lerable
number of individuals that are non-breeders. These non-breeding birds are
frequently noted with us during the summer months. Especially is this true
with the turnstones. tattlers and many other waders. There is also a consid-
erable variation from year to Vear in the dates of the migrations of many species,
probably due principally to the condition of the weather and the food supply.
Some species, also, maintain different routes of migration in spring and fall.
They may be abundant in a certain locality during the fall migration and '•are
in the spring, or vice-versa.

Taking all these facts into consideration, it is easily seen that migration
dates, while they may be substantially correct, are bound to be far from infallible,
and exceptional instances, instead of being regarded as surprising, are to he
expected.

The number in parenthesis at the right of the running number in the list is
that given the species in the A. O. U. Check-List.

I have aspired to make this list as complete and as correct as possible;
and with this end in view I have gone over all obtainable literature on the
birds of this region and have culled thoroughly my own notes and those of
many other students of the birds of the region. For all errors of commission
or omission I ask the indulgence of the reader, and freely invite correction or
criticism, realizing that absolute freedom from error in a list of this kind is
an impossibility.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am under great obligations to Joseph Grinnell, G. Frean Morcom, Robert
Ridgway and Harry S. Swarth, who have at all times been ready with advice
on perplexing questions, many of which I would have been entirely unable
to solve without their help.

I am deeply indebted to W. Lee Chambers and Harry J. Lelande for the
unrestricted use of their fine libraries, to the Los Angeles Public Library and
to the Library of the University of California for the loan of books, and to
William and George Cline of Los Angeles for the privilege of examining their
fine collection of mounted birds.

To the following members of the Cooper Club my thanks are due for the
use of specimens and notes: J. S. Appleton. Louis B. Bishop. J. Hooper Bowles,
William Brewster, Homer C. Burt. W. Lee Chambers, Wells W. Cooke, Frank
S. Daggett, Evan Davis, W. Leon Dawson, Edwin W. Gifford, M. French Gil-
man, Joseph Grinnell. Alfred B- Howell. Ozra W. Howard, Albert M. Ingers 11.
Alphonse Jay, Antonin Jay, W. B. Judson. J. Eugene Law, Harry J. Lelande.
Clarence B. Linton, Leverett M. Loomis, Loye H. Miller, Harry C. Oberholser,
Virgil W. Owen, Richard M. Perez, Lawrence Peyton, Sidney Peyton, Wright
M. Pierce. Roth Reynolds, Howard Robertson, Frank Stephens, Kate Stephens.
Harry S. Swarth, John E. Thayer, Adriaan van Rossem, Harry E. Wilder and
Howard W. Wright.

GEORGE WILLETT-

Los Angeles, California,
February i, 1912.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

1. (1) iEchmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). Western Grebe.

Common winter visitant to the ocean and salt lagoons along- the coast. Occa-
sional on bodies of water inland. Arrives about September and leaves generally
by the latter part of April, but may be seen occasionally during the summer.
A single Western Grebe was noted by Bradford Torrey on the ocean near
Santa Barbara on several occasions during the months of June, July and
August, 1910 (Condor xn. 1910, 204).

2. (2) Colymbus holboelli (Reinhardt). Holboell Grebe.

Rare winter visitant. Observed at Santa Barbara by A. L. Heermann (Pac.
R. R. Rep. x, 1859, 76), and C. B. Nordhoff records finding the remains of an
immature bird at Elsinore Lake, Riverside County, in February, 1902 (Auk.
xix, 1902, 212).

3. (3) Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. Horned Grebe.

Probably a fairly common winter visitant on the ocean, less plentiful on
inland bodies of water. C. P. Streator took a specimen at Santa Barbara in
1885 (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 90). I have taken specimens at Hyperion, Los
Angeles County, as follows: Adult female, March 10, 1911; adult male, Jan-
uary 3, 1912; and adult male, January 8, 1912. C. B. Linton took an immature
female at Alamitos, Los Angeles County, January 14, 1907, and an adult
female at San Diego Bay, November 4, 1906 (Condor ix, 1907, 110). E.
Heller took a specimen near Riverside in the winter of 1893 (Condor in,
1901, 100).

4. (4) Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann). Eared Grebe.
Common breeding bird on some of the lakes of higher altitudes, less common

on ponds in the lower country, south to San Diego County. In winter may
be found plentifully on ponds of the lower country, on the salt lagoons along the
coast, and on the ocean. Breeds at Elizabeth Lake, northern Los Angeles County,
and abundantly at Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains. At the latter
place I took fresh sets of eggs on June 22. 1907, at which date most of the nests
contained incomplete sets.

According to Alphonse and Antonin Jay, a few pairs of these birds nest
every year at Railroad Lake, a small lagoon near Wilmington, Los Angeles
County, a short distance from the ocean. H. J. Lelande found a colony of
about fifteen pairs nesting at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, July 8, 1911.
All of the nests contained eggs at this date.

A colony of more than a hundred birds was found by A. M. Ingersoll and
W. B. Judson at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, in 1897. On June 8,
they examined upwards of forty nests containing eggs. C. S. Sharp found a nest
of the Eared Grebe, containing seven partly incubated eggs, in the San Pasqual
Valley, near Escondido, San Diego County, April 22, 1906 (Condor ix. 1907, 85).

5. (6) Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus). Pied-billed Grebe.
Common breeding species on fresh water ponds and lakes of the lower

10 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

country. In winter occurs along- the coasts as well as on inland Indies of water.
Breeds mostly in May.

Antonin Jay took a set of eight eggs, advanced in incubation, at Nigger
Slough. Los Angeles County, May 17, 1903, and a set of seven, incubation
commenced, in the same locality. June 7, the same year. \ found the species
breeding plentifully at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, May 27 and 2<S, 1911,
At this date most of the eggs were hatched (Condor xm, 1911. 157). C. S.
Sharp has taken fresh eggs in the vicinity of Escondido, San Diego County,
from May 3 to June 24 (Condor ix, 1907, 86).

6. (7) Gavia immer (Brimnich). Common Loon.

Fairly common winter visitant along the coast south to Lower California;
sometimes on inland lakes and ponds. Arrives in October and leaves during
the latter part of April and first part of May. Occasional in summer. I have
an adult female in winter plumage taken at Bolsa Chica, Orange County. No-
vember 10. 1907, and an adult male in almost full breeding plumage taken at
Alamitos, Los Angeles County, May 4, the same year. I also saw two birds of
this species in immature plumage fishing near the pier at Manhattan Beach. Los
Angeles County, July 6, 1911, and noted one bird at Bolsa Chica, July 24, 1911.
J. G. Cooper found the Loon abundant in winter in San Diego Bay, some re-
maining as late as May (B., Br. & Ridg., W.B.N. A. n, 1884. 447).

7. (10) Gavia pacifica (Lawrence). Pacific Loox.

Common winter visitant on the ocean. Particularlv abundant around the
Santa Barbara Islands. Arrives in September and remains until late in May.

8. (11) Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). Red-throated Loon.

Regular winter visitant along the coast. Arrives at about the same time as
the preceding species, but the majority appear to depart about a month earlier in
the spring (Beck, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910, 58). I have taken
several specimens of this loon along the Los Angeles County coast in winter. A.
L. Heermann obtained one example at San Diego (Pac. R. R. Rep. x, 1859, 76),
and J. G. Cooper secured a male at Santa Barbara. April 27, 1863 ( B., Br. &
Ridg., W.B.N.A. ii. 1884, 458).

9. (12) Lunda cirrhata (Pallas). Tufted Puffin.

Common resident on Anacapa, Santa Cruz and San Miguel islands and
probahlv also on Santa Rosa. Less common on Santa Barbara and San Nicolas.
II. W. Henshaw noted this species nesting on Santa Cruz Island in the sum-
mer of 1875 (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S.. App. )). 1876, 27^). J. S. Applebn
and II. C. Burt took fresh eggs on San Miguel Island, June 6, 1906, and in
June, 1610, I found them breeding commonly there and also on Anacapa,
(Condor xn, 1910, 172). C. B. Linton saw a Tufted Puffin on San Nicolas
Island in May, 1910, and T saw one in the same locality, June 23. 1911. Hie
species has been noted on Santa Barbara Island by various observers.

10. (15) Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). Rhinoceros Auklet.

Common winter visitant along the coast, south to Lower California. Arrives
in October and may be found until early May. I have taken many specimens

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 11

of this bird around the Santa Barbara Islands where they are particularly
numerous. Frequently found dead along the beaches. Noted by H. W.
Henshaw as abundant off San Diego during the winter of 1884 (Auk n, 1885,
387).

11. (16) Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas). Cassin Auklet.
Common, resident along the coast. Breeds on Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz

and San Miguel islands and probably also on Santa Rosa. In winter may be found
on the ocean everywhere. J. Grinnell and H. A. Gaylord took four nearly hatched
eggs of this species on Santa Barbara Island, May 16, 1897. At this date the ma-
jority of the nests found contained young of various ages (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1897, 22)- On visiting Santa Barbara Island in June, 1911, I found that
the old breeding colony of these birds was entirely abandoned. From the bones
and feathers of the birds found all over the island, I concluded that they had
been exterminated by the cats with which the island is infested. On a detached
rocky islet about a quarter of a mile from the main island, I found a colony
of about a hundred pairs of Auklets nesting. Nine nests examined on June 14
contained far incubated eggs. R. H. Beck found incubated eggs and young near
Scorpion Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, June 5, 1895 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club I,
1899, 85). I found the Cassin Auklet breeding abundantly on small islands
lying off San Miguel Island in the summer of 1910. On June 15 1 took two
fresh eggs, but most of the nests contained young (Condor xn, 1910, 172).

12. (21) Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). Ancient Murrelet.
Regular winter visitant along the coast, south at least to San Diego County.

C. B. Linton took two birds at Santa Cruz Island December 17 and 18, 190/"
(Condor x, 1908, 125). Linton also took several specimens at San Clemente
Island in December, 1908 (Condor xi, 1909, 102). A. van Rossem took a
specimen from a flock of eight birds at Catalina Island, February 13, 1910
(Osburn, Condor xin, 1911, 76). I found a bird of this species dead on the
beach at Hyperion, Los Angeles County, March 17, 1910, and Howard Wright
found two dead at Terminal Island, Los Angeles County, January 23, 1908,
and another on February 8, the same year (Condor xi, 1909, 64). A male was
found dead by H. W. Marsden at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, April 25,
1904 (Bishop. Condor vn, 1905. 141).

13. (23) Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin). Marbled Murrelet.
Winter visitant on the ocean, south at least to Santa Barbara. The A.O.U.

Check-List and other lists have repeatedly given the range of this species as
''south to San Diego in winter." There seems to be, however, no authentic record
south of Santa Barbara.

Clark P. Streator took several specimens near Santa Barbara during the win-
ter of 1885-6 (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 90). J. H. Bowles has a specimen taken
in the same locality- He found it dead on the beach July 30, 1910. On another
occasion he saw a bird of this species fishing around one of the piers at Santa
Barbara. L. M. Loomis and R. H. Beck have noted the Marbled Murrelet at
Monterey from late July (1894) until April 2 (1907). The birds were very
irregular in their movements, being plentiful at certain seasons during some

12 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

years and rare at the same seasons during other years i Proc. Cal. Acad. ScL
ser. 4. vol. in, 1910, 59-60).

14. (25) Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus. Xantus Murrelet.
Fairly common on the ocean throughout the year. Breeds in small numbers

on several of the Santa Rarbara Islands, north at least to Anacapa.

Howard Wright has noted this bird in summer at San Clemente Island
and believes that they were breeding there, although he failed to locate the
nests. J. ( i. Cooper states that he found it breeding rarely on Santa Barbara
Island in the 60's (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv. 1868. 12). In June, 1011. T noted
several birds near this island and on June 15, I found an egg', the contents of
which had been eaten by a raven or gull. On June 5. 1910. T saw two pairs of
these Murrelets near the east end of Anacapa Island (Condor xn, 1010, 170) ;
and H. C. Burt took a slightly incubated egg on this island. May 15, 1911.
Another fresh <^gg and a set of three eggs, also fresh, were taken for Mr.
Burt in the same locality by H. B. Webster, May 20, the same year.

15. (29) Cepphus columba I'allas. Pigeon Guillemot.

Common resident on Santa • Barbara, Anacapa. Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa
and San Miguel islands, breeding in May and June. Recorded south to San
Nicolas and San Clemente.

Noted breeding on Santa Cruz Island by H. W. Henshaw in the summer
of 1875 (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S., 1876, App. J J, 278). J. Grinnell and H.
A. Gaylord took four slightly incubated sets of eggs on Santa Barbara Island
May 15, 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897. 23): and I found fresh eggs
on San Miguel Island as late as June 23 (1010) (Condor xti, 1010. 172). On
June 26, 1911, I saw three birds at San Nicolas Island, where they were prob-
ably breeding, and J. G. Cooper recorded the species from San Clemente | Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci. tv, 1869, 79).

16. (30a) Uria troille californica (II. Bryant). California Murre.
Breeds on San Miguel Island in moderate numbers. South in winter at least

to coast of Orange County. Noted by C. P. Streator as rather rare at Santa
Barbara in 1885 (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 107). Seen once in summer by B. \Y.
Evermann near the wharf at Ventura (Auk m, 1886, 88). W. Lee Chambers
found a Murre in dying condition on the beach at Santa Monica. Los Angeles
County, November 3, 1900 (Swarth, Condor in, 1901, 17): and I found
one dead on the beach at Bay City. Orange Comity, March 9, 1910.

In June, 1006, J. S. Appleton and H. C. Burt found a colony of about
a hundred pairs of Murres breeding on a small island about half a mile from
the main island of San Miguel. On June 6, they took fresh and slightly incu-
bated eggs. In June. 1010, I visited this colony accompanied by Mr. Appleton
and other members of the Cooper Ornithological Club, and we found that the
colony had not appreciably increased or diminished since Mr. Appleton's first
visit. By June 15, some of the eggs had hatched and most of the others were
advanced in incubation (Condor xti, 1910, 172). This is, by far, the most
southern breeding record for the species.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 13

17. (36) Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck) . Pomarine Jaeger.
Jaegers are frequently seen along our coast, but, as few specimens have been

taken, it is hardly possible to estimate the comparative abundance of this species
and the next. According to the last A.O.U. Check-List, the Pomarine Jaeger
is a common fall migrant on the coast of California, wintering south to the
Galapagos Islands- It occurs at Point Pinos, Monterey County, every month
in the year, but is really common only during the passage southward in August,
September and October (Beck, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910, 61).
We may safely conclude from the above that the species is rather common on
the ocean in the fall, and may occasionally be found at other times of the year.

18. (37) Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). Parasitic Jaeger.
Fairly common fall and winter visitant along the coast. According to R. H.

Beck, most numerous on the coast of Monterey County in August and September
(Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910, 61). Noted by H- W. Henshaw
as common in December, 1884, from Santa Barbara north (Auk n, 1885, 232).
Recorded by B. W. Evermann as frequently seen in winter along the coast
above Ventura (Auk in, 1886, 88). H. S. Swarth took a female at Santa
Monica, Los Angeles County, September 29, 1895 ( Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 6). I took a male at Hyperion, Los Angeles County, December
15, 1911; and on December 18, following, I took two more specimens and
Antonin Jay secured one, in the same locality.

19. (38) Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. Long-tailed Jaeger.

One record, that of a young male taken by H. W. Marsden at Pacific
Beach, San Diego County, September 19, 1904 ( Bishop, Condor vii, 1905,
141). Now no. 11682, collection L. B. Bishop.

20. (40a) Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. Pacific Kittiwake.

Regular winter visitant in small numbers, south to Lower California. A fe-
male in first winter plumage was sent to J. Grinnell from Playa del Rey, Los An-
geles County, where it was found dead on the beach, January 9, 1906 (Condor
viii, 1906, 57). Antonin Jay has an immature male found dead on the beach in
the same locality, December 30, 1911. C. B. Linton took a female at Alamitos
Bay, Los Angeles County, April 14. 1907 (Condor ix, 1907. 199). A. W.
Anthony noted the Kittiwake as of regular, though not common, occurrence,
off San Diego and about the Coronados Islands (Auk xv, 1898, 267). He
took a specimen near San Diego February 26, 1895 (Auk xn, 1895, 177).

21. (44) Larus glaucescens Naumann. Geaucous-winged Gull.

Regular winter visitant in small numbers, south at least to San Diego. Re-
corded by B. W. Evermann as a winter visitant at Ventura, though not common
(Auk, in, 1886, 88). J. Grinnell noted it at Catalina Island in December, 1897,
and W. B. Judson took an immature bird at Redondo, Los Angeles County, in
winter (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 6). Several immatures were noted
by G. F. Breninger at San Clemente Island in February, 1903 (Auk xxi, 1904,
219). I have an immature female taken by Antonin Jay at Hyperion, Los
Angeles County, July 4, 1910, and I saw an adult bird in the same locality

14 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

December 22, 1911. Recorded from San Diego by J. G. Cooper (B., Dr. & Ridg.,
W. B. N. A. ii, 1884, 224) and A. W. Anthony ( Auk xxm, 1906, 131).

22. (49) Larus occidentalis Audubon. Western Gull.

Abundant resident. Breeds in May and June on all the Santa Barbara
Islands. Occasional inland in winter. During the breeding season most of
the Western Gulls seen along the shore of the mainland are immature birds.

23. (51 j Larus argentatus Pontoppidan. Herring Gull.

Fairly common in winter along the coast, south to Lower California.
Occasional on inland lakes and ponds. Arrives about September and remains
until May.

24. (53) Larus californicus Lawrence. California Gull.
Common along the coast from September until early May. Occasional

inland. One bird was noted by J. Grinnell off Catalina Island, May 12, 1897
(Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1897, 23).

25. (54) Larus delawarensis Orel. Ring-billed Gull.

Abundant winter visitant along the coast from September to May. Occa-
sional inland. I found this species common at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles
County, September 17, 1907, and abundant at Hyperion, Los Angeles County,
April 25, 1910. Immature birds were rather plentiful in the latter locality
as late as May 24 (1910).

26. (55) Larus brachyrhynchus Richardson. Short-billed Gull.
Rather rare winter visitant along the coast, south at least to San Diego. I

have never met with this species in southern California, but it has been recorded
as follows : B. W. Evermann found a specimen dead on the beach near Ventura
in December, 1879 (Auk in. 1886, 88). According to H. W. Henshaw, it was
not uncommon along the coast of southern California during the winter of 1884
(Auk ii, 1885, 232). In the Salvin-Godman collection in the British Museum are
a male adult collected by Mr. Henshaw at Ventura in November and a pair of
juvenals collected at San Diego in December (Saunders, Cat. Birds Iirit. Mus.
xxv, 1896, 284).

According to E. W. Gifford, of the California Academy of Sciences, the
specific characters ascribed to this form are all to be found in Larus canus
(Beck, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.. ser. 4. vol. in. 1910, 63).

27. (57) Larus heermanni Cassin. IIkermann Gull.

Very common along the coast and among the islands from the last week in
May until the middle of March. Originally described from San Diego (Proc.
Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil, vi, 1852, 187). This interesting species may be found
along our coast every month in the year. The majority, however, leave for
their breeding grounds off the Mexican coast during the month of March and
return during the last week in May and the month of June. This is the only
species of the genus on our coast that goes south to breed.

28. (60) Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte Gull.

Common along the coast in fall, winter and spring. Frequently seen on in-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 15

land bodies of water, mostly during migrations. I have found this gull plentiful
along the Los Angeles County coast from August 20 ( 1910) to May 10 ( 1910),
and have noted immature birds common at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County,
as late as June 2 (1910). Recorded by H. W. Henshaw as not uncommon in
San Diego Bay during the winter of 1884 (Auk n, 1885, 232).

29. (62) Xema sabini (Sabine). Sabine Gull.

Probably a fairly common migrant on the ocean ; so far not noted along our
mainland coast. Howard W. Wright took a male and female near Santa Cruz
Island, August 6, 1909, and a female near Los Coronados Islands, August 20,
1910: now nos. 2466, 2467, 2468, collection of Howard W. Wright. This species
breeds in the far north and is known to winter in abundance on the Pacific coast
of South America. L. M. Loomis and R. H. Beck have found it to occur in con-
siderable numbers at Monterey during the fall migration. They have noted it
at this season from July 22 (1907) to October 6 (1909). Their only spring
record is of eleven birds, all seen between the 15th and 21st of May, 1907 (Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910, 63).

30. (64) Sterna caspia Pallas. Caspian Tern.

Although the A. O. U. Check-List gives the winter range of this
species as "from the coast of Central California to Lower California,"
it is apparently rare in southern California. C. B. Linton took a speci-
men at Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, May 26, 1907 (Condor x,
1908, 196), and M. A. Frazar took an adult female at La Paz, Lower
California, January 25, 1887 ( Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xli.
1902, 23). So far as I know, the only specimen of the Caspian Tern taken
in the territory covered by this list is an immature female, now in the British
Museum, taken by H. W. Henshaw at San Diego in December ( Saunders.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. xxv, 1896, 32). C. B. Linton records seeing eight of
these birds at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, December 27, 1908 ( Condor
xi, 1909, 68). Mr. Linton tells me that he was very close to the birds and
is not likely to have been mistaken as to their identity. H. S. Swarth saw one
bird in the same locality, May 16, 1901.

31. (65) Sterna maxima Boddaert. Royal Tern.

Common along the coast from September to May. Occasional in summer.
J. Grinnell noted one bird at Catalina Island, June 9, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1897, 24), and C. B. Linton saw several at San Nicolas Island,
June 17, 1910. The Royal Tern has been reported as breeding on San Miguel
Island, but I consider this very doubtful. In June, 1910, I went over that island
thoroughly and am positive that it was not breeding there at that time. The
only birds seen were a few immatures noted on June 17, one of which was
secured (Condor xn, 1910, 173). I believe that the birds seen along our coast
during the summer months are mostly immature.

32. (66) Sterna elegans Gambel. Elegant Tern.

As this species breeds on the Mexican coast and was found by L. M. Loomis
to be fairlv common off Monterey, California, in September and October, 1906

16 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA So. 7

( Beck, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4; vol. in, 1910, 64), it is probably of more or
less regular occurrence along our whole coast. So far as I know, only one speci-
men has been recorded from southern California, an adult male taken by H. W.
Marsden at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 21, 1904 ( Bishop,
Condor yii, 1905, 31) ; now no. 11683, collection of Louis B. Bishop.

33. (69) Sterna forsteri Nuttall. Forster Tern.

Common along the coast and on inland lakes and ponds in fall, winter and
spring. Occasional during the summer. Most abundant along the Los Angeles
County coast in the fall from September 1 to October 20, and in the spring from
March 10 to May 15. 1 saw several birds at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
County, May 25, 1907, and E. Heller found them common at Elsinore Lake,
Riverside County, June 2, 1896 (Condor in, 1901, 100). J. Grinnell noted them
daily at Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains, from July 28 to August 2,
1905 (Univ. Calif. Publ. ZooL v, 1908, 52). Although the Forster Tern has
been reported as breeding in southern California, I know of no authentic records.

34. (70) Sterna hirundo Linnaeus. Common Tern.

This species on sight being so easily confused with the last, its comparative
abundance is difficult to determine accurately, but it is probably a regular migrant
along our coast in limited numbers. The fall migration appears to take place
principally in September and the spring migration in May. A. B. Howell and J.
H. Bowles found the Common Tern fairly plentiful at Santa Barbara during Sep-
tember, 1911. C. B. Linton took five specimens at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles
County, September 25, 1907 (Willett, Condor x, 1908, 50). H. W. Marsden took
three adult males at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 8, 12 and 15,
1904 (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 31). I took a pair of adults from a flock of
fifteen or twenty birds that were feeding around the Los Angeles out-fall sewer
at Hyperion, May 24, 1910 (Condor xn, 1910, 174).

35. (71) Sterna paradisaea Brunnich. Arctic Tern.

Occurs along the coast during migrations. H. S. Swarth took a male at
Terminal Island, Los Angeles County, October 30, 1901, and F. S. Daggett
took three specimens near San Pedro, September 13, 1902 (Condor \, 1903, 17).

36. (74) Sterna antillarum (Lesson). Least Tern.

Common summer resident along the coast. Arrives in April and leaves
mostly in September. Xests in suitable localities along the sandy beaches. Eggs
are generally deposited in June and July. There are substantial breeding col >-
nies at 1 lueneme, I 'lava del Rev, Sunset Beach, Newport and Pacific Beach.
Evan Davis has found fresh eggs at Newport, Orange County, as early as May
20 and as late as August 12 (Grinnell, Pub. A Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, Si.

37. {77) Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). Black Tern.

Common migrant along the coast and on inland lakes and ponds. 1 found
this species abundant at Hyperion, Los Angeles County, from August 20 to Sep-
tember 10, 1910; and the birds ware plentiful at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
County, from April 22 to May {K 1910, a few remaining as late as May 18.
E. Heller observed the Black Tern at Elsinore Lake, Riverside County, [line

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 17

2, 1896 (Condor in, "1901, 100), and one bird was noted by J. Grinnell at Bear
Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, July 30, 1905 ( Univ. Calif. Pnbl. Zool. v,
1908, 52).

This bird has been reported as breeding at Elsinore and San Jacinto lakes,
but 1 know of no authentic nesting records. I saw two birds at San Jacinto
Lake, May 28, 1911. They gave no signs of breeding and were probably strag-
glers (Condor xm, 1911, 158). There are nesting colonies at Buena Vista
and Tulare lakes.

38. (81) Diomedea nigripes Audubon. Black-footed Albatross.
Common out at sea during the entire year. Birds seen during spring and

early summer are probably immature.

39. (82) Diomedea albatrus Pallas. Short-tailed Albatross.
Fairly common on the ocean. Occasionally seen close in-shore during

severe weather. Two specimens taken near Santa Barbara are recorded by C. P.
Streator. One of them, which was in his collection, was taken fifty miles at
sea about the middle of March, 1885 (Orn. & Ool. xi. 1886, 90). Recorded
by B. W. Evermann from Ventura as frequently seen along the coast and in
the bay in winter (Auk in, 1886, 89). A specimen taken at San Pedro by
C. Rutter, April 3, 1898, was presented to the Zoological Department at Stan-
ford University (McLain, Auk xv, 1898, 267). M. L. Wicks, Jr., found a
bird of this species dead in the surf near Long Beach, Los Angeles County,
July 26, 1892 (Oologist x, 1893, 88). Evan Davis has a specimen that was
killed near Newport, Orange County (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 8). C. B. Linton has the head of a Short-tailed Albatross that was
captured alive by his camp cook on San Nicolas Island, April 1, 1909. Mr.
Linton was absent at the time of the capture and his man killed the bird and
cooked it. He afterwards stated that he did not find it particularly appetiz-
ing. J. G. Cooper noted this species at San Nicolas Island July first, and at
San Diego Bay in December (B., Br. & Ridg., W. B. X. A. n, 1884, 354).

40. (86b) Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejneger. Pacific Fulmar.
Common on the ocean in fall, winter and spring. Generally arrives in

September and October, and leaves in April. I have taken many specimens
of this bird along the Los Angeles County coast and around the Santa Barbara
Islands. Those in the dark plumage generally greatly out-number the light
ones. Large numbers of this and the following species are frequently seen
dead on the beaches during the winter and spring.

41. (86.1) Fulmarus rodgersi Cassin. Rodgers Fulmar.

Irregular fall, winter and spring visitant on the ocean, south at least to
San Diego. Not nearly so numerous as the last. I have two specimens of
this bird that I picked up dead on the beach near Anaheim Landing, Orange
County, March 1, 1908. Many more were seen at the same time in different
stages of decomposition (Condor xn, 1910, 46). I also took an adult female
at Plyperion, Los Angeles County, December 29, 1911, and Antonin Jay took
two specimens in the same locality the following clay.

L8 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Many ornithologists are of the opinion that I'lthiiurits rodgersi is the ex-
treme light phase of Fulmarus glacialis glupischa and is not entitled to recog-
nition as a separate form. I am inclined to believe that this conclusion is the
correct one, as I have seen birds in every stage of plumage from the lightest
of the former to darkest of the latter.

42. (91) Puffinus creatopus Coues. Pink-footed Shearwater.
Common along the coast in summer and fall. Leaves in December and

January, and returns (hiring the latter part of May and the month of June.
Originally described from San Nicolas Island ( I 'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil,
xvi, 1864, 131). H. S. Swarth has a male that he found dead on the beach
at Redondo, Los Angeles County, May 10, 1901. T have frequently found
them dead on the southern California beaches in summer and fall, and saw
them near Anacapa and Santa Cruz islands in November and December, 1907
During the first part of June, 1910, I saw occasional birds of this species in
company with Sooty Shearwaters, around the northern islands of the Santa
Barbara group. By June 23 they had become quite numerous (Condor xn.
1910, 173). J. G. Cooper saw the species near San Nicolas Island in July,
1863 (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, 1868, 11).

43. (93) Puffinus opisthomelas Coues. Black-vented Shearwater.
At the close of their breeding season on the islands off the coast of Lower

California, these birds migrate in large numbers northward along the coast of
southern California. They are very irregular as to the time of their arrival,
sometimes appearing as early as May 10, and at other times not being noted
until July or August. They also vary a great deal in numbers, some years
being much more abundant than others. A. W. Anthony says : ''Their presence
along the coast of southern and Lower California seems to be governed very
largely by the food supply. They are particularly abundant during late July,
August and September, when they follow the large schools of herring and
other small fish that come in-shore at that season" (Auk xm, 1896, 223).
The return journey to the breeding grounds is made in February, March and
April.

J. Grinnell observed immense numbers of these birds resting on the water
about a mile out from San Pedro Harbor, May 11, 1897. Ten specimens were
secured. They all. males as well as females, had bare spaces on their breasts,
and the state of the reproductive organs showed that they must recently have
bred (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 24). H. S. Swarth took a specimen
at Redondo, Los Angeles Count}'. May 26, 1899, and W. Lee Chambers found
them abundant at Santa Monica. December 21 to 25, 1000. Several specimens
were secured. There are four eggs of the Black-vented Shearwater in the Na-
tional Museum, supposed to have been collected on Santa Barbara Island in
1873 by Captain C. M. Scammon. This record is regarded as doubtful by
most ornithologists of this section.

44. (95) Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). Sooty Shearwater.

Common on the ocean throughout the year. Most abundant from late

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 19

April until November. I have taken many specimens of this bird along the
southern California coast and around the Santa Barbara Islands.

45. (96) Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). Slender-billed Shear-
water.

An inhabitant of southern oceans, occurring- irregularly north along- the
California coast in winter. It was noted at Monterey by J. Mailliard, Decem-
ber 17, 18 and 19, 1895 (Auk xv. 1898, 197), and by R. H. Beck, October 14
and December 2, 1907, and January 30, 1908 ( Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser 4,
vol. in, 1910, 66). The only record T have seen for southern California is
of a specimen taken from a small flock by A. W. Anthony, near San Diego,
January 9, 1896 (Auk xm, 1896, 171).

46. (105) Oceanodroma furcata (Gmelin). Forked-tailed Petrel.
There has been practically no systematic study of the Petrels along our

southern California coast. The birds are very difficult to collect during mi-
grations, and there are not enough specimens in collections from this locality
to enable us to arrive at a definite conclusion as to the comparative abundance
of the different species. The Forked-tailed Petrel occurs in migrations along
the California coast, south at least to Los Angeles County. It was noted by
R. H. Beck at Monterey in June, 1895, and November, 1903 ( Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910, 66). It is recorded from off San Pedro by J. G.
Cooper, who saw a specimen that was taken there by Mr. Lorquin and pre-
sented to the State Museum (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv, 1868, 10). Air. Grinnell
informs me that this specimen is now no. 4470, collection University of Cali-
fornia Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. The label in Dr. Cooper's handwrit-
ing says "San Pedro Bay, Cal., 914, J. G. C, Shot by Lorquin. Exch."

47. (105.2) Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony. Kaeding Petrel.

A. W. Anthony described this species from Lower California, and was under
the impression that it bred there and occasionally straggled north to southern
California in migrations (Auk xv, 1898, 37, 38). Recent investigations have
shown, however, that it breeds to the north of us, and occurs in migrations along
the whole California coast, south to Lower California. L. H. Aliller has an adult
male which flew on board the ship Albatross, while off San Clemente Island,
March 22, 1904.

48. (107) Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte). Black Petrel.
Common out at sea during the entire year. Least plentiful during Jul} and

August, at which season it breeds on the islands off the coast of Lower Califor-
nia, from Los Coronados southward. Straggles north at least to Monterey.

49. (108) Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). Ashy Petrel.
Probably occurs on the ocean off the coast of California throughout the year.

An adult from San Miguel Island (now in British Museum), was given to H.
W. Henshaw by Captain Forney of the Coast Survey, who stated that the species
bred on San Miguel in great numbers (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S., 1876, App.
JJ, 277). In June, 1910, I made particular search for this bird on San Miguel
but failed to find it. I may possibly have overlooked it or it may not occur there

20 PACIFIC C< )AST AVIFAUNA No. 7

until later in the season. L. II. Miller has an adult female taken near Santa Bar-
bara Island. April 10, 1904; in June. 1911, I found tin- species plentiful in the
channel between Santa Barbara and San Nicolas islands. Although at this time
I made careful search over all of the former island and part of the latter, 1 was
unable to find any evidence of the species breeding.

50. (108.1) Oceanodroma socorroensis C. 11. Townsend. Socorro
Petrel.

Breeds on the islands off the coast of Lower California from Los Coronados
south. Straggles northward at least to San Diego, where A. \V. Anthony found
it to be fairly common during April and May, 1895, at which time he took a small
series of specimens (Auk xn, 1895, 387). Godman considers this form identical
with Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe), a race found on the coast of China and
japan (Mon. Petrels, 1907. 32-33).

51. (120c) Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway. Farallon

Cormorant.

Common resident along the coast. Breeds on the Santa Barbara Islands in
May and June. J. Grinnell and H. A. Gaylord took two sets of fresh eggs on
Santa Barbara Island, May 15, 1897. At this date most of the birds were nest
building (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 25). June 15, 1910, I found the
species breeding commonly on San Miguel Island. Nest contents varied from
fresh eggs to half-grown young (Condor xn, 1910, 173). In some instances,
probably where previous sets have been destroyed by the gulls, eggs may be found
as late as August.

52. (122) Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). Brandt Cormorant.
Common resident along the coast. Breeds on the Santa Barbara Islands in

April, May and June. C. B. Linton noted incomplete sets on San Nicolas Island,
April 3, 1910, and I took four sets of fresh eggs on Catalina Island. April 11,
1904. J. Grinnell and II. A. Gaylord took thirty sets of eggs on Santa Barbara
Island, May 15, 1897. They were in all stages of incubation, and several nests
contained newly hatched young ( Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 25). I found
several large colonies nesting on San Miguel Island in June, 1910. < )n the 15th
of the month, nests contained fresh and incubated eggs and young of various
ages (Condor xn. 1910, 173).

53. (123b) Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon. Baird

( 'oRMORAXT.

Common resident on the Santa Barbara Islands, but less plentiful than the
two preceding species. Occasional along the mainland shores in winter. Breeds
in May and June. J. Grinnell and 11. A. Gaylord noted this species breeding on
Santa Barbara Island, May 15, 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 26),
and I found them nesting commonly on Anacapa and San Miguel islands in June,
1910. Fresh eggs were taken on the latter island as late as June 1() (Condor xn,
1910, 170, 174).

54. (125) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. White Pelican.
Regular visitant to the marsh lands in fall, winter and spring. Arrives in

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 21

October and November and leaves mostly in May. Recorded by B. W. Evermann
as often seen on the lagunas of Ventura County in winter (Auk in, 1886, 89).
F. S. Daggett noted a flock of about 125 birds dying over Pasadena, November
2?, l'JOO. One of them was secured at long range with a high-power rifle (Condor
in, 1001, 15). Howard Robertson saw thirty-five or forty birds flying along
the Los Angeles River, near Los Angeles City, April 27, 1900. Alphonse Jay
saw about 250 birds flying in a northerly direction over Sierra Madre, Los Ange-
les County, May 22, 1910, and I saw a single bird at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
County, May 25, 1907.

According to J. G. Cooper, few of this species reach San Diego, most of them
veering to the eastward toward the Gulf of California ( 1'.., Br. & Ridg., W. B. N.
A. ii, 1884, 136). A male was taken at San Diego in the early 50's by A. Cassidy
(Lawrence, Pac. R. R. Rep. ix. 1858, 869).

55. (127) Pelecanus californicus Ridgway. California Brown Peli-
can.

Common resident along the coast. Breeds irregularly on several of the
Santa Barbara Islands, the largest nesting colony north of the Mexican line being
undoubtedly the one on Anacapa Island. During some seasons, however, the
birds apparently do not nest there at all. The Anacapa colony was first described
by C. F. Holder, who visited it in August, 1898. At this time the young were
nearly full grown ( Museum v, 1899, 71). In June, 1899, LI. Robertson and V.
W. Owen went over Anacapa thoroughly, but the Pelicans were apparently not
nesting there at that time. On June 5, 1910. I visited this island in company with
several other members of the Cooper Ornithological Club. We found about 500
nests of the Pelican containing eggs and young. Fresh eggs were taken from
some nests, and nearly full-grown young were noted in others (Condor xn, 1910.
170). In May. the following year, H. C. Burt visited this locality and reports
that, while there were a few birds present, they were not nesting.

H. Wright found several nests of this species, all of which contained young
birds, on Santa Cruz Island, in July, 1909. June 15, 1910, I noted five nests con-
taining young on San Miguel Island (Condor xn, 1910, 173), and on June 14,
1911, I found a colony of about twenty-five pairs breeding on Santa Barbara
Island. All of the nests contained newly hatched young at this date.

56. (128) Fregata aquila (Linnaeus). Man-o'-war-bird.

Resident of southern Lower California and Mexico. Occasionally straggles
north along the coast of California. J. G. Cooper was told of a single specimen
being shot at San Diego. It had entered the bay and alighted on the mast of an
old hulk anchored there. He was also told that the species is common at some
seasons outside the bay (B., Br. & Ridg.. W. B. N. A. n. 1884, 130). I saw a
female that was shot by A. C. Parsons at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County,
June 17, 1906, and on June 13. 1911. two immature birds were caught with hook
and line by a fisherman on the pleasure pier at Long Beach (Linton, Condor xm,
1911, 168). An immature specimen was shot by L. Price at North Pasadena in
August, 1892 (Lawrence, Auk x, 1893, 362), and H. S. Swarth saw three birds
circling overhead near Los Angeles in December, 1897 ( Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasa-

22 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 10). J. S. Appleton saw the head, wings and tail of one
of these birds that was shot by L. Myers from the wharf at Hueneme, Ventura
County, about 1895.

57. (129) Mergus americanus Cassin. American Merganser.
Fairly common winter visitant on the ocean and the salt marshes near the

coast. F. Stephens took a male at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, December
15, 1879 (Grinnell. Pub. 2. I 'asadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 10). and I noted one in
the same locality. March 9, 1910. H. S. Swarth saw a male near Long Beach,
Los Angeles Comity. May 17, 1001, and another near Redondo, April 25. 1899,
and secured a female from a flock of eight, near Los Angeles, December 27,
1894. H. J. Lelande took a female near Long Leach, January 17, 1912. I have
seen the species occasionally on the ocean along the Los Angeles Comity coast
and have seen several specimens that were taken by hunters in various sections
of southern California.

58. (130) Mergus serrator Linnaeus. Red-breasted Merganser.
Fairly common along the coast in fall, winter and spring. Arrives in

October and leaves mostly in April. J. Grinnell noted this species at Catalina
Island in December, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 10), and 1
noted it in the same locality in March, 1905. C. B. Linton found it fairly com-
mon at San Clemente Island during October, 1908. and at San Nicolas Island
during January, February and March, 1909. Tie also saw one at the latter
island April 1, 1910, and another on May 3. following. He took a female at
Santa Cruz Island, December 2, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 126). H. S. Swarth
took a specimen near Long Beach, May 17, 1901.

5(>. (131) Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). Hooded Merganser.

Rather rare winter visitant. Although B. W. Evermann recorded this
species as common in Ventura County during the rainy season (Auk in. 1880,
89), few have been noted of late years. F. Stephens took a male at Alamitos
Bay, Los Angeles County. December 23, 1879 (Grinnell, Tub 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 10), and J. E. Law took two females near Fillmore, Ventura
County, December 31, 1005. II. J. Lelande has taken the species occasionally
near Los Angeles, and in the Cline collection of mounted birds are several
specimens taken in Los Angeles County in the earl}- 80's.

09. (132) Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Mallard.

Common winter visitant, arriving in October and leaving mostly in March.
A \cw remain through the summer and breed around fresh water lakes and
ponds. Found breeding near Santa Barbara by C. I'. Streator (Orn. & Ool.
xi, 1886, 90), and near Saticoy by J. G. Cooper (Auk iv. 1887, 93). Tl. C.
Burt found a nest containing eleven partly incubated eggs, near Hueneme, Ven-
tura County, May 1, 1910. F. Stephens noted the species breeding at Bear
Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains, in June, 1886 (Morcom, Bull. Ridg.
Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 38), and C. S. Sharp records a nest found near Escon-
dido, San Diego County, in 1896 (Condor IX, 1907. 86).

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 2.3

61. (135) Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus). Gadwall.
Common winter visitant. Arrives mostly in late September and October

and leaves in March. Occasionally remains through the summer and breeds
in fresh water marshes. A. M. Shields has taken eggs near Los Angeles
(Grinnell, Pub 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 10), and A. M. Ingersoll took
a set of twelve eggs, with the female bird, at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside
County. June 7, 1897.

62. (136) Mareca penelope (Linnaeus). European Widgeon.

One record, that of a male taken by C. H. Mears at Bixby, Los Angeles
County, February 16, 1904. Now in collection of J. Grinnell (Auk xxi,
1904, 383).

63. (137) Mareca americana (Gmelin). Baldpate.

The American Widgeon is a common winter visitant to lakes and ponds
everywhere in southern California. A few appear from the north in the latter
part of September, but the main body does not generally arrive until well into
October. They leave for their breeding grounds mostly in early March.

64. (139) Nettion carolinense (Gmelin). Green-winged Teal.
Abundant winter visitant. Arrives mostly in the latter part of September

and the month of October, and leaves in March.

65. (140) Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). Blue-winged Teal.
Fairly common during some winters and apparently absent during others.

In parts of the United States, where it winters abundantly, it is found to be
one of the earliest arrivals in the fall and one of the last to leave in the spring
(Cooke. U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 26, 1906, 33). Seen several times by Bradford
Torrey near Santa Barbara from January 21 to May 1, 1908, and from De-
cember 6, 1908. to March 16. 1909 (Condor xi, 1909. 173). Two males noted
by J. H. Bowles in the same locality, January 5, 1910. I have frequently seen
birds of this species that were brought in to Los Angeles taxidermists by local
hunters. A female was taken by W. B. Judson near Los Angeles. October 31,
1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 11). and another female
was taken by H. S. Swarth in the same locality, October 3, 1898 (Condor n,
1900, 14). Mr. Swarth also took a female near Los Angeles, September 2S,
1900. F. S. Daggett took a male near El Monte, Los Angeles County, March
12, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 11), and J. Grinnell has
a male taken at Bolsa Chica. Orange County, October 16, 1907. L. Belding
saw an adult male that was shot in El Cajon Valley, about fifteen miles from
San Diego, in April, 1881. F. Stephens took a pair at Agua Caliente, San Diego
County, in March, 1886 (Belding, Zoe n, 1891, 97), and C. B. Linton took a
female at National City, October 25, 1906.

66. (141) Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieillot). Cinnamon Teal.
Abundant in spring and fall. Less plentiful in summer and mid- winter.

Breeds rather commonly around grass-bordered lakes and ponds, south to San
Diego County, and winters in small numbers as far north as Santa Barbara
(Torrey, Condor xn, 1910, 80). I have noted young birds in Los Angeles

24

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

County by the middle of May, and ( ). W. I toward found an incomplete sel of five
fresh eggs at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, May 25. 1911. I found the
species common at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, May 27, 2S, 1911 (Con-
dor xiii. 1911, 158), and C. S. Sharp records it as breeding near Escondido, San
Diego County (Condor ix, 1(>07, 86).

67. (142). Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). Shoveller.

The Shoveller is an abundant winter visitant, arriving mostly in October and
leaving in March and early April. A few remain through the summer and un-
doubtedly breed, but I know of no sets of eggs having been taken in this locality.
I have frequently seen the birds on fresh water ponds of Los Angeles County in
summer, and on May 27, 28. 1911, I noted several pairs at San Jacinto Lake, Riv-
erside County (Condor xm, 1911, 158). E. E. Eckdale informed II. J. Lelande
that he has seen Shovellers accompanied by young in the vicinity of Los Angeles.

68. (143) Dafila acuta (Linnaeus'). Pintail.

The "sprig" is the most abundant of the larger ducks during the winter sea
son. A few arrive from the north in September, but the main body does not show
up until well along in October. It leaves mostly in March. Breeds in small
numbers at Lear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains, and also on spme of the
lakes at lower altiudes, south to San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County. I have
noted this bird at Xigger Slough, Los Angeles County, in summer, and found it
rather common at San Jacinto Lake in May, 1911. On May 28. a female accom-
panied by four young was seen at the latter point (Condor xiii, 1911, 158).

69. (144) Aix sponsa ( Linnaeus). Wood Duck.

Occasional in winter, but much rarer than formerly. According to C. I '.
Streator, occasionally met with in 1885. beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains.
about ten miles from Santa Barbara ( On. & Ool. xi. 1886, 90). Formerly
recorded by L>. W. Evermann as breeding in Ventura County (Auk in, 1886,
89). Antonin Jay informs me that twenty-five or thirty years ago he occa-
sionally saw the species near Los Angeles and shot several specimens. The
following records are all that I have seen in late years. Male of the year in
nearly adult plumage, received by R. Reynolds, the Los Angeles taxidermist, killed
near Oxnard, Ventura Count)-, about November 6, 1905 (Grinne.ll, Condor
vin, l')06, 29). Adult male, also mounted by Mr. Reynolds, taken by W. B.
Lowers near Redlands, San Bernardino County, October 2. 1909. Adult male,
now in collection of M. F. ( iilman, shot by his brother at Banning, Riverside
County, in April, 1907. Male seen by C. S. Sharp, shot at Ramona, San
Diego Comity, in November, 1905 (Condor cm, 1906, 75).

70. (146) Marila americana (Eyton). Redhead.

Common winter visitant. Less plentiful in summer, ddie majority arrive
in October and leave in March. A few remain through the summer and breed
on fresh water marshes in May and June. I found a nest containing nine
pipped eggs at Xigger Slough, Los Angeles County, May 13, 1911; and Antonin
Jay found a nest containing eleven fresh eggs of the Redhead and lour eggs
of the Ruddy Duck, in the same locality, May 31. 1903. On May 28, 1911, 1

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 25

found the Redhead breeding commonly at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County.
Four nests examined on that date contained fifteen, seventeen, eighteen and
twenty-seven eggs respectively. The last was probably the product of at least
two females (Condor xm, 1911, 158).

71. (147) Marila valisineria (Wilson). Canvas-back.

Common winter visitant to the marshes. Arrives late in October and leaves
mostly in March.

72. (148) Marila marila (Linnaeus). Scaup Duck.

The larger "blue-bill" is an occasional winter visitant, mostly near the
coast. South at least to San Diego. J. G. Cooper recorded this species as
common in his time along the whole coast of California, from October to April
( B., Br. & Ridg., W. B. N. A. n, 1884, 19), but in recent years they have been
noted only occasionally. H. J. Lelande informs me that he secures a few of
these birds each year on the gun clubs of Los Angeles County. F. S. Daggett
has a male taken by Ex-Governor Markham at Bixby, Los Angeles County,
December 20. 1899 (Condor n, 1(X)0, 19). A specimen was taken near San
Diego by A. Cassidy in the early 50's ( Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep. ix, 1858, 791),
and C. B. Linton took a male at National City, San Diego County, November
9, 1906.

73. (149) Marila affinis (Eyton). Lesser Scaup Duck.

The smaller "blue-bill" is a common winter visitant along the coast and
on larger bodies of water inland. Arrives late in October and remains well
into April. Two birds, a drake and duck — or young male — were noted by
Bradford Torrey, June 6, 15 and 16, 1910, on a small fresh water lake near
Santa Barbara (Condor xn, 1910. 204).

74. (150) Marila collaris (Donovan). Ring-necked Duck.

Rare winter visitant. H. S. Swarth took a male and three females near
Los Angeles. October 15, 1898 (Condor n, 1900. 14). Mr. Swarth also saw
one bird in the same locality December 14, following, and took a pair January
8, 1900. These are the only southern California records I have seen.

75. (151) Clangula clangula americana Bonaparte. Golden-eye.
Although J. G. Cooper reported this duck common in his time along the

whole coast of California in winter (B., Br. & Ridg., W. B. N. A. n, 1884.
46), it has only been noted occasionally of late years. L. Peyton has taken a
few specimens in the marshes of Ventura County, and H. S. Swarth has noted
it in the vicinity of Los Angeles (Grinnell, Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad Sci., 1898,
12). A. M. Shields took a male at Ballona, Los Angeles County, December
14, 1894 (Grinnell, 1. c), and A. Fenyes took a pair near Newport, Orange
County, January 5, 1901 (Daggett, Condor in, 1901, 47). W. B. Judson took
a female near Huntington Beach, Orange County, December 28, 1911.

76. (153) Charitonetta albeola (Linnaeus). Buffle-head.
Generally a common winter visitant, especially on salt water lagoons. Ar-
rives in late October and earlv November and leaves mostly in March and earlv

26 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

April. Rare during sonic winters. I found this species fairly common at
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, April 22, 1910, and saw an adult male
in the same locality. May 1, following. J. (i. Cooper noted the Buffle-head
abundant at San Diego from October to April 20 (B., Br. & Ridg., W. B. N.
A. ii. 1884, 49).

77. (154) Harelda hyemalis (Linnaeus). Old-squaw.

Rare winter visitant, south to San Diego. H. W. Henshaw took a female
of this species at Santa Barbara, June 9, 1875 (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S.,
1876, App. JJ, 274). In the Cline collection of mounted birds are two males
taken in Los Angeles County in the early 80's. A male and female in the col-
lection of F. S. Daggett, were shot by E. R. Hull near Newport, Orange County,
November 28, 1900 (Condor m, 1901, 15). L. Belding took a specimen at San
Diego. January 13, 1896 (Anthony. Auk xm, 1896. 172).

78. (163) Oidemia americana Swainson. American Scoter.
Occurs occasionally in winter along the California coast, in company with

the other surf ducks. South rarely to Catalina Island. Two pairs were noted
by R. H. Beck at Monterey in November. 1909 ( Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
vol. in, 1(M0, 69). H. W. Henshaw took a specimen at Santa Cruz Island in
the summer of 1875 (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S.. 1876, App. }], 275). J.
G. Cooper records this species as occurring along the whole coast of California
( B.. Br. & Ridg., W. B. X. A. n. 1884, 89). He informed J. Grinnell that he
had taken it at Catalina Island (Pub. 2, I'asadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 12). This
is our most southern record.

79. (165) Oidemia deglandi Bonaparte. White-winged Scoter.
Very common winter visitant along the coast and around the Santa Barbara

Islands. Arrives in September and October and leaves mostly in April. Non-
breeding birds of this and the next species are plentiful on the ocean through-
out the summer.

80. (166) Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus). Surf Scoter.

Most abundant of the surf ducks. The majority of this species arrive
from the north in October and November and leave in April. I noted an adult
male at Santa Rosa Island, June 8, 1910.

81. (167) Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin). Ruddy Duck.

The little "wire-tail" is a common resident of southern California through-
out the year. It breeds in tule marshes from the middle of April until June.
I found a set of seven half-incubated eggs at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
Count}, May 1. 1910, and another set of seventeen slightly incubated eggs,
in the same locality, June 2, following. Antonin Jay found a nest containing
an incomplete set of three eggs near Wilmington, Los Angeles County, fune
10. 1900.

82. (169) Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus (Pallas). Lesser Snow Goose.
Common winter visitant to the lowlands, south to Lower California. Ar-
rives about the first part of October and leaves mostly in March and April.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 21

This goose, in company with other species, feeds in large numbers on the
grain fields and pasture lands, mostly at night, remaining out at sea during
the day.

83. (170) Chen rossi (Cassin). Ross Goose.

Occurs in winter in limited numbers in company with the last species.
South at least to Orange County. 1 have seen many of these birds in the
Los Angeles markets, brought in from the surrounding country. E. Davis
has found them fairly common in winter near Santa Ana, and F. S. Daggett
records a specimen taken by A. Fenyes near Newport. Orange County, No-
vember 10, 1900 (Condor in, 1901, 15).

84. (171a) Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub. White-fronted Goose.
This goose, known to hunters as the "checker-breast," is a common winter

visitant to suitable localities in the lowlands. According to L. Belding. it is
the first goose to arrive in California and the last to leave, appearing early
in September and remaining until the first part of May (Zoe in, 1892, 98).
The main body, however, does not put in its appearance until November, and
it leaves in April.

85. (172) Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus). Canada Goose.
According to the last A. O. XJ. Check-List, this species ranges south t<>

southern California in winter. It is not nearly so common, however, as others
of the genus. J. Grinnell has a specimen taken near Los Angeles in winter,
and F. S. Daggett has found it not uncommon in winter at Bixby, Los Angeles
County. W. W. Cooke states that the Canada Goose is more common in the
interior of California than along the coast. He says further that it is about
the earliest water bird to migrate in the spring (IT. S. Biol. Surv. Bull. 26,
1906, 72).

86. (172a) Branta canadensis hutchinsi (Richardson). Hutchins Goose.
Common winter visitant to the lower country. Arrives about the middle

of October and remains generally until the middle of April. According to

A. W. Anthony, this goose goes at least a hundred miles south of San Diego

and is numerous in parts of San Diego County in winter (Belding, Zoe in,
1892, 99).

87. (172b) Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird). White-cheeked
Goose.

Although the A. O. U. Check-List and other lists have repeatedly given
the range of this sub-species as "south to southern California in winter," 1
have yet to learn of a typical specimen being taken in this locality. There
seems to be need of a revision of this whole group by some one who has plenty
of material to work with. H. S. Swarth says: "I have examined hundreds
of geese in the California markets, but have yet to see a large goose with a
white half-collar at the base of the neck, and with a black line dividing the
white cheek patches, supposedly the distinguishing characters of this sub-species"
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. vn, 1911, 47).

According to L. Belding, the White-cheeked Goose seldom arrives in cen-

28 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

tral California before the middle of November, sometimes considerably later,
and not until comparatively cold weather sets in. Mr. Belding further states
that he did not note this goose as far south as San Diego County, but he was
informed that specimens had been taken at La Jolla, twelve miles north oi
San Diego (Zoe in, 1892, 100).

88. (172o Branta canadensis minima Kid-way. Cackling Goose.

According- to L. lidding, this is probably the most abundant of the geese
in California in winter. They arrive the first part of October and leave in
April. Mr. Belding further states that he has seen this bird in San Diego
County and believes that it goes as far south as llutchins Goose (Zoe in
1892, 100).

89. (174) Branta nigricans (Lawrence). Black Brant.

Regular winter visitant along the coast. Arrives about October 1 and
leaves mostly in the latter part of April. According to L. Belding, scatters
along the coast to about 300 miles south of San Diego in winter (Zoe in,
1892, 101). H. S. Swarth has found this species common in winter in the
kelp beds off San Pedro. J. E. Law has a male taken near Los Angeles, No-
vember 23. 1905, and F. S. Daggett records a pair taken by E. R. Hull near
Newport, Orange County, January 1, 1901 (Condor in, 1901, 47). In the
winter of 1861-62, J. G. Cooper noted these birds in large numbers at San
Diego. They appeared in October and remained until April 20 ( B., Br. &
Ridg.. W. B. N. A. i. 1884, 473).

90. (178) Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot). Fulvous Tree-duck.
Common in the marshes in fall and spring. A few remain through the

>ummer and breed in the latter part of May and the month of June around
fresh water ponds and lakes. "While the species as a whole moves north to
breed and south to winter — these movements occuring in April and October —
a few remain throughout the year in most of the range" (Cooke, U. S. Biol.
Surv. Bull. 26, 1906, 83). In the Salvin-Godman collection in the British
Museum is an adult female taken at San Diego in December, and an adult
specimen taken at Washoe Lake. Nevada, in winter (Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. xxvii, 1895. 152).

Antonin Jay found a nest containing fourteen fresh eggs at Nigger Slough,
I -os Angeles County, May 30, 1903, and found another nest June 7. the same
year, which contained thirteen eggs, incubation commenced. I found the birds
fairly plentiful at San Jacinto Lake. Riverside County. May 27. 2N. l'Ml (Con-
dor xiii. 1911, 158).

91. (180) Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan.

Regular winter visitant in limited numbers to lakes and ponds, mostly
near the coast. South at least to Orange County. Generally arrives in Novem-
ber and remains until the first part of April. I have seen several birds of this
species that were shot near Los Angeles and have occasionally noted them in
small Hocks on the sloughs of Los Angeles and Orange counties.

L912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 29

('2. (187) Plegadis guarauna (Linnaeus). White-faced Glossy Ibis.

Common in the lower country in spring, summer and fall. Said to have
been seen in winter, but I know of no authentic records for that season. Rather
rare in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. One specimen was taken by
B. W. Evermann at Santa Paula May 14, the only one seen by him in Ventura
County (Auk in, 1886, 91). S. Peyton saw six birds on the Sespe River, Ven-
tura County, in |ulv, 1910, and J. S. Appleton has noted the species in the Simi
Valley in late summer. It breeds plentifully at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside
County, in May. I visited this lake, accompanied by Antonin Jay, May 27,
28,, 1911. Two or three hundred nests were noted, about half of which con-
tained young. The others mostly held incubated eggs, but a few fresh sets
were found (Condor xin, 1911, 159). C. S. Sharp found about a dozen birds
nesting at Guajome, near Escondido, San Diego County, in 1911 (Condor ix,
1907, 91).

93. (188) Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Wood Ibis.

Irregular summer visitant, north at least to Santa Barbara County. Not
known to breed within our limits. Its occurrence has been noted as follows:
block of about twenty-five birds seen by J. Grinnell and F. S. Daggett near
Oceanside, San Diego County, August 5, 1902 (Condor v, 1903, 18). Several
birds seen on one occasion in early summer by H. E. Wilder along the Santa
Ana River, near Riverside. Eight birds seen by J. B. Feudge near San Ber-
nardino in the summer of 1891. Mr. Feudge also saw three birds in the same
locality, June 5, 1902. One of these was taken (Condor v, 1903, 79). A large
flock was noted by J. F. lllingworth on barley fields near Claremont, Los An-
geles County, in June, 1897. On June 20 a specimen was secured, and a few
days later a local hunter shot another ( Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 14). G. H. Coffin shot one bird at Bixby, Los Angeles County, August
15, 1902, and on August 23 another was taken (Daggett, Condor v, 1903, 18).
During June and July, 1911, this species was reported several times from the
marshes lying between Los Angeles and the coast. Antonin Jay saw a flock
of about twenty-five birds at Watson's Lake on July 2, and J. E. Law secured
a specimen at Dominguez the same day (Condor xiv, 1912, 41). H. J. Lelande
noted a flock of thirteen birds between Los Angeles and Venice on June 30,
and saw them daily in that locality until July 19. 11. Robertson saw six or
eight birds at Nigger Slough. July 16.

J. S. Appleton has a mounted bird of this species that was shot in the
Simi Valley, Ventura County, in the summer of 1904. Lawrence and Sidney
Peyton saw a flock of about twenty birds on the Sespe River, Ventura County,
in the summer of 1901. According to J. G. Cooper, small flocks came to Sati-
coy, Ventura County, in June, 1872 and 1873. One also was seen near Santa
Barbara (Auk iv, 1887, 90).

94. (190) Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu). American Bittern.
Common in marsh lands in fall, winter and spring. A few remain through

the summer and breed. The majority arrive in September and leave in early
May. H. Robertson took three fresh eggs at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County,

30 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

May 14, 1899 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club 1. 1899, 94). Antonin Jay took five
fresh eggs at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles Comity, .May 28, 1903, and O. W.
Howard found a nest in the same locality, May 25, 1911. It contained three
young and one addled egg. 1 found the birds fairly common at San Jacinto Lake,
Riverside County, May 27, 2S, 1911 (Condor xm, 1911. 159).

95. (191) Ixobrychus exilis (Gmelin). Least Bittern.

Fairly common summer resident, but, owing to its secretive habits, easily
overlooked. I know of no winter records for the species in this locality, nor
have I seen any definite data as to the time of its migrations on the Pacific
coast. I took a set of five half-incubated eggs at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
County, May 16, 1911, and Antonin jay took five fresh eggs in the same locality,
June 7, 1903. Mr. Jay and myself also found it nesting rather commonly at
San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, May 27, 28, 1911. Seven nests were
found, one of which contained one fresh egg, one five eggs, hatching, and the
others held sets, variously incubated (Condor xm, 1911, 159).

96. (194) Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. Great Blue Heron.
This bird, generally known as the "blue crane," formerly nested in many

localities in southern California. At the present time, although the birds are
fairly common in the marshes, nesting colonies are very few in the coast dis-
trict. ). G. Cooper took eggs near Santa Barbara and San Diego (B., Br. &
Ridg., W. B. N. A. i, 1884, 16). A colony formerly nested near Santa Monica,
Los Angeles County, but have not done so since about 1901. W. L. Chambers
took three sets, each of four heavily incubated eggs, from this colony, May
13, 1895 (Condor iv, 1902, 47). E. Davis has taken eggs near Santa Ana,
Orange County, and H. J. Lelande and O. W. Howard found two small colo-
nies nesting near San Onofre, San Diego County, in late March, 1905. Two
>ets of fresh eggs were taken on March 30. A few pairs may be seen at all
seasons of the year around the Santa Barbara Islands, where they nest on the
cliffs.

('7. (196) Herodias egretta (Gmelin). Egret.

Thirty or forty years ago this beautiful bird was a common winter resident
of southern California. It was also frequently seen in the summer and may
have nested occasionally, as it is known to have bred at Tulare Lake, Kings
County. J. G. Cooper found it abundant in his time. Me met with it near Santa
Barbara in May (B., Br. & Ridg., W. I'.. X. A. i, 1884, 26). According to B.
W. Evermann it was formerly common in the Ventura marshes (Auk in.
1886, 91), and in 1885 C. P. Streator noted it as a winter resident at Santa
Barbara, though not very common (Orn. & Ool. xi. 1886, 89).

The deadly and relentless persecution of the plume hunter has resulted
in almost complete extermination of the species. At the present time it is sel-
dom met with in this locality, and never seen in great numbers. During the
last ten years I have seen three or four birds in the marshes oi Los Angeles
and Orange counties. 1 saw a bird in a local taxidermist's shop that was
killed at Bolsa Chica, Orange County, October 15. 1906. C. 1'.. Linton and
Antonin fay noted two or three birds at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County,

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 31

in the spring of 1911. Mr. Linton also saw several birds at Buena Vista Lake,
Kern County, in the summer of 1908, and he believes that they were breeding
somewhere in that locality. H. S. Swarth noted about a dozen birds at Alamitos
Bay, May 16, 1901, and saw several at Bixby, August 12, the same year. I
saw one bird of this species at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, May 29,
1911 (Condor xm. 1911, 160).

98. (197) Egretta candidissima candidissima (Gmelin). Snowy Eoket.

Like the last species, this bird was formerly common in southern Cali-
fornia. J. G. Cooper found it plentiful at all seasons along our coast ( B., Br.
& Ridg., W. B. N. A. i, 1884, 30). He saw one bird at an elevation of 4500 feet in
the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, in the spring of 1862 (Am.
Xat. viii, 1874, 18). It was noted by B. W. Evermann as formerly common
in Ventura Comity marshes (Auk in, 1886, 91), and by C. P. Streator as
a common winter visitant at Santa Barbara in 1885 ( Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886,
89). W. H. Wakely, a taxidermist of Pasadena, informed J. Grinnell that in
the early 80's he received many specimens from hunters in Los Angeles County
(Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 14).

At the present time the species is rare in southern California. I have
never met with it myself, but have been told by hunters that it may be occa-
sionally seen around the more remote lakes of the interior. A rigid enforce-
ment of protecting laws is the only thing that will save this and the preceding
species from absolute extinction.

99. (201c) Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns). Anthony Green
Heron.

Common migrant. A few remain through the summer and breed in the
willow thickets of the lower country. Occasional in winter, north at least to
San Bernardino, where a bird was noted by J. B. Feudge on January 3, 1903
(Condor v, 1903, 80). S. Peyton took a set of six heavily incubated eggs of
this bird from an old crow's nest near Sespe, Ventura County, May 12, 1910
(Condor xni, 1911, 35). Alphonse Jay took four fresh eggs near Whittier,
Los Angeles County, May 29, 1898.

100. (202) Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert). Black-crown-
ed Night Heron.

Common resident locally in suitable localities, though not as generally
distributed as formerly. Breeds during the latter part of April and early May.
Until about 1906, a small colony nested at Bixby, Los Angeles County, and W.
Chamberlain has taken eggs near Newport, Orange County. It breeds rather
commonly at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, in company with the White-
faced Glossy Ibis. On May 27, 28, 1911, I found several nests in this locality.
They all contained young birds except one, which held three half-incubated
eggs. In one case the young were nearly full grown (Condor xm, 1911, 160).
E. A. Mearns and A. W. Anthony noted this species on San Clemente Island
in August, 1894 (Bull. 56, U. S. Nat. Mus, 1907, 141).

32 PACIFIC O i \ST AVI FAUNA No. 7

101. (205) Grus canadensis (Linnaeus). Little Brown Crane.

As this bird usually migrates over southern California without stopping,
it is impossible to estimate its abundance, particularly because at the height that
it generally maintains in migration, it can not be differentiated with certainty
from the next species. J. Grinnell notes the two following records for the
Little Brown Crane in this vicinity. One specimen taken from a flock of
twenty-five or thirty birds by K. Reynolds, near Newport, Orange County,
some time in the late 90's. Air. Reynolds stated that he saw another flock of
about a hundred birds at the same time and place. Mr. Grinnell saw this bird
while it was in the possession of Mr. Reynolds and confirms his identification.
The other record noted by Mr. Grinnell is that of an adult male and immature
female, now nos. 11440 and 11441 collection of Outram Bangs. These birds
were secured fresh in the Los Angeles market by 11. S. Swarth, March 21,
1904. They were said to have been shot on the Centinela ranch, about twelve
miles southwest of Los Angeles (Condor xi, 1909, 128). W. Frank took an
immature bird near Long Reach, Los Angeles County, March 24, 1912. L. H.
Miller had a mounted specimen of the Little Brown Crane that was taken with
another bird, apparently of the same species, by his brother, 1 lolmes Miller,
near Riverside, February 19, 1893.

102. (206) Grus mexicana (Midler). Sandhill Crane.

Common during migrations, which occur in September and October, and
in March and April. Occasional during the winter. This species has been
noted plentifully in all parts of southern California during its migrations. I
have often seen them Hying directly over Los Angeles. F. S. Daggett has
observed them on grain fields near Pasadena in winter (Grinnell, Pub. 2. Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 15).

103. (210.1) Rallus levipes Bangs. Light-footed Rail.

This species, originally described from specimens taken at Newport, Orange
County ( Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club i, 1899, 45), is a common resident on salt
and brackish marshes near the coast, but becoming scarcer every year. At
extreme high tides it swims on the water after the fashion of the Coot, and.
as it is easily approached, it is killed in large numbers by the hunters. In
many marshes where it was formerly common it has been practically extermi-
nated. Eggs are generally deposited in April and early May. 1 found a set
of nine fresh eggs at Bay City, Orange County, March 19, 1910, and a set of
nine, half incubated, at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles Count)-, June 14, 1906.

104. (212) Rallus virginianus Linnaeus. Virginia Rail.

Fairly common resident on both salt and fresh water marshes, south at
least to San Diego County. B reeds in April and May. W. L. Chambers took
two sets of fresh eggs at Ballona, Los Angeles County. April 13, 1(,02, and
O. W. Howard took a set of six eggs near Newport, Orange County, May 13.
1906. L. Peyton found a nest containing two young birds and one egg, near
Sespe, Ventura County, in June, 1907. A. M. Ingersoll informs me that the
Virginia Kail is rare (hiring the breeding season in San Diego County. He

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 33

found a nest containing pieces of egg' shells, near Ramona, June 2, 1888. An
old bird with several young was seen close by.

105. (214) Porzana Carolina (Linnaeus). Sora.

Fairly common resident, south at least to San Diego County. Breeds at
about the same time as the last species. C. B. Linton took a set of six slightly
incubated eggs near Whittier, Los Angeles County, April 18, 1896, and W. L.
Dawson took a set of six eggs at Nigger Slough, May 13, 1911. A. M. Inger-
soll has seen this rail on fresh water ponds in the vicinity of San Diego in
spring, and believes that they breed occasionally in that locality.

106. (215) Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin). Yellow Rail.
One record. J. H. Henderson took a male at Newport Bay, Orange

County, December 12, 1896. Now no. 2077 collection P. I. Osburn (Condor
xni, 1911, 108).

107. (216.1) Creciscus coturniculus (Ridgway). Farallon Rail.

Rather rare resident, locally, mostly on salt water marshes. J. S. Apple-
ton saw a bird of this species in a marsh near Hueneme, Ventura County, in
the latter part of March, 1898. G. F. Morcom saw one at Ballona, Los Ange-
les County, May 16, 1895 ( Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 16),
and L. H. Miller took a specimen at Riverside, August 13, 1892 (Orn. & Ool.
win, 1893, 104).

So far as I know, the only place in southern California where eggs of
the Black Rail have been taken, is in the salt marshes bordering San Diego
Bay. A. M. Ingersoll has taken several sets and he informs me that he knows
of over twenty sets having been taken by different collectors in that vicinity
during the last few years. The sets are usually of from four to eight eggs
each, and are deposited between the first and tenth of April.

108. (219) Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein). Florida Gallinule.
Common resident on tule-bordered ponds and lakes of the lower country.

Breeds mostly in May and June. Antonin Jay took eight fresh eggs at Nigger
Slough, Los Angeles County, May 5, 1901, and a set of five eggs, incubation
commenced, in the same locality, June 30, 1895. A. M Ingersoll took a set of
nine eggs at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County. June 7, 1897.

109. (221) Fulica americana Gmelin. Coot.

The "mud hen" is an abundant resident of all tule-bordered ponds and
lakes, breeding in the lower country from April 15 to June 15, later at higher
altitudes. J. Grinnell found eggs at Bear Lake, 6750 feet altitude in the San
Bernardino Mountains, late in July (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 54).

110. (222) Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). Red Phalarope.
Abundant migrant on the ocean, a few remaining throughout the winter.

Fall migration, late July to November. Spring migration, early April to early
June. Irregular along the mainland coast. Most plentiful around the islands.
Occasional on inland bodies of water. C. P. Streator took one specimen at
Santa Barbara in the fall of 1885 (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 89). J. H. Bowles

34 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

noted the species in the same locality in the fall, from September 26 (1910)
to November 30 (1911). and Bradford Torrey saw it May 25 and 31, 1911
(Condor xiv, L>12, 6). I noted two birds dead on the beach at Hyperion,
Los Angeles County, November 15, 1911, and found it fairly common at Long
Beach, December 11, following. In late November and early December, 1907,
C. B. Linton and myself found it very abundant around Santa Cruz and Ana-
capa islands, feeding in the kelp beds near shore. By December 5, the ma-
jority had disappeared to the southward (Condor x, 1908, 126). E. A. Mearns
and A. W. Anthony took specimens at San Clemente Island in late August,
1894 (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 56, 1907, 141). Mr. Anthony also took three
specimens off San Diego, December 3, 1895 ( Swarth, Condor xn, 1910, 108).
According to R. H. Beck, a few of these birds linger through December and
January as far north as Monterey (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. in, 1910,
70). Specimens were taken in the fall by W. Richardson on a reservoir near
Pasadena (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 16) ; and F. K. Jenks
has a mounted bird that was found dead by J. C. Sunby on the shore of the
lake at Westlake Park, Los Angeles, November 1, 1911.

111. (223) Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). Northern Phalarope.
Common migrant along the coast and on inland bodies of water. Fall
migration, late July to late October. Spring migration, late April to June.
Noted at Santa Barbara by Bradford Torrey and J. 11. Howies, in 1911, from
August 4 to November 16 and from May 8 to June 16 (Condor xiv, 1912, 6).
|. G. Cooper saw the species on ponds in Ventura County every month during
the summer except June (Auk iv, 1887, 90). I have found it very common at
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, in spring. H. S. Swarth has taken speci-
mens in this locality as late as June 19 (1897). F. S. Daggett found it in
large flocks on fresh water ponds at Bixby, Los Angeles County, August 10 to
August 27, 1896 (Grinnell. Pub. 2. I'asadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 16). C. B.
Linton took two specimens from a large flock at Santa Cruz Island. October
21, 1908.

112. (224) Steganopus tricolor Vieillot. Wilson Phalarope.
Occasional migrant. May sometimes breed around mountain lakes. Two

of these birds were noted by Bradford Torrey at Santa Barbara from April 30
to May 6, 1909 (Condor xi, 1909, 173), and during the fall of 1910, J. II
Howies noted them in the same locality as follows: A pair seen on July 22,
three birds on August 3 and a pair on September 8. One of the latter was shot
(Condor Mil, F'll. .^5 ) . Two more birds were seen by Mr. Howies on May
20, 1911 (Condor xiv, I'M 2, 7). A specimen was taken by E. Heller near
Riverside in the winter of 1891 (Condor in, 1901, 100). J. Grinnell saw sev
era! small Flocks at Hear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains, from July 28
to August 2, 1905. Four specimens out of five taken at this time were birds
of the year and Mr. Grinnell believes it possible that they were raised in the
immediate vicinity (Univ. Calif. I'ubl. Zool. v, 1908, 55).

113. (225) Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. Avocet.

Common in marshy districts during migrations, which occur in March

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 35

and April and from August to October. 1 have never seen them in mid-
winter, but they probably occur occasionally at that season. They were noted
by J. S. Newberry at San Francisco Bay in the winter of 1885 (Pac. R. R.
Rep. vi, 1857, 99), and by E. W. Nelson at Lone Pine, Inyo County, in De-
cember, 1890, and at Alorro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, in November, 1891
(Fisher, N. A. Fauna No. 7, 1893, 22). A few probably breed around the more
remote lakes of southern California. They formerly nested commonly at Nigger
Slough, Los Angeles County, but have not done so of late years. E. Davis
has taken eggs at Alkali Lakes, near Santa Ana, from May 1 to August 1
(Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 16). Several pairs of birds were
seen by H. W. Henshaw on Santa Cruz Island (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G.
S., 1876, App. JJ, 270), and W. A. Jeffries noted the species at Santa Barbara,
April 19, 1883 (Auk vi, 1889, 223). They were also noted in the latter
locality by J. II. Bowles, from March 18 to May 20, October 12 and November
1, 1911, and by Bradford Torrey on September 20, the same year (Condor
xiv, 1912, 7).

114. (226) Himantopus mexicanus ( Midler) . Black-necked Stilt.
Common summer resident. Rare in winter. Arrives mostly in March

and April and leaves during the month of October. Breeds from May 1
through July, most abundantly from May 15 to June 15. I have found the
Stilt nesting commonly at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, and E. Davis
has taken eggs at Alkali Lakes, near Santa Ana. J. Grinnell saw a flock of
about twenty-five birds at Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, July 30,
1905 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 55). Mr. Grinnell also took a male on
San Nicolas Island, May 25, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 26).
H. Robertson took a specimen at Bixby,'Los Angeles County, January 5, 1910.

115. (230) Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson Snipe.

Common in fall, winter and spring in grassy swamps and wet pasture
lands. Arrives mostly in late August and September, and leaves in March
and early April. Noted by J. H. Bowles at Santa Barbara as late as April 27
(1911) (Condor xiv, 1912, 7).

116. (232) Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed
Dowitcher.

Fairly common during migrations. Occasional in winter, at least as far
north as San Diego. Arrives mostly in late August and September and leaves
during the latter part of March and the month of April. Noted by J. H.
Bowles at Santa Barbara in the fall from July 18 (1910) to November 1 (1911),
and in the spring from March 10 to May 2 (1910) (Condor xiv, 1912, 8).
H. S. Swarth took a male at Ballona, Los Angeles County, April 19, 1901, and
E. A. Mearns and A. W. Anthony noted the species on San Clemente Island
in the latter part of August, 1894 (Bull. 56, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1907, 141). C.
B. Linton took two specimens in the San Diego marshes, September 3, 1906,
and found them fairlv common in that locality during: the following; winter.

36 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

117. (234) Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Knot.

Probably a regular migrant in small numbers. So far detected only in
the fall. A. l'>. I lowed and J. II. Bowles took several specimens at Santa
Barbara during late August and early September, 1*>1 1 (Condor xiv, 1912, 8).
The first noted were two birds taken by Mr. Bowles on August 24 and the latest
was a single bird seen by Mr. Howell on September 9. Two males and a female
were taken by C. B. Linton from a flock of about thirty birds at Alamitos Bay,
Los Angeles County, September 18, 1907, and I took a male in the same locality
October 10, following. C. Lamb took a male at Anaheim Land-
ing, Orange County, October 3, 1909 (Condor xi, 1909, 208. H. W. Marsden
took two young males at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 8, 1904
(Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 141 ). Mr. Marsden also took a male and two fe-
males in the same locality, October 7 and 9, 1903 ( Dwight, Auk xxi, 1904, 78).

118. {2$)) Pisobia maculata (Vieillot), Pectoral Sandpiper.

Rare migrant. So far noted on our southern California coast only at
Santa Barbara. W. W. Cooke says of this species: "A few pass south along
the Pacific coast to the state of Washington (Suckley) and there are two
records for California — Mill Valley Junction, September 14, 1896 (Mailliard),
and Farallon Islands, September 4, 1884 (specimen in U. S. National Museum).
The species reappears again in Lower California, where it is fairly common
during fall migration in the Cape region (Brewster)" (U. S. Biol. Surv. Bull.
35, 1910, 36). We have the following records for the species in southern
California : Two birds seen at Santa Barbara by Bradford Torrey on Septem-
ber 18, three on September 20 and one on September 21 and 23, 1909 (Condor
xii, 1910, 44). Several birds noted in the same locality by J. H. Bowles, Sep-
tember 8, and one collected September 9, 1910 (Condor xin, 1911, 35). Mr.
Bowles also saw a bird on August 18 and another on August 20, 1911 (Condor
xiv, 1912, 8), and noted it in spring migration April 14, 1910 (Auk xxvin,

1911, 172).

119. (241) Pisobia bairdi (Coues). Baird Sandpiper.

Migrates mainly east of the Sierras, so far having been detected along our
southern California coast only in the fall, as follows: A. B. Howell and J. H.
Bowles found the species fairly common on marsh lands near Santa Barbara in
the fall of 1911. The earliest specimen, a male, was taken August 11, and they
were fairly plentiful from thai date until about September 7 (Condor XIV,

1912, 8). IT. W. Wright took a young male on Catalina Island. September 1,
1907 (Grinnell, Condor xi, 1909, 130), and II AY. Marsden took a young
female at Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 8, 1(X)4 (Bishop, Con-
dor vn, 1905, 141).

120. (242) Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot). Least Sandpiper.
Abundant migrant along the coast and on inland bodies of water. Remains

through the winter in considerable numbers. Arrives mostly in August and

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 37

September and leaves in April and the first part of May. Non-breeding birds
are frequently seen during the summer months.

121. (243a) Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot). Red-backed Sand-
piper.

Common migrant along the coast, occasional on inland ponds. Less plenti-
ful in mid-winter. Most abundant in fall from September 15 to November 1,
and in spring from April 10 to May 7. I saw several birds of this species at
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, May 19, 1906, and found them common
at Alamitos Bay, December 19, the same year.

122. (247) Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. Western Sandpiper.
Abundant migrant on both fresh and salt water marshes. A few remain

through the winter. The fall migration occurs in September and October, and
the spring migration mostly between April 1 and May 10. C. B. Linton found
this species fairly common at San Diego Bay during November, December
and January, 1906-7. J. H. Bowles noted it at Santa Barbara, December 5,
1909, and February 28, 1910 (Condor xiv, 1912, 9). Mr. Bowles also saw
fourteen birds in the same locality, July 11, 1910.

123. (248) Calidris leucophaea (Pallas). Sanderling.

Common in flocks on sandy beaches from August 15 to May 15. Occa-
sional in summer. Most abundant in spring and fall, the majority of the spe-
cies wintering to the southward. C. B. Linton noted this bird on San Nicolas
Island as late as May 30, 1910, and I found it fairly common at Hyperion, Los
Angeles County, May 31, the same year. H. S. Swarth took a specimen at Re-
dondo, Los Angeles Count)', June 4, 1897 (Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 17).

124 (249) Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). Markled Godwit.

Common migrant along the coast, a few remaining in the fall as late as
December. The first of the species begin arriving from the north early in
Jul)-, and they occur along the beaches in spring as late as the middle of June.
H. S. Swarth saw this bird at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, May 16,
1901, and Bradford Torrey saw one bird at Santa Barbara, June 4, 1910 (Con-
dor xii, 1910, 204). J. H. Bowles saw a bird in the latter locality, Tune 15,
1911 (Condor xiv, 1912, 9).

H. S. Swarth saw the Marbled Godwit at Terminal Island, Los Angeles
County, in December, 1899, and C. B. Linton found it common around San
Diego Bay as late as December 5. 1906. W. W. Cooke informs me that he
does not consider the presence of this species in early December to be proof of
its wintering in southern California as there is much southward migration after
that time. I have seen no California records for January or February.

125. (254) Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin). Greater Yellow-legs.

Common along the coast and on fresh water ponds during migrations. Less
common in mid-winter, north at least to Santa Barbara. Seen occasionally
during the summer. Arrives in September and October and leaves mostly in
April. G. F. Morcom saw this species at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County.

38 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

June 19, 1897, and II. S. Swarth noted it in the same Ideality in Jul}' (Grinnell,
Pub. 2, Pasadena Aead. Sci., 1898, 17). J. II. Bowles saw four birds at Santa
Barbara, July 18, 1910, and noted one bird in the same locality, January 2, 1911
(Condor xiv, 1912, 9). C. B. Linton took a male at San Diego Haw Decem-
ber 5, 1906, and a female at Long Beach, Los Angeles County, January 19, 1907.

126. (256a) Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus (Brewster). West-
ern Solitary Sandpiper.

Fairly common during migrations, mostly along streams of the interior.
J. H. Bowles buds the Solitary Sandpiper to occur rather rarely in migrations
on the grassy mud flats in the vicinity of Santa Barbara ( Condor xiv, 1912. 9).
His only spring record for that locality is of one bird seen April 30, 1910. He
has noted it in the fall from July 22 (1910) to September 7 (1911). H. S.
Swarth has found it fairly numerous along the Los Angeles River. He has
seen it in the fall from August 25 (1900) to September 22 (1898), and in the
spring from April 10 ( 1898) to May 14 (1898). It was noted by J. G. Cooper
along fresh water streams of Ventura Count}- (Auk iv, 1887, 91), and in the
Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County (Am. Nat. viii, 1874, 18). A. van
Rossem took two birds at Hear Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, August 22,
1910, and E. A. Mearns and A. W. Anthony noted the species on San Clemente
Island in late August, 1894 (U. S. Nat. Mus. Hull. 56, 1907, 141).

127. (258a) Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster).
Western Willet.

Common along the coast and on inland bodies of water from August 15
until the latter part of April. Most abundant during the migrations which take
place in August and September and in March and April. Frequently seen dur-
ing the summer, but, so far, has not been found to breed in southern California.
J. G. Cooper records this bird as common in winter in Ventura County marshes
(Auk iv, 1887, 91). J. H. Bowles noted it at Santa Barbara, November 1.
1911 (Condor xiv, 1912, 9), and \V. L. Dawson saw a bird at Carpinteria, Santa
Barbara County, December 23. 1911. C. lb Linton found it common at San
Diego Bay from August 18 to December 5, 1906. J. Grinnell found it quite
plentiful at Bear Lake, San Bernardino .Mountains, from July 2^ to August 2,
1905, and took three specimens, all apparently birds of the year and probably
migrants (Univ. Calif. I'ubl. Zool. v. 1008, 55).

I have seen this species in southern California every month during the
summer. \ noted it in company with Black-necked Stilts — the latter breed-
ing— at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, May 17 and 2?<, June 2 and July
10, 1910, and found it plentiful at Bolsa Chiea. Orange County, July 23, 1911.
I also saw a small flock on San Miguel Island, lime 17, 1010 (Condor XII,
1910, 173).

128. (259) Heteractitis incanus (Gmelin). Wandering Tatti.hr.

Fairly common on rocky shores in fall, winter and spring. A few. undoubt-
edly non-breeding birds, remain through the summer. Particularly plentiful
on the Santa Barbara Islands in company with Spotted Sandpipers and Turn-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA .39

stones. The migrations occur mostly in August and April. C. B. Linton has
found the Tattler common on San Clemente, San Nicolas and Santa Barbara
islands, from September 1 to June 12. I saw them daily on San Miguel Island
from June 9 to June 23, 1010 (Condor xn, 1910, 173), and Antonin Jay noted
several birds on Santa Barbara Island, July 3, 1909. J. E. Law has a male
taken near Santa Monica, Los Angeles Count}', December 11, 1905, and I have
frequently seen the species on rocky shores of the mainland during the winter
months.

129. (263) Actitis macularius (Linnaeus). Spotted Sandpiper.
Common along rocky shores from September to May. Occasional inland,

mostly during migrations. A few breed as far south as Ventura County and
probably even farther south in the higher mountains. I have found this species
plentiful in winter around the Santa Barbara Islands and on rocky shores of
the mainland, and have seen it in the Los Angeles city parks during migrations.
C. B. Linton found it common at San Nicolas Island, May 18, 1909, and I saw
two birds on Anacapa Island, June 5, 1910. I also saw one at Nigger Slough,
Los Angeles County, May 28, 1910. J. Grinnell saw several birds at Bear Lake,
San Bernardino Mountains, August 2, 1905, and a pair was noted at Dry Lake,
9000 feet altitude, July 15, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Ptibl. Zool. v, 1908, 56).

A set of three eggs was taken by B. Ruggles near Santa Paula, Ventura
County, in May, 1892, and another set of three was taken by M. Richardson
in the same locality in May, 1900. I have examined these eggs and they are
undoubtedly those of the Spotted Sandpiper.

130. (264) Numenius americanus Bechstein. Long-billed Curlew.
This bird may be found along our coast and on inland bodies of Water every

month in the year. Although it has been reported as breeding in southern Cal-
ifornia, I doubt the authenticity of the records. The birds seen here in summer
are probably non-breeding. Tt is most plentiful during migrations, but is fairly
common during the winter months. Long-billed Curlews begin coming in from
the north in considerable numbers the first week in July and continue to arrive
until well into September. The spring migration occurs mostly during the
month of April.

131. (265) Numenius hudsonicus Latham. Hudsonian Curlew.
This species in migrations is much more abundant than the last along the

seashore, but is less plentiful inland. According to ornithological authorities it
winters entirely south of the United States. The first arrivals from the north
appear about the first week in July, and by July 10 they are abundant along the
beaches. They have mostly disappeared to the southward by the first of October.
The return migration begins about March first and continues well into May
I saw a flock of twenty-five or thirty birds at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles
County, May 25, 1907, and J. H. Bowles saw eleven birds at Santa Barbara,
June 2, 1911 (Condor xiv, 1912, 10).

132. (270) Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). Black-bellied Plover
Common migrant along the coast, less plentiful during the winter. Fall

40 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

migration, September 1 to October 20. Spring migration, April 1 to May 15.
A. B. Howell saw three birds at Santa Barbara, August 29. 1911, and on Sep-
tember 5. following, a Mock of over a hundred was seen. J. H. Bowles noted
the species in the same locality, November 25, 1911 (Condor, XIV, 1912, 10).
H. S. Swarth saw a flock of six or eight birds, one of which he secured, at I'.al-
lona, Los Angeles County, May 18, 1900. He also saw two birds in the same
locality, May 22, following. C. B. Linton saw one bird in full summer plumage
on San Nicolas Island, June 1, 1910. Mr. Linton has also observed the species
during the winter months, as follows: Five birds taken from small flock at
Coronado Beach, San Diego County, November 6, 1906; several seen at Santa
Cruz Island, December 8, 1907, and noted fairly common at Alamitos Bay, Los
Angeles County, January 9-11, 1907.

133. (273) Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus). Killdeer.

Common resident of the lowlands. Occurs in summer up to about 7000
feet around mountain lakes. Breeds ordinarily from the latter part of March
until late May. Antonin Jay took a set of four slightly incubated eggs near Fl
Monte, Los Angeles County, April 1. 1906, and another set of four, incubation
commenced, at Nigger Slough, June 24, LX)0. In June, 1907, I found the birds
common at Bear and Baldwin lakes, 6750 feet altitude in the San Bernardino
Mountains.

134. (274) iEgialitis semipalmata (Bonaparte). Semipalmated Plo-
ver.

Common migrant along the coast, occasional in summer. Most abundant
in the fall from September 15 to October 10, and in the spring from April 10
to May 15. J. PI. Bowles has noted the species at Santa Barbara in the fall
from July 12 (1910) to November 1 (1911), and in the spring from April 18
( 1910) to May 16 (1910) (Condor xiv, 1912, 11). It was noted by C. B. Linton
at San Nicolas Island, April 18 and May 6, 1910, and by E. A. Mearns and A.
W. Anthony on San Clemente Island in late August, 1894 (Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 56, 1907, 141). I saw five birds of this species, one of which I secured,
at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, June 29, 1907.

135. (278) iEgialitis nivosa Cassin. Snowy Plover.

Common resident along the coast. Breeds on sandy beaches of the main-
land and on several of the Santa Barbara Islands. Eggs are generally deposited
between May 1 and June 15. \Y. L. Chambers took three eggs, advanced in
incubation, at Ballona, Los Angeles County, April 15, 1CX)7, and found a nest
containing one fresh egg, in the same locality, August 2, 1903. I found the
species fairly common on San Nicolas Island in June, 1911, and O. W. Howard
noted it on San Miguel Island in summer.

136. (280) Ochthodromus wilsonius (Ord). Wilson Plover.

One record. A male was taken by A. M. Ingersoll at Pacific Beach, San
Diego County, June 29, 1894 (Nidiologist n, 1895, 87). This specimen is now
in the collection of T. Grinned.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 41

137. (281) Podasocys montanus (J. K. Townsend). Mountain Plo-
ver.

Common winter visitant on grassy fields and pasture lands of the lower
country. 1 have never seen any exact data on the time of arrival and depart-
ure of this bird in southern California. Antonin Jay found it plentiful near
Montebello, Los Angeles County, September 15, 1896, and noted it in consid-
erable numbers at Nigger Slough, February 15, 1897. It was reported by G.
F. Breninger as wintering on San Clemente Island (Auk xxi, 1904, 222).
Being found in large flocks, it is easy prey for the pot hunter and, unless rig-
idly protected by law, is in danger of extermination.

138. (282) Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). Surf-bird.

Rare migrant, mostly along rocky shores. J. G. Cooper saw birds that he
believed to be of this species on Santa Barbara Island, but they were so wild
that he could not get a shot at them (B., Br. & Ridg., W. B. N. A. I, 1884,
127). I am informed by L. M. Loomis that there were in the collection of the
California Academy of Sciences several specimens of the Surf-bird obtained
by R. H. Beck on San Miguel Island, some time between March 13 and April
1, 1903. These specimens were destroyed with the rest of the Academy collec-
tion, in the conflagration of 1906. C. B. Linton took an adult bird on San Nic-
olas Island, May 15, 1909. A. B. Howell and W. L. Dawson saw a flock of five
of these birds, accompanied by two Marbled Godwits, near Santa Barbara, Sep-
tember 16, 1911 (Condor xiv, 1912, 11). A pair was taken by Mr. Howell,
and Mr. Dawson secured one specimen. F. Gruber procured a specimen at
Santa Barbara in the spring (Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S., 1876,
App. J J, 270). H. W. Marsden took an immature male at Pacific Beach, San
Diego County, September 8, 1904 (Bishop, Condor vn. 1905, 141).

139. (283) Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). Turnstone.
One record, that of an immature female taken by H. W. Marsden at

Pacific Beach, San Diego County, September 8, 1904 (Bishop, Condor vn,
1905, 141). This specimen was examined by H. C. Oberholser, who agrees
with Dr. Bishop as to its identity. He considers that it is undoubtedly an
Eastern Hemisphere bird that wandered out of its course.

140. (283a) Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus). Ruddy Turn-
stone.

Fairly common migrant along the coast and on the Santa Barbara Islands.
A specimen was taken at Santa Barbara by C. P. Streator in the fall of 1885
(Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 89), and A. B. Howell took several specimens in the same
locality in late August and early September, 1911 (Condor xiv, 1912, 11).
His first specimen was secured August 28. H. Robertson took an immature
bird at Long Beach, Los Angeles County, August 24, 1897 (Bull. Cooper Orn.
Club i, 1899, 94), and I took a female at Sunset Beach, Orange County, Sep-
tember 20, 1901 (Condor x, 1908, 50).

C. B. Linton found the species fairly common on the rocky shores of San
Nicolas Island from March 30 to May 11, 1910. Nineteen specimens taken by

42 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

him at this time are in the collection of J. E. Thayer. Mr. Linton also saw
two birds at San Miguel Island. October 15, 1910. H. Wright took an imma-
ture male on Catalina Island, September 3, 1907 (Grinnell, Condor xi. 1909,
139), and E. A. Mearns and A. W. Anthony took specimens on San Clemente
[sland in late August, 1894 (Bull. 56, I'. S. Nat. Mus., 1907, 141).

141. (284) Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). Black Turnstone.
Common in small flocks, mostly along rocky shores, from August to May.

Particularly plentiful on the Santa Barbara Islands. The majority arrive
in August and leave in April. Non-breeding birds are frequent in summer.
C. B. Linton has found the species common on the channel islands as late as
June 1, and saw several on San Nicolas and Santa Barbara islands July 4, 5.
1909. 1 saw a pair on Santa Barbara Island. June 14, 1911, and took a male
on San Miguel Island, June 21, 1910. I also saw three birds at Bolsa Chica,
Orange County, July 24, 1911, and took a female at Hyperion, Los Angeles
County, July 28, 1910.

142. (286.1) Haematopus frazari Brewster. Frazar Oyster-catcher.
Breeds on the coast of Mexico and Lower California. Straggles rarely

north to Ventura County. J. G. Cooper obtained two specimens of this bird,
one at San Diego and the other at Santa Uarbara Island, in the months of May
and June (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, 1868, 8). B .W. Evermann noted it on the
coast of Ventura County in summer (Auk in. 1886, 92), and I'. I. Osburn saw
a bird at Catalina Island, February 12, 1910 (Condor xm, 1911. 76).

143. (287) Haematopus bachmani Audubon. Black Oyster-catcher.
Resident on the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds on Santa Barbara, Ana-

capa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel. Most plentiful on the last
named. Fresh eggs may be found from May 15 to the latter part of June. I
have a juvenile bird taken on San Miguel Island, June 23, 1910, and sets of
eggs were taken at the same island in 1(H0 as follows: Two eggs, incubation
one-third, taken by V. W. Owen, June 9; two eggs, fresh, taken by O. W.
Howard, June 10; three eggs, fresh, taken by G. Willett, June 17, and two
fresh and three slightly incubated eggs taken by J. S. Appleton, June 18 ( Con-
dor xn, 1910, 173). Two nests containing eggs were found by H. W. Ilenshaw
on Santa Cruz Island early in June (Ann. Rep. Ch. En. U. S. G. S. 1876,
App. JJ. 270). and J. G. Cooper took a set of four fresh eggs on Santa Barbara
Island, June 3. 1863 ( 1'.., Br. & Ridg., VV. P.. X. A. i, 1884, 117). H. C. Burt
found a nest containing one fresh egg on Anacapa Island, May 15. 1911. The
egg was left and the nest was visited by II. P.. Webster on May 20. It still
contained but the one v^ which was heavily incubated.

144. (292a) Oreortyx picta plumifera (Gould). Plumed Quail.

Common resident from the Upper Sonoran zone of the foothills up through
the Transition zone in the higher mountains, "hi times of heavy snow on the
mountains these birds appear in considerable numbers in the lower foothills
and individuals have been seen in Pasadena, three miles from the base of the
mountains" (Grinnell. Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 19). H. Robertson

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 4.3

saw a bird in Garvanza, Los Angeles City, April 23, 1900, and on another occa-
sion saw one in a small park in the central part of the city. Eggs are usually
deposited in May, but J. Grinnell has taken young, apparently but a day or two
old, on Pine Flats in the San Gabriel Range as late as July 15. H. J. Lelande
found a nest in the Linda Vista Hills, west of Pasadena, May 7, 1897. It con-
tained ten eggs of the "mountain quail" and four eggs of the valley quail, all
of which were fresh (Grinnell. Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad Sci.. 1898, 19). W. M.
Pierce took ten fresh eggs in San Antonio Canon. May 11. 1907.

Although the A. O. U. Check-List assigns the bird occurring from the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, south, to the form Oreovtyx picta con-
finis Anthony, J. Grinnell and H. S. Swarth inform me that, after studying
over the case, they are convinced that all southern California birds are referable
to O. p. plumifera and that 0. p. conHnis has no standing as a bird of California.

145. (294a) Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway). Valley Quail.
Common resident of the lowland and foothill country, except the marsh

lands, but not so generally abundant as formerly. This is the principal game
bird of southern California and its numbers have been considerably reduced by
hunters. If not hunted too persistently it takes kindly to civilization, nesting
commonly in grain fields and near farm houses and even breeding in parks and
gardens in the cities. It is common on Catalina Island and is occasionally seen
on San Clemente. Is said to have been introduced on the latter island. J.
Grinnell says that six specimens taken by him on San Clemente in May, 1897.
are slightly lighter than birds from Pasadena (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,

1897, 12). Eggs are generally deposited in April and May. Extreme nesting
dates are : Thirteen fresh eggs taken by W. M. Pierce near Claremont, Los
Angeles County, April 4. 1901. and eleven eggs noted by H. Robertson near
Los Angeles. August 9, 1895.

146. (295) Lophortyx gambeli Gambel. Gambel Quail.
Occasional straggler from the desert. H. S. Swarth took an adult male

near Los Angeles. September 16, 1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci..

1898. 19). On several occasions during the past twenty-five years, captive birds
of this species are known to have been released in the vicinity of Los Angeles.
In at least one instance they are known to have bred after their release. It is
possible that the specimen taken by Mr. Swarth was one of these released birds
or their stock. A male of this species was sent to E. Wall by J. S. Bright.
who killed it near San Bernardino. January 15. 1893 (Auk x. 1893, 204 V
\\ "here the ranges of L. gambeli and L. c. vallicola come together, hybrids occur
(Henshaw/Auk n. 1885, 247).

147. (297c) Dendragapus obscurus sierrae Chapman. Sierra Grousf.
Sierra Nevada Mountains, south to Mt. Pihos, Ventura County. E. W.

Nelson saw a few of these birds around the summit of Mt. Pihos, in October,
1891 (Fisher. N. A. Fauna No. 7, 1893, 31). In July. 1904, J. Grinnell
saw two birds and found numerous signs of others, on the north side of Mt.
Pihos among the firs. The two birds seen were an old female and a half-grown

44 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

young one (Auk xxn. 1(H)5. 382). L. Peyton saw several birds on Sawmill
Mountain, the westward spur of Alt. Pinos, in early September, 1911.

148. (312) Columba fasciata fasciata Say. Band-tailed Pigeon.

Breeds in the mountains, mostly above 3000 feet. Irregular fall, winter
and spring visitant to the foothills and occasionally well down into the valleys.
Some seasons appears in the lower country in large Mocks, and other seasons
is not noted at all. Two birds were seen by R. Rogers at Santa Barbara, Sep-
tember 18, 1906 (Condor ix, 1906, 28). W. L. Chambers secured several speci-
mens which were poisoned by a rancher near Santa Monica, Los Angeles
County, February 26, 1901. Mr. Chambers states that there were hundreds of
the birds around Santa Monica at the time, feeding on the grain fields. H. S.
Swarth has noted the species on stubble fields near Los Angeles in winter, and
on March 3, he saw several in the oak trees along the Los Angeles River.
Flocks were seen by L. Belding at El Cajon, San Diego County, December 15,
1883 (Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, 20).

J. Grinnell found Band-tailed Pigeons common around the summit of Mt.
Pinos in the summer of 1904 f Auk xxn, 1905, 382), and in June, 1906, I found
them fairly plentiful in the San Bernardino Mountains above 5000 feet. C. E.
Groesbeck found a nest containing one young bird about a week old, on Mt.
Wilson, Los Angeles County, July 5. 1894, and W. B. Judson found a nest
containing one considerablv incubated egg, in the same locality. May 23, 1897
(Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 20). Two nests, each containing
one young bird, were found by M. F. Gilman at an elevation of about 6500 feet
on San Jacinto Mountain, May 14, 1897 (Condor v, 1903, 134). J. B. Dixon
and C. S. Sharp found the species breeding about twenty miles from Escondido.
San Diego County, at an elevation of 3250 feet. Sets of eggs were taken as
follows: Two eggs, fresh. May 3. 1901; one egg, incubation advanced. May
11, 1902, and one egg, incubation advanced, June 24. 1002 (Condor v, 1903, 16).

140. (316) Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus). Mourning
Dove.

Abundant resident throughout the lower country and on the larger islands
of the Santa Barbara group. Occurs in summer up to the summits of the
mountains. The breeding season is protracted and eggs may be found from
February until September. FT. J. Lelande took two slightly incubated eggs
near San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, February 9, 1897, and Antonin Jay
found two fresh eggs near Santa Monica. September 22, 1894. A. B. Howell
found a nest in an orange tree near Covina. Los Angeles County, which con-
tained two heavily incubated eggs, December 5, 1911 (Condor xiv,' 1912, 7?>) .

150. (320a) Chaemepelia passerina pallescens Baird. Mexican
Ground Dove

Rare straggler from across the mountains. Several specimens said to
have been obtained by Mr. Lorquin at San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, in the
60's (B., Br. & Riclg., N. A. L. B. m. 1874, 522). They have never been noted
in that locality since that time and the record may be erroneous. A bird of this

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 45

species was taken by M. F. Oilman at Banning, Riverside County, in October,
1902. A. M. Ingersoll has a specimen that was shot by F. Judson at San Pas-
qual, San Diego County, about 1900.

151. (324) Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw). California Vulture.
Tolerably common resident in the mountainous sections of the country,

occasionally straggling down into the lowlands in search of food. This great
bird, although not nearly so abundant as formerly, is regularly reported from
various of the more rugged regions of southern California. The center of its
abundance at the present time appears to be the mountains of Santa Barbara
and Ventura counties. The average nesting time seems to be in March and
the first part of April. O. W. Howard took an egg in Sisquoc Canon, Santa
Barbara County, April 25, 1895 (Shields, Xidiologist n, 1895, 148). A fresh
egg was taken by F. Ruiz in San Roque Canon, near Santa Barbara, April
17, 1899 (Redington, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club i, 1899, 75), and another egg was
taken for W. F. Webb in the same locality, April 29, 1897 (Museum iv, 1898,
103). In November, 1905, an egg was found in Sespe Valley, back of Nordhoff,
Ventura County. The egg was uninjured, but the contents were dried up (Galla-
gher, Condor vm, 1906, 57). A fresh egg was found by a little girl in the
Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles County, April 11, 1900, and is now in
the collection of J. E. Law. A nest containing an egg was found by W. L.
Finley and H. T. Bohlman in the mountains near Pasadena, March 10, 1906. The
egg was allowed to hatch and a most interesting series of photographs was
taken of the young and old birds. The young bird was taken from the nest
on July 6 and was sent to the New York Zoological Park (Condor vm, 1906,
135). A fresh egg was taken by W. V. Dyche in the Cuyamaca Mountains,
San Diego County, in March, 1900 (Gidney, Condor n, 1900, 124).

152. (325) Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture.
Common resident from the mountains to the ocean. Breeds plentifully in

the foothills and occasionally in the lower country. Eggs are generally de-
posited in early April in caves of the foothills or in blackberry thickets in the
river bottoms. Antonin Jay took a set of two eggs, incubation commenced,
near Whittier, Los Angeles County, March 15, 1903, and I took a set of two,
two-thirds incubated, in the same locality. May 8, 1897.

153. (328) Elanus leucurus (Vieillot). White-tailed Kite.
Formerly a fairly common resident of the lowlands, where it bred in the

willow timber. Now rare. Fifteen or twenty years ago this bird might be
seen frequently in the lower country, but at the present time it is decidedly
uncommon. I have not seen one since 1906. There are probably, however, a
few pairs left in the more remote willow regions of southern California, but
their extinction is only the matter of a short time. C. P. Streator took a set
of five eggs near Santa Barbara, April 14, 1886 (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 152).
B. W. Evermann located four or five pairs of birds breeding in the Santa
Clara Valley, Ventura County, in the early 80's (Auk in, 1886, 92). A. M.
Shields took five fresh eggs near Alamitos, Los Angeles County, April 4, 1896,

46 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

and took another set, also of five fresh eggs, in the same locality, April 11, the
same year (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 20). A. M. Inger-
soll informs me that from 1887 to 1892 he saw White-tailed Kites frequently
in the vicinity of San Diego and knew of two pairs nesting in that region. Of
late years he finds them very scarce. He took two slightly incubated eggs near
National City, March 24, 1890, and five, slightly incubated, in the same local-
ity, April 25, following.

154. (331) Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus). Marsh Hawk.

Common resident of the lowlands, especially on the salt marshes near the
coast. Breeds mostly in late March and early April. I took a set of eight eggs
advanced in incubation, near Bay City, Orange County, April 7, 1910, and O.
W. Howard took a set of five eggs, two-thirds incubated, at Alamitos Bay, Los
Angeles County, April 21, 1906. H. C. Burt took an immature male of this
species on Anacapa Island, March 15, 1911 (Condor xin, 1911, 166).

155. (332) Accipiter velox (Wilson). Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Common in fall, winter and early spring in the lower country and on the

Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds sparingly in the higher mountains. H. J. Le-
lande found a nest of this bird at Bear A' alley, about 7000 feet altitude in the San
Bernardino Mountains, June 8, 1904. It contained four young birds about two-
thirds grown.

156. (333) Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooper Hawk.

Fairly common resident from the lower foothills up to 7000 feet in the
mountains. Breeds mostly in late April and early May. H. C. Burt informs
me that this hawk breeds sparingly in the willow groves bordering the Santa
Clara River, Ventura County. He took a set of three eggs in this locality
April 17, 1906, and a set of four eggs, April 19, 1907. Antonin Jay took a
set of four, slightly incubated eggs near Covina, Los Angeles County, April 22,
1906, and J. Grinnell took a set of four, advanced in incubation, near Seven
Oaks, 5000 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains. June 13, 1905 I Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 58). A. B. Howell and A. van Rossem saw a pair of
these birds on Santa Cruz Island the latter part of April, 1911 (Condor xin,
1911, 209).

157. (337b) Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Red-tail.
Common resident from the lowlands to at least 9000 feet in the mountains.

Also on the larger Santa Barbara Islands Breeds most plentifully in the foot-
hill and mesa country, eggs being generally deposited in March. J. B. Dixon
took two fre>h eggs near Escondido, San Diego County, February 14, 1 (902
(Condor iv. 1902, 46), and II. A. Gaylord took two eggs advanced in incuba-
tion, in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, April 30, 1892 (Grin-
nell, Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 21).

158. (339b) Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin. Red-bellied Hawk.
Fairly common resident of the lowlands, especially the willow regions.

Breeds mostly in late March and the month of April. As the country settles
up this bird is becoming scarcer, and before many years will be found only in

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 47

the more remote parts of southern California. B. W. Evermann found the
Red-bellied Hawk not uncommon in the vicinity of Santa Paula, Ventura
Count}-, where he found their nests in sycamores, cottonwoods, live oaks and
willows, near the borders of streams (Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. B., 1892, 227).
There are still a few pairs breeding in the willow groves of Los Angeles County,
but they are becoming scarcer every year. F. Stephens took a set of three
partially incubated eggs in San Timoteo Canon fifteen miles east of Colton,
April 7, 1882 (Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. B., 1892, 227). C. S. Sharp found
two fresh eggs near Escondido, San Diego County, March 6, 1904, and noted
a nest which contained two young, a few days old, in the same locality, July
4. 1906 (Condor vin, 1906, 147).

159. (340) Buteo abbreviatus Cabanis. Zone-tailed Hawk.

Rare straggler to the extreme southern end of the state. Recorded as
follows: Male taken by J. G. Cooper thirty miles north of San Diego, Feb-
ruary 23, 1862 (Land Birds Cal.. 1870, 480), now no. 4375 collection Uni-
versity of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Immature male taken
by C. B. Linton near National City, San Diego County, November 26, 1906
(Condor x, 1908, 181), now no 16490 collection J. E. Thayer. Fnsexed speci-
men taken by W. J. McClosky thirty miles north of San Diego, September 10,
1907 ( Grinnell, Condor xi, 1909, 69), now no 5494 collection University of
California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

160. (342) Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte. Swainson Hawk.

Common in spring, summer and fall from the foothills to the ocean. Mi-
grates south in September and October and returns in March and early April.
According to L. Belding, winters occasionally in the vicinity of San Diego
(Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, 36). F. S. Daggett found the species common
on Catalina Island August 1 to 16, 1898, and took one specimen. Eggs are
generally deposited during the latter part of April and first part of May.
Antonin Jay took three fresh eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles
County, April 24, 1898, and W. L. Chambers took three fresh eggs near Santa
Monica the first day of June (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,
22).

161. (348) Archibuteo ferrugineus(Lichtenstein). Ferruginous Rough-
leg.

Frequently seen. Most common in the fall. J. G. Cooper took two speci-
mens near Saticoy, Ventura County, in winter and saw many more (Auk iv,
1887, 91). J. S. Appleton took a male in Simi Valley, Ventura County, Feb-
ruary 17, 1912. H. S. Swarth has seen the birds occasionally in the San Fer-
nando and Cahuenga valleys, Los Angeles County, in fall and winter. He
took a female at the summit of Cahuenga Pass, October 4, 1897, and noted
several birds near Los Angeles, October 16, following (Condor n, 1900, 16).
In the University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology are three speci-
mens of this bird taken in southern California, as follows : Female collected
by J. G. Cooper at San Pedro, October 24, 1861 ; male, also collected by Dr.

48 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Cooper, fifteen miles north of San Diego, March 5, 1862; and male, collector
unknown, taken at San Bernardino, December 12, 1864. F. Paine took a male
in the Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, February 25, 1884 (Emerson,
Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. n, 1887, 421), and A. L. Heermann found the species
abundant at some seasons in the mountains of San Diego County (Pac. R. R.
Rep. x, 1859, 32).

162. (349) Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus). Golden Eagle.

Rather common resident, mostly in mountainous regions. Breeds in Feb-
ruary and early March. H. C. Burt took two fresh eggs near Santa Paula,
Ventura County, March 18, 1910. W. L. Chambers took two slightly incu-
bated eggs near Covina, Los Angeles County, March 5, 1910. I found a nest,
containing two half-incubated eggs, near Highlands, San Bernardino County,
April 4, 1897. A. M. Ingersoll has taken many sets of eggs of this bird in
the vicinity of San Diego. He informs me that he believes fresh eggs found
after March 10 are those of birds which have lost their first laying. His
earliest and latest dates for the first laying are, respectively, set of two fresh
eggs taken February 9, 1910, and set of two, one-third incubated, March 15,
1895. Mr. Ingersoll states that, upon being robbed, the birds will lay a second
and even a third set. He has found third sets as late as May.

163. (352) Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus). Bald
Eagle.

Common resident of the Santa Barbara Islands, occasional on the main-
land coast. Breeds mostly in late February and early March. Recorded by
H. W. Henshaw as abundant on the mainland of southern California in 1876
(Ann. Rep. Ch. Eng. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1876, App, JJ, 264), but now common
only on the islands. Two considerably incubated eggs taken by W. L. Cham-
bers near Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, March 13, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub.
2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 22). Two fresh eggs taken by E. Davis near
Laguna, Orange County, March 5, 1895, and two young birds about a month
and a half old noted by Mr. Davis in the same locality, March 15, following
(Nidologist iv, 1897, 78). In June, 1910, 1 noted many nests of this species,
all of which contained nearly full-grown young, on Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa
Rosa and San Miguel islands. In June, 1911, I saw a pair of birds on Santa
Barbara Island, and in March, 1905, I took two sets of eggs on Catalina.
C. B. Linton has taken eggs on San Nicolas and San Clemente.

164. (355) Falco mexicanus Schlegel. Prairie Falcon.

Resident east of the mountains. Occurs on the Pacific slope in fall, winter
and spring. Noted as follows: Adult male taken by J. Dixon at an altitude
of 8000 feet on Mt Pinos, Ventura Comity, July 4, 1904 (Grinnell, Auk xxn.
1905, 383). Immature female taken by H. S. Swarth in the San Fernando
Valley, Los Angeles County, December 13, 1901, and adult male taken by Mr.
Swarth in the same locality, January 20, 1902. Bird seen by F. S. Daggett in
the San Fernando Valley, November 1, 1902, and another in the Arroyo Seco.
near Pasadena, September 28, 1901. Specimen taken by J. Grinnell in Eaton

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORXI \ 49

Canon, near Pasadena, November 27, 1896, and female taken by W. B. Jud-
son at Cerritos, Los Angeles County, Marcb 27, 1897. Noted once or twice
by J. G. Cooper in the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, during- the
spring of 1862 (Am. Nat. yiii. 1874, 16), and recorded by L. Belding as rare
in winter in San Diego County (Land lids. Pac. Dist.. 1890, 42).

165. (356a) Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte. Duck Hawk.
Common resident on the Santa Barbara Islands. Less plentiful on the

mainland. Breeds mostly in March. O. W. Howard took a set of three
slightly incubated eggs on Santa Cruz Island, April 5, 1906, and I took a set
of four eggs, about one-fourth incubated, on Catalina Island, April 8, 1904.
J. Dixon took three eggs, advanced in incubation, at San Onofre, San Diego
County, March 28. 1906 (Condor vm, 1906, 94). A. M. Ingersoll took four
slightly incubated eggs near San Diego, March 12, 1897.

166. (357) Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus. Pigeon Hawk.
Common in the foothill and mesa regions in fall, winter and spring.

167. (357a) Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgway. Black Pigeon
1 Iawk.

One record. J. F. Illingworth took a male at Claremont, Los Angeles
County, December 6. 1895. This specimen is now in the collection of J.
Grinnell.

168. (357b) Falco columbarius richardsoni Ridgway. Richardson
Pigeon Hawk.

Two records. F. S. Daggett took a bird of the year in fresh fall plumage,
in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, October 31, 1903 (Condor
vii, 1905, 82), now no. 5856 collection F. S. Daggett. H. W. Marsden took an
immature female at Witch Creek, San Diego County, February 9, 1904 (Bishop,
Condor vii, 1905, 142), now no. 10157 collection L. B. Bishop.

169. (360a) Falco sparverius phalaena (Lesson). Desert Sparrow
1 Iawk.

Very common resident. Breeds mostly in April and May. J. Grinnell
took five slightly incubated eggs near Pasadena, March 18, 1893, and E. Parker
took five half incubated eggs near Claremont, June 27, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 23). On April 16, 1910, H. C. Burt took several sets of eggs
of this species from deserted nests of the Yellow-billed Magpie in Alisio Canon,
Ventura County.

170. (364) Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin). Osprev.
Common in spring, summer and fall on several islands of the Santa Barbara

group. Occasional on the mainland coast. A few winter as far north as San
Diego (Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, 46). J. G. Cooper found the fish
hawk common along the coast of Ventura County in the early 70's ( Auk iv, 1887,
91 ). Since that time they have been almost exterminated along the mainland
coast. Many have been shot by gunners and most of those remaining have taken
refuge on the islands. E. Davis saw a pair at a nest near Laguna Beach, Orange
County, March 5, 1895. The Osprey breeds plentifully on San Clemente and

50 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

San Nicolas islands and occasionally <>n Catalina. It has been noted only occa-
sionally on the more northern islands of the group and, so far as I know, has
not been found breeding there. Eggs are generally deposited in .March. I have
a set of three eggs taken by C. B. Linton on San Clemente Island, March 13,
1907, and I saw a pair of birds re-lining a nest on Catalina Island, April 11,
1(J04. The nest, at this time, was about read_\- to receive eggs and they were
probably deposited a very few days later.

171. (365) Aluco pratincola (Bonaparte). Barn Owl.

Common resident from the coast to the base of the mountains. Occasional
on some of the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds mainly in March and April. In
si uthern California, nests found in hollow trees are exceptional, the most of these
birds nesting in cavities in dirt banks. C. E. Groesbeck noted half-grown young
near Pasadena as early as February 11. 1897, and II. J. Lelande took five fresh
eggs in the same locality, June 5, the same year ( Grinnell, Pub. 2. Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 23). 1 have taken the Darn Owl on Santa Cruz Island, and
II. C. Burt took a specimen on Anacapa.

172. (366) Asio wilsonianus (Lesson). Long-eared Owl.

Fairly common resident of the oak regions of the foothills and the willow
thickets of the lower country. Occasional up to 7000 feet in the mountains and
on the Santa Parbara Islands. .Much less plentiful than formerly. I took an
adult female at an altitude of about 7000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains,
June 15, l(i()7 (Condor xn, 1910, 44). C. B. Linton saw three birds, one of
which he collected, on San Clemente Island in December, 1908 (Condor xi, 1909,
194). ( ). W. Howard found six nearly half-grown young of this species in an
old Raven's nest on Catalina Island, in April. 1909. Both parent birds were
present. P. W. Lvermann found this owl an abundant resident of live oak and
willow groves near Santa Paula, Ventura County. He took eggs as early as
February 13 (Auk m. 1886, 93). Lawrence and Sidney Peyton and H. C. Burt
have found it breeding commonly along the Santa Clara River, Ventura County;
E. Rowe found it breeding plentifully near Redlands, San Bernardino County,
in 1894-95, and J. G. Cooper recorded it as breeding commonly near San Diego
in the early 60's (Land Birds Cal., 1870, 429). J. M. Hatch took a set of eggs
near Escondido, San Diego County, February 14, 1896 (Sharp, Condor ix,
1907, 8^7), and R. Arnold took four fresh eggs in the San Fernando Valley,
Los Angeles County, May 1. 1892 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,
23).

173. (3<>7\ Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). Short-eared Owl.

Common winter visitant to wet meadow lands and fresh water marshes, ap-
pearing early in October and remaining fairly common until early March. This
bird has been reported as breeding in southern California and, while I have
seen no records that I am willing to accept as authentic, I would not be sur-
prised to find that it does occasionally breed in this locality. It is known to
nest in central California and there have been so many reports of its nesting
farther south, that I believe there may be truth in some of them. [. Grinnell

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 51

saw a specimen that was shot on Catalina Island in December, 1897 (Auk xv.
1898, 234).

174. (369) Strix occidentalis occidentalis (Xantus). Spotted Owl.

Resident in small numbers in the foothill and mountain regions up to at
least 5000 feet. Owing to its retiring habits, very inconspicuous, but occasion-
ally noted in man}' different sections of southern California. Specimens taken
as follows: Adult female and immature female (collection G. Willett), by
A. N. Stone near Fillmore, Ventura County, December 13, 1910. Adult female
by L. H. Miller in Fish Canon, northern Los Angeles County, April 10, 1911.
Male and female by H. J. Lelande and O. W. Howard near Newhall, Los An-
geles County, May 20, 1906. Female by E. F. Lane in Little Tujunga Canon,
Los Angeles County, in June, 1888 ( Thurber, Auk xm, 1896, 265). Adult male
by J. Grinned near Pasadena, August 10, 1894 (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 23). Two immature birds by II. Robertson in Millard's Canon, near Pas-
adena, in June, 1902. Two males by J. Pringle in the Arroyo Seco, October
22, D00, and female by W. Bebb on the Mt. Wilson trail, March 21, 1905
(Richardson, Condor vm, 1906, 57). Female by F. S. Daggett in San Dimas
Canon, February 15, 1903. Fully Hedged young by F. J. Illingworth in a
canon near Claremont, July 4, 1894 ( Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 23). One specimen by R. B. Herron midway between San Diego and
Riverside, fall of 1885 (Bendire, Life Hist. X. Am. Bds., 1892, 343), and pair
by Mr. Herron near Panning, Riverside Count}', in September, 1895 (Thurber,
Auk xm, 1896, 265). Male, female and juvenile by F. Stephens at an eleva-
tion of 5000 feet on Smith Mountain, San Diego County, June 20, 1892 (Auk
ix, 1892, 392).

Several sets of eggs recorded from southern California, some of them very
questionable. The following records are undoubtedly authentic. Two consid-
erably incubated eggs taken by L. Peyton from a cavity in a granite cliff in
Fish Canon, northeastern Los Angeles County, April 1, 1909. Three eggs,
with both parent birds, taken by Mr. Peyton from the same nest, March 30,
1910 (Condor xn, 1910, 122). Two slightly incubated eggs taken by A. M.
Ingersoll from a nest on a ledge of a cliff, near Oceanside, San Diego County,
March 24, 1894. Mr. Ingersoll was able to approach very near to the incu-
bating bird and is positive as to its identity.

175. (372) Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin). Saw-whet Owl.

One record. F. Stephens took an adult male at Round Valley, 9200 feet
elevation on San Jacinto Mountain, August 11, 1898 (Condor iv, 1902, 40).
Now no. 3103 collection F. Stephens.

176. (373c) Otus asio bendirei (Brewster). California Screech Owl.
Fairly common resident of timbered regions from the lowlands up to at

least 5000 feet in the mountains. Breeds mostly in April. C. E. Groesbeck
found an incomplete set of two fresh eggs near Pasadena, March 14, 1896, and
J. Grinned found a set of three eggs, incubation advanced, in the same locality.
June 5, 1895 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 24).

52 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

177. (374) Otus flammeolus flammeolus (Kaup). Flammjjlated
Screech Owl.

Although the last A. O. U. Check-List refers our California bird to the
form Otus flammeolus idahoensis (Merriam), \ am inclined to believe that this
conclusion was reached without the examination of a sufficient amount of ma-
terial to justify a final decision. In fact, it seems imp< >ssil>lc, at the present
time, to get together a large enough series of specimens t<> enable us to arrive
at a definite conclusion as to the range and exact differences of these two sub-
species. The natural assumption from a geographical standpoint would be
that our bird is referable to O. f. flammeolus. It may even be possible that
future study of the species will show that idahoensis is not entitled to sub-
specific rank.

Four specimens of the Flammulated Screech Owl are recorded from
southern California, where they seem to be confined to the higher mountains,
probably not occurring south of the San Bernardino Range. Two of these
specimens were originally recorded as 0. f. flammeolus and are as follows:
Male taken by F. liall near San Bernardino, January 18, 1885 (Stephens, Con-
dor iv, 1902, 40), now in collection of W'm. Brewster. Male taken by E. D.
Calmer at an elevation of 5000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, May 26,
1893 (Auk xi, 1894, 78). Mr. Palmer informs me that this specimen was
destroyed by fire some years ago. Robert Ridgway, after examining Mr. Brewst-
er's specimen, wrote him as follows: "I have compared your specimen with
the few specimens in our collection. The material available is very meager — less
than a dozen adult birds altogether — and not nearly sufficient to give any clear
idea of the normal individual variation irrespective of locality. Your specimen
resembles the type of idahoensis very much more closely than it does any other
specimen in the lot ; in fact, it scarcely differs at all except in the slightly coarser
markings of the under parts. On geographical grounds, however, your speci-
men certainly should not be idahoensis — if there really is such a subspecies —
as it is hardly probable (though of course possible) for this form to exist in
southern California. Really, however, I must confess that 1 can not make
anything out of the matter one way or another from the scant material avail-
able, and we will have to wait until a much larger number of specimens can
he brought together, and especially a series from some one locality, before
we shall be able to understand the species well."

The two following specimens were originally recorded as 0. f. idahoensis.
Adult female taken by M. E Gilman with a set of two slightly incubated eggs,
at an elevation of about 7500 feet, on the side of San Gorgonio Peak, June
3, 1894. The bird was sent to C. Hart Merriam. who pronounced it 0. f. idaho-
ensis (Condor iv, 1^02, 85). These eggs are still in the collection of Mr. Gil-
man, hut the bird was destroyed. Adult male taken by J. Grinnell at Bluff
Lake, about 7500 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains, July 15, 1905
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 59). This specimen (no. 6730 collection J.
Grinnell) was pronounced by II. C. Oberholser to be nearest to, but not quite,
idahoensis. Mr. Grinnell writes me further regarding this bird: "It is prac-
tically identical with others from Arizona, the latter being considered dam-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 53

nicohis. It would seem, therefore, that idahoensis has little claim to inclusion
in our California list."

178. (375d) Bubo virginianus pacificus Cass'in. Pacific Horned Owl.
Fairly common resident from the foothill and mesa region up to over 7000

feet in the mountains, hut becoming scarcer every year. As the country set-
tles up, this bird is retreating" to more sparsely settled sections and, in many
localities where it was formerly common, it is now rare or entirely absent. It
breeds mostly during the latter part of February and the first part of March.
J. B. Dixon took a set of two eggs near Escondido, San Diego County, Feb-
ruary 2, 1902 (Condor iv, 1902, 46), and T took two eggs, advanced in incu-
bation, near Whittier. Los Angeles County, May 2, 1896. O. W. Howard saw
a Horned Owl on Santa Cruz Island, April 29, 1906.

179. (378) Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonaparte). Burrowing

Owl.

Common resident from the coast to the base of the mountains. Also found
on the larger islands of the Santa Barbara group. Breeds mostly in late April
and the month of May. I took ten fresh eggs near Highlands, San Bernardino
County, April 3, 1897, and Antonin Jay took nine eggs, advanced in incuba-
tion, near Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, June 8, 1902.

180. (379) Glaucidium gnoma gnoma Wagler. Pygmy Owl.
Rather rare resident of the mountains and higher foothills. According to

J. Grinned, a number of specimens have been taken in winter in the moun-
tains north of Pasadena (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 24). F. S. Dag-
gett has a female, shot at Fredalba Park, 5500 feet altitude in the San Bernar-
dino Mountains, June 26, 1899. O. W. Howard found a nest of the Pygmy
Owl near Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County, in the summer of 1895. It was
in a hollow in a sycamore tree, six feet from the ground, and contained newly
hatched young (Taylor, Nidiologist n, 1895, 153). According to F. S. Dag-
gett, a pair nested for at least three seasons prior to 1896, in a deserted wood-
pecker's hole in a sycamore stub near Switzer's Camp in the Arroyo Seco, Los
Angeles County ;• and in the latter part of July, 1888, Antonin Jay found a nest
containing four nearly full-grown young in the same locality- H. J. Lelande
found a nest in the west fork of the San Gabriel Canon, Los Angeles County,
June 5, 1900. It contained four young about two weeks old (Condor iv. 1902,
21). H. S. Swarth and W. B. Judson took an adult female and three juveniles
from a nest in a dead pine tree at Bear Valley, 6750 feet altitude in the San
Bernardino mountains. June 28. 1894 (Condor xn, 1910, 109). C. S. Sharp
records the fact that a pair of Pygmy Owls were found nesting near Escondido,
San Diego County, by the late J. M. Hatch, in 1895 and 1896. The first year
the nest contained heavily incubated eggs, which were not disturbed. The
next year young birds were found (Condor ix, 1907, 87).

181. (385) Geococcyx californianus (Lesson). Road-runner.
Common resident of the brush and cactus covered washes and mesas.

Twentv years aero the Road-runner was abundant all through the Lower So-

54 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

noran zone of California. It was noted by J. (1. Cooper on Catalina Island in
the 60's ( Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, 186(.>. 77). There seems to be something in
the appearance of this bird that causes the hunter and farmer boy to shoot it

on sight. This wanton persecution has greatly diminished the numbers of this
species, one of the most interesting of our California birds. The nesting sea-
son is. ordinarily, from late March to early May. \V. M. Pierce found a nest,
containing three fresh eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County. March 10,
1901. and noted another nest in the same locality that contained three fresh
eggs July 16, 1904.

182. (387a) Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway. California
Cuckoo.

Fairly common resident of the willow regions of the lowlands. Its secre-
tive habits render it easily overlooked. It probably arrives in southern Cali-
fornia in April and early May and leaves mostly in September, but I have not
found a great deal of definite information as to the time of migrations. An-
tonin Jay noted a bird near Los Angeles. May 5, 1907. and saw another in the
same locality, September 22, 1904 (Condor xm. 1911, 69). The Cuckoo begins
nesting in the willow groves the first part of June, and fresh eggs may be
found until late in July. II. C. Burt found a nest containing two eggs, near
Santa I'aula. Ventura County, in June, 1904. 1 took a slightly incubated set of
three eggs near Compton, Los Angeles County, July 13, 1907, and on July 24,
1910, 1 found a nest in the same locality that contained one fresh egg, one badly
incubated egg, one addled egg and one young bird (Condor xm, 1911, 69).
Alphonse and Antonin Jay have taken many sets of Cuckoo's eggs in the wil-
low groves of Los Angeles County. Their earliest nesting date is of three newly
hatched young found May 10, 1901 (Condor xm, 1(>11. 69), and their latest
date is of a set of two bally incubated eggs found August 20, 1911.

J. J. Schneider found the Cuckoo breeding rather commonly near Anaheim.
Orange Count)', in June and July, 1899. His latest set was four slightly incu-
bated eggs taken July 19 (Condor n, 1(X;0. 34). F. Stephens found a nest
in the San Bernardino Valley in the latter part of May, 1882. The eggs were
two in number, fresh, and were spilled from the nest and broken while Mr.
Stephens was climbing the tree (Bendire, Life Hist. X. A. Bds., 1895. 25).
The species was noted once in 1875 and once in 1876 by F. E. Blaisdell at
Poway, San Diego County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 57). and J.
M. Hatch took a male on August 20 and saw another bird on August 22.
lxoo, near Escondido (Auk xm, 1896, 347).

183. (390) Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus). Belted Kingfisher.

Occurs in considerable numbers during migrations, and is occasionally
noted at all seasons of the year. I have seen it in summer in various parts
of Los Angeles Connt\', as well as on the Santa Barbara Islands, but have
never found a nest in this locality. II. C. Burt informs me that in the sum-
mer of 1904, a pair of these birds nested in a river bank near Santa ['aula.
Ventura County. C. I'>. Linton saw a pair enter a hole in a bank near Whittier,
Los Angeles County, in the summer of 1895. L. Belding records the Belted

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 55

Kingfisher as a resident near San Diego, though not numerous (Land Bds.
Pac. Dist., 1890, 58).

184. (393d) Dryobates villosus hyloscopus Cabanis & Heine. Caba-
\is Woodpecker.

Common resident of the mountains up to at least 10.000 feet. Less com-
mon, locally, in the lower country. Quite numerous in the oak regions during
severe winters. Breeds mostly in April and early May. S. Peyton took four
slightly incubated eggs near Sespe, Ventura County, April 12, 1907. Antonin
lay took four fresh eggs near El Monte, Los Angeles County, March 25, 1900,
and G. F. Morcom took three slightly incubated eggs near Compton, May 2,
1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 25). In June, 1907, T
found several nests of this species in the San Bernardino Mountains from 6000
to 8000 feet altitude. They contained young of various ages.

185. (394e) Dryobates pubescens turati (Malherbe). Willow Wood-
pecker.

Common resident in the willow regions of the lower country. Breeds in
April and May. I took a set of seven eggs, about two-thirds incubated, near
Los Angeles, April 23. 1906, and J. E. Law took five fresh eggs near Pomona,
May 18, 1902.

186. (397) Dryobates nuttalli (Gambel). Nuttall Woodpecker.

This woodpecker, originally described from specimens taken near Los An-
geles ( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1843, 259), is a common resident of
the mesas and foothills, and up to at least 5000 feet in the mountain canons.
It breeds mostly in April and early May. I took five fresh eggs near Mon-
rovia. Los Angeles County, May 6. 1905. B. T. Gault took six eggs, ad-
vanced in incubation, near Kedlands, San Bernardino County. April 24, 1883
( Bull. Ridg. On. Club 2, 1887, 79). J. G. Cooper took a set of five eggs near
San Diego, April 20, 1862 (Land Birds Cal, 1870. 379).

187. (399) Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cassin). White-headed Wood-
Pecker.

Common resident of the Transition zone in the mountains, from 5000 to
8000 feet altitude. South to San Diego County. Occasional to lower levels in
winter. Breeds mostly in May. J. Grinnell found this woodpecker moderately
common on Mt. Pinos, Ventura County, in the summer of 1904 (Auk xxii,
1905, 383). During June, 1907, 1 found it very plentiful at Bear Valley in the
San Bernardino Mountains, and examined several nests, all of which contained
young birds. F. Stephens found it breeding in the Cuvamaca Mountains, San
Diego County, from 5800 to 7000 feet altitude. On June 19, 1893, he noted
a nest containing three young birds ( Bendire, Life Hist. X. A. Bds., 1895,
71). L. B. Bishop has a male taken by H. W. Marsden at Julian, San Diego
County, November 8, 1906, and E. E. Blaisdell noted it in the Volcan Moun-
tains, August 21, 1884 (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 63).

188. (402a) Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. Red-naped Sapsucker.
Occasional in winter. H. A. Gaylord took a specimen near Pasadena De-

56 PACIFIC C< 'AST AVIFAUNA No. 7

cember 26, 1895, and J. Grinnell took a male in the same vicinity, February 13.
1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1808, 25). J. Pringle took a female in the
Arroyo Seen, October 22, 1900. II. S. Swarth took a female near Los Angeles,
October 17, 1899 (Condor n, 1900, 37), and a male in the same locality. Feb-
ruary 18, 1901 (Condor in, 1901, 66). F. O. Johnson took a male at River-
side. December 26, 188° (Swarth, Condor xii, 1910, 107). A female of the
year was brought to F. Stephens by a neighbor, who shot it in his orchard
near Witch Creek, San Diego County. November 2, 1891 ( Bendire, Life Hist.
\. A. Bds., 1895, 88). L. Belding took a male about thirty-rive miles east of
San Diego. January 2?\ 1884 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1800. 65).

189. (403) Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (Gmelin). Red-breasted Sap-
sucker.

Breeds in the Transition zone in the mountains, from 5000 to 8500 feet
altitude. More or less common in winter in wooded districts of the lowlands
and along the base of the mountains. In June, 1907, I found this bird fairlv
common at Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains. Specimens taken
proved to be breeding birds, but I found no nests. C. B. Linton took two
immature birds on San Clemente Island. October 11, 1007. Thev were er-
roneously recorded as being of the last species (Condor x, 1908, 84).

100. (404) Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin). Williamson Sapsucker.

Fairly common resident of the higher mountains, south to the San
Bernardino Range. Occasional to the lower country in winter. J. Grinnell
found this bird a fairlv common resident of the Canadian and upper edge
of the Transition zone in the San Bernardino Mountains, where several nests
containing young were found in June, 1005, and June, 1906 (Univ. Calif.
Publ. Zool. v. 1908, 64). A nest found by J. Dixon at Dry Lake, June 22,
1905, contained three small young and two infertile eggs, which were preserved
(Condor vn, 1905, 140). G. F. Morcom has noted this sapsucker at Pasa-
dena in midwinter, and II. S. Swarth took a female at Los Angeles, Novem-
ber 14, 1900 (Condor m, 1001, 66).

I'd. (407a) Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgway. California

Woodpecker.

Common resident of (he oak regions. Less plentiful in the mountains.
up to about 0500 feet. Breeds mostly in April and Maw L. Peyton informs
me that this bird is a common breeder in the Sespe Valley, Ventura County.
I have found it locally common in the oak regions of Santa Barbara, Los
Angeles and Orange counties, and it was noted by L. Belding as a common
resident throughout the interior of San Diego County (Land Bds. Pac Dist..
1890, 69). R. Arnold took five fresh eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los
Angeles County, April 5. 1892, and II. J. Lelande took four fresh eggs near
Pasadena. June 3, 1896 (Grinnell, Rub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 26).

192. (408) Asyndesmus lewisi Rile}-. Lewis Woodpecker.

Breeds in San Luis Obispo County and probably also in Santa Barbara
County, though I have seen no nesting records for the latter. Noted by Law-
rence and Sidney Peyton near Sespe, Ventura County, in summer. Occurs

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 57

commonly in winter throughout the oak regions of southern California and
occasionally on the mountains among the firs. Noted in the vicinity of Pasa-
dena by F. S. Daggett as early as September 30 (1896), and by J. Grinnell
as late as May 4 (1895) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 26). Accord-
ing to H. E. Wilder, a common, though irregular visitant to the San Bernar-
dino Mountains. Observed on one occasion through the entire summer in
the San Bernardino Valley. Found common at Witch Creek, San Diego County.
by H. W. Marsden, during the fall and winter of 1906 (Condor ix, 1907,
27). Seen by F. E. Blaisdell at Temecula, San Diego County, November 14,
1883, and found abundant in the Volcan Mountains, during September and
October, 1884 ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 70). Recorded by J.
G. Cooper as not uncommon in the Cuyamaca Mountains in the spring of
1862 (Am. Nat. vin. 1874, 16).

193. (412a) Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs. Northern Flicker.
Occasional straggler in winter. Recorded as follows : One specimen taken

by J. G. Cooper at Saticoy, Ventura County, November 21, 1872 (Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci. vi, 1875, 200). Female by H. S. Swarth near Los Angeles, Feb-
ruary 20, 1901 (Condor in, 1901. 66). Male by E. C. Thurber at Alhambra,
Los Angeles County, February 7, 1890 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 18^8, 26), and female by A. Williamson in the same locality, November
4, 1904 (Richardson, Condor vn, 1905, 53). Female by F. Ball near San
Bernardino in January, 1885 (Auk n. 1885, 383).

194. (413) Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker.
Common resident of wooded localities from the coast to about 9000 feet

in the mountains. Also occurs on most of the islands of the Santa Barbara
group. More widely distributed in winter. In some sections where trees are
scarce, it nests in holes in banks. Eggs are generally deposited during late
April and the month of May. C. E. Groesbeck found a nest containing five
fresh eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, April 16, 1896.
and H. A. Gaylord took four slightly incubated eggs near Pasadena, June
15, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 26). F. S. Daggett
has two hybrids between this species and the last, and several other hybrid
flickers have been taken in southern California.

195. (418b) Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgway. Dusky
Poor-will.

Fairly common in spring, summer and fall, from the foothills up to over
8000 feet in the mountains. Also occurs on some of the Santa Barbara Islands.
Much less plentiful in winter. Breeds mostly in April and May, but eggs may
be found from March until late June. B. W. Evermann recorded this species
as a summer resident of Ventura County, though not common (Auk hi, 1886,
179). It was noted by J. Grinnell up to over 8000 feet on Mt. Piiios, Ven-
tura County (Auk xxn, 1905, 383). H. J. Lelande took a male on Anacapa
Island, April 6, 1906; C. H. Richardson, Jr., found it fairly plentiful on Cata-
lina Island in April (Condor x, 1908, 66), and J. Grinnell took a female on
San Clemente Island, March 31. 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 14).

58 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

The type specimen of the egg of this species (no. 25937 coll. U. S. Nat.
Museum: is one of a set of two eggs taken near Monrovia. Los Angeles
County, May 4. 1893, and presented to the National Museum by R. II. Law-
rence (Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Bds., 1895. 159). F. M. Palmer took two
slightly incubated eggs near Eagle Rock, Los Angeles County. June 24, 1900
(Condor n. 1900. 130), and Antonin Jay took two eggs, incubation commenced,
near Monrovia. June 2(>, 1902. L. 11. Miller has taken eggs in the Temescal
Mountains, near Riverside, and A. M. Ingersoll took a set of two eggs ad-
vanced in incubation, near San Diego. March 22, 1895 ( Barlow, Nidiologist n,
1895. 126). The poor-wills occuring in the southern part of San Diego County
and the northern part of Lower California are intermediate toward the form
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli nitidus Brewster (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 142; An-
thony. Auk xii. 1895, 139).

196. (420d) Chordeiles virginianus hesperis Grinnell. Pacific Night-
hawk.

Summer resident of the Boreal and upper part of the Transition zone in
the San Bernardino Mountains. Occasional visitant to the valleys during mi-
grations. June 18, 1905. J. Grinnell took two fresh eggs of this bird, on the
north side of San Gorgonio Peak, San Bernardino Mountains, at an altitude
of about 9000 feet (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v. 1908. 67). Mr. Grinnell also
took a male bird at Pasadena, October 27, 1896 (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad Sci.,
1898, 26).

197. (421) Chordeiles acutipennis texensis Lawrence. Texas Night-
hawk.

Common summer resident of the mesas and dry washes, in late summer
wandering up into the Transition zone in the mountains. Leaves for the south
in August and early September, and returns mostly during the month of March.
Eggs are generally deposited during May and early June. J. Grinnell took
two fresh eggs near Pasadena, April 21, 1897. and If. S. Swarth took two
slightly incubated eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County. July
11, 1895 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 27). 1 took an adult
female on Santa Barbara Island, June 20, 1911. Dissection showed that she
wa^ breeding.

198. (422) Cypseloides niger borealis (Kennedy). Black Swift.
Occurs in southern California irregularly in the summer. Probably mostly

migratory, but may occasionally breed. J. G. Cooper noted one bird at Santa
Barbara in May. 1863 (Bryant, Zoe n. 1891, 128). 11. S. Swarth saw a (lock
of at least two hundred birds flying over Sierra Madre. Los Angeles County,
on the evening of May 27, 1898, and noted several birds in the San Fernando
Valley, Los Angeles County. May 30. following, lie also saw a bird near Los
Angeles, June 2{K 1900. blocks were observed by J. Grinnell at Pasadena on
two occasions toward the last of August. They were living in a southeaster-
ly direction (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 27). Mr. Grinnell also saw
two birds at an altitude of about 7000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains,

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 59

July 16, 1906. and in the first part of July, 1907, he noted three birds in the
same vicinity ( Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 69).

F. Stephens informed Major Bendire that this species had been taken by
R. B. Herron in the San Bernardino Mountains, where they appeared to be
breeding-. They were flying in behind a water fall that poured over a perpen-
dicular cliff and one was found drowned in the basin at the foot of the pool
(Life Hist. X. Am. Bds., 1895, 176). L. H. Miller saw three birds at about
5500 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains, the first week in August.
1907. One of the birds flew into a niche in a cliff and remained there several
minutes. Antonin Jay and myself saw a flock of eight or ten birds of this
species at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside Count)-, on the evening of May 28,
1911 (Condor xni, 1911, 160). L. Belding saw a flock of twenty or more Black
Swifts flying over the mesa near San Diego on the evening of May 21, 1881.
They were noted again the following evening and a specimen secured (Land
Bds. Pac. Dist.. 1890, 79).

199. (424) Chaetura vauxi ( J. K. Townsend ). Vaux Swift.
Common spring and fall migrant in scattered flocks, sometimes tarrying

in large companies around lakes or swamp lands. Noted by J. G. Cooper at
Ventura, April 22, 1873 (Auk iv, 1887, 92), and by J. Mailliard at Santa Cruz
Island in late April, 1898 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club 1, 1899, 44). T have fre-
quently observed it at Los Angeles in migrations, some times in company with
the next species. In the latter part of April, 1904, I saw a flock of forty or
fifty birds mingling with eave swallows that were nest building on a barn
near Compton, Los Angeles County. H. S. Swarth has observed the species
near Los Angeles in the spring from April 19 (1898) to May 18 (1899), and
in the fall from August 4 to October 14 ( 1899). H. Robertson took two speci-
mens at Los Angeles, April 25, 1900. L. Belding took two specimens from a
small flock near San Diego, April 28, 1884. He also noted them in the same
locality. April 16. 26 and 29, 1885 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist.. 1890, 79).

200. (425) Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated Swift.
Common resident of the mountainous and rugged hill regions, occasional

on some of the Santa Barbara Islands. Common in winter in straggling flocks
in the lower country. Breeds plentifully in May and June in almost inac-
cessible cliffs. So difficult are the nests to reach that few eggs have been
taken. L. Peyton took four slightly incubated eggs near Sespe, Ventura County,
May 29, 1910. H. G. Rising took two fresh' eggs in the Santa Monica Moun-
tains. June 16, 1897, and E. Simmons took two eggs, one-third incubated, near
Pasadena, May 30, the same year ( Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 27). W. C. Hanna took four slightly incubated eggs near Colton. May
28, 1908 (Condor xi, 1909, 77). Florence Merriam Bailey saw four pairs of
birds feeding young in crevices in the old mission at San Juan Capistrano,
San Diego County, about the middle of July, 1907 (Condor ix, 1907, 169).

201. (429) Archilochus alexandri ( Bourcier & Mulsant). Black-chin-
ned Hummingbird.

J. Grinnell says of this species : "It is a common summer resident from the

60 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

lowlands to the summits of the mountains but most abundant in the foothill
regions, where it breeds in the canons in some years by the thousands. Nests are
generally situated near a stream and are found mostly after the middle of May.
The abundance of the humming-birds is very variable, depending- on the growth of
flowering plants. Usually after a wet winter they are far more numerous than
after a dry one. This species arrives in the vicinity of Pasadena from the middle
of April to the first week in May and the majority disappear by the last of July.
Extreme records at Pasadena are April 3 ( 1895). and September 3 (1895). By
the first of July when the vegetation of the foothills becomes dry and flowers
cease to bloom, the hummingbirds are found in countless thousands at higher
elevations (6000 to 8500 feet) where summer is just dawning" (Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898. 27). Extreme nesting dates are as follows: Two sets, of
two fresh eggs each, taken by G. "Willett at Arcadia, Los Angeles County, April
26, 1906, and set of two fresh eggs taken by Antonin Jay near Whittier, Los
Angeles County. July 19, 1903.

202. (430) Calypte costae (Bourcier). Costa Hummingbird.

Common summer resident of the mesa and foothill regions and brush cov-
ered washes, ranging from the lowlands to the higher mountains during migra-
tions. Less common in northern Ventura and Santa Barbara counties. Eggs
are generally deposited in May and the first part of June. J. Grinnell's earliest
and latest records for the species in the vicinity of Pasadena are. respectively,
March 21 (1896) and September 26 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898,
28). N. S. Goss took a male at San Diego. March 17, 1884 (Belding. Land Bds.
Pac. Dist.. 1890, 83), and J. Grinnell saw an adult male on San Clemente Island.
March 30, 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 18^7, 15). 1 found this hummer
rather common in the cactus patches on Santa Barbara Island during June, 1911.
On June 19, T noticed a female feeding young just able to fly. H. Robertson took
a set of eggs near Pasadena. April 1". 1899, and J. Grinnell took two slightly
incubated eggs in the same locality, June 28, 1894 ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898,28).

203. (431) Calypte anna (Lesson). Anna Hummingbird.

Common throughout the year from the lowlands to the foothills, and, in the
latter part of June and the month of July, may be found up to 9000 feet in the
mountains. Fairly plentiful in winter on the Santa Barbara Islands. "Like all
hummingbirds it follows the flowers and it- local presence or absence is governed
by their abundance or scarcity. In August and September hundreds of Anna
Hummers are to be found in the stubble fields and sunflower patches, attracted
by the flowers of the 'tar-weed'. During the winter months they are found in
profusion around the blossoming eucalyptus trees. In January and February,
when the weather is mild, they appear high on tin- mountain sides among the
flowering manzanitas and in March and April in the blossoming orange groves
in the valley and among the currant bushes on the hill sides" (Grinnell, Pub. 2.
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 28). The Anna Hummer is our earliest breeding
bird. It nests commonly through February and March, and egg"S may be found
from December until late in (ulv. A. I. McCormiek took two considerably in-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA (.1

cubated eggs near Los Angeles, December 21, 1895 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 2$), and H. Robertson look two eggs near Pasadena, August
17, 1900.

204. (433) Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird.
Common in late summer, fall and spring; apparently absent in midwinter.

Particularly abundant in the blossoming orange groves during the spring migra-
tion in April. In July and August it is plentiful in the mountains up to at least
90C0 feet altitude. II. S. Swarth saw a male at Los Angeles, February 20, 1901,
probably an early migrant.

205. (434) Selasphorus alleni Henshaw. Allen Hummingbird.
Breeds in the coast belt as far south as Ventura County, and is a permanent

resident on the Santa Barbara Islands. Migrant over the rest of southern Cali-
fornia west of the mountains. Occurs in July and August up to 9000 feet in the
mountains. Frequently found in company with the last species during migration
seasons. 1 have noted it on Santa Cruz Island in midwinter, and Bradford Tor-
rey saw a bird in a park in San Diego, January 26, 1908 (Condor xi 1909, 173).
According to J. Grinnell, this hummer appears on Mt. Pihos, Ventura County,
about July first and becomes common a few days after that date. The males
appear first and are followed by the females and young (Auk xxn, 1905, 384).
F. Stephens has taken birds of this species in San Diego County in June and July
but he considers them early migrants and not breeding1 birds as is implied by
Major Bendire in his "Life Histories".

J. H. Bowles finds the Allen Hummingbird to breed commonly at Santa Bar-
bara, and has taken eggs in that locality as early as February 13 (1912) (Condor
xiv, 1912, 77). H. C. Burt took two slightly incubated eggs with the female
bird, near Santa Paula, Ventura County, April 5, 1911. He also found newly
hatched young in the same locality, April 12, following, and, on May 19, found
eggs far advanced in incubation. C. B. Linton informs me that this bird begins
to nest on the Santa Barbara Islands the latter part of March, and fresh eggs
may be found through April and May. Mr. Linton took two fresh eggs on San
Clemente Island, March 31, 1907, and J. Grinnell took a partially incubated set
on the same island, March 28, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 15). R.
M. Perez took two sets of fresh eggs on Catalina Island, April 15 and 16, 1911.

206. (436) Stellula calliope (Gould). Calliope Hummingbird.
Common summer resident of the upper Transition and Canadian zones in

the mountains, south to the San Jacinto Range. Occasional, during migrations.
on the lowlands and mesas along the base of the mountains. H. S. Swarth saw
a male near Los Angeles, April 23, 1898, and G. F. Morcom saw a male in a
garden in Los Angeles in spring (Condor n, 1900, 37). L. H. Miller took an
adult male at Riverside, in late March, 1892, and N. S. Goss took a pair in the
Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, April 15, 1884 (Belding, Land Bds. Pac.
Dist., 1890. 89).

J. Grinnell found this hummingbird fairly common above 6500 feet on Mt.
Pihos, Ventura County, in the summer of 1904 (Auk xxn, 1905, 384). Mr.
Grinnell also took several sets of eggs in the San Bernardino Mountains, from

62 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

June 11 to June 30, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v. 1908, 72). 1 took two
fresh eggs at Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, June 23, 1907. F.
Stephens found a nest containing newly hatched young in the Santa Ana Canon,
San Bernardino Mountains, in May, 1885 ( Bendire, Life Hist. X. Am. lids., 1895,
219). The altitude in this instance was only about 3000 feet, an exceptionally
low elevation for the breeding of this bird. Mr. Stephens has a male of this
species that was taken by A. W. Anthony in the San Jacinto Mountains, July 3,
1895. This is, so far as I know, our most southern summer record.

207. (444) Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus). Kingbird.

One record. Immature male taken by W. B. Judson at Santa Monica, Los
Angeles County, August 31, 1895 ( Gaylord, Avifauna i, 1895. 29). Now no.
10253 collection University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.

208. (447) Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird.

Common summer resident of the lowlands and mesas, occasional up to 7000
feet in the mountains. Arrives in March and leaves in September. Breeds mostly
in May and early June. 1 took an adult male at Bear Valley, 6750 feet in the
San Bernardino Mountains, June 24, 1907 (Condor xn, 1910, 44). Extreme
nesting dates are: Five eggs, fresh, taken by Antonin Jay at Cerritos, Los Ang-
eles County, May 2, 1897, and four eggs, half incubated, taken by \V. M. Pierce
in San Antonio Canon, July 8, 1901.

209. (448) Tyrannus vociferans Swainson. Cassin Kingbird.

Fairly common resident, locally, in the Lower Sonoran zone. Winters reg-
ularly north to Santa Barbara. Breeds mostly in April and early May. II. C.
Burt informs me that the Cassin Kingbird is a fairly common breeder in the
vicinity of Santa Paula, Ventura County. He took a set of five eggs, May 10,
1910. In July. 1893, J. Grinnell found several nests containing young birds in
the Simi Valley, Ventura County (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 29). In
the summer of U>02, G. F. Morcom noted a pair of this species and a pair of
Arkansas Kingbirds nesting in the same eucalyptus tree in a yard in Los Ange-
les. 1 took four slightly incubated eggs, with the female bird, near Whittier, Los
Angeles County, May 4, 1894. The Cassin Kingbird is recorded by C. S. Sharp
as an uncommon breeding bird in the vicinity of Escondido, San Diego Count)
(Condor ix, 1907, 88). According to L. Belding, it is a common summer resi-
dent around San Diego (Land I'.ds. Pac. Dist.. 1890, 92). J. G. Cooper noted it
breeding in that vicinity as early as March 20 (Land Bds. Cal., 1870, 315).

210. (454) Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens (Lawrence). Asn-

THROATED FLYCATCHER.

Common summer resident from the oak regions of the mesas np to about
6000 feet in the mountain canons: less plentiful near the coast. Arrives in April
and leaves mostly during the first part of September. Breeds most plentifully in
late May and early June. 11. C. Burt has taken several sets of eggs near Santa
Paula. Ventura County, in early June. W. B. Judson took live fresh eggs in the
San Gabriel Canon, Los Angeles County, May 16, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 29), and Antonin Jay took four fresh eggs near Monrovia.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN' CALIFORNIA 63

June 29, 1902. I found this fly-catcher nesting commonly near Highlands, San

Bernardino County, and up to about 6000 feet in the mountain canons. It was

noted a? common in summer at San Diego, by L. Belding, and at Poway. San
Diego County, by F. E. Blaisdell (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890. 93).

211. (456) Sayornis phoebe (Latham). Phoebe.

One record. H. S. Swarth took a male near San Fernando, Los Angeles
County, February 14, 1901 (Condor in, 1901, 66). Original number 1849, col-
lection H. S. Swarth.

212. (457) Sayornis sayus (Bonaparte). Say Phoebe.

Fairly common breeding bird in the foothill regions of Santa Barbara and
Ventura counties ; less common throughout the rest of southern California. Much
more plentiful in winter, at which season it is abundant from the ocean to the base
of the mountains. In the vicinity of Los Angeles the majority of this species
arrive in September and leave in March. Breeds mostly in April. L. Peyton
took three slightly incubated eggs at Sespe, Ventura County, May 24, 1909, and
J. S. Appleton finds it a common breeder in the Simi Valley, Ventura County. On
April 3, 1906, I took a set of five fresh eggs, and found another nest containing
four half grown young, in a ravine near Whittier, Los Angeles County. Accord-
ing to F. Stephens, the Say Phoebe is a rare summer resident of the San Ber-
nardino Valley (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 94). J. E. Law took two
half incubated eggs near Elsinore, Riverside County, April 28, 1901 (Condor in,
1901, 186), and O. W. Howard and H. J. Lelande found it nesting commonly in
the San Jacinto Valley in May, 1910. A nest containing fresh eggs was found
by B. P. Carpenter at Escondido, San Diego County, April 22, 1906 (Sharp,
Condor i.\, 1907, 88), and L. Belding noted one or two pairs nesting near San
Diego in April, 1885 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 94).

213. (458) Sayornis nigricans (Swainson). Black Phoebe.
Common resident of the lowlands and occasional along streams up to 7000

feet in the mountains. Usually found near water and especially plentiful around
barns and stock yards. Noted by C. B. Linton on several of the Santa Barbara
Islands. Breeds mostly in May. H. J. Lelande took four fresh eggs near San
Gabriel, Los Angeles County, March 1, 180/, and Antonin Jay found three fresh
eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, June 5, 1898.

214. (459) Nuttallornis borealis( Swainson ). Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Common summer resident of the mountains from 3000 to 9000 feet altitude.

Frequently seen on the mesas and lowlands during migrations. Arrives in April
and May and leaves mostly in September. H. S. Swarth has noted it near Los
Angeles in the spring as late as June 4 (1898), and I took a male at Colton, San
Bernardino County, June 3, 1906. It was noted by J. R. Pemberton as breeding
commonly in the Santa Ynez Mountains, Ventura County, in the summer of 1909
(Condor xn, 1910, 19). I found it breeding plentifully at Bear Valley, 6750 feet
in the San Bernardino Mountains, in June, 1907, and J. Grinnell records three
slightly incubated eggs taken at Dry Lake, 9000 feet in the San Bernardino
Mountains, June 23, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 76). F. Stephens

64

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

took a set of three eggs in the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, June 5,
1889 (Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. lids., 1895. 283).

215. (462) Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni (Swainson). Western
Wood Pewee.

Common summer resident of the canons and the oak and coniferous forests,
up to 9000 feet in the mountains. Occasional on the Santa Barbara Islands.
More or less common, during- migrations, along- streams and in wooded localities
in the lowlands. Eggs are generally deposited during the latter part of May and
the first part of June. J. Grinnell observed the species in the vicinity of Pasa-
dena from April 18 (1895) to September 30 (1894) (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 30). Mr. Grinnell took an adult female on San Nicolas Island, May
20, 1897, and an adult male May 23, following (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci..
1897, 10). He also saw one bird on San Clemente Island, June 3, the same year
(Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 15). H. J. Lelande took three fresh eggs
near Pasadena, May 1, 1899, and II. A. Gaylord took three slightly incu-
bated eggs in the same locality, July 11, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898,30).

216. (464) Empidonax difficilis difneilis Baird. Western Flycatcher.
Common summer resident of the canons in the foothill and mesa regions ;

also on the larger Santa Barbara Islands. Found all over the lowlands during
migrations. L. Belding saw one bird at San Diego in December (Land lids. Pac.
Dist, 1890, 99), so it may occasionally winter within our southern limits. Breeds
mostly during late May and early June. J. Grinnell has noted the species in the
vicinity of Pasadena from March 30 (1896) to October 10 (1896) (Pub. 2,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 30). H. S. Swarth took a male near Los Angeles,
March 21, 1899, and J. G. Cooper saw the species at Saticoy, Ventura County,
March 18, 1873 (Auk iv, 1887, 92). J. Grinnell took four considerably incubated
eggs near Pasadena, May 11, 1895, and took four slightly incubated eggs in the
same locality, June 2{h following ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 30).

217. (466) Empidonax trailli trailli (Audubon). Traill Flycatcher.

Common summer resident from the willow thickets of the lowlands to more
than 5000 feet in the mountain canons. Occurs in migrations as high as 8000
feet. Breeds most plentifully in June. Noted by J. Grinnell at Pasadena from
May 4 (1895) to September 26 (1896). A. 1. McCormick took three slightly
incubated eggs near Los Angeles, May 25, 1895, and 11. A. Gaylord took three
slightly incubated eggs near Pasadena, July 11, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena
Wad. Sci., 1898,30).

218. (468; Empidonax hammondi (Xantus). Hammond Fly< \uiier.
Common migrant, mostly to the canons and mesas along the base of the

mountains. lias been recorded as nesting in southern California but all such
records are probably referable to the next species. B. W. Kvermann took a speci-
men at Santa Paula, Ventura County, April 10 (Auk in, 1886, 180). H. A.
Gaylord noted it in the spring near Pasadena from April () ( 1896) to May 9
(1896), and J. Grinnell noted it in the fall in the same vicinity from the first week

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 65

in September until October 30 (1897) ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 30).
H. Robertson took specimens near Pasadena, April 7, 1899. It was noted in April
in various parts of San Diego County by L. Belding, F. Stephens and others
(Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890. 102).

219. (469) Empidonax wrighti Baird. Wright Flycatcher.

Robert Ridgway of the United States National .Museum writes me that, after
a careful study of a large series of specimens by himself and H. C. Oberhulser,
they have arrived at the conclusion that the southern California birds frequently
recorded during the past few years as Empidonax griseus Brewster, are all refer-
able to Empidonax wrighti and that E. griseus does not occur in California at all.
Therefore 1 have included under this species many notes that have heretofore
been referred to E. griseus.

Wright Flycatcher is a common breeding bird in the mountains from 5500
to 9000 feet altitude, its breeding range extending south at least to the San
Jacinto Range. It is fairly common in the foothills along the base of the
mountains, during migrations, and a few remain through the winter. J. G.
Cooper took specimens in winter at Saticoy, Ventura County (Auk iv, 1887, 92) ;
H. S. Swarth took a specimen near Los Angeles, November 5, 1897, and H. A.
Gaylord took one near El Monte, Los Angeles County, November 7, 1896 (Grin-
ned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 31). According to F. Stephens, it is a
rare migrant through the San Bernardino Valley ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.,
1890, 103). H. W. Marsden took a female April 20 and a male April 22, 1903,
at Redlands, San Bernardino Count}' (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 142). It was
noted on several occasions by F. E. Blaisdell at Poway, San Diego County, and
L. Belding saw it in spring migration at San Diego, April 20, 1884 (Land Bds.
Pac. Dist., 1890, 103).

J. Grinned found it in summer on the slopes of Mt. Waterman, Los Angeles
County (7500 to 8500 feet) ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 31). Mr. Grin-
ned also found it breeding in the San Bernardino Mountains in 1905 and 1906.
He noted newly hatched young as earh as June 15 (1905), and took four par-
tially incubated eggs July 14. 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 78). In
June, 1907, I found it breeding plentifully at Bear Valley and Bluff Lake in the
San Bernardino Mountains, from 7000 to 8000 feet altitude. I took a set of four
half incubated eggs June 20, and a set of three, slightly incubated, on June 22.
This is undoubtedly the species found nesting by A. W. Anthony in July, 1895,
on San Jacinto Mountain up to 9500 feet, and recorded by him as Empidonax
hammondi (Auk xn, 1895, 390).

220. (471 ) Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus Sclater. Vermilion Fly-
catcher.

Occasional straggler from the desert. Recorded as follows : Male seen by
Bradford Torrey at Santa Barbara, March 15, 1907 (Condor ix, 1907, 109).
Two males taken by J. G. Cooper near Ventura, October 21 and November 7,
1872 (Auk iv, 1887, 92). Adult female taken by G. F. Morcom at Los Angeles,
October 17, 1895 (Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 31). Adult male
and adult female taken by H. A. Gaylord near Fl Monte, Los Angeles County,

66 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

December 8. 1895, and February 8. 1896 (Auk xm. 1896, 258). Immature male
taken by Mr. Gaylord in the same locality, October 17, 1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 31). Male taken by II. Wright, also near El Monte,
February 8, 1908 (Condor x, 1908, 91). Male taken by F. O. Johnson at Long
Beach, December 26, 1894 (Swarth, Condor xn. FUO, 107). Specimen seen by
F. E. Blaisdell, that was killed near Santa Ana, Orange County, December 9,
1884 (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 105). Male taken by T. L. Hurd at
Riverside, May 24, 1889 (Orn. & Ool. xiv, 1889, 94). Pair seen at Banning,
Riverside County, by N. H. Hargrave in May, 1906. Adult male taken by N. K.
Carpenter at Escondido, San Diego County, April 6, 1902 (Condor iv, 1902, 94).
One bird seen by J. G. Cooper near San Diego (Auk iv, 1887, 92). There are
several other unrecorded instances of the occurrence of this bird in southern Cali-
fornia west of the mountains, and we may safely conclude that it is more common
in this locality than has generally been supposed.

221. (474e) Otocoris alpestris actia Oberholser. California Horned
Lark.

Abundant resident from the coast to the base of the mountains. Occurs in
summer up to about 7000 feet and, after the nesting season, may be found at even
higher altitudes. Nesting begins early and continues well into the summer, at
least two broods being raised in a season. I found the species fairly common at
Bear Valley, 6750 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, during June, 1907. The
actions of the birds showed that they were breeding. About twenty birds were
seen by J. Grinnell at the very summit of San Gorgonio Peak, 11,485 feet alti-
tude, July 16, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908. 82). Mr. Grinnell found
fully fledged young near Pasadena the first week in March ( Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 31 ), and Antonin Jay took two fresh eggs near Nigger Slough,
Los Angeles County, June 14, 1903.

222. (474m) Otocoris alpestris insularis C. II. Townsend. Island
Horned Lark.

Abundant resident on the Santa Barbara Islands; occasional to the mainland
in winter. Type specimen taken by Mr. Townsend on San Clemente Island, Janu-
ary 25, 1890 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xm, 1890, 140). Robert Ridgway says of
this subspecies: "The characters of this form are most pronounced in specimens
from the more northern islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz,
those from the more southern islands of San Clemente, Santa Barbara, San Nico-
las and Santa Catalina inclining toward the mainland form, (). a. actia, thus indi-
cating the origin of this insular form" ( Bds. X. & Mid. Am. iv, 1()07, 318). The
breeding season of the Island Horned Lark, like that of the mainland bird, is
quite extensive and at least two broods are reared in a season. I have found full
grown young early in June.

J. Grinnell found a nest containing four young on Santa Barbara Island, May
15, 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1897, 5), and Antonin Jay took three eggs,
advanced in incubation, on the same island, July 3, 1909. C. I'>. Linton took three
half-incubated eggs on San Nicolas Island. May 12. 1910, and took a set of
four, slightly incubated, the following day. J. Grinnell took three slightly incu-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 67

bated eggs on San Clemente Island, June 3, 1897 ( Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1897, 16), and O. W. Howard took a set of three, incubation commenced, on San
Miguel Island, June 21, 1910.

A male of this subspecies, now no. 17161 collection J. E. Thayer, was taken
by C. B. Linton at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, January 18, 1908. It was
one of a small flock, seemingly of the same kind. In the original record of this
specimen (Condor x, 1908, 181), Mr. Linton made a mistake as to the date of
capture.

223. (476) Pica nuttalli (Audubon). Yellow-billed Magpie.

Formerly a common resident of the oak regions, south to northern Los Ange-
les County. Much less plentiful at the present time. Still, however, fairly com-
mon, locally, in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. Breeds in late March and
early April. First described from specimens taken at Santa Barbara by Thos.
Nuttall (Audubon, Bds. Am., elephant folio, iv, 1838, 450). According to early
settlers in the Conejo Valley, on the line of Ventura and Los Angeles counties,
Magpies were common in that region in the early 80's. At the present time, they
are not to be found there. In the summer of 1908, J. S. Appleton saw a bird in
the Simi Valley, Ventura County, about seven miles north of the Los Angeles
County line. So far as I know, this is the most southern record for the species
during late years. A specimen is recorded as having been taken by Dr. Ham-
mond at San Diego (Baird, Pac. R. R. Rep. ix, 1858, 579). This specimen may
have been mis-labeled, or possibly was an escaped cage bird.

In the early 60's, J. G. Cooper found the birds numerous near Santa Barbara
and noted young nearly fledged by April 25 (Land Bds. Cal., 1870, 295). B. W.
Evermann found them abundant in suitable places in Ventura County in the early
80's. On April 2, 1881, he obtained over eighty eggs in Wheeler Canon, near
Santa Paula (Auk in, 1886, 181). A small colony of birds still breeds in
Alisio Canon, not far from Wheeler Canon, and H. C. Burt has taken several sets
of eggs in this locality. He took six slightly incubated eggs April 24, 1904, and
six eggs, advanced in incubation, April 30, 1905. On April 16, 1910, but one set
of eggs was found, the rest of the nests containing newly hatched young. The
colony was again visited April 9, 1911, and several sets of fresh and slightly incu-
bated eggs were secured.

224. (478a) Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgway). Blue-fronted
Jay.

Common resident of the Transition zone in coniferous forests of the moun-
tains. Occasional to the foothills and even to the oak regions of the mesas during
severe winters. Breeds mostly in early May. I found several nests of this bird
in the San Bernardino Mountains in June, 1906 and 1907. They all contained
young birds. N. S. Goss took several sets of eggs near Julian, San Diego Coun-
ty, in the spring of 1884 (Auk n, 1885, 217).

225. (481) Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors). California
Jay.

Common resident from the coast to over 6000 feet in the mountains. Breeds
mostly in April. Although the A. O. U. Check-List assigns the bird occurring

68 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

fnmi Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, south to Lower California, to the
form Aphelocoma californica obscura Anthony, I am informed by J. Grinnell that,
after a careful study of the question by himself and M. S. Swarth, they have
arrived at the conclusion that all the southern California birds are referable to
californica and that obscura has no standing as a bird of California.

J. Grinnell found a nest of the California Jay that contained young about
two-thirds grown on March 25, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 32).
W. M. Pierce took four fresh eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County, March
20, 1902, and I took four slightly incubated eggs at 5400 feet altitude in the San
Bernardino Mountains, June 7. 1906.

226. (481.1) Aphelocoma insularis Henshaw. Santa Cruz Jay.

This well marked insular form is confined to Santa Cruz Island, where it is
a common resident. The specimens from which the species was originally de-
scribed were taken by II. W. Henshaw in June, 1875 I Auk in, 1886, 452). The
nesting season is in April and early May. In November and December, 1907, C.
1!. Linton and myself found this jay to be one of the most abundant land birds
on Santa Cruz Island. They were singularly tame and unsuspicious for a blue
jay and we had no trouble in securing all the specimens we desired. J. Mailliard
found two nests containing eggs, and two nests containing young birds, the latter
part of April, 1898 ( Hull. Cooper ( )rn. Club i. 1899. 43). R. H. Beck took three
sets of eggs May 8, 1897. Two sets were of three eggs each and the other was
of two i Bull. Cooper On. Club, i, 1899, 6). On April 28 and 29, 1906. O. W.
Howard found seven nests of this species in scrub oak trees. Two of the nests
contained, respectively, five slightly incubated eggs and three eggs, incubation
commenced. The other five nests contained young birds. J. S. Appleton took two
fresh eggs June 7. 1606, probably a second laying.

227. (480) Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler. Raven.

Common resident, locally, in the more unsettled portions of the hill country.
Particularly plentiful on the Santa P>arbara Islands where, owing to its reputation
as a destroyer of newly-born lambs, it is shot by the sheep men at every oppor-
tunity. The bird from the Santa Barbara Islands has been referred by Robert
Ridgway to the race Corvus corax clarionensis Rothschild & Hartert ( Bds. X. &
Mid. Am. in, D04, 2<)5). I consider this conclusion erroneous, as specimens
which I secured on the islands are identical with others from the mainland. The
Raven begins nesting in the latter part of March, and fresh eggs may be found
until late in April. If the nest is robbed, a second and even a third set will be laid.
Lawrence and Sidney Peyton have taken several sets of eggs in Castaic Canon,
northern Los Angeles County. I have taken a number of sets on the Santa Bar-
bara Islands, and in the I'uente Hills, near Whittier, Los Angeles County. In the
latter locality the birds were common fifteen years ago but are now rare. According
to L. 1 '.elding, the Raven is a common resident in the vicinity of San Diego
(Land lids. Pac. List.. 1890, 112). Extreme nesting dates are: Five fresh eggs
taken by I r. Willett near Whittier, March 14, 1895 (Oologist xn, 1895, 110), and
three slightly incubated eggs taken by W. L. Chambers near Santa Monica, May
9. 1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 32).

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 69

228. (488b) Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis Ridgway. Western Crow.
Common resident of the lowlands. Breeds in the willow regions mostly in

April. More widely distributed in winter. A. M. Ingersoll informs me that the
Crow nests along" the Sweetwater and San Diego rivers, a few miles from the
eoast in southern San Diego County. This is the most southern breeding record
I have seen, though it is known to cross the Mexican line in winter. Antonin Jay
took four fresh eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, March 27.
1898, and R. Arnold took five considerably incubated eggs in the same locality,
May 17, 1894 (Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 32).

229. (491) Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clarke Nutcracker.
Common resident of coniferous forests in Upper Transition and Boreal zones

in the mountains, from 6000 feet to timber line. In winter descends to lower alti-
tudes, straggling rarely to the valleys. At this season ranges south to, or very
near, the Mexican line. I have taken full-grown young at Bear Valley, in the
San Bernardino Mountains, early in June, so the nesting season must be early,
probably in the latter part of March and the first part of April. At this time of
year, owing to the deep snow, the nesting grounds are almost inaccessible and,
up to the present time, I know of no eggs having been taken in southern Cali-
fornia.

J. Grinned found Nutcrackers abundant on Mt. Pinos, Ventura County, in
June, 1904. They were occasionally observed as low as 5500 feet altitude ( Auk
xxn, 1905, 385). Mr. Grinned also observed them on San Bernardino Peak,
July 12, 1905, and in June and July, found them common at the head of the Santa
Ana River and down as low as 6000 feet (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 84).
H. E. Wilder saw a bird at Riverside. October 15, 1898. This must be considered
a very unusual occurrence. F. Stephens has a specimen, taken from a fair sized
flock, on Laguna Mountain, San Diego County, February 21, 1877. The locality
where this bird was secured is about twenty miles north of the Mexican line, and
Mr. Stephens writes me that he does not doubt that the species crosses the boun-
dary regularly in winter.

230. (492) Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). Pin yon Jay.
Resident of the mountains, mostly on the desert side. Irregular visitant to

the mesas and foothills along the base of the mountains. Undoubtedly breeds in
favorable localities in the coniferous forests, but I know of no eggs having been
taken in southern California. I found the species common in the pifion timber
near Gold Mountain, in the San Bernardino Range, in June, 1907, and F. S. Dag-
gett noted it in large flocks at Bear Yralley, June 12, 1897. H. A. Gaylord saw
several large flocks flying north over Pasadena in the fall of 1894 ( Nidologist
in, 1896, 106). and J. Grinned noted flocks every day or two in the same vicinity,
September 1 to 21, 1895. They were flying northwest over the mesas and along
the base of the mountains (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 32). F. Stephens
took one specimen and saw many others on Laguna Mountain, San Diego County,
about twenty miles north of the Mexican boundary, February 21. 1877. He be-
lieves that the species crosses the line in winter in company with the last.

70 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

231. (495a) Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin). Dwarf Cowbird.

Although no cowbirds arc recorded as having- been taken in southern Cali-
fornia, they have been seen here and the eggs have been frequently collected.
Judging from the small size of the eggs, as well as from geographical reasons,
it is probable that our cowbird is referable to the above form. J. E. Law saw a
female Pacific Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas arizela) feeding a fully fledged
young bird, undoubtedly of this species, near Compton. Los Angeles County, July
10. 1910. He was unable to secure the bird as it was lost to sight in the dense
willow brush (Condor xn. 1910, 174). J. G. Cooper mentions seeing flocks of
cowbirds on the east side of the summit of the Cnyamaca Mountains. San Diego
County, at about 4500 feet altitude, in the spring of 1862 (Am. Xat. vm.
1874, 17).

H. C. Burt took a cowbird's egg from a nest of the Yellow Warbler, near
Santa Paula, Ventura County, June 18, 1904. L. Peyton found an egg in a nest
of the Least Yireo, near Sespe, Ventura Comity, May 17, 1908, and in May. 1911,
he found three nests of the Golden Pileolated Warbler, each of which o mtained
one egg of the cowbird. The other southern California nesting records that have
come to my attention, are all from Los Angeles Comity, where it seems to be
fairly common, mostly in the willow regions of the lowlands. O. W. Howard
has found several eggs of this species, all in nests of other birds, near Long
Beach. Antonin Jay found an egg in a nest of the Pacific Yellow-throat, near
Artesia, June 9, 1907, and found another in a Traill Flycatcher's nest, near Comp-
ton, July 10, 1910. He also found several eggs in the latter locality in July.
1911. R. M. Perez took an egg with a set of Pacific Yellow-throat's eggs, at
Nigger Slough, May 7, 1910 (Condor xn, 1010, 133). and C. B. Linton took an
egg with four eggs of the Western Gnatcatcher, in Elysian Park, Los Angeles,
June 5, 1905.

232. (407) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ( Bonaparte), Yellow-
headed Blackbird.

Common resident of marsh lands in the lower country, south to San Diego
County. Breeds, locally, on inland sloughs and tule-bordered ponds. Irregular
in its breeding localities ; may nest commonly in a marsh one year and be entirely
absent the next. Scatters out over the lowlands in fall, winter and spring, the
adult males generallv being seen in bands by themselves, not mixing with the
larger flocks which are made up of females and immature birds. Xests mostly
in May and early June. I have found large colonies breeding at Nigger Slough.
Los Angeles Count)-, at San Jacinto Lake, Riverside County, and at various
other localities in southern California. According to A. M. [ngersoll, this bird
is seldom seen near San Diego, but probably breeds at Warner's Ranch, about
fifty miles from the coast. It was noted in small flocks by W. (X Emerson
at Poway, San Diego County, in the spring of 1884 (Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. n.
1887, 428).

2^?>. (498e) Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway. Sax Diego
Red-wing.

Abundant resident of the lowlands. Breeds mostly in the tide marshes, but

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 71

often in grain fields, mustard patches and sometimes even on the ground. Nests
from earl}- April through June.

234. (500) Agelaius tricolor (Audubon). Tricolored Red-wing.

Common resident of the lowlands. Breeds locally in tule marshes from the
latter part of April through May. More widely distributed in winter. Originally
described from specimens taken at Santa Barbara by Thos. Xuttall (Audubon,
Bds. Am., elephant folio, v. 1839. 1).

235. (501.1) Sturnella neglecta Audubon. Western Meadowlark.
Abundant resident of meadows and fields from the ocean to about 7000 feet

in the mountains. Also on most of the Santa Barbara Islands. In winter gathers
in good sized flocks where the food supply is most plentiful. Breeds mostly
in April and May, though extreme sets have been taken much earlier, and J.
Grinnell noted the birds carrying nesting material in January. G. F. Morcom
took five slightly incubated eggs near Los Angeles. March 9, 1895, and E.
Simmons took a set of four, slightly incubated, near Pasadena, June 7. 1894
(Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 33). H. Robertson took three
eggs at Bear Valley, 6750 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, June 28, 1894.

236. (504) Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. Scott Oriole.

Breeds in small numbers in the vicinity of San Diego. Occasionally strag-
gles north to Los Angeles County. C. H. Marsh found a nest containing a
single young bird, in Telegraph Canon, ten miles from San Diego, May 16,

1890. The male parent bird was taken and sent to F. C. Browne (Auk vni.

1891, 238). F. Stephens saw two males at San Diego in April, 1901. and saw
a male in the same locality, June 2. following (Condor m, 1901. 94). A pair
was seen by Kate Stephens in a garden at San Diego, many times during the
latter part of April, 1906 (Condor vm, 1906, 130). R. B. Herron took a male
near San Bernardino, April 1, 1895 (Thurber, Auk xm, 1896, 265). and
H. E. Wilder took a male at Riverside. May 8, 1896. A bird of this species
was sent to Hilda Wood Grinnell by her brother, who shot it at Glendora, Los
Angeles County. May 6, 1904 (Condor xn. 1910, 46). W. B. Judson took a
male in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, November 2, 1903
(Daggett, Condor vi, 1904, 22), and H. S. Swarth saw one near Los Angeles,
April 19, 1895 (Grinnell, Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 33).

237. (505a) Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway. Arizona Hooded
Oriole.

Common summer resident, mostly about orchards and gardens, but occurs
also on brushy mesas and sometimes follows up the mountain canons as high
as 4000 feet. Generally arrives late in March and leaves during the first part
of September. Breeds, ordinarily, from late April to early June. A favorite
nesting site of this species is the under side of a palm leaf, and such nests
are frequently noticed in gardens and parks, and among the ornamental
trees along city streets. F. E. Blaisdell noted the Hooded Oriole at Poway,
San Diego County, as early as March 11 (1885), and as late as Sepetember
20 (1884) (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 125). W. M. Pierce took five

11 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

partially incubated eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County, April 25, 1901,
and 11. J. Lelande found a nest containing one fresh egg, near Pasadena, August
3, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 33).

238. (508) Icterus bullocki (Swainson). Bullock Oriole.
Common summer resident from the lowlands to about 5000 feet in the

mountain canons. After the breeding season, occurs up to 8000 feet. Arrives
from the south about the latter part of March and leaves mostly in September.
Breeds, ordinarily, in May and the first part of June. F. E. Blaisdell noted
the species at Poway, San Diego County, as early as March 17 ( 1885) ( Belding,
Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1800, 126). Antonin Jay saw a male in Los Angeles,
January 27 and 30, 1911 (Condor xm, PHI, 75). C. B. Linton saw a male
on San Nicolas Island. March 30 and 31, 1010. W. M. Pierce took six slightly
incubated eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County, April 25, 1001, and 11.
A. Gaylord took five eggs, incubation advanced, near Pasadena. July 18. 1864
(Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 34).

239. (509) Euphagus carolinus (Midler). Rusty Blackbird.

One record. C. B. Linton took a male on San Clemente Island, November 20,
1908 (Condor xi, 1909, 194). Recently no. 16659 collection John E. Thayer;
now no. 21271, lTniv. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.

240. (510) Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). Brewer Blackbird.

Abundant resident from the coast up to about 7000 feet in the mountain
canons. In winter occurs in large flocks in the lower country, feeding in
meadows and orchards and around barn yards. Breeds mostly in April and
early May. E. Davis has taken sets near Orange as early as March 16 (Grin-
nell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 34). and Antonin Jay took five fresh
eggs at Nigger Slough. Los Angeles County, May 23. 1897.

241. (514a) Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway. Western
Evening Grosbeak.

Fairly common winter visitant to the mountains, south at least to the San
Gabriel Range. Occasionally straggles down to the foothills. E. B. Towne
took an adult male near Pasadena, December 28, 1894. It was with a flock
of Lark Sparrows in some oak trees ( Nidologist ill, 1896, 106). IP S. Swarth
saw a bird of this species in the Arroyo Seco, above Pasadena, October 21.
1^00, and took a female in the same locality. December 13. following (Condor
in. 1901, 17). Mr. Swarth also took two females on Mt. Wilson. October 30.
1898 ( Bull. Cooper Orn. Club I, 1899, 95), and saw another in the same vicinity,
December 7, 1600. II. Robertson saw a bird in the Cahuenga Pass, Los An-
geles County, .May 8, 1902.

242. (517ai Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird. California
Purple Pinch.

Summer resident of the mountains, mostl) above 4000 feet; south to San
Diego County. Common in winter in the lowlands, frequenting thickets and
bushy places in small companies. Probably crosses the Mexican line at this
season, According to P. Stephens, ibis finch breeds in small numbers in the

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 73

Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, within twenty-five or thirty miles
of the Mexican line. Mr. Stephens has also found them on Smith Mountain,
and he helieves that they probably breed on all the mountains of San Diego
C'ount\- that carry fir timber.

243. (518) Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin Purple Finch.

Abundant breeding bird in the Transition and Boreal zones of the moun-
tains above 4000 feet, south to the San Jacinto Range. Occurs occasionally
in winter in the foothill country, and sometimes straggles down into the valleys.
PVom February 25 to April 26, 1901, Fi. S. Swartb found this species quite
abundant in the vicinity of Los Angeles, feeding in the pepper trees and mus-
tard patches (Condor m, 1901, 66). From June 23 to 26, 1906, J. Grinnell
secured three nests of this bird near Dry Lake, about 9000 feet altitude in the
San Bernardino Mountains. The nests contained four eggs each. One of
the sets was fresh and the other two were advanced in incubation. As Mr.
Grinnell saw full-grown young in the same locality, June 18, 1907, the breed-
ing season must cover at least two months and a half ( Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool. v, 1908, 89). F. Stephens has a pair of birds taken on San Jacinto
Mountain. June 23, 1893. Fie informs me that he considers this the southern
limit of their breeding range.

244. (519) Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch.
The "California linnet" is an abundant resident everywhere from the

coast to the mountains, and up the mountain canons to an altitude of more
than 5000 feet. After the breeding season they may be found up to at least
7500 feet. In winter they occur in large flocks in stubble fields and sun-
flower patches, but by early spring they are paired off and nesting every-
where, being particularly abundant around gardens and parks. They breed
plentifully through April, May and June and raise at least two broods in a
season. \Y. M. Pierce took four fresh eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles
County, March 22, 1901, and F. B. Jewett noted a nest near Pasadena which
contained four fresh eggs on August 1. 1896 (Grinnell. Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 35).

245. (519c) Carpodacus mexicanus dementis Mearns. San Clemente
House Finch.

Common resident on the Santa Barbara Islands. Originally described
from San Clemente (Auk xv, 1898, 258). 1 have examined specimens from
several of the islands and fail to see that they differ appreciably from the
mainland bird. J. Grinnell found this finch abundant on San Clemente Island
in the summer of 1897. He took four fresh eggs on March 30, and five
partially incubated eggs the day following. He also noted nearly hedged
young March 28 and took incubated eggs on June 5 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1897, 16). I have found the House Finch plentiful on all the Santa
Barbara Islands except San Miguel. On this island I noted it only occasionally.

246. (521) Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). Crossbill.
Occasional winter visitant, south at least to Pasadena and Riverside. Four

71 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

males and two females taken by F. S. Daggett at Pasadena, December 26,
1898 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club l. 1899, 51), and male taken by A. van Rossem
in the same locality, November 1, 1008. Adult male taken by H. E. Wilder
at Riverside, January 17, 1909.

247. (521a) Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway. Mexican Cross-
bill.

Rather rare summer resident of the higher Sierra Nevadas. south to the
San Bernardino Range; also on the pine-topped hills of Santa Cruz Island,
May occur in southern California in winter, but records are lacking- for that
season. Although southern California breeding- birds are referred by the A.
O. U. Check-List to the preceding form, specimens taken show that they are
nearer to stricklandi. J. Grinnell informs me that they are really referable
to L. c. bendirei (Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, ip 1884. 101), a form
closely resembling stricklandi and not recognized by the A. O. U. Committee.

J. Grinnell took a pair of adult birds near the summit of Mt. Pifios, Ven-
tura County, July 6, 1904 (Auk xxn, 1905, 385). The same collector took
two males and a female and saw several more birds, at an elevation of over
9100 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, July 15, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool. v, 1908, 91) A. van Rossem found the species fairly common at Dr\
Lake. San Bernardino Mountains, the same locality where Mr. Grinnell
secured his specimens, September 3, 1910, and took several specimens.

A. B. Howell and A. van Rossem found this bird in some numbers in
the heavy timber at the summit of the hills of Santa Cruz Island, from April
24 to May 2, 1911, and secured four specimens. Mr. Howell believes that
they were breeding at the time (Condor xm, 1911, 210). It is an extremely
peculiar fact that this species, which occurs on the mainland of southern Cal-
ifornia only on the highest mountains, never having been noted below ^000
feet, should prove to be a resident of Santa Cruz Island at an elevation ol
less than 2500 feet. As Santa Cruz is the only island of the Santa Barbara
group that carries pine timber, it would naturally he the only island suitable
for the home of a bird, like the crossbill, which would seem out of place
anywhere except in a forest of conifers. Why it should occur in a state of
isolation in the very limited pine forests of Santa Cruz, when there are so
many localities in the mountains of the mainland that are seemingly much
more adapted to its needs, is a question that seems to be almost unanswer-
able. We shall have to regard it as one of the more striking of the many
strange facts that are continually being brought to the attention of the student
of nature. This local peculiarity of the species is paralleled by the fact that
it is known to occur in the pine and cypress forests of Guadeloupe Island, off
the coast of Lower California. We may perhaps safely conclude that there
is something in the combination of coniferous forests and "salty" atmosphere
that is attractive to this bird and adapted to its necessities.

248. (529b.) Astragalinus tristis salicamans (Grinnell ). Willow Gold-
fix ch.

Abundant resident of the lowlands, south to llie Mexican line. In sum-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 75

mer almost wholly confined to the willow regions, but in winter congregates
in flocks and wanders everywhere, even into the canons of the mountains
where it feeds on the buds and seeds of sycamores and alders. Breeds most
plentifully in May and June, though fresh eggs may be found from early April
to late July. Originally described from Pasadena (Auk xiv, 1897, 397). I
noted fresh eggs at Rixby, Los Angeles County. April 6. 1904, and found two
nests, each containing four fresh eggs, near Compton, Los Angeles County.
Inly 24, 1910. A. M. Ingersoll informs me that the Willow Goldfinch breeds
commonly in certain localities in San Diego County, south to the Mexican
line.

249. (530a) Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser. Green-
backed Goldfinch.

Abundant summer resident of the mesa and foothill regions and up to
3000 feet in the mountain canons. Less common in the lower country and
up to 6400 feet in the mountains-. In winter, distributed in flocks over the
whole lower country. Breeds most commonly from April to July, but eggs are
occasionally found much later. Xests plentifully among the evergreens and
shrubbery in parks and gardens. J. Grinnell noted eggs near Pasadena as
early as March 22, and took a set of three, slightly incubated, October 21,
1895 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 35).

250. (531) Astragalinus lawrencei (Cassin). Lawrence Goldfinch.
Common summer resident of the mesas and foothills up to 7000 feet

in the mountains, occasionally occurring as high as 8500 feet. Rare in winter,
the most of the species migrating south, but rather common in early spring.
Originally described from specimens taken at Sonoma and San Diego (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. v. 1850. 103). H. S. Swarth found this bird quite
abundant at the head of the Arroyo Seco, on the slope of Mt. Strawberry.
Los Angeles County, October 19 to 26, 1900. Mr. Swarth also saw a pair
near Los Angeles, February 12. 1900, and saw another pair in the same
locality, February 23, following. W. O. Emerson noted a small flock in the
Vblcan Mountains, San Diego County, in late January (Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci.
it, 1887, 422). In June, 1907, I found it common at Bear Valley, 6750 feet
altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains. Specimens taken showed that they
were breeding. Breeds mostly in May, in the lower country. Extreme
nesting dates are as follows : Five fresh eggs taken by G. F. Morcom at Los
Angeles, April 23, 1892 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 35).
and four eggs, incubation begun, taken by W. M. Pierce near Claremont, Los
Angeles County, July 5. 1903.

251. (533) Spinus pinus (Wilson). Pine Siskin.

Common summer resident of the mountains above 5000 feet. Irregular
visitant to the lower country in migrations and in winter, south to Lower
California and Mexico. Noted by J. Grinnell as abundant near Pasadena
during February and March. 1892, and in the vicinity of El Monte as late
as March 20, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898. 35). According to

76 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

II. S. Swarth it appeared irregularly in small flocks near Los Angeles during
the winter of 1898-99, one being seen as late as .March 23 (Condor n, 1900,
38). Mr. Swarth also noted a flock of about two dozen birds in the same
locality, April 15, 1901 (Condor in. 1901, 66), and saw several more. Novem-
ber 4. the same year. L. II. Miller saw a bird in the Arroyo Seco in Los
Angeles city, October 2(>, 1908. F. Stephens took a pair of Siskins at Santa
Ysabel, San Diego County, April 11. 1890. lie informs me that the species
migrates regularly through San Diego County, principally along the moun-
tain ranges and foothills. I found it common at Bear Valley, San Bernardino
Mountains, in June, 1907, but was unable to locate any nests, although birds
taken seemed about to breed.

252. Passer domesticus (Linnaeus). English Sparrow.

This little pest arrived in southern California, west of the mountains.
about 1(J04, apparently coming in from the north and the east at about the
same time. At the present writing it is probably pretty well distributed over
southern California and, judging from its increase as shown in other localities,
it is with us to stay. On the north, it was noted by ( >. W. Howard at
Tehachapi in 1903 (Condor vm, 1906, 157). It was recorded from Newhall,
Los Angeles County, by Cooper Club members at the club outing meeting
held May 19, 1906. They found a small colony nesting near the railroad
station (Condor vni, 1906, 157). J. S. Appleton saw it at Oxnard, Ventura
County, in 1905, and in the Simi Valley in 1('07. Bradford Torrey first saw
it at Santa Barbara in 1909 (Condor xi. 1909, 208). II. C. Hurt reports the
birds fairly common around Santa Paula, Ventura County. On |une 1, 1910,
he found a nest containing four fresh eggs.

At about the same time that the species arrived from the north, it seems
to have come in through the Cajon Pass from Victorville and spread out
over the San Bernardino Valley. W. L. Holt first noted it at Banning, River-
side County, in 1910. Jt arrived in Los Angeles about 1907, first being noted
at the corner of Eleventh and Main streets. In spite of the efforts of L. II.
Miller and other Cooper Club members to exterminate them before they ob-
tained a permanent foothold, they have increased in numbers until they are
now quite common in some portions of the city. I saw fully fledged young
on one of our city streets, April 25, 1911. F. Stephens and A. M. [ngersoll
inform me that it has not yet put in its appearance at San Diego.

I?.^. (536a) Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway. Alaska Long-

SPUR.

One record. F. Stephens took a female near San Diego, October 2, 1909
(Condor xu, 1910, 44). Now no. 9411 collection F. Stephens.

254. (540a i Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird. Western Vesper

Sparrow.

Common winter visitant to the stubble fields and washes, and on the dry
mesa land at the foot of the mountains. Noted by J. Grinnell in the vicinity
of Pasadena from September 14 (1897) to March 19 (1895) (Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 36).

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN" CALIFORNIA 77

255. (540b) Pooecetes gramineus affinis G. S. Miller. Oregon Vesper
Sparrow.

Common winter visitant, occurring- in company with the last species, but
more numerous on the damp meadows of the lowlands. Noted by J. Grinnell
at Pasadena in the fall as early as September 16 (1895), and by H. A. Gay-
lord, in the spring as late as April 25 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci..
1898, 36).

256. (542b) Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte. West-
ern Savannah Sparrow.

Abundant winter visitant to the fields and meadows, from the coast to
the base of the mountains. Noted by J. Grinnell on San Clemente Island,
March 30, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897. 17), and in the vicinity
of Pasadena from September 18 (1897) to May 3 (1895) (Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 36). A. B. Howell took a specimen at Santa Barbara, Sep-
tember 2, 1911.

257. (543) Passerculus beldingi Ridgway. Belding Sparrow.
Abundant resident of the salt marshes along the coast, and on some of

the alkali marshes a little distance from the ocean. Breeds mostly in May.
but 1 have seen nearly grown young as early as April 15. Type specimens
taken by L. Belding at San Diego in 1884 ( Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vn, 1885,
516). Formerly bred commonly at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County,
several miles from the coast. I took a set of four slightly incubated eggs in
that locality, May 15, 1906. Much less plentiful there at the present time.
L. Belding took two partially incubated eggs near San Diego, April 4, 1885
(Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 144), and H. A. Gaylord took three eggs, ad-
vanced in incubation, near Long Beach, Los Angeles County, July 5, 1895
(Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 36).

258. (544) Passerculus rostratus rostratus (Cassin). Large-billed
Sparrow.

Common in winter in the salt marshes and along the beaches of southern
California, north to Santa Barbara, occasionally straggling up the coast as
far as Santa Cruz ( Mailliard, Condor vi, 1904, 16). Originally described
from San Diego ( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vt, 1852, 184). Frequently seen on
wharves and on the streets of beach towns. May be found along our coast
from August to late April, but is apparently absent in summer. Has been
repeatedly recorded as breeding along the coast of Los Angeles County, but
these records are probably all referable to the last species. Although I have
made a thorough search of our local salt marshes, I have never been able to
find the species in summer, nor has any other ornithologist of late years, though
it has been particularly sought for.

A. W. Anthony and A. M. Ingersoll, who have collected extensively in
the coast marshes near San Diego, believe that it occasionally nests in that
locality. This belief is based on the fact that Mr. Ingersoll in one instance
saw a bird in breeding season carrying worms, as he believes, to a nest that

78 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

he was unable to locate, and that Mr. Anthony on two or three occasions
found families of young that were still fed by their parents, on the beach
near Oceanside (Auk xxm, 1906, 149). The principal breeding grounds of
this bird, however, have not been located up to the present time, but are prob-
ably on some part of the Lower California coast that has not been thoroughly
worked by ornithologists.

C. B. Linton took a female at Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, August
18, 1908 (Condor x, 1908, 239), and 1 saw two birds at Hyperion, Los Angeles
County, August 20, 1910. These were probably some of the earliest arrivals,
as the species does not become common until September. G. F. Breninger
took one bird of a pair seen on San Clemente Island in February, 1903 (Auk
xxi, 1904, 223), and A. W. Anthony noted them on the same island in Sep-
tember (Auk xxm, 1906, 149). J. H. Bowles finds them common in winter
around the docks at Santa Barbara (Auk xxyiii, 1911, 174).

259. (546a) Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson. West-
ern Grasshopper Sparrow.

Fairly common resident, locally, in various parts of southern California,
but, owing to its secretive habits, easily overlooked. More widely distributed
in winter. Irregular in its breeding habits; may be found nesting commonly
in a locality one year and entirely absent the next. Ft. W. Henshaw recorded
it as breeding on the coast near Santa Barbara in 1875 (Ann. Rep. Ch. Eng.
U. S. Geol. Surv., 1876, App. J J, 241), and J. H. Bowles found it a common
summer resident of the same locality. During the summer of 1910, he secured
a set of five eggs and noted several nests containing young (Condor xm, 1911,
85). J. S. Appleton finds it a fairly common resident of the Simi Valley, Ven-
tura County. He took four eggs, advanced in incubation, May 11, IS'"), and
five eggs, half incubated, May 15, the same year. J. E. Law has found it
rather common in summer in a section of the San Fernando Valley, Los An-
geles County. April 5, 1908, he took an adult female whose oviducts con-
tained a fully formed egg. 1 noted several pairs of birds, all apparently nest-
ing, in a barley field near Gardena, Los Angeles County, in May and June,
1910. On June 2, I found a nest which contained tour nearly full-grown
young birds (Condor xn, 1910, 204). During the summer of 1911, 1 visited
this place several times, but failed to find any signs of the birds. L. IF
Miller has found young just able to My at Riverside, and F. O. Johnson took
an adult female at Beaumont, Riverside County, April 23, 1889 (Swarth,
Condor xn, 1910, 108). L. Belding noted the species near San Diego in
spring (Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 146).

260 (552a) Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western
Lark Sparrow.

( oinmon resident of the foothill and mesa country, rare along the coast.
Occasional in summer up to 7000 feet in the mountains. Particularly plenti-
ful in orchards, gardens and parks, where it nests in fruit trees, hedges and
shrubbery. Breeds most commonly from the latter part of April through May.
\\ . M. Pierce look lour partially incubated eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 79

County, April 19, 1903, and H. A. Gaylord took three slightly incubated eggs
near Pasadena, July 12, 1894 ( Grinnell. Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898.
37). 1 found a nest containing young birds at Pear Valley, 6750 feet in the
San Bernardino Mountains, June 11, 1907.

261. (553) Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). Harris Sparrow.

One record. C. B. Linton took a specimen, the sex of which was not
determined, on San Clemente Island, October 15, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 84).
Recently no. 16656 collection J. E. Thayer; now no. 21272, Univ. Calif. Mus.
Yert. Zool.

262. (554) Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. Forster). White-
crowned Sparrow.

According to L. Belding, this species winters entirely south of San Diego,
and in the migrations keeps mainly to the mountain ranges, occasionally appear-
ing on the lowlands in the southern part of the state and southward (Land
Pds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 148). There is. however, one winter record for south-
ern California, that of an immature female taken by H. W. Marsden in the
Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, December 3, 1904 (Bishop, Condor vn,
1905, 142). We have the following records of specimens taken during migra-
tions : Two females by H. S. Swarth near Los Angeles, April 22, 1898, and
April 26, 1899 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club I, 1899, 94). Male, female and im-
mature male, also taken by Air. Swarth near Los Angeles, April 12, April 19
and March 16, 1900. Male by H. W. Marsden at Witch Creek, San Diego
County, April 8, 1904 (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 142). Male and female by
L. Belding near San Diego, May 3 and 5. 1885 ( Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890,
148).

263. (554a) Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nuttall). Gambel Spar-
row.

Abundant in winter all over the mesas and lowlands as well as on the Santa
I'arbara Islands. Arrives mostly in September and leaves in April. J. Grinnell
took a specimen at Pasadena as late as May 3 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci.. 1898, 37).

264. (554b) Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway. Nuttall Spar-
row.

Breeds along the coast as far south as Santa Barbara County, and, unlike
the two preceding, seems to occur in winter but very little farther south than
the southern limit of its breeding range. At this season straggles rarely south
to Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Breeds commonly on the coast
of San Luis Obispo County. I found fresh eggs and fully grown young in
that locality in May. 1909 (Condor xi, 1909, 185). J. H. Bowles has found
it breeding near Santa Barbara. He noted an old bird feeding young in
that vicinity. May 21, 1910 (Auk xxvm, 1911. 174). J. Grinnell informs me
that there are two specimens from Los Angeles County in the Lmiversity of
California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. One of these was taken by H. S.
Swarth at Los Angeles, January 13, 1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.

80 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Sci., 1898, 37). and the other, an adult female, was taken by \V. P. Taylor
near Pasadena, January 20, 1906. II. \Y. Marsden took a male at Redlands,
San Bernardino Count)-, January 27, 1903 (Bishop, Condor vii, 1905, 142).

265. (557) Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas). Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Common winter resident from the lowlands up to 5000 feet on brushy

mountain sides, south at least to San Diego. Also occurs on the Santa
Barbara Islands. Noted by J. Grinnell at Pasadena from September 26
(1896) to May 9 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 37). A. van
Rossem took a specimen near El Monte, Los Angeles County, May 16, 1911.
Recorded by L. Belding as a rare winter visitant at San Diego (Land Bds.
Pac. Dist., 1890, 153), and noted by W. O. Emerson as tolerably common in the
Volcan Mountains in the spring of 1884 (Pull. Cal. Acad. Sci. n, 1887, 423).

266. (558) Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). White-throated Sparrow.

Rare straggler in winter. Two records, as follows: Immature female
taken by If. A. Gaylord near Pasadena, November 21, 1894 ( Nidologist in,

1896, 106). Now no. 5051 collection F. S. Daggett. Adult bird taken by
W. E. Bryant near Los Angeles, February 25, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 37).

267. (560a) Spizella passerina arizonae Cones. Western Chipping
Sparrow.

Common resident of orchards, gardens and parks, in the foothill and
mesa region. Abundant in summer in coniferous forests of the mountains
up to 10,000 feet. Resident on some of the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds
mostly in May in the lower country, later in the mountains. I found the
species plentiful on Santa Rosa Island, June 7. 1910 (Condor xn, 1910, 171);
F. Stephens found it common on Catalina in August, 1886 (Belding, Land
Bds. Pac. List., 1890, 155), and J. Grinnell saw it on San Clemente in March,

1897. and again in June, the same year (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897,
18). Extreme nesting dates in the foothill region are: three fresh eggs taken
by E. Parker near Pasadena. April 19, 1896, and three slightly incubated eggs
noted by II. A. Gaylord in the same locality. June 1(». 1804 (Grinnell, Pub. 2.
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 37).

268. (562) Spizella breweri Cassin. Brewek Sparrow.

Common summer resident of the sage brush slopes of the mountains.
Most plentiful from 5000 to 7000 feet. Creeds locally down into the foothills.
Occurs regularly in spring and fall in favorable localities in the lowlands, but
is rare in midwinter. II. S. Swarth has noted this sparrow many times in
spring and fall near Los Angeles and in the San Fernando Valley, Los An-
geles County. He saw one bird in the latter locality, December 27. 1899 I Con-
dor n. 1900, 91 ). and |. F. Law took a specimen in the same vicinity, Decem-
ber 27. 1903.

O. W. Howard found the Brewer Sparrow breeding plentifully in the high
sage brush valleys of northeastern Ventura County, in the neighborhood of
Mt. Pihos, in May and [une, 1('03. His earliest set was of four slightly incu-

19i2 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

81

bated eggs taken May 14, and his latest was of three eggs, also slightly incu-
bated, taken June 20. According to J. S. Appleton this bird is a rather com-
mon summer resident of the Simi Valley, southern Ventura County. He took
five fresh eggs in that locality. May 21, 1899. and three slightly incubated
eggs, May 28, following (Condor xm, 1911, 76). II. S. Swarth found a nest
containing three young birds in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles
County. May 24, 1899 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club i. 1899, 94). W. M. Pierce
took two considerably incubated eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County,
May 13, 1903, and noted four eggs, advanced in incubation, in the same local-
ity, May 28, following. I took a set of four eggs near Highlands, San Ber-
nardino County, April 19, 1897. Incubation was far advanced. Specimens
were taken by N. S. Goss at San Diego in the spring of 1884 ( Belding, Land
Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 157).

269. (565) Spizella atrogularis (Cabanis). Black-chinned Sparrow.

Common in summer on brushy mountain sides up to about 7000 feet. Oc-
curs sparingly on the mesas during migrations. Arrives mostly in April and
leaves during late August and early September. Extreme records for the species
in Los Angeles County are : specimen taken by LI. S. Swarth in the Cahuenga
Valley, April 1, 1896, and immature male taken by J. Grinnell near Pasadena,
September 10, 1897 (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38). Although the
Black-chinned Sparrow is fairly plentiful in summer in suitable localities, the
nest is hard to locate and there are few sets of eggs in collections. J. Grin-
nell found a nest containing two small young on Mt. Finos, Ventura County,
June 28, 1904 (Auk xxn, 1905, 387). O. W. Howard took five sets of eggs
in Lockwood Valley and Pirn Basin, northeastern Ventura County, in May
and June. 1903. His earliest set was of four fresh eggs taken May 16, and his
latest was of four slightly incubated eggs taken July 1. J. E. Law
found a nest containing almost full-grown young near Newhall, Los An-
geles County, May 19, 1906 (Condor vm, 1906, 157). A. B. Howell took
four slightly incubated eggs in the Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena, May 21,
1911. F. E. Blaisdell found three nests at Poway. San Diego County, in
April and May. One nest contained four eggs and the other two contained
young birds (Belding, Land lids. Pac. Dist., 1890, 158). A nest and three
eggs was taken by C. L. Pauter at Escondido. San Diego County, June 12.
1905 (Sharp, Condor ix, 1907, 89).

270. (567) Junco hyemalis hyemalisf Linnaeus). Slate-colored Junco.

Winter visitant in small numbers. W. A. Jeffries took a specimen at
Santa Barbara. March 14, 1883 (Auk vi. 1889, 221). L. S. Daggett took two
males near Pasadena. March 15, 1893. and March 4, 1897. J. Grinnell took
a female in the same locality. February 27, 1 897 . H. S. Swarth took a male
near Los Angeles, February 8, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.,
1898, 38). Mr. Swarth also took two males near Los Angeles, November 3,
1898 (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club 1, 1899. 95), and a male on Mt. Wilson, Decem-
ber 6, 1900 (Condor in, 1901, 17). W. W. Price took two males at Riverside.
February 10 and December 1. 1888 (Emerson, Zoe 1, 1890. 45). and L. Beld-

82 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

ing took a specimen thirty miles east of San Diego, January 24. 1884 (Land
lids. Pac. Dist, 1800, 159).

271. (567c) Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony. Thurber Junco.
Abundant summer resident of the Transition and Boreal zones in the

mountains mostly above 5000 feet. Common in winter in the lower country, gen-
erally appearing in October and remaining until April. Described from speci-
mens taken by E. C. Thurber on Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County. May 24,
1890 (Zoe 1. 1890, 238). C. B. Linton saw a bird of this species on San
Nicolas Island, March 31, 1010. bully fledged young may be found in the
mountains as early as the middle of June, and J. Grinnell has found fresh eggs
as late as July 27 (1905) ( Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 95), so probably two
broods are reared in a season. Antonin Jay took three eggs advanced in incu-
bation in the Arroyo Seco above Pasadena, July 3, 1904.

272. (570b) Junco phaeonotus caniceps (Woodhouse). Gray-headed
Junco.

Occasional winter visitant. W. B. Judson took a female near Pasadena,
October 26, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 38). Now no.
378 collection II. S. Swarth. Mr. Judson also saw a bird of this species on
Mt. Wilson. January 23. 1<>00. From November 18 to December 3, 1906,
several of these birds were noted by A. P. Smith at Julian, San Diego County,
at an altitude of 4100 feet (Condor i.\, 1907, 199).

273. (573a) Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway. Desert Spar-
row.

Occasional in winter, north to Los Angeles County. IT. S. Swarth took
a male near San Fernando, Los Angeles County, April 23. 1808. and I7. S.
Daggett took an immature male in the San Fernando Valley, September 12,
1903 (Condor vi, 1004, 24). Mr. Swarth also noted a bird in the San Fernando
Valley, October 30, 1003, and saw one on a lawn in Los Angeles, January 16
the same year. J. Grinnell took an adult male near Pasadena. April 10, 1807
( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 30).

274. (574) Amphispiza belli (Cassin). Bell Sparrow.

Common resident of the brush covered washes and mesas of the interior, also
on several of the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds mostly in May and early June.
Originally described from specimens taken at Sonoma and San Diego (Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 1850. 103). According to J. S. Appleton, the Hell Spar-
row is a common breeding bird in the Simi Valley, Ventura County. W. M.
Pierce has found it breeding plentifully near Claremont, Los Angeles County.
I lis earliest and latest nesting records for that locality are, respectively, four
eggs, incubation begun, taken April (>, 1005, and four fresh eggs noted June 25,
1903. I found it nesting abundantly near Colton, San Bernardino County, in
June, 1906, and took several sets of eggs. C. S. Sharp regards it as a rare breeder
in the vicinity of Escondido, San Diego County (Condor i.\, 1907, 89). It is
recorded by L. Belding as a common resident at San Diego, and by F. E. Blais-
dell at Poway (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890. 161). 1 noted it on Santa Rosa

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 83

Island in June, 1910, and C. B. Linton has taken many specimens on San Cle-
mente. J. G. Cooper found it on San Nicolas and San Clemente (Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci. iy, 1869, 78), and O. W. Howard took several sets of eggs on the latter
island during the first week in March, 19-03.

275. (574.1) Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis (Ridgway). Sage
Sparrow.

Occasional winter visitant. H. S. Swarth says of a series of twenty-eight
Sage Sparrows taken by F. O. Johnson near Riverside during the months of
November, December and January : "The specimens in this series show every
degree of variation from a few individuals typical of canescens to others indis-
tinguishable from true nevadensis. Though the majority of the specimens are
probably to be referred to nevadensis, they have mostly smaller bills than ex-
amples of that form from northern Nevada. In the matter of wing lengths there
are some that might be referred with equal propriety to either race, being vari-
ously intermediate between the dimensions of the two forms as given by Grinnell
(Condor vn, 1905, 181)" (Condor xn, 1910, 108).

276. (574.1b) Amphispiza. nevadensis canescens Grinnell. California
Sack Sparrow.

Summer resident of the elevated Upper Sonoran and Transition sage valleys
of the southern Sierras, south to the Sierra San Gabriel. Los Angeles County.
Slightly migratory to lower levels in winter, south at least to Riverside County.
In describing this subspecies. Mr. Grinnell examined specimens from Cuddy
Canon, southern Kern County ; near Tejon Pass ; valleys in immediate vicinity of
Mt. Pihos, Ventura County; near Pine Flats, head of Tujunga Canon, Sierra San
Gabriel, Los Angeles County; San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County (win-
ter) ; Whitewater, Riverside County (winter) (Condor yii, 1905, 181). Speci-
mens were also taken at Riverside in winter by F. O. Johnson ( Swarth. Condor
xn, 1910, 108). O. W. Howard found this bird breeding rather plentifully in
Piru Basin, 5500 feet altitude, northeastern Ventura County, in May and June,
1903. He took four slightly incubated eggs May 16, and five, slightly incubated,
June 6.

277. (580) Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin). Rufous-crowned
Sparrow.

Fairly common resident of the foothill regions, also on some of the Santa
Barbara Islands. Partial to grass covered hillsides where it breeds mostly in
April and May. Owing to its retiring habits, its nest is seldom found and the
eggs are among the rarest in oological collections of this region. A nest contain-
ing three eggs was found and photographed by Harriet Williams Myers near Los
Angeles, April 10, 1909 (Condor xi, 1909, 131). W. L. Chambers took four
slightly incubated eggs near Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, May 17, 1903,
and Antonin Jay took four eggs, advanced in incubation, near Whittier, April 17,
1910. L. P. Williams took four fresh eggs near Redlands, San Bernardino
County, April 20, 1893, and took several other sets during the four years follow-
ing (Osprey n, 1897, 27). C. S. Sharp found a nest containing two young and

84 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

two pipped eggs near Escondido, San Diego County, March 11, 1900 (Condor ix,
1907, 89). X. K. Carpenter took three slightly incubated eggs in the same local-
it v. June 2. 1907, and saw a set of four eggs that was taken near San Diego,
May 13, 1906 (Condor ix, 1007, 158). C. B. Linton and myself found the species
fairly common on Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907 (Condor
x, 1^08, 128), and J. G. Cooper noted it on Catalina (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv,
1869, 78).

278. (581e) Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser. Rusty Soxg
Sp \kkow.

( hie record, that of an adult female taken by F. O. Johnson at Riverside,
November 3, 1888. Now no. 11324 collection University of California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology. H. S. Swarth says of this specimen: "Though the local-
ity is extraordinary, this specimen is so exactly like an example of .1/. ;/;. morphna
at hand from Seattle, Washington, that T have no choice but to refer it to that
form" (Condor xn, 1910, 108).

279. (581h) Melospiza melodia graminea C. II. Townsend. Santa
Barbara Song Sparrow.

Abundant resident on Santa Barbara Island, less plentiful on Santa Cruz.
Type taken by Mr. Townsend on Santa Barbara Island, February 13, 1890 (Proc.
{'. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 1800, 139). In May, 1897, J. Grinnell found this species
the most abundant land bird on Santa Barbara Island. Thirty-one specimens
were secured and sets of eggs were taken as follows: May 14, five eggs, incuba-
tion begun: four eggs, fresh, and four eggs, incubation advanced. May 15, three
eggs, slightly incubated, and three eggs, incubation advanced (Pub. 1. Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1897, 6). In June, 1911, I found it very abundant on Santa Barbara
Island and noted a nest on June 16 which contained two eggs advanced in incuba-
tion. At this time most of the young birds were full grown. T noted the species
on Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 128),
but found it much less plentiful than on Santa Barbara.

280. (581i) Melospiza melodia clementae C. II. Townsend. Sax Cle-
mi.xte Song Sparrow.

Resident on San Clemente. Santa Rosa and San Miguel islands. Type taken
by Mr. Townsend on San Clemente, January 25. 1890 ( Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xiii, 1800, 139). In June. 1(H0, I found this bird very common among the low
bushes on San Miguel Island. A nest containing one fresh egg was -found by ( >.
W. Howard on June 15. This was probably a second laying as fully fledged
young were plentiful at the time. C. B. Linton found four nests of this species
on San Clemente Island, March 31, 1007. One nest held four young about a week-
old and the others contained incomplete sets.

281. (581n) Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridgway. San Diego Song

Sparrow.

Abundant resident of the lowlands and, in summer, up to 5000 feet in the
mountain canons. Breeds mostly in April and early May along streams and
wherever vegetation is luxurious. II. (. Lelande took three fresh eggs near San

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 85

Gabriel, Los Angeles County, February 28. 1897, and I found several sets of
fresh eggs near Bixby, June (», 1912.

282. (583) Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon). Lincoln Sparrow
Breeds in the Boreal zone in the mountains, mostly from 7000 to 9000 feet

altitude, south to the San Jacinto Range. Common winter visitant to the low-
lands where it is generally found in the brush in the vicinity of water courses. At
this season it occurs south to Lower California and Mexico. Breeds mostly in
May. Noted by H. S. Swarth near Los Angeles as early as September 18 ( 1897),
and by J. Grinnell at Pasadena as late as May 3 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 39). Northward migration at San Diego noted by J. G. Cooper about
March 25 (Land Bds. Cal., 1870, 216), and L. Belding took a male in the same
locality, April 26, 1884 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 167). J. Grinnell took one
bird and saw another, on San Clemente Island, March 30, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1897, 19).

About the middle of June, 1907, I found several nests of this bird near
Bluff Lake, 7500 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains. At this date the
nests contained nearly grown young, so that the eggs must have been laid early
in May. J. Grinnell informs me that the Lincoln Sparrow breeds in appropriate
localities on San Jacinto Peak.

283. (583a) Melospiza lincolni striata Brewster. Forbush Sparrow.
Occasional in winter. C. B. Linton took three specimens near Long Beach,

Los Angeles County, February 12, 1908 (Condor x, 1908. 182). Two of these
specimens, both females, are nos. 16657 and 16658 collection J. E. Thayer.

284. (585) Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). Fox Sparrow.
Occasional winter visitant. Specimens taken as follows: .Male by J. H.

Bowles at Santa Barbara, January 1, 1911 (Auk xxvin. 1911, 175). Unsexed
specimen by J. E. Law in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, March
22, 1908, and female by A. B. Howell in the same locality, November 11, 1911
(Condor xiv, 1912, 41). Male by A. van Rossem at Pasadena, December 13,
1907. Male by A. M. Ingersoll near San Diego, January 3, 1888 (Bryant, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, n, 1889, 90).

285. (585a) Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin). Shumagin
Fox Sparrow .

Occasional in winter, south at least to Los Angeles County and San Cle-
mente Island. J. Grinnell took a female on \Yilson'> Peak, Los Angeles
County, December 12, 1896. A. van Rossem took an adult male at Pasadena.
February 4, 1910, and J. F. Law took a specimen at Pomona, December 2?,
1901. C. B. Linton took a female on San Clemente Island. November 30.
1908 (Condor xi, 1909, 194).

J. Grinnell has recently described a new race of fox sparrow- from the
Prince William Sound region. Alaska, giving it the name of Passerella iliaca
siiiiiosa. He states that this form is nearest to P. i. unalaschcensis, but differs
from it in smaller and slenderer bill, in larger and heavier spotting beneath and
much slatier tone of coloration throughout ( Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1910,

86 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

-105, -106). J. II. Bowles took several specimens at Santa Barbara during the
winter of 1 *>1 0- 1 1 which he considers referable to this new race (Auk xxvin,
1911, 175).

286. (585b) Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. Thick-billed Fox
Sparrow.

Common winter visitant on brushy mountain sides and along water courses
of the lower country. Also on the Santa Barbara Islands. Noted by J. Grin-
nell at Pasadena from October 10 (1896) to April 17 « 1897 ) (Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898/ 39). I took an adult female on Santa Cruz Island,
November 24, 1907, and A. van Rossem took a pair on Catalina Island, Feb-
ruary 15, 1910.

287. (585c) Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. Slate-colored Fox
Sparrow.

Occasional winter visitant. Specimens taken as follows: Female by
11. S. Swarth at Los Angeles, December 14, 1896 (Condor n. 1900, 39).
Female, also by Mr. Swarth, in Millard's Canon, near Pasadena, February 11,
1901 (Condor in. 1901, 66). Fight specimens by H. W. Marsden near Witch
Creek, San Diego County, in December, 1904 (Bishop, Condor yii. 1905, 142).
( )ne specimen by F. E. Blaisdell at Poway, San Diego Comity, April 1(> I Bel 1-
ing, Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 171).

288. (585d) Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony. Stephens Fox Spar-
row.

Common in summer on the higher mountains, from the San Jacinto Range
north to the Sierras of southern Tulare County. More widely distributed
in winter, at which season it occurs north to Marin Count}- and, probably,
south to Lower California, although, as yet, no specimens are recorded from
the latter locality. Type specimens taken by A. W. Anthony in the San
Jacinto Mountains. July 14, 1895 (Auk xn, 1895, 348).

Found by J. Grinnell in summer of 1911 on the west side of the Sierras
in Tulare County ( Mailliard, Condor xiv, 1()12, 66), and in summer of 1904
on Mt. Pinos, Ventura Count}-, and its westward spur, Sawmill Mountain.
A half-grown fledgling was taken June 29 (Auk xxn. 1905, 388). Mr. Grin-
nell also found young just able to fly at Dry Lake, (X)00 feet altitude in the
San Bernardino Mountains, June 22, 1905 (Univ. Calif. I'ubl. Zool. v, 1908,
99). Me failed, however, to find the nest, and 1 had the same experience at
Hear Valley and Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, although I found
the birds very common in these localities in June, 1907. The}- seemed to be
principally confined to the patches of low, thorny bushes known as "moun-
tain misery," and were plentiful above 7000 feet, mostly on north slopes.

There have been very few specimens of this bird taken in southern Cal-
ifornia in winter. In fact, the only winter record for the coast district at the
present time is of two birds taken on Catalina Island and now in the I". S.
National Museum. Specimens were taken by F. S. Spaulding on Little Pine
Mountain, one of the higher peaks in the hills of Santa Barbara Count}-, at

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 87

an elevation of nearly 3000 feet, August 30, 1910 (Bowles, Auk xxviii, 1911,
175). These birds had probably bred at higher elevations and descended to
the lower level after the young had been raised. J. Mailliard has found the
Stephens Fox Sparrow to occur in winter at an elevation of about 1500 feet
in the mountains of Marin County, and has taken specimens in that locality
as early as the first part of September (Condor xiv, 1912, 63). This fact
would seem to show that this species is one of the few land birds that winter
in considerable numbers north of the northern limit of their breeding range.

289. (585f) Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway. Kadiak Fox Sparrow.
Common winter visitant to the foothills and mesa lands, south to San

Diego County. Fairly plentiful on the Santa Barbara Islands. C. B. Linton
and myself found this bird not uncommon on Santa Cruz Island in November
and December, 1907. Mr. Linton also took several specimens on San Cle-
mente Island, between January 23 and April 1, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 85).

290. (588b) Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell. Oregox Towhee.
According to the A. O. U. Check-List, this species winters south to

southern California. I have seen but one record for this locality, that of a
female taken by C. B. Linton on San Clemente Island, December 4, 1908
(Condor xi, 1909, 194). Recently no. 16662 collection John E. Thayer; now
no. 21273, Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.

291. (588c) Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinned. San Clemente
Towhee.

Common resident on San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz and Santa
Rosa islands. Originally described from San Clemente (Auk xiv, 1897, 294).
1 have included this form solely because it has been accepted by the A. O. U.
Committee. Although I have examined a great many specimens from the
islands, I have never been able to discern any appreciable difference between
it and the next. R. M. Perez took three sets of eggs on Catalina Island.
April 13-16, 1911. They were all advanced in incubation.

292. (588d) Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird. Sax Diego Towhee.
Abundant resident of brushy regions, occurring in summer up to 7000 feet

in the mountains. Nests mostly in May in the lower country and about a
month later in the mountains. Antonin Jay found two fresh eggs near El
Monte, Los Angeles County, April 11, 1897, and W. M. Fierce found two
fresh eggs near Claremont, Los Angeles County, July 22, 1906.

293. (591.1a) Pipilo crissalis senicula Anthony. Anthony Towhee.
Abundant resident of the mesa and foothill regions, less common on the

lowlands near the coast. May be found in summer up to about 5000 feet in
the mountains. Breeds mostly in April and May. J. Grinned found a brood
of nearly fledged young in Pasadena, March 20, 1896, and noted fresh eggs
in the same locality, late in July (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 40).
These dates are both exceptional.

294. (592.1) Oreospiza chlorura (Audubon). Greex-tailed Towhee.
Summer ' resident of the mountains from 5000 to 9000 feet altitude.

88 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

( >ccurs occasionally along the base of the mountains during migrations.
Winters in small numbers at least as far north as San Bernardino. Breeds
mostly in May. H. A. Gaylord took a specimen near Pasadena, April 1,
1896. and took another in the same locality, April 29, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub.
_\ Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 40). H. W. Marsden took a male at Witch
Creek, San Diego County. September 25. 190°). During the winter of 1895-6,
H. E. Wilder found a number of these birds near San Bernardino. Specimens
were taken in January and February ( Thurber. Auk xiu, 1896, 265). T
found several nests of this bird at Bear Valley. 6750 feet in the San Bernardino
Mountains, during June, 1907. They all contained young except one found
on June 15. which held three addled eggs.

2()?. (596) Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). Black-headed Gros-

BEAK. I

Common summer resident of the lowlands and, locally, up to over 6000
feet in the mountain canons. Arrives in late March and early April, and leaves
in September. Eggs are generally deposited during late May and early June.
f. Grinnell has noted the species at Pasadena from March 30 (1896) to
September 22 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 40). H. Robert-
son saw a bird near Los Angeles, March 17. L'OO. Extreme nesting dates arc:
Three eggs taken by H. Robertson near Los Angeles, April 28. 1897. and
three eggs, incubation commenced, taken by Antonin Jay near Rivera. Los
Angeles County, July 8, 1906.

296. (597a) Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson). Western Blue Gros-
beak.

Tolerably common summer resident of the mesas and the willow-bordered
streams and ponds of the lower country. Much less plentiful than formerly.
Arrives in April and leaves mostly in September. Breeds most commonly in
the latter part of May. J. Mailliard took two males on Santa Cruz Island,
April 29. 1898 (Pull. Cooper Orn. Club i, 1899, 44). J. E. Law took four
slightly incubated eggs in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles Count)-,
May 11, 1907, and Antonin Jay took two eggs, incubation commence:!, near
Los Angeles, July 4, 1897.

J. Grinnell has recently given the name of Guiraca caerulea salicarius
to our local form of blue grosbeak ( Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, wiv, 1911, 163).
This subspecies has not yet been acted upon by the A. (). U. Committee.

297. (599) Passerina amoena (Say). Lazuli Bunting.

Common summer resident from the brush-covered mesas and foothills
up to 7000 feet in the mountain canons. Breeds mostly in May and early
June. J. Grinnell has noted the species in the vicinity of Pasadena from April
4 (1896) to September 17 (1897) (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 41).
II. S. Swarth took an immature male near Los Angeles, September 18, 1899.
Extreme nesting dates are: Three eggs, fresh, taken by E. 1). Parker near
Pasadena, April 30. 1895 (Grinnell, 1. c), and three slightly incubated eggs
taken by A. I. McCormick near Los Angeles, |une 2?>. 1895 (Avifauna i,
1895, 5)'.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 89

298. (605) Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. Lark Bunting.
Irregular visitant, mostly in winter and spring. J. Mailliard saw three

birds at Santa Barbara. July 20, 1905 (Condor vn, 1905, 143). E. Simmons
took an adult male at Xewhall, Los Angeles County, May 3, 1897, and saw
three others at the same time ( Grinnell. Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,
U). H. S. Swarth took a female in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles
County, December 13, 1901, and took a male in the same locality, January
16, 1902. Between that time and February 11, following, he saw several of
the birds (Condor iv, 1902, 95). F. O. Johnson took an adult male near
Riverside, February 23, 1888, and took three adult males in the same locality,
April 21, following (Swarth, Condor xn, 1910, 108). H. E. Wilder has
seen the species several times near Riverside. It was noted at Poway, San
Diego County, by F. E. Blaisdell, May 25. 1886. and at El Cajon by N. S.
Goss, May 16, 1884 ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.. 1890, 180). L. Belding
saw a flock of thirty or forty birds near National City, May 6, 1884, and took
three males from a flock of about a dozen birds near San Diego, April 1, 1885.
Mr. Belding also noted flocks in the latter locality, April 16 and 30, 1885
(Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890. 180). G. Holterhoff found Lark Buntings com-
mon near National City from the middle of April through May. 1884 (Auk
i. 1884, 293).

299. (607) Piranga ludoviciana (Wilson). Western Tanager.
Common summer resident of the mountain canons and coniferous forests.

Most plentiful from 1500 to 8000 feet altitude. Breeds mostly in June.
During the spring migration, appears numerously, but irregularly, on the
mesas and lowlands, feeding in orchards and grain fields. 1 saw a bird at
Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, May 3, 1911. J. Grinnell records the
extreme dates of arrival and departure in the vicinity of Pasadena as April
19 (1896) and September 30 (1897) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,
41). J. H. Bowdes reports seeing Tanagers all through the summer of 1910
in the dense live oaks in the small canons back of Santa Barbara. He believes
that they were undoubtedly breeding, although no nests were found (Auk
xxviii, 1911, 176). J. R. Pemberton found them common in summer in the
Santa Ynez Mountains, Ventura County (Condor xn, 1910, 18). I found
them plentiful in the San Bernardino Mountains during the summer of 1907.
They were nest building the first week in June. Extreme nesting dates are :
Three eggs, fresh, taken by R. Arnold in a canon north of Pasadena, May 5,
1895 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 41), and three eggs, incu-
bation advanced, taken by Antonin Jay in the same locality July 3. 1904.

300. (610a) Piranga rubra cooperi Ridgway. Cooper Tanager.
Rare straggler. According to C. P. Streator, a specimen was secured at

Santa Barbara by Mr. Dodge in the spring of 1885 (On. & Ool. xi. 1886.
52). A female, now no 16660 collection J. E. Thayer, was taken by H. Linton
on San Clemente Island, October 11, 1907 (C. B. Linton, Condor x. 1908, 85).

301. (611a) Progne subis hesperia Brewster. Western* Martin.
Fairly common summer resident, locally, mostly in timbered regions of the

90 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

mountains and higher foothills. Of late- years, seems to be increasing in numbers
in the lowland towns, nesting in crevices in buildings. Leaves mostly in Sep-
tember and arrives in late March and the month of April. Several seen by
II. S. Swarth at Long Beach, Los Angeles County, March 24, 1904. Recorded
by B. W. Evermann as a moderately common summer resident of Ventura
County (Auk m, 1886, 183), and found breeding at Santa Paula, Ventura
County, by II. C. Burt. P. I. Osburn reports several pairs nesting yearly in
crevices in the Hotel Mankind in Pasadena. This colony numbered about
thirty pairs in 1909 (Condor xi, 1909, 208). Two sets, of five eggs each, were
taken by R. M. Perez and G. K. Snyder from under the eaves of a school
house in Los Angeles, June 2 and 17, 1910 (Condor xn, 1910, 133). J. Dixon
took four fresh eggs at San Onofre, San Diego County, May 30, 1904, and
noted several other pairs of birds in the same locality (Condor vin, 1906, 95).
C. S. Sharp found a pair breeding at Escondido (Condor ix, 1907, 89).

302. (612) Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow.
Abundant summer resident from the lowlands up to 7500 feet in the

mountains. Breeds, ordinarily, from April to Jul}', at least two broods being
raised in a season. Earliest in the spring in Los Angeles County noted by
W. M. Pierce in San Antonio Canon, February 15, 1904. Latest in the fall
noted by J. Grinnell at Long Beach, September 7, 1895 ( Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci. 1898, 41 ). Sometimes remains considerably later, however, as E.
Davis found a nest containing three fresh eggs on the coast of Orange County,
September 1, 1894 (Nidiologist II, 1894, 30). J. G. Cooper noted the species
at San Diego from March 15 to October 5 (1862) (Lands Bds. Cab. 1870,
105). I observed them nest building on a barn near Compton, Los Angeles
County, March 26, 1910, and found them nesting abundantly on the trunks
of pine trees at Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, in June, 1907.

303. (613) Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert. Barn Swallow.
Common over the lowlands and foothill country during migrations, which

occur mostly in April and September. A few remain through the summer and
nest under bridges or in caves along the coast and on the Santa Barbara Islands.
Antonin Jay took two sets, of four eggs each, near Santa Monica, Los Angeles
County, June 12, 1898.

304. (614) Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow.
Common in spring and summer in the willow regions of the lowlands.

The majority migrate south in the fall, but a few remain through the winter.
Idle}' become numerous in the spring about the middle of March and breed.
ordinarily, from the latter part of April through May. Extreme nesting records
are: Four eggs, fresh, taken by II. J. Lelande near El Monte, Los Angeles
County. April 15, 1897 (Grinnell. Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 42). and
tour eggs, fresh, taken by Antonin Jay near Santa Monica. July 4, 1903.

305. (615) Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-
green Swallow.

Common summer resident ot the Transition zone in the mountains and

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 91

locally, in the oak regions of the mesas. Plentiful over the lower country dur-
ing migrations. Breeds from late May through June. Noted by J. Grinnell
at Pasadena from February 16 (1895) to October 20 (1894) (Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 42). Although this species is principally confined to
the mountains during the breeding season, H. C. Burt reports it a fairly com-
mon resident of the foothills near Santa Paula, Ventura County ; and I have
found it breeding commonly in the oak regions of Santa Barbara County and
in the San lacinto Valley, Riverside County. H. Robertson took four eggs
in Millard's Canon, near Pasadena, June 10, 1902.

306. (616) Riparia riparia (Linnaeus). Bank Swallow.

Common summer resident in suitable localities in the lowlands. Arrives
mostly in March and leaves in September. Breeds mainly in June and early
July. Antonin Jay took four eggs, incubation advanced, near Huntington
Beach, Orange County, May 27, 1906, and I took four sets of fresh eggs near
Whittier, Los Angeles County, July 4, 1894.

307. (617) Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon). Rough-winged
Swallow.

Fairly common summer resident of the foothill and mesa regions. Most
numerous during migrations in March and April and in October. Breeds
mostly in May. H. C. Burt took six eggs near Santa Paula, Ventura County,
May 5, 1910, and H. A. Gaylord took four fresh eggs near Pasadena, May
30, 1896 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena, Acad. Sci., 1898, 42). On May 14,
1906, 1 noted two pairs of these birds nesting in crevices in a large retaining
wall in the central part of Los Angeles.

308. (619) Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot. Cedar Waxwing.
Common, but irregular, winter visitant. At times, usually during the

spring months, is abundant, feeding in flocks on the berries of the pepper trees
and on the buds of the willows in the lower country. Noted by J. Grinnell
in the vicinity of Pasadena from September 14 ( 1897) to May 17 (1895)
(Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 42). One bird seen by Mr. Grinnell on
San Clemente Island, May 31, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897,
19). Small flock seen by H. S. Swarth near Los Angeles, August 31, 1900;
and a pair seen by IL J. Lelande near South Pasadena. June 16, 1897 (Grin-
nell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 42). Several birds seen by C. H.
Danielson near San Diego, May 14, 1884, and noted by F. E. Blaisdell in the
Poway Valley, San Diego County, as late as May 18 ( Belding, Land Bds.
Pac. Dist., 1890, 195).

309. (620) Phainopepla nitens (Swainson). Phainopepla.
Common summer resident of the Lower Sonoran zone of the mesas, dry

washes and canons of the foothill region. The majority go south in October
and return in April, but a few winter at least as far north as Ventura County.
Breeds mostly in June. J. G. Cooper took a specimen in the Cajon Pass, San
Bernardino County, December 7, 1860 (Am. Nat. in, 1870, 185), and, accord-
ing to E. C. Thurber, a small flock passed the winter of 1895-6 in the Santa

92 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Ana River bottom near San Bernardino (Auk xin. 1896, 265). L. 11. Miller
saw a male at Riverside, December 2, 1911. H- S. Swarth has noted Phain-
opeplas in Westlake Park, Los Angeles, on several occasions in mid-winter and
.aw one bird near Los Angeles, March 12. 1899. J. S. Appleton has noted the
species on several occasions during- the winter months in the Simi Valley, Ven-
tura County. 1 saw a bird in this locality, February 25, 1912. and. the fol-
lowing dav 1 took a male in the same vicinity. Its testes were much enlarged
and it would undoubtedly have bred within a short time. Extreme nesting-
dates for Los Angeles Comity are: Two slightly incubated eggs taken by
II. A. Gaylord near Pasadena, May 4. 1897, and two fresh eggs taken by Mr.
Gaylord in the same locality, July 2$, 1804 (Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 43). |. S. Appleton took a set of eggs in the Simi Valley, Ventura
Comity, in late March.

310. (022b ) Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway. California Shrike.
Abundant resident from the coast to the base of the mountains. Breeds

mostly from late March to the latter part of May. Extreme nesting dates are:
Five eggs, fresh, taken by Ff. J. Lelande near Pasadena, February 14, 1897
(Grinned, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 43). and four eggs, incubation
advanced, taken by W. M. Pierce near Claremont. Los Angeles County. July
5, 1903.

The shrikes that occur along the southeastern border of the coastal slope
of southern California are variously intermediate between this form and L. L
excubitorides, some specimens approaching the latter very closely.

311. (622c) Lanius ludovicianus anthonyi Mearns. Island Shrike.
This insular form, described from specimens taken by R. H. Beck on Santa

Cruz Island in May. 1807 (Auk xv, 1808. 261), is a fairly common resident on
Santa Cruz Island where it is found mostly around the ranch houses and culti-
vated lands. It is resident on San Clemente Island but is less plentiful than on
Santa Cruz. It is found on Santa Rosa Island hut I have no information as to its
abundance. One bird was seen there by II. J. Lelande and ( ). W. Howard, June
8, 1910. H. Robertson and V. W. Owen saw a pair of these birds and found a
nest containing young, on Anacapa Island, June 4. 181'*', but when 1 visited this
island in June. 1910, none were seen. It is resident on Catalina Island in small
numbers.

R. II. Beck took four sets of eggs on Santa Cruz Island, May 0 to 11. 1897
( Mearns, Auk \v, 1808, 264), and J. Mailliard took two sets of eggs and found
several nests in course of construction on the same island in late April. 1808
( Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, i, 1800. 41 ). C. B. Linton noted the following nests on
San Clemente Island in March, 1007. One downy young and two infertile eggs,
March 8: live eggs, two-thirds incubated, March 7: and live eggs, fresh. March
19 (Condor x, 1908, 85). J. Grinned took five slightly incubated eggs on the
same island. April 2, 1807 | Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 19). R. M. Perez
took five fresh eggs on Catalina Island, April 15, 1911.

312 (627a) Vireosylva gilva swainsoni (Baird). Western Warbling

VlREO.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 93

Common summer resident, locally, from the base of trie mountains up to
about 8500 feet in the canons. Common migrant over the lower country. Breeds
mostly in May and June. J. Grinnell has noted this bird near Pasadena as early
as March 23 (1895) (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 43), and H. S. Swarth
took a female near Los Angeles, October 4, 1901. H. A. Gaylord took three
slightly incubated eggs near Pasadana, May 9, 1894, and J. Grinnell took three
fresh eggs on Pine Flats, 6000 feet altitude in the San Gabriel Range, July 2, 1897
(Pub. 2, Pasadana Acad. Sci., 1898, 43). F. E. Blaisdell took a nest and eggs
at Powav, San Diego County. June 11, 1883 ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist.,
1890, 199).

313. (629a) Lanivireo solitarius cassini (Xantus). Cassin Yireo.
Common along the foothills and on the mesas during migrations, which occur

in April and in late September and early October. Breeds numerously in the
mountain canons from the foothills up to about 7000 feet, nesting in cottonwoods
and white oaks in May and June. Noted by H. S. Swarth migrating near Los
Angeles, the first in the spring, April 3 (1901), the last in the fall, October 13
( 1898). Found common in summer by J. R. Pemberton in Matilija Canon, Rincon
Creek and other localities in the coast range of Ventura County (Condor xn,
1910, 18). Extreme nesting records by J. Grinnell are: Five eggs, incubation
advanced, taken near Pasadena, May 11, 1895, and tbree eggs, incubation slight,
taken in the same locality, June 26, 1893 ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 44).

314. (632) Vireo huttoni huttoni Cassin. Hutton Vireo.
Common resident of the foothill and mesa regions, also the larger islands of

the Santa Barbara group. Fairly plentiful over the lower country in winter.
Breeds, ordinarily, from early April through May. Extreme nesting records are:
Three eggs, fresb, taken by J- Grinnell near Pasadena, March 7, 1896 (Pub. 2,
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 44), and four eggs, fresh, taken by H. A. Gaylord in
the same locality, July 15, 1894 (Avifauna i. 1895, 27).

315. (633a) Vireo belli pusillus Coues. Least Vireo.

Common in summer in the willow regions from the coast to the foothills.
Arrives in late March and early April and leaves mostly during the latter part of
August. Breeds generally in the latter part of May. Noted by H. Robertson
near Los Angeles as early as March 11 (1900), and by J. Grinnell at Pasadena
as late as September 8 (1897) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 44). Ex-
treme nesting records by Ft. Robertson near Los Angeles are: Three newly
batched young found April 1, 1900, and set of three eggs taken June 20, 1898.

316. (634) Vireo vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo.

Fairly common summer resident of the foothills from San Diego County
north along the San Jacinto and San Bernardino ranges to Cajon Pass, San
Bernardino County. Found by F. Stephens to be not uncommon in the Cajon
Pass, June 4 and 5, and July 1, 1886. A nest found on June 4 contained four
slightly incubated eggs. The nest was built in the chaparral about four feet from
the ground ( Morcom, Bull. Ridg. Orn. Club. No. 2, 1887, 51). Mr. Stephens
also took a nest and four eggs about ten miles east of Riverside, April 26, 1889

94 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

(Auk vn, 1890, 150). Mr. Stephens states that the species is not uncommon in
summer at Campo and Julian, San Diego County, from the lower limit of pines
down to about 3000 feet altitude. In 1876 he noted its first appearance at Campo
about March 24 ( Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club in. 1878. 42).

317. (636) Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus). Black and White Warbler.
One record, that of an immature female taken by H. A. Gaylord in the

Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena, October 2, 1895 (Nidologist in, 1896, 106). Now
no. 5022 collection F. S. Daggett.

318. (645a) Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis (Ridgway). Calaveras
Warbler.

Common spring and fall migrant from the lowlands up to at least 9800 feet
in the mountains. Noted by J. Grinnell in spring in the vicinity of Pasadena as
early as April 4 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 44). and found by
H. S. Swarth to be fairly common near Los Angeles May 3 to 7 and May 12,
1900. Also noted by Mr. Swarth near Los Angeles in the fall from September
13 (1897) to October 8 (1896) (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 44).
According to J. Grinnell, this species makes its appearance in the San P>ernardino
Mountains, in the fall, during the latter part of August. The first noted were at
Cactus Flat. 6000 feet, August 17, 1905. They were common among the tama-
rack pines on the summit of Sugarloaf, 9800 feet, August VK and at IUuff Lake,
7500 feet, from August 30 to September 3, the species was fairly common in the
willow thickets (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v. 1908, 110).

319. (646) Vermivora celata celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler.
Probably a regular migrant in small numbers. Most common in the fall.

Occasional in winter as far north as Riverside. Specimens taken as follows:
Male by J. Grinnell at Pasadena, September 3, 1896 (Swarth, Condor in. D01.
145). Several specimens by 11. S. Swarth near Los Angeles, in the fall from
September 17 ( 1900) to October 30 ( 1899 ) ( Condor in, 1901, 17 ). Two females
' v J. E. Law in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, April 15 and 22,
i 905, and a female by 11. W. Marsden at Witch Creek, San Diego County, April
2 k 1909. One winter record, that of a male taken by F. ( ). Johnson at Riverside,
December 25. 1888 (Swarth, Condor xn, 1910, 108).

320. (646a) Vermivora celata lutescens (Ridgway). Lutescent
Warbler.

Common spring and fall migrant from the coast to at least 9800 teet in the
mountains. A few remain through the summer and breed in the canons and on
brushy mountain sides. Migrations occur mainly in September and March. Ac-
cording to \Y. Brewster, winters as far north as San Diego ( Bull. Mus. Com]).
Zool. Harv. Coll. xi.i, 1902, 179). May occasionally winter even farther north,
as 11. S. Swarth took a specimen near Los Angeles. November 20. 1901, and took
several in the same locality, February 21, 1904. J. II. Bowles records it as a
common summer resident near Santa Barbara, lie has found it nesting not more
than two miles from the ocean and at an elevation of less than 400 feet i Auk
XXVIII, 1911, 177). J. E. Law took four half-incubated eggs near Lankershim.

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 95

Los Angeles County, April 23, 1905, and in April, 1902, 1 found it breeding com-
monly in a canon near Monrovia, the same county. I took three slightly incubated
eggs April 27, and another set of three, also slightly incubated, April 29. I have
been unable to find it nesting in this locality since 1902, although I have searched
for it on several occasions, so it is probably irregular in its nesting localities.

321. (6461)) Vermivora celata sordida (C. H. Townsend). Dusky
Warbler.

Common summer resident on the larger islands of the Santa Barbara group
and on the mainland coast in the vicinity of San Diego. A few winter on the
islands but the majority migrate to the mainland, where they may be found from
the middle of July until April, in the willow thickets of the lowlands and the oak
regions of the mesas. The type of this sub-species was taken by C. H. Townsend
on San Clemente Island, January 25, 1890 ( Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 1890,
139). It is most abundant on the islands of Santa Catalina, San Clemente and
Santa Cruz. On the latter island, C. B. Linton and myself found it fairly com-
mon in November and December, 1907.

O. W. Howard found several nests containing eggs and young on Catalina
Island in April and May, 1905 (Warbler, ser. 2, n, 1906, 9), and R. M. Perez
took several sets on the same island in late April, 1911. Mr. Howard also took
four slightly incubated eggs on Santa Cruz Island, April 27, 1906, and H. J. Le-
lande took four slightly incubated eggs on Anacapa Island, April 6, the same year.
A. M. Ingersoll informs me that the Dusky Warbler breeds plentifully at Point
Loma and Coronado Beach, near San Diego. He has found at least a dozen nests
in these localities, all of which were within a mile of the salt water.

322. (647) Vermivora peregrina (Wilson), Tennessee Warbler.
One record, that of an immature female taken by J. Grinnell in the Arroyo

Seco, near Pasadena, September 27, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898,
45). Now no. 3177 collection J. Grinnell.

323. (652b) Dendroica aestiva rubiginosa (Pallas), f Alaska Yellow-
Warbler.

Occasional in migrations. E. A. Mearns took three specimens at Mountain
Springs, San Diego County. May 11, 1894 (Oberholser, Auk xiv, 1897, 78).
This locality is on the desert side of the mountains, about half way up the eastern
slope. H. W. Marsden took specimens at Witch Creek, San Diego County, dur-
ing 1904, as follows: Female, May 3: male. May 6: male, May 11, and male,
October 12 (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 143). Now nos. 10901, 10902. 10903.
11811 collection L. B. Bishop.

324. (652c) Dendroica aestiva brewsteri Grinnell. California Yellow
Warbler.

Common summer resident in wooded localities, especially along streams,
from the lowlands up to at- least 5200 feet in the mountain canons. Occurs at
much higher altitudes during the fall migration. Breeds mostly in late May and
early June. Noted by H. S. Swarth near Los Angeles from April 1 (1899) to
October 14 (1901). Extreme nesting dates are: Four eggs, fresh, taken by

96 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

Antonin Jay near Compton, Los Angeles County, May 5, 1895, and three eggs,
fresh, taken by J. Grinnell near Pasadena, June 26, 18c)3 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Aca I.
Sci., 1898,44).

325. (655) Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus). Myrtle Warbler.
Common winter visitant. South at least to Los Angeles County and San

Clemente Island. Xoted by H. S. Swarth in the vicinity of Los Angeles, from
November 13 (1896) to March 1 (1901). J. Grinnell took an adult female on
Santa Barbara Island, May 15, 1897 (Pub. 1. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 7), and
C. B. Linton found the species fairly common in winter on San Clemente (Condor
xi, 1909, 194).

326. (656) Dendroica auduboni auduboni (J. K. Townsend). Audukox
Warbler.

Summer resident from 4000 to more than 10,000 feet altitude in the
mountains. Breeds mostly in June. Very abundant and generallv distributed
throughout the lowlands in winter. Appears in the lower country about the first
week in September and remains well into April. J. Grinnell found a nest con-
taining three eggs at about 4000 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains,
June 21, 1905, and took four fresh eggs at Dry Lake. 9000 feet altitude, June 14,
1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 112-114).

327. (657) Dendroica magnolia (Wilson). Magnolia Warbler.
Rare migrant. iMale taken by J. Grinnell on Santa Barbara Island, May 15,

1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 7). Immature female taken by H. S.
Swarth near Los Angeles, October 21, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 45), and another immature female, taken by Mr. Swarth in the same
locality, October 5, 1901 (Condor m, 1901, 145). So far as 1 know, these are
our only records.

328. (665) Dendroica nigrescens (J. EC. Townsend). Black-throated
Gray Warbler.

Common summer resident of the mountains, from the foothills up to at least
6000 feet. Occurs in considerable numbers on the mesas and lowlands during
migrations. Spring migration, late March and the month of April ; fall migra-
tion, late September and the month of October. Earliest in the spring in Los
Angeles County: male taken by J. Grinnell near Pasadena, March 23, 1895 (Pub.
2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 46). Latest in the fall: female taken by 11. S.
Swarth near Los Angeles, October 30, 1899 ( Condor n, 1900, 91 ). J. G. Cooper
noted the species in spring migration at San Diego, April 20, 1862 (Land Bds.
Cal., 1870, 91), and L. Belding took a male in the same locality. May 3. 1885
(Land lids. Pac. Dist., 1890, 212). In June, 190(J. J. R. Pemberton saw this bird
frequently along Rincon Creek, Ventura County, from Stanley Park, elevation
400 feet, to the summit of the Santa Ynez Mountains, 4900 feet. A nest contain-
ing young was found at the summit on June 23 (Condor xn. 1910, 18). Ex-
treme nesting records are : Nest containing three small young, noted by J. Grin-
nell in the mountains north of Pasadena, May 19, 1895; and three eggs, consider-
ably incubated, taken by R. Arnold in the same locality, June 2o, 1896 (Pub. 2.
Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 46).

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 97

329. (668) Dendroica townsendi (J. K. Townsend). Tow nsend War-
bler.

Fairly common migrant, occasionally remaining through the winter. Spring
migration, April and early May ; fall migration, October and early November.
H. S. Swarth has noted the species frequently during migrations in the vicinity
of Los Angeles. He took a male in the Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena, as late as
May 18 (1899). He also took a female in Santa Monica Canon, Los Angeles
County, December 21, 1900, and another female in the Cahuenga Hills, February
14, 1902. J. Grinnell found the birds fairly common near Pasadena from April
22 to May 13, 1897, and took one specimen in the same locality, October 7, 1895.
He also saw several birds on Mt. Wilson, December 12, 1896, and took a speci-
men in that locality, January 27, 1894 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 46).
W. P. Taylor found it common at Pasadena during January, 1909 (Condor xi,
1909, 69).

F. O. Johnson took a specimen at Riverside, December 31, 1888 (Swarth,
Condor xn, 1910, 108). N. S. Goss noted it at Julian, San Diego County, April
17, 1884, and L. Belcling took a male near San Diego, April 20, the same year
(Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 213). F. Stephens found it in small numbers at
Campo. San Diego County, April 27, 1877 (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club vm, 1883, 188),
and, according to J. G. Cooper, small flocks arrived at San Diego about April 20,
1862 (Land Bds. Cal., 1870, 92). J. Grinnell and H. A. Gaylord took two females
on Santa Barbara Island, May 15, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 7),
and C. B. Linton took a specimen on San Clemente in December, 1908 (Condor
xi, 1909, 194).

330. (669) Dendroica occidentalis (J. K. Townsend). Hermit Warbler.
Fairly common migrant, though irregularly so. Most plentiful in spring.

Noted by J. Grinnell at Pasadena from April 22 to May 17, and one bird seen by
II. S. Swarth near Los Angeles, September 10, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 46). Mr. Swarth has also noted it in the spring near Los Angeles
from April 17 ( 1904) to May 16 (1900). He also saw one or two birds on Mt.
Wilson, May 20, 1898. G. F. Morcom took a female near Redondo, Los Angeles
County, May 10, 1901. J. Grinnell took an adult male at Bluff Lake, 7500 feet
altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains, September 3, 1905 (Univ. Calif. Publ.
Zool. v, 1908, 115), and H. E. Wilder saw a flock at Little Bear Valley in late
July, 1910. It was noted commonly in migration at Campo, San Diego County,
by F. Stephens, April 27, 1877 (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vm, 1883, 188). N. S.
Goss found it plentiful at Julian, San Diego County, April 25, 1884, and L. Belcl-
ing- saw three or four birds at Tia Juana, on the Mexican boundary, April 30
and May 2, 1885 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 215). During the last week in
April, 1872, J. G. Cooper found it quite common in company with the two pre-
ceding species, in the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County, between 1500
and 4000 feet altitude ( Baird, Br. & Ridg., N. Am. Land Bds. in, 1874, 506). H.
A. Gaylord took a female on Santa Barbara Island, May 14, 1897, and saw several
more the same day (Grinnell, Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 7).

331. (675a) Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgwav. Grinnell
Water-Thrush.

98 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Rare migrant. So far noted only in the fall, as follows: Bird of the year
taken by J. Grinnell at Cactus Flat, 6000 feet altitude on the desert slope of the
San Bernardino Mountains, August 16, 1905 (Condor ix, 1()07. 60). Now no.
7157 collection J. Grinnell. Female taken by C. B. Linton near National City. San
Diego Comity, September 29, 1906 (Condor ix. 1907, 60). Now no. 16661 col-
lection J. F. Thayer. Specimen picked up dead under an electric light mast in
the business section of San Diego, September 11, 1887, and presented to the late
Walter Bryant by A. M. Ingersoll ( Keeler, Zoe i. 1891, 371 ).

332. (680) Oporornis tolmiei (J. K. Townsend). Macgillivray War-
bler.

Common migrant from the foothills to at least 8500 feet in the mountains.
Occasional to the lower country, mostly during the fall migration. Noted in
spring in the vicinity of Pasadena by J. Grinnell as early as April 4 (1896),
and by II. A. Gaylord as late as May 13 (1896). Noted in the fall by H. S.
Swarth near Los Angeles from September 4 (1897) (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 46) to October 24 (1899) (Condor n, 1900, 91). Mr.
Swarth also saw a female near Los Angeles, June 4, 1898, and J. E. Law took a
male near Pomona, May 22, 1901. J. Grinnell found the species common in the
San Bernardino Mountains, from 7500 to 8500 feet altitude, from August 19 to
September 3, 1905 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908. 116). F. E. Blaisdell noted
it in spring at Poway, San Diego County, from March 28 (1885) to the middle
of May (1884) ( Belding, Land Lids. Pac. Dist., 1890. 216).

333. (681c) Geothlypis trichas arizela Oberholser. Pacific Yellow-

TIIROAT.

Common resident of the marshes and damp meadow lands, from the coast to
the base of the mountains. Breeds mainly in April and May. Extreme nesting-
dates are: Four eggs, fresh, taken by PL J. Lelande near Pasadena, April 7,
1897 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 46), and three eggs, fresh,
taken by Antonin Jay at Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County. July 9, 1905.

334. (683a) Icteria virens longicauda Lawrence. Long-tailed Chat.
Common summer resident in the willow regions of the lowlands. Occurs in

small numbers along the foothills during migrations. Arrives in April and leaves
mostly in September. Breeds most plentifully in late May and earlv June. W. M.
Pierce saw this species in San Antonio Canon, Los Angeles County. April 1, 1900,
and II. S. Swarth took an immature female at Los Angeles, October 7, 1897. Ex-
treme nesting records are: Three eggs taken by II. Robertson near Los Angeles,
May 4, 1898, and three eggs, also taken by Mr. Robertson, in the same locality,
June 25, the same year.

335. (685a) Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas). Pileolated Warbler.

Occasional in migrations. The following specimens of this form, all taken at
Pasadena, are in the collection of F. S. Daggett: Male taken April 29, 1897;
female taken May 1, 1896, and female taken September 22, 1896 (Grinnell, Con-
dor v, 1903, 80). J. Grinnell took five specimens on Santa Barbara Island, May
14-16, 1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 8).

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 99

336. (685b) Wilsonia pusilla chryseola Ridgway. Golden Pileolated
Warbler.

Abundant summer resident from the lowlands to at least 8500 feet in the
mountains. Rare in winter. Breeds commonly in the willow regions in May,
later in the mountains. Noted by J. Grinnell near El Monte, Los Angeles
County, from February 16 (1895) to October 27 (1894) (Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 47). H. S. Swarth saw a bird near Los Angeles, at least
once a week from November 11, 1899, until the end of February, 1900 (Condor
n, 1900, 31). J. Grinnell found the species common and apparently breed-
ing, in willow thickets at the head of the south fork of the Santa Ana River,
8000 to 8500 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains, June 27 to 30,
1905 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 34). Extreme nesting dates in the
lower country are as follows : Four eggs, fresh, taken by Antonin Jay near
El Monte, Los Angeles County, April 21, 1907, and three eggs, incubation
slight, taken by J. J. Schneider near Anaheim, Orange County, July 2, 1899
(Condor ii, 1900, 34).

337. (687) Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus). Redstart.

One record, that of a female found dead near Pasadena by P. I. Osburn,
December 27, 1905 (Condor xi, 1909, 102).

338. (697) Anthus rubescens (Tunstall). Pipit.

Abundant winter visitant. Often seen in large flocks on ploughed fields
and pasture lands. Noted by J. Grinnell near Pasadena as early as August
29 (1895) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 47), and by L. Belding at San
Diego as late as April 23 (1884) (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 223). One
bird seen by H. S. Swarth at Los Angeles, May 1, 1899 (Condor n, 1900, 40).

339. (701) Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte. Dipper.

Breeds along mountain streams from 2000 to 9000 feet altitude. In winter
follows the streams down as low as the foothills. Breeds mostly in late April
and the first part of May. According to L. Belding does not occur in San
Diego County, owing to the absence of suitable streams. R. Arnold took four
slightly incubated eggs in Eaton Canon, north of Pasadena, April 22, 1894 (Grin-
nell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 47). In June, 1907, I found this bird
common along Bear Creek and other streams in the San Bernardino Mountains.
Several nests were examined, all of which contained young birds.

340. (702) Oreoscoptes montanus (J. K. Townsend). Sage Thrasher.
Breeds in some of the high mountain valleys in northeastern Ventura

County. In winter descends to the brushy foothills and mesas, south at least
to San Diego. Eggs are generally deposited in May. One specimen taken by
P.. W. Evermann near Ventura, March 12, 1881 (Auk in, 1886, 185). Noted
by H. S. Swarth fairly commonly in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles
County, from January 20 (1902) to April 18 (1900), and particularly numer-
ous January 25, 1899 (Condor n, 1900, 89), and February 11 and 20, 1902.
Found by H. J. Lelande to be very plentiful on brushy hillsides near Perris,
Riverside County, January 11, 1910. Five specimens, now in the University

100 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, were taken by F. O. Johnson
at Riverside, in January and February (Swarth, Condor xn, 1910, 108). L.
Belding took two specimens near San Diego in May, 1881 (Evermann, Auk
in. 1886, 185), and Bradford Torrey saw a bird in a San Diego park, Feb-
ruary 3-16, 1908 (Condor xi, 1909, 174). ( ). W. Howard found about a dozen
nests of this bird at an elevation of about 5000 feet, in Lockwood Valley, Ven-
tura County, near Mt. Pihos, during the month of May, 1903. Two sets,
of live eggs each, and two sets of six eggs each, were taken May 13 and 14.

341. (703a) Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mock-

[NGBIRD.

Common resident from the coast to the base of the mountains, also on the
larger Santa Parbara Islands. Breeds mostly during the latter part of April
and the month of May. Extreme nesting records are: Three eggs, fresh,
taken by Antonin Jay at Los Angeles, March 31, 1895, and three eggs, incu-
bation advanced, also taken by Mr. Jay, near Monrovia, Los Angeles County,
June 23, 1904.

This is one bird with which civilization seems to agree. It is apparently
much more plentiful at the present time than it was when the country was
less settled. It is partial to orchards and parks and the ornamental trees along
the streets of cities and towns.

342. (710) Toxostoma redivivum (Gambel). California Thrasher.

Common resident of brushy localities from the lowlands up to about o000
feet in the mountains. Most abundant in the foothill and mesa regions. Breeds
mainly in March and April, but sets are occasionally taken much earlier. J.
Grinnell took three eggs, incubation begun, near Azusa, Los Angeles County,
December 15, 1899 (Condor n, 1900, 19). H. J. Lelande took two consider-
ably incubated eggs near Pasadena, January 27, 1897. and II. A. Gaylord took
three fresh eggs in the same locality, June 2(>, 18()4 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 47).

343. (711) Toxostoma lecontei lecontei Lawrence. Leconte Thrasher.
A desert species, occasionally found west of the mountains. According

to M. F-. Gilman, the Leconte Thrasher is a regular resident in small numbers
as far west as Banning, Riverside County. In that vicinity he has noted nests
containing eggs from February 17 (1899) until June, most commonly in late
March and early April (Condor VI, 1904, 95-98). F. Stephens saw a bird near
Julian, San Diego County, late in August, 1911.

344. (713) Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe). Cactus Wren.
Common resident, locally, on cactus covered mesas and washes, north to

Ventura County. Much less plentiful in winter than in summer. Breeds mostly
in April and May. Reported by B. W. Lvermann, in the early 80's, as a com-
mon resident of Ventura County, wherever cactus was abundant ( Auk in.
1886, 185). II. C. Burt took a set of eggs near Santa Paula in 1905, but has
been unable to find the species there since that time. J. S. Appleton funis it a
common resident of the Simi Valley, southern Ventura County. Extreme nest-

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN' CALIFORNIA L01

ing records arc as follows: Five eggs, fresh, taken by H. J. Lelande in the
San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County. March 13, 1897 (Grinnell, Pub.
2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 48), and four eggs, incubation commenced, taken
by Antonin Jay near Monrovia. Los Angeles County, July 9, 1904.

345. (713a) Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti Anthony. Bryant
Cactus Wren.

According to F. Stephens, the habitat of this form is central and northern
Lower California. On examination of a large series of cactus wrens taken by
A. W. Anthony in southern and Lower California, he found that there were
more specimens of couesi taken south of the Mexican line than there were of
bryanti taken north of it. There were, however, two specimens, a male and fe-
male from San Diego, which he assigned to this race (Condor vi, 1904, 51).

346. (715) Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Rock Wren.
Common resident in suitable localities from the coast to the summits of

the highest mountains. Also resident on all the Santa Barbara Islands except
San Nicolas. Breeds mostly in April in the lower country, later in the moun-
tains. Noted by J. Grinnell at the extreme summit of San Gorgonio Peak, over
11,000 feet altitude, in the San Bernardino Mountains, June 18, 1905 (Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 118). O. W. Howard took several sets of eggs on
Catalina Island, April 1, 1905, and took seven slightly incubated eggs on Ana-
capa Island, April 30, 1906. Antonin Jay took five fresh eggs near Whittier,
Los Angeles County, May 7, 1902.

347. (715a) Salpinctes obsoletus pulverius Grinnell. San Nicolas Rock
Wren.

Confined to San Nicolas Island, where it is a common resident. Described
by J. Grinnell in Auk xv, 1898, 238-9. On comparing my series of specimens
taken on San Nicolas Island with others from the mainland and the other
islands of the Santa Barbara group. I must confess that I have been unable to
discern any appreciable difference between them. C. B. Linton noted a pair
of these birds carrying nesting material into a crack under the eaves of a
store house on San Nicolas Island, April 14 and 15, 1911 (Condor xm, 1911,
109). On the 9th of June, following, 1 visited this nest accompanied by Mr.
Linton. On removing some shingles from the roof of the house, we found
that the nest contained four young birds, about half grown. On June 24,
1911, Mr. Linton found a nest in a cavity in a sandstone boulder, containing
four eggs on the point of hatching (Auk xxvin, 1911, 489). On the same day
I found a nest in a crevice in a sandstone cliff, which contained one fresh egg.
These were probably second layings, as full-grown young were plentiful all
over the island at this date.

348. (717b) Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus Ridgway. Dotted
Canyon Wren.

Tolerably common resident from the foothills up to about 7000 feet in the
mountains, south to Lower California. Most plentiful in the Upper Sonoran
zone. Breeds generally from the latter part of April through May. L. B.

102 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

Bishop has several specimens taken by 11. W. Marsden at Witch Creek, San
Diego County, in winter, and L. Belding noted the species in Mission Canon,
near San Diego, in the 80's (Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 230). C. B. Linton
took a male on Santa Cruz Island, December 19, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 128). L.
Peyton found a nest containing three young, near Sespe. Ventura County, June
10, 1910. H. Robertson took a set of six eggs near Los Angeles, April 16,
1900, and J. Grinned took six fresh eggs in the Arroyo Seco, near Pasadena.
June 23, 1893 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 48).

349. (719d) Thryomanes bewicki charienturus Oberholser. San Difxo
Wren.

Common resident of the foothill oak region and brushy mountain sides
up to about 6000 feet. The majority descend to the lower country in winter.
where they may be found commonly on brush and grass lands. Breeds most
plentifully in April and May. Extreme nesting dates by W. M. Pierce near
Claremont, Los Angeles County, are : Six eggs, incubation slight, taken March
9, 1905, and six eggs, partly incubated, taken June 20, 1903. A nest contain-
ing young was noted by Florence Merriam Bailey in an old nose bag hanging
in a shed at Twin Oaks, San Diego County, April 18, 1889 (Auk xni, 1896,
121).

350. f71(».l) Thryomanes leucophrys ( Anthony). San Clemente Wren.
Common resident of San Clemente Island. Type specimen taken by A. W.

Anthony, August 27, 1894 (Auk xn, 1895, 51 ). The bird found on Santa Cruz
and Santa Rosa islands has been given the name of Thryomanes bewicki neso-
philus by H. C. Oberholser ( Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxi. 1898, 442). and J.
Grinnell has named the Catalina Island bird Thryomanes bewicki catalinae
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1910, 308). None of these three island forms differs
from the mainland bird to any great extent.

351. (721a) Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon. Western House
Wren.

Common summer resident from the coast up to over 5000 feet in the moun-
tain canons, ascending to over 8000 feet during the fall migrations ( Grinnell,
Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 120). A few remain through the winter in
the lowlands, but the majority winter to the south of us. Breeds mostly in
May in wooded localities and, occasionally, in holes in banks. Extreme nesting
dates are : Eight eggs, fresh, taken by J. Grinnell near Pasadena, April 20.
1895 (Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 48). and six eggs, half incubated,
taken by the writer at Seven Oaks, 5200 feet altitude in the San Bernardino
Mountains, June 10, 1906.

352. (722a) Nannus hiemalis pacificus (Baird). Western Winter
Wren.

Winter visitant to the mountains, occasional to the foothills and valleys.
South at least to Pasadena and Pomona. Three birds seen by J. II. P.owles
near Santa Barbara, November 27, 1910. One specimen secured (Condor xtti,
1911, 35). Three or more birds noted by J. G. Cooper near Saticoy, Ventura

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 103

County, in winter. One specimen secured (Auk iv, 1887, 93). One specimen
taken by L. H. Miller in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, No-
vember 25, 1911, and two specimens taken by J. E. Law in San Dimas Canon,
near Pomona, January 20, 1901. Noted by J. Grinnell in the Arroyo Seco and
Millard's Canon, near Pasadena, as early as October 23 (1897) and as late
as January 25 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 48). A number of
birds seen by H. S. Swarth in the Arroyo Seco, October 18 to 26, 1900, and
two birds seen by Mr. Swarth on Mt. Wilson, December 5, following. Female
taken by C. B. Linton on Santa Cruz Island, October 23, 1908.

353. (725a) Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird). Tule Wren.
Common resident of swampy regions in the lowlands, south to San Diego

County. More widely distributed in winter, at which time it occurs plentifully
in weed patches and among the rank grass of the meadows. Breeds most com-
monly in May. Found nesting near Riverside by F. Stephens in 1878, and
recorded by C. S. Sharp as a common breeding bird at San Luis Rey, San
Diego County (Condor ix, 1907, 91). A. M. Tngersoll has noted it in early
spring at Linda Lake, twenty-one miles east of San Diego. This is the most
southern record I have seen. I took six slightly incubated eggs at Bixby, Los
Angeles County, April 15, 1904, and noted two fresh eggs in the same locality.
July 2, 1906. "

354. (725c) Telmatodytes palustris plesius (Oberholser). Western
Marsh Wren.

Occurs in winter. Regularity and abundance of its occurrence not fully
determined, as yet. Specimens recorded as follows : Taken by F. S. Daggett :
one specimen at Long Beach, Los Angeles County, February 21,. 1896; two
specimens, December 26, 1895, and one specimen, January 22, 1896, at Bixby,
Los Angeles County. Taken by J. Grinnell: one specimen, December 27, 1895,
at Bixby ; two specimens, November 7, 1896, at El Monte, Los Angeles County
(Condor v, 1903, 134).

355. (726d) Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood. Sierra Creeper.
Common resident of the coniferous forests of the mountains, from 4000 to

9000 feet altitude, south to the San Jacinto Range. Occasional to the foothills
in winter. J. H. Bowles took a specimen at Santa Barbara, January 5, 1911
(Auk xxviii, 1911, 177), and J. E. Law has noted it in the foothills near
Hollywood, Los Angeles County, in winter. J. Grinnell found it moderately
common in June, 1904, on Mt. Pihos, Ventura County, from 7000 feet altitude
to the summit (Auk xxn, 1905, 391). In the San Bernardino Mountains, Mr.
Grinnell found no nests with eggs later than June 11, but young were found,
yet unable to fly, as late as July 20. Two sets taken June 11, were of four
and five eggs (Condor ix, 1907, 59).

356. (727a) Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin. Slender-billed Nut-
hatch.

Common resident of coniferous forests of the mountains from 4000 to at
least 9400 feet. Occasional to the foothills in fall, winter and spring. One

lot PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

specimen taken by F. S. Daggett near Pasadena, August 26, 1896 (Grinnell,
Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 49). Noted by F. E. Blaisdell at Poway,
San Diego County, in January, and by L. Belding at Campo and Escondido, in
[anuarv, and in Santa Margarita Canon, in April ( Land lids. Pac. Dist., 1890,
236). Seen in the Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, by W. O. Emerson.
By March 1, it was mated and seemed about to breed ( Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. n,
1887, 424). Found by J. Grinnell to be rather common around Dry Lake,
9400 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains, in June and July. Several
nests containing young were found (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 123).

357. (728) Sitta canadensis Linnaeus. Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Resident in limited numbers on the higher mountains, south to San Gorgonio

Peak; also on the pine timbered hills of Santa Cruz Island. Occasional visitant
to the lower country in fall and spring. Winters south to Lower California. One
bird seen by H. Robertson near San Pedro, Los Angeles County. September 8,
1898. Noted by H. S. Swarth as common near Los Angeles from September 16
to about the middle of October, the same year. One specimen secured September
16 and another a few days later (Bull. Cooper Orn. Club i, 1899, 95). Male
taken by Mr. Swarth on Mt. Wilson, May 21, 1898. Found by J. Grinnell to be
one of the rarest birds in the San Bernardino Mountains. "Their peculiar nasal
call note was heard at Dry Lake (9000 feet), June 21, 1905 ; on the north side of
San Bernardino Peak at 7500 feet, July 12, and on several occasions during July
at Bluff Lake (7500 feet). On September 2, a single specimen was shot from a
tall pine at the latter place" (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 123). A. B.
Howell and A. van Rossem found this bird fairly common in the pine timber on
Santa Cruz Island from April 24 to May 2, 1911. About two dozen birds were
seen and six taken. One bird was watched for half an hour while she was pre-
paring a nesting site (Condor xm, 1911, 210). C. B. Linton took three speci-
mens on Santa Cruz Island, October 3, 4, 1908.

358. (730) Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch.
Common resident of coniferous forests above 4000 feet. Occasional to the

foothills and mesas in winter. One bird seen by H. E. Wilder at Riverside
in October, 1898. Noted by F. E. Blaisdell several times during January at
Poway, San Diego County (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 238). I found
several nests containing young in the San Bernardino Mountains in June, 1905,
and J. Grinnell took seven slightly incubated eggs at an elevation of 7000 feet in
the same mountains, June 12, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 123).

?>5(K (7?)?>) Baeolophus inornatus inornatus (Gambel). Plain Titmouse.

Common resident from the oak covered foothills up to about 6000 feet in the
mountains. More widely distributed in winter. Breeds mainly in April. Ex-
treme nesting dates are: Four eggs, fresb, taken by FT. J. Lelande at Arcadia.
Los Angeles County, March 3, 1897, and six eggs, slightly incubated, taken by
J. Grinnell near Pasadena, May 12, 1894 ( Pub. 2. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 49.).
I found a nest containing newly hatched young at Seven Oaks, 5200 feet in the
San Bernardino Mountains, June 10. 1906, and W. O. Emerson noted the birds

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 105

mated and singing by March 2, in the Volcan .Mountains, San Diego County
(Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. n, 1887, 424).

360. (738a) Penthestes gambeli baileyae (Grinnell ). Bailey Mountain

Chickadee.

Common resident of the coniferous forests of the mountains from 5000 feet
to as high as 10,600 feet (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. v, 1908, 124). Oc-
casional to the oak regions of the foothills and mesas in winter. Noted by H. S.
Swarth as rather common in winter near Switzer's Camp in the Arroyo Seco.
Several birds seen by J. E. Law in the Calabasas Hills, Los Angeles County, Sep-
tember 15, 1911, and a male taken by Mr. Law in the city of Pomona, March 6,
1901. Several birds seen and one specimen taken, by F. E. Blaisdell at Poway,
San Diego County, February 15, and noted by W. O. Emerson in the Volcan
Mountains on February 24 and occasionally afterwards ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac.
Dist., 1890, 241). I found it breeding plentifully at Bear Valley, 6750 feet in the
San Bernardino Mountains, in June, 1907. Several nests were examined, all of
which contained young. J. Grinnell took five slightly incubated eggs in the San
Bernardino Mountains, June 15, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 124).

361. (742a) Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridgway. Pallid Wren-Tit.
Common resident from the willow thickets of the lowlands up to about 7000

feet on brushy mountain sides. Breeds in the lower country mostly in April and
May, later at higher altitudes. Extreme nesting dates are : Two sets of fresh
eggs taken by N. S. Goss near San Diego, March 16, 1884 (Belding, Land Bds.
Pac. Dist., 1890, 242), and four considerably incubated eggs taken by J. Grinnell
near Pasadena, June 25, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 50).

362. (743a) Psaltriparus minimus calif ornicus Ridgway. California
Bush-Tit.

Abundant resident from the willow thickets of the lowlands up to more than
5000 feet in the mountains. Occurs as high as 7500 feet after the close of the
breeding season. Common in winter on the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds
mostly in April and May. Extreme nesting dates are : Four eggs, fresh, taken
by C. E. Groesbeck near Pasadena, March 7, 1896, and seven eggs, fresh, taken
by H. A. Gaylord in the same locality, July 18, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena
Acad. Sci., 1898, 50).

363. (748a) Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet.

Fairly common fall and winter visitant to the mountains, south at least to
the San Bernardino Range. Occasionally straggles to the mesas. J. Grinnell
took two specimens in Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mountains, at an alti-
tude of 5500 feet. August 19, 1907 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 126). Mr.
Grinnell also took specimens on Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles County, October 31.
1896, and observed others in the same locality, October 30, 1897 (Pub. 2, Pasa-
dena Acad. Sci., 1898, 50). H. S. Swarth found it fairly common in the Arroyo
Seco, above Pasadena, October 19 to 26, 1900. and saw several flocks in San
Antonio Canon, October 18, 1903. He has several specimens taken on Mt. Wil-

L06 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

son during- the winter months, and one female that he shot from a pepper tree in
Los Angeles, November 4, 1901. J. E. Law took several specimens in San An-
tonio canon, October 18, 1903, and L. 11. Miller took a specimen in the same
locality, December 29, 1904. Several others were seen the same day. C. B. Lin-
ion look a pair on Santa Cruz Island, October 21, 1908.

364. (749) Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus). Ruby-crowned

Kinglet.

1 ! reeds in the upper Transition and Boreal zones in the mountains, above
7000 feet, south at least to the San Jacinto Range. Abundant winter visitant to
the lowlands and the Santa Barbara Islands. Arrives in the lower country dur-
ing late September and the month of October, and leaves in March and early
April. Extreme migration dates noted by J. Grinnell near Pasadena are: Sep-
tember 24 (1896) and April 15 (1896) ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 50).
In June, 1906, I saw several of these birds at about 9000 feet altitude in the
San Bernardino Mountains, but was unable to locate any nests. A. W. Anthony
found a nest containing half grown young at an altitude of 9000 feet in the San
Jacinto Mountains, July 2, 1895 ( Xidiologist, in, 1895, 16). According to W.
O. Emerson, this species is rare in the Volcan Mountains, San Diego County,
and perhaps breeds among the firs ( Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 246).

365. (749a) Regulus calendula grinnelli W. Palmer. Sitka Kinglet.

According to the A. O. U. Check-List, this sub-species ranges south in win-
ter to middle California. We have one record for southern California, that of
a female taken by H. W. Marsden at Redlands, San Bernardino County, March
24, 1903 (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 143). Now no. 9287 collection L. B. Bishop.

366. (751a) Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway. Western Gnat-
catcher.

Common resident of wooded and brushy localities, from the lowlands up to
more than 5000 feet in the mountains. Occurs as high as 7500 feet in early fall.
More widely distributed over the lower country in winter, also occurring at this
season on the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds mostly in May. Extreme nesting
dates are: Nest containing young birds, noted by J. Grinnell near Pasadena,
May 4, 1895 (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 50), and four eggs, fresh, taken
by W. M. Pierce in San Antonio Canon, July 5, 1903.

367 (753) Polioptila californica Brewster. Black-tailed Gnatcatciier.

Common resident, locally, on brushy mesas, washes and foothills, north to
Ventura County. Breeds most plentifully in May. One of Mr. Brewster's type
specimens was taken by J. G. Cooper at Saticoy, Ventura County, November 24.
1872, and another was collected by F. Stephens at Riverside, March 28, 1878
(Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club vi, 1881, 103). B. W. Evermann found this bird a resi-
dent of Ventura County (Auk in, 1886, 186). I have never heard of its occur-
rence in Santa Barbara County, but should not be surprised if it were found to
occur there. It is common in certain parts of Los Angeles County at the present
time where it was not noted at all a few years back. The first nest and eggs
on record was taken by E. Stephens near San Bernardino, May 2, 1887, and is

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 107

now in the U. S. National Museum (Bendire, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 1887,
549). Extreme nesting dates are: Four eggs, fresh, taken by Antonin Jay in
the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County, April 7, 1901, and three eggs,
incubation advanced, taken by W. M. Pierce near Claremont, Los Angeles County,
July 12, 1904.

368. (754) Myadestes townsendi (Audubon). Townsend Solitaire.

Breeds in moderate numbers in the mountains from 6000 to 9500 feet alti-
tude, south to the San Bernardino Range. Occasionally appears in the mesa and
foothill region during the winter, at which season it occurs south to Lower Cali-
fornia. Recorded by B. W. Evermann as a very rare migrant in Ventura County.
Noted once or twice in the spring of 1881 (Auk in, 1886, 186). Female taken
by H. S. Swarth at Los Angeles, February 2, 1901, and a bird seen by him at
Switzer's Camp in the Arroyo Seco, October 19, 1900. Pair taken by Mr. Swarth
on Mt. Wilson, October 21, 1899. Male taken by J. E. Law at San Dimas, Los
Angeles County, March 20, 1901, and specimen taken by L. H. Miller in San
Antonio Canon, December 29, 1904. Two specimens taken and others seen by
A. K. Fisher in Cajon Pass, San Bernardino County, January 2, 1891 (N. Am.
Fauna no. 7, 1893, 144). Specimen taken by F. E. Blaisdell at Poway, San Diego
County, February 23, 1884, and noted by him at Temecula, the same county,
November 12, 1883. Specimen taken by L. Belding at San Diego, January 24,
1884 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist, 1890, 250). Two or three birds noted by W. O.
Emerson in the Volcan Mountains, San Diego County, during the spring of 1884
(Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., n, 1887, 424).

In Fish Canon, 7000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains, J. Grinnell and
party found two nests on June 16, 1905. One contained three newly hatched
young and the other, four considerably incubated eggs. Still another nest was
found in the same locality, June 17, containing four eggs in which incubation was
far advanced. In 1906, two sets, of four eggs each, were found on the 22nd and
24th of June. The first set was well incubated and the second was fresh (Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 128-9).

369. (758) Hylocichla ustulata ustulata (Nuttall). Russet-backed
Thrush.

Common summer resident of the willow regions of the lowlands. Arrives
during the latter part of April and early May and leaves mostly in late August
and the month of September. Breeds generally from the middle of May to the
middle of June. Earliest in the spring near Pasadena noted by H. A. Gaylord,
April 12 (1896) (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898. 51), and the latest
in the fall, by H. S. Swarth in the Arroyo Seco, October 22, 1900. Adult female
taken and three more birds seen, by J. Grinnell on Santa Barbara Island, May 16,
1897 (Pub. 1, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1897, 8). Found common on San Clemente
Island by C. B. Linton in October, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 86). Extreme nesting
dates are: Four eggs, incubation slight, taken by Antonin Jay near Rivera, Los
Angeles County, May 14, 1905, and three eggs, incubation slight, taken by Ff. A.
Gaylord in the same locality, July 11, 1894 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 51).

108 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA Xo. 7

370. (759c) Hylocichla guttata nanus (Audubon). Dwarf Hermit
Thrush.

Common winter visitant from the foothills to the coast and on the Santa
Barbara Islands. Xoted by J. Grinnell near Pasadena from October 10 (1896)
to -May 9 (1896) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1808. 51). C. B. Linton and
myself found it plentiful on Santa Cruz Island in November and December, 1907.
and Mr. Linton noted it on San Nicolas Island. March 30. 31, 1910. He also
found it common on San Clemente Island from October to April (Condor x,
1908. 86).

371. (759d) Hylocichla guttata slevini Grinnell. Monterey Hermit
Thrush.

Occurs in migrations; so far noted only in the spring, as follows: Five speci-
mens by F. S. Daggett near Pasadena, April 8 to 26, 1896 (Condor in, 1901,
131). Male by H. W. Marsden near Redlands. San Bernardino County. April
16, 1903 (Bishop, Condor vn, 1905, 143).

372. (759e) Hylocichla guttata sequoiensis (Belding-). Sierra Hermit
Thrush.

Breeds in the mountains above 6000 feet, south to the San Bernardino
Range. Winters south to Lower California and Mexico. J. Grinnell found this
hermit thrush common in the canons among the north spurs of San Gorgonio
Peak, San Bernardino Mountains. Many nests, both old and new, were found
in June. 1905 and 1906, above 6300 feet altitude. A nest found in Fish Canon,
7000 feet, June 16, 1905, contained four eggs in which incubation was nearly com-
plete. Nests found June 18 and June 30, 1905, in South Fork Canon, contained
half-grown young. June 12, 1906, Mr. Grinnell found a set of five considerably
incubated eggs in South Fork Canon and on June 25, a set of four moderately
incubated eggs was found in the same canon. On June 15, 1907, a nest contain-
ing two eggs with the parent sitting, was found in the same locality. The next
day there were three eggs in the nest, which proved to be the full complement
(Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1908, 130).

373. (761a) Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway ). Westi-:rx
Robin.

Common summer resident in the mountains from 5000 to (K)00 feet altitude,
south at least to the San Bernardino Range. More or less common winter visit-
ant to the lower country, south to San Diego and probably occasionally crossing
the Mexican line. Breeds mostly in May. Noted by J. Grinnell in the vicinity
of Pasadena from October 5 (1897) to April 17 ( 1897) ( Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad.
Sci., 1898, 51 ). Observed by W. M. Pierce near Claremont, Los Angeles Count}-,
as late as May 3 (1903), and one bird seen by L. Belding at Campo, San Diego
County. May 14. 1884 (Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 256). F. Stephens informs
me that the Robin is abundant in the vicinity of San Diego during severe win-
ters, but during many winters is not noted at all. In June, 1907, 1 noted several
nests containing young birds at Pear Valley, 6750 feet altitude in the San Ber-
nardino Mountains. J. Grinnell took a set of three eggs in which incubation was

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 109

nearly complete, in the upper Santa Ana Canon, San Bernardino Mountains, June
12, 1906 (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. v, 1()08, 132).

374. (763a) Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson). Northern
Varied Thrush.

Usually fairly common in winter from the foothills to the coast and on the
Santa Barbara Islands. South at least to San Diego County. Some winters
much less plentiful than others. Particularly common wherever the "California
holly" grows abundantly. Noted by H. S. Swarth in the Arroyo Seco above
Pasadena, as early as October 23 (1900), and by J. Grinnell near Pasadena, as
late as April 10 ( 1897) (Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 51 ). Found common
at Riverside during February, 1907, by H. E. Wilder, and several specimens
taken by H. W. Marsden at Witch Creek, San Diego County, in January and
February, the same year. Pair noted by F. E. Blaisdell in the Yolcan Mountains,
San Diego County, in November (Belding, Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890, 260).
Several specimens taken by C. B. Linton on San Clemente Island, from January
to April, 1907 (Condor x, 1908, 86).

375. (767) Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend. Western
Bluebird.

Common summer resident from the foothills up to over 10,000 feet in the
mountains, south to Los Angeles County. Common in winter over the lower
country, south to Lower California. Breeds mostly in May. Male taken by C. B.
Linton on San Clemente Island in December, 1908. I have found this bird breed-
ing plentifully in the hills of northern Santa Barbara County, J. S. Appleton re-
ports it a common breeder in the Simi Valley, Ventura County, and it is plent1
ful in summer in the mountains of Los Angeles County, from 2000 feet to the
summits, occasionally nesting at lower altitudes. Extreme nesting dates are : Six
eggs, considerably incubated, taken by E. Simmons near Newhall, Los Angeles
County, May 4, 1897, and four eggs, incubation slight, taken by H. A. Gaylord
near Pasadena, May 24, 1892 (Grinnell, Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci.. 1898, 52).

376. (767b) Sialia mexicana anabelae Anthony. San Pedro Bluebird.
According to the A. O. U. Check-List, this sub-species ranges from the

mountains of southern Los Angeles County, southward. The bluebirds of the
extreme southern end of the state are intermediate between this form and the last,
and are not typical of either. Robert Ridgway says "Specimens from San Diego
County and southern Los Angeles County, are much nearer this form than they
are to occidentalis" (Bds. N. & Mid. Am. iv, 1907, 151). This bird is an
abundant breeder in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains and, accord-
ing to L. Belding, breeds commonly in the timbered parts of San Diego County
(Land Bds. Pac. Dist., 1890. 262).

377. (768) Sialia currucoides (Bechstein). Mountain Bluebird.
Breeds in the higher mountains, mostly on the eastern slope, south to the San

Bernardino Range. More or less common in the lower country in winter, south
to Lower California. Breeds in May. Recorded by B. W. Evermann as a rare
winter visitant to Ventura County. He saw a single individual near Saticoy in

110 PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA No. 7

December (xA.uk in, 1886, 186). I have found it plentiful during some winters in the
vicinity of Los Angeles, and during other winters have failed to see it. Accord-
ing to J. G. Cooper, during the severe winter of 1861-2, these birds came
down in large numbers to the vicinity of San Diego and remained until the end
of February, when all suddenly disappeared (Land Bds. Cal., 1870, 29). During
the spring of 1884, L. Belding found it common at San Diego until March 15,
when it disappeared. A large flock returned March 29, during a cold rain storm,
and stayed two days. A female taken April 4, was the last seen (Land. Bds. Pac.
Dist., 1890, 263). During June, 1907, I found the Mountain Bluebird fairly
common at Bear Valley, 6750 feet altitude in the San Bernardino Mountains.
Several nests were examined, all of which contained young ( Condor xn,
1910,44).

HYPOTHETICAL LIST

1. (5) Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman. Mexican Grebe.
Often quoted from W. Gambel as occurring in "Upper California." No

definite record.

2. (83) Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould). Yellow-nosed Albatross.
An inhabitant of southern oceans. Said to occur casually north to the coast

of Oregon. No California specimens known.

3. (84) Phoebetria palpebrata (J. R. Forster). Sooty Albatross.

A southern species which has frequently been stated to occur "north to the
coast of Oregon," without, however, a great deal of definite data to substantiate
its occurrence so far north. A specimen recorded by C. P. Streator as having
been taken near Santa Barbara (Orn. & Ool. xi, 1886, 90). Its present where-
abouts unknown.

4. (87) Priocella glacialoides (A. Smith). Slender-billed Fulmar.
A bird of southern oceans. Said to occur north along the Pacific coast to

Oregon. Supposed skeleton found by J. G. Cooper on Catalina Island in 1863
(Baird, Brewer & Ridg., Water Bds. N. Am. n, 1884. 374). Also recorded by
Dr. Cooper as found dead on the beach near Ventura (Auk iv, 1887, 87).

5. (181) Olor buccinator (Richardson). Trumpeter Swax.

This bird, now believed to be nearly if not quite, extinct, is frequently stated
to have occurred in winter in Los Angeles County. So far as I have been able
to ascertain, these statements all originated from specimens obtained by A. M.
Shields, which specimens, I am informed by Mr. Shields, were destroyed in the
San Francisco fire. As it has since been found that the Whistling Swan (Olor
columbianus) , is a fairly common winter visitant to Los Angeles County, and as
buccinator has not been further noted in this locality, I am inclined to believe that
Mr. Shields' specimens were wrongly identified, and should be referred to
columbianus.

6. (183) Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). Roseate Spoonbill.

Recorded by W. Gambel as occurring on the coast of California in 1849

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ill

(Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2nd. ser. i, 1849, 222). Not known that he secured
specimens in the state. R. B. Herron informed F. Stephens that he saw a bird
of this species standing in a pond, about four miles south of San Bernardino,
June 20, 1903. It was feeding and paid no attention as he drove past within gun
shot. At first he thought it was a Wood Ibis, but, on coming nearer, he saw the
pink tinge of plumage and the spatulate bill. On his returning the next morning
with a gun, the bird was gone. Mr. Stephens was further informed by H. E.
Wilder that during 1902, while in Riverside, he saw a bird fly over that he felt
sure was a Roseate Spoonbill (Condor vi, 1904, 139). While these facts would
seem to show that this bird probably does occasionally occur in southern Cali-
fornia, there still remains an element of doubt, due to a possibility of misidenti-
fication.

7. (255) Totanus flavipes (Gmelin). Yellow-legs.

In migrations, mainly east of the Rocky Mountains (A. O. U. Check-List,
1910, 120). Noted in southern Lower California (Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. xli, 1902, 66). According to E. Heller, noted twice at Riverside during
migrations (Condor in, 1901, 100). Mr. Heller writes me that it is possible that
these birds were wrongly identified, and that he does not know the present where-
abouts of the specimens.

8. (272) Charadrius dominicus dominicus Muller. Golden Plover.
In migration to California. Formerly abundant, now becoming rare (A.

O. U. Check-List, 1910, 127). Young male taken by M. Abbott Frazar at
San Jose del Cabo, Lower California, October 18, 1887 (Brewster, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. xli, 1902, 71). Bradford Torrey records seeing a bird of this
species at Coronado Beach, San Diego County, January 12, 15 and 20, 1908
(Condor xi, 1909, 207). While Mr. Torrey is well known to be a most care-
ful observer, I feel that records of birds belonging to the group of waders
should not be considered conclusive without the actual taking of specimens.

9. (442). Muscivora tyrannus (Linnaeus). Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
Specimen obtained from a dealer in California curiosities, at Santa Monica,

Los Angeles County, recorded by G. L. Toppan (Orn. & Ool. ix, 1884, 48).
Supposed to have been shot near that place in late summer, 1883.

10. (464a) Empidonax difficilis cineritius Brewster. San Lucas Fly-
catcher.

Lower California. Breeds as far north as the Cuyamaca Mountains, San
Diego County (A. O. U. Check-List, 1910, 215). Breeding in the Cuyamaca
Mountains from 4000 to 6000 feet elevation, latter part of June, 1895 (An-
thony, Auk xn, 1895, 390). In the summer of 1909, F. Stephens went to the
Cuyamaca Mountains in the interests of the University of California Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology, with the chief object of securing this flycatcher. He
secured a number of breeding birds, of which Mr. Grinnell writes me: "I
consider. them identical with Empidonax difficilis difficilis, as occurring through-
out California. They are somewhat more worn and, possibly, faded than some
other examples of difficilis at hand, but I would certainly not consider them

U2 PACIFIC CoAS'l' AVIFAUNA No. 7

as belonging to any other race." Robert Ridgway says: "I have consider-
able difficulty in separating this form satisfactorily from E. d. diflicilis, from
which it certainly is not more than subspecifically distinct, birds from the ex-
treme northern portion of bower California and some of those from San
Diego Comity. California, being unmistakably intergrades" ( Bds. N. & Mid.
Am. lv. 190/, 580).

11. (498a) Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway. Sonora Red-
wing.

Two males and a female taken by H. W. Marsden at Redlands, San Ber-
nardino County, January 22, March 28 and January 10, 1903, and a male
taken by the same collector at Witch Creek, San Diego County. April 13,
1904, considered by H. C. Oberholser to belong to this subspecies (Bishop,
Condor vn, 1905, 142). Now nos. 9173, 8306, 8304, 10847 collection L. B.
Bishop. Probably individual variation in Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis.

12. (16.3 Hyp. List). Icterus icterus (Linnaeus). Troupial.

One record, that of a male taken by J. IT. Bowles in Mission Canon, near
Santa Barbara, April 30, 1911. The plumage of this bird, as well as the feet,
were in perfect condition and Mr. Bowles does not believe that it was an
escaped cage bird (Condor xm, 1911, 109). The Troupial is a native of the
northeast coast of South America (Colombia, Venezuela, etc.), and has only
once previously been recorded from the United States, at Charleston,
South Carolina (Audubon, Bds. Am., 8vo. ed., vn, 1844, 357). The authen-
ticity of this old record has been generally doubted and the species has been
assigned to the hypothetical list by the A. O. U. Committee. While there can
be absolutely no doubt as to the identity of Mr. Bowles' specimen, or the
locality of capture, in placing the species in the hypothetical list I have been
governed by the old rule that "the more unlikely the occurrence, the stronger
should be the proof." It seems to me more probable that this specimen should
have escaped from confinement — probably a sufficient length of time previous
to the date of capture to allow its plumage and feet to regain their normal
condition — than that it had wandered so great a distance as from its normal
habitat to Santa Barbara.

13. (515b) Pinicola enucleator californica Price. California Pine Gros-

BEAK.

According to J. II. Howies, this species was noted by E. S. Spaulding at
an elevation of nearly 3000 feet on Little Tine Mountain, Santa Barbara
County, August 30, 1910 (Auk xxvin, 1911, 175). J. Grinnell says regard*
ing this record: "It is extremely unfortunate that Mr. Howies put Pinicola
enucleator californica on record from southern California upon such inade-
quate evidence as that submitted. The occurrence of the species at any sea-
son at s, , low an elevation as 3000 feet anywhere in California is in itself excit-
ing ot comment. Out when we consider that the species has never been re-
corded in California south of the head of the San Joaquin River in Madera
or Fresno County i Fisher, N. Am. Fauna No 7. May, 1893, 79), an 1 never,

1912 BIRDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 113

winter or summer, below the Canadian life zone, a record like the present one
demands the severest test. The California Pine Grosbeak is a species the
occurrence of which anywhere under such zonal conditions as the 'hills of
Santa Barbara County,' to be thoroughly established would have to be backed
up by the taking of specimens at the very least" (Condor xiii, 1911, 141).

14. (18.1 Hyp. List). Piranga rubriceps Gray. Gray Tanager.

A South American species, a specimen of which is said to have been se-
cured at Dos Pueblos (Naples), Santa Barbara County (Bryant, Auk iv, 1887,
78). Probably an escaped cage bird (A. O. U. Check-List, 1910, 373).

15. (625) Vireosylva flavoviridis Cassin. Yellow-green Vireo.

W. W. Price records a specimen taken by him in the Santa Ana river
bottom near Riverside, October 1, 1887 (Auk v, 1888, 210). I have endeav-
ored to locate this specimen, but have been unable to do so. Mr. Price writes
me that he disposed of it some years ago and has forgotten who obtained it.

16. (664) Dendroica graciae Baird. Grace Warbler.

B. W. Evermann records taking a male of this species near Santa Paula,
Ventura County, May 3, 1881 (Auk in, 1886, 185). This specimen was later
destroyed by fire. The locality seems an unlikely one, and Mr. Grinnell in-
forms me that he believes it was probably an immature Dendroica townsendi.

17. (730a) Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony. White-naped Nut-
hatch.

Transition zone from San Diego County south to San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California (Anthony, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, ii, 1889,
77). F. Stephens informs me that he believes this form is strictly Lower
Californian and does not occur north of the United States boundary.

18. (742) Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Gambel). Wren-Tit.

A female collected by J. H. Bowles at Santa Barbara, February 18, 1910,
was identified by H. C. Oberholser as typical of this species (Auk xxvin, 1911,
178). It seems improbable that this form should occur at Santa Barbara, and
Mr. Bowles' specimen is probably a case of individual variation of Chamaea
fasciata henshawi.

INDEX

115

Accipiter coopcri, 46

velox, 46
Actitis macularius, 39

Aechmophorus occidentalis, 9
Aegialitis nivosa, 40

semipalmata, 40
Aeronautes melanoleucus, 59
Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis, 70, 112

phoeniceus sonoriensis, 112

tricolor, 71
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps, 83
Aix sponsa, 24
Ajaia ajaja, 110
Albatross, Black-footed, 17

Short-tailed, 17

Sooty, 110

Yellow-nosed, 1 10
Aluco pratincola, 50

Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus, 78
Amphispiza belli, 82

bilineata deserticola, 82

nevadensis canescens, 83

nevadensis nevadensis, 83
Anas platyrhynchos, 22
Anser albifrons gambeli, 27
Anthus rubescens, 99
Aphelocoma calif ornica calif ornica, 67

californica obscura, 68

insularis, 68
Aphriza virgata, 41
Aquila chrysaetos, 48
Archibuteo ferrugineus, 47
Archilochus alexandri, 59
Ardea herodias herodias, 30
Arenaria interpres interpres, 41

interpres morinella, 41

melanocephala, 42
Asio flammens, 50

wilsonianus, 50
Astragalinus lawrencei, 75

psaltria hesperophilus, 76

tristis salicamans, 74
Asyndesmus lewisi, 56
Auklet, Cassin, 11

Rhinoceros, 10
Avocet, 34

B

Baeolophus inornatus inornatus, 104
Baldpate, 23
Bittern, American, 29
Least, 30

Blackbird, Brewer, 72

Rusty, 72

Yellow-headed, 70
Bluebird, Mountain, 109

San Pedro, 109

Western, 109
Blue-bill, 25

Bombycilla cedrorum, 91
Botaurns lentiginosis, 29
Brachyramphus marmoratus, 11

hypoleucns, 12
Brant, Black, 28
Branta canadensis canadensis, 27

canadensis hutchinsi, 27

canadensis minima, 28

canadensis occidentalis, 27

nigricans, 28
Bubo virginianus pacihcus, 53
Buffle-head, 25
Bunting, Lark, 89

Lazuli, 88
Bush-Tit, California, 105
Buteo abbreviatus, 47

borealis calurus, 46

lineatus elegans, 46

swainsonii 47
Butorides virescens anthonyi, 31

Calamospiza melanocorys, 89
Calcarius lapponicus alascensis, 76
Calidris leucophaea, 37
Calypte anna, 60

costae, 60
Canvas-back, 25
Carpodacus cassini, 73

mexicanus dementis, 73

mexicanus frontalis, 73

purpureus californicus, 72
Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 45
Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus, 101
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus, 38
Cepphus columba, 12
Cerorhinca monocerata, 10
Certhia familiaris zelotes, 103
Ceryle alcyon, 54

Chaemepelia passerina pallescens, 44
Chaetura vauxi, 59
Chamaea fasciata fasciata, 113

fasciata henshawi, 105, 113
Charadrius dominicus dominicus, 111
Charitonetta albeola, 25
Chat, Long-tailed, 98

116

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Xo. 7

Chaulelasmus streperus, 23

Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus, 26

rossi, 27
Chickadee, Bailey Mountain, 105
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 7$.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 58

virginianus hesperis, 58
Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, 99
Circus hudsonius, 46
Clangula clangula americana, 25
Coccyzus americanus occidentalis, 54
Colaptes auratus luteus, 57

cafer collaris, 57
Columba fasciata fasciata, 44
Colymbus auritus, 9

dominicus brachypterus, 110

holboelli, 9

nigricollis californicus, 9
Coot, 33
Cormorant, 1 laird, 20

Brandt, 20

Farallon, 2(1
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis. 69

corax clarionensis, 68

corax sinuatus, 68
Coturnicops noveboracensis, 33
Cowbird, Dwarf, 70
Crane, Little Brown, 32

Sandhill, 32
Creciscus coturniculus, 33
Creeper, Sierra, 103
Crossbill, 73

Mexican, 74
Crow, Western, 69
Cryptoglaux acadica aeadica, 51
Cuckoo, California, 54
Curlew, Hudsonian, 39

Long-billed, 39
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 69
Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis, 67
Cypseloides niger borealis, 58

D

Dafila acuta, 24

Dendragapus obscurus sierrae, 43
1 )endrocygna bicblor, 28
Dendroica aestiva brewsteri, 95

aestiva rubiginosa, 95

auduboni auduboni, 96

coronata, 96

graciae, 113

magnolia, 96

nigrescens, 96

occidentalis, 97

townsendi, 97, 1 13

I )i( imedea albatrus, 17

nigripes, 17
Dipper. 99
Dove. .Mexican Ground, 44

Mourning, 44
Dowitcher, Long-billed, 35
Dryobates nuttalli, 55

pubescens turati, 55

villosus hyloscopus, 55
I )uck. Lesser Scaup, 25

Ring-necked, 25

Ruddy, 26

Scaup, 25

Wood, 24

E

Eagle, Bald, 48

Golden, 48
Egret, 30

Snowy, 31
Egretta candidissima candidissima, 31
Elanus leucurus, 45
Empidonax cliff icilis cineritius, 111

difficilis difficilis, 64, 111

griseus, 65

hammondi, 64, 65

trailli trailli, 64

wrighti, 65
Ereunetes mauri, 37
Erismatura jamaicensis, 26
Euphagus carolinus, 72

cyanocephalus, 72

Falco columbarius columbarius, 49

columbarius suckleyi, 49

columbarius richardsoni, 49

mexicanus. 48

peregrinus anatum, 49

sparverius phalaena, 49
Falcon, Prairie, 48
Finch, California Purple, 72

Cassin Purple, 73

House. 73

San Clemente 1 louse, 73
Flicker, Northern, 57

Red-shafted, 67
Flycatcher, Ash throated, 62

Fork tailed. 111

Hammond, 64

( Hive sided. 63

San Lucas, 1 1 1

Traill, 64

Vermillion, 65

Western, 64

Wright, 65

i9i;

INDEX

117

Fregata aquila, 21
Fulica americana, 33
Fulmar, Pacific, 17

Rodgers, 17

Slender-billed, 110
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, 17, 18

rodgersi, 17, 18

G

Gadwall, 23
Gallinago delicata, 35
Gallinula galeata, 33
Gallinule, Florida, 33
Gavia immer, 10

pacifica, 10
stellata, 10
Geococcyx californianus, 53
Geothlypis trichas arizela, 70, 98
Glaucidium gnoma gnoma, 53
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 106

Western, 106
Godwit, Marbled, 37
Golden-eye, 25
Goldfinch, Green-backed, 75

Lawrence, 75

Willow, 74
Goose, Cackling, 28

Canada, 27

Hutch ins, 27

Lesser Snow, 26

Ross, 27

White-cheeked, 27

White-fronted, 27
Grebe, Eared, 9

Holboell, 9

Horned, 9

Mexican, 110

Pied-billed, 9

Western, 9
Grosbeak, Black-headed, 88

California Pine, 112

Western Blue, 88

Western Evening, 72
( rrouse, Sierra, 43
Grus canadensis, 32

mexicana, 32
Guillemot, Pigeon, 12
Guiraca caerulea lazula, 88

caerulea salicarius, 88
Gull, Bonaparte, 14

California, 14

Glaucous-winged, 13

Heermann, 14

Herring, 14

Ring-billed, 14

Sabine, 15

Gull, Short-billed, 14

Western, 14
( rymnogyps californianus, 45

H

Haematopus bachmani, 42

frazari, 42
Haliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus, 48
Harelda hyemalis, 26
I lawk, Black Pigeon, 49

Cooper, 46

Desert Sparrow, 49

Duck, 49

Marsh, 46

Pigeon, 49
Red-bellied, 46

Richardson Pigeon, 49

Sharp-shinned, 46

Swainson, 47

Western Red-tailed, 46

Zone-tailed, 47
Heleodytes brunneicapillus bryanti, 101

brunneicapillus couesi, 100
Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus, 38
Herodias egretta, 30
Heron, Anthony Green, 31

Black-crowned Night, 31

Great Blue, 30
Hesperiphona vespertina montana, 72
Heteractitis incanus, 38
llimantopus mexicanus, 35
I lirundo erythrogastra, 90
Hummingbird, Allen, 61

Anna, 60

Black-chinned, 59

Calliope, 61

Costa, 60

Rufous, 16
Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 16
Hylocichla guttata nanus, 108

guttata sequoiensis, 108

guttata slevini, 108

ustulata ustulata, 107

Ibis, White-faced Glossy, 29

Wood, 29
Icteria virens longicauda, 98
Icterus bullocki, 72

cucullatus nelsoni, 71

icterus, 112

parisorum, 71
Iridoprocne bicolor, 90
Ixobrychus exilis, 30
Ixoreus naevius nieruloides, 109

lis

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAIX A

Xo. 7

Lnnda cirrhat;

Jaeger, Long-tailed, 13

Parasitic, 13

Pomarine, 13
Jay, Blue-fronted, 67

California, 67

Pinyon, 69

Santa Cruz, 68
Junco hyemalis hyemalis, 81

hyemalis thurberi, 82

phaeonotus caniceps, 82
Junco, Gray-headed, 82

Slate-colored, 81

Thurber, 82

K

Killdeer, 40

Kingbird, 62

Arkansas. 62

Cassin, 62
Kingfisher, Belted, 54
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 106

Sitka, 105

Western Golden-crowned, 105
Kite. White-tailed, 45
Kittiwake, Pacific, 13
Knot, 36

f.anius ludovicianus anthonyi, 92

ludovicianus excubitorides, 92

ludovicianus gambeli, 92
Lanivireo solitarius cassini, 93
Lark, California Horned, 66

Island Horned, 66
Lams argentatus, 14

brachyrhynchus, 14

californicus, 14

canus, 14

delawarensis, 14

glaucescens, 13

heermanni, 14

occidentalis, 14

Philadelphia, 14
Limosa fedoa. 37
Lobipes lobatus, 34
Longspur, Alaska, 76
Loon, Common, 1"

Pacific, 10

Red throated, 10
Lophodytes cucullatus, 22
Lophortyx californica vallicola, 43

gambeli, 43
Loxia curvirostra bendirei, 74

curvi rostra minor, 73

curvirostra stricklandi. 74

M

Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, 35
Magpie, Yellow-billed, 67
Mallard, 22
Man-o'-war-birdi 21
Mareca americana, 23

penelope, 23
Marila affinis, 26

americana, 24

collaris, 25

marila, 22

valisineria, 25
Martin, Western, 89
Meadowlark, Western, 71
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, 56
Melospiza lincolni lincolni, 85

lincolni striata, 85

melodia clementae, 84

melodia cooperi, 84

melodia graminea, 84

melodia morphna, 84
Merganser, American, 22

Hooded, 22

Red-breasted, 22
Mergus americanus, 22

serrator, 22
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 100
Mniotilta varia, 94
Mockingbird, Western, 100
Molothrus ater obscurus, 70
Murre, California. 12
Murrelet, Ancient, 11

Marbled, 11

Xantus, 12
Muscivora tyrannus, 111
Myadestes townsendi, 107
Mycteria americana, 29
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens, 62
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsoni, 64

N
Xannus hyemalis pacificus, 102
Xettion carolinense, 23
Xighthawk. Pacific, 58

Texas. 58
Nucifraga columbiana, 69
Xumenius americanus, 39

hudsonicus, 39
Nutcracker, Clarke, 69
Nuthatch, Pygmy. 104

Red breasted, 104

Slender billed, 103

White naped, 113
Xuttallornis borealis, 63

1912

INDEX

119

Xycticorax nyticorax naevius, 31

o

Oceanodroma furcata, 19

homochroa, 19

kaedingi, 19

melania, 19

monorhis, 20

socorroensis, 20
Ochthodromus wilsonius, 40
Oidemia americana, 26

deglandi, 26

perspicillata, 26
Old-squaw, 26
Olor buccinator, 110

columbianus, 28, 110
Oporornis tolmiei, 98
Oreortyx picta plumifera, 42, 43

picta confinis, 43
Oreoscoptes montanus, 99
Oreospiza chlorura, 87
Oriole, Arizona Hooded. 71

Bullock, 72

Scott, 71
Osprcy, 49
Otocoris alpcstris actia, 66

alpestris insularis, 66
Otus asio bendirei, 51

flammeolus flammeolus, 52

flammeolus idahoensis. 52
Owl. Barn. 50

Rurrow-ing, 53

California Screech, 51

Flammulated Screech, 52

Long-eared, 50

Pacific Horned, 53

Pygmy, 53

Saw-whet, 61

Short-eared, 50

Spotted. 51
Oxyechus vociferus, 40
Oyster-catcher, Rlack, 42

Frazar, 42

P

Pandion haliaetus carolinensis, 49
Passer domesticus, 76
Passerculns beldingi. 77

rostratus rostratus, 77

sandwichensis alaudinus. 77
Passerella iliaca iliaca, 85

iliaca insularis, 87

iliaca megarhyncha, 86

iliaca schistacea, 86

iliaca sinuosa, 85

iliaca stephensi, 86

Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis, 85
Passerina amoena, 88
Pelecanus californicus, 21

erythrorhynchos, 20
Pelican, California Brown, 20

White. 20
Pelidna alpina sakhalina, 37
Penthestes gambeli baileyae, 105
Petrel, Ashy, 19

Black, 19

Forked-tailed. 19

Kaeding, 19

Socorro, 20
Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons, 90
Pewee, Western Wood, 64
Phainopepla nitens, 91
Phainopepla, 91
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus, 20

pelagicus resplendens. 20

penicillatus, 20
Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus, 57

nuttalli nitidus, 58
Phalarope, Northern. 34

Red, 33

Wilson, 34
Phalaropus fulicarius, 33
Phoebe, 63

Black, 63

Say. 63
Phoebetria palbebrata, 110
Pica nuttalli, 67
Pigeon, Rand-tailed, 44
Pinicola enucleator californica. 112
Pintail, 24
Pipilo crissalis senicula, 87

maculatus clementae, 87

maculatus megalonyx, 87

maculatus oregonus, 87
Pipit, 99
Piranga ludoviciana, 89

rubra cooperi. 89

rubriceps, 113
Pisobia bairdi. 36

maculata, 36

minutilla, 36
Planesticus migratorius propinquus, 108
Plegadis guarauna, 29
Plover. Rlack-bellied. 39

Golden. Ill

Mountain, 41

Semipalmated. 40

Snowy, 40

Wilson, 40
Podasocys montanus, 41
Podilymbus podiceps, 9

120

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 7

Polioptila caerulea obscura, 1U6

californica, 106
Pooecetes gramineus affinis, 77

gramineus confinis, 76

Poor-will, Dusky, 57
Porzana Carolina, 33
Priocella glacialoides, 110
Progne subis hesperia, 89
Psaltriparus minimus californicus, 105
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 11
Puffin, Tufted, 10
Puffinus creatopus, 18

griseus, 18

upisthomelas, 18

tenuirostris, 19
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, 65

Q

Quail, Gambel, 43

Plumed, 42

Valley, 43
Querquedula cyanoptera, 23

discors, 23

R
Rail, Farallon, 33

Light-footed, 32

Virginia, 32

Yellow, 33
Rallus levipes, 32

virginianus, 32
Raven, 68

Recurvirostra americana, 34
Redhead, 24
Red-tail, Western. 46
Redstart, 99
Red-wing, San Diego, 70

Sonora, 112

Tricolored, 71
Regulus calendula calendula, 106

calendula grinnelli, 106

satrapa olivaceus, 105
Riparia riparia, 91
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 13
Road-runner, 53
Robin, Western, 108
Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 47

S
Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus, 101

obsoletus pulverius, 101
Sanderling, 37

Sandpiper, Baird, 36
Least, 36
Pectoral, 36
Red-backed, 37

Spotted, 39

Sandpiper, Western, 37

Western Solitary, 38
Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 56
Red-naped, 55
Williamson, 56
Sayornis nigricans. 63
phoebe, 63
sayus, 63
Scoter, American, 26
Surf, 26

White-winged, 26
Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis, 97
Selasphorus alleni, 61

rufus, 61
Setophaga ruticilla, 99
Shearwater, Black-vented, 18

Pink-footed, 18
Slender-billed, 19
Sooty, 18
Shoveller, 24
Shrike, California, 92

Island, 92
Sialia currucoides, 109

mexicana anabelae, 109
mexicana occidentalis, 109
Siskin, Pine, 75
Sitta canadensis, 104

carolinensis aculeata, 103

pygmaea leuconucha, 113

pygmaea pymaea, 104
Snipe, Wilson, 35
Solitaire, Townsend, 107
Sora, 33
Sparrow, Belding, 77

Bell, 82

Black-chinned, 81

Brewer, 80

California Sage, 83

Desert, 82

English, 76

Forbush, 85

Fox. 85

Gambel, 79

Golden-crowned. 80

Harris, 79

Kadiak Fox, 87

Large-billed, 77

Lincoln, 85

Nuttall, 79

Oregon Vesper, 77

Rufous-crowned, 83

Rusty Song. 84

Sage, 83

San Clemente Song, 84

San 1 )iego Song, 84

1912

INDEX

121

Sparrow, Santa Barbara Song, 84

Shumagin Fox, 85

Slate-colored Fox, 86

Stephens Fox, 86

Thick-billed Fox, 86

Western Chipping, 80

Western Grasshopper, 78

Western Lark, 78

Western Savannah, 77

Western Vesper, 76

White-crowned, 79

White-throated, 80
Spatula clypeata, 24
Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea, 53
Sphyrapicus ruber ruber, 56

thyroideus, 56

varius nuchalis, oo
Spinus pinus, 75
Spizella atrogularis, 81

breweri, 80

passerina arizonae, 80
Spoonbill, Roseate, 110
Squatarola squatarola, 39
Steganopus tricolor, 34
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 91
Stellula calliope, 61
Stercorarius longicaudus, 13

parasiticus, 13

pomarinus, 13
Sterna antillarum, 16

caspia, 15

elegans, 15

forsteri, 16

hirundo, 16

maxima, 15

paradisaea, 16
Stilt, Black-necked, 35
Strix occidentalis occidentalis, 51
Sturnella neglecta, 71
Surf-bird, 41
Swallow, Bank, 91

Barn, 90

Cliff, 90

Northern Violet-green, 90

Rough-winged, 91

Tree, 90
Swan, Trumpeter, 110

Whistling, 28
Swift, Black, 58

Vaux, 59

White-throated, 59
Synthliboramphus antiquus, 11

Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 90

Tanager, Cooper, 89

Gray, 113

Western, 89
Tattler, Wandering, 38
Teal, Blue-winged, 23

Cinnamon, 23

Green-winged, 23
Telmatodytes palustris paludicola, 103

palustris plesius, 103
Tern, Arctic, 16

Black, 16

Caspian, 15

Common, 16

Elegant, 15

Forster, 16

Least, 16

Royal, 15
Thalassogeron culminatus, 110
Thrasher, California, 100

Leconte, 100

Sage, 99
Thrush, Dwarf Hermit, 108

Monterey Hermit, 108

Northern Varied, 109

Russet-backed, 107

Sierra Hermit, 108
Thryomanes bewicki catalinae, 102

bewicki charienturus, 102

bewicki nesophilus, 102

leucophrys, 102
Titmouse, Plain, 104
Totanus flavipes, 111

melanoleucus, 37
Towhee, Anthony, 87

Green-tailed, 87

Oregon, 87

San Clemente, 87

San Diego, 87
Toxostoma lecontei lecontei, 100

redivivum, 100
Tree-duck, Fulvous, 28
Tringa canutus, 36
Troglodytes aedon parkmani, 102
Troupial, 112
Turnstone, 41

Black, 42

Ruddy, 41
Tyrannus tyrannus, 62

verticalis, 62

vociferans, 62

u

Uria troille californica, 12

V

Vermivora celata celata, 94

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

Xo. 7

Vermivora celata lutescens, 94
celata sordida, 95

peregrina, 95

rubricapilla gutturalis, 94
Vireo belli pusillus, 93

huttoni huttoni, 93

vicinior, 93
Vireo, Cassin. 93

Gray. 93

I lutton, 93

Least, 93

Western Warbling, 92

Yellow-green, 113
Vireosylva gilva swainsoni, 92

flavovirid'is, 113
Vulture. California, 45

Turkey. 45

w

Warbler. Alaska Yellow. 95

Audubon, 96

Black and White, 94

Black-throated Gray, 96

Calaveras, 94

California Yellow, 95

Dusky, 95

Golden Pileolated, 99

Grace, 113

Hermit, 97

Lutescent, 94

Macgillivray, 98

Magnolia, 96

Myrtle, 96

Orange-crowned, 94

Pileolated, 98

Tennessee, 95

Townsend, 97
Water-thrush, GrinnelL 97
Waxwing, Cedar, 91
Widgeon, European, 23
Willet, Western, 38

Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, 99
pusilla pileolata, 98

Wire-tail, 26
Woodpecker, Cabanis, 55

California, 56

Lewis, 56

Nuttall, 55

White-headed, 55

Willow, 55
Wren, Bryant Cactus, 101

Cactus, UK)

Dotted Canyon. 1(11

Rock, 101

San Clemente, 102

San Diego, 102

San Nicolas Rock, 101

Tule. 103

Western House, 102

Western Marsh, 103

Western Winter, 102
Wren-Tit, 113

Pallid, 105

X

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 70
Xema sabini, 15
Xenopicus albolarvatus, 55

Y

Yellow-Legs, 111

Greater, 37
Yellow-throat, Pacific, 98

Zamelodia melanocephala, 88
Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 4-
Zonotrichia albicollis, NO

coronata, 80
leucophrys gambeli, 79
leucophrys leucophrys, 79
leucophrys nuttalli, 79
querula, 79

COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

NUMBER 7

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

fc

BY

GEORGE WILLETT

HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA
Published by the Club
July 25, 1912

PRICE LIST
COOPER CLUB PUBLICATIONS

THE CONDOR

Vol. 1,1899 "Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club"

No complete volume o« hand $

Vol. II, 1900 Complete --.-... 500

Vol. Ill, 1901 " - - 5,00

Vol. IV," 1902 " - - - - - - 3.00

Vol. V, 1903 " - - - - - - 2.00

Vol. VI, 1904 " ...... 2.OO

Vol. VII, 1905 " - - - - - - 2.00

Vol. VIII, 1906 " - 1.50

Vol. IX, 1907 " - - - 1.50

Vol. X, 1908 " ...... 1.50

Vol. XI, 1909 "----... 1.50

Vol. XII, 1910 " ...... 1.50

Vol. XIII, 1911 " - - - - - - 2.00

Vol. XIV, 1912 Current - - - - - - 1.50

PACIFIC COAST AVIFAUNA

No. 1, 1900 Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, Alaska; 80 pp. and map - 75c

By J, Grinnei.l

No. 2, 1901 Land Birds of Santa Cruz County, California; 22 pp. - - 25c

By R. C. McGregor

No. 3, 1902 Check-List of California Birds; 100 pp. and 2 maps - - $1.50

By J. Grinneli.

No. 4, 1904 Birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; 75 pp. - - 50c

By H. S. Swarth

No. 5, 1909 A Bibliography of California Ornithology; 166 pp. - - $1.50

By J. Grinnell
No. 6, 1909 Ten-Year Index to The Condor; 48 pp. - - - $1.00

By H. B. Kaedxng

No. 7, 1912 Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California; 122 pp. - $1.50

By G. Wl^LETT

No. 8, 1912 A Systematic List of the Birds of California; 25 pp. - - 50c

By J. Grinnell

Address W. LEE CHAMBERS, Business Manager
Eagle Rock, Los Angeles Co., California.